Wiktionary zhwiktionary https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 case-sensitive Media Special Talk User User talk Wiktionary Wiktionary talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Appendix Appendix talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Rhymes Rhymes talk Thesaurus Thesaurus talk Citations Citations talk Reconstruction Reconstruction talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 1718 9815949 9815189 2026-06-18T06:07:50Z TongcyBot 83009 機器人：更新每日統計數據 (2026-06-18) 9815949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Interwiki}} {{shortcut|WT:STAT}} ==基本資料== {| class="wikitable" ! 項目 !! 資料 |- ! MediaWiki版本 | {{CURRENTVERSION}} |- ! 詞條數量 | [[Special:Statistics|'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''']] |- ! 總頁面數 | {{NUMBEROFPAGES}} |- ! 已編碼的語言數量 | {{#invoke:list of languages|count}} |- ! 檔案數量 | {{NUMBEROFFILES}} |- ! 註冊用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} |- ! 活躍用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} |- ! 管理員數量 | {{NUMBEROFADMINS}} |- ! 全站頁面編輯次數 | {{NUMBEROFEDITS}} |} 其他資料請參考[[Special:Statistics]]。 ==頁面== 本表是中文维基詞典詞條数依日期到達的里程碑，以每一万个词条为单位计数。<!-- 以下內容已不再更新 * 近期統計圖表（區分機器人與一般用戶，選擇zhwiktionary_p，每日自動更新）：[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0001.php 編輯次數]{{·}}[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0002.php 新增詞條數量]--> * 目前的詞條數：'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''（{{重新整理|更新}}）。 {{Milestone}} ==与相邻语言版本的比较== 中文维基词典词条收录量为'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''，在所有语言版本的詞典中[[meta:Wiktionary#List of Wiktionaries|'''位列第4''']]。 {{autoStat | 2026-06-01 | fr | mg | zh | th | el | 6930186 | 5930482 | 2332751 | 2181052 | 1580933 | 6930999 | 5930654 | 2333141 | 2181055 | 1580995 | 6931707 | 5932408 | 2333723 | 2181063 | 1581020 | 6932238 | 5934254 | 2334559 | 2181065 | 1581065 | 6932658 | 5936145 | 2334936 | 2181066 | 1581120 | 6933092 | 5937909 | 2335426 | 2181077 | 1581138 | 6933473 | 5938467 | 2335909 | 2181079 | 1581329 | 6933839 | 5939207 | 2336375 | 2181083 | 1581404 | 6935335 | 5940420 | 2336781 | 2181086 | 1581446 | 6935765 | 5941832 | 2337380 | 2181167 | 1581457 | 6936419 | 5943302 | 2338182 | 2181169 | 1581673 | 6936755 | 5943784 | 2338721 | 2181192 | 1581719 | 6937173 | 5944611 | 2339311 | 2181195 | 1581741 | 6937636 | 5945740 | 2339831 | 2181209 | 1581760 | 6938604 | 5946309 | 2340307 | 2181240 | 1581817 | 6939977 | 5946912 | 2340844 | 2181259 | 1581872 | 6940524 | 5947238 | 2341358 | 2181267 | 1581909 | 6941457 | 5947592 | 2341781 | 2181272 | 1581945 | 6941918 | 5948446 | 2342141 | 2181397 | 1582001 }} * 来源：[https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/display.php?t=wt Wikistats] 统计的具体时间为当日1时（UTC）左右，近似表示前一天的数据 * 关于里程碑，参见[[Wiktionary:宣告]] ==页面访问统计== 历史数据参见：[[Wiktionary:统计/存档]] ===总页面浏览量=== {{Collapse2|header=最近一年中文維基詞典的存取量|float=right |{{Graph:PageViews| 365 | _ |scale=sqrt}} }} {{Collapse2|header=自2016年起中文維基詞典總頁面瀏覽量（時間單位：月）|float=right |{{Graph:Chart | width = 800 | height = 300 | xAxisTitle = 時間 | yAxisTitle = 瀏覽量（次） | x = 2016/01/01,2016/02/01,2016/03/01,2016/04/01,2016/05/01,2016/06/01,2016/07/01,2016/08/01,2016/09/01,2016/10/01,2016/11/01,2016/12/01,2017/01/01,2017/02/01,2017/03/01,2017/04/01,2017/05/01,2017/06/01,2017/07/01,2017/08/01,2017/09/01,2017/10/01,2017/11/01,2017/12/01,2018/01/01,2018/02/01,2018/03/01,2018/04/01,2018/05/01,2018/06/01,2018/07/01,2018/08/01,2018/09/01,2018/10/01,2018/11/01,2018/12/01,2019/01/01,2019/02/01,2019/03/01,2019/04/01,2019/05/01,2019/06/01,2019/07/01,2019/08/01,2019/09/01,2019/10/01,2019/11/01,2019/12/01,2020/01/01,2020/02/01,2020/03/01,2020/04/01,2020/05/01,2020/06/01,2020/07/01,2020/08/01,2020/09/01,2020/10/01,2020/11/01,2020/12/01,2021/01/01,2021/02/01,2021/03/01,2021/04/01,2021/05/01,2021/06/01,2021/07/01,2021/08/01,2021/09/01,2021/10/01,2021/11/01,2021/12/01,2022/01/01,2022/02/01,2022/03/01,2022/04/01,2022/05/01,2022/06/01,2022/07/01,2022/08/01,2022/09/01,2022/10/01,2022/11/01,2022/12/01,2023/01/01,2023/02/01,2023/03/01,2023/04/01,2023/05/01,2023/06/01,2023/07/01,2023/08/01,2023/09/01,2023/10/01,2023/11/01,2023/12/01,2024/01/01,2024/02/01,2024/03/01,2024/04/01,2024/05/01,2024/06/01,2024/07/01,2024/08/01,2024/09/01,2024/10/01,2024/11/01,2024/12/01,2025/01/01,2025/02/01,2025/03/01,2025/04/01,2025/05/01,2025/06/01,2025/07/01,2025/08/01,2025/09/01,2025/10/01,2025/11/01,2025/12/01,2026/01/01,2026/02/01,2026/03/01,2026/04/01 | xType = date | yAxisFormat = | showSymbols = | y1 = 10097003,10370374,8792159,8941196,7730585,8096248,6653053,7707543,10114598,7503416,6761878,8479478,6306309,7029498,7793566,8952099,7201718,7403015,9094546,8753927,8887701,8836025,7012428,8297104,9776325,7383846,6846537,6478883,7844796,6800241,7032236,8907342,8070578,8878639,7374038,10399016,8843049,11735279,15986235,6536323,7794540,6340229,6963086,7077486,7262235,8135613,7350657,5924829,5389757,6706817,5468323,6028296,7420864,8089314,9463391,8952807,8032717,7976343,8839864,8511738,9062568,9099531,9196338,11036657,13507384,12075399,13497219,15603301,16689908,15728651,14140022,16914100,13589392,14818070,19016624,15144543,14891967,17026541,17298554,14032388,14847453,17608848,19967345,16730368,14386645,12098112,13610799,13122059,13901295,13433194,15511876,15674859,17748912,26144678,22153348,21554742,23027727,29476088,31116352,31891299,31844500,26251290,24446253,43524978,42154325,30934003,60141744,38114834,35256147,36402985,32703811,27105782,45361042,55198883,39017796,28042128,37231311,52390983,65887852,43219295,50138160,26315414,38336237,63309024 }} }} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! 日期 !! 浏览量 |- | 2026-04-01 || 63,309,024 |- | 2026-03-01 || 38,336,237 |- | 2026-02-01 || 26,315,414 |- | 2026-01-01 || 50,138,160 |- | 2025-12-01 || 43,219,295 |- | 2025-11-01 || 65,887,852 |- | 2025-10-01 || 52,390,983 |- | 2025-09-01 || 37,231,311 |- | 2025-08-01 || 28,042,128 |- | 2025-07-01 || 39,017,796 |- | 2025-06-01 || 55,198,883 |- | 2025-05-01 || 45,361,042 |- | 2025-04-01 || 27,105,782 |- | 2025-03-01 || 32,703,811 |- | 2025-02-01 || 36,402,985 |- | 2025-01-01 || 35,256,147 |- | 2024-12-01 || 38,114,834 |- | 2024-11-01 || 60,141,744 |- | 2024-10-01 || 30,934,003 |- | 2024-09-01 || 42,154,325 |- | 2024-08-01 || 43,524,978 |- | 2024-07-01 || 24,446,253 |- | 2024-06-01 || 26,251,290 |- | 2024-05-01 || 31,844,500 |- | 2024-04-01 || 31,891,299 |- | 2024-03-01 || 31,116,352 |- | 2024-02-01 || 29,476,088 |- | 2024-01-01 || 23,027,727 |- | 2023-12-01 || 21,554,742 |- | 2023-11-01 || 22,153,348 |- | 2023-10-01 || 26,144,678 |- | 2023-09-01 || 17,748,912 |- | 2023-08-01 || 15,674,859 |- | 2023-07-01 || 15,511,876 |- | 2023-06-01 || 13,433,194 |- | 2023-05-01 || 13,901,295 |- | 2023-04-01 || 13,122,059 |- | 2023-03-01 || 13,610,799 |- | 2023-02-01 || 12,098,112 |- | 2023-01-01 || 14,386,645 |- | 2022-12-01 || 16,730,368 |- | 2022-11-01 || 19,967,345 |- | 2022-10-01 || 17,608,848 |- | 2022-09-01 || 14,847,453 |- | 2022-08-01 || 14,032,388 |- | 2022-07-01 || 17,298,554 |- | 2022-06-01 || 17,026,541 |- | 2022-05-01 || 14,891,967 |- | 2022-04-01 || 15,144,543 |- | 2022-03-01 || 19,016,624 |- | 2022-02-01 || 14,818,070 |- | 2022-01-01 || 13,589,392 |- | 2021-12-01 || 16,914,100 |- | 2021-11-01 || 14,140,022 |- | 2021-10-01 || 15,728,651 |- | 2021-09-01 || 16,689,908 |- | 2021-08-01 || 15,603,301 |- | 2021-07-01 || 13,497,219 |- | 2021-06-01 || 12,075399 |- | 2021-05-01 || 13,507,384 |- | 2021-04-01 || 11,036,657 |- | 2021-03-01 || 9,196,338 |- | 2021-02-01 || 9,099,531 |- | 2021-01-01 || 9,062,568 |- | 2020-12-01 || 8,511,738 |- | 2020-11-01 || 8,839,864 |- | 2020-10-01 || 7,976,343 |- | 2020-09-01 || 8,032,717 |- | 2020-08-01 || 8,952,807 |- | 2020-07-01 || 9,463,391 |- | 2020-06-01 || 8,089,314 |- | 2020-05-01 || 7,420,864 |- | 2020-04-01 || 6,028,296 |- | 2020-03-01 || 5,468,323 |- | 2020-02-01 || 6,706,817 |- | 2020-01-01 || 5,389,757 |- | 2019-12-01 || 5,924,829 |- | 2019-11-01 || 7,350,657 |- | 2019-10-01 || 8,135,613 |- | 2019-09-01 || 7,262,235 |- | 2019-08-01 || 7,077,486 |- | 2019-07-01 || 6,963,086 |- | 2019-06-01 || 6,340,229 |- | 2019-05-01 || 7,794,540 |- | 2019-04-01 || 6,536,323 |- | 2019-03-01 || 15,986,235 |- | 2019-02-01 || 11,735,279 |- | 2019-01-01 || 8,843,049 |- | 2018-12-01 || 10,399,016 |- | 2018-11-01 || 7,374,038 |- | 2018-10-01 || 8,878,639 |- | 2018-09-01 || 8,070,578 |- | 2018-08-01 || 8,907,342 |- | 2018-07-01 || 7,032,236 |- | 2018-06-01 || 6,800,241 |- | 2018-05-01 || 7,844,796 |- | 2018-04-01 || 6,478,883 |- | 2018-03-01 || 6,846,537 |- | 2018-02-01 || 7,383,846 |- | 2018-01-01 || 9,776,325 |- | 2017-12-01 || 8,297,104 |- | 2017-11-01 || 7,012,428 |- | 2017-10-01 || 8,836,025 |- | 2017-09-01 || 8,887,701 |- | 2017-08-01 || 8,753,927 |- | 2017-07-01 || 9,094,546 |- | 2017-06-01 || 7,403,015 |- | 2017-05-01 || 7,201,718 |- | 2017-04-01 || 8,952,099 |- | 2017-03-01 || 7,793,566 |- | 2017-02-01 || 7,029,498 |- | 2017-01-01 || 6,306,309 |- | 2016-12-01 || 8,479,478 |- | 2016-11-01 || 6,761,878 |- | 2016-10-01 || 7,503,416 |- | 2016-09-01 || 10,114,598 |- | 2016-08-01 || 7,707,543 |- | 2016-07-01 || 6,653,053 |- | 2016-06-01 || 8,096,248 |- | 2016-05-01 || 7,730,585 |- | 2016-04-01 || 8,941,196 |- | 2016-03-01 || 8,792,159 |- | 2016-02-01 || 10,370,374 |- | 2016-01-01 || 10,097,003 |} 数据来源：[https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wiktionary.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|table|1-year|~total|monthly Total page views] ===热词=== 页面浏览量最高的词条： {{Wiktionary:統計/熱詞 |year=2024 |month=6 |t1=尛 |cat1=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v1=5,385 |m1=82.8 |t2=。 |cat2=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v2=5,355 |m2=94.4 |t3=! |cat3=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v3=3,407 |m3=74.2 |t4=凪 |cat4=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]]|v4=3,120 |m4=62.0 |t5=雫 |cat5=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v5= 3,114 |m5=64.6 |t6=又双叒叕 |cat6=[[:Category:漢語副詞|漢語副詞]] |v6=2,528 |m6=73.4 |t7=你好 |cat7=[[:Category:漢語感嘆詞|漢語感嘆詞]] |v7=2,513 |m7=41.1 |t8=昶 |cat8=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v8=2,412 |m8=56.7 |t9=肉便器 |cat9=[[:Category:漢語名詞|漢語名詞]] |v9=2,345 |m9=78.4 |t10=辻 |cat10=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v10=2,150 |m10=71.8 }} 数据来源：[https://pageviews.toolforge.org/topviews/?project=zh.wiktionary.org&platform=all-access&date={{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}&excludes= Topviews Analysis - Most viewed pages of a project] ==收录词条== {{See|Wiktionary:统计/各语言词条}} ==参看== *[[Special:Statistics|基本统计]] [[Category:維基詞典統計]] 9dfk03s19r5hodkalkublc8rw1mwjnh 0 35306 9816167 9540686 2026-06-18T08:17:46Z TongcyDai 53191 9816167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|республіка|рэспубліка}} == 巴什基爾語 == ===詞源=== 源自{{bor|ba|ru|респу́блика}}，來自{{der|ba|la|rēspūblica}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|ba|[rʲis.ˈpub.lʲi.kä]}} * {{hyphenation|ba|рес|пуб|ли|ка}} ===名詞=== {{ba-noun}} # [[共和國]] #: {{ux|ba|Иртәгә, туғыҙынсы ғинуарҙа, '''республикала''' яуым-төшөм көтөлмәй.|translation=明天，1月9日，在（巴什科爾托斯坦）'''共和國'''預計不會降雨。|q=來自廣播天氣預報。}} ====變格==== {{ba-noun-v|а}} == 布里亞特語 == ===詞源=== 源自{{bor|bua|ru|респу́блика}}，來自{{der|bua|la|rēspūblica}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|bua|/rʲes.pʊːb.li.ka/|[rʲɪs.pʰʊːb.lʲɪ.kʰɐ]}} * {{hyph|bua|рес|пуб|ли|ка}} ===名詞=== {{head|bua|名詞}} # [[共和國]] #: {{uxi|bua|[[Буряад Республика|Буряад '''Республика''']]|布里亞特'''共和國'''}} ====變格==== {{rfinfl|bua|名詞}} ====同義詞==== * {{l|bua|бүгэдэ найрамдаха улас}} ====上位語==== * {{l|bua|гүрэн|t=國家}} * {{l|bua|улас|t=國家；人}} ====相關詞==== * {{l|bua|республиканец|t=共和國|pos=名詞}} * {{l|bua|республиканска|t=共和國的|pos=形容詞}} ===參見=== * {{l|bua|монархи|t=君主國}} ==哈薩克語== {{wikipedia|lang=kk}} {{kk-regional|республика|رەسپۋبليكا}} ===詞源=== 源自{{bor|kk|ru|респу́блика}}，來自{{der|kk|la|rēspūblica}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|kk|/res.púwb.lij.kɑ/}} * {{hyph|kk|рес|пуб|ли|ка}} ===名詞=== {{kk-noun}} # [[共和國]] #: {{uxi|kk|[[Қазақстан Республикасы|Қазақстан '''Республикасы''']]|哈薩克斯坦'''共和國'''}} ====變格==== {{kk-noun-c|а|а}} ====衍生詞==== * {{l|kk|республикалық}} * {{l|kk|республикашыл}} == 哈卡斯語 == ===詞源=== 源自{{bor|kjh|ru|респу́блика}}；源頭來自{{der|kjh|la|rēspūblica}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|kjh|名詞}} # [[共和國]] ====變格==== {{rfinfl|kjh|名詞}} == 茲梁科米語 == ===詞源=== 源自{{bor|kpv|ru|республика}}。 ===發音=== * {{kpv-IPA|респу́блика}} * {{hyph|kpv|рес|пуб|ли|ка}} ===名詞=== {{head|kpv|名詞}} # [[共和國]] ====變格==== {{kpv-decl-noun}} ===來源=== * {{R:kpv:Beznosikova:2000|page=558}} {{C|kpv|政府體制}} ==吉爾吉斯語== ===詞源=== 源自{{bor|ky|ru|респу́блика}}，來自{{der|ky|la|rēspūblica}}。 ===名詞=== {{ky-noun}} # [[共和國]] ====變格==== {{ky-decl-noun}} ====衍生詞==== * {{l|ky|республикачы}} * {{l|ky|республикалык}} * {{l|ky|республикачыл}} * {{l|ky|Кыргыз Республикасы}} ==俄語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|ru|la|rēspūblica}}。 ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́блика}} * {{audio|ru|Ru-республика.ogg}} ===名詞=== {{ru-noun+|респу́блика}} # [[共和國]] #: {{uxi|ru|[[самопровозглашённый|самопровозглашённая]] '''респу́блика'''|自行宣稱的'''共和國'''}} ====變格==== {{ru-noun-table|респу́блика}} {{ru-noun-table|респу́блика|old=1}} ====相關詞==== * {{l|ru|республика́нец}} * {{l|ru|республика́нский}} ====派生詞==== {{desc-top}} * {{desc|az|-|bor=1}} *: {{desc|az|республика|sclb=1}} *: {{desc|az|respublika|sclb=1}} * {{desc|bua|республика|bor=1}} * {{desc|ka|რესპუბლიკა|bor=1}} * {{desc|kk|-|bor=1}} *: {{desc|kk|رەسپۋبليكا|sclb=1}} *: {{desc|kk|республика|sclb=1}} * {{desc|kjh|республика|bor=1}} * {{desc|kpv|республика|bor=1}} * {{desc|ky|-|bor=1}} *: {{desc|ky|республика|sclb=1}} * {{desc|tuw-sol|rēspublik|der=1}} * {{desc|sah|республика|bor=1}}, {{desc|sah|өрөспүүбүлүкэ|nolb=1}} * {{desc|tyv|-}} *: {{desc|tyv|respuʙlik|sc=Latn|der=1|sclb=1}} *: {{desc|tyv|республика|bor=1|sclb=1}} * {{desc|uz|-|bor=1}} *: {{desc|uz|республика|sclb=1}} *: {{desc|uz|respublika|sclb=1}} {{desc-bottom}} ===參見=== * {{l|ru|Речь Посполи́тая|g=f|t={{lang|pl|Rzeczpospolita}}，波蘭–立陶宛聯邦}} == 雅庫特語 == ===詞源=== 源自{{bor|sah|ru|респу́блика}}，來自{{der|sah|la|rēspūblica}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|sah|/ɾes.puːb.li.ka/|[ɾe̞s.puːb.li̞.kä]}} * {{hyph|sah|рес|пуб|ли|ка}} ===名詞=== {{sah-noun}} # {{topic|sah|政府體制}} {{alt form|sah|өрөспүүбүлүкэ|t=共和國|nocap=1}} #: {{uxi|sah|[[Саха Республиката|Саха '''Республиката''']]|薩哈（雅庫特）'''共和國''' (1991–?)}} #: {{uxi|sah|[[Саха Советскай Социалистическай Республиката|Саха Советскай Социалистическай '''Республиката''']]|雅庫特-薩哈蘇維埃社會主義自治'''共和國''' (1990–1991)}} #: {{uxi|sah|[[Саха Автономнай Советскай Социалистическай Республиката|Саха Автономнай Советскай Социалистическай '''Республиката''']]|雅庫特蘇維埃社會主義自治'''共和國''' (1922–1990)}} ====變格==== {{rfinfl|sah|名詞}} 8ao5in04hkhkocutkgxmmkj0ifrvemk 0 40122 9815945 9251199 2026-06-18T04:13:07Z Apisite 85347 + 參見模板 9815945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|biosphère}} ==英語== {{wikipedia|lang=en}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|en|de|Biosphäre}}，{{coin|en|愛德華·修斯|in=1875年|nat=奧地利|occ=地質學家|nobycat=1}}。{{surf|en|bio|sphere}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˈbaɪəʊˌsfɪə(ɹ)/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Rho9998-biosphere.wav|a=UK}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun}} # [[生物圈]] # 地球上生物及其环境的总和 ====上位詞==== * {{l|en|sphere}} ====下位詞==== * {{l|en|deep biosphere}} ====衍生詞==== {{col|en|abiosphere|biospherian}} ====關聯詞==== * {{l|en|biospheric}} / [[biospherical]] r3tft9hydf9qzcsrc9ffdhvct75h4oq 0 42284 9816023 9531183 2026-06-18T06:57:09Z TongcyDai 53191 9816023 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== [[File:Democraticrepublicofthecongo w2 locator.svg|thumb|right|剛果民主共和國]] ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˌdɛməˈkɹætɪk ɹɪˈpʌblɪk əv ðə ˈkɒŋɡəʊ/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-Democratic Republic of the Congo.wav|a=UK}} * {{audio|en|En-DRC-pronunciation.ogg|a=US}} ===專有名詞=== {{wp}} {{en-prop|head={{U|democratic}} {{U|republic}} [[of]] [[the]] [[Congo]]|def=1}} # {{tcl|eo|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974|place_capital=Kinshasa}}。 #* {{quote-journal|en|date=2022-12-19|author=Patrick Greenfield; Phoebe Weston|title=Cop15: historic deal struck to halt biodiversity loss by 2030|journal=w:The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/dec/19/cop15-historic-deal-signed-to-halt-biodiversity-loss-by-2030-aoe|passage=The '''Democratic Republic of the Congo'''’s negotiator appeared to block the final deal presented by China, telling the plenary that he could not support the agreement in its current form because it did not create a new fund for biodiversity, separate to the existing UN fund, the global environment facility (GEF).}} #* {{quote-journal|en|title=Trump’s evidence of South Africa ‘white genocide’ contains images from Democratic Republic of Congo|magazine=w:The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/23/trumps-evidence-of-south-africa-white-genocide-contains-images-from-democratic-republic-of-congo|date=2025-05-22|passage=The evidence of supposed mass killings of white South Africans presented by Donald Trump in a tense White House meeting on Wednesday were in some cases images from the '''Democratic Republic of Congo''', while footage shown during the meeting was falsely portrayed as depicting “burial sites”.}} ====用法說明==== 稍不正式的[[Democratic Republic of Congo]]更常用。<ref>[https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Democratic+Republic+of+Congo%2CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&year_start=1960&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2CDemocratic%20Republic%20of%20Congo%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CDemocratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo%3B%2Cc0]</ref> ====近義詞==== * {{l|en|Congo}} * {{l|en|Congo-Kinshasa}} * {{l|en|Congo-Zaire}} * {{l|en|DRC}} {{qualifier|縮寫}} * {{l|en|DR Congo}} {{qualifier|部份縮寫}} * {{l|en|Congo Free State}}、{{l|en|Belgian Congo}}、{{l|en|Republic of the Congo}}、{{l|en|Zaire}} {{qualifier|現代國家的前身名稱}} ====上位詞==== * {{l|en|Subsahara}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|en|Republic of the Congo}} {{qual|首都在[[布拉柴維爾]]/[[布拉薩市的]]非洲國家}} * {{l|en|People's Republic of the Congo|id=Q1152126}} {{qual|剛果共和國於1969年至1991年的國名}} ===參見=== * {{l|en|Congo-Brazzaville}} * {{l|en|Republic of Congo}} {{list:countries in Africa/en}} ===參考資料=== <references/> lr4bzoet7edg1vjurjqnibbz6bchw2v 9816024 9816023 2026-06-18T06:57:22Z TongcyDai 53191 9816024 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== [[File:Democraticrepublicofthecongo w2 locator.svg|thumb|right|剛果民主共和國]] ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˌdɛməˈkɹætɪk ɹɪˈpʌblɪk əv ðə ˈkɒŋɡəʊ/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-Democratic Republic of the Congo.wav|a=UK}} * {{audio|en|En-DRC-pronunciation.ogg|a=US}} ===專有名詞=== {{wp}} {{en-prop|head={{U|democratic}} {{U|republic}} [[of]] [[the]] [[Congo]]|def=1}} # {{tcl|eo|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974|place_capital=Kinshasa}}。 #* {{quote-journal|en|date=2022-12-19|author=Patrick Greenfield; Phoebe Weston|title=Cop15: historic deal struck to halt biodiversity loss by 2030|journal=w:The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/dec/19/cop15-historic-deal-signed-to-halt-biodiversity-loss-by-2030-aoe|passage=The '''Democratic Republic of the Congo'''’s negotiator appeared to block the final deal presented by China, telling the plenary that he could not support the agreement in its current form because it did not create a new fund for biodiversity, separate to the existing UN fund, the global environment facility (GEF).}} #* {{quote-journal|en|title=Trump’s evidence of South Africa ‘white genocide’ contains images from Democratic Republic of Congo|magazine=w:The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/23/trumps-evidence-of-south-africa-white-genocide-contains-images-from-democratic-republic-of-congo|date=2025-05-22|passage=The evidence of supposed mass killings of white South Africans presented by Donald Trump in a tense White House meeting on Wednesday were in some cases images from the '''Democratic Republic of Congo''', while footage shown during the meeting was falsely portrayed as depicting “burial sites”.}} ====用法說明==== 稍不正式的[[Democratic Republic of Congo]]更常用。<ref>[https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Democratic+Republic+of+Congo%2CDemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&year_start=1960&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2CDemocratic%20Republic%20of%20Congo%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CDemocratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo%3B%2Cc0]</ref> ====近義詞==== * {{l|en|Congo}} * {{l|en|Congo-Kinshasa}} * {{l|en|Congo-Zaire}} * {{l|en|DRC}} {{qualifier|縮寫}} * {{l|en|DR Congo}} {{qualifier|部份縮寫}} * {{l|en|Congo Free State}}、{{l|en|Belgian Congo}}、{{l|en|Republic of the Congo}}、{{l|en|Zaire}} {{qualifier|現代國家的前身名稱}} ====上位詞==== * {{l|en|Subsahara}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|en|Republic of the Congo}} {{qual|首都在[[布拉柴維爾]]/[[布拉薩市]]的非洲國家}} * {{l|en|People's Republic of the Congo|id=Q1152126}} {{qual|剛果共和國於1969年至1991年的國名}} ===參見=== * {{l|en|Congo-Brazzaville}} * {{l|en|Republic of Congo}} {{list:countries in Africa/en}} ===參考資料=== <references/> 3mfzqhiv6rww4kvxfupey0xh88yg5nt 0 77562 9815336 6607208 2026-06-17T17:37:56Z TongcyDai 53191 9815336 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== {{wp|en:}} ===其他形式=== * {{alter|en|ekklesia}} ===詞源=== {{root|en|ine-pro|*kelh₁-}} {{lbor|en|la|ecclēsia}}，源自{{der|en|grc|ἐκκλησία}}。<ref>{{R:OED Online|pos=n|id=6532241123}}</ref> {{dbt|en|Eccles}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ɪˈkli.zi.ə/}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|ecclesiae|+}} # {{lb|en|historical}} 雅典人的公共立法[[集會]] # {{lb|en|ecclesiastical}} [[教會]]或[[教堂]]（作為[[團體]]或[[建築]]） #* {{quote-book|en|year=1961|author=[[w:en:Bryan R. Wilson|Bryan R{{quote-gloss|onald}} Wilson]]|chapter=The History of Christadelphianism|title=Sects and Society: A Sociological Study of Three Religious Groups in Britain|series=Heinemann Books on Sociology|location=London|publisher=[[w:en:Heinemann (publisher)|William Heinemann Ltd]]|section=part III (The Christadelphians)|page=247|pageurl=https://archive.org/details/sectssocietysoci0000wils/page/247/mode/1up|oclc=56282995|passage=The 1880s were no more peaceful for the '''ecclesias''' than had been the 1870s. Generally membership was increasing; so much so in London that two new '''ecclesias''' were formed, leaving about 200 in the older '''ecclesia''' at Islington.|t=1880年代對'''教會'''來說並不比1870年代更平靜。總體而言，會員人數在增加；在倫敦甚至增加到成立了兩個新'''教會'''，而留在伊斯靈頓的舊'''教會'''大約有200人。}} # {{lb|en|Biblical}} [[會眾]]，信徒群體，象徵性團體或建築 ====相關詞彙==== {{col4|en |ecclesial |ecclesiast |Ecclesiastes |ecclesiastic |ecclesiastical |ecclesiastically |ecclesio- |ecclesiologic |ecological |ecclesiologically |ecclesiologist |ecclesiology |sola ecclesia |Sola Ecclesia }} ===參考資料=== * {{R:Webster 1913}} <references/> ==因特語== ===詞源=== 源自{{der|ia|la|ecclēsia}}，源自{{der|ia|grc|ἐκκλησία||聚會}}。 ===名詞=== {{ia-noun|s}} # [[集會]] # [[會眾]] ==拉丁語== {{wp|la:}} [[Image:VillnößStMagdtoday.jpg|thumb|ecclēsia]] ===其他形式=== * {{alt|la|eclesia||Medieval}} ===詞源=== {{ety|la|id=教堂|title=ecclēsia|:bor|grc:ἐκκλησία<id:集會>|text=+|tree=1}} ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|ecclēsia|eccl=1}} ===名詞=== {{la-noun|ecclēsia<1>}} # [[教堂]]（[[禮拜]][[場所]]） #* {{Q|la|Jerome|Vulgate|Matthew 16|18|quote= Et ego dico tibi, quia tu es Petrus, et super hanc petram aedificabo '''ecclesiam''' meam, et portae inferi non praevalebunt adversus eam.|trans=我還告訴你：你是彼得，我要把我的'''教會'''建造在這磐石上，陰間的權柄不能勝過他。{{sup|(和合本)}}}} # {{lb|la|本義}} （希臘城邦的自由男性公民）[[集會]] ====變格==== {{la-ndecl|ecclēsia<1>}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col3|la |Quinqueecclesiae }} ====派生語彙==== {{top3}} * 意大利-羅曼語支： ** {{desc|co|chiesa|ghiesgia|jesgia}} ** {{desc|sdn|ghjésgia|ghjesa|gnesa}} ** {{desc|it|chiesa}} *** {{desc|scn|chiesa|bor=1}} ** {{desc|nap|chiesia|chiesa}} ** {{desc|sdc|gésgia}} ** {{desc|scn|crèsia}} * 島嶼羅曼語支： ** {{desc|sc|cheja|clèsia|creja|crèsia|crèxia}} * 北意大利語： ** 高盧-羅曼語支： *** {{desc|egl|cîṡa|cesa|jesa}} *** {{desc|lij|gexa}} *** {{desc|lmo|gesa|cesa|gesia|xesa}} *** 皮埃蒙特語： ***: 西部：{{l|pms|gesia}} ***: 東部：{{l|pms|cesa}} *** {{desc|rgn|cisa|ciṡa}} ** {{desc|fur|glesie}} ** {{desc|ist|cesa}} ** {{desc|lld|dlieja|gejia}} ** {{desc|vec|ceza}} * 高盧-羅曼語支： ** {{desc|frp|égllése|egleisi|élaise}} ** {{desc|fro|eglise}} {{see desc}} * 奧克-羅曼語支： ** {{desc|roa-oca|esglesia|sglesia|esglea|esgleia|glesa|glesia}} *** {{desc|ca|església}} ** {{desc|pro|gleiza|glieza|glieyza}} *** {{desc|oc|glèisa|gleisa}} ***: {{desc|oc-auv|lhèisa}}、{{l|oc|glheisa}} ***: {{desc|oc-viv|lhèisa}}、{{l|oc|glhèisa}} * 西伊比利亞語支： ** {{desc|roa-oan|iglesia}} *** {{desc|an|ilesia}} ** {{desc|roa-ole|eglesia|iglesa}} *** {{desc|ast|ilesia|eglesia|eigresia|eilesia|igresia|iresia|inglesia}} *** {{desc|ext|igresia}} *** {{desc|roa-leo|ilesia}} *** {{desc|mwl|eigreija}} ** {{desctree|roa-opt|igreja}} ** {{desctree|osp|eglesia}} * 早期借詞： ** {{desc|sq|kishë|bor=1}} ** {{desc|eu|eliza|bor=1}} ** {{desc|sga|eclais|bor=1}} {{see desc}} ** {{desc|cel-bry-pro|*egluɨs|bor=1}} {{see desc}} * 後期借詞： ** {{desc|en|ecclesia|bor=1}} ** {{desc|eo|eklezio|bor=1}} *** {{desc|io|eklezio|bor=1}} ** {{desc|ia|ecclesia|bor=1}} ** {{desc|pt|eclésia|bor=1}} {{bottom}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:la:L&S}} * {{R:la:du Cange}} * {{R:la:Peck}} * {{R:Smith's Antiquities}} {{C|la|基督教|宗教場所|古希臘}} k7v2fsui5x6nu9h696m6bq56v9g5ose 9815337 9815336 2026-06-17T17:38:20Z TongcyDai 53191 9815337 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== {{wp|en:}} ===其他形式=== * {{alter|en|ekklesia}} ===詞源=== {{root|en|ine-pro|*kelh₁-}} {{lbor|en|la|ecclēsia}}，源自{{der|en|grc|ἐκκλησία}}。<ref>{{R:OED Online|pos=n|id=6532241123}}</ref> {{dbt|en|Eccles}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ɪˈkli.zi.ə/}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|ecclesiae|+}} # {{lb|en|historical}} 雅典人的公共立法[[集會]] # {{lb|en|ecclesiastical}} [[教會]]或[[教堂]]（作為[[團體]]或[[建築]]） #* {{quote-book|en|year=1961|author=[[w:en:Bryan R. Wilson|Bryan R{{quote-gloss|onald}} Wilson]]|chapter=The History of Christadelphianism|title=Sects and Society: A Sociological Study of Three Religious Groups in Britain|series=Heinemann Books on Sociology|location=London|publisher=[[w:en:Heinemann (publisher)|William Heinemann Ltd]]|section=part III (The Christadelphians)|page=247|pageurl=https://archive.org/details/sectssocietysoci0000wils/page/247/mode/1up|oclc=56282995|passage=The 1880s were no more peaceful for the '''ecclesias''' than had been the 1870s. Generally membership was increasing; so much so in London that two new '''ecclesias''' were formed, leaving about 200 in the older '''ecclesia''' at Islington.|t=1880年代對'''教會'''來說並不比1870年代更平靜。總體而言，會員人數在增加；在倫敦甚至增加到成立了兩個新'''教會'''，而留在伊斯靈頓的舊'''教會'''大約有200人。}} # {{lb|en|Biblical}} [[會眾]]，信徒群體，象徵性團體或建築 ====相關詞彙==== {{col4|en |ecclesial |ecclesiast |Ecclesiastes |ecclesiastic |ecclesiastical |ecclesiastically |ecclesio- |ecclesiologic |ecological |ecclesiologically |ecclesiologist |ecclesiology |sola ecclesia |Sola Ecclesia }} ===參考資料=== * {{R:Webster 1913}} <references/> ==因特語== ===詞源=== 源自{{der|ia|la|ecclēsia}}，源自{{der|ia|grc|ἐκκλησία||聚會}}。 ===名詞=== {{ia-noun|s}} # [[集會]] # [[會眾]] ==拉丁語== {{wp|la:}} [[Image:VillnößStMagdtoday.jpg|thumb|ecclēsia]] ===其他形式=== * {{alt|la|eclesia||Medieval}} ===詞源=== {{ety|la|id=教堂|title=ecclēsia|:bor|grc:ἐκκλησία<id:集會>|text=+|tree=1}} ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|ecclēsia|eccl=1}} ===名詞=== {{la-noun|ecclēsia<1>}} # [[教堂]]（[[禮拜]][[場所]]）、[[教會]] #* {{Q|la|Jerome|Vulgate|Matthew 16|18|quote= Et ego dico tibi, quia tu es Petrus, et super hanc petram aedificabo '''ecclesiam''' meam, et portae inferi non praevalebunt adversus eam.|trans=我還告訴你：你是彼得，我要把我的'''教會'''建造在這磐石上，陰間的權柄不能勝過他。{{sup|(和合本)}}}} # {{lb|la|本義}} （希臘城邦的自由男性公民）[[集會]] ====變格==== {{la-ndecl|ecclēsia<1>}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col3|la |Quinqueecclesiae }} ====派生語彙==== {{top3}} * 意大利-羅曼語支： ** {{desc|co|chiesa|ghiesgia|jesgia}} ** {{desc|sdn|ghjésgia|ghjesa|gnesa}} ** {{desc|it|chiesa}} *** {{desc|scn|chiesa|bor=1}} ** {{desc|nap|chiesia|chiesa}} ** {{desc|sdc|gésgia}} ** {{desc|scn|crèsia}} * 島嶼羅曼語支： ** {{desc|sc|cheja|clèsia|creja|crèsia|crèxia}} * 北意大利語： ** 高盧-羅曼語支： *** {{desc|egl|cîṡa|cesa|jesa}} *** {{desc|lij|gexa}} *** {{desc|lmo|gesa|cesa|gesia|xesa}} *** 皮埃蒙特語： ***: 西部：{{l|pms|gesia}} ***: 東部：{{l|pms|cesa}} *** {{desc|rgn|cisa|ciṡa}} ** {{desc|fur|glesie}} ** {{desc|ist|cesa}} ** {{desc|lld|dlieja|gejia}} ** {{desc|vec|ceza}} * 高盧-羅曼語支： ** {{desc|frp|égllése|egleisi|élaise}} ** {{desc|fro|eglise}} {{see desc}} * 奧克-羅曼語支： ** {{desc|roa-oca|esglesia|sglesia|esglea|esgleia|glesa|glesia}} *** {{desc|ca|església}} ** {{desc|pro|gleiza|glieza|glieyza}} *** {{desc|oc|glèisa|gleisa}} ***: {{desc|oc-auv|lhèisa}}、{{l|oc|glheisa}} ***: {{desc|oc-viv|lhèisa}}、{{l|oc|glhèisa}} * 西伊比利亞語支： ** {{desc|roa-oan|iglesia}} *** {{desc|an|ilesia}} ** {{desc|roa-ole|eglesia|iglesa}} *** {{desc|ast|ilesia|eglesia|eigresia|eilesia|igresia|iresia|inglesia}} *** {{desc|ext|igresia}} *** {{desc|roa-leo|ilesia}} *** {{desc|mwl|eigreija}} ** {{desctree|roa-opt|igreja}} ** {{desctree|osp|eglesia}} * 早期借詞： ** {{desc|sq|kishë|bor=1}} ** {{desc|eu|eliza|bor=1}} ** {{desc|sga|eclais|bor=1}} {{see desc}} ** {{desc|cel-bry-pro|*egluɨs|bor=1}} {{see desc}} * 後期借詞： ** {{desc|en|ecclesia|bor=1}} ** {{desc|eo|eklezio|bor=1}} *** {{desc|io|eklezio|bor=1}} ** {{desc|ia|ecclesia|bor=1}} ** {{desc|pt|eclésia|bor=1}} {{bottom}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:la:L&S}} * {{R:la:du Cange}} * {{R:la:Peck}} * {{R:Smith's Antiquities}} {{C|la|基督教|宗教場所|古希臘}} p9kfn6u43zbt9zqpfhv67p2l25mav8x 0 102016 9816174 9063112 2026-06-18T08:37:16Z Jiba1219 110530 /* 日語 */ 9816174 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} {{wiki}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=jiāzú |c=gaa1 zuk6 |h=pfs=kâ-chhu̍k |md=gă-cŭk |mn=xm,qz,tw:ka-cho̍k/zz:kee-cho̍k |mn-t=gê1 zog8 |w=1jia zoq |mc=y |ca=LL-Q9186-Justinrleung-家族.wav |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # 基於[[血緣]]、[[婚姻]]構成的[[集團]]，通常以[[家庭]]為[[中心]]；[[一家人]]，[[氏族]] #: {{zh-x|家族 世襲}} ====同義詞==== {{syn-saurus|zh|家庭}} ====派生詞==== {{CJKV||か%ぞく|가족|gia tộc|j=家%族}} {{zh-cat|Beginning|家庭|集體}} ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|か|ぞく|yomi=kanon,goon}} ===詞源=== 來自{{der|ja|sort=かぞく|ltc|家族|tr=kˠa d͡zuk̚}}。然而其最早用例直到1808年才出現，<ref name="KDJ2">{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2}}</ref>因此可能是借用現代{{cog|zh|家族}}的寫法，再應用上符合規則的日語讀音。 ===發音=== {{ja-pron|かぞく|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|かぞく}} # [[家庭]]、[[一家人]]、[[家屬]] #* {{quote-book |ja ||{{w|lang=ja|井沢ひろし|井沢寛}} |{{wj|ファイアーエムブレム 覇者の剣}} ||276 |coauthors={{w|lang=ja|山田孝太郎|山田孝太郎}} |chapter={{lj|[第](だい)[43](よんじゅうさん)[話](わ)　[母](はは)の[願](ねが)い}} |trans-chapter=第43話　母親的願望 |trans-title=火焰之纹章：霸者之剑 |genre=虛構作品 |location=東京 |publisher=集英社 |date=Oct 20 2007 |isbn=978-4-08-109486-8 |edition=Jump Remix |volume=5}} #*: {{ja-usex|そして…オレはお前を連れてリキアの山%奥へとたどりついたのだ　'''家%族'''を持たぬ俺に…光をくれた…アル…お前%達には感%謝している…|^そして… オレ は お-まえ を つれて ^リキア の やま%おく へ と たどりついた の だ　'''^か%ぞく''' を もたぬ おれ に… ひかり を くれた… ^アル… お-まえ%-たち に は かん%しゃ して いる…|這之後…我帶著你去到了 Lycia 的山上　你們給沒有'''家人'''的我…帶來了光明…Alle…感謝你們…}} #* {{quote-book |ja |location=東京 |publisher=Creek & River |genre=虛構作品 |||authorlink=歐莎·葉克斯托姆 |first=Åsa |last=Ekström |{{lj|さよならセプテンバー}} |trans-title=再見九月 |date=Jul 27 2015 |volume=1 |chapter={{lj|第１話　ようこそ、ここへ}} |trans-chapter=第1話　歡迎來到這裡}} #*: {{ja-usex|ぼくらは幸せな'''家%族'''になるよぜったい！|ぼくら は しあわせ な '''か%ぞく''' に なる よ ぜったい！|我們絕對會成為幸福的'''家庭'''的！}} ====使用註解==== {{lang|ja|家族}}用於自己的家庭，特別指由父母、孩童、[[兄弟姊妹]]所組成'''最常見'''的家庭。而在表達別人的家庭時，前面會加上敬稱為{{m|ja|ご家族|tr=go-kazoku|pos=敬稱}}。普遍認為有一定關係則使用{{m|ja|親戚|tr=shinseki}}表示，也包括那些關係不緊密的遠親。關係更為親密的，例如稱呼為阿姨、叔叔和堂表兄弟姊妹等，則使用{{m|ja|近親|tr=kinshin}}。至於那些關係親密的人們，但沒有建立家庭關係的則稱呼為{{m|ja|身内|tr=miuchi||大家族，密友}}。 ====同義字==== * {{ja-r|御%家%族|ご%-か%ぞく|rom=-}}, {{ja-r|ご家%族|ご-か%ぞく}} {{qualifier|敬稱}} ===來源=== <references/> :* {{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}} :* {{R:Shogakukan}} {{topics|ja|家庭|sort=かぞく}} ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hj|hangeul=가족}} # {{hanja form of|가족|家庭、一家人}} ==越南語== {{vi-hantutab}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|sc=Hani}} # {{han tu form of|gia tộc|[[家庭]]}} 4bl5lstvbkuq60d13ntrotz0jr92tfi 0 138951 9816055 7028368 2026-06-18T07:07:32Z 幻光尘 67775 9816055 wikitext text/x-wiki ==朝鮮語== ===發音=== {{ko-IPA}} ===詞源1=== {{ko-etym-Sino|簡體|[[簡化字]]}}，{{obor|ko|zh|-||nocap=y}} {{zh-l|簡體}}。 ====名詞==== {{ko-noun|hanja=簡體}} # [[簡化字]] =====同義詞===== * {{ko-l|간체자}} * {{ko-l|약자}} ===詞源2=== {{ko-etym-Sino|杆|桿|體|身體}}，{{ko-kmccbw}}。 ====名詞==== {{ko-noun|hanja=杆體}} # {{lb|ko|生物學}} [[桿狀]][[細胞]] 6ljgdqqb5susc8lv1dagfgj8c6oteqi 0 141398 9816080 7807993 2026-06-18T07:25:17Z TongcyDai 53191 9816080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|republique|republiqué}} ==法語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|fr|id=共和國|:inh|frm:republique<t:共和國>|tree=1|text=++}} ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA}} * {{audio|fr|Fr-république.ogg}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-DSwissK-république.wav|a=瓦萊}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-république.wav|a=巴黎}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Poslovitch-république.wav|a=孚日}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-république.wav|a=里昂}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick-république.wav|a=索曼}} * {{homophones|fr|républiques}} ===名詞=== {{fr-noun|f}} # [[共和國]] ====派生詞彙==== {{col|fr |républicain |république bananière |République française |république sœur |républiquette |Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques }} ====派生語彙==== {{top2}} * {{desc|da|republik|bor=1}} * {{desc|nl|republiek|bor=1}} ** {{desc|af|republiek}} * {{desc|en|republic|bor=1}} * {{desc|de|Republik|bor=1}} * {{desc|ht|repiblik}} * {{desc|no|republikk|bor=1}} * {{desc|pl|republika|bor=1}} * {{desc|sv|republik|bor=1}} * {{desc|yi|רעפּובליק|bor=1}} {{bottom}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:fr:TLFi}} {{C|fr|政府體制}} 86k05sksfk8tai0jjumv8o02itwk27m 0 160182 9815943 7819072 2026-06-18T03:58:26Z Apisite 85347 9815943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=32|rad=土|as=00|sn=3|four=40100|canj=G|ids=⿱十一}} # {{mul-kangxi radical-def}} * {{異體|土|丄|圡}} * {{異體|徒|土|𢓂|𨑒|𨑡|𢔗|𣥲|𧺔|𧺑|𬾉|𠫠|𠫮}} {{字形拆解|1875}} {{說文|[[地]]之[[吐]][[生物]][[者]]也。二象地之下、地之中，物出形也。凡土之屬皆从土。}} {{釋名|土，[[吐]]也，能吐生萬物也。}} {{康熙|《丑集中》《土部》　土|《唐韻》《正韻》他魯切《集韻》《韻會》統五切，𠀤吐上聲。五行之一。《說文》地之吐生物者也。二象地之下，地之中，土物出形也。《易·離彖傳》百穀草木麗乎土。《書·禹貢》冀州厥土惟白壤，兗州厥土黑墳，靑州厥土白墳，徐州厥土赤埴墳，揚州荆州厥土惟塗泥，豫州厥土惟壤下土墳壚，梁州厥土靑黎，雍州厥土惟黃壤。 又《書·禹貢》徐州厥貢惟土五色。《註》諸侯受命，各錫以方色土，建大社于國中，一曰冢土。《詩·大雅》乃立冢土。 又后土，取厚載之義。共工氏子句龍爲后土，位在中央，主於四季各十八日。《禮·月令》中央土，其日戊己，其帝黃帝，其神后土。《周禮·冬官考工記》土以黃，其象方。 又星土，星所主土。《周禮·春官》保章氏以星土辨九州之地。 又度也。土圭之土訓度。詳圭字註。 又業也。《皇極經世》獨夫以百畝爲土，大夫以百里爲土，諸侯以四境爲土，天子以九州爲土，仲尼以萬世爲土。 又星名，一曰鎮星。《漢書》作塡。詳塡字註。 又地名。《春秋·僖二十八年》公會晉侯，齊侯，宋公，蔡侯，鄭伯，衞子，莒子，盟于踐土。《註》鄭地。 又姓。句龍爲后土，子孫爲氏。 又《廣韻》《正韻》徒古切《集韻》《韻會》動五切，𠀤音杜。《揚子·方言》東齊謂根曰土，非專指桑根白皮。《郭璞註》《方言》引《詩》作桑土，非。 又《集韻》《韻會》《正韻》𠀤董五切，音覩。圜土，獄城也。《周禮·秋官》以圜土聚敎罷民。 又《介之推龍蛇歌》五蛇從之，周流天下。龍反其淵，安其壤土。下音戸，尸土俱在姥韻。《字彙》作叶音，非。 又《集韻》丑下切，音姹。土苴，不眞物。一曰查滓，糞草糟粕之類。 又《字彙補》同都切，音徒。土門，北方之族。門音瞞。見周書異域傳。|考證：〔《說文》地之吐生物者也。二象地之下，地之中，物出形也。〕　謹照原文物出上增土字。}} {{字源}} {{筆順}} === 参考 === * {{大字源|453|23}} * {{汉语大字典|1|415|1}} * {{康熙字典|0223|223|1}} * {{辞海|309|5|3}} * {{Unihan数据|571F}} === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=G|四角号码=4010₀|Unicode|十进制=22303|UTF8=E5 9C 9F |UTF16=571F|UTF32=0000571F|Big5=A467|CCCII=213775|CNS1986=1-4448|CNS1992=1-4448|EACC=213775|GB80=4533|GB90=4533|JISX=3758|KPS97=F0BF|KS=8747|中文电码|中国大陆=0960|台湾=0960}} ==漢語== :{{huge|{{Lang|zh|土}}|250%}} {{百科}} ===讀音=== {{字音|國={{國音|tǔ|dù|chǎ|tú|字=是}}|粵={{粵音|t|ou|2|字=是}}}} {{上古音/白沙/表|土}} {{古音|透|模|一|合|遇|上|他|魯}} ===釋義=== #[[土壤]]；[[泥土]]。 #[[塵土]]；[[灰塵]]。 #[[土地]]；[[田地]]。 #[[領土]]；[[國土]]。 #[[故鄉]]；[[家鄉]]。例：[[鄉土]]。 #[[本地]]的，[[地方]]性的。例：[[土產]]、[[土話]]。 #[[民間]]的。與“[[洋]]”相對。例：[[土法]]。 #[[俗]]；不合[[潮流]]。例：[[土氣]]。 #[[姓]]。 ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语：[[soil]], [[earth]] {{翻譯-底}} ===组词=== {{組詞}} ==日語== {{ja-kanji|grade=1|rs=土00}} {{wikipedia|lang=ja}} ===讀音=== {{ja-readings |goon=つ |kanon=と |kanyoon=ど |kun=つち- |nanori=ひじ }} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|土}}|220%}} ===讀音=== * [[w:訓讀|訓讀]]：[[흙]] (hulk), [[뿌리]] (ppwuli) * [[w:音讀|音讀]]：[[두]] (twu), [[토]] (tho) ==越南語== :{{vi-nom|{{huge|{{vi-nom|土}}|220%}}}} ===讀音=== * [[đỗ]], [[độ]], [[thổ]] {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <span style="font-size: x-large;"> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/571f/5721 圡]</span> |align="center"| <span style="font-size: x-large;"> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/571f/793e 社]</span> |} {{異體字注}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|土00]] [[分類:汉语汉字|土00]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] 4zd6fdz49v96og2id6fd9yf2hu129gw 4 295058 9815495 9812422 2026-06-17T20:48:17Z A2093064-bot 60065 [[User:A2093064-bot/task/2|機器人2]]：存檔2章節 9815495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shortcut|Wiktionary:RFD|Wiktionary:AFD}} {{Wiktionary:删除请求/存档}} 中文维基词典现在由[[Wiktionary:管理员|管理员]]执行删除操作，所以请把所有有待删除的页面標示{{Tl|Afd|删除原因}}，列表如最下方。快速删除請標示{{Tl|Delete|删除原因}}。請求恢復頁面也於本頁處理。所有討論通常至少進行14日，管理員現在可處理 {{#time:Y年Mj日 (D) H:i|-14 days}} (UTC) 前發起的討論。 <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">{{clickable button 2|url={{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new&preload=Template:DRItem/auto&editintro=Template:DRItemNotice}}|提出删除请求}}</div> 另见：[[:Category:快速删除候选|快速删除候选]] [[Category:维基词典站务]] == 當前的討論 == <!-- 新討論請放最下方 --> ===[[:偷冷的]]=== 有載[https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/Browse/lindict17.html 林語堂《當代漢英詞典》]及[https://www.google.com.hk/books/edition/A_Course_of_Mandarin_Lessons_Based_on_Id/0FbhVaM0AvAC?hl=zh-TW&gbpv=1&dq=%E5%81%B7%E5%86%B7%E7%9A%84&pg=PA323&printsec=frontcover A Course of Mandarin Lessons, Based on Idiom]，但除此之外網絡上好像就沒有其他科搜索到的內容了。前者說是口語，後者說是 "Southern term"，那麼究竟是哪個地方的方言，有沒有更加合適的寫法，需要釐清。-——[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月18日 (六) 14:56 (UTC) :[https://toyo.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/14152 明治中期における南北官話の一考察]、[https://www.google.com.hk/books/edition/%E9%BA%A5%E6%B0%8F%E6%BC%A2%E8%8B%B1%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8/Pj_e2d3eHTQC?hl=zh-CN&gbpv=1&dq=%22%E5%81%B7%E5%86%B7%22&pg=PA941&printsec=frontcover 麥氏漢英大辭典]。另外有近義詞[https://www.wccdaily.com.cn/shtml/hxdsb/20230823/200394.shtml 偷冷捶]（汉语方言大词典中「偷冷槌」），现代语境中「[https://www.badmintoncn.com/eqm.php?a=eqCommView&cid=839633 偷冷子抽一拍]」（大多数和[[冷不丁]]差不多）（Southern term估計還是官話範圍內） [[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 07:24 (UTC) ===[[:鳥澡盆]]=== {{刪除}}理據：似乎是譯自[[birdbath]]--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月26日 (三) 10:00 (UTC) :[[鳥浴盆]]的hits似乎还要更多一些。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月26日 (三) 13:23 (UTC) ===<s>{{al|克流感|特敏福|達菲}}</s>=== {{delh|k}} {{刪除}}理據：奥司他韦（oseltamivir）的商品名--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年3月25日 (二) 11:32 (UTC) :关于品牌名称的收录，英维有专门的一个页面[[:wikt:en:Wiktionary:Criteria for inclusion/Brand names]]。这3个地区品牌名算是通用词汇吗？ [[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月16日 (五) 04:39 (UTC) :達菲英文版有收，另外兩條按照格式修改。不知能否結案。 [[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2026年3月23日 (一) 19:50 (UTC) ---- '''已保留'''全部。--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]（[[User talk:TunnelESON|留言]]） 2026年6月14日 (日) 01:01 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:雷隊友]]=== {{刪除}}理據：雷+隊友--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 04:57 (UTC) :搜到有些結果，不知是否能作為[[豬隊友]]的同義詞？--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 06:19 (UTC) ::应该算是近义词，可能有少许差异,[https://inews.hket.com/article/1679591/%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E6%BD%AE%E8%AA%9E%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%E8%B1%AC%E9%9A%8A%E5%8F%8B%20VS%20%E9%9B%B7%E9%9A%8A%E5%8F%8B 我的潮語時代 豬隊友 VS 雷隊友]。 [[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 06:25 (UTC) ==={{al|Appendix:簡化字總表|Wiktionary:第二次汉字简化方案（草案）|Appendix:简化字总表/第一表|Appendix:简化字总表/第二表|Appendix:简化字总表/第三表|Appendix:简化字总表/附錄}}=== {{刪除}}理據：這應該是維基文庫的收錄範圍。--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2026年3月23日 (一) 19:48 (UTC) :'''已刪'''[[Wiktionary:第二次汉字简化方案（草案）]]，整合到[[s:第二次汉字简化方案（草案）]]。其他的再看是否有更早的編修也送出。--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]（[[User talk:TunnelESON|留言]]） 2026年6月1日 (一) 02:59 (UTC) pb8x8lq71xyukudt3oqhm1upnw5zd15 0 310189 9815944 9087620 2026-06-18T03:59:27Z Apisite 85347 /* 漢語 */ 9815944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=86|rad=火|as=09|sn=13|four=67332|canj=ARF,XARF|ids=⿱昫灬}} ====衍生字==== * {{lang|mul|[[𬞜]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han 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{{zh-forms|alt=俳佪,俳回,裴回,裵回}} ===詞源=== [[上古漢語]]中的一種重複性、表意性組詞。 對照{{och-l|婓婓|tr=*pʰɯl pʰɯl|來來回回}}、{{och-l|回回|[[旋轉]]}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=páihuái,páihuí,2nb=variant |m_note=''huái''讀法是從中古漢語中不規則發展起來的。''huí'' 讀音更常用於 (1) 非本地人，(2) 歌、詩、戲劇， (3) 不熟悉該字的人 |c=pui4 wui4 |ca=LL-Q9186 (yue)-Luilui6666-徘徊.wav |md=bài-*huòi/bài-*huài |mn=pâi-hôe/tw:pâi-hoâi |w=sh:6be we |ma=y |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # [[來回]][[走動]] #* {{zh-x|徐 徘徊 於 山阿{ē} 兮，飄風 來 之 洶洶。|繞過山間的彎道，<br>直到旋風咆哮而來。|ref=Chuci}} #* {{zh-x|音樂 博衍 無 終極 兮，焉 及 逝 以 徘徊。|音樂聲越來越大，直至無窮無盡，<br>之後我離開它們，繼續我的漫遊。|ref=Chuci}} #* {{zh-x|旦 徘徊 於 長阪 兮，夕 仿{páng}偟{huáng} 而 獨宿。|清晨，我在長長的山崖上漫步；<br>傍晚，我恐懼地獨自休息。|ref=Chuci}} # {{lb|zh|figurative}} [[流連]] #* {{zh-x|徐風 至 而 徘徊 兮，疾風 過 之 湯湯。|輕風拂過'''流連'''不定；<br>狂風呼嘯而過。|ref=Chuci}} # {{lb|zh|figurative}} [[縈繞]] # {{lb|zh|figurative}} [[猶豫]] # {{lb|zh|figurative}} [[紛雜]][[起落]] ====同義詞==== * {{s|來回走動}} {{syn-saurus|zh|走來走去}} * {{s|猶豫}} {{syn-saurus|zh|猶豫}} ====衍生詞==== {{col3|zh|觀望徘徊|徘徊輿|徘徊花|徘徊菊|歧路徘徊|徘徊不定|徘徊不前|徘徊歧路|徘徊觀望|弭節徘徊}} {{zh-cat|Advanced|Disyllabic}} ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|はい|かい|yomi=on}} ===發音=== * {{ja-pron|はいかい|acc=0|acc_ref=NHK}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|はいかい}} # [[來回]][[走動]] ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|はいかい}} # [[來回]][[走動]] ====活用==== {{ja-suru|徘徊|はいかい|haikai}} ===來源=== <references/> ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hj|hangeul=배회}} # {{hanja form of|배회|}} ==越南語== {{vi-hantutab}} ===形容詞=== {{vi-adj|sc=Hani}} # {{han tu form of|bồi hồi|}} rnhooqtfuddm62czhkjxgdx1cjvsuwq 9816186 9816185 2026-06-18T10:19:37Z Igor123121 128408 Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-35630-21|~2026-35630-21]] ([[User talk:~2026-35630-21|talk]]) to last version by Apisite 9816186 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=俳佪,俳回,裴回,裵回}} ===詞源=== [[上古漢語]]中的一種重複性、表意性組詞。 對照{{och-l|婓婓|tr=*pʰɯl pʰɯl|來來回回}}、{{och-l|回回|[[旋轉]]}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=páihuái,páihuí,2nb=variant |m_note=''huái''讀法是從中古漢語中不規則發展起來的。''huí'' 讀音更常用於 (1) 非本地人，(2) 歌、詩、戲劇， (3) 不熟悉該字的人 |c=pui4 wui4 |ca=LL-Q9186 (yue)-Luilui6666-徘徊.wav |md=bài-*huòi/bài-*huài |mn=pâi-hôe/tw:pâi-hoâi |w=sh:6be we |ma=y |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # [[來回]][[走動]] #* {{zh-x|徐 徘徊 於 山阿{ē} 兮，飄風 來 之 洶洶。|繞過山間的彎道，<br>直到旋風咆哮而來。|ref=Chuci}} #* {{zh-x|音樂 博衍 無 終極 兮，焉 及 逝 以 徘徊。|音樂聲越來越大，直至無窮無盡，<br>之後我離開它們，繼續我的漫遊。|ref=Chuci}} #* {{zh-x|旦 徘徊 於 長阪 兮，夕 仿{páng}偟{huáng} 而 獨宿。|清晨，我在長長的山崖上漫步；<br>傍晚，我恐懼地獨自休息。|ref=Chuci}} # {{lb|zh|figurative}} [[流連]] #* {{zh-x|徐風 至 而 徘徊 兮，疾風 過 之 湯湯。|輕風拂過'''流連'''不定；<br>狂風呼嘯而過。|ref=Chuci}} # {{lb|zh|figurative}} [[縈繞]] # {{lb|zh|figurative}} [[猶豫]] # {{lb|zh|figurative}} [[紛雜]][[起落]] ====同義詞==== * {{s|來回走動}} {{syn-saurus|zh|走來走去}} * {{s|猶豫}} {{syn-saurus|zh|猶豫}} ====衍生詞==== {{col3|zh|觀望徘徊|徘徊輿|徘徊花|徘徊菊|歧路徘徊|徘徊不定|徘徊不前|徘徊歧路|徘徊觀望|弭節徘徊}} {{zh-cat|Advanced|Disyllabic}} ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|はい|かい|yomi=on}} ===發音=== * {{ja-pron|はいかい|acc=0|acc_ref=NHK}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|はいかい}} # [[來回]][[走動]] ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|はいかい}} # [[來回]][[走動]] ====活用==== {{ja-suru|徘徊|はいかい|haikai}} ===來源=== <references/> ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hj|hangeul=배회}} # {{hanja form of|배회|}} ==越南語== {{vi-hantutab}} ===形容詞=== {{vi-adj|sc=Hani}} # {{han tu form of|bồi hồi|}} 45jn3sg7l691rcwc33x3dnii7w24oqb 0 338744 9815941 9249943 2026-06-18T03:55:39Z Apisite 85347 /* 漢語 */ + 海陸片 9815941 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|t2=靑山}} {{zh-wp|zh|yue|hak:Chhiâng-sân-khî|nan:Chheng-san-khu|wuu:青山区 (武汉市)}} ===詞源=== ; 「精神病；精神病院」 : 來自香港第一家精神病院{{w|青山醫院}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=qīngshān |c=cing1 saan1 |h=pfs=chhiâng-sân;hrs=h:ciangˋ sanˋ |mn=chheng-san |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n,pn }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # [[青綠]]色的[[山巒]]或[[山脈]] #* {{zh-q|青山 自是 絕色，無人 誰 與 為{wéi}容。說 向 市朝 公子，何 殊 馬耳東風。||CL|ref=宋·蘇軾《和何長官六言次韻》詩五首之五}} #* {{zh-q|青山 依舊 在，幾 度 夕陽 紅。||CL|ref=明·{{w|楊慎}}《[[s:臨江仙 (楊慎)|臨江仙]]》}} #* {{zh-x|青山 十六 施，百 一 十二 尺 而 至 於 泉。||CL|ref=《管子·地員》}} #* {{zh-x|青山 舊路 在，白首 醉 還{huán}鄉。||CL|ref=唐·徐凝《別白公》}} #* {{zh-x|一 見 我 這裡\這裏 青山 隱隱，綠水 迢迢，便 問 我 借 與 他 居住。||WVC|ref=《四遊記·玉帝起賽寶通明會》}} # [[歸隱]]的[[地方]] #* {{zh-x|白髮 無心 鑷，青山 去 意 多。||CL|ref=唐·賈島《答王建秘書》}} #* {{zh-x|與 君 嘗 大言，定作 青山 鄰。||CL|ref=宋·范仲淹《寄石學士》}} #* {{zh-x|相看 白髮 盈 頭 出，長 恐 青山 與 願 違。||CL|ref=嚴復《送沈濤園備兵淮揚》}} # {{lb|zh|Hong Kong Cantonese|derogatory|slang}} [[精神病]] # {{lb|zh|Hong Kong Cantonese|slang}} [[精神病院]] #: {{zh-x|青{cing1}山 走犯{faan6-2}|精神病人|lit=青山醫院逃犯|C}} ====同義詞==== * {{s|青綠色山巒、山脈}} {{zh-l|蒼山}} * {{s|精神病院}} {{qual|廣州話}} {{zh-l|芳村}} ====衍生詞==== {{col3|zh|青山綠水|綠水青山|留得青山在，不怕沒柴燒|留得青山在，不愁沒柴燒|留得青山在，哪怕冇柴燒}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # 山名，又名青林山 #* {{zh-x|宅 近 ^青山 同 w:謝朓\^謝.^朓，門 垂 碧-柳 似 w:陶渊明\^陶.^潛。||CL|ref=唐·李白《題東溪公幽居》}} #* {{zh-x|阿 ^朓 ^青山 自 一 村，州 民 歲 歲 與 招魂。||CL|ref=宋·楊萬里《望謝家青山太白墓》}} # {{place|zh|山嶺|區/屯門|city/香港}} # {{zh-div|區}} ## {{place|zh|區|sub-provincial city/武漢|province/湖北|c/中國}} ## {{place|zh|區|city/包頭|Autonomous Region/內蒙古|c/中國}} ## {{place|zh|舊區|city/香港}}，[[屯門]]舊名 # {{zh-div|鎮}} ## {{place|zh|鎮|區/鄖陽|prefecture-level city/十堰|province/湖北|country/中國}} ## {{place|zh|鎮|區/崇陽|prefecture-level city/咸寧|province/湖北|country/中國}} # {{zh-div|鄉}} {{place|zh|鄉|prefecture-level city/雲陽|province/重慶|country/中國}} # {{zh-div|醫院}} {{place|zh|精神病院|區/屯門|city/香港}} #: {{zh-x|去 青{cing1}山 睇病|去'''青山醫院'''看病|C}} # {{place|zh|區域|special ward/港區|都/東京|c/日本}} {{C|zh|地形}} ==日語== ===詞源1=== <div style="float:right;"> {{wikipedia|lang=ja|青山|青山 (Aoyama)}} [[File:Aoyama_kamon.jpg|thumb|250px|{{lang|ja|青山}} (''Aoyama'')：青山的家徽]] </div> {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=kun|あお|やま}} 為{{compound|ja|sort=あおやま|青|tr1=ao|t1=藍色或綠色；生機勃勃|山|tr2=yama}}的組詞。 ====發音==== {{ja-pron|あおやま|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|あおやま|hhira=あをやま}} # [[青綠]]色的[[山巒]]或[[山脈]] # 用於[[祭祀]]的[[魚板]]，做成[[吉祥]]的形狀 ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|あおやま|hhira=あをやま}} # {{surname|ja|sort=あおやま}} # {{place|ja|sort=あおやま|街區|北部|ward/港區|都/東京|c/日本}} #: 之所以這樣命名是因為這片土地是由{{w|德川家康}}轉讓給{{w|青山忠成}}的 # {{place|ja|sort=あおやま|舊町|區:Suf/那賀|県/三重|c/日本}} # {{place|ja|sort=あおやま|站|市/盛岡|県/岩手|c/日本}} =====衍生詞===== {{col|ja |{{ja-r|青山菊|あおやまぎく}} }} ===詞源2=== <div style="float:right;"> {{wikipedia|lang=ja|青山|青山 (Seizan)}} </div> {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=o|せい|さん|k2=ざん|r=y}} 來自{{der|ja|ltc|-|sort=せいざん}} {{m|zh|青山|tr=tsheng srɛn|lit=藍色或綠色 + 山脈，山巒}}。對照現代{{cog|nan|-}}讀音 ''chheng-san''或{{cog|cmn|-}}讀音 ''qīngshān''。 漢字{{m|ja|山}}通常讀作 ''san''。{{rendaku2|sort=せいざん|san|zan}} ====發音==== {{ja-pron|せいざん|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|せいざん}} # [[青綠]]色的[[山巒]]或[[山脈]] # {{lb|ja|metaphoric}} [[墳墓]]或[[安息]]之地 =====俗語===== {{col|ja |{{ja-r|青山一髪|せいざん いっぱつ}} |{{ja-r|人間到る処青山有り|にんげん いたる ところ せいざん あり}}；{{ja-r|人間至る所青山有り|じんかん いたる ところ せいざん あり}} }} ====專有名詞==== {{ja-pos|proper|せいざん}} # {{place|ja|區|prefecture-level city/武漢|p/湖北|c/中國}} # {{place|ja|區|prefecture-level city/包頭|ar/內蒙古|c/中國}} ===來源=== <references/> {{C|ja|食物|sort=あおやま}} ==越南語== {{vi-hantutab}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|sc=Hani}} # {{han tu form of|thanh sơn}} 01q6594d67oyfilswpiwytrcuqyp2n2 0 443517 9816187 9259436 2026-06-18T10:20:02Z 幻光尘 67775 9816187 wikitext text/x-wiki ==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== {{ko-etym-Sino|雪||糖|}}，{{ko-kmccbw}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hanja=雪糖}} # [[糖]] ====近義詞==== * {{ko-l|사탕}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{ko-l|각설탕|角雪糖}} * {{ko-l|백설탕|白雪糖}} * {{ko-l|흑설탕|黑雪糖}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{ko-l|사당|||砂糖}} ====參見==== * {{ko-l|자갈|gloss=礫石}} * {{ko-l|가루|gloss=粉末}} * {{ko-l|꿀|gloss=蜜}} * {{ko-l|엿|gloss=麥芽糖}} * {{ko-l|밀|蜜|gloss=蜜}} {{C|ko|糖}} qcnizamv41sl8ygxijcw3bmddfy3k97 0 484675 9816027 9786474 2026-06-18T06:58:49Z 幻光尘 67775 9816027 wikitext text/x-wiki ==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== {{ko-etym-sino|越|百越；越過，跨越|南|南方}}。 ;“越南” {{obor|ko|vi|-}} {{vi-l|Việt Nam|越南}}. ;“越過三八線到南方” A {{ko-kmccbw}}. ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-proper noun|hanja=越南}} # {{place|ko|國家|cont/亞洲|t=越南|在韓國尤指[[越南戰爭]]期間的[[南越]]}} ====近義詞==== * {{qualifier|韓國，更常用}} {{ko-l|^베트남}} * {{qualifier|朝鮮，更常用}} {{ko-l|^윁남}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hanja=越南}} # [[越過]][[三八線]]到[[南方]] #: {{ant|ko|월북(越北)}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{ko-l|월남하다}} 0qoh4xcudyjornp7dqof82c6n3ul6et 9816028 9816027 2026-06-18T06:59:04Z 幻光尘 67775 9816028 wikitext text/x-wiki ==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== {{ko-etym-sino|越|百越；越過，跨越|南|南方}}。 ;“越南” {{obor|ko|vi|-}} {{vi-l|Việt Nam|越南}}。 ;“越過三八線到南方” {{ko-kmccbw}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-proper noun|hanja=越南}} # {{place|ko|國家|cont/亞洲|t=越南|在韓國尤指[[越南戰爭]]期間的[[南越]]}} ====近義詞==== * {{qualifier|韓國，更常用}} {{ko-l|^베트남}} * {{qualifier|朝鮮，更常用}} {{ko-l|^윁남}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hanja=越南}} # [[越過]][[三八線]]到[[南方]] #: {{ant|ko|월북(越北)}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{ko-l|월남하다}} qbbd5uxnbgnxohk7itj5yumbrezd4o4 0 569519 9816192 1422148 2026-06-18T10:52:10Z 幻光尘 67775 9816192 wikitext text/x-wiki ==朝鲜语== 汉字或谚汉混合表记：후조（[[候鳥]] [[後趙]] [[後凋]] [[護照]]） [[Category:朝鲜语]] 5sfkm7qaf1yalqjofjv3bow0c0xqbt3 0 609475 9815942 6803481 2026-06-18T03:57:42Z Tony85poon 62011 /* 漢語 */ wp 9815942 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} {{wp}} ===讀音=== {{zh-pron|m=dòuzhā}} ===釋義=== # ===翻譯=== {{翻译-顶}} *俄语：[[выжимки]] [[при]] [[изготовлении]] [[бобового]] [[сыра]] *日语：[[おから]] {{翻译-底}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|豆00水09]] j8r2fi2lzjgznxha17xy5yagfzu5sww 0 618727 9815304 9815303 2026-06-17T14:32:38Z Sayonzei 40728 9815304 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} {{zh-wp}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=háncháo |c=hon4 ciu4 |mn=qz:hân-tiau/xm,zz:hân-tiâu |w=sh:6ghoe zau |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # {{lb|zh|氣象學}} 生成於高緯度地區，且向低緯度地區侵襲的[[冷高壓]] {{zh-mw|m:股}} ====近義詞==== * {{zh-l|寒流}} ====翻譯==== {{trans-top|冷高壓}} * 阿拉伯語：{{t|ar|مَوْجَةُ اْلبَرْدِ|tr=mawjatu ālbardi}} * 荷蘭語：{{t|nl|koudegolf|m}} * 英語：{{t+|en|cold wave}} * 芬蘭語：{{t|fi|kylmäaalto}} * 法語：{{t+|fr|vague de froid}} * 格魯吉亞語：{{t|ka|ტემპერატურის ვარდნა}}、{{t|ka|უეცარი აციება}} * 德語：{{t+|de|Kältewelle|f}} * 匈牙利語：{{t+|hu|hideghullám}} * 冰島語：{{t+|is|kuldabylgja|f}} * 日語：{{t+|ja|寒波|tr=かんぱ, kanpa}} * 波蘭語：{{t|pl|[[fala]] [[chłodny|chłodnego]] [[powietrze|powietrza]]|f}} * 西班牙語：{{t|es|ola de frío}} * 瑞典語：{{t+|sv|köldvåg|c}} * 土耳其語：{{t+|tr|soğuk dalgası}}、{{t|tr|soğuk hava dalgası}} * 越南語：{{t|vi|sóng lạnh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{c|zh|天氣}} r5sd5fdllvmnlbhrsnkdjwdzfrkoyvz 0 643114 9815493 8957044 2026-06-17T19:53:18Z Fglffer 55252 9815493 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=克尔白|gloss=-}} {{zh-wp}} ===詞源=== 借自{{bor|zh|ar|كَعْبَة|t=[[立方體]]}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Kè'ěrbái |c=hak1 ji5 baak6 |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{lb|zh|伊斯蘭教}} 一座位於[[伊斯蘭教]]聖城[[麥加]]的禁寺內的[[建築物]]，外形呈[[立方體]]，[[穆斯林]][[朝觐]]的中心，所在[[方位]]是[[禮拜]]時的[[朝向]] ====近義詞==== * {{zh-l|天房}} ====翻譯==== {{trans-top|伊斯蘭教聖地}} * 阿爾巴尼亞語：{{t|sq|Qabeja}} * 阿拉伯語：{{t+|ar|الْكَعْبَة|f}}、{{t|ar|الْكَعْبَة الْمُشَرَّفَة|f|tr=al-kaʕba l-mušarrafa}} * 阿塞拜疆語：{{t|az|Kəbə}} * 巴什基爾語：{{t|ba|Ҡәғбә}} * 孟加拉語：{{t|bn|কাবা}}、{{t|bn|খানে কাবা}}、{{t|bn|কাবাঘর}} * 保加利亞語：{{t|bg|Кааба}} * 克里米亞韃靼語：{{t|crh|Kâbe}} * 丹麥語：{{t|da|Ka'ba}} * 達爾金語：{{t|dar|КагӀба}} * 荷蘭語：{{t|nl|Ka'aba}} * 英語：{{t+|en|Kaaba}} * 世界語：{{t|eo|Kaabo}} * 愛沙尼亞語：{{t+|et|Kaaba}} * 芬蘭語：{{t|fi|Kaaba}} * 法語：{{t|fr|Ka'ba}} * 德語：{{t+|de|Kaaba}} * 古吉拉特語：{{t|gu|કાબા|m}} * 希伯來語：{{t|he|כַּעְבָּה|tr=ka'ba|f}} * 印地語：{{t+|hi|काबा}} * 匈牙利語：{{t+|hu|Kába}} * 冰島語：{{t|is|Kaba}} * 印尼語：{{t|id|Ka'bah}} * 意大利語：{{t|it|Ka'ba|f}} * 日語：{{t|ja|カアバ|tr=Kaaba}} * 庫爾德語： *: 北庫爾德語：{{t+|kmr|Kabe}} * 立陶宛語：{{t|lt|Kaaba|f}} * 馬其頓語：{{t|mk|Ќаба|f}}、{{t|mk|Каба|f}} * 馬來語：{{t|ms|Kaabah}} * 馬拉地語：{{t|mr|काबा}} * 挪威語：{{t|no|Kaba}} * 波斯語：{{t+|fa|کعبه|tr=ka'be}} * 波蘭語：{{t+|pl|Kaaba|f}} * 葡萄牙語：{{t+|pt|Kaaba|f}} * 羅興亞語：{{t|rhg|Kaabá}} * 俄語：{{t+|ru|Ка́аба|f}} * 塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t|sh|Ка́ба|f}}、{{t|sh|Ћа́ба|f}} *: 拉丁字母：{{t|sh|Kába|f}}、{{t|sh|Ćába|f}} * 斯洛伐克語：{{t|sk|Kába|f}} * 西班牙語：{{t|es|Kaaba|f}} * 斯瓦希里語：{{t+|sw|Kaaba}} * 瑞典語：{{t|sv|Kaba}} * 塔吉克語：{{t|tg|Каъба}} * 泰米爾語：{{t+|ta|காபா}} * 泰語：{{t|th|กะอฺบะหฺ|tr=gà’bàh}} * 跨語言：{{t|mul|🕋}} * 土耳其語：{{t+|tr|Kâbe}} * 烏爾都語：{{t|ur|کعبہ|tr=ka'ba}} * 維吾爾語：{{t|ug|كەئبە}} * 烏茲別克語：{{t|uz|Kaʼba}} {{trans-bottom}} k0dh7sfnyk3qlidvsmalznyb2pnawnq 0 896228 9815339 7728274 2026-06-17T17:40:37Z TongcyDai 53191 9815339 wikitext text/x-wiki ==查瓦卡諾語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|cbk|es|iglesia}}。 ===發音=== {{cbk-IPA}} * {{rhyme|cbk|esja|s=3}} * {{hyph|cbk|i|gle|sia}} ===名詞=== {{cbk-noun}} # {{lb|cbk|基督教}} [[教堂]] {{C|cbk|建築|宗教場所|宗教}} ==古典納瓦特爾語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|nci|yglesia|ygrecia|ylecia||棄用或拼寫變體}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|nci|es|iglesia||church}}，源自{{der|nci|osp|eglesia}}，源自{{der|nci|la-vul|eclesia}}，源自{{der|nci|la|ecclēsia}}，源自{{der|nci|grc|ἐκκλησία|t=assembly}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|nci|[i.leːˈsí.jaʔ]}} ===名詞=== {{nci-noun|i|pl=iglesia}} # {{lb|nci|colonial|基督教}} {{gloss|它是}}[[教堂]] ===專有名詞=== {{nci-noun|i}} # {{lb|nci|colonial}} {{gloss|它是}} [[天主教會]] ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|nci|santa iglesia|in santa iglesia}} {{C|nci|建築|宗教場所|宗教}} ==納瓦拉-阿拉貢語== ===名詞=== {{head|roa-ona|名詞|g=f|複數|iglesias}} # [[教堂]] ==帕皮阿門托語== [[File:Cathedral in Willemstad, Curaçao.jpg|right|upright=0.95|thumb]] ===詞源=== {{bor+|pap|es|iglesia}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|pap|名詞}} # [[教堂]] ==西班牙語== ===詞源=== {{ety|es|:inh|osp:eglesia}} {{inh+|es|osp|eglesia}}（9世紀），為{{inh|es|la-vul|eclesia}} 的半接觸後代，{{inh+|es|la|ecclēsia}}，源自{{der|es|grc|ἐκκλησία|t=集會}}。 ===發音=== {{es-pr|+<audio:LL-Q1321 (spa)-AdrianAbdulBaha-iglesia.wav<a:Colombia>>}} ===名詞=== {{es-noun|f}} # {{lb|es|基督教}} [[教堂]] ====派生詞彙==== {{col|es|anteiglesia|arco de iglesia|cuerpo de iglesia|día de iglesia|golondrina de iglesias|iglesia catedral|iglesia me llamo|iglesia parroquial}} ====相關詞彙==== {{col|es|eclesiástico|eclesiología}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|bcl|iglesya|bor=1}} * {{desc|cbk|iglesia|bor=1}} * {{desc|nci|iglesia|bor=1}} * {{desc|fax|iglesia|bor=1}} * {{desc|pln|ilesia}} * {{desc|pap|iglesia|bor=1}} * {{desc|tl|iglesya|bor=1}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:es:DRAE}} {{C|es|建築|宗教場所|宗教}} 5bmfzc4hhgzzewsl7c0ohagalhse2bh 9815342 9815339 2026-06-17T17:40:57Z TongcyDai 53191 9815342 wikitext text/x-wiki ==查瓦卡諾語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|cbk|es|iglesia}}。 ===發音=== {{cbk-IPA}} * {{rhyme|cbk|esja|s=3}} * {{hyph|cbk|i|gle|sia}} ===名詞=== {{cbk-noun}} # {{lb|cbk|基督教}} [[教堂]] {{C|cbk|建築|宗教場所|宗教}} ==古典納瓦特爾語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|nci|yglesia|ygrecia|ylecia||棄用或拼寫變體}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|nci|es|iglesia||教堂}}，源自{{der|nci|osp|eglesia}}，源自{{der|nci|la-vul|eclesia}}，源自{{der|nci|la|ecclēsia}}，源自{{der|nci|grc|ἐκκλησία|t=集會}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|nci|[i.leːˈsí.jaʔ]}} ===名詞=== {{nci-noun|i|pl=iglesia}} # {{lb|nci|colonial|基督教}} {{gloss|它是}}[[教堂]] ===專有名詞=== {{nci-noun|i}} # {{lb|nci|colonial}} {{gloss|它是}} [[天主教會]] ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|nci|santa iglesia|in santa iglesia}} {{C|nci|建築|宗教場所|宗教}} ==納瓦拉-阿拉貢語== ===名詞=== {{head|roa-ona|名詞|g=f|複數|iglesias}} # [[教堂]] ==帕皮阿門托語== [[File:Cathedral in Willemstad, Curaçao.jpg|right|upright=0.95|thumb]] ===詞源=== {{bor+|pap|es|iglesia}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|pap|名詞}} # [[教堂]] ==西班牙語== ===詞源=== {{ety|es|:inh|osp:eglesia}} {{inh+|es|osp|eglesia}}（9世紀），為{{inh|es|la-vul|eclesia}} 的半接觸後代，{{inh+|es|la|ecclēsia}}，源自{{der|es|grc|ἐκκλησία|t=集會}}。 ===發音=== {{es-pr|+<audio:LL-Q1321 (spa)-AdrianAbdulBaha-iglesia.wav<a:Colombia>>}} ===名詞=== {{es-noun|f}} # {{lb|es|基督教}} [[教堂]] ====派生詞彙==== {{col|es|anteiglesia|arco de iglesia|cuerpo de iglesia|día de iglesia|golondrina de iglesias|iglesia catedral|iglesia me llamo|iglesia parroquial}} ====相關詞彙==== {{col|es|eclesiástico|eclesiología}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|bcl|iglesya|bor=1}} * {{desc|cbk|iglesia|bor=1}} * {{desc|nci|iglesia|bor=1}} * {{desc|fax|iglesia|bor=1}} * {{desc|pln|ilesia}} * {{desc|pap|iglesia|bor=1}} * {{desc|tl|iglesya|bor=1}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:es:DRAE}} {{C|es|建築|宗教場所|宗教}} 6olj0eewlebgm3uibgqfpust1xb39gc 0 902264 9816118 9717754 2026-06-18T07:59:40Z TongcyDai 53191 9816118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Appendix:"res"的變體}} ==跨語言== ===詞源1=== {{clip|mul|en:'''res'''idue}}。 ====其他形式==== * {{alt|mul|Res||分析}} ====符號==== {{mul-symbol}} # {{lb|mul|mathematical analysis}} [[殘留物]]；[[餘數]]；[[殘基]] ===詞源2=== {{clip|mul|en:'''Res'''he}}。 ====符號==== {{mul-symbol}} # {{ISO 639|3}} ====參見==== * {{langcat}} ==英語== ===詞源1=== {{ety|en|:af|re|-s|nocat=1|text=+|tree=1}} ====發音==== * {{IPA|en|/ɹeɪz/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-res.wav|a=US}} * {{rhymes|en|eɪz|s=1}} * {{homophones|en|raise|rase|rays|raze|rehs|réis}} ====名詞==== {{head|en|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|en|re}} ===詞源2=== 截斷詞。 ====發音==== * {{IPA|en|/ɹɛz/}} * {{rhymes|en|ɛz|s=1}} ====名詞==== {{en-noun}} # {{senseid|en|保留地}} {{lb|en|北美洲|非正式}} {{clipping of|en|reservation<id:保留地>,reserve<id:保留地>}} {{qualifier|半自治原住民領地}} #: {{alti|en|rez<id:保留地>|rezzy<id:保留地>}} # {{lb|en|加拿大|南非}} {{clipping of|en|residence|t=[[宿舍]]}} # {{lb|en|計算機}} {{clipping of|en|resolution}} {{gl|電腦顯示器或圖像的[[解析度]]}} #: {{cot|en|hi-res}} #: {{ux|en|Can I get that in a higher '''res'''?|能給我一個'''解析度'''更高一點的嗎？}} # {{clipping of|en|reservoir}} {{gl|電腦水冷的[[水箱]]}} # {{lb|en|RPG}} {{clipping of|en|resurrection}} {{gl|[[復活]]}} #: {{ux|en|Can I get a '''res''' please?|能給我個'''復活'''嗎？}} # {{lb|en|遊戲術語}} {{clipping of|en|resistance}} {{gl|[[抗性]]}} #: {{ux|en|Your magic '''res''' doesn't need to be that high.|你的魔法'''抗性'''不需要那麼高。}} =====派生詞彙===== {{col|en|des res|high-res|low-res|go off the res}} ====動詞==== {{en-verb|++,+!}} # {{lb|en|RPG}} {{clipping of|en|resurrect}} {{gl|[[復活]]}} #: {{ux|en|You have the skills, right? '''Res''' me please.|你有這技能吧？請'''復活'''我。}} #* {{quote-av|en|author=Simarded|title=Experiencing Death In Every Way In SCP Secret Laboratory - Part 2|date=19 May 2022|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBqLIDFTMtI|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211000732/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBqLIDFTMtI|archivedate=11 February 2023|accessdate=10 February 2023|時間=13:23|text=And the ''other'' death was falling in the Void of Armory; I also forgot to do this, so here's a quick video of me getting '''ressed''' by a Plague Doctor and then me, as a zombie, jumping into the Void.|t=而「另一種」死法是掉進軍械庫的虛空中；我也忘了這事，所以這裡有一段短片，展示我被瘟疫醫生'''復活'''，然後作為殭屍跳進虛空的過程。}} ===參見=== {{col2|en|title=包含「res」的詞彙，源自拉丁語|res angusta domi|res cogitans|res communis|res extensa|res gestae|res integra|res inter alios acta|res nullius}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|en|a=ers|-ers|ERS|ERs|ESR|RSE|SER|SRE|ers|ser|ser.}} ==阿拉貢語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|an|la|rēs||事物}}。對照{{cog|ca|res}}、{{cog|oc|ren}}與{{cog|fr|rien}}。 ===發音=== * {{an-pr|res}} ===代詞=== {{head|an|代詞}} <ref>Gramatica basica de l'aragonés, academia de l'aragonés (2017)</ref> # [[沒有]][[事物]]，什麼都沒有 #: {{uxi|an|No quiero saber-ne '''res''' més de tu.|我不想再和你有'''任何'''瓜葛。}} # [[任何]][[事物]] {{gl|用於疑問句或否定句}} #: {{uxi|an|que i falta '''res'''?|還缺'''什麼'''嗎？}} ====其他形式==== * {{alt|an|cosa}} ====參考資料==== <references/> ==阿斯圖里亞斯語== ===名詞=== {{head|ast|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|ast|re}} ==加泰羅尼亞語== ===詞源1=== {{inh+|ca|la|rēs||事物}}。對照{{cog|an|res}}、{{cog|oc|ren}}與{{cog|fr|rien}}。 ====發音==== * {{ca-IPA|ê}}<!-- per GDLC, DNV, DCVB --> * {{audio|ca|LL-Q7026 (cat)-Marvives-res.wav|a=Catalonia}} ====代詞==== {{head|ca|代詞}} # [[沒有]][[事物]]，什麼都沒有 #: {{uxi|ca|No vull saber '''res''' més de tu.|我不想再和你有'''任何'''瓜葛。}} # [[任何]]事物{{gl|用於疑問句或否定句}} #: {{uxi|ca|que hi falta '''res'''?|還缺'''什麼'''嗎？}} #* {{quote-journal|ca|journal=La Vanguardia|title=El meu veí el músic|author=Gemma Sardà|date=August 11 2019 |passage=No sembla mai que vagi a un lloc concret a fer-hi '''res''' de concret. Es passeja. |t=他似乎從來不會去一個具體的地方做'''任何'''具體的事情。他只是在閒逛。 |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/opinion/20190811/463991599122/el-meu-vei-el-music.html}} =====用法說明===== * 在阿爾蓋羅方言中，此形式與 {{m|ca|arrés}} 交替使用：''arrés'' 是預設形式；而 ''res'' 則用於介詞或以母音 {{IPAchar|[a]}} 結尾的單詞之後。 =====其他形式===== * {{alt|ca|re}} * {{alt|ca|rès||棄用}} * {{alt|ca|arrés||阿爾蓋羅}} =====派生詞彙===== * {{l|ca|de res}} * {{l|ca|no-res}} ====參考資料==== * {{cite-book |title=El Català de l'Alguer : un model d'àmbit restringit |location=Barcelona |year=2003 |page=19 |isbn=84-7283-716-5 }} ===詞源2=== {{deverbal|ca|resar}}。西班牙語借詞。 ====其他形式==== * {{alt|ca|rés||2016年前}} ====發音==== * {{ca-IPA|é}} ====名詞==== {{ca-noun|m}} {{tlb|ca|基督教}} # [[祈禱]] {{gl|祈禱的行動或行為}} #: {{syn|ca|oració|pregària}} # [[日課]] {{gl|每天需要背誦的禮儀}} ===詞源3=== ====發音==== * {{ca-IPA|é}} ====名詞==== {{head|ca|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|ca|re|t=[[re]] {{gl|音階的第二個音符}}}} ===詞源4=== ====其他形式==== * {{alt|ca|rés||2016年前}} ====發音==== * {{ca-IPA|é}} ====動詞==== {{head|ca|動詞變位形式}} # {{lb|ca|巴利亞利|阿爾蓋羅}} {{ca-verb form of|resar<pres_1s:res>}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:ca:IEC2}} * {{R:ca:GDLC}} * {{R:ca:DNV}} * {{R:ca:DCVB}} {{cln|ca|否定極項}} ==康沃爾語== ===詞源1=== {{etymid|kw|需要}} {{inh+|kw|cnx|reys,rys}}，{{inh+|kw|cel-bry-pro|*rrėd}}，源自{{der|kw|la|ratiō||理由}}。和{{cog|br|ret}} 與{{cog|cy|rhaid}}同源。 ====動詞==== {{head|kw|動詞}} # [[需要]] # [[必須]] ====形容詞==== {{head|kw|adj}} # [[必要的]]，[[義務的]] ====助詞==== {{head|kw|助詞}} # {{lb|kw|祈願助詞}} [[願]]，[[但願]] # {{lb|kw|完成體助詞}} [[已經]] =====用法說明===== * （助詞）用於母音前，與 {{m|kw|mos}} 連用。 =====派生詞彙===== {{col|kw |a res<t:必要的> |heb res<t:不必要的> |res porres<t:絕對必要> |res yw avowa<t:無可否認> }} ===詞源2=== {{etymon|kw|id=路線|:inh|cel-bry-pro:*rrɨd<id:路線>}} {{inh+|kw|cel-bry-pro|*rrɨd}}，{{inh+|kw|cel-pro|*ritus}}。和{{cog|br|red,rid}} 與{{cog|cy|rhed}} 同源。與 {{m|kw|resek|t=賽跑，跑步|pos=v}} 相關。 ====名詞==== {{kw-noun|m|r}} # [[路線]]，[[進程]] # [[流動]] # [[賽跑]] =====派生詞彙===== {{col|kw |res a-dro<t:旋轉木馬> |keynres<t:激流> }} ====動詞==== {{head|kw|動詞變位形式}} # {{infl of|kw|resek||3|s|pres:ind//fut:ind}} # {{infl of|kw|resek||2|s|imp}} ===詞源3=== {{etymid|kw|淺灘}} {{inh+|kw|oco|rhyd}}，{{inh+|kw|cel-bry-pro|*rrɨd}}，{{inh+|kw|cel-pro|*ɸritus}}。和{{cog|cy|rhyd}}同源。 ====名詞==== {{kw-noun|f|y}} # {{lb|kw|RLC}} {{alternative form of|kw|rys||淺灘}} # {{lb|kw|地名}} [[淺灘]] =====用法說明===== * 見於地名的重讀音節，例如 {{m|kw|Resrudh}}。 ==加利西亞語== ===詞源1=== {{inh+|gl|roa-opt|res}}，源自 {{inh|gl|la|rēs||事物，財產}} 的{{lg|主格}}。為 {{dbt|gl|ren}} 的{{lg|同源對似詞}}（取自{{lg|賓格}}）。和{{cog|pt|rês}}、{{cog|an,ast,ca,es|res}}同源。 ====發音==== * {{IPA|gl|/ˈres/}} ====名詞==== {{gl-noun|f}} # （四足[[牲畜]]或[[獵物]]的）[[頭]]，[[隻]] # [[畜群]]，[[獸群]]；[[牛群]] #* {{quote-book|gl|year=1355|editor=E. Cal Pardo|title=Colección diplomática medieval do arquivo da catedral de Mondoñedo|location=Santiago|publisher=Consello da Cultura Galega|page=168 |passage=''os quaes me pagastes en dineiros et en '''res''''' |t=你用金錢和'''牲畜'''支付給我的}} ====代詞==== {{head|gl|代詞}} # {{lb|gl|罕用|或|過時}} [[沒有]][[事物]]，什麼都沒有{{gl|用於否定句}} #: {{syn|gl|nada}} #: {{uxi|gl|Non sei '''res''' diso.|我對此'''一無所知'''。}} =====相關詞彙===== * {{l|gl|ren}} * {{l|gl|rexelo}} ===詞源2=== {{inh+|gl|roa-opt|rẽes}}（13世紀，《{{w2|en|Cantigas de Santa Maria|聖母瑪利亞頌歌}}》），{{inh+|gl|la|ren|rēnes|t=腎臟}}。和{{cog|pt|rins}}同源。 ====其他形式==== * {{alt|gl|rens}} ====發音==== * {{IPA|gl|/ˈres/}} ====名詞==== {{gl-noun|m-p}} # [[後腰]] #: {{syn|gl|cadrís|lombo}} #* {{quote-book|gl|year=1409|editor=G. Pérez Barcala|title=A tradución galega do "Liber de medicina equorum" de Joradanus Ruffus|location=Santiago de Compostela|publisher=USC|page=191 |passage=''reerás primeiramente os lombos ou as '''rẽes''' do cavalo'' |t=你要先剃掉馬背和'''後腰'''的毛}} =====派生詞彙===== * {{l|gl|derrear}} =====相關詞彙===== * {{l|gl|ril}} ===詞源3=== {{nonlemma}} ====發音==== * {{IPA|gl|/ˈres/}} ====名詞==== {{head|gl|名詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{plural of|gl|re}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:gl:DDGM|re_es}} * {{R:gl:CX|rẽes}} * {{R:gl:DDLG}} * {{R:gl:TILG}} * {{R:TLPGP}} {{C|gl|肉|解剖學}} ==黎語== ===發音=== {{lic-pron}} ===助詞=== {{head|lic|助詞}} # [[吧]]，表示要求、勸告、催促等 ===參考資料=== * {{R:lic:JCJC}} ==拉丁語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|la|id=事物|:inh|itc-pro:*reis<id:事物>}} 取代了預期的 ''*rīs''，並基於新的斜格詞幹 ''*rēj-'' 進行了重構，{{inh+|la|itc-pro|*reis}}，源自{{der|la|ine-pro|*reh₁ís||財富，物品}}。 與{{cog|peo|ts=rāy-|||樂園，財富}}、{{cog|ae|𐬭𐬁𐬫|𐬭𐬁𐬫-|樂園，財富}}、{{cog|kmr|raye|t=權力，權威，職位，國家}}、{{cog|sa|रै|tr=rái||財產，財富}}、{{m|sa|रयि|tr=rayí||物品，材料，財產，貨物}} 同源。 ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|rēs}} ===名詞=== {{la-noun|rēs<5>}} # [[事物]]，[[東西]]，[[物件]] #: {{syn|la|corpus}} #: {{ux|la|Dīxit duās '''rēs''' eī rubōrī fuisse.|t=他說有兩件'''事'''讓他感到羞愧。}} # [[事情]]，[[問題]]，[[主題]]，[[話題]] #: {{uxi|la|'''res''' repetere|t=要求'''賠償'''／尋求補償}} #* {{Q|la|{{w|lang=en|Ab Urbe Condita|Ab Urbe Condita}}|{{w|lang=en|Titus Livius|Titus Livius}}|I|32|quote={{l|la|hoc}} {{l|la|tum}} {{l|la|modo}} [...] {{l|la|repetitae}} '''res'''|t=於是就這樣尋求了'''補償'''}} #* '''約公元前149年'''，{{w|lang=en|Cato the Elder}} （傳言名言） #*: {{ux|la|'''Rem''' tenē, verba sequentur|t=抓住'''事情'''的本質，言語自然會跟上}} # [[事務]]，[[事件]] # [[故事]]，[[歷史]] # [[國家]]，[[共和國]]，[[聯邦]] #* '''約公元5世紀初'''，{{w|lang=en|Augustine of Hippo|Augustinus}} 於《{{w|lang=en|The City of God|De Civitate Dei}}》（卷二，第二十一章）中引述自 {{w|lang=en|Ennius}} #*: {{ux|la|Mōribus antīquīs '''rēs''' stat Rōmāna virīsque.|t=羅馬'''國家'''之所以屹立不搖，全憑其古老的習俗與英雄人物。}} #* '''公元前27年 - 前25年'''，{{w|lang=en|Ab Urbe Condita Libri|Ab Urbe Condita}}，{{w|lang=en|Titus Livius|Titus Livius}}，卷二，第九章。 #*: {{ux|la|Adeo valida '''res''' tum Clusina erat, magnumque Porsinae nomen.|t=那時克魯西烏姆的'''國家'''如此強大，波爾塞納的名聲如此顯赫。}} # {{qualifier|特指}} ''novae rēs''，意為[[新的]]或[[不同的]][[狀態]]等：指[[革命]]的習語 #* {{Q|la|Cicero|Catiline|1|3|quote=Nam illa nimis antīqua praetereō, quod C. Servīlius Ahāla Sp. Maelium '''novīs rēbus studentem''' manū suā occīdit.|trans=因為我略去了那些過於古老的例子，即蓋烏斯·塞爾維利烏斯·阿哈拉親手殺死了斯普里烏斯·麥利烏斯，因為他'''渴望發動革命'''。<br/>（字面意思為「渴望新事物」，但在習語中指「渴望改變現狀」或更直接地指「渴望革命」。薩盧斯特在《喀提林陰謀》中使用了類似的措辭，且該習語的例子也出現在凱撒和李維的著作中。）}} # [[行為]]，[[事蹟]] #: {{syn|la|factum|āctus|facinus|commissum|āctiō|gestum|coeptum|inceptum}} # [[情況]]，[[境況]] # [[財產]]，[[物質]]，[[所有物]] #: {{syn|la|bonum|fortūna}} #: {{uxi|la|'''res''' familiaris|t=家產，家族遺產}} ====變格==== {{la-ndecl|rēs<5>}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|la |in mediās rēs |nūlla rēs |reāpse |reus |rēcula,rēscula |rem acū tetigistī |rēs, nōn verba<t:行動勝於言辭> |reālis |rēs adiūdicāta |rēs gestae |rēs prīvāta |rēs pūblica,rēspūblica |rēs iūdicāta }} ====派生語彙==== {{top2}} * {{desc|ast|res|t=牲畜（量詞），動物}} ** {{desc|ast|un res|der=1|t=絕對沒有東西}} * {{desc|ca|res|re|t2=什麼都沒有；任何事物}} * {{desc|der=1|en|ad rem|foedus rerum|in medias res|in re|in rem|re|rebus|reification|res judicata|res ipsa loquitur}} * {{desc|der=1|oc-gas|malorrem|t=邪惡的，狡猾的}} {{qualifier|熱爾省}} * {{desc|frp|ren}} （在 ''quôqua ren''「某物」中） * {{desc|fro|rien|t=生物，事物}} ** {{desc|fr|rien|t=什麼都沒有；任何事物}} * {{desc|gl|res|t=牲畜（量詞）；畜群|ren|t2=什麼都沒有}} * {{desc|der=1|pro|granren|alt=g(r)anren|granren|alt2=g(r)anre|t2=許多|aldres|t3=其他東西}} * {{desc|oc|res|t=-事物，-人}} {{qualifier|與 ''non'' 或 ''pas'' 連用}}、{{l|oc|ren}}、{{l|oc|rèn||人；某物}} * {{desc|roa-opt|ren|rem|t2=生物；事物}} * {{desc|der=1|roa-opt|algorrem|t=某物}} * {{desc|sc|rese|arrèse|t2=牲畜（量詞），動物}} {{qualifier|洛古多羅}}、{{l|sc|arrèsi}}、{{l|sc|erèxi}}、{{l|sc|resi}}、{{l|sc|resa}} {{qualifier|坎皮達諾}} * {{desc|osp|res|t=牲畜（量詞），動物；事物，沒有東西；人}} ** {{desc|es|res|t=牲畜（量詞），動物}} * {{desc|pt|rês|t=牲畜（量詞）；畜群}} {{bottom}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:FEW|10|287|rēs}} * {{R:REW|res|543}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:la:L&S}} * {{R:la:Elementary Lewis}} * {{R:la:du Cange}} * {{R:la:Gaffiot}} * {{R:la:M&A}} * {{R:la:Peck}} * {{R:la:NLW}} * {{R:Smith's Antiquities}} * [https://www.dizionario-latino.com/dizionario-latino-italiano.php?lemma=FAMILIARIS200 DIZIONARIO LATINO, OLIVETTI] ==葡萄牙語== ===詞源=== {{ety|pt|:bor|en:res|text=+|tree=1}} ===發音=== {{pt-IPA|br=[e:é]}} ===名詞=== {{pt-noun|f,m<l:罕用>}} # {{lb|pt|電子遊戲|網際網路俚語}} {{clipping of|pt|ressurreição|t=[[復活]]}} #* {{quote-web|pt|date=2017-11-2|title=Overwatch recebe atualização que balanceia Mercy e Ana|work=IGN Brasil|author=comment by Amido // NewsInside.org|url=https://br.ign.com/overwatch/55091/news/overwatch-recebe-atualizacao-que-balanceia-mercy-e-ana#comment-3596046120|text=Agora o rework está fazendo sentido, o '''res''' como habilidade funciona como habilidade e não como uma ultimate em forma de habilidade, com 70% mais lento pra dar o '''res''' em alguém ela pode ser pinada, levar stun, tem que ter oportunidade para ambos os lados.|t=現在的重做說得通了，'''復活'''作為技能就該像個技能，而不是偽裝成技能的大招。現在對某人施放'''復活'''的速度慢了 70%，她可能會被定身、被眩暈，這給了雙方機會。}} #* {{quote-web|pt|author=Aqua|title=Vamos falar da Mercy 1.0?|work=Blizzard Forums|date=2018-08-20|url=https://us.forums.blizzard.com/pt/overwatch/t/vamos-falar-da-mercy-10/4224|text=A atual vc apenas da '''Res''' atrás da parede, precisa ficar dividindo a cura para outras pessoas quando o outro healer morre, ou morre e ele troca pra DPS, ai vc e obrigado a pegar um suporte que aguente e se encaixe na comp.|t=現在你只能躲在牆後放'''復活'''。當另一個治療者死了，或者死了之後換成輸出位時，你必須把治療量分給其他人，這時你就得選一個生存能力強且適合陣容的輔助。}} #* {{quote-av|pt|author=Nitrao|network=YouTube|title=DANDO DICAS PARA DIAMANTE, player de SOUJORN - Coach do Nitrao|時間=19:05|url=https://youtu.be/vfzYcuW3oMs?t=1145|date=2023-12-08|text=Isso serve não só pra status em si, mas, por exemplo: pra você ressucitar alguém de Mercy. Tem '''res''' que não vale a pena você ir. Tipo assim, não vale a pena, não agrega nada pro jogo. Tem '''res''' que agrega.|t=這不僅適用於狀態本身，而且例如：當你用慈悲復活某人時。有些'''復活'''不值得你去放。就像這樣，這不值得，對遊戲局勢沒有任何幫助。有些'''復活'''則有幫助。}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|pt|ressar}} ==森哈加語== {{sjs-rootbox|r-s}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|sjs|ares<ll:Seddat,Zerqet>}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|sjs|ber-pro|-}}。 ===發音=== * {{sjs-IPA}} ===動詞=== {{sjs-verb}} # {{lb|sjs|不及物}} [[下降]]，[[降落]] #: {{syn|sjs|hewwed<ll:Hmed,Zerqet>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:sjs:Webonary}} * {{R:sjs:Gutova:2021}} ==西班牙語== {{wp|es:}} ===發音=== {{es-pr|+<audio:LL-Q1321 (spa)-AdrianAbdulBaha-res.wav<a:Colombia>>}} ===詞源1=== {{etymon|es|:inh|osp:res<ety:inh<la:rēs>>|tree=1}} {{inh+|es|osp|res}}，源自 {{inh|es|la|rēs||事物，財產}} 的{{lg|主格}}。和{{cog|an,ast,ca,gl|res}}與{{cog|pt|rês}} 同源。 幾乎所有詞典都一致認為該詞派生自 {{ncog|ar|رَأْس||頭|ng=也指牲畜}}，在語義上完全脗合，但在語音上並不成立：羅曼語系形式中的前元音不支持其源自阿拉伯語，因為各方言通常在該詞中保留後元音 ''-a-''（對照{{cog|mt|ras}}，而非 {{m|mt||*ries}}）。<ref>{{R:es:DCECH|entry=res|pages=882–883|vol=4}}</ref> ====名詞==== {{es-noun|f}} # [[四足]][[牲畜]]或[[獵物]]（的數量單位，即[[頭]]、[[隻]]） {{qualifier|例如[[牛]]、[[羊]]、[[鹿]]}} # {{lb|es|哥倫比亞|厄瓜多爾|薩爾瓦多|危地馬拉|墨西哥|波多黎各}} [[牛]]，[[牛群]] #: {{syn|es|bovino}} =====派生詞彙===== {{col|es |carne de res |pancita de res |res de vientre |resero }} ===詞源2=== {{ety|es|nl=1}} ====名詞==== {{head|es|名詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{plural of|es|re}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:es:DRAE}} ===參考資料=== <references/> {{C|es|肉}} ==瑞典語== ===動詞=== {{head|sv|動詞變位形式}} # {{infl of|sv|resa||imp}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|sv|a=ers|ers|ser}} ==沃洛夫語== ===名詞=== {{wo-noun|wi}} # [[肝]]，[[肝臟]] {{c|wo|器官}} 0mfpna81t8kmzuup55laplinpvllw21 0 913294 9816171 9786860 2026-06-18T08:27:05Z Jiba1219 110530 /* 日語 */ 9816171 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=shàngxún |m-s=sang4xun2 |c=soeng6 ceon4 |h=pfs=sông-sùn |mn=qz,xm:siōng-sûn/zz:siāng-sûn |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # 一个[[月份]]的前十[[天]]。 ====近義詞==== * {{zh-l|初旬}} ====同類詞彙==== * {{zh-l|中旬}} * {{zh-l|下旬}} {{zh-cat|時間|Intermediate}} ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|じょう|じゅん|yomi=goon}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|じょうじゅん}} # [[#漢語|上旬]] ====相關詞彙==== * {{ja-r|中旬|ちゅうじゅん}} * {{ja-r|下旬|げじゅん}} [[Category:日語 時間|しょうじゅん']] 84t5p2s5pjksuk672ocxt0bjv0y5xyj 0 952634 9815507 4864215 2026-06-18T02:31:32Z Sayonzei 40728 9815507 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|it|agunare|aunare||古舊}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|it|la|adūnō|adūnāre|t=結合，聯合}}。 ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===動詞=== {{it-verb|a/ù}} # {{lb|it|及物}} [[聚集]]，[[召集]]，[[集合]] # {{lb|it|比喻}} [[具有]]，[[含有]] ====變位==== {{it-conj|a/ù}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|it |adunamento |adunanza |adunarsi |adunata |adunatore |radunare }} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aadenru|adunerà}} ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāre}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||pres|actv|inf|;|2|s|pres|pasv|imp//ind}} ==羅馬尼亞語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{affix|ro|aduna|-re}}。 ===名詞=== {{ro-noun|f|adunări}} # [[聚集]]，[[集合]]，[[集中]] # [[集會]]；集會的[[人群]] # [[積聚]]，[[積累]] # {{lb|ro|算術}} [[加法]] ====變格==== {{ro-noun-f-e|adunar|adunăr}} ==西班牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|es|動詞變位形式}} # {{es-verb form of|adunar}} 0pzgdfrs08e5kh6sa78f7zola000d87 0 952638 9815513 4864216 2026-06-18T02:32:32Z Sayonzei 40728 9815513 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{it-verb|ù}} # [[集合]]，[[聚集]] ====變位==== {{it-conj|ù}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|it|adunare}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aadinrsu|Drusiana|drusiana}} r3zklsq3mydgbmrsob18bns77eathbs 0 967589 9815539 4999737 2026-06-18T02:48:33Z Sayonzei 40728 9815539 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===詞源1=== {{ety|it|id=commuter|:af|pendolo|-are<pos:adjective-forming suffix>}} 源自 {{af|it|pendolo|-are|pos2=形容詞後綴}}。 ====形容詞==== {{it-adj}} # {{lb|it|relational}} [[擺動]]的 # {{lb|it|比喻}} [[搖擺]][[不定]]的 # 每日[[通勤]]的 =====派生詞彙===== * {{l|it|pendolarmente}} ====名詞==== {{it-noun|mfbysense}} # 每日[[通勤]]者 ===詞源2=== {{ety|it|id=wing|:af|pendolo|-are<pos:verb-forming suffix>}} 源自 {{af|it|pendolo|-are|pos2=動詞後綴}}。 ====動詞==== {{it-verb|a/è}} # {{lb|it|不及物}} [[擺動]]，[[搖擺]] #: {{syn|it|oscillare}} =====變位===== {{it-conj|a/è}} ===相關詞彙=== * {{l|it|pendolarismo}} * {{l|it|pendolarità}} * {{l|it|pendolo}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=adeelnopr|aprendole|pendolerà|perdonale|ponderale}} fpsbn5mld4vwetq7mx535161wwbd5to 0 967592 9815541 4999738 2026-06-18T02:50:00Z Sayonzei 40728 9815541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|pendolò}} ==世界語== {{wp|eo:}} [[Image:Oscillating pendulum.gif|thumb|Animado de '''pendolo''']] ===詞源=== {{bor+|eo|it|pendolo}}，源自{{der|eo|la|pendulus||悬挂的，悬空的}}，源自 {{m|la|pendeō||垂下来，被悬挂}}。{{doublet|eo|pendi}}。 ===發音=== {{eo-pr|a=LL-Q143 (epo)-Lepticed7-pendolo.wav}} ===名詞=== {{eo-head}} # {{lb|eo|物理學}} [[擺]]，[[擺錘]] # [[鞦韆]] ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|eo|pendoli|gloss=摆动；摇摆}} {{C|eo|椅子}} ==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr|pèndolo}} ===詞源1=== 源自{{der|it|la|pendulus}}，可能是半接觸借詞。{{doublet|it|pendulo}}。 ====名詞==== {{it-noun|m}} # [[擺]]，[[擺錘]] =====派生詞彙===== * {{l|it|bipendolo}} ===詞源2=== {{nonlemma}} ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||1|s|pres|indc}} omxybr7qwzulphtbpn4gel97jx4ha1m 0 980775 9815558 4955515 2026-06-18T02:59:55Z Sayonzei 40728 9815558 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===詞源1=== {{ety|it|id=stick|:af|in-|colla|-are}} 源自 {{af|it|in-|colla|-are}}。 ====動詞==== {{it-verb|a/ò}} {{tlb|it|及物}} # [[粘貼]]，[[膠合]] # [[上漿]] # {{lb|it|計算機}} [[粘貼]] =====變位===== {{it-conj|a/ò}} =====相關詞彙===== {{col|it |copiaincollare |incollaggio |incollarsi |incollato |incollatore |incollatrice |incollatura }} ===詞源2=== {{ety|it|id=put on the neck|:af|in-|collo|-are}} 源自 {{af|it|in-|collo|-are}}。 ====動詞==== {{it-verb|a/ò}} {{tlb|it|及物}} # {{lb|it|rare}} [[放]]在[[肩頭]] =====變位===== {{it-conj|a/ò}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aceillnor|collinare|coralline|incollerà}} 25k1dqrn2zrndgnmeib9v4vexjto7on 0 982789 9815552 4967711 2026-06-18T02:56:48Z Sayonzei 40728 9815552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|laminaré}} ==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|lamina|-are}} 源自 {{af|it|lamina|-are}}。 ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===形容詞=== {{it-adj}} # [[薄片]]狀的 ===動詞=== {{it-verb|a/à}} # {{lb|it|及物}} [[軋製]] # {{lb|it|及物}} 用[[薄片]][[包裹]] ====變位==== {{it-conj|a/à}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|it|laminato}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:it:Treccani|sense=1}} * {{R:it:Treccani|sense=2}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaeilmnr|laminerà}} ==羅馬尼亞語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{suffix|ro|lamina|-re}}。 ===名詞=== {{ro-noun|f|laminări}} # [[軋製]] ====變格==== {{ro-noun-f-e|laminar|laminăr}} ==西班牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|es|動詞變位形式}} # {{es-verb form of|laminar}} dg6e6js8kh57xwhdzmwagtw2x9vvyfi 0 982790 9815555 4967718 2026-06-18T02:57:42Z Sayonzei 40728 9815555 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|laminare}} ===形容詞=== {{it-adj}} # [[軋]]成[[薄片]]的 ===名詞=== {{it-noun|m}} # 軋製[[材料]] ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aailmnot|limonata}} 18wl38e9cbng3amvkkckllnrxojnfnc 0 1021384 9815311 4953409 2026-06-17T17:25:18Z TongcyDai 53191 9815311 wikitext text/x-wiki ==加利西亞語== ===發音=== {{gl-pr|igrêxa}} * {{hyph|gl|i|gre|ja}} ===名詞=== {{gl-reinteg-noun|f}} # {{gl-reinteg sp|igrexa}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:gl:Estraviz}} ==古葡萄牙語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|roa-opt|egreja|egleja}} * {{alter|roa-opt|ygreja}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|roa-opt|id=教堂|:slbor|la:ecclēsia<id:教堂>}} {{slbor|roa-opt|la|ecclēsia|t=教堂}}，源自{{der|roa-opt|grc|ἐκκλησία|t=會眾}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|roa-opt|/i.ˈɡɾe.ʒa/}} ===名詞=== {{head|roa-opt|名詞|g=f|複數|igrejas}} # [[教堂]] #* {{roa-opt-cite-cantigas|E|266|http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/facsimiles/E/478.html}} #*: {{quote|roa-opt|como ſṫa M de caſtro xerez guardou agente que sija na '''ygreia''' oyndo ſermon dũa traue que caeu de çima da '''ygreia''' ſobreles.|聖瑪麗·卡斯特羅赫里斯如何拯救了在'''教堂'''裡聽道的人們，使他們免遭從'''教堂'''上方掉落的橫梁砸中。}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|gl|igrexa}} * {{desctree|pt|igreja}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:roa-opt:UC|3424}} {{C|roa-opt|宗教場所}} ==葡萄牙語== {{wp|pt:}} [[File:Church_of_Santa_Cruz_(Braga)_14.JPG|thumb|250px|uma '''igreja''']] ===其他形式=== * {{alt|pt|igreija||misspelling}} * {{alt|pt|egreja||pre-1911}} * {{alt|pt|eigreja|igleja||棄用}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|pt|id=教堂|:inh|roa-opt:igreja<id:教堂>}} {{inh+|pt|roa-opt|igreja}}，源自{{der|pt|la|ecclēsia|t=教堂}}，源自{{der|pt|grc|ἐκκλησία|t=會眾}}。和{{cog|gl|igrexa}}、{{cog|es|iglesia}} {{cog|ca|església}}、{{cog|oc|glèisa}}、{{cog|fr|église}} 以及{{cog|it|chiesa}} 同源。{{doublet|pt|eclésia}}，後者為借詞。 ===發音=== {{pt-IPA|[ej:êj]}} * {{audio|pt|LL-Q5146 (por)-Santamarcanda-igreja.wav|a=Porto}} * {{rhymes|pt|eʒɐ|s=3}} * {{hyph|pt|i|gre|ja}} {{rfap|pt|Brazilian}} ===名詞=== {{pt-noun|f}} # [[教堂]] # {{lb|pt|基督教}} [[基督教]][[教派]] ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|pt|eclesiástico}} ====派生語彙==== {{top3}} * {{desc|aoa|ngeedha}} * {{desc|fab|guesa}} * {{desc|pov|igreja|grisia}} * {{desc|idb|greja}} * {{desc|kea|igreja|grexa}} * {{desc|mcm|greza}} * {{desc|mzs|greza}} * {{desc|pre|gêêza}} * {{desc|cri|glêza}} * {{desc|ace|geurèja|bor=1}} * {{desctree|bn|গির্জা|bor=1}} * {{desc|gu|ઇગરજી|bor=1}} * {{desc|inc-hnd|bor=1}} *: {{desc|hi|गिरजा|alts=1}} *: {{desctree|ur|گِرْجا}} * {{desc|iba|gerija|bor=1}} * {{desc|jv|greja|bor=1}} * {{desc|kgp|igreja|bor=1}} * {{desc|kok|-|bor=1}} *: {{desc|kok|इगर्जे|alts=1|sclang=1}} *: {{desc|kok|igarze|igarza|sclang=1}} *: {{desc|kok|ಇಗರ್ಜೆ|ಇಗರ್ಜ|sclang=1}} * {{desctree|ms|gereja|bor=1}} * {{desc|sw|gereza|t=prison|bor=1}} ** {{desc|rw|gereza|bor=1}} * {{desc|tet|igreja|bor=1}} {{bottom}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:pt:DAN}} * {{R:pt:DLP-ACL}} * {{R:pt:Dalgado|176|1}} * {{R:pt:Infopédia}} * {{R:pt:Aulete}} * {{R:pt:Michaelis}} * {{R:pt:Priberam}} {{C|pt|建築|宗教場所}} ==德頓語== [[File:2020-10-27 Assembleia-Geral da Igreja Protestante Timor-Leste (IPTL).jpg|thumb|Igreja]] ===詞源=== {{bor+|tet|pt|igreja}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|tet|名詞}} # [[教堂]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:tet:Infopédia}} {{C|tet|基督教|宗教場所}} frlvmw7f9uzzty7jvlhljnilakn3ghw 9815465 9815311 2026-06-17T18:08:06Z TongcyDai 53191 9815465 wikitext text/x-wiki ==加利西亞語== ===發音=== {{gl-pr|igrêxa}} * {{hyph|gl|i|gre|ja}} ===名詞=== {{gl-reinteg-noun|f}} # {{gl-reinteg sp|igrexa}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:gl:Estraviz}} ==古葡萄牙語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|roa-opt|egreja|egleja}} * {{alter|roa-opt|ygreja}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|roa-opt|id=教堂|:slbor|la:ecclēsia<id:教堂>}} {{slbor|roa-opt|la|ecclēsia|t=教堂}}，源自{{der|roa-opt|grc|ἐκκλησία|t=會眾}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|roa-opt|/i.ˈɡɾe.ʒa/}} ===名詞=== {{head|roa-opt|名詞|g=f|複數|igrejas}} # [[教堂]] #* {{roa-opt-cite-cantigas|E|266|http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/facsimiles/E/478.html}} #*: {{quote|roa-opt|como ſṫa M de caſtro xerez guardou agente que sija na '''ygreia''' oyndo ſermon dũa traue que caeu de çima da '''ygreia''' ſobreles.|聖瑪麗·卡斯特羅赫里斯如何拯救了在'''教堂'''裡聽道的人們，使他們免遭從'''教堂'''上方掉落的橫梁砸中。}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|gl|igrexa}} * {{desctree|pt|igreja}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:roa-opt:UC|3424}} {{C|roa-opt|宗教場所}} ==葡萄牙語== {{wp|pt:}} [[File:Church_of_Santa_Cruz_(Braga)_14.JPG|thumb|250px|uma '''igreja''']] ===其他形式=== * {{alt|pt|igreija||misspelling}} * {{alt|pt|egreja||pre-1911}} * {{alt|pt|eigreja|igleja||棄用}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|pt|id=教堂|:inh|roa-opt:igreja<id:教堂>}} {{inh+|pt|roa-opt|igreja}}，源自{{der|pt|la|ecclēsia|t=教堂}}，源自{{der|pt|grc|ἐκκλησία|t=會眾}}。和{{cog|gl|igrexa}}、{{cog|es|iglesia}} {{cog|ca|església}}、{{cog|oc|glèisa}}、{{cog|fr|église}} 以及{{cog|it|chiesa}} 同源。{{doublet|pt|eclésia}}，後者為借詞。 ===發音=== {{pt-IPA|[ej:êj]}} * {{audio|pt|LL-Q5146 (por)-Santamarcanda-igreja.wav|a=Porto}} * {{rhymes|pt|eʒɐ|s=3}} * {{hyph|pt|i|gre|ja}} {{rfap|pt|Brazilian}} ===名詞=== {{pt-noun|f}} # [[教堂]] # {{lb|pt|基督教}} [[基督教]][[教派]] ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|pt|eclesiástico}} ====派生語彙==== {{top3}} * {{desc|aoa|ngeedha}} * {{desc|fab|guesa}} * {{desc|pov|igreja|grisia}} * {{desc|idb|greja}} * {{desc|kea|igreja|grexa}} * {{desc|mcm|greza}} * {{desc|mzs|greza}} * {{desc|pre|gêêza}} * {{desc|cri|glêza}} * {{desc|ace|geurèja|bor=1}} * {{desctree|bn|গির্জা|bor=1}} * {{desc|gu|ઇગરજી|bor=1}} * {{desc|inc-hnd|bor=1}} *: {{desc|hi|गिरजा|alts=1}} *: {{desctree|ur|گِرْجا}} * {{desc|iba|gerija|bor=1}} * {{desc|jv|greja|bor=1}} * {{desc|kgp|igreja|bor=1}} * {{desc|kok|-|bor=1}} *: {{desc|kok|इगर्जे|alts=1|sclang=1}} *: {{desc|kok|igarze|igarza|sclang=1}} *: {{desc|kok|ಇಗರ್ಜೆ|ಇಗರ್ಜ|sclang=1}} * {{desctree|ms|gereja|bor=1}} * {{desc|sw|gereza|t=監獄|bor=1}} ** {{desc|rw|gereza|bor=1}} * {{desc|tet|igreja|bor=1}} {{bottom}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:pt:DAN}} * {{R:pt:DLP-ACL}} * {{R:pt:Dalgado|176|1}} * {{R:pt:Infopédia}} * {{R:pt:Aulete}} * {{R:pt:Michaelis}} * {{R:pt:Priberam}} {{C|pt|建築|宗教場所}} ==德頓語== [[File:2020-10-27 Assembleia-Geral da Igreja Protestante Timor-Leste (IPTL).jpg|thumb|Igreja]] ===詞源=== {{bor+|tet|pt|igreja}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|tet|名詞}} # [[教堂]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:tet:Infopédia}} {{C|tet|基督教|宗教場所}} 9bddft1c8kb6z72ievp8nc440mwhzgu 0 1038071 9815479 8340756 2026-06-17T19:31:44Z Fglffer 55252 9815479 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=讴歌|alt=嘔歌,謳謌}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=ōugē |c=au1 go1 |mn=xm,zz:o͘-ko/qz:io-ko͘ |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v,n }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # {{lb|zh|literary}} [[唱歌]] # {{lb|zh|literary}} [[歌詠]]以頌[[功德]] #* {{zh-x|^我 歌頌 祢{Nǐ}，尊貴 的 ^救主，用 我 口舌 向 祢{Nǐ} 謳歌||ref='''1960'''年，劉福羣、何統雄〈我歌頌祢〉《青年聖歌綜合本（一）》 }} #* {{quote-song|zh|year=2015|artist=w:陳明恩|lyricist=西伯|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANMnOj1AV90|title=誰被祢揀選}} #*: {{zh-q|求 讓 我 謙卑 得 於 至聖所，謳歌 與 頌讚！|我祈求自己謙卑，好讓我能進入至聖所來'''歌頌'''與稱讚！|C}} ====同義詞==== * {{sense|唱歌}} {{zh-l|歌唱}} * {{sense|歌詠以頌功德}} {{zh-l|歌唱}}、{{zh-l|歌頌}} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # {{lb|zh|literary}} [[讚美]]；[[崇拜]] ===派生詞=== {{CJKV||s=謳%歌|おう%か|구가}} ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|おう|か|yomi=o|alt=𧦅歌:nonstandard}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|おうか|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} {{ja-suru-acc-table|おうか|acc=1}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|おうか}} # [[讚美]]；[[崇拜]] ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|tr=trans|おうか}} # [[讚頌]]，[[頌揚]]，[[讚揚]] #* '''1923'''年，国枝史郎，{{lang|ja|沙漠の古都}}： #*: {{ja-usex|自分は心から'''謳歌'''する。|じぶん は こころ から '''おうか''' する。|我由衷的'''讚揚'''他。}} #* '''1934'''年，{{w|岸田國士}}，{{lang|ja|日本の新劇}}： #*: {{ja-usex|私は、徒らに、現在の新劇を'''謳歌'''するつもりはありません。|わたし は、 いたずら に、 げんざい の しんげき を '''おうか''' する つもり は ありません。|我並非有意空洞地'''讚美'''這種現代新劇。}} # [[合唱]] # [[享樂]]；[[慶祝]] ====活用==== {{ja-suru|おうか}} ===來源=== * {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0000539100|^▲謳歌}} ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hangeul=구가}} # {{hanja form of|구가}} 3us4apl3vyvk20mwhfe01epq0cwmdrv 9815481 9815479 2026-06-17T19:32:55Z Fglffer 55252 /* 日語 */ 9815481 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=讴歌|alt=嘔歌,謳謌}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=ōugē |c=au1 go1 |mn=xm,zz:o͘-ko/qz:io-ko͘ |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v,n }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # {{lb|zh|literary}} [[唱歌]] # {{lb|zh|literary}} [[歌詠]]以頌[[功德]] #* {{zh-x|^我 歌頌 祢{Nǐ}，尊貴 的 ^救主，用 我 口舌 向 祢{Nǐ} 謳歌||ref='''1960'''年，劉福羣、何統雄〈我歌頌祢〉《青年聖歌綜合本（一）》 }} #* {{quote-song|zh|year=2015|artist=w:陳明恩|lyricist=西伯|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANMnOj1AV90|title=誰被祢揀選}} #*: {{zh-q|求 讓 我 謙卑 得 於 至聖所，謳歌 與 頌讚！|我祈求自己謙卑，好讓我能進入至聖所來'''歌頌'''與稱讚！|C}} ====同義詞==== * {{sense|唱歌}} {{zh-l|歌唱}} * {{sense|歌詠以頌功德}} {{zh-l|歌唱}}、{{zh-l|歌頌}} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # {{lb|zh|literary}} [[讚美]]；[[崇拜]] ===派生詞=== {{CJKV||s=謳%歌|おう%か|구가}} ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|おう|か|yomi=o|alt=𧦅歌:nonstandard}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|おうか|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}} {{ja-suru-acc-table|おうか|acc=1}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|おうか}} # [[讚美]]；[[崇拜]] ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|tr=trans|おうか}} # [[讚頌]]，[[頌揚]]，[[讚揚]] #* '''1923'''年，国枝史郎，{{lang|ja|沙漠の古都}}： #*: {{ja-usex|自分は心から'''謳歌'''する。|じぶん は こころ から '''おうか''' する。|我由衷的'''讚揚'''他。}} #* '''1934'''年，{{w|岸田國士}}，{{lang|ja|日本の新劇}}： #*: {{ja-usex|私は、徒らに、現在の新劇を'''謳歌'''するつもりはありません。|わたし は、 いたずら に、 げんざい の しんげき を '''おうか''' する つもり は ありません。|我並非有意空洞地'''讚美'''這種現代新劇。}} # [[合唱]] # [[享樂]]；[[慶祝]] ====活用==== {{ja-suru|おうか}} ===來源=== <references/> * {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0000539100|^▲謳歌}} ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hangeul=구가}} # {{hanja form of|구가}} 0bqlm4pjsbfgdmkz3boathsq1czsih0 0 1038146 9815482 8137419 2026-06-17T19:34:34Z Fglffer 55252 9815482 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-see|謳歌|v}} s7i8jebyv709a8o5tqsowgadxzr8xi6 0 1071774 9815484 6902139 2026-06-17T19:39:56Z Fglffer 55252 9815484 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiàngyú |c=hoeng3 jyu4 |mn=qz,xm:hiòng-gû/zz:hiàng-gî |cat=v }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # {{lb|zh|formal}} 面向[[房屋]]的[[角落]] # {{lb|zh|formal|figurative}} 感到[[孤獨]]、[[失望]]；被[[冷落]] ====衍生詞==== {{col3|zh|向隅獨泣|向隅而泣}} lrhu0t1mkbigmupgivx3ku9m79s7ajc 0 1071776 9815485 8911786 2026-06-17T19:40:09Z Fglffer 55252 9815485 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{was wotd|2024|11月|14日}} {{zh-forms|type=211|lit=面对墙角哭泣}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiàngyú'érqì |cat=cy }} ===成語=== {{head|zh|成語}} # 被[[冷落]]、被[[排斥]] #* {{zh-x|誰 不 懂得{de} 這個 歷史 特點，誰 就 不能 指導 這個 革命 和 進行 這個 革命 到 勝利，誰 就 會 被 人民 拋棄，變為{wéi} 向隅而泣 的 可憐蟲。||ref=MaoXMZZY}} ====同義詞==== * {{zh-l|向隅獨泣}} dg9nrmblxwkya1t6yn7f0fcews8bsnv 0 1072987 9815486 6903387 2026-06-17T19:45:09Z Fglffer 55252 9815486 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiāoshòu |c=siu1 sau3 |mn=siau-sán |cat=v,a }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # [[變瘦]] ====同義詞==== * {{zh-l|變瘦}} ===形容詞=== {{head|zh|形容詞}} # [[瘦]]的 ====同義詞==== {{zh-dial|瘦}} t7b8kf5uehm5et1hof25areu3gqg1ao 9815487 9815486 2026-06-17T19:45:24Z Fglffer 55252 9815487 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiāoshòu |c=siu1 sau3 |mn=siau-sán |cat=v,a }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # [[變瘦]] ===形容詞=== {{head|zh|形容詞}} # [[瘦]]的 ====同義詞==== {{zh-dial|瘦}} pvxvd1iq1fbvu8u8n7lsdpgqxiu3u2p 0 1097574 9815310 9642799 2026-06-17T17:22:42Z 列维劳德 79702 9815310 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=yánshēn |ma=Zh-yánshen.ogg |c=jin4 san1 |ca=LL-Q9186 (yue)-Luilui6666-延伸.wav |mn=iân-sin |mn-t=iang6 sing1 |cat=v }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # {{lb|zh|literal|figurative}} 從這一方[[延長]]到另一方。 #: {{zh-x|延伸 服務}} ====同義詞==== {{syn-saurus|zh|延長}} ====參見==== * {{zh-l|擴散}} * {{zh-l|擴展}} * {{zh-l|蔓延}} * {{zh-l|散布}} ====翻譯==== {{trans-top|從這一方延長到另一方}} * 英語：{{t+|en|extend}} {{trans-bottom}} {{zh-cat|Advanced}} ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|えん|しん|yomi=on}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|えんしん|acc=0|acc_ref=SMK7,DJR}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|えんしん|hhira=えんしん}} # [[延遲]] # [[距離]][[延長]] ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|えんしん|hhira=えんしん|tr=tr}} # [[延遲]] # [[擴展]]，[[延長]] ====活用==== {{ja-suru|えんしん}} ===來源=== <references/> :* {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0000441800}} ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hangeul=연신}} # {{hanja form of|연신}} bm3mm61xqpc4n2bxytchb2kof56iiuk 9815500 9815310 2026-06-18T02:20:45Z Sayonzei 40728 9815500 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=yánshēn |ma=Zh-yánshen.ogg |c=jin4 san1 |ca=LL-Q9186 (yue)-Luilui6666-延伸.wav |mn=iân-sin |mn-t=iang6 sing1 |cat=v }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # {{lb|zh|literal|figurative}} 從這一方[[延長]]到另一方。 #: {{zh-x|延伸 服務}} ====同義詞==== {{syn-saurus|zh|延長}} ====參見==== * {{zh-l|擴散}} * {{zh-l|擴展}} * {{zh-l|蔓延}} * {{zh-l|散布}} ====翻譯==== {{trans-top|從這一方延長到另一方}} * 阿姆哈拉語：{{t|am|ረዘመ}} * 巴什基爾語：{{t|ba|оҙайыу}}、{{t|ba|оҙарыу}} * 保加利亞語：{{t+|bg|удължавам}} * 加泰羅尼亞語：{{t+|ca|estendre}} * 捷克語：{{t+|cs|rozšířit}} * 荷蘭語：{{t+|nl|uitbreiden}} * 英語：{{t+|en|extend}}、{{t+|en|spread}}、{{t+|en|stretch}} * 世界語：{{t|eo|etendiĝi}} * 愛沙尼亞語：{{t|et|pikendama}} * 芬蘭語：{{t+|fi|laajentaa}} * 法語：{{t+|fr|étendre}} * 加利西亞語：{{t+|gl|estender}} * 德語：{{t+|de|erweitern}} * 愛爾蘭語：{{t|ga|sín}}、{{t|ga|fadaigh|id=lengthen}} * 拉丁語：{{t+|la|adhibeo}} * 毛利語：{{t|mi|tautoro}}、{{t|mi|totoro}}、{{t|mi|hokahokai}}、{{t|mi|whakakurepe}} * 那加語： *: 坎紐昂那加語：{{t|kix|thùolēu}} * 奧克語：{{t+|oc|estendre}} * 波斯語：{{t|fa|گسترش دادن|tr=gostaresh daadan}} * 葡萄牙語：{{t+|pt|estender}}、{{t+|pt|ampliar}} * 俄語：{{t+|ru|продлева́ть|impf}}、{{t+|ru|продли́ть|pf}} * 西班牙語：{{t+|es|extenderse}}、{{t+|es|ampliarse}} * 瑞典語：{{t+|sv|förlänga}} * 他加祿語：{{t|tl|ihaba}}、{{t|tl|pahabain}} * 泰盧固語：{{t+|te|విస్తరించు}} * 土耳其語：{{t+|tr|genişletmek}} * 烏克蘭語：{{t|uk|подо́вжувати|impf}}、{{t|uk|подо́вжити|pf}} * 維吾爾語：{{t|ug|ئۇزارتماق}} * 扎扎其語：{{t|zza|hera kerden}} {{trans-bottom}} {{zh-cat|Advanced}} ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|えん|しん|yomi=on}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|えんしん|acc=0|acc_ref=SMK7,DJR}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|えんしん|hhira=えんしん}} # [[延遲]] # [[距離]][[延長]] ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|えんしん|hhira=えんしん|tr=tr}} # [[延遲]] # [[擴展]]，[[延長]] ====活用==== {{ja-suru|えんしん}} ===來源=== <references/> :* {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0000441800}} ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hangeul=연신}} # {{hanja form of|연신}} j0cfjoq40kxyeh0dbo2ln4ujio6fplp 0 1147988 9815938 7614081 2026-06-18T03:23:59Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 專有名詞 */ 9815938 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=刚果民主共和国|type=223}} {{zh-wp}} [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|250px|thumb|剛果民主共和國旗幟]] ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Gāngguǒ Mínzhǔ Gònghéguó |c=gong1 gwo2 man4 zyu2 gung6 wo4 gwok3 |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{zh-proper noun}} # {{senseid|zh|Q974}} {{place|zh|國家|中部|cont/非洲|capital=金沙薩}} #: {{syn|zh|剛果（金）}} ====近義詞==== * {{qual|舊名}} {{zh-l|扎伊爾}}、{{zh-l|薩伊}} ====參見==== * {{zh-l|剛果共和國}} * [[Appendix:國家]] ====翻譯==== {{trans-top|id=Q974|國家}} * 南非語：{{t+|af|Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo}} * 阿爾巴尼亞語：{{t+|sq|Republika Demokratike e Kongos|f}} * 阿姆哈拉語：{{t|am|ኮንጎ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ|sc=Ethi}} * 阿拉伯語：{{t|ar|جُمْهُورِيَّة اَلْكُونْغُو اَلدِّيمُقْرَاطِيَّة|f|tr=jumhūriyyat al-konḡō d-dimuqrāṭiyya}} * 亞美尼亞語：{{t|hy|Կոնգոյի Դեմոկրատական Հանրապետություն}} * 阿塞拜疆語：{{t|az|Konqo Demokratik Respublikası}} * 白俄羅斯語：{{t|be|Дэмакраты́чная Рэспу́бліка Ко́нга|f}} * 孟加拉語：{{t+|bn|গণতান্ত্রিক কঙ্গো প্রজাতন্ত্র}} * 保加利亞語：{{t|bg|Демократи́чна репу́блика Ко́нго|f}} * 緬甸語：{{t|my|ကွန်ဂိုဒီမိုကရက်တစ်သမ္မတ}} * 加泰羅尼亞語：{{t+|ca|República Democràtica del Congo|f}} * 捷克語：{{t+|cs|Demokratická republika Kongo|f}} * 丹麥語：{{t+|da|Demokratiske Republik Congo}}, {{t|da|Congo Kinshasa}} {{qual|剛果（金）}}, {{t|da|DR Congo}} {{qual|部分縮寫}} * 荷蘭語：{{t+|nl|Democratische Republiek Congo|f}} * 英語：{{t+|en|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}, {{t+|en|DR Congo}} {{qual|部分縮寫}}, {{t+|en|Congo-Kinshasa}} {{qual|剛果（金）}} * 世界語：{{t|eo|Demokratia Respubliko Kongo}}, {{t|eo|Kongo-Kinŝasa}} {{qual|剛果（金）}} * 愛沙尼亞語：{{t+|et|Kongo Demokraatlik Vabariik}}, {{t|et|Kongo DV}} {{qual|部分縮寫}}, {{t|et|Kongo-Kinshasa}}, {{t|et|Kinshasa Kongo}} {{qual|剛果（金）}} * 法羅語：{{t|fo|Kongo-Kinshasa|n}} {{qual|剛果（金）}} * 芬蘭語：{{t+|fi|Kongon demokraattinen tasavalta}} * 法語：{{t+|fr|République Démocratique du Congo|f}} * 格魯吉亞語：{{t|ka|კონგოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა}} * 德語：{{t+|de|Demokratische Republik Kongo|f}} * 希臘語：{{t+|el|Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία του Κονγκό|f}} * 豪薩語：{{t|ha|Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyyar Kwango}}, {{t|ha|Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyyar Kongo}} * 希伯來語：{{t|he|הרפובליקה הדמוקרטית של קונגו}} * 印地語：{{t+|hi|कांगो लोकतान्त्रिक गणराज्य|m}} * 匈牙利語：{{t+|hu|Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaság}} * 冰島語：{{t|is|Lýðræðislega Lýðveldið Kongó|n}}, {{t|is|Austur-Kongó|lit=東剛果}}, {{t|is|Kongó-Kinsasa}} {{qual|剛果（金）}} * 印尼語：{{t+|id|Republik Demokratik Kongo}} * 愛爾蘭語：{{t|ga|Poblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó|f}} * 意大利語：{{t|it|Repubblica Democratica del Congo|f}} * 日語：{{t+|ja|コンゴ民主共和国|tr=コンゴみんしゅきょうわこく, Kongo minshu kyōwakoku}} * 哈薩克語：{{t|kk|Конго Демократиялық Республикасы}} * 剛果語：{{t|kg|Repubilika ya Kôngo ya Dimokalasi}} * 朝鮮語：{{t|ko|^콩고 민주 공화국}} * 吉爾吉斯語：{{t+|ky|Конго Демократиялык Республикасы}} * 老撾語：{{t|lo|ສາທາລະນະລັດປະຊາທິປະໄຕຄອງໂກ}} * 拉脫維亞語：{{t|lv|Kongo Demokrātiskā Republika|f}} * 林加拉語：{{t|ln|Republíki ya Kongó Demokratíki}} * 立陶宛語：{{t+|lt|Kongo Demokratinė Respublika|f}} * 盧巴-加丹加語：{{t|lu|Ditunga dia Kongu wa Mungalaata}} * 馬其頓語：{{t|mk|Демократска Република Конго|f}}, {{t|mk|Конго-Кинша́са}} {{qual|剛果（金）}} * 馬來語：{{t|ms|Republik Demokratik Congo}} * 毛利語：{{t|mi|te Whenua o Kōngo}} * 明格列爾語：{{t|xmf|კონგოშ დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა}} * 蒙古語：{{t|mn|Бүгд Найрамдах Ардчилсан Конго Улс}} * 納瓦霍語：{{t|nv|Kéyah Káango Shádiʼááhjí Siʼánígíí}} * 諾曼語：{{t|nrf|Républyique Démocratique du Congo|f}} * 挪威語： *: 書面挪威語：{{t+|nb|Den demokratiske republikken Kongo|m}} * 波斯語：{{t|fa|جمهوری دموکراتیک کنگو|tr=jomhuri-ye demokrâtik-e kongo}} * 波蘭語：{{t+|pl|Demokratyczna Republika Konga|f}} * 葡萄牙語：{{t+|pt|República Democrática do Congo|f}}, {{t+|pt|Congo-Kinshasa}} {{qual|剛果（金）}} * 羅馬尼亞語：{{t|ro|Republica Democrată Congo|f}} * 俄語：{{t+|ru|Демократи́ческая Респу́блика Ко́нго|f}}, {{t|ru|Ко́нго-Кинша́са|f}} {{qual|剛果（金）}} * 低地蘇格蘭語：{{t|sco|Democratic Republic o the Congo}} * 塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t|sh|Демократска Република Конго|f}}, {{t|sh|Ко̏нго-Киншаса|f}} {{qual|剛果（金）}} *: 拉丁字母：{{t|sh|Demokratska Republika Kongo|f}}, {{t|sh|Kȍngo-Kinšasa|f}} {{qual|剛果（金）}} * 僧伽羅語：{{t|si|කොන්ගෝ ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ජනරජය}} * 斯洛伐克語：{{t|sk|Konžská demokratická republika|f}} * 斯洛文尼亞語：{{t|sl|Demokratična republika Kongo|f}} * 西班牙語：{{t+|es|República Democrática del Congo|f}} * 斯瓦希里語：{{t+|sw|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} * 他加祿語：{{t|tl|Demokratikong Republika ng Congo}} * 塔吉克語：{{t|tg|Ҷумҳурии Демократии Конго}} * 瑞典語：{{t+|sv|Kongo-Kinshasa}} {{qual|剛果（金）}}, {{t+|sv|Demokratiska Republiken Kongo}} * 泰語：{{t+|th|สาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยคองโก}} * 土耳其語：{{t+|tr|Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti}} * 土庫曼語：{{t|tk|Kongo Demokratik Respublikasy}} * 烏克蘭語：{{t+|uk|Демократи́чна Респу́бліка Ко́нго|f}} * 烏茲別克語：{{t+|uz|Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi}} * 越南語：{{t|vi|Cộng hòa Dân chủ Công-gô}} * 意第緒語：{{t|yi|דעמאָקראַטישע רעפּובליק פֿון קאָנגאָ}} * 約魯巴語：{{t|yo|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò}} {{trans-bottom}} {{zh-cat|非洲國家}} lc4cmy1b3hbmslvyoz0igj6e35uaps4 0 1156193 9816045 9667034 2026-06-18T07:03:50Z Fglffer 55252 9816045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=135|rad=舌|as=04|sn=10|four=22640|canj=HRHVP|ids=⿰舌氏}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=1007.030|dkj=30283|dj=1464.050|hdz=52943.070|ch=11160002.02|sbgy=246.19|uh=8210}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=舓,𦧇,奶-粵語白讀,𦧺-粵語白讀}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{Han compound|ls=psc|舌|c1=s|氏|c2=p}}。 《{{w|說文}}》中記載的字形有「{{l|zh|舓}}」（聲符為「{{och-l|易}}」）和「{{l|zh|𦧇}}」（聲符為「{{och-l|也}}」）。 ===詞源1=== {{inh+|zh|sit-pro|*m/s/g-ljak||舔；舌頭}}。粵語白讀 ''laai²''，保留了古漢語首音 ''*l-''。 ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=shì |m-s= |c=saai5,saai2,saai3,si5,si6,laai2 |c_note=saai5、saai2、saai3 (罕用)、si5 (罕用)、si6 (罕用) - 文讀；laai2 - 白讀 |c-t=sai4 |g= |h=pfs=sê;hrs=h:sheˋ;gd=sai1/si4 |h_note=梅縣：sai1 - 白讀；si4 - 文讀 |j= |mb= |md= |mn=xm,zz,km,sx:chī/qz,jj,ph:chǐ/tp,kh,tn,yl,mg,hc,tc:chīⁿ/lk:chǐⁿ/xm,zz:sī/qz:sǐ |mn_note=chī/chǐ/chīⁿ/chǐⁿ - 白讀；sī/sǐ - 文讀 |mn-t=zi6 |px=pt,jk,nr,xy,yy,ft:si5 |w= |x= |mc=y |oc=y |ma= |cat=v }} ====釋義==== {{head|zh|漢字}} # 用[[舌頭]][[舔]] ====同義詞==== {{zh-dial|舔}} ====組詞==== {{col3|zh|吮癰舐痔|舐癰吮痔|舐犢|老牛舐犢|舐痔|舐糠及米|舐犢情深|舐犢之愛}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-forms}} ====發音==== {{zh-pron |c=lim2,lem2 |cat=v }} ====釋義==== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|Cantonese}} {{alt form|zh|舔|tr=-}} ===來源=== * {{R:yue:jyut.net}} * {{R:yue:mfccd}} * {{R:nan-hbl:tdj|10469}} * {{R:nan-hbl:tdj|103887}} * {{R:cpx:PHDS|478}} * {{R:cpx:PHDB|entry=舐（以舌取物）|pp=159}} * {{R:cpx:PHMZ|211}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=舌04}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=舌04}} ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=じ |kanon=し |kun=な-める, ねぶ-る |nanori= }} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|지}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=舌04}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=舌04|hanviet=thỉ, thị, để|nom=liếm, thỉ}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=舌04}} ====來源==== * [http://nomfoundation.org/common/nom_details.php?codepoint=8210 Nom Foundation] kt43q0j2lt4cr2h94kltybfonkn2c46 0 1217219 9815980 9728518 2026-06-18T06:32:55Z TongcyDai 53191 9815980 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|gloss=-}} {{zh-wp|zh|lzh|wuu|yue|cdo:Ciĕk-káik|hak:Chhia̍p-khiet|nan:Chesko}} ===詞源=== 源自{{lbor|zh|en|Czech|notext=y}} 或{{lbor|zh|cs|Čech|notext=y}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Jiékè |c=zit6 hak1,zit3 hak1,zit3 haak1 |ca=LL-Q9186 (yue)-Justinrleung-捷克.wav |h=pfs=Chhia̍p-khiet;hrs=h:ciabˋ kied |md=Ciĕk-káik |mn=xm,zz:Chia̍t-khek/qz:Chia̍t-khiak/tw:Chia̍p-khek |px=pt,xy:^zieh7 keh6 |w=sh:8zhiq kheq |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{sid|zh|Q213}}{{place|zh|位於<<r/中歐>>的內陸<<國家>>，南鄰[[奧地利]]，西接[[德國]]，東北鄰[[波蘭]]，東面為[[斯洛伐克]]|capital=布拉格}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col3|zh|捷克共和國|捷克語|捷克斯洛伐克}} ====派生詞==== {{cjkv||||Tiệp Khắc}} ====翻譯==== {{trans-top|id=Q213|歐洲國家}} * 阿布哈茲語：{{t|ab|Чехиа}} * 南非語：{{t|af|Tsjeggië}} * 阿爾巴尼亞語：{{t+|sq|Çekia|f}} * 阿姆哈拉語：{{t|am|ቼክ}} * 安地列斯克里奧爾語：{{t|gcf|Tchéki|f}} * 阿拉伯語：{{t|ar|التّْشِيك|f}}、{{t|ar|تْشِيكِيَّا|f}}、{{t|ar|تْشِيسْكُو|f}} {{qualifier|罕用}} *: 漢志阿拉伯語：{{t|acw|التشيك|f|tr=at-tšīk}}、{{t|acw|تشيكيا|f|tr=tšīkya}} * 亞美尼亞語：{{t|hy|Չեխիա}} * 亞述新亞拉姆語：{{t|aii|ܬܫܹܟ݂ܝܵܐ|tr=tšeḳya|f}} * 阿斯圖里亞斯語：{{t+|ast|Chequia|f}} * 阿塞拜疆語：{{t+|az|Çexiya}} * 巴什基爾語：{{t|ba|Чехия}} * 巴伐利亞語：{{t|bar|Tschechei|f}} * 白俄羅斯語：{{t|be|Чэ́хія|f}} * 孟加拉語：{{t|bn|চেকিয়া}} * 布列塔尼語：{{t+|br|Tchekia}} * 保加利亞語：{{t+|bg|Че́хия|f}} * 緬甸語：{{t+|my|ချက်}}、{{t|my|ချက်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ}} {{qualifier|捷克}} * 盧森尼亞語：{{t|rue|Че́сько|n}}、{{t|rue|Че́хія|f}} * 加泰羅尼亞語：{{t+|ca|Txèquia|f}} * 車臣語：{{t|ce|Чехи}} * 楚瓦什語：{{t|cv|Чехи}} * 科西嘉語：{{t|co|Cecchìa|f}} * 克里米亞韃靼語：{{t|crh|Çehiya}} * 捷克語：{{t+|cs|Česko|n}} * 丹麥語：{{t+|da|Tjekkiet|n}} * 迪維希語：{{t|dv|ޗެކް}} * 荷蘭語：{{t+|nl|Tsjechië|n}} * 英語：{{t+|en|Czechia}} * 世界語：{{t|eo|Ĉeĥio}}、{{t+|eo|Ĉeĥujo}} * 愛沙尼亞語：{{t+|et|Tšehhi}}, rarely {{t|et|Tšehhimaa}} * 法拉法拉語：{{t|gur|Sɛkgɔ}}、{{t|gur|Tcɛkgɔ}}、{{t|gur|Sɛktɩŋa}}、{{t|gur|Sɛkɔ}} * 法羅語：{{t+|fo|Kekkia|n}} * 芬蘭語：{{t+|fi|Tšekki}}; {{t+|fi|Tšekinmaa}} {{qualifier|罕用}} * 法語：{{t+|fr|Tchéquie|f}} * 弗里斯蘭語： *: 西弗里斯蘭語：{{t|fy|Tsjechje}} * 加利西亞語：{{t+|gl|Chequia|f}} * 格魯吉亞語：{{t+|ka|ჩეხეთი}} * 德語：{{t+|de|Tschechien|n}}, rarely {{t+|de|Tschechei|f}} * 希臘語：{{t+|el|Τσεχία|f}} *: 旁狄希臘語：{{t|pnt|Τσεχία}} * 格陵蘭語：{{t|kl|Tjekkia}} * 古吉拉特語：{{t|gu|ચેકિયા}} * 海地克里奧爾語：{{t|ht|Tchèki|f}} * 豪薩語：{{t|ha|Kazech}} * 夏威夷語：{{t|haw|Tiekia}} * 希伯來語：{{t|he|צֶ׳כְיָה|f|tr=chekhia}} * 印地語：{{t|hi|चेकिया|m}} * 匈牙利語：{{t+|hu|Csehország}} * 冰島語：{{t+|is|Tékkland|n}}, rarely {{t+|is|Tékkía|f}} * 伊多語：{{t+|io|Chekia}} * 印尼語：{{t|id|Ceko}} * 因特語：{{t|ia|Chechia}} * 愛爾蘭語：{{t|ga|Seic|alt=an tSeic|f}} * 意大利語：{{t+|it|Cechia|f}} * 日語：{{t+|ja|チェコ|tr=Cheko}} * 東切爾克斯語：{{t|kbd|Чехиэ}} * 卡納達語：{{t+|kn|ಜೆಕ್}} * 卡拉卡爾帕克語：{{t|kaa|Shexiya}} * 卡舒比語：{{t|csb|Czeskô|n}} * 哈薩克語：{{t+|kk|Чехия}} * 高棉語：{{t+|km|ឆែក}} * 彼爾姆科米語：{{t|koi|Ческо}} * 朝鮮語：{{t+|ko|^체코}}、{{t+|ko|^체스꼬}} {{qualifier|朝鮮}} * 庫爾德語： *: 北庫爾德語：{{t+|kmr|Çekya}} * 吉爾吉斯語：{{t+|ky|Чехия}} * 拉蒂諾語： *: 希伯來文：{{t|lad|צ׳אקא|f}} *: 拉丁字母：{{t|lad|Chekia|f}} * 老撾語：{{t|lo|ເຊັກກີ}} * 拉丁語：{{t|la|Cechia|f}}、{{t|la|Czechia|f}}、{{t|la|Tzechia|f}} * 拉脫維亞語：{{t+|lv|Čehija|f}} * 立陶宛語：{{t+|lt|Čekija|f}} * 盧森堡語：{{t+|lb|Tschechei|alt=d'Tschechei}} * 馬其頓語：{{t+|mk|Чешка|f}}、{{t|mk|Чехија|f}} {{qualifier|罕用}} * 馬來語：{{t|ms|Czech}} * 馬拉雅拉姆語：{{t|ml|ചെക്ക്‌}} * 馬爾他語：{{t|mt|Ċekja|f}} * 毛利語：{{t|mi|Tīekia}} * 馬拉地語：{{t|mr|चेक}} * 蒙古語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t+|mn|Чех}} *: 蒙古語：{{t|mn|ᠴᠧᠬᠣ᠋}} * 納瓦霍語：{{t|nv|Dziłtsʼóózí Dineʼé Bikéyah}} * 北薩米語：{{t|se|Čeahkka}} * 挪威語：{{t+|no|Tsjekkia}} *: 書面挪威語：{{t+|nb|Tsjekkia|n}} *: 新挪威語：{{t+|nn|Tsjekkia|n}} * 奧克語：{{t+|oc|Chequia|f}} * 教會斯拉夫語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t-check|cu|Чешьско|n}} {{qualifier|現代}} * 奧羅莫語：{{t|om|Cheekiyaa}} * 奧塞梯語：{{t|os|Чехи}} * 普什圖語：{{t+|ps|چک|m|tr=ček}} * 波斯語：{{t+|fa|چک|tr=ček}} * 波蘭語：{{t+|pl|Czechy|p}} * 葡萄牙語：{{t+|pt|Chéquia|f}}、{{t+|pt|Tchéquia|f}} * 羅馬尼亞語：{{t+|ro|Cehia|f}} * 羅曼什語：{{t|rm|Tschechia|f}} * 俄語：{{t+|ru|Че́хия|f}} * 塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t|sh|Че̏шка̄|f}} *: 拉丁字母：{{t+|sh|Čȅškā|f}} * 西西里語：{{t|scn|Cechia|f}}、{{t|scn|Cèchia|f}} * 西里西亞語：{{t|szl|Czesko|n}} * 僧加羅語：{{t|si|චෙක්}} * 斯洛伐克語：{{t+|sk|Česko|n}} * 斯洛文尼亞語：{{t+|sl|Čẹ̑ška|f}} * 索布語： *: 下索布語：{{t|dsb|Česka|f}} *: 上索布語：{{t|hsb|Čěska|f}} * 西班牙語：{{t+|es|Chequia|f}} * 斯瓦希里語：{{t|sw|Ucheki}} * 瑞典語：{{t+|sv|Tjeckien|n}} * 他加祿語：{{t+|tl|Tseko}} * 塔吉克語：{{t|tg|Чехия}} * 泰米爾語：{{t|ta|செக்}} * 韃靼語：{{t|tt|Чехия}} * 泰盧固語：{{t|te|చెక్}} * 泰語：{{t|th|เช็กเกีย}} * 藏語：{{t|bo|ཅེ་ཁེ།}} * 土耳其語：{{t+|tr|Çekya}} * 土庫曼語：{{t|tk|Çehiýa}} * 烏得穆爾特語：{{t|udm|Чехия}} * 烏克蘭語：{{t+|uk|Че́хія|f}} * 烏爾都語：{{t|ur|چیکیہ|tr=cek}} * 維吾爾語：{{t|ug|چېخ}} * 烏茲別克語：{{t+|uz|Chexiya}} * 越南語：{{t|vi|Séc}}、{{t|vi|Tiệp}} * 沃羅語：{{t|vor|Tsehhi}} * 雅庫特語：{{t|sah|Чехия}} * 意第緒語：{{t|yi|טשעכײַ|f}}、{{t|yi|טשעכיע|f}} * 約魯巴語：{{t|yo|Tsẹ́kíà}} * 扎扎其語：{{qualifier|南扎扎其語}} {{t|zza|Çekıstan}} * 祖魯語：{{t|zu|ITsheki}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|與捷克相關的（形容詞）}} * 南非荷兰语：{{t+|af|Tsjeggies}} * 阿尔巴尼亚语：{{t+|sq|çek}} * 阿拉伯语：{{t|ar|تْشِيكِيّ}} *: 埃及阿拉伯语：{{t|arz|تشيكي|tr=tšīkī}} *: 汉志阿拉伯语：{{t|acw|تشيكي|tr=tšīkī}} * 亚美尼亚语：{{t+|hy|չեխական}}, {{t+|hy|չեխ}} * 阿塞拜疆语：{{t|az|çex}} * 巴斯克语：{{t|eu|txekiar}} * 白俄罗斯语：{{t|be|чэ́шскі}}, {{t|be|чэ́скі}} {{qualifier|传统正写法}} * 孟加拉语：{{t+|bn|চেক}} * 保加利亚语：{{t|bg|че́шки}} * 缅甸语：{{t+|my|ချက်}} * 喀尔巴阡卢森尼亚语：{{t|rue|че́ськый}} * 加泰罗尼亚语：{{t+|ca|txec}} * 康沃尔语：{{t|kw|chek}} * 捷克语：{{t+|cs|český}} * 丹麦语：{{t+|da|tjekkisk}} * 荷兰语：{{t+|nl|Tsjechisch}} * 英语：{{t+|en|Czech}} * 世界语：{{t+|eo|ĉeĥa}} * 爱沙尼亚语：{{t|et|tšehhi}} * 法罗语：{{t|fo|kekskur}} * 芬兰语：{{t+|fi|tšekkiläinen}}, {{t+|fi|tšekki}} * 法语：{{t+|fr|tchèque}} * 加告兹语：{{t|gag|çeh}} * 加利西亚语：{{t+|gl|checo}} * 格鲁吉亚语：{{t|ka|ჩეხური}} * 德语：{{t+|de|tschechisch}}, {{t+|de|böhmisch}} * 希腊语：{{t+|el|τσέχικος}} * 希伯来语：{{t|he|צ׳כי|tr=chekhi}} * 印地语：{{t+|hi|चेक}} * 匈牙利语：{{t+|hu|cseh}} * 冰岛语：{{t+|is|tékkneskur}} * 爱尔兰语：{{t|ga|Seiceach}} * 意大利语：{{t+|it|ceco}} * 日语：{{t+|ja|チェコ|tr=cheko}} * 卡伦金语：{{t|kln|Chek}} * 坎巴语：{{t|kam|Chek}} * 卡舒比语：{{t|csb|czesczi}} * 哈萨克语：{{t|kk|чех}} * 高棉语：{{t+|km|ឆែក}} * 朝鲜语：{{t+|ko|체코}} * 吉尔吉斯语：{{t+|ky|чех}} * 老挝语：{{t|lo|ເຊັກໂກ}} * 拉丁语：{{t|la|bohemicus}} * 拉脱维亚语：{{t|lv|čehu}}, {{t|lv|čehisks}} * 立陶宛语：{{t+|lt|čekų}}, {{t+|lt|čekiškas}} * 卢希亚语：{{t|luy|Chek}} * 马其顿语：{{t|mk|чешки}} * 马来语：{{t|ms|Czech}} * 马耳他语：{{t|mt|Ċek}} * 曼岛语：{{t|gv|Sheckagh}} * 马拉地语：{{t|mr|चेक}} * 梅鲁语：{{t|mer|Chek}} * 蒙古语： *: 西里尔字母：{{t|mn|чех}} * 挪威语： *: 书面挪威语：{{t+|nb|tsjekkisk}} *: 新挪威语：{{t+|nn|tsjekkisk}} * 古东斯拉夫语：{{t|orv|чешьскъ}} * 普什图语：{{t|ps|چکي|tr=čekí}} * 波斯语：{{t+|fa|چک|tr=ček}}, {{t+|fa|چکی|tr=čeki}} * 波兰语：{{t+|pl|czeski|m}} * 葡萄牙语：{{t+|pt|tcheco}}, {{t+|pt|checo}} * 罗马尼亚语：{{t+|ro|ceh}} * 俄语：{{t+|ru|че́шский}} * 苏格兰盖尔语：{{t|gd|Seiceach}} * 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语： *: 西里尔字母：{{t|sh|че̏шкӣ}} *: 拉丁字母：{{t+|sh|čȅškī}} * 僧伽罗语：{{t|si|චෙක්}} * 斯洛伐克语：{{t+|sk|český}} * 斯洛文尼亚语：{{t+|sl|čéški}} * 索布语： *: 下索布语：{{t|dsb|česki}} * 西班牙语：{{t+|es|checo}} * 斯瓦希里语：{{t|sw|Kicheki}} * 瑞典语：{{t+|sv|tjeckisk}} * 他加禄语：{{t+|tl|Tseko}} * 塔吉克语：{{t+|tg|чехӣ}} * 鞑靼语：{{t|tt|чех}} * 泰语：{{t+|th|เช็ก}} * 土耳其语：{{t+|tr|Çek}} * 土库曼语：{{t|tk|çeh}} * 乌克兰语：{{t+|uk|че́ський}} * 乌尔都语：{{t+|ur|چیک|tr=cek}} * 维吾尔语：{{t|ug|چېخ}} * 乌兹别克语：{{t+|uz|chex}} * 越南语：{{t+|vi|Séc}}, {{t+|vi|Tiệp}} * 威尔士语：{{t|cy|Tsiecaidd}} * 意第绪语：{{t+|yi|טשעכיש}} {{trans-bottom}} {{cln|zh|外名}} ==越南語== {{vi-hantutab}} ===專有名詞=== {{vi-proper noun|sc=Hani}} # {{han tu form of|Tiệp Khắc|[[捷克斯洛伐克]]}} ===形容詞=== {{vi-adj|sc=Hani}} # {{han tu form of|Tiệp Khắc|[[捷克斯洛伐克]]的}} nvvu4qrowi4hwem1fujt23gstzofbrd 0 1357901 9816173 9752982 2026-06-18T08:36:30Z InternetArchiveBot 95668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 9816173 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=阿姨洗铁路|type=212}} ===詞源=== {{translit|zh|ja|-|nocap=y}} {{ja-r|愛 してる|あい してる|gloss=我愛你}}。來自中國大陸網民對《[[w:聰明的一休|聰明的一休]]》、《[[w:創聖的大天使|創聖的大天使]]》主題曲的惡搞。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=āyí xǐ tiělù |c=aa3 ji4-1 sai2 tit3 lou6 |cat=ph }} ===短語=== {{head|zh|短語}} # {{lb|zh|網路用語|新詞}} [[我愛你]] ===延伸閱讀=== *[http://zh.moegirl.org/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%A8%E6%B4%97%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF 阿姨洗铁路 - 萌娘百科 万物皆可萌的百科全书]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111231025411/http://jp.hjenglish.com/new/p193264/ 【网络热词的日语说法】打酱油、YY、阿姨洗铁路_新沪江日语网] bajy8awe9rjn9bk3eso7mznf6y5l3l0 0 1369405 9815936 7614080 2026-06-18T03:21:54Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 專有名詞 */ 9815936 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=刚果共和国|type=23}} {{zh-wp}} [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|250px|thumb|剛果共和國旗幟]] ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Gāngguǒ Gònghéguó |c=gong1 gwo2 gung6 wo4 gwok3 |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{zh-proper noun}} # {{senseid|zh|Q971}} {{place|zh|國家|中部|cont/非洲|capital=布拉柴維爾}} #: {{syn|zh|剛果（布）}} ====參見==== * {{zh-l|剛果民主共和國}} * [[Appendix:國家]] ====翻譯==== {{trans-top|id=Q971|國家}} * 阿姆哈拉語：{{t|am|ኮንጎ ሪፐብሊክ}} * 阿拉伯語：{{t|ar|جُمْهُورِيَّة اَلْكُونْغُو|f|tr=jumhūriyyat al-konḡō}} * 亞美尼亞語：{{t|hy|Կոնգոյի Հանրապետություն}} * 阿塞拜疆語：{{t+|az|Konqo Respublikası}} * 白俄羅斯語：{{t|be|Рэспу́бліка Ко́нга|f}} * 孟加拉語：{{t+|bn|কঙ্গো প্রজাতন্ত্র}} * 保加利亞語：{{t|bg|Репу́блика Ко́нго|f}} * 捷克語：{{t+|cs|Republika Kongo|f}} * 丹麥語：{{t|da|Republikken Congo}} * 荷蘭語：{{t|nl|Republiek Congo|f}}, {{t+|nl|Kongo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 英語：{{t+|en|Republic of the Congo}}, {{t+|en|Congo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 世界語：{{t|eo|Respubliko Kongo}}, {{t|eo|Kongo-Brazavilo}}, {{t|eo|Kongolo-Brazavilo}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 愛沙尼亞語：{{t+|et|Kongo Vabariik}}, {{t|et|Kongo-Brazzaville}}, {{t|et|Brazzaville’i Kongo}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 法羅語：{{t|fo|Kongo-Brazzaville|n}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 芬蘭語：{{t+|fi|Kongon tasavalta}} * 法語：{{t+|fr|République du Congo|f}} * 格魯吉亞語：{{t|ka|კონგოს რესპუბლიკა}} * 德語：{{t+|de|Republik Kongo|f}} * 希臘語：{{t+|el|Δημοκρατία του Κονγκό|n}} * 印地語：{{t+|hi|कांगो गणराज्य|m|sc=Deva}} * 匈牙利語：{{t+|hu|Kongói Köztársaság}} * 冰島語：{{t|is|Vestur-Kongó}}, {{t|is|Kongó-Brazzaville}} * 愛爾蘭語：{{t|ga|Poblacht an Chongó|f}} * 意大利語：{{t|it|Repubblica del Congo|f}}, {{t|it|Congo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 日語：{{t+|ja|コンゴ共和国|tr=こんごきょうわこく, Kongo Kyōwakoku}} * 哈薩克語：{{t|kk|Конго Республикасы}} * 朝鮮語：{{t|ko|^콩고 공화국}} * 吉爾吉斯語：{{t|ky|Конго Республикасы}} * 拉脫維亞語：{{t|lv|Kongo Republika|f}} * 立陶宛語：{{t+|lt|Kongo Respublika|f}} * 馬其頓語：{{t|mk|Република Конго}}, {{t|mk|Конго-Бразавил|m}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 毛利語：{{t|mi|Kōngo}} * 納瓦霍語：{{t|nv|Kéyah Káango Náhookǫsjí Siʼánígíí|sc=Latn}} * 挪威語： *: 書面挪威語：{{t|no|Republikken Kongo|m}} * 波斯語：{{t|fa|جمهوری کنگو|tr=jomhuri-ye kongo}} * 波蘭語：{{t+|pl|Republika Konga|f}} * 葡萄牙語：{{t+|pt|República do Congo|f}}, {{t+|pt|Congo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 羅馬尼亞語：{{t|ro|Republica Congo|f}}, {{t+|ro|Congo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 俄語：{{t+|ru|Респу́блика Ко́нго|f}} * 低地蘇格蘭語：{{t|sco|Republic o the Congo}} * 塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t|sh|Република Конго|f}}, {{t|sh|Ко̏нго-Бразавил|m}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} *: 拉丁字母：{{t|sh|Republika Kongo|f}}, {{t|sh|Kȍngo-Brazavil|m}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 斯洛伐克語：{{t|sk|Konžská republika|f}} * 斯洛文尼亞語：{{t|sl|Republika Kongo|f}} * 西班牙語：{{t+|es|República del Congo|f}} * 斯瓦希里語：{{t|sw|Jamhuri ya Kongo}} * 瑞典語：{{t+|sv|Kongo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}}, {{t+|sv|Republiken Kongo}} * 塔吉克語：{{t|tg|Ҷумҳурии Конго}} * 泰語：{{t|th|สาธารณรัฐคองโก}} * 土耳其語：{{t+|tr|Kongo Cumhuriyeti}} * 烏克蘭語：{{t|uk|Респу́бліка Ко́нго|f}} * 烏茲別克語：{{t+|uz|Kongo Respublikasi}} * 越南語：{{t|vi|Cộng hòa Công-gô}} {{trans-bottom}} {{zh-cat|非洲國家}} sv7bzlmv6ah3boeyycs6k6hj464va1j 9815951 9815936 2026-06-18T06:19:30Z TongcyDai 53191 9815951 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=刚果共和国|type=23}} {{zh-wp}} [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|250px|thumb|剛果共和國旗幟]] ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Gāngguǒ Gònghéguó |c=gong1 gwo2 gung6 wo4 gwok3 |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{zh-proper noun}} # {{senseid|zh|Q971}} {{place|zh|國家|中部|cont/非洲|capital=布拉柴維爾}} #: {{syn|zh|剛果（布）}} ====參見==== * {{zh-l|剛果民主共和國}} * [[Appendix:國家]] ====翻譯==== {{trans-top|id=Q971|國家}} * 阿姆哈拉語：{{t|am|ኮንጎ ሪፐብሊክ}} * 阿拉伯語：{{t|ar|جُمْهُورِيَّة اَلْكُونْغُو|f|tr=jumhūriyyat al-konḡō}} * 亞美尼亞語：{{t|hy|Կոնգոյի Հանրապետություն}} * 阿塞拜疆語：{{t+|az|Konqo Respublikası}} * 白俄羅斯語：{{t|be|Рэспу́бліка Ко́нга|f}} * 孟加拉語：{{t+|bn|কঙ্গো প্রজাতন্ত্র}} * 保加利亞語：{{t|bg|Репу́блика Ко́нго|f}} * 捷克語：{{t+|cs|Republika Kongo|f}} * 丹麥語：{{t|da|Republikken Congo}} * 荷蘭語：{{t|nl|Republiek Congo|f}}, {{t+|nl|Kongo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 英語：{{t+|en|Republic of the Congo}}, {{t+|en|Congo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 世界語：{{t|eo|Respubliko Kongo}}, {{t|eo|Kongo-Brazavilo}}, {{t|eo|Kongolo-Brazavilo}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 愛沙尼亞語：{{t+|et|Kongo Vabariik}}, {{t|et|Kongo-Brazzaville}}, {{t|et|Brazzaville’i Kongo}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 法羅語：{{t|fo|Kongo-Brazzaville|n}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 芬蘭語：{{t+|fi|Kongon tasavalta}} * 法語：{{t+|fr|République du Congo|f}} * 格魯吉亞語：{{t|ka|კონგოს რესპუბლიკა}} * 德語：{{t+|de|Republik Kongo|f}} * 希臘語：{{t+|el|Δημοκρατία του Κονγκό|n}} * 印地語：{{t+|hi|कांगो गणराज्य|m|sc=Deva}} * 匈牙利語：{{t+|hu|Kongói Köztársaság}} * 冰島語：{{t|is|Vestur-Kongó}}, {{t|is|Kongó-Brazzaville}} * 愛爾蘭語：{{t|ga|Poblacht an Chongó|f}} * 意大利語：{{t|it|Repubblica del Congo|f}}, {{t|it|Congo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 日語：{{t+|ja|コンゴ共和国|tr=こんごきょうわこく, Kongo Kyōwakoku}} * 哈薩克語：{{t|kk|Конго Республикасы}} * 朝鮮語：{{t|ko|^콩고 공화국}} * 吉爾吉斯語：{{t|ky|Конго Республикасы}} * 拉脫維亞語：{{t|lv|Kongo Republika|f}} * 立陶宛語：{{t+|lt|Kongo Respublika|f}} * 馬其頓語：{{t|mk|Република Конго}}, {{t|mk|Конго-Бразавил|m}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 毛利語：{{t|mi|Kōngo}} * 納瓦霍語：{{t|nv|Kéyah Káango Náhookǫsjí Siʼánígíí|sc=Latn}} * 挪威語： *: 書面挪威語：{{t|no|Republikken Kongo|m}} * 波斯語：{{t|fa|جمهوری کنگو|tr=jomhuri-ye kongo}} * 波蘭語：{{t+|pl|Republika Konga|f}} * 葡萄牙語：{{t+|pt|República do Congo|f}}, {{t+|pt|Congo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 羅馬尼亞語：{{t|ro|Republica Congo|f}}, {{t+|ro|Congo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 俄語：{{t+|ru|Респу́блика Ко́нго|f}} * 低地蘇格蘭語：{{t|sco|Republic o the Congo}} * 塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t|sh|Република Конго|f}}, {{t|sh|Ко̏нго-Бразавил|m}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} *: 拉丁字母：{{t|sh|Republika Kongo|f}}, {{t|sh|Kȍngo-Brazavil|m}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 斯洛伐克語：{{t|sk|Konžská republika|f}} * 斯洛文尼亞語：{{t|sl|Republika Kongo|f}} * 西班牙語：{{t+|es|República del Congo|f}} * 斯瓦希里語：{{t|sw|Jamhuri ya Kongo}} * 瑞典語：{{t+|sv|Kongo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}}, {{t+|sv|Republiken Kongo}} * 塔吉克語：{{t|tg|Ҷумҳурии Конго}} * 泰語：{{t|th|สาธารณรัฐคองโก}} * 土耳其語：{{t+|tr|Kongo Cumhuriyeti}} * 烏克蘭語：{{t|uk|Респу́бліка Ко́нго|f}} * 烏茲別克語：{{t+|uz|Kongo Respublikasi}} * 越南語：{{t|vi|Cộng hòa Công-gô}} {{trans-bottom}} okw62sufpdhou6ci1867kak79z0ba86 9815961 9815951 2026-06-18T06:26:02Z TongcyDai 53191 9815961 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=刚果共和国|type=23}} {{zh-wp}} [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|250px|thumb|剛果共和國旗幟]] ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Gāngguǒ Gònghéguó |c=gong1 gwo2 gung6 wo4 gwok3 |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{zh-proper noun}} # {{senseid|zh|Q971}} {{place|zh|國家|中部|cont/非洲|capital=布拉柴維爾,布拉薩市}} #: {{syn|zh|剛果（布）}} ====參見==== * {{zh-l|剛果民主共和國}} * [[Appendix:國家]] ====翻譯==== {{trans-top|id=Q971|國家}} * 阿姆哈拉語：{{t|am|ኮንጎ ሪፐብሊክ}} * 阿拉伯語：{{t|ar|جُمْهُورِيَّة اَلْكُونْغُو|f|tr=jumhūriyyat al-konḡō}} * 亞美尼亞語：{{t|hy|Կոնգոյի Հանրապետություն}} * 阿塞拜疆語：{{t+|az|Konqo Respublikası}} * 白俄羅斯語：{{t|be|Рэспу́бліка Ко́нга|f}} * 孟加拉語：{{t+|bn|কঙ্গো প্রজাতন্ত্র}} * 保加利亞語：{{t|bg|Репу́блика Ко́нго|f}} * 捷克語：{{t+|cs|Republika Kongo|f}} * 丹麥語：{{t|da|Republikken Congo}} * 荷蘭語：{{t|nl|Republiek Congo|f}}, {{t+|nl|Kongo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 英語：{{t+|en|Republic of the Congo}}, {{t+|en|Congo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 世界語：{{t|eo|Respubliko Kongo}}, {{t|eo|Kongo-Brazavilo}}, {{t|eo|Kongolo-Brazavilo}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 愛沙尼亞語：{{t+|et|Kongo Vabariik}}, {{t|et|Kongo-Brazzaville}}, {{t|et|Brazzaville’i Kongo}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 法羅語：{{t|fo|Kongo-Brazzaville|n}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 芬蘭語：{{t+|fi|Kongon tasavalta}} * 法語：{{t+|fr|République du Congo|f}} * 格魯吉亞語：{{t|ka|კონგოს რესპუბლიკა}} * 德語：{{t+|de|Republik Kongo|f}} * 希臘語：{{t+|el|Δημοκρατία του Κονγκό|n}} * 印地語：{{t+|hi|कांगो गणराज्य|m|sc=Deva}} * 匈牙利語：{{t+|hu|Kongói Köztársaság}} * 冰島語：{{t|is|Vestur-Kongó}}, {{t|is|Kongó-Brazzaville}} * 愛爾蘭語：{{t|ga|Poblacht an Chongó|f}} * 意大利語：{{t|it|Repubblica del Congo|f}}, {{t|it|Congo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 日語：{{t+|ja|コンゴ共和国|tr=こんごきょうわこく, Kongo Kyōwakoku}} * 哈薩克語：{{t|kk|Конго Республикасы}} * 朝鮮語：{{t|ko|^콩고 공화국}} * 吉爾吉斯語：{{t|ky|Конго Республикасы}} * 拉脫維亞語：{{t|lv|Kongo Republika|f}} * 立陶宛語：{{t+|lt|Kongo Respublika|f}} * 馬其頓語：{{t|mk|Република Конго}}, {{t|mk|Конго-Бразавил|m}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 毛利語：{{t|mi|Kōngo}} * 納瓦霍語：{{t|nv|Kéyah Káango Náhookǫsjí Siʼánígíí|sc=Latn}} * 挪威語： *: 書面挪威語：{{t|no|Republikken Kongo|m}} * 波斯語：{{t|fa|جمهوری کنگو|tr=jomhuri-ye kongo}} * 波蘭語：{{t+|pl|Republika Konga|f}} * 葡萄牙語：{{t+|pt|República do Congo|f}}, {{t+|pt|Congo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 羅馬尼亞語：{{t|ro|Republica Congo|f}}, {{t+|ro|Congo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 俄語：{{t+|ru|Респу́блика Ко́нго|f}} * 低地蘇格蘭語：{{t|sco|Republic o the Congo}} * 塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t|sh|Република Конго|f}}, {{t|sh|Ко̏нго-Бразавил|m}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} *: 拉丁字母：{{t|sh|Republika Kongo|f}}, {{t|sh|Kȍngo-Brazavil|m}} {{qual|剛果（布）}} * 斯洛伐克語：{{t|sk|Konžská republika|f}} * 斯洛文尼亞語：{{t|sl|Republika Kongo|f}} * 西班牙語：{{t+|es|República del Congo|f}} * 斯瓦希里語：{{t|sw|Jamhuri ya Kongo}} * 瑞典語：{{t+|sv|Kongo-Brazzaville}} {{qual|剛果（布）}}, {{t+|sv|Republiken Kongo}} * 塔吉克語：{{t|tg|Ҷумҳурии Конго}} * 泰語：{{t|th|สาธารณรัฐคองโก}} * 土耳其語：{{t+|tr|Kongo Cumhuriyeti}} * 烏克蘭語：{{t|uk|Респу́бліка Ко́нго|f}} * 烏茲別克語：{{t+|uz|Kongo Respublikasi}} * 越南語：{{t|vi|Cộng hòa Công-gô}} {{trans-bottom}} d30cp5crabzk8nsb5cja44rpairl940 828 1373366 9815948 9130368 2026-06-18T05:59:07Z Public class 107487 "cellpadding" attribute is deprecated, add "padding" to "th" and "td" elements 9815948 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub local sub = mw.ustring.sub local match = mw.ustring.match local find = mw.ustring.find local failed_cat = "[[Category:泰語轉寫出錯的頁面]]" local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText local thai_range = "[ก-๛̄]" local categories = {} local systems = { ["paiboon"] = 1, ["royin"] = 2, ["ipa"] = 3, ["charPhon"] = 4, ["homophone"] = 5, ["file"] = 6 } local initial = { ["ก"] = { "g", "k", "k", class = "mid" }, ["จ"] = { "j", "ch", "t͡ɕ", class = "mid" }, ["ด"] = { "d", "d", "d", class = "mid" }, ["ฎ"] = { "d", "d", "d", class = "mid" }, ["ฏ"] = { "dt", "t", "t", class = "mid" }, ["ต"] = { "dt", "t", "t", class = "mid" }, ["บ"] = { "b", "b", "b", class = "mid" }, ["ป"] = { "bp", "p", "p", class = "mid" }, ["อ"] = { "", "@", "ʔ", class = "mid" }, ["ง"] = { "ng", "$ng", "ŋ", class = "low" }, ["ณ"] = { "n", "n", "n", class = "low" }, ["น"] = { "n", "n", "n", class = "low" }, ["ม"] = { "m", "m", "m", class = "low" }, ["ญ"] = { "y", "y", "j", class = "low" }, ["ย"] = { "y", "y", "j", class = "low" }, ["ร"] = { "r", "r", "r", class = "low" }, ["ล"] = { "l", "l", "l", class = "low" }, ["ฬ"] = { "l", "l", "l", class = "low" }, ["ว"] = { "w", "w", "w", class = "low" }, ["ค"] = { "k", "kh", "kʰ", class = "low" }, ["ฅ"] = { "k", "kh", "kʰ", class = "low" }, ["ฆ"] = { "k", "kh", "kʰ", class = "low" }, ["ข"] = { "k", "kh", "kʰ", class = "high" }, ["ฃ"] = { "k", "kh", "kʰ", class = "high" }, ["ช"] = { "ch", "ch", "t͡ɕʰ", class = "low" }, ["ฌ"] = { "ch", "ch", "t͡ɕʰ", class = "low" }, ["ฉ"] = { "ch", "ch", "t͡ɕʰ", class = "high" }, ["ฑ"] = { "t", "th", "tʰ", class = "low" }, ["ฒ"] = { "t", "th", "tʰ", class = "low" }, ["ท"] = { "t", "th", "tʰ", class = "low" }, ["ธ"] = { "t", "th", "tʰ", class = "low" }, ["ฐ"] = { "t", "th", "tʰ", class = "high" }, ["ถ"] = { "t", "th", "tʰ", class = "high" }, ["พ"] = { "p", "ph", "pʰ", class = "low" }, ["ภ"] = { "p", "ph", "pʰ", class = "low" }, ["ผ"] = { "p", "ph", "pʰ", class = "high" }, ["ฟ"] = { "f", "f", "f", class = "low" }, ["ฝ"] = { "f", "f", "f", class = "high" }, ["ซ"] = { "s", "s", "s", class = "low" }, ["ศ"] = { "s", "s", "s", class = "high" }, ["ษ"] = { "s", "s", "s", class = "high" }, ["ส"] = { "s", "s", "s", class = "high" }, ["ฮ"] = { "h", "h", "h", class = "low" }, ["ห"] = { "h", "h", "h", class = "high" }, ["หง"] = { "ng", "$ng", "ŋ", class = "high" }, ["หน"] = { "n", "n", "n", class = "high" }, ["หม"] = { "m", "m", "m", class = "high" }, ["หญ"] = { "y", "y", "j", class = "high" }, ["หย"] = { "y", "y", "j", class = "high" }, ["หร"] = { "r", "r", "r", class = "high" }, ["หล"] = { "l", "l", "l", class = "high" }, ["หว"] = { "w", "w", "w", class = "high" }, ["…"] = { "…", "…", "…", class = "" }, [""] = { failed_cat, failed_cat, "", class = "" }, } local vowel = { ["open"] = { ["ะ"] = { "a", "a", "a" }, [""] = { "a", "a", "a" }, ["ิ"] = { "i", "i", "i" }, ["ึ"] = { "ʉ", "ue", "ɯ" }, ["ุ"] = { "u", "u", "u" }, ["เะ"] = { "e", "e", "eʔ" }, ["แะ"] = { "ɛ", "ae", "ɛʔ" }, ["โะ"] = { "o", "o", "oʔ" }, ["เาะ"] = { "ɔ", "o", "ɔʔ" }, ["็"] = { "ɔ", "o", "ɔ" }, ["เิ"] = { "ə", "oe", "ɤ" }, ["เอะ"] = { "ə", "oe", "ɤʔ" }, ["า"] = { "aa", "a", "aː" }, ["ี"] = { "ii", "i", "iː" }, ["ู"] = { "uu", "u", "uː" }, ["ือ"] = { "ʉʉ", "ue", "ɯː" }, ["เ"] = { "ee", "e", "eː" }, ["แ"] = { "ɛɛ", "ae", "ɛː" }, ["โ"] = { "oo", "o", "oː" }, ["อ"] = { "ɔɔ", "o", "ɔː" }, ["ร"] = { "ɔɔn", "on", "ɔːn" }, ["เอ"] = { "əə", "oe", "ɤː" }, ["เียะ"] = { "ia", "ia", "ia̯ʔ" }, ["เือะ"] = { "ʉa", "uea", "ɯa̯ʔ" }, ["ัวะ"] = { "ua", "ua", "ua̯ʔ" }, ["เีย"] = { "iia", "ia", "ia̯" }, ["เือ"] = { "ʉʉa", "uea", "ɯa̯" }, ["ัว"] = { "uua", "ua", "ua̯" }, ["ิว"] = { "iu", "io", "iw" }, ["ีว"] = { "iiu", "io", "iːw" }, ["เ็ว"] = { "eo", "eo", "ew" }, ["แ็ว"] = { "ɛo", "aeo", "ɛw" }, ["เา"] = { "ao", "ao", "aw" }, ["เว"] = { "eeo", "eo", "eːw" }, ["แว"] = { "ɛɛo", "aeo", "ɛːw" }, ["าว"] = { "aao", "ao", "aːw" }, ["เอว"] = { "əəo", "oeu", "ɤːw" }, --royin inferred ["โว"] = { "oow", "ou", "oːw" }, --royin inferred ["เียว"] = { "iao", "iao", "ia̯w" }, ["ัย"] = { "ai", "ai", "aj" }, ["ใ"] = { "ai", "ai", "aj" }, ["ไ"] = { "ai", "ai", "aj" }, ["ไย"] = { "ai", "ai", "aj" }, ["ึย"] = { "ʉi", "uei", "ɯj" }, ["็อย"] = { "ɔi", "oi", "ɔj" }, ["เิ็ย"] = { "əi", "oei", "ɤj" }, ["ุย"] = { "ui", "ui", "uj" }, ["าย"] = { "aai", "ai", "aːj" }, ["อย"] = { "ɔɔi", "oi", "ɔːj" }, ["โย"] = { "ooi", "oi", "oːj" }, ["เย"] = { "əəi", "oei", "ɤːj" }, ["ูย"] = { "uui", "ui", "uːj" }, ["วย"] = { "uai", "uai", "ua̯j" }, ["เือย"] = { "ʉai", "ueai", "ɯa̯j" }, ["ำ"] = { "am", "am", "am" }, }, ["closed"] = { ["ั"] = { "a", "a", "a" }, ["รร"] = { "a", "a", "a" }, ["ิ"] = { "i", "i", "i" }, ["ึ"] = { "ʉ", "ue", "ɯ" }, ["ุ"] = { "u", "u", "u" }, ["เ"] = { "ee", "e", "eː" }, ["เ็"] = { "e", "e", "e" }, ["แ็"] = { "ɛ", "ae", "ɛ" }, ["แ"] = { "ɛɛ", "ae", "ɛː" }, [""] = { "o", "o", "o" }, ["็อ"] = { "ɔ", "o", "ɔ" }, ["เิ็"] = { "ə", "oe", "ɤ" }, ["า"] = { "aa", "a", "aː" }, ["ี"] = { "ii", "i", "iː" }, ["ื"] = { "ʉʉ", "ue", "ɯː" }, ["ู"] = { "uu", "u", "uː" }, ["โ"] = { "oo", "o", "oː" }, ["อ"] = { "ɔɔ", "o", "ɔː" }, ["เิ"] = { "əə", "oe", "ɤː" }, ["เอ"] = { "əə", "oe", "ɤː" }, ["เีย"] = { "iia", "ia", "ia̯" }, ["เือ"] = { "ʉʉa", "uea", "ɯa̯" }, ["ว"] = { "uua", "ua", "ua̯" }, ["ไ"] = { "ai", "ai", "aj" }, ["เา"] = { "ao", "ao", "aw" }, ["็อย"] = { "ɔi", "oi", "ɔj" }, } } local unromLong = { ["เีย"] = true, ["เือ"] = true, ["ัว"] = true, ["ว"] = true, ["เือย"] = true, ["วาย"] = true, ["เอว"] = true, ["เียว"] = true, } local liveExc = { ["ัย"] = true, ["ใ"] = true, ["ไ"] = true, ["ไย"] = true, ["ุย"] = true, ["วย"] = true, ["็อย"] = true, ["เิ็ย"] = true, ["เา"] = true, ["ิว"] = true, ["เ็ว"] = true, ["แ็ว"] = true, ["ำ"] = true, } -- ย,ว are not included. -- ช,ซ,ส,ฟ,ล are changed for loanwords. -- ห,อ,ฮ can never be codas. -- ฯ (ʔ) is for Arabic loanwords. local coda = { ["ก"] = { "k", "k", "k̚" }, ["ข"] = { "k", "k", "k̚" }, ["ฃ"] = { "k", "k", "k̚" }, ["ค"] = { "k", "k", "k̚" }, ["ฅ"] = { "k", "k", "k̚" }, ["ฆ"] = { "k", "k", "k̚" }, ["จ"] = { "t", "t", "t̚" }, ["ฉ"] = { "t", "t", "t̚" }, ["ช"] = { "ch", "ch", "t͡ɕʰ" }, ["ซ"] = { "s", "s", "s" }, ["ฌ"] = { "t", "t", "t̚" }, ["ฎ"] = { "t", "t", "t̚" }, ["ฏ"] = { "t", "t", "t̚" }, ["ฐ"] = { "t", "t", "t̚" }, ["ฑ"] = { "t", "t", "t̚" }, ["ฒ"] = { "t", "t", "t̚" }, ["ด"] = { "t", "t", "t̚" }, ["ต"] = { "t", "t", "t̚" }, ["ถ"] = { "t", "t", "t̚" }, ["ท"] = { "t", "t", "t̚" }, ["ธ"] = { "t", "t", "t̚" }, ["ศ"] = { "t", "t", "t̚" }, ["ษ"] = { "t", "t", "t̚" }, ["ส"] = { "s", "s", "s" }, ["บ"] = { "p", "p", "p̚" }, ["ป"] = { "p", "p", "p̚" }, ["ผ"] = { "p", "p", "p̚" }, ["ฝ"] = { "p", "p", "p̚" }, ["พ"] = { "p", "p", "p̚" }, ["ฟ"] = { "f", "f", "f" }, ["ภ"] = { "p", "p", "p̚" }, ["ง"] = { "ng", "ng$", "ŋ" }, ["ญ"] = { "n", "n", "n" }, ["ณ"] = { "n", "n", "n" }, ["น"] = { "n", "n", "n" }, ["ร"] = { "n", "n", "n" }, ["ล"] = { "l", "l", "l" }, ["ฬ"] = { "n", "n", "n" }, ["ม"] = { "m", "m", "m" }, ["ฯ"] = { "ʔ", "ʔ", "ʔ" }, } local tFromMark = { -- common ["่"] = { ["high"] = "low", ["mid"] = "low", ["low"] = "falling" }, ["้"] = { ["high"] = "falling", ["mid"] = "falling", ["low"] = "high" }, ["๊"] = { ["high"] = "high", ["mid"] = "high", ["low"] = "high" }, ["๋"] = { ["high"] = "rising", ["mid"] = "rising", ["low"] = "rising" }, -- forced mid tone ["̄"] = { ["high"] = "mid", ["mid"] = "mid", ["low"] = "mid" }, } local tNoMark = { ["dead-short"] = { ["high"] = "low", ["mid"] = "low", ["low"] = "high" }, ["dead-long"] = { ["high"] = "low", ["mid"] = "low", ["low"] = "falling" }, ["live"] = { ["high"] = "rising", ["mid"] = "mid", ["low"] = "mid" }, } local tRomMarks = { ["high"] = "́", ["mid"] = "", ["low"] = "̀", ["rising"] = "̌", ["falling"] = "̂", } local tLevels = { ["high"] = "˦˥", ["mid"] = "˧", ["low"] = "˨˩", ["rising"] = "˩˩˦", ["falling"] = "˥˩", } local symbols = { ["๐"] = 0, ["๑"] = 1, ["๒"] = 2, ["๓"] = 3, ["๔"] = 4, ["๕"] = 5, ["๖"] = 6, ["๗"] = 7, ["๘"] = 8, ["๙"] = 9, } local permitted_cluster = { ["ks"] = 1, ["ms"] = 1, ["ns"] = 1, ["ps"] = 1, ["ts"] = 1, } -- modified ISO 11940 (to make sound values are more apparent), uses spacing marks for signs local char_table = { ["ก"] = "k", ["ข"] = "kʰ", ["ฃ"] = "x", ["ค"] = "g", ["ฅ"] = "ɣ", ["ฆ"] = "gʰ", ["ง"] = "ŋ", ["จ"] = "t͡ɕ", ["ฉ"] = "t͡ɕʰ", ["ช"] = "d͡ʑ", ["ซ"] = "z", ["ฌ"] = "d͡ʑʰ", ["ญ"] = "ɲ", ["ฎ"] = "ᶑ", ["ฏ"] = "ʈ", ["ฐ"] = "ʈʰ", ["ฑ"] = "ɖ", ["ฒ"] = "ɖʰ", ["ณ"] = "ɳ", ["ด"] = "ɗ", ["ต"] = "t", ["ถ"] = "tʰ", ["ท"] = "d", ["ธ"] = "dʰ", ["น"] = "n", ["บ"] = "ɓ", ["ป"] = "p", ["ผ"] = "pʰ", ["ฝ"] = "f", ["พ"] = "b", ["ฟ"] = "v", ["ภ"] = "bʰ", ["ม"] = "m", ["ย"] = "y", ["ร"] = "r", ["ฤ"] = "ṛ", ["ล"] = "l", ["ฦ"] = "ḷ", ["ว"] = "w", ["ศ"] = "ɕ", ["ษ"] = "ʂ", ["ส"] = "s", ["ห"] = "h", ["ฬ"] = "ɭ", ["อ"] = "ɒ", ["ฮ"] = "ɦ", ["ะ"] = "a", ["ั"] = "ạ", ["า"] = "ā", ["ำ"] = "å", ["ิ"] = "i", ["ี"] = "ī", ["ึ"] = "ụ", ["ื"] = "ụ̄", ["ุ"] = "u", ["ู"] = "ū", ["ๅ"] = "ɨ", ["ฺ"] = "̥", ["฿"] = "฿", ["เ"] = "e", ["แ"] = "æ", ["โ"] = "o", ["ใ"] = "au", ["ไ"] = "ai", ["่"] = "ˋ", ["้"] = "ˆ", ["๊"] = "ˊ", ["๋"] = "ˇ", ["ฯ"] = "ǂ", ["ๆ"] = "«", ["็"] = "˘", ["์"] = "ʻ", ["ํ"] = "˚", ["๎"] = "~", ["๏"] = "§", ["๚"] = "ǁ", ["๛"] = "»", ["๐"] = "0", ["๑"] = "1", ["๒"] = "2", ["๓"] = "3", ["๔"] = "4", ["๕"] = "5", ["๖"] = "6", ["๗"] = "7", ["๘"] = "8", ["๙"] = "9", [" "] = "&nbsp;&nbsp;", ["-"] = "&ndash;", ["…"] = "…", } local mgvc_pattern = "^([รลว]?)([ิึุ็ีืัำู]?[าอรยว]?[วยร]?ะ?)([คฅฆกขฃพฟภบปชฌฑฒทธจฎฏดตฐถศษสมญณนรลฬงฯ]?)$" local full_pattern = "^([เแโใไ]?)(หฺ[ก-รลว-ฮ])(ฺ?[รลว]?)([ิึุ็ีืัู]?็?[่้๊๋̄]?[าอรยวำ]?[วยร]?ะ?)([คฅฆกขฃพฟภบปชฌฑฒทธจฎฏดตฐถศษสมญณนรลฬงฯ]?[คฅฆกขฃพฟภบปชฌฑฒทธจฎฏดตฐถศษสมญณนรลฬงฯ]?)$" local partial_pattern = "^([เแโใไ]?)([ก-รลว-ฮ])(ฺ?[รลว]?)([ิึุ็ีืัู]?็?[่้๊๋̄]?[าอรยวำ]?[วยร]?ะ?)([คฅฆกขฃพฟภบปชฌฑฒทธจฎฏดตฐถศษสมญณนรลฬงฯ]?[คฅฆกขฃพฟภบปชฌฑฒทธจฎฏดตฐถศษสมญณนรลฬงฯ]?)$" function export.translit(text, lang, sc, mode, source) local seq = systems[mode] for word in mw.ustring.gmatch(text, thai_range .. "+") do local orig_word = word if match(word, "[่้๊๋̄].?[่้๊๋̄]") then return nil end local function c2_decomp(c2_char, seq, source) local converted_c2 = {} for character in mw.text.gsplit(c2_char, "") do table.insert(converted_c2, coda[character] and coda[character][seq] or nil) end local cluster = table.concat(converted_c2) if source == "translit-module" and not permitted_cluster[gsub(cluster, "̚", "")] then return c2_char else return cluster end end local tone local function syllable(v1, c1, g, v2, c2) local tMark = match(v2, "[่้๊๋̄]") v2 = gsub(v2, "[่้๊๋̄]", "") if match(c1, "^ห.$") then if match(sub(c1, 2, 2) .. g .. v2 .. c2, mgvc_pattern) then c1, g, v2, c2 = "ห", match(sub(c1, 2, 2) .. g .. v2 .. c2, mgvc_pattern) if g ~= "" and not v2 == "ย" then c1, g = c1 .. g, "" end end end if g == "ล" and v2 .. c2 == "" then c2 = g g = "" end local openness = c2 ~= "" and "closed" or "open" if source == "pron-module" and (mw.ustring.len(c1) > 1 or match(g, "[รล]")) and not match(c1 .. g, "ฺ") then error("Please replace " .. c1 .. g .. " in the respelling with " .. sub(c1, 1, 1) .. "ฺ" .. (sub(c1, 2, -1) or "") .. g .. ".") end local orig_v, v if vowel[openness][v1 .. g .. v2] then orig_v = v1 .. g .. v2 v, g = vowel[openness][v1 .. g .. v2][seq], "" else orig_v = v1 .. v2 v = vowel[openness][v1 .. v2] and vowel[openness][v1 .. v2][seq] or (v1 .. v2) g = (initial[gsub(g, "ฺ", "")] or initial[""])[seq] end c1 = gsub(c1, "ฺ", "") local ini, class = "", "" if initial[c1] then ini, class = initial[c1][seq], initial[c1].class else return nil end local length = (match(v, "([aiʉueɛoɔə])%1") or match(v, "ː") or unromLong[orig_v]) and "long" or "short" local life = (match(c2, "[มญณนรลฬง]") or (match(orig_v, "ย$") and match(v, "i$")) or c2..length == "long" or liveExc[orig_v]) and "live" or "dead" c2 = coda[c2] and coda[c2][seq] or c2_decomp(c2, seq, source) -- note: not add tone for royin tone = tMark and tFromMark[tMark][class] or (tNoMark[life.."-"..length] or tNoMark[life])[class] if mode == "paiboon" then v = gsub(v, "^([^aiʉueɛoɔə]*)([aiʉueɛoɔə])", "%1%2" .. tRomMarks[tone]) elseif mode == "ipa" then c2 = c2 .. tLevels[tone] end return ini .. g .. v .. c2 end word = gsub(word, full_pattern, syllable) word = gsub(word, partial_pattern, syllable) text = gsub(text, orig_word, word, 1) end text = gsub(text, "[๐-๙]", symbols) -- postprocessing if mode == "royin" then -- initial อ text = gsub(text, "^@", "") text = gsub(text, "([%s%p])@", "%1") text = gsub(text, "@", "-") -- initial ง text = gsub(text, "^%$ng", "ng") text = gsub(text, "([%s%p])%$ng", "%1ng") text = gsub(text, "([aeiou])%$ng", "%1-ng") text = gsub(text, "%$ng", "ng") -- final ง text = gsub(text, "ng%$$", "ng") text = gsub(text, "ng%$([%s%p])", "ng%1") -- includes hyphen text = gsub(text, "ng%$", "ng") end local count_syl = 0 if mode == "ipa" then text, count_syl = gsub(text, "[ %-–]", ".") -- space, common hyphen, en dash if not match(text, "%.$") then count_syl = count_syl + 1 end text = gsub(text, "([aiɯu])([˥-˩]+)$", "%1ʔ%2") -- add ʔ if last syllable ends with [aiɯu] end if match(text, thai_range) then if source == "translit-module" or namespace ~= "" then return nil else return failed_cat end else table.insert(categories, count_syl > 0 and "[[Category:泰語" .. count_syl .. "音節詞]]" or "") return mw.ustring.toNFC(text) end end local function annotate(c1_text, annotation) if not annotation then return c1_text end return tostring( mw.html.create( "span" ) :css( "border-bottom", "1px dotted #000" ) :css( "cursor", "help" ) :attr( "title", annotation ) :wikitext( c1_text )) end local front_v = "[เแโใไ]" local char_annotation = { ["์"] = "CANCEL" } function export.getCharSeqTbl(text) local result = {} for character in mw.text.gsplit(text, "") do local charDetail = char_table[character] or nil if find(character, front_v) then table.insert(result, tostring( mw.html.create( "span" ) :css( "border", "1px dotted gray" ) :css( "border-radius", "50%" ) :css( "cursor", "help" ) :attr( "title", "Vowel sign appearing in front of the initial consonant." ) :wikitext( charDetail ))) else table.insert(result, annotate(charDetail, char_annotation[character])) end end return result end local function getCharSeq(text) return "<br><small>" .. table.concat(export.getCharSeqTbl(text), "&thinsp;") .. "</small>" end local note_set = { ["aaw"] = annotate( "-ɔɔ r-", "此詞中，雙輔音組合 กร、ทร、ธร、มร 和 หร 分別發音為「gaaw ra」、「thaaw ra」、「thaaw ra」、「maaw ra」和「haaw ra」。" ), ["redup"] = annotate( "重疊", "此詞在發音上表現為重疊，即一個字面上的輔音字母既用作一個音節的末輔音，也用作下一個音節的首輔音。" ), ["short"] = annotate( "短音", "這個單詞中的元音讀做不規則的短音。" ), ["unorthographical"] = annotate( "非正字法", "這種語音重拼違反了泰語字母規則，以表示不規則的發音。" ), } local function getRhymeFromIPA(ipa) return match(ipa, "([a̯iɯueɛoɔɤː]+[ʔk̚ŋtnpmjwfls]-)[˥-˩]+$") end function export.show(frame) local lang, sc = "th", "Thai" local args = frame:getParent().args local pagename = args.pagename or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text local p, note = {}, {} if args["note"] then for ind_note in mw.text.gsplit(args["note"], ",") do table.insert(note, note_set[ind_note]) end end if args[1] then for index, item in ipairs(args) do table.insert(p, (item ~= "") and item or nil) end else table.insert(p, pagename) end local p_concatenated = table.concat(p, "/") if match(p_concatenated, "็" .. thai_range .. "*[่้๊๋̄]") or match(p_concatenated, "[่้๊๋̄]" .. thai_range .. "*็") or match(p_concatenated, "ิ็") then table.insert(note, note_set["unorthographical"]) if not match(args["note"] or "", "short") then table.insert(note, note_set["short"]) end elseif match(p_concatenated, "็") and not match(pagename, "็") and not match(args["note"] or "", "short") then table.insert(note, note_set["short"]) end homEdit = tostring( mw.html.create( "div" ) :css( "float", "right" ) :css( "clear", "right" ) :css( "font-size", "60%" ) :wikitext( tostring( mw.html.create( "span" ) :attr( "class", "plainlinks" ) :wikitext( "[" .. tostring( mw.uri.fullUrl( "Module:th-hom/data", { ["action"] = "edit" } )) .." edit]" )))) function formatThai(text, pron, qualifiers) local readclass = '' if pron == true then readclass = 'th-reading' end return ((qualifiers and table.concat(qualifiers) ~= "") and '<span style="background-color:var(--wikt-palette-lightyellow,#ffffe0);color:inherit"><small>[' .. table.concat(qualifiers, ", ") .. ']</small></span><br>' or '') .. '<span lang="th" class="Thai ' .. readclass .. '">' .. text .. '</span>' end local result = { ["charPhon"] = {}, ["paiboon"] = {}, ["royin"] = {}, ["ipa"] = {}, ["homophone"] = {}, ["file"] = {} } table.insert(categories, "[[Category:有國際音標的泰語詞]]") local m_hom_data = require("Module:th-hom/data") local m_hom = require("Module:th-hom").makeList local m_fileData = require("Module:th-pron/files") local qualifiers = {} for system, _ in pairs(systems) do local function f(text, system) if system == "paiboon" or system == "royin" then return '<span class="tr">' .. text .. '</span>' elseif system == "ipa" then rhyme = getRhymeFromIPA(text) return '<span class="IPA">/' .. text .. '/</span>' .. (rhyme and ("^{([[:Category:Rhymes:泰語/" .. rhyme .. "|R]])}[[Category:Rhymes:泰語/" .. rhyme .. "]]") or "") elseif system == "file" then local length = ((mw.ustring.len(gsub(text, "[^ %-]", "")) + 1) * 25 + 50) if m_fileData[text] then table.insert(categories, "[[Category:有音頻鏈接的泰語詞]]") return "[[File:" .. m_fileData[text] .. "|" .. (length > 200 and 200 or length) .. "px|center]]" else return "" end else return m_hom_data[text] and (#m_hom_data[text] > 3 and tostring( mw.html.create( "div" ) :attr { ["class"] = "vsSwitcher", ["data-toggle-category"] = "homophones", } :wikitext( tostring( mw.html.create( "span" ) :attr( "class", "vsToggleElement" ) :wikitext( "&nbsp;" )) .. tostring( mw.html.create( "div" ) :attr( "class", "vsShow" ) :css( "display", "none" )) .. tostring( mw.html.create( "div" ) :attr( "class", "vsHide" ) :wikitext(( gsub(m_hom(text), ", ", "<br>" )))))) or gsub(m_hom(text), ", ", "<br>")) or "" end end for i, spelling in ipairs(p) do if system == "charPhon" then qualifiers = {} if match(spelling, "%:") then table.insert(qualifiers, match(spelling, "%:(.+)")) spelling = match(spelling, "([^%:]+)") end if match(spelling, "-$") then table.insert(qualifiers, "束縛形") table.insert(categories, "[[Category:泰語前綴]]") end else spelling = match(spelling, "([^%:]+)") end table.insert(result[system], tostring( mw.html.create( "td" ) :css( "border-right", i < #p and "1px solid lightgray" or "0px" ) :wikitext( (system == "charPhon" and tostring( mw.html.create( "div" ) :attr("class","th-reading") :wikitext( formatThai(spelling, false, qualifiers) .. getCharSeq(spelling) ) ) or f(find(system, "^[pri]") and export.translit(spelling, lang, sc, system, "pron-module") or spelling, system))))) end end has_hom = match(table.concat(result["homophone"]), "Thai") or false has_file = match(table.concat(result["file"]), "File") or false notes = (#note > 0 and "<br><small>{" .. table.concat(note, "; ") .. "}</small>" or "") local function row(a, b, o) return ((o and o["pr"]) and "" or "\n<tr>") .. tostring( mw.html.create( "th" ) :attr( (o and o["rom"]) and "rowspan" or "colspan", (o and o["pr"]) and 1 or 2 ) :css( "background-color", "var(--wikt-palette-paleblue,#f8f9fa)" ) :css( "color", "inherit" ) :css( "border-bottom", (o and o["bt"]) and "0px" or "1px solid lightgray" ) :css( "border-right", "1px solid lightgray" ) :css( "font-weight", "bold" ) :css( "padding", "10px" ) :wikitext(a)) .. ((o and o["rom"]) and "" or ((o and o["ortho"]) and tostring(mw.html.create( "td" ) :attr( "colspan", #p ) :css( "border-bottom", "1px solid lightgray" ) :css( "padding", "10px" ) :wikitext(b)) or b) .. "</tr>") end if find(pagename, "ทร") and find(table.concat(result["charPhon"]), "ซ") then table.insert(categories, "[[Category:寫作「ทร」讀作「ซ」的泰語詞]]") end return '<table style="border-spacing: 2px; border: 1px solid darkgray; text-align:center">' .. ((namespace ~= "" and not args.pagename) and row( "[[w:泰文字|音位]]" .. notes, table.concat(result["charPhon"])) or (pagename == table.concat(p) and row( "[[w:泰文字|寫法/音素]]", formatThai(pagename,true) .. getCharSeq(pagename), { ["ortho"] = true }) or row( "[[w:泰文字|寫法]]", formatThai(pagename,true) .. getCharSeq(pagename), { ["ortho"] = true }) .. row( "[[w:泰文字|音素]]" .. notes, table.concat(result["charPhon"])))) .. row("[[Wiktionary:泰語羅馬化|泰語羅馬化]]", nil, { ["rom"] = true }) .. row( "[[Wiktionary:泰語羅馬化|派汶拼音]]", table.concat(result["paiboon"]), { ["pr"] = true }) .. "<tr>" .. row( "[[Wiktionary:泰語羅馬化|皇家轉寫]]", table.concat(result["royin"]), { ["pr"] = true }) .. row( "([[zh:w:泰语|標準泰語]]) " .. "[[Wiktionary:國際音標|IPA]]" .. "^{([[附录:泰語發音|說明]])}", table.concat(result["ipa"]), { ["bt"] = not has_hom and not has_file }) .. (has_hom and row( "同音詞" .. homEdit, table.concat(result["homophone"]) or "", { ["bt"] = not has_file }) or "") .. (has_file and row( "音頻", table.concat(result["file"]) or "", { ["bt"] = true }) or "") .. "\n</table>" .. (namespace == "" and table.concat(categories) or "") end return export ev4fn9yqrqnxdw1qyvdi7wepwj6p8x1 828 1374687 9816056 9023313 2026-06-18T07:07:34Z TongcyDai 53191 9816056 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} local ipa_module = "Module:IPA" local languages_module = "Module:languages" local parse_utilities_module = "Module:parse utilities" local string_char_module = "Module:string/char" local string_pattern_escape_module = "Module:string/patternEscape" local string_replacement_escape_module = "Module:string/replacementEscape" local string_utilities_module = "Module:string utilities" local table_module = "Module:table" local m_table = require(table_module) local deep_copy = m_table.deepCopy local deep_equals = m_table.deepEquals local list_to_set = m_table.listToSet local toNFC = mw.ustring.toNFC local u = require(string_char_module) local lang = require(languages_module).getByCode("ca") local function format_IPA_full(...) format_IPA_full = require(ipa_module).format_IPA_full return format_IPA_full(...) end local function pattern_escape(...) pattern_escape = require(string_pattern_escape_module) return pattern_escape(...) end local function replacement_escape(...) replacement_escape = require(string_replacement_escape_module) return replacement_escape(...) end local function split(...) split = require(string_utilities_module).split return split(...) end local function ufind(...) ufind = require(string_utilities_module).find return ufind(...) end local function ugcodepoint(...) ugcodepoint = require(string_utilities_module).gcodepoint return ugcodepoint(...) end local function ugsub(...) ugsub = require(string_utilities_module).gsub return ugsub(...) end local function ulower(...) ulower = require(string_utilities_module).lower return ulower(...) end local function umatch(...) umatch = require(string_utilities_module).match return umatch(...) end local function usub(...) usub = require(string_utilities_module).sub return usub(...) end --[=[ FIXME: 1. [zʒ] should reduce to [ʒ] in Central and Balearic ([[disjunt]], [[disjuntor]]). Similar for [sʃ] ([[desxifrar]]). [DONE] 2. There needs to be a way of forcing [ʃ]. (Maybe just ʃ?) [DONE] 3. Make sure manual dot for syllable break works, cf. [[best-seller]] respelled `bèst.sèlerr'. [DONE] 4. Explicit accents on a/i/u should be removed in split_syllables(). [NOT DONE; not needed] 5. Compress double schwa in Central/Balearic in e.g. [[sobreescalfament]], [[centreafricà]], [[contraatac]], [[contraescarpa]]; seems not to operate in Valencian. 6. Compress unstressed <ie> and <oe> followed by coda consonant -> [u] in Central/Balearic in e.g. [[aeroespacial]], [[autoescola]], [[antiespasmòdic]], but not [[autoerotisme]], [[antiemètic]]; seems not to operate in Valencian. NOTE: It does operate in an open syllable in [[fotoelèctric]], [[fotoelectricitat]], [[macroeconomia]]; not sure why. 7. Compress unstressed <oo> followed by a coda consonant -> [u] in Central/Balearic in e.g. [[microorganisme]]. Seems not to operate in Valencian. 8. bm -> [mm] e.g. [[subministrament]]; seems not to operate in Valencian. 9. ë (and presumably ê) doesn't work in secondary stress, always becomes /ɛ/ (e.g. in [[extrajudicial]] respelled 'ëxtrajudiciàl'; this seems to be because the handling of ë goes through mid_vowel_hint, which doesn't work for secondary stress. [DONE] 10. Respect ʃ at beginning of word in Valencian. [DONE] 11. [ʃ] in single substitution specs should match against written x. [DONE] 12. Prefixes e.g. [[xilo-]] should not have stress by default, and written primary stresses should be converted to secondary. [DONE] 13. Convert apostrophe near beginning to tie (‿) and make sure we take account of it later, so that words like [[captindre's]] and phrases like [[dona d'aigua]] work correctly. [DONE] 14. Correctly handle -bl and -gl in respelling, generating [bl] and [gl]. [NOT DONE; use _bl, _gl] 15. Correctly handle [βðɣ] in respelling forcing fricatives; should not be fortitioned. [NOT DONE; not needed] 16. [βðɣ] in single substitution specs should match against b/d/g. [NOT DONE; not needed] 17. [ss] in single substitution specs should match against ss?; used to force a pronounced [s]. [DONE] 18. [dm] in single substitution specs should match against [td]m. [NOT DONE; not needed] 19. Correctly handle written -dg- after [rz]: fricatives in Valencian, stops in Central (and Balearic?). [DONE] 20. Correctly handle lenition of written -bdg-: (1) -b- not lenited in Valencian or Balearic, lenited to [β] in Central Catalan after vowels and consonants except nasals and [rz]; (2) -g- not lenited after nasals, also not after [rz] in Central Catalan (and maybe Balearic?), otherwise yes except utterance initial; (3) -d- not lenited after nasals or laterals, also not after [rz] in Central Catalan (and maybe Balearic?), otherwise yes except utterance initial. Verify against ca-IPA equivalent on cawikt and also based on {{w|Catalan phonology}} and the IEC grammar that Vriullop linked. [DONE] 21. Finish rewriting do_dialect_specific() to operate on whole word using Lua patterns. [DONE] 22. Implement multiword handling. [DONE] 23. Make sure suffix handling works correctly. [DONE] 24. Add many more test cases and redo test harness ala the German test harness. [DONE] 25. Redo handling of mid-vowel hints so it gets done early and in one place. [DONE] 26. Think about how to solve the issue of mid-vowel hints along with secondary stress marks in substitution specs. Maybe a single mid-vowel spec should be rewritten to be a single substitution spec and the insertion of the mid-vowel spec should happen during resolution of substitution specs. [DONE] 27. <tm> should default to [dm] not [mm]. [DONE] 28. Fix handling of mid vowel default in -è/-ès/-esa so it doesn't affect [[tèbia]] etc. [DONE] 29. x- after hyphen should probably become tx- in Valencian, cf. [[para-xocs]]. [DONE] 30. Implement DOTOVER to indicate lack of stress in a word, e.g. in a suffix. [DONE] 31. Handle words without vowels. [DONE] 32. Finish reviewing places where we may need to check for tie symbols. 33. Handle tie indicating liaison in e.g. [[Sant Antoni de Portmany]]. [DONE] 34. Handle pronunciation of [[amb]] correctly. [DONE] 35. Handle tie indicating liaison before h- correctly, e.g. [[Sant Hipòlit]]. [DONE] 36. Lenition should happen in Valencian in [[regla]] whether respelled 'réggla', 'régla' or 'rég_la'. [DONE] 37. Syllabification should happen correctly when underscore is used in 'bíb_lia' to block doubling of <bl>. [DONE] 38. <cn> should show up as [ŋn]. [DONE] 39. Delete [t] after [s] before anything but [s] ([[best-seller]]) or [ɾ] ([[postrem]]). [DONE] 40. Delete <t/d> after <n> before consonant even in Valencian; likewise for <p/b> after <m>, <c/g> after <n>. [DONE] 41. DOTOVER in single substitution specs should work. [DONE] 42. Underline in single substitution specs should work. [DONE] 43. LINEUNDER should work to indicate secondary stress after the primary stress, including in single substitution specs. [DONE] ]=] export.dialects = {"bal", "cen", "nor", "val", "nwe"} export.dialects_to_names = { ["bal"] = "巴利阿里語", ["cen"] = "中加泰羅尼亞語", ["nor"] = "北加泰隆尼亞語", ["val"] = "瓦倫西亞語", ["nwe"] = "西北加泰隆尼亞語", bal = "", cen = "", val = "", } export.dialect_groups = { east = {"bal", "cen", "nor"}, west = {"val", "nwe"} } local written_unaccented_vowel_l = "aeiouyAEIOUY" local written_stressed_vowel_l = "àèéêëíòóôúýÀÈÉÊËÍÒÓÔÚÝ" local written_accented_not_stressed_vowel_l = "ïüÏÜ" local written_accented_vowel_l = written_stressed_vowel_l .. written_accented_not_stressed_vowel_l local ipa_vowel_l = "ɔɛə" local written_vowel_l = written_unaccented_vowel_l .. written_accented_vowel_l local vowel_l = written_vowel_l .. ipa_vowel_l local V = "[" .. vowel_l .. "]" local written_accented_to_plain_vowel = { ["à"] = "a", ["è"] = "e", ["é"] = "e", ["ê"] = "e", ["ë"] = "e", ["í"] = "i", ["ï"] = "i", ["ò"] = "o", ["ó"] = "o", ["ô"] = "o", ["ú"] = "u", ["ü"] = "u", ["ý"] = "y", ["À"] = "A", ["È"] = "E", ["É"] = "E", ["Ê"] = "E", ["Ë"] = "E", ["Í"] = "I", ["Ï"] = "I", ["Ò"] = "O", ["Ó"] = "O", ["Ô"] = "O", ["Ú"] = "U", ["Ü"] = "U", ["Ý"] = "Y", } local AC = u(0x0301) -- acute = ́ local GR = u(0x0300) -- grave = ̀ local CFLEX = u(0x0302) -- circumflex = ̂ local DOTOVER = u(0x0307) -- dot over = ̇ local DIA = u(0x0308) -- diaeresis = ̈ local LINEUNDER = u(0x0331) -- lineunder = ̱ local stress_l = AC .. GR local stress_c = "[" .. stress_l .. "]" local ipa_stress_l = "ˈˌ" local ipa_stress_c = "[" .. ipa_stress_l .. "]" local sylsep_l = "%-." -- hyphen included for syllabifying from spelling; FIXME: formerly included SYLDIV local sylsep_c = "[" .. sylsep_l .. "]" local tie_l = "‿'" local tie_c = "[" .. tie_l .. "]" local charsep_l = sylsep_l .. tie_l .. stress_l .. ipa_stress_l local charsep_c = "[" .. charsep_l .. "]" local wordsep_l = "# " local separator_l = charsep_l .. wordsep_l local separator_c = "[" .. separator_l .. "]" local neg_guts_of_cons = vowel_l .. separator_l local C = "[^" .. neg_guts_of_cons .. "]" -- consonant class including h export.mid_vowel_hints = "éèêëóòô" export.mid_vowel_hint_c = "[" .. export.mid_vowel_hints .. "]" local TEMP_PAREN_R = u(0xFFF1) local TEMP_PAREN_RR = u(0xFFF2) -- Pseudo-consonant at the edge of prefixes ending in a vowel and suffixes beginning with a vowel; FIXME: not currently -- used. local PSEUDOCONS = u(0xFFF3) -- local PREFIX_MARKER = u(0xFFF4) -- marker indicating a prefix so we can convert primary to secondary accents local valid_onsets = list_to_set{ "b", "bl", "br", "c", "cl", "cr", "ç", "d", "dj", "dr", "f", "fl", "fr", "g", "gl", "gr", "gu", "gü", "h", "i", "j", "k", "kl", "kr", "l", "ll", "m", "n", "ny", "ñ", "p", "pl", "pr", "qu", "qü", "r", "rr", "s", "ss", "t", "tg", "tj", "tr", "tx", "tz", "u", "v", "vl", "vr", "w", "x", "ʃ", -- e.g. 'χruʃóf' respelling of [[Khrusxov]] "χ", -- in case of respelling "y", "z", } local decompose_dotover = { -- No composed i, u or U with DOTOVER. ["ȧ"] = "a" .. DOTOVER, ["ė"] = "e" .. DOTOVER, ["ȯ"] = "o" .. DOTOVER, ["ẏ"] = "y" .. DOTOVER, ["Ȧ"] = "A" .. DOTOVER, ["Ė"] = "E" .. DOTOVER, ["İ"] = "I" .. DOTOVER, ["Ȯ"] = "O" .. DOTOVER, ["Ẏ"] = "Y" .. DOTOVER, } local unstressed_words = list_to_set{ -- proclitic object pronouns "em", "et", "es", "el", "la", "els", "les", "li", "ens", "us", "ho", "hi", "en", -- enclitic object pronouns usually attach with hyphen to preceding verb but not always, cf. [[tant me fa]] "me", "te", "se", "lo", "los", "nos", "vos", "ne", -- contracted object pronouns and articles attached with apostrophe so no need to include -- unstressed possessives "mon", "ma", "mos", "mes", "ton", "ta", "tos", "tes", "son", "sa", "sos", "ses", -- prepositions "a", "de", "per", "amb", "ab", -- 'en' already included as proclitic object pronouns -- prepositional contractions "al", "als", "del", "dels", "pel", "pels", -- articles 'el', 'la', 'els', 'les' already included as proclitic pronouns -- personal articles "na", -- 'en' already included above -- indefinite articles "un", "uns", -- salat articles "ets", "so", -- 'es' already included as proclitic object pronouns and 'ses', 'sa', 'sos' as possessives -- conjunctions "i", "o", "si", "ni", "que", } -- Version of ugsub() that discards all but the first return value. local function rsub(term, foo, bar) local retval = ugsub(term, foo, bar) return retval end -- Version of ugsub() that returns a 2nd argument boolean indicating whether a substitution was made. local function rsubb(term, foo, bar) local retval, nsubs = ugsub(term, foo, bar) return retval, nsubs > 0 end -- Apply rsub() repeatedly until no change. local function rsub_repeatedly(term, foo, bar) while true do local new_term = rsub(term, foo, bar) if new_term == term then return term end term = new_term end end local function split_into_chars(text) local chars = {} for codepoint in ugcodepoint(text) do table.insert(chars, u(codepoint)) end return chars end local function split_on_comma(term) if term:find(",%s") or term:find("\\") then return require(parse_utilities_module).split_on_comma(term) end return split(term, ",") end local function concat_keys(tab) local res = {} for k, _ in pairs(tab) do table.insert(res, k) end return table.concat(res) end local function handle_unstressed_words(words) words = deep_copy(words) -- Lowercase all words for ease in further processing. for _, wordobj in ipairs(words) do wordobj.term = ulower(wordobj.term) end -- Check if the word at index `i` in `words` is "amb" and the following word begins with a vowel. local function is_amb_to_join(words, i) return i < #words and words[i].term == "a" .. DOTOVER .. "mb" and ufind(words[i + 1].term, "^h?" .. V) end local saw_amb_to_join = true -- Mark all unstressed words with DOTOVER, so that split_syllables() doesn't assign stress. We need to do this -- before special handling for [[amb]], because [[amb]] may join to another unstressed word like [[el]], in the -- process losing the identity of the two words. In the process, see if [[amb]] occurs before a following -- vowel-initial word (which may begin with h-). for i, wordobj in ipairs(words) do -- Put DOTOVER after the last vowel (to handle the case of [[que]]). It doesn't actually matter where we put -- it, because split_syllables() just looks for DOTOVER anywhere in the word. if unstressed_words[wordobj.term] then wordobj.term = rsub(wordobj.term, "^(.*" .. V .. ")", "%1" .. DOTOVER) end if is_amb_to_join(words, i) then saw_amb_to_join = true end end -- Join [[amb]] before vowel-initial word with following word. if saw_amb_to_join then local new_words = {} local i = 1 while i <= #words do if is_amb_to_join(words, i) then table.insert(new_words, {term = words[i].term .. "‿" .. words[i + 1].term, pos = words[i + 1].pos}) i = i + 2 else table.insert(new_words, words[i]) i = i + 1 end end words = new_words end -- Finally, rewrite some unstressed words to get the right pronunciation. Any remaining [[amb]] not before a -- vowel-initial word is pronounced [am] even in Valencian (where [amp]/[amb] would be expected), and [[per]] always -- has a pronounced <r>. local unstressed_word_replacement = { ["a" .. DOTOVER .. "mb"] = "a" .. DOTOVER .. "m", ["pe" .. DOTOVER .. "r"] = "pe" .. DOTOVER .. "rr", } for _, wordobj in ipairs(words) do wordobj.term = unstressed_word_replacement[wordobj.term] or wordobj.term end return words end local function fix_prefixes(word) -- Voiced s in prefix roots -fons-, -dins-, -trans- word = rsub(word, "^enfons([aàeèéiíoòóuú])", "enfonz%1") word = rsub(word, "^endins([aàeèéiíoòóuú])", "endinz%1") word = rsub(word, "tr([aà])ns([aàeèéiíoòóuúbdghlmv])", "tr%1nz%2") -- in + ex > ineks/inegz word = rsub(word, "^inex", "in.ex") return word end local function restore_diaereses(word) -- Some structural forms do not have diaeresis per diacritic savings, let's restore it to identify hiatus word = rsub(word, "([iu])um(s?)$", "%1üm%2") -- Latinisms (-ius is ambiguous but rare) word = rsub(word, "([aeiou])isme(s?)$", "%1ísme%2") -- suffix -isme word = rsub(word, "([aeiou])ist([ae]s?)$", "%1íst%2") -- suffix -ista word = rsub(word, "([aeou])ir$", "%1ír") -- verbs -ir word = rsub(word, "([aeou])int$", "%1ínt") -- present participle word = rsub(word, "([aeo])ir([éà])$", "%1ïr%2") -- future word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)ir([éà])$", "%1ïr%2") word = rsub(word, "([aeo])iràs$", "%1ïràs") word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)iràs$", "%1ïràs") word = rsub(word, "([aeo])ir(e[mu])$", "%1ïr%2") word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)ir(e[mu])$", "%1ïr%2") word = rsub(word, "([aeo])iran$", "%1ïran") word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)iran$", "%1ïran") word = rsub(word, "([aeo])iria$", "%1ïria") -- conditional word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)iria$", "%1ïria") word = rsub(word, "([aeo])ir(ie[sn])$", "%1ïr%2") word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)ir(ie[sn])$", "%1ïr%2") return word end local function fix_y(word) -- y > vowel i else consonant /j/, except ny word = rsub(word, "ny", "ñ") word = rsub(word, "y([^aeiouàèéêëíòóôúïü])", "i%1") -- vowel if not next to another vowel word = rsub(word, "([^aeiouàèéêëíòóôúïü·%-%.])y", "%1i") -- excluding also syllables separators return word end local function mid_vowel_fixes(word) local function track_mid_vowel(vowel, cont) require("Module:debug/track"){"ca-IPA/" .. vowel, "ca-IPA/" .. vowel .. "/" .. cont} return true end local changed -- final -el (not -ell) usually è but not too many cases word, changed = rsubb(word, "e(nts?)$", "é%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("e", "nt-nts") end word, changed = rsubb(word, "e(rs?)$", "é%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("e", "r-rs") end word, changed = rsubb(word, "o(rs?)$", "ó%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("o", "r-rs") end word, changed = rsubb(word, "è(s?)$", "ê%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("è", "s-blank") end word, changed = rsubb(word, "e(s[oe]s)$", "ê%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("e", "sos-sa-ses") end word, changed = rsubb(word, "e(sa)$", "ê%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("e", "sos-sa-ses") end return word end local function word_fixes(word, dialect) word = rsub(word, "%(rr%)", TEMP_PAREN_RR) word = rsub(word, "%(r%)", TEMP_PAREN_R) word = rsub(word, "%-([rs]?)", "-%1%1") if dialect == "val" or dialect == "nwe" then word = rsub(word, "%-x", "-tx") end word = rsub(word, "rç$", "rrs") -- silent r only in plurals -rs word = fix_prefixes(word) -- internal pause after a prefix word = restore_diaereses(word) -- no diaeresis saving word = fix_y(word) -- ny > ñ else y > i vowel or consonant word = mid_vowel_fixes(word) -- all words in pn- (e.g. [[pneumotòrax]] and mn- (e.g. [[mnemònic]]) have silent p/m in both Central and Valencian word = rsub(word, "^[pm]n", "n") -- Respell ch + vowel as tx, before we remove other h's after consonants. word = rsub(word, "ch(" .. V ..")", "tx%1") -- Delete h after a consonant. This must happen here, before split_syllables(). We don't delete h after a vowel -- yet because it indicates a hiatus. word = rsub(word, "(" .. C .. ")h", "%1") return word end local function split_vowels(vowels, saw_dotover, saw_lineunder) local syllables = {{onset = "", vowel = usub(vowels, 1, 1), coda = "", separator = "", has_dotover = saw_dotover, has_lineunder = saw_lineunder}} vowels = usub(vowels, 2) while vowels ~= "" do local syll = {onset = "", vowel = "", coda = ""} syll.onset, syll.vowel, vowels = umatch(vowels, "^([iu]?)(.)(.-)$") table.insert(syllables, syll) end local count = #syllables if count >= 2 and (syllables[count].vowel == "i" or syllables[count].vowel == "u") then syllables[count - 1].coda = syllables[count].vowel syllables[count] = nil end return syllables end -- Split the word into syllables. Return a list of syllable objects, each of which contains fields `onset`, `vowel`, -- `coda`, `separator` (a user-specified syllable divider that goes before the syllable; one of '·', '-' or '.') and -- `stressed` (a boolean indicating that the syllable is stressed). In addition, the list has fields `stress` (the -- index of the syllable with primary stress) and `is_prefix` (true if the word is a prefix, i.e. it ends in '-'). -- Normally, prefixes are treated as unstressed if a stressed syllable isn't explicitly marked, but this can be -- overridden with `stress_prefixes`, which causes the automatic stress-assignment algorithm to run for these terms. local function split_syllables(word, stress_prefixes, may_be_uppercase) local syllables = {} local saw_dotover = false local remainder = word local is_prefix = false if remainder:find("%-$") then -- prefix is_prefix = true remainder = remainder:gsub("%-$", "") end local is_suffix = false if remainder:find("^%-") then -- suffix is_suffix = true remainder = remainder:gsub("^%-", "") end while remainder ~= "" do local consonants, vowels -- FIXME: Using C and V below instead of the existing patterns slows things down TREMENDOUSLY. -- Not sure why. local vowel_list = may_be_uppercase and "aeiouàèéêëíòóôúïüAEIOUÀÈÉÊËÍÒÓÔÚÏÜ" .. DOTOVER .. LINEUNDER or "aeiouàèéêëíòóôúïü" .. DOTOVER .. LINEUNDER consonants, remainder = umatch(remainder, "^([^" .. vowel_list .. "]*)(.-)$") vowels, remainder = umatch(remainder, "^([" .. vowel_list .. "]*)(.-)$") local this_saw_dotover = not not ufind(vowels, DOTOVER) if this_saw_dotover then saw_dotover = true vowels = vowels:gsub(DOTOVER, "") end local this_saw_lineunder = not not ufind(vowels, LINEUNDER) if this_saw_lineunder then vowels = vowels:gsub(LINEUNDER, "") end if vowels == "" then if #syllables > 0 then syllables[#syllables].coda = syllables[#syllables].coda .. consonants else -- word without vowels, e.g. foot boundary | table.insert(syllables, {onset = consonants, vowel = "", coda = "", separator = ""}) end else local onset = consonants local first_vowel = usub(vowels, 1, 1) if (ufind(onset, "[gqGQ]$") and (first_vowel == "ü" or (first_vowel == "u" and vowels ~= "u"))) or ((onset == "" or onset == "h" or onset == "H") and #syllables == 0 and (first_vowel == "i" or first_vowel == "I") and (vowels ~= "i" and vowels ~= "I")) then onset = onset .. usub(vowels, 1, 1) vowels = usub(vowels, 2) end local vsyllables = split_vowels(vowels, this_saw_dotover, this_saw_lineunder) vsyllables[1].onset = onset .. vsyllables[1].onset for _, s in ipairs(vsyllables) do table.insert(syllables, s) end end end -- Shift over consonants from the onset to the preceding coda, until the syllable onset is valid for i = 2, #syllables do local current = syllables[i] local previous = syllables[i-1] while not (current.onset == "" or valid_onsets[rsub(rsub(current.onset, tie_c .. "[hH]?$", ""), "_", "")]) do local letter = usub(current.onset, 1, 1) current.onset = usub(current.onset, 2) if ufind(letter, "[·%-%.]") then -- syllable separators current.separator = letter break else previous.coda = previous.coda .. letter if ufind(letter, tie_c) then break end end end end -- Detect stress for i, syll in ipairs(syllables) do if ufind(syll.vowel, "^[" .. written_stressed_vowel_l .. "]$") then syll.stressed = true -- primary stress: the last one stressed without LINEUNDER if not syll.has_lineunder then syllables.stress = i end end end -- Assign default stress if not syllables.stress and not saw_dotover and (stress_prefixes or not is_prefix) then local count = #syllables if count == 1 then if syllables[1].vowel ~= "" then -- vowel-less words don't get stress syllables.stress = 1 end else local final = syllables[count] -- Take account of tie symbols (apostrophes and ‿). if ufind(final.coda, "^[s" .. tie_l .. "]*$") or (ufind(final.coda, "^" .. tie_c .. "*n" .. tie_c .. "*$") and ( final.vowel == "e" or final.vowel == "i" or final.vowel == "ï")) then syllables.stress = count - 1 else syllables.stress = count end end if syllables.stress then syllables[syllables.stress].stressed = true end end syllables.is_prefix = is_prefix syllables.is_suffix = is_suffix return syllables end local function reconstitute_word_from_syllables(syllables) local parts = {} local function ins(txt) table.insert(parts, txt) end if syllables.is_suffix then ins("-") end for _, syl in ipairs(syllables) do ins(syl.separator) ins(syl.onset) ins(syl.vowel) if syl.has_dotover then ins(DOTOVER) end if syl.has_lineunder then ins(LINEUNDER) end ins(syl.coda) end if syllables.is_prefix then ins("-") end return table.concat(parts) end local function decompose_respelling(text) local dotover_keys = concat_keys(decompose_dotover) return rsub(text, "[" .. dotover_keys .. "]", decompose_dotover) end local function canon_respelling(text) local function canon_spaces(text) text = rsub(text, "%s+", " ") text = rsub(text, "^ ", "") text = rsub(text, " $", "") return text end text = canon_spaces(text) -- eliminate upside down punctuation text = rsub(text, "[¡¿]", "") -- eliminate utterance-final punctuation text = rsub(text, "[!?.]$", "") -- eliminate double and triple quotes text = rsub(text, "''+", "") -- Convert commas and em/en dashes to IPA foot boundaries; require a space after commas and en dashes (for the -- latter, in particular, to avoid treating the en dash in 'Bose–Einstein condensate' as a foot boundary. text = rsub(text, " *[,–] ", " | ") text = rsub(text, " *[—] *", " | ") -- ... in phrases like [[com es diu...en català]] and [[necessito ...]] become foot boundaries text = rsub(text, " *%.%.%. *", " | ") -- remaining commas and en dashes become spaces text = rsub(text, "[,–]", " ") -- may need to eliminate extraneous spaces again, e.g. if there was a space before or after an eliminated -- punctuation mark text = canon_spaces(text) -- question mark or exclamation point in the middle of a sentence -> IPA foot boundary text = rsub(text, "([^ ]) *[!?] *([^ ])", "%1 | %2") return text end local IPA_vowels_central = { ["ê"] = "ɛ", ["ë"] = "ɛ", ["ô"] = "ɔ", } local IPA_vowels_balearic = { ["ê"] = "ə", ["ë"] = "ɛ", ["ô"] = "ɔ", } local IPA_vowels_northern = { ["è"] = "e", ["ê"] = "e", ["ë"] = "e", ["é"] = "e", ["ò"] = "o", ["ô"] = "o", ["ó"] = "u", } local IPA_vowels_valencian = { ["ê"] = "e", ["ë"] = "e", ["ô"] = "o", } local IPA_vowels_northwestern = { ["ê"] = "e", ["ë"] = "e", ["ô"] = "o", } local IPA_vowels = { ["à"] = "a", ["è"] = "ɛ", ["ê"] = "ɛ", ["ë"] = "ɛ", ["é"] = "e", ["í"] = "i", ["ï"] = "i", ["ò"] = "ɔ", ["ô"] = "ɔ", ["ó"] = "o", ["ú"] = "u", ["ü"] = "u", } local function replace_context_free(cons) cons = rsub(cons, "ŀ", "l") cons = rsub(cons, "r", "ɾ") cons = rsub(cons, "ɾɾ", "r") cons = rsub(cons, "ss", "s") cons = rsub(cons, "ll", "ʎ") cons = rsub(cons, "ñ", "ɲ") -- hint ny > ñ -- NOTE: We use single-character affricate symbols during processing for ease in handling, and convert them -- to tied multi-character affricates at the end of join_syllables(). cons = rsub(cons, "[dt]j", "ʤ") cons = rsub(cons, "tx", "ʧ") cons = rsub(cons, "[dt]z", "ʣ") cons = rsub(cons, "ç", "s") cons = rsub(cons, "[cq]", "k") cons = rsub(cons, "h", "") cons = rsub(cons, "j", "ʒ") -- Don't replace x -> ʃ yet so we can distinguish x from manually specified ʃ. cons = rsub(cons, "i", "j") -- must be after j > ʒ cons = rsub(cons, "y", "j") -- must be after j > ʒ and fix_y cons = rsub(cons, "[uü]", "w") cons = rsub(cons, "'", "‿") return cons end -- Do context-sensitive phonological changes. Formerly this was all done syllable-by-syllable but that made the code -- tricky (since it often had to look at adjacent syllables) and full of subtle bugs. Now we first concatenate the -- syllables back to words and the words to the combined text and work on the text as a whole. FIXME: We should move -- more of the work done in preprocess_word(), e.g. most of replace_context_free(), here. local function postprocess_general(text, dialect) local function verify(cond, msg) if not cond then error(("Internal error: %s; processed respelling at this point is '%s'"):format(msg, text)) end return true end local voiced = list_to_set{"b", "d", "g", "m", "n", "ɲ", "l", "ʎ", "r", "ɾ", "v", "z", "ʒ", "ʣ", "ʤ"} local voiceless = list_to_set{"p", "t", "k", "f", "s", "ʃ", "ʦ", "ʧ"} local voicing = {["p"] = "b", ["t"] = "d", ["k"] = "g", ["f"] = "v", ["s"] = "z", ["ʃ"] = "ʒ", ["ʦ"] = "ʤ", ["ʧ"] = "ʤ"} local devoicing = {} for k, v in pairs(voicing) do devoicing[v] = k end ------------------ Handle <x> -- Handle ex- + vowel > -egz-. We handle -x- on either side of the syllable boundary. Note that this also handles -- inex- + vowel because in fix_prefixes we respell inex- as in.ex-, which ends up at this stage as in.e.xV. text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([.#][eɛ]" .. stress_c .. "*)(" .. charsep_c .. "*)x(" .. charsep_c .. "*" .. V .. ")", function(e, pre, post) -- Preserve other character separators (especially the tie character ‿). pre = pre:gsub("%.", "") post = post:gsub("%.", "") return e .. pre .. "g.z" .. post end) -- -x- at the beginning of a coda becomes [ks], e.g. [[annex]], [[apèndix]], [[extracció]]; but not elsewhere in -- the coda, e.g. in [[romanx]], [[ponx]]; words with [ks] in -nx such as [[esfinx]], [[linx]], [[manx]] need -- respelling with [ks]; words ending in vowel + x like [[ídix]] need respelling with [ʃ] text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. stress_c .. "*)x", "%1ks") if dialect == "val" or dialect == "nwe" then -- Word-initial <x> as well as <x> after a consonant other than /j/ (including in the coda, e.g. [[ponx]]) -- becomes [t͡ʃ]. text = rsub(text, "#x", "#ʧ") text = rsub(text, "([^" .. vowel_l .. separator_l .. "j]" .. charsep_c .. "*)x", "%1ʧ") end -- Other x becomes [ʃ] text = rsub(text, "x", "ʃ") -- Doubled ss -> s e.g. in exs-, exc(e/i)-, sc(e/i)-; FIXME: should this apply across word boundaries? text = rsub(text, "s(" .. charsep_c .. "*)s", "%1s") ------------------ Coda consonant losses -- In Central Catalan, coda losses happen everywhere, but otherwise they don't happen when -- absolutely word-finally before a vowel or end of utterance (e.g. [[blanc]] has /k/ in Balearic and -- Valencian but not [[blancs]]). Must precede consonant assimilations. local boundary = (dialect == "cen" or dialect == "nor" or dialect == "nwe") and "(.)" or "([^#])" text = rsub(text, "m[pb]" .. boundary, "m%1") text = rsub(text, "([ln])[td]" .. boundary, "%1%2") text = rsub(text, "[nŋ][kg]" .. boundary, "ŋ%1") if dialect == "val" or dialect == "bal" then local before_cons = "(" .. separator_c .. "*" .. C .. ")" text = rsub(text, "m[pb]" .. before_cons, "m%1") text = rsub(text, "([ln])[td]" .. before_cons, "%1%2") text = rsub(text, "[nŋ][kg]" .. before_cons, "ŋ%1") end -- Delete /t/ between /s/ and any consonant other than /s/ or /ɾ/. Must precede voicing assimilation and -- t + lateral/nasal assimilation. text = rsub(text, "st(" .. sylsep_c .. "*[^" .. neg_guts_of_cons .. "sɾ])", "s%1") ------------------ Consonant assimilations if dialect == "cen" or dialect == "nor" or dialect == "nwe" then -- v > b in onsets (not in codas, e.g. [[ovni]] [ɔ́vni] and [[hafni]] [ávni]). This needs to precede -- assimilation of nb -> mb. text = rsub(text, "v(" .. C .. "*" .. V ..")", "b%1") end -- t + lateral assimilation -> geminate across syllable boundary. We don't any more do t + nasal assimiation -- because there are too many exceptions, e.g. [[aritmètic]], [[atmosfèric]], [[ètnia]]. Instead, we require that -- cases where it does happen use respelling to effect this. FIXME: this doesn't always happen in -tl- either, -- e.g. [[atlàntic]] has [əllántik] in GDLC but [adlántik] in DNV. -- -- FIXME: Clean this up, maybe move below voicing assimilation, investigate whether it operates across words, -- move stuff below that special-cases tll in Valencian here. text = rsub(text, "t(" .. sylsep_c .. ")([lʎ])", "%2%1%2") -- n + labial > labialized assimilation text = rsub(text, "n(" .. separator_c .. "*[mbp])", "m%1") text = rsub(text, "n(" .. separator_c .. "*[fv])", "ɱ%1") -- n + velar > velarized assimilation text = rsub(text, "n(" .. separator_c .. "*[kg])", "ŋ%1") -- l/n + palatal > palatalized assimilation text = rsub(text, "([ln])(" .. separator_c .. "*[ʎɲʃʒʧʤ])", function(ln, palatal) ln = ({["l"] = "ʎ", ["n"] = "ɲ"})[ln] return ln .. palatal end) -- ɲs > ɲʃ; FIXME: not sure the purpose of this; it doesn't apply in [[menys]] or derived terms like [[menyspreu]] -- NOTE: Per [https://giec.iec.cat/textgramatica/codi/4.4], it does apply in these scenarios but the result is -- somewhere between [s] and [ʃ], which is why it isn't shown in GDLC. -- text = rsub(text, "ɲs", "%1ʃ") ------------------ Handle <r> -- In replace_context_free(), we converted single r to ɾ and double rr to r. if dialect == "cen" or dialect == "nor" or dialect == "nwe" then text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_R, "") text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_RR, "r") elseif dialect == "bal" then text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_R, "") text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_RR, "") else verify(dialect == "val", ("Unrecognized dialect '%s'"):format(dialect)) text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_R, "ɾ") text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_RR, "ɾ") end if dialect ~= "val" then -- Coda /ɾ/ -> /r/ -- FIXME: This is inherited from the older code. Correct? text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. stress_c .. "*" .. C .. "*)ɾ", "%1r") end -- ɾ -> r word-initially or after [lns]; needs to precede voicing assimilation as <s> will be voiced to [z] before -- /ɾ/. text = rsub(text, "([#lns]" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ɾ", "%1r") ------------------ Voicing assimilation -- Voicing or devoicing; we want to proceed from right to left, and due to the limitations of patterns (in -- particular, the lack of support for alternations), it's difficult to do this cleanly using Lua patterns, so we -- do it character by character. local chars = split_into_chars(text) -- We need to look two characters ahead in some cases, so start two characters from the end. This is safe because -- the overall respelling ends in "##". (Similarly, as an optimization, don't check the first two characters, which -- are always "##".) for i = #chars - 2, 3, -1 do -- We are looking for two consonants next to each other, possibly separated by a syllable or word divider. -- We also handle a consonant followed by a syllable divider then a vowel, and a consonant word-finally. -- Note that only coda consonants can change voicing, so we need to check to make sure we're in the coda. local first = chars[i] -- If `second` is nil, no assimilation occurs. Otherwise, `second` should be a consonant or empty string (which -- represents a syllable or word boundary followed by a vowel or end of string), and we assimilate to that -- consonant (empty string forces devoicing). local second -- If set to true, we're processing a consonant directly before a word boundary followed by a word beginning -- with a vowel. In this context, voiceless sibilants voice. Note that we handle voicing of <s> word-internally -- separately, in preprocess_word() [FIXME: maybe move much of the processing in preprocess_word() into this -- function]. local word_boundary_before_vowel if not ufind(first, C) then -- leave `second` at nil; no assimilation elseif chars[i + 1] == "#" then -- word boundary if chars[i + 2] == " " then -- chars[i + 3] should always be "#" verify(chars[i + 3] == "#", "Word boundary followed by space but not #") if ufind(chars[i + 4], C) then second = chars[i + 4] else second = "" word_boundary_before_vowel = true end else second = "" end elseif ufind(chars[i + 1], sylsep_c) then -- syllable boundary if ufind(chars[i + 2], C) then second = chars[i + 2] else second = "" end elseif ufind(chars[i + 1], C) then second = chars[i + 1] else -- followed by a vowel not across a syllable or word boundary; leave `second` as nil, no assimilation end if second then -- Make sure we're in the coda. We have to look backwards until we find a vowel or syllable/word boundary. local in_coda = false local j = i - 1 while true do verify(j > 0, "Missing word boundary at beginning of overall respelling") if ufind(chars[j], "[" .. sylsep_l .. wordsep_l .. "]") then break elseif ufind(chars[j], V) then in_coda = true break end j = j - 1 end if in_coda then if word_boundary_before_vowel and ufind(first, "[zʒʣʤ]") then -- leave alone elseif voiced[second] and voicing[first] or word_boundary_before_vowel and ufind(first, "[sʃʦʧ]") then chars[i] = voicing[first] elseif (voiceless[second] or second == "") and devoicing[first] then chars[i] = devoicing[first] end end end end text = table.concat(chars) -- gn -> ŋn e.g. [[regnar]] (including word-initial gn- e.g. [[gnòmic]], [[gneis]]) -- FIXME: This should be moved below voicing assimilation, and we need to investigate if it operates across words -- (here I'm guessing yes). if dialect ~= "cen" then text = rsub(text, "#gn", "#n") end text = rsub(text, "g(" .. separator_c .. "*n)", "ŋ%1") -- gʒ > d͡ʒ -- FIXME: We need to investigate if it operates across words text = rsub(text, "g(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʒ", "%1ʤ") -- sʃ -> ʃ ([[desxifrar]]), zʒ -> ʒ ([[disjuntor]]) if dialect ~= "val" then text = rsub(text, "s(" .. separator_c .. "*ʃ)", "%1") text = rsub(text, "z(" .. separator_c .. "*ʒ)", "%1") end ------------------ Gemination of <bl>, <gl> if dialect ~= "val" then -- bl -> bbl, gl -> ggl after the stress when following a vowel; to avoid this, use <b_l> or <g_l>. -- This must follow v > b above. To force a hard ungeminated [b] or [g], use <_b> or <_g>. text = rsub(text, "(" .. stress_c .. ")(" .. sylsep_c .. ")([bg])l", "%1%3%2%3l") else -- Valencian; undo manually written 'bbl', 'ggl' in words like [[poblar]], [[reglament]] text = rsub(text, "([bg])(" .. sylsep_c .. ")%1l", "%2%1l") end ------------------ Lenition of voiced stops -- In Central Catalan, b/d/g become fricatives (actually approximants, like in Spanish) in the onset following a -- vowel and (except for <d>) after <l> and <ll> (cf. GDLC [[cabellblanc]] [kəβɛ̀ʎβláŋ]). This also happens across -- word boundaries but doesn't happen after stops, nor in Central Catalan after [r], [ɾ] or [z] (and hence probably -- not after [ʒ] either, although I can't find any examples in GDLC). -- -- In Valencian, <b> doesn't lenite (at least formally?), but <d> and <g> do lenite after [r], [ɾ] or [z]. -- -- Balearic is like Valencian in not leniting <b>, and probably like Central Catalan otherwise. local lenite_bdg = {["b"] = "β", ["d"] = "ð", ["g"] = "ɣ"} if dialect == "cen" or dialect == "nor" or dialect == "nwe" then text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "jwv]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)([bdg])", function(before, bdg) return before .. lenite_bdg[bdg] end) text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "lʎ]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)([bg])", function(before, bg) return before .. lenite_bdg[bg] end) elseif dialect == "val" then text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "jwvrɾzʣ]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)([dg])", function(before, dg) return before .. lenite_bdg[dg] end) text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "lʎ]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)(g)", function(before, g) return before .. lenite_bdg[g] end) else verify(dialect == "bal", ("Unrecognized dialect '%s'"):format(dialect)) text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "jwv]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)([dg])", function(before, dg) return before .. lenite_bdg[dg] end) text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "lʎ]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)(g)", function(before, g) return before .. lenite_bdg[g] end) end ------------------ Vowel reduction -- Reduction of unstressed a,e in Central and Balearic (Eastern Catalan). if dialect ~= "val" and dialect ~= "nwe" then -- The following rules seem to apply, based on the old code: -- (1) Stressed a and e are never reduced. -- (2) Unstressed e directly following ə is not reduced. -- (3) Unstressed e directly before written <a> or before /ɔ/ is not reduced. -- (4) Written <ee> when both vowels precede the primary stress is reduced to [əə]. (This rule preempts #2.) -- (5) Written <ee> when both vowels follow the primary stress isn't reduced at all. -- Rule #2 in particular seems to require that we proceed left to right, which is how the old code was -- implemented. -- FIXME: These rules seem overly complex and may produce incorrect results in some circumstances. local words = split(text, " ") for j, word in ipairs(words) do local chars = split_into_chars(word) -- See above where voicing assimilation is handled. The overall respelling begins and ends in #, which we -- can ignore. We need to look ahead three chars in some circumstances, but in all those circumstances we -- shoudn't run off the end (and have assertions to check this). local seen_primary_stress = false for i = 2, #chars - 1 do local this = chars[i] if chars[i] == AC then seen_primary_stress = true end if (this ~= "a" and this ~= "e") or ufind(chars[i + 1], stress_c) then -- Not a/e, or a stressed vowel; continue else local reduction = true local prev, prev_stress, nxt, nxt_stress if not ufind(chars[i - 1], sylsep_c) then prev = "" else prev = chars[i - 2] -- this should be non-nil as chars[i - 1] is a syllable separator (not #) verify(prev, "Missing # at word boundary") prev_stress = "" if ufind(prev, stress_c) then prev_stress = prev prev = chars[i - 3] -- As above; chars[i - 2] is a stress indicator (not #). verify(prev, "Missing # at word boundary") end end if not ufind(chars[i + 1], sylsep_c) then nxt = "" -- leave nxt at nil else nxt = chars[i + 2] nxt_stress = chars[i + 3] -- chars[i + 1] is a syllable separator, so chars[i + 2] should not be a word boundary, so -- chars[i + 3] should exist. verify(nxt and nxt_stress, "Syllable separator at word boundary or missing # at word boundary") end if this == "e" and ufind(prev, "ə") then reduction = false elseif this == "e" and ufind(nxt, "[aɔ]") then reduction = false elseif this == "e" and nxt == "e" and not ufind(nxt_stress, AC) then -- FIXME: Check specifically for AC duplicates previous logic but is probably wrong or unnecessary. if not seen_primary_stress then chars[i + 2] = "ə" else reduction = false end end if reduction then chars[i] = "ə" end end end words[j] = table.concat(chars) end text = table.concat(words, " ") end if dialect == "cen" or dialect == "nor" then -- Reduction of unstressed o (not before w) text = rsub(text, "o([^" .. stress_l .. "w])", "u%1") elseif dialect == "bal" then -- Reduction of unstressed o per vowel harmony: unstressed /o/ -> /u/ directly before stressed /i/ or /u/; -- as a Lua pattern, o can be followed only by consonants and/or syllable separators (no vowels, stress marks -- or word separators). text = rsub(text, "o([^" .. vowel_l .. stress_l .. wordsep_l .. "]*[iu]" .. stress_c .. ")", "u%1") end -- Final losses. text = rsub(text, "j(ʧs?#)", "%1") -- boigs /bɔt͡ʃ/ text = rsub(text, "([ʃʧs])s#", "%1#") -- homophone plurals -xs, -igs, -çs if dialect ~= "val" and dialect ~= "nwe" then -- Remove j before palatal obstruents text = rsub(text, "j(" .. sylsep_c .. "*[ʃʒʧʤ])", "%1") end if dialect == "val" then -- Fortition of palatal fricatives text = rsub(text, "ʒ", "ʤ") text = rsub(text, "(i" .. stress_c .. "*" .. sylsep_c .. ")ʣ", "%1z") end if dialect ~= "cen" then -- No palatal gemination ʎʎ > ll or ʎ, in Valencian and Balearic. -- FIXME: These conditions seem to be targeting specific words and should probably be fixed using respelling -- instead. text = rsub(text, "([bpw]a" .. stress_c .. "*)ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʎ", "%1l%2l") text = rsub(text, "([mv]e" .. stress_c .. "*)ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʎ", "%1l%2l") text = rsub(text, "(ti" .. stress_c .. "*)ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʎ", "%1l%2l") text = rsub(text, "(m[oɔ]" .. stress_c .. "*)ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʎ", "%1l%2l") text = rsub(text, "(u" .. stress_c .. "*)ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʎ", "%1l%2l") text = rsub(text, "ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*ʎ)", "%1") end ---------- Convert pseudo-symbols to real ones. -- Convert g to IPA ɡ. text = rsub(text, "g", "ɡ") -- Convert pseudo-afficate symbols to full affricates. local full_affricates = { ["ʦ"] = "t͡s", ["ʣ"] = "d͡z", ["ʧ"] = "t͡ʃ", ["ʤ"] = "d͡ʒ" } text = rsub(text, "([ʦʣʧʤ])", full_affricates) -- Convert Northern Catalan vowels. if dialect == "nor" then text = rsub(text, "e", "e̞") text = rsub(text, "o", "o̞") end ---------- Generate IPA stress marks. -- Convert acute and grave to IPA stress marks. text = rsub(text, AC, "ˈ") text = rsub(text, GR, "ˌ") -- Move IPA stress marks to the beginning of the syllable. text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([#.])([^#.]*)(" .. ipa_stress_c .. ")", "%1%3%2") -- Suppress syllable divider before IPA stress indicator. text = rsub(text, "%.(#?" .. ipa_stress_c .. ")", "%1") -- Make all primary stresses but the last one in a given word be secondary. May be fed by the first rule above. -- FIXME: Currently this is handled earlier, but we might want to move it here, as is done in [[Module:pt-pronunc]]. -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "ˈ([^ ]+)ˈ", "ˌ%1ˈ") -- Make primary stresses in prefixes become secondary. (FIXME: Handled earlier now.) -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "ˈ([^#]*#" .. PREFIX_MARKER .. ")", "ˌ%1") -- Remove # symbols at word/text boundaries, as well as _ (which forces separate interpretation), pseudo-consonant -- markers (at edges of some prefixes/suffixes), and prefix markers, and recompose. text = rsub(text, "[#_" .. PSEUDOCONS .. "]", "") text = toNFC(text) return text end local function preprocess_word(syllables, suffix_syllables, dialect, pos, orig_word) -- Stressed vowel is ambiguous if syllables.stress then local stressed_vowel = syllables[syllables.stress].vowel if ufind(stressed_vowel, "[eo]") then local marks = {["e"] = {AC, GR, CFLEX, DIA}, ["o"] = {AC, GR, CFLEX}} local marked_vowels = {} for _, mark in ipairs(marks[stressed_vowel]) do table.insert(marked_vowels, stressed_vowel .. mark) end error(("In respelling '%s', the stressed vowel '%s' is ambiguous. Please mark it with an acute, " .. "grave, or combined accent: %s."):format(orig_word, stressed_vowel, mw.text.listToText(marked_vowels, nil, " or "))) end end -- Final -r is ambiguous in many cases. local final = syllables[#syllables] -- Stressed final r after a or i in non-monosyllables is treated as (r), i.e. verbal infinitives are assumed (NOTE: -- not always the case, e.g. there are many adjectives and nouns in -ar that should be marked as '(rr)', and -- several loanword nouns in -ir that should be marked as 'rr'). Likewise for stressed final r or rs after é in -- non-monosyllables (which are usually adjectives or nouns with the -er ending, but may be verbal infinitives, -- which should be marked as 'ê(r)'). That is, it disappears other than in Valencian. All other final r and final -- rs are considered ambiguous and need to be rewritten using rr, (rr) or (r). if #syllables > 1 and final.stressed then if final.coda == "r" and ufind(final.vowel, "[aàiíé]") or final.coda == "rs" and final.vowel == "é" or final.vowel == "ó" and ufind(final.coda, "^rs?$") and ufind(final.onset, "[stdç]") then final.coda = TEMP_PAREN_R end end if ufind(final.coda, "^rs?$") or ufind(final.coda, "[^r]rs?$") then error(("In respelling '%s', final -r by itself or in -rs is ambiguous except in the verbal endings -ar or " .. "-ir, in the nominal or adjectival endings -er(s) and -[dtsç]or(s). In all other cases it needs to be " .. "rewritten using one of 'rr' (pronounced everywhere), '(rr)' (pronounced everywhere but Balearic) or " .. "'(r)' (pronounced only in Valencian). Note that adjectives in -ar usually need rewriting using '(rr)'; " .. "nouns in -ar referring to places should be rewritten using '(r)'; and loanword nouns in -ir usually " .. "need rewriting using 'rr'."):format(orig_word)) end local syllables_IPA = {stress = syllables.stress, is_prefix = syllables.is_prefix, is_suffix = syllables.is_suffix} for key, val in ipairs(syllables) do syllables_IPA[key] = {onset = val.onset, vowel = val.vowel, coda = val.coda, stressed = val.stressed} end -- Replace letters with IPA equivalents for i, syll in ipairs(syllables_IPA) do -- Voicing of s if syll.onset == "s" and i > 1 and ufind(syllables[i - 1].coda, "^[iu]?$") then syll.onset = "z" end if ufind(syll.vowel, "^[eèéêëií]$") then syll.onset = rsub(syll.onset, "tg$", "ʤ") syll.onset = rsub(syll.onset, "[cg]$", {["c"] = "s", ["g"] = "ʒ"}) syll.onset = rsub(syll.onset, "[qg]u$", {["qu"] = "k", ["gu"] = "g"}) end syll.coda = rsub(syll.coda, "igs?$", "iʤ") syll.onset = replace_context_free(syll.onset) syll.coda = replace_context_free(syll.coda) syll.vowel = rsub(syll.vowel, ".", dialect == "cen" and IPA_vowels_central or dialect == "bal" and IPA_vowels_balearic or dialect == "nor" and IPA_vowels_northern or dialect == "val" and IPA_vowels_valencian or dialect == "nwe" and IPA_vowels_northwestern ) syll.vowel = rsub(syll.vowel, ".", IPA_vowels) end for _, suffix_syl in ipairs(suffix_syllables) do table.insert(syllables_IPA, suffix_syl) end return syllables_IPA end -- Given a single substitution spec, `to`, figure out the corresponding value of `from` used in a complete -- substitution spec. `pagename` is the name of the page, either the actual one or taken from the `pagename` param. -- `whole_word`, if set, indicates that the match must be to a whole word (it was preceded by ~). local function convert_single_substitution_to_original(to, pagename, whole_word) -- Replace specially-handled characters with a class matching the character and possible replacements. local escaped_from = to -- Handling of '(rr)', '(r)', '.' and '-' needs to be done before calling pattern_escape(); otherwise they will be -- escaped. escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("%(rr%)", "r") escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("%(r%)", "r") escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("ks", "x"):gsub("Ks", "X"):gsub("gz", "x"):gsub("([bg])%1l", "%1l"):gsub("[._]", "") escaped_from = pattern_escape(escaped_from) escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("rr", "rr?") escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("ss", "ss?") escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("ʃ", "[xX]") -- This is tricky, because we already passed `escaped_from` through pattern_escape() causing a hyphen to get a -- % sign before it, and have to double up the percent signs to match and replace a literal %. escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("%%%-", "%%-?") -- Tie sign (‿) should match against space, hyphen or nothing in the original. escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("‿", "[ %%-]?") escaped_from = rsub(escaped_from, "[" .. written_accented_vowel_l .. "]", function(v) return "[" .. v .. written_accented_to_plain_vowel[v] .. "]" end) escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub(DOTOVER, DOTOVER .. "?"):gsub(LINEUNDER, LINEUNDER .. "?") escaped_from = "(" .. escaped_from .. ")" if whole_word then escaped_from = "%f[%a]" .. escaped_from .. "%f[%A]" end local match = umatch(pagename, escaped_from) if match then if match == to then error(("Single substitution spec '%s' found in pagename '%s', replacement would have no effect"): format(to, pagename)) end return match end error(("Single substitution spec '%s' couldn't be matched to pagename '%s'"):format(to, pagename)) end local function apply_substitution_spec(respelling, pagename, pos, allow_mid_vowel_hints, parse_err) local subs = split_on_comma(umatch(respelling, "^%[(.*)%]$")) respelling = pagename local mid_vowel_hint local regular_subs = {} for _, sub in ipairs(subs) do if ufind(sub, "^" .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. "$") then if mid_vowel_hint then parse_err(("Specified mid vowel hint twice, '%s' and '%s'"):format( mid_vowel_hint, sub)) end mid_vowel_hint = sub else table.insert(regular_subs, sub) end end if mid_vowel_hint then if not allow_mid_vowel_hints then parse_err(("Mid vowel hint '%s' not allowed when apply one substitution spec to multiple words"):format( mid_vowel_hint)) end local suffix = "" -- FIXME: This duplicates logic in to_IPA(). if not pos or pos == "adverb" then local part_before_ment, ment = umatch(respelling, "^(.*)(m[eé]nt)$") if part_before_ment and (pos == "adverb" or not ufind(part_before_ment, "[iï]$") and ufind(part_before_ment, V .. ".*" .. V)) then suffix = ment respelling = part_before_ment end end local syllables = split_syllables(respelling, "stress prefixes", "may be uppercase") local stressed_vowel = syllables[syllables.stress].vowel if stressed_vowel == mid_vowel_hint then -- do nothing elseif ufind(mid_vowel_hint, "[èéêë]") and ufind(stressed_vowel, "[eEèÈ]") or ufind(mid_vowel_hint, "[òóô]") and ufind(stressed_vowel, "[oO]") then syllables[syllables.stress].vowel = mid_vowel_hint else parse_err(("Stressed vowel '%s' not compatible with mid vowel hint '%s'"):format( stressed_vowel, mid_vowel_hint)) end respelling = reconstitute_word_from_syllables(syllables) .. suffix end for _, sub in ipairs(regular_subs) do local from, escaped_from, to, escaped_to, whole_word if ufind(sub, "^~") then -- whole-word match sub = umatch(sub, "^~(.*)$") whole_word = true end if sub:find(":") then from, to = umatch(sub, "^(.-):(.*)$") else to = sub from = convert_single_substitution_to_original(to, pagename, whole_word) end if from then escaped_from = pattern_escape(from) if whole_word then escaped_from = "%f[%a]" .. escaped_from .. "%f[%A]" end escaped_to = replacement_escape(to) local subbed_respelling, nsubs = ugsub(respelling, escaped_from, escaped_to) if nsubs == 0 then parse_err(("Substitution spec %s -> %s didn't match processed pagename '%s'"):format( from, to, respelling)) elseif nsubs > 1 then parse_err(("Substitution spec %s -> %s matched multiple substrings in processed pagename '%s', add " .. "more context"):format(from, to, respelling)) else respelling = subbed_respelling end end end return respelling end local canonicalize_pos = { n = "noun", noun = "noun", v = "verb", vb = "verb", verb = "verb", a = "adjective", adj = "adjective", adjective = "adjective", av = "adverb", adv = "adverb", adverb = "adverb", o = "other", other = "other", } local function parse_off_pos(respelling, parse_err) local pos, rest = respelling:match("^([a-z]+)/(.*)$") if pos then if not canonicalize_pos[pos] then local valid_pos = {} for vp, _ in pairs(canonicalize_pos) do table.insert(valid_pos, vp) end table.sort(valid_pos) parse_err(("Unrecognized part of speech '%s', should be one of %s"):format(pos, table.concat(valid_pos, ", "))) end pos = canonicalize_pos[pos] respelling = rest if respelling == "" then respelling = "+" end end return pos, respelling end -- Parse a respelling given by the user, allowing for '+' for pagename, mid vowel hints in place of a respelling and -- substitution specs like '[ks]' or [val:vol,ê,ks]. In general, return an object {words = {WORD, WORD, ...}} where -- WORD is of the form {term = PARSED_RESPELLING, pos = POS}. Other fields are set in special cases: If a raw respelling -- was seen, the fields `raw_phonemic` and/or `raw_phonetic` are set; if '?' is seen, the field `unknown` is set; and if -- '-' is seen, the field `omitted` is set. local function parse_respelling(respelling, pagename, parse_err) if respelling == "?" then return { unknown = true } end if respelling == "-" then return { omitted = true } end local saw_raw local remaining_respelling = respelling:match("^raw:(.*)$") if remaining_respelling then saw_raw = true respelling = remaining_respelling end local raw_phonemic, raw_phonetic = respelling:match("^/(.*)/ %[(.*)%]$") if not raw_phonemic then raw_phonemic = respelling:match("^/(.*)/$") end if not raw_phonemic and saw_raw then raw_phonetic = respelling:match("^%[(.*)%]$") end if raw_phonemic or raw_phonetic then return { raw_phonemic = raw_phonemic, raw_phonetic = raw_phonetic, } end pagename = decompose_respelling(pagename) respelling = decompose_respelling(respelling) local function split_respelling_into_words(respelling, parse_pos) respelling = canon_respelling(respelling) local word_objs = {} local respelling_words = split(respelling, " ") for _, word in ipairs(respelling_words) do local pos if parse_pos then pos, word = parse_off_pos(word, parse_err) end table.insert(word_objs, {term = word, pos = pos}) end return {words = word_objs} end local function substitute_respelling_word(respelling_word, pagename_word) local pos pos, respelling_word = parse_off_pos(respelling_word, parse_err) if respelling_word == "+" then respelling_word = pagename_word else if ufind(respelling_word, "^" .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. "$") then respelling_word = "[" .. respelling_word .. "]" end if ufind(respelling_word, "^%[.*%]$") then respelling_word = apply_substitution_spec(respelling_word, pagename_word, pos, "allow mid vowel hint", parse_err) end end return {term = respelling_word, pos = pos} end -- At this point, if there are multiple words in the pagename, there are three syntaxes allowed: all-at-once, -- replacement or word-by-word. All-at-once syntax involves either a + representing the entire pagename, or a -- substitution spec that applies to all words in the pagename. This syntax cannot have a prefixed part of speech -- because it wouldn't be clear which word to apply the part of speech to. Replacement syntax simply spells out the -- respelling without any substitution specs or +'s (but possibly with parts of speech prefixed to individual -- words), and can have a different number of words than the pagename (essentially, the pagename is disregarded). -- Word-by-word syntax involves a combination of respelled words, per-word substitution specs and/or a + -- representing an individual word, and must have the same number of words as the pagename so that substitution -- specs and +'s can be lined up with words in the pagename. In all cases, the return value is in the same format; -- see comment at top of function. if pagename:find(" ") or respelling:find(" ") then if respelling == "+" then return split_respelling_into_words(pagename) elseif ufind(respelling, "^%[.*%]$") then -- all-at-once syntax with substitution spec return split_respelling_into_words(apply_substitution_spec(respelling, pagename, nil, false, parse_err)) elseif ufind(respelling, "^([a-z]+)/$") or ufind(respelling, "^([a-z]+)/%[[^%[%]]*%]$") then -- attempt to include a part of speech in all-at-once syntax parse_err(("Part of speech not allowed when pagename is multiword and all-at-once syntax is used in " .. "the respelling, but saw '%s'"):format(respelling)) elseif ufind(respelling, "^" .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. "$") then -- attempt to use a mid-vowel hint in all-at-once syntax parse_err(("Single mid-vowel hint not allowed when pagename is multiword because it's not clear which " .. "word to apply it to, but saw '%s'"):format(respelling)) elseif ufind(respelling, "[+%[%]]") or ufind(respelling, "^" .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. " ") or ufind(respelling, " " .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. " ") or ufind(respelling, " " .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. "$") then -- word-by-word syntax local sub_with_space = umatch(respelling, "%[[^%[%]]* [^%[%]]*%]") if sub_with_space then parse_err(("When using word-by-word syntax with a multiword pagename, saw substitution spec '%s' " .. "with spaces, which is not allowed because it must match a single word"):format(sub_with_space)) end pagename = canon_respelling(pagename) respelling = canon_respelling(respelling) local pagename_words = split(pagename, " ") local respelling_words = split(respelling, " ") if #pagename_words ~= #respelling_words then parse_err(("When using word-by-word syntax with a multiword pagename, saw %s words in pagename but " .. "%s word%s in respelling; they need to match"):format(#pagename_words, #respelling_words, #respelling_words > 1 and "s" or "")) end local word_objs = {} for i = 1, #pagename_words do table.insert(word_objs, substitute_respelling_word(respelling_words[i], pagename_words[i])) end return {words = word_objs} else -- replacement syntax; pagename ignored return split_respelling_into_words(respelling, "parse pos") end else local word_obj = substitute_respelling_word(respelling, pagename) word_obj.term = canon_respelling(word_obj.term) return {words = {word_obj}} end end -- Parse a list of comma-split runs containing one or more respellings, i.e. after calling parse_balanced_segment_run() -- or the like followed by split_alternating_runs() or the like (see [[Module:parse utilities]]). `pagename` is the -- pagename, for use when a respelling is just '+', a mid-vowel hint like 'ê' or a substitution spec like '[ks]'. -- `original_input` is the raw input and `input_param` the name of the param containing the raw input; both are used -- only in error messages. Return an object specifying the respellings, currently with a single field 'terms' (this -- format is used in case other outer properties exist in the future), where 'terms' is a list of term objects. Each -- term object contains either a field `term` with the respelling and an optional part of speech `pos`, or fields -- `raw_phonemic` and/or `raw_phonetic` (if the user specified raw IPA using "/.../" or "/.../ [...]" or "raw:[...]"), -- `unknown` (if the user specified "?"), or `omitted` (if the user specified "-"). In addition, there may be fields -- `q`, `qq`, `a`, `aa`, and/or `ref` corresponding to inline modifiers. Each such field is a list; all are lists of -- strings except for `ref`, which is a list of objects as returned by parse_references() in [[Module:references]]. function export.parse_comma_separated_groups(comma_separated_groups, pagename, original_input, input_param) local function generate_obj(respelling, parse_err) return parse_respelling(respelling, pagename == true and respelling or pagename, parse_err) end local put = require(parse_utilities_module) local outer_container = {terms = {}} for _, group in ipairs(comma_separated_groups) do -- Rejoin runs that don't involve <...>. local j = 2 while j <= #group do if not group[j]:find("^<.*>$") then group[j - 1] = group[j - 1] .. group[j] .. group[j + 1] table.remove(group, j) table.remove(group, j) else j = j + 2 end end local param_mods = { -- pre = { overall = true }, -- post = { overall = true }, ref = { store = "insert", convert = function(arg, parse_err) return require("Module:references").parse_references(arg) end }, q = { store = "insert" }, qq = { store = "insert" }, a = { store = "insert" }, aa = { store = "insert" }, } table.insert(outer_container.terms, put.parse_inline_modifiers_from_segments { group = group, arg = original_input, props = { paramname = input_param, param_mods = param_mods, generate_obj = generate_obj, splitchar = ",", outer_container = outer_container, }, }) end return outer_container end -- Generate the pronunciation of `words` (a list of word objects representing respellings, each of which is an object -- of the form {term = RESPELLING, pos = PART_OF_SPEECH} in `dialect` ("cen", "bal", "nor", "val", "nwe"). local function to_IPA(words, dialect) local pronuns = {} for _, wordobj in ipairs(words) do if ufind(wordobj.term, "[áìùÁÌÙ]") then error(("Invalid accented character in respelling '%s'; use accented à í ú, not the reversed versions" ):format(wordobj.term)) end end words = handle_unstressed_words(words) for _, wordobj in ipairs(words) do local word = wordobj.term local pos = wordobj.pos local suffix_syllables = {} local orig_word = word word = ulower(word) if not pos or pos == "adverb" then local word_before_ment = umatch(word, "^(.*)(m[eé]nt)$") if word_before_ment and (pos == "adverb" or not ufind(word_before_ment, "[iï]$") and ufind(word_before_ment, V .. ".*" .. V)) then suffix_syllables = {{onset = "m", vowel = "e", coda = "nt", stressed = true}} pos = "adjective" word = word_before_ment end end word = word_fixes(word, dialect) local syllables = split_syllables(word) syllables = preprocess_word(syllables, suffix_syllables, dialect, pos, orig_word) -- Combine syllables. local combined = {} local has_ment = #suffix_syllables > 0 for i, syll in ipairs(syllables) do local ac = (i == syllables.stress and not syllables.is_prefix and not has_ment or has_ment and i == #syllables) and AC or -- primary stress syllables[i].stressed and GR or -- secondary stress "" table.insert(combined, syll.onset .. syll.vowel .. ac .. syll.coda) end table.insert(pronuns, table.concat(combined, ".")) end -- Put double ## at utterance boundaries (beginning/end of string) and at foot boundaries (marked with |). -- Note that if the string without pound signs is 'foo bar baz | bat quux', the final string will be -- '##foo# #bar# #baz## #|# ##bat# #quux##'. local text = "##" .. table.concat(pronuns, " ") .. "##" text = rsub(text, " | ", "# | #") text = rsub(text, " ", "# #") return postprocess_general(text, dialect) end -- Generate the phonemic and phonetic pronunciations of the respellings in `parsed_respellings`, which is a table whose -- keys are dialect identifiers (e.g. "cen" for Central Catalan, "val" for Valencian) and whose values are objects of -- the format returned by parse_comma_separated_groups() (see comment above that function). This destructively modifies -- `parsed_respellings`, adding fields `phonemic` and `phonetic` containing the generated pronunciations and removing -- the input fields used to generate those output fields. (FIXME: Currently only phonetic pronunciation is generated.) function export.generate_phonemic_phonetic(parsed_respellings) -- Convert each canonicalized respelling to phonemic/phonetic IPA. for dialect, respelling_spec in pairs(parsed_respellings) do for _, termobj in ipairs(respelling_spec.terms) do if termobj.unknown or termobj.omitted then -- leave alone, will handle later elseif termobj.raw_phonemic or termobj.raw_phonetic then termobj.phonemic = termobj.raw_phonemic termobj.phonetic = termobj.raw_phonetic -- set to nil so by-value comparisons respect only the resulting phonemic/phonetic and qualifiers termobj.raw_phonemic = nil termobj.raw_phonetic = nil else termobj.phonetic = to_IPA(termobj.words, dialect) -- set to nil so by-value comparisons respect only the resulting phonemic/phonetic and qualifiers termobj.words = nil end end end end -- Group pronunciations by dialect, i.e. grouping pronunciations that are identical in every way (including both the -- pronunciation(s) and any qualifiers and other inline modifiers). `parsed_respellings` contains the output from -- generate_phonemic_phonetic(), and the return value is a list of grouped pronunciations, where each object in the list -- contains fields `dialects` (a list of dialects containing the pronunciations) and `pronuns` (a list of -- pronunciations, where each pronunciation is specified by an object containing fields `phonemic` and `phonetic`, as -- generated by generate_phonemic_phonetic(), along with any inline modifier fields `q`, `qq`, `a`, `aa` and/or `ref`). function export.group_pronuns_by_dialect(parsed_respellings) local grouped_pronuns = {} for dialect, pronun_spec in pairs(parsed_respellings) do local saw_omitted = false for _, termobj in ipairs(pronun_spec.terms) do if termobj.omitted then saw_omitted = true break end end if not saw_omitted then local saw_existing = false for _, group in ipairs(grouped_pronuns) do if deep_equals(group.pronuns, pronun_spec.terms) then table.insert(group.dialects, dialect) saw_existing = true break end end if not saw_existing then table.insert(grouped_pronuns, {dialects = {dialect}, pronuns = pronun_spec.terms}) end end end return grouped_pronuns end -- Format pronunciations grouped by dialect. `grouped_pronuns` contains the output of group_pronuns_by_dialect(). -- This destructively modifies `grouped_pronuns`, adding a field 'formatted' to the first-level values of -- `grouped_pronuns` containing the formatted pronunciation(s) for a given set of dialects. function export.format_grouped_pronunciations(grouped_pronuns) for _, grouped_pronun_spec in pairs(grouped_pronuns) do local pronunciations = {} -- Loop through each pronunciation. For each one, add the phonemic and phonetic versions to `pronunciations`, -- for formatting by [[Module:IPA]] or raw (for use in [[Module:ca-headword]]). for j, pronun in ipairs(grouped_pronun_spec.pronuns) do -- Add dialect tags to left accent qualifiers if first one local as = pronun.a if j == 1 then if as then as = deep_copy(as) else as = {} end for _, dialect in ipairs(grouped_pronun_spec.dialects) do table.insert(as, export.dialects_to_names[dialect]) end end local first_pronun = #pronunciations + 1 if pronun.unknown then -- FIXME: This is a massive hack but it works for now. table.insert(pronunciations, { pron = "", pretext = "''unknown''" }) else if not pronun.phonemic and not pronun.phonetic then error("Internal error: Saw neither phonemic nor phonetic pronunciation") end if pronun.phonemic then -- missing if 'raw:[...]' given local slash_pron = "/" .. pronun.phonemic .. "/" table.insert(pronunciations, { pron = slash_pron, }) end if pronun.phonetic then -- missing if '/.../' given local bracket_pron = "[" .. pronun.phonetic .. "]" table.insert(pronunciations, { pron = bracket_pron, }) end end local last_pronun = #pronunciations if pronun.q then pronunciations[first_pronun].q = pronun.q end if as then pronunciations[first_pronun].a = as end if j > 1 then pronunciations[first_pronun].separator = ", " end if pronun.qq then pronunciations[last_pronun].qq = pronun.qq end if pronun.aa then pronunciations[last_pronun].aa = pronun.aa end if pronun.refs then pronunciations[last_pronun].refs = pronun.refs end if first_pronun ~= last_pronun then pronunciations[last_pronun].separator = " " end end grouped_pronun_spec.formatted = format_IPA_full{ lang = lang, items = pronunciations, separator = "", } end end function export.show(frame) local params = { [1] = {}, indent = {}, pagename = {} -- for testing or documentation pages } for _, dialect in ipairs(export.dialects) do params[dialect] = {} end for dialect_group, _ in pairs(export.dialect_groups) do params[dialect_group] = {} end local args = require("Module:parameters").process(frame:getParent().args, params) local pagename = args.pagename or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename -- Set inputs local inputs = {} -- If 1= specified, do all dialects. if args[1] then for _, dialect in ipairs(export.dialects) do inputs[dialect] = {input = args[1], param = 1} end end -- Then do dialect groups. for dialect_group, group_dialects in pairs(export.dialect_groups) do if args[dialect_group] then for _, dialect in ipairs(group_dialects) do inputs[dialect] = {input = args[dialect_group], param = dialect_group} end end end -- Then do individual dialect settings. for _, dialect in ipairs(export.dialects) do if args[dialect] then inputs[dialect] = {input = args[dialect], param = dialect} end end -- If no inputs given, set all dialects based on current pagename. if not next(inputs) then for _, dialect in ipairs(export.dialects) do inputs[dialect] = {input = "+", param = "(pagename)"} end end -- Parse the arguments. local parsed_respellings = {} for dialect, inputspec in pairs(inputs) do local function generate_obj(respelling, parse_err) return parse_respelling(respelling, pagename, parse_err) end if inputspec.input:find("[<%[]") then local put = require(parse_utilities_module) -- Parse balanced segment runs involving either [...] (substitution notation) or <...> (inline modifiers). -- We do this because we don't want commas inside of square or angle brackets to count as respelling -- delimiters. However, we need to rejoin square-bracketed segments with nearby ones after splitting -- alternating runs on comma. For example, if we are given -- "a[x]a<q:learned>,[vol:vôl,ks]<q:nonstandard>", after calling -- parse_multi_delimiter_balanced_segment_run() we get the following output: -- -- {"a", "[x]", "a", "<q:learned>", ",", "[vol:vôl,ks]", "", "<q:nonstandard>", ""} -- -- After calling split_alternating_runs(), we get the following: -- -- {{"a", "[x]", "a", "<q:learned>", ""}, {"", "[vol:vôl,ks]", "", "<q:nonstandard>", ""}} -- -- We need to rejoin stuff on either side of the square-bracketed portions. local segments = put.parse_multi_delimiter_balanced_segment_run(inputspec.input, {{"<", ">"}, {"[", "]"}}) local comma_separated_groups = put.split_alternating_runs_on_comma(segments) -- Process each value. local outer_container = export.parse_comma_separated_groups(comma_separated_groups, pagename, inputspec.input, inputspec.param) parsed_respellings[dialect] = outer_container else local termobjs = {} local function parse_err(msg) error(msg .. ": " .. inputspec.param .. "=" .. inputspec.input) end for _, term in ipairs(split_on_comma(inputspec.input)) do table.insert(termobjs, generate_obj(term, parse_err)) end parsed_respellings[dialect] = { terms = termobjs, } end end -- Convert each canonicalized respelling to phonemic/phonetic IPA. export.generate_phonemic_phonetic(parsed_respellings) -- Group the results. local grouped_pronuns = export.group_pronuns_by_dialect(parsed_respellings) -- Format the results. export.format_grouped_pronunciations(grouped_pronuns) -- Concatenate formatted results. local formatted = {} for _, grouped_pronun_spec in ipairs(grouped_pronuns) do table.insert(formatted, grouped_pronun_spec.formatted) end local indent = (args.indent or "*") .. " " local out = table.concat(formatted, "\n" .. indent) if args.indent then out = indent .. out end return out end -- Used by [[Module:ca-IPA/testcases]]. function export.test(pagename, respelling, dialect) local function parse_err(msg) error(msg) end local parsed = parse_respelling(respelling, pagename, parse_err) return to_IPA(parsed.words, dialect) end return export orgcew3d01jdn8she4cxdganp46dr44 9816057 9816056 2026-06-18T07:08:53Z TongcyDai 53191 9816057 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} local ipa_module = "Module:IPA" local languages_module = "Module:languages" local parse_utilities_module = "Module:parse utilities" local string_char_module = "Module:string/char" local string_pattern_escape_module = "Module:string/patternEscape" local string_replacement_escape_module = "Module:string/replacementEscape" local string_utilities_module = "Module:string utilities" local table_module = "Module:table" local m_table = require(table_module) local deep_copy = m_table.deepCopy local deep_equals = m_table.deepEquals local list_to_set = m_table.listToSet local toNFC = mw.ustring.toNFC local u = require(string_char_module) local lang = require(languages_module).getByCode("ca") local function format_IPA_full(...) format_IPA_full = require(ipa_module).format_IPA_full return format_IPA_full(...) end local function pattern_escape(...) pattern_escape = require(string_pattern_escape_module) return pattern_escape(...) end local function replacement_escape(...) replacement_escape = require(string_replacement_escape_module) return replacement_escape(...) end local function split(...) split = require(string_utilities_module).split return split(...) end local function ufind(...) ufind = require(string_utilities_module).find return ufind(...) end local function ugcodepoint(...) ugcodepoint = require(string_utilities_module).gcodepoint return ugcodepoint(...) end local function ugsub(...) ugsub = require(string_utilities_module).gsub return ugsub(...) end local function ulower(...) ulower = require(string_utilities_module).lower return ulower(...) end local function umatch(...) umatch = require(string_utilities_module).match return umatch(...) end local function usub(...) usub = require(string_utilities_module).sub return usub(...) end --[=[ FIXME: 1. [zʒ] should reduce to [ʒ] in Central and Balearic ([[disjunt]], [[disjuntor]]). Similar for [sʃ] ([[desxifrar]]). [DONE] 2. There needs to be a way of forcing [ʃ]. (Maybe just ʃ?) [DONE] 3. Make sure manual dot for syllable break works, cf. [[best-seller]] respelled `bèst.sèlerr'. [DONE] 4. Explicit accents on a/i/u should be removed in split_syllables(). [NOT DONE; not needed] 5. Compress double schwa in Central/Balearic in e.g. [[sobreescalfament]], [[centreafricà]], [[contraatac]], [[contraescarpa]]; seems not to operate in Valencian. 6. Compress unstressed <ie> and <oe> followed by coda consonant -> [u] in Central/Balearic in e.g. [[aeroespacial]], [[autoescola]], [[antiespasmòdic]], but not [[autoerotisme]], [[antiemètic]]; seems not to operate in Valencian. NOTE: It does operate in an open syllable in [[fotoelèctric]], [[fotoelectricitat]], [[macroeconomia]]; not sure why. 7. Compress unstressed <oo> followed by a coda consonant -> [u] in Central/Balearic in e.g. [[microorganisme]]. Seems not to operate in Valencian. 8. bm -> [mm] e.g. [[subministrament]]; seems not to operate in Valencian. 9. ë (and presumably ê) doesn't work in secondary stress, always becomes /ɛ/ (e.g. in [[extrajudicial]] respelled 'ëxtrajudiciàl'; this seems to be because the handling of ë goes through mid_vowel_hint, which doesn't work for secondary stress. [DONE] 10. Respect ʃ at beginning of word in Valencian. [DONE] 11. [ʃ] in single substitution specs should match against written x. [DONE] 12. Prefixes e.g. [[xilo-]] should not have stress by default, and written primary stresses should be converted to secondary. [DONE] 13. Convert apostrophe near beginning to tie (‿) and make sure we take account of it later, so that words like [[captindre's]] and phrases like [[dona d'aigua]] work correctly. [DONE] 14. Correctly handle -bl and -gl in respelling, generating [bl] and [gl]. [NOT DONE; use _bl, _gl] 15. Correctly handle [βðɣ] in respelling forcing fricatives; should not be fortitioned. [NOT DONE; not needed] 16. [βðɣ] in single substitution specs should match against b/d/g. [NOT DONE; not needed] 17. [ss] in single substitution specs should match against ss?; used to force a pronounced [s]. [DONE] 18. [dm] in single substitution specs should match against [td]m. [NOT DONE; not needed] 19. Correctly handle written -dg- after [rz]: fricatives in Valencian, stops in Central (and Balearic?). [DONE] 20. Correctly handle lenition of written -bdg-: (1) -b- not lenited in Valencian or Balearic, lenited to [β] in Central Catalan after vowels and consonants except nasals and [rz]; (2) -g- not lenited after nasals, also not after [rz] in Central Catalan (and maybe Balearic?), otherwise yes except utterance initial; (3) -d- not lenited after nasals or laterals, also not after [rz] in Central Catalan (and maybe Balearic?), otherwise yes except utterance initial. Verify against ca-IPA equivalent on cawikt and also based on {{w|Catalan phonology}} and the IEC grammar that Vriullop linked. [DONE] 21. Finish rewriting do_dialect_specific() to operate on whole word using Lua patterns. [DONE] 22. Implement multiword handling. [DONE] 23. Make sure suffix handling works correctly. [DONE] 24. Add many more test cases and redo test harness ala the German test harness. [DONE] 25. Redo handling of mid-vowel hints so it gets done early and in one place. [DONE] 26. Think about how to solve the issue of mid-vowel hints along with secondary stress marks in substitution specs. Maybe a single mid-vowel spec should be rewritten to be a single substitution spec and the insertion of the mid-vowel spec should happen during resolution of substitution specs. [DONE] 27. <tm> should default to [dm] not [mm]. [DONE] 28. Fix handling of mid vowel default in -è/-ès/-esa so it doesn't affect [[tèbia]] etc. [DONE] 29. x- after hyphen should probably become tx- in Valencian, cf. [[para-xocs]]. [DONE] 30. Implement DOTOVER to indicate lack of stress in a word, e.g. in a suffix. [DONE] 31. Handle words without vowels. [DONE] 32. Finish reviewing places where we may need to check for tie symbols. 33. Handle tie indicating liaison in e.g. [[Sant Antoni de Portmany]]. [DONE] 34. Handle pronunciation of [[amb]] correctly. [DONE] 35. Handle tie indicating liaison before h- correctly, e.g. [[Sant Hipòlit]]. [DONE] 36. Lenition should happen in Valencian in [[regla]] whether respelled 'réggla', 'régla' or 'rég_la'. [DONE] 37. Syllabification should happen correctly when underscore is used in 'bíb_lia' to block doubling of <bl>. [DONE] 38. <cn> should show up as [ŋn]. [DONE] 39. Delete [t] after [s] before anything but [s] ([[best-seller]]) or [ɾ] ([[postrem]]). [DONE] 40. Delete <t/d> after <n> before consonant even in Valencian; likewise for <p/b> after <m>, <c/g> after <n>. [DONE] 41. DOTOVER in single substitution specs should work. [DONE] 42. Underline in single substitution specs should work. [DONE] 43. LINEUNDER should work to indicate secondary stress after the primary stress, including in single substitution specs. [DONE] ]=] export.dialects = {"bal", "cen", "nor", "val", "nwe"} export.dialects_to_names = { ["bal"] = "巴利阿里語", ["cen"] = "中加泰羅尼亞語", ["nor"] = "北加泰隆尼亞語", ["val"] = "瓦倫西亞語", ["nwe"] = "西北加泰隆尼亞語", } export.dialect_groups = { east = {"bal", "cen", "nor"}, west = {"val", "nwe"} } local written_unaccented_vowel_l = "aeiouyAEIOUY" local written_stressed_vowel_l = "àèéêëíòóôúýÀÈÉÊËÍÒÓÔÚÝ" local written_accented_not_stressed_vowel_l = "ïüÏÜ" local written_accented_vowel_l = written_stressed_vowel_l .. written_accented_not_stressed_vowel_l local ipa_vowel_l = "ɔɛə" local written_vowel_l = written_unaccented_vowel_l .. written_accented_vowel_l local vowel_l = written_vowel_l .. ipa_vowel_l local V = "[" .. vowel_l .. "]" local written_accented_to_plain_vowel = { ["à"] = "a", ["è"] = "e", ["é"] = "e", ["ê"] = "e", ["ë"] = "e", ["í"] = "i", ["ï"] = "i", ["ò"] = "o", ["ó"] = "o", ["ô"] = "o", ["ú"] = "u", ["ü"] = "u", ["ý"] = "y", ["À"] = "A", ["È"] = "E", ["É"] = "E", ["Ê"] = "E", ["Ë"] = "E", ["Í"] = "I", ["Ï"] = "I", ["Ò"] = "O", ["Ó"] = "O", ["Ô"] = "O", ["Ú"] = "U", ["Ü"] = "U", ["Ý"] = "Y", } local AC = u(0x0301) -- acute = ́ local GR = u(0x0300) -- grave = ̀ local CFLEX = u(0x0302) -- circumflex = ̂ local DOTOVER = u(0x0307) -- dot over = ̇ local DIA = u(0x0308) -- diaeresis = ̈ local LINEUNDER = u(0x0331) -- lineunder = ̱ local stress_l = AC .. GR local stress_c = "[" .. stress_l .. "]" local ipa_stress_l = "ˈˌ" local ipa_stress_c = "[" .. ipa_stress_l .. "]" local sylsep_l = "%-." -- hyphen included for syllabifying from spelling; FIXME: formerly included SYLDIV local sylsep_c = "[" .. sylsep_l .. "]" local tie_l = "‿'" local tie_c = "[" .. tie_l .. "]" local charsep_l = sylsep_l .. tie_l .. stress_l .. ipa_stress_l local charsep_c = "[" .. charsep_l .. "]" local wordsep_l = "# " local separator_l = charsep_l .. wordsep_l local separator_c = "[" .. separator_l .. "]" local neg_guts_of_cons = vowel_l .. separator_l local C = "[^" .. neg_guts_of_cons .. "]" -- consonant class including h export.mid_vowel_hints = "éèêëóòô" export.mid_vowel_hint_c = "[" .. export.mid_vowel_hints .. "]" local TEMP_PAREN_R = u(0xFFF1) local TEMP_PAREN_RR = u(0xFFF2) -- Pseudo-consonant at the edge of prefixes ending in a vowel and suffixes beginning with a vowel; FIXME: not currently -- used. local PSEUDOCONS = u(0xFFF3) -- local PREFIX_MARKER = u(0xFFF4) -- marker indicating a prefix so we can convert primary to secondary accents local valid_onsets = list_to_set{ "b", "bl", "br", "c", "cl", "cr", "ç", "d", "dj", "dr", "f", "fl", "fr", "g", "gl", "gr", "gu", "gü", "h", "i", "j", "k", "kl", "kr", "l", "ll", "m", "n", "ny", "ñ", "p", "pl", "pr", "qu", "qü", "r", "rr", "s", "ss", "t", "tg", "tj", "tr", "tx", "tz", "u", "v", "vl", "vr", "w", "x", "ʃ", -- e.g. 'χruʃóf' respelling of [[Khrusxov]] "χ", -- in case of respelling "y", "z", } local decompose_dotover = { -- No composed i, u or U with DOTOVER. ["ȧ"] = "a" .. DOTOVER, ["ė"] = "e" .. DOTOVER, ["ȯ"] = "o" .. DOTOVER, ["ẏ"] = "y" .. DOTOVER, ["Ȧ"] = "A" .. DOTOVER, ["Ė"] = "E" .. DOTOVER, ["İ"] = "I" .. DOTOVER, ["Ȯ"] = "O" .. DOTOVER, ["Ẏ"] = "Y" .. DOTOVER, } local unstressed_words = list_to_set{ -- proclitic object pronouns "em", "et", "es", "el", "la", "els", "les", "li", "ens", "us", "ho", "hi", "en", -- enclitic object pronouns usually attach with hyphen to preceding verb but not always, cf. [[tant me fa]] "me", "te", "se", "lo", "los", "nos", "vos", "ne", -- contracted object pronouns and articles attached with apostrophe so no need to include -- unstressed possessives "mon", "ma", "mos", "mes", "ton", "ta", "tos", "tes", "son", "sa", "sos", "ses", -- prepositions "a", "de", "per", "amb", "ab", -- 'en' already included as proclitic object pronouns -- prepositional contractions "al", "als", "del", "dels", "pel", "pels", -- articles 'el', 'la', 'els', 'les' already included as proclitic pronouns -- personal articles "na", -- 'en' already included above -- indefinite articles "un", "uns", -- salat articles "ets", "so", -- 'es' already included as proclitic object pronouns and 'ses', 'sa', 'sos' as possessives -- conjunctions "i", "o", "si", "ni", "que", } -- Version of ugsub() that discards all but the first return value. local function rsub(term, foo, bar) local retval = ugsub(term, foo, bar) return retval end -- Version of ugsub() that returns a 2nd argument boolean indicating whether a substitution was made. local function rsubb(term, foo, bar) local retval, nsubs = ugsub(term, foo, bar) return retval, nsubs > 0 end -- Apply rsub() repeatedly until no change. local function rsub_repeatedly(term, foo, bar) while true do local new_term = rsub(term, foo, bar) if new_term == term then return term end term = new_term end end local function split_into_chars(text) local chars = {} for codepoint in ugcodepoint(text) do table.insert(chars, u(codepoint)) end return chars end local function split_on_comma(term) if term:find(",%s") or term:find("\\") then return require(parse_utilities_module).split_on_comma(term) end return split(term, ",") end local function concat_keys(tab) local res = {} for k, _ in pairs(tab) do table.insert(res, k) end return table.concat(res) end local function handle_unstressed_words(words) words = deep_copy(words) -- Lowercase all words for ease in further processing. for _, wordobj in ipairs(words) do wordobj.term = ulower(wordobj.term) end -- Check if the word at index `i` in `words` is "amb" and the following word begins with a vowel. local function is_amb_to_join(words, i) return i < #words and words[i].term == "a" .. DOTOVER .. "mb" and ufind(words[i + 1].term, "^h?" .. V) end local saw_amb_to_join = true -- Mark all unstressed words with DOTOVER, so that split_syllables() doesn't assign stress. We need to do this -- before special handling for [[amb]], because [[amb]] may join to another unstressed word like [[el]], in the -- process losing the identity of the two words. In the process, see if [[amb]] occurs before a following -- vowel-initial word (which may begin with h-). for i, wordobj in ipairs(words) do -- Put DOTOVER after the last vowel (to handle the case of [[que]]). It doesn't actually matter where we put -- it, because split_syllables() just looks for DOTOVER anywhere in the word. if unstressed_words[wordobj.term] then wordobj.term = rsub(wordobj.term, "^(.*" .. V .. ")", "%1" .. DOTOVER) end if is_amb_to_join(words, i) then saw_amb_to_join = true end end -- Join [[amb]] before vowel-initial word with following word. if saw_amb_to_join then local new_words = {} local i = 1 while i <= #words do if is_amb_to_join(words, i) then table.insert(new_words, {term = words[i].term .. "‿" .. words[i + 1].term, pos = words[i + 1].pos}) i = i + 2 else table.insert(new_words, words[i]) i = i + 1 end end words = new_words end -- Finally, rewrite some unstressed words to get the right pronunciation. Any remaining [[amb]] not before a -- vowel-initial word is pronounced [am] even in Valencian (where [amp]/[amb] would be expected), and [[per]] always -- has a pronounced <r>. local unstressed_word_replacement = { ["a" .. DOTOVER .. "mb"] = "a" .. DOTOVER .. "m", ["pe" .. DOTOVER .. "r"] = "pe" .. DOTOVER .. "rr", } for _, wordobj in ipairs(words) do wordobj.term = unstressed_word_replacement[wordobj.term] or wordobj.term end return words end local function fix_prefixes(word) -- Voiced s in prefix roots -fons-, -dins-, -trans- word = rsub(word, "^enfons([aàeèéiíoòóuú])", "enfonz%1") word = rsub(word, "^endins([aàeèéiíoòóuú])", "endinz%1") word = rsub(word, "tr([aà])ns([aàeèéiíoòóuúbdghlmv])", "tr%1nz%2") -- in + ex > ineks/inegz word = rsub(word, "^inex", "in.ex") return word end local function restore_diaereses(word) -- Some structural forms do not have diaeresis per diacritic savings, let's restore it to identify hiatus word = rsub(word, "([iu])um(s?)$", "%1üm%2") -- Latinisms (-ius is ambiguous but rare) word = rsub(word, "([aeiou])isme(s?)$", "%1ísme%2") -- suffix -isme word = rsub(word, "([aeiou])ist([ae]s?)$", "%1íst%2") -- suffix -ista word = rsub(word, "([aeou])ir$", "%1ír") -- verbs -ir word = rsub(word, "([aeou])int$", "%1ínt") -- present participle word = rsub(word, "([aeo])ir([éà])$", "%1ïr%2") -- future word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)ir([éà])$", "%1ïr%2") word = rsub(word, "([aeo])iràs$", "%1ïràs") word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)iràs$", "%1ïràs") word = rsub(word, "([aeo])ir(e[mu])$", "%1ïr%2") word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)ir(e[mu])$", "%1ïr%2") word = rsub(word, "([aeo])iran$", "%1ïran") word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)iran$", "%1ïran") word = rsub(word, "([aeo])iria$", "%1ïria") -- conditional word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)iria$", "%1ïria") word = rsub(word, "([aeo])ir(ie[sn])$", "%1ïr%2") word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)ir(ie[sn])$", "%1ïr%2") return word end local function fix_y(word) -- y > vowel i else consonant /j/, except ny word = rsub(word, "ny", "ñ") word = rsub(word, "y([^aeiouàèéêëíòóôúïü])", "i%1") -- vowel if not next to another vowel word = rsub(word, "([^aeiouàèéêëíòóôúïü·%-%.])y", "%1i") -- excluding also syllables separators return word end local function mid_vowel_fixes(word) local function track_mid_vowel(vowel, cont) require("Module:debug/track"){"ca-IPA/" .. vowel, "ca-IPA/" .. vowel .. "/" .. cont} return true end local changed -- final -el (not -ell) usually è but not too many cases word, changed = rsubb(word, "e(nts?)$", "é%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("e", "nt-nts") end word, changed = rsubb(word, "e(rs?)$", "é%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("e", "r-rs") end word, changed = rsubb(word, "o(rs?)$", "ó%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("o", "r-rs") end word, changed = rsubb(word, "è(s?)$", "ê%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("è", "s-blank") end word, changed = rsubb(word, "e(s[oe]s)$", "ê%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("e", "sos-sa-ses") end word, changed = rsubb(word, "e(sa)$", "ê%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("e", "sos-sa-ses") end return word end local function word_fixes(word, dialect) word = rsub(word, "%(rr%)", TEMP_PAREN_RR) word = rsub(word, "%(r%)", TEMP_PAREN_R) word = rsub(word, "%-([rs]?)", "-%1%1") if dialect == "val" or dialect == "nwe" then word = rsub(word, "%-x", "-tx") end word = rsub(word, "rç$", "rrs") -- silent r only in plurals -rs word = fix_prefixes(word) -- internal pause after a prefix word = restore_diaereses(word) -- no diaeresis saving word = fix_y(word) -- ny > ñ else y > i vowel or consonant word = mid_vowel_fixes(word) -- all words in pn- (e.g. [[pneumotòrax]] and mn- (e.g. [[mnemònic]]) have silent p/m in both Central and Valencian word = rsub(word, "^[pm]n", "n") -- Respell ch + vowel as tx, before we remove other h's after consonants. word = rsub(word, "ch(" .. V ..")", "tx%1") -- Delete h after a consonant. This must happen here, before split_syllables(). We don't delete h after a vowel -- yet because it indicates a hiatus. word = rsub(word, "(" .. C .. ")h", "%1") return word end local function split_vowels(vowels, saw_dotover, saw_lineunder) local syllables = {{onset = "", vowel = usub(vowels, 1, 1), coda = "", separator = "", has_dotover = saw_dotover, has_lineunder = saw_lineunder}} vowels = usub(vowels, 2) while vowels ~= "" do local syll = {onset = "", vowel = "", coda = ""} syll.onset, syll.vowel, vowels = umatch(vowels, "^([iu]?)(.)(.-)$") table.insert(syllables, syll) end local count = #syllables if count >= 2 and (syllables[count].vowel == "i" or syllables[count].vowel == "u") then syllables[count - 1].coda = syllables[count].vowel syllables[count] = nil end return syllables end -- Split the word into syllables. Return a list of syllable objects, each of which contains fields `onset`, `vowel`, -- `coda`, `separator` (a user-specified syllable divider that goes before the syllable; one of '·', '-' or '.') and -- `stressed` (a boolean indicating that the syllable is stressed). In addition, the list has fields `stress` (the -- index of the syllable with primary stress) and `is_prefix` (true if the word is a prefix, i.e. it ends in '-'). -- Normally, prefixes are treated as unstressed if a stressed syllable isn't explicitly marked, but this can be -- overridden with `stress_prefixes`, which causes the automatic stress-assignment algorithm to run for these terms. local function split_syllables(word, stress_prefixes, may_be_uppercase) local syllables = {} local saw_dotover = false local remainder = word local is_prefix = false if remainder:find("%-$") then -- prefix is_prefix = true remainder = remainder:gsub("%-$", "") end local is_suffix = false if remainder:find("^%-") then -- suffix is_suffix = true remainder = remainder:gsub("^%-", "") end while remainder ~= "" do local consonants, vowels -- FIXME: Using C and V below instead of the existing patterns slows things down TREMENDOUSLY. -- Not sure why. local vowel_list = may_be_uppercase and "aeiouàèéêëíòóôúïüAEIOUÀÈÉÊËÍÒÓÔÚÏÜ" .. DOTOVER .. LINEUNDER or "aeiouàèéêëíòóôúïü" .. DOTOVER .. LINEUNDER consonants, remainder = umatch(remainder, "^([^" .. vowel_list .. "]*)(.-)$") vowels, remainder = umatch(remainder, "^([" .. vowel_list .. "]*)(.-)$") local this_saw_dotover = not not ufind(vowels, DOTOVER) if this_saw_dotover then saw_dotover = true vowels = vowels:gsub(DOTOVER, "") end local this_saw_lineunder = not not ufind(vowels, LINEUNDER) if this_saw_lineunder then vowels = vowels:gsub(LINEUNDER, "") end if vowels == "" then if #syllables > 0 then syllables[#syllables].coda = syllables[#syllables].coda .. consonants else -- word without vowels, e.g. foot boundary | table.insert(syllables, {onset = consonants, vowel = "", coda = "", separator = ""}) end else local onset = consonants local first_vowel = usub(vowels, 1, 1) if (ufind(onset, "[gqGQ]$") and (first_vowel == "ü" or (first_vowel == "u" and vowels ~= "u"))) or ((onset == "" or onset == "h" or onset == "H") and #syllables == 0 and (first_vowel == "i" or first_vowel == "I") and (vowels ~= "i" and vowels ~= "I")) then onset = onset .. usub(vowels, 1, 1) vowels = usub(vowels, 2) end local vsyllables = split_vowels(vowels, this_saw_dotover, this_saw_lineunder) vsyllables[1].onset = onset .. vsyllables[1].onset for _, s in ipairs(vsyllables) do table.insert(syllables, s) end end end -- Shift over consonants from the onset to the preceding coda, until the syllable onset is valid for i = 2, #syllables do local current = syllables[i] local previous = syllables[i-1] while not (current.onset == "" or valid_onsets[rsub(rsub(current.onset, tie_c .. "[hH]?$", ""), "_", "")]) do local letter = usub(current.onset, 1, 1) current.onset = usub(current.onset, 2) if ufind(letter, "[·%-%.]") then -- syllable separators current.separator = letter break else previous.coda = previous.coda .. letter if ufind(letter, tie_c) then break end end end end -- Detect stress for i, syll in ipairs(syllables) do if ufind(syll.vowel, "^[" .. written_stressed_vowel_l .. "]$") then syll.stressed = true -- primary stress: the last one stressed without LINEUNDER if not syll.has_lineunder then syllables.stress = i end end end -- Assign default stress if not syllables.stress and not saw_dotover and (stress_prefixes or not is_prefix) then local count = #syllables if count == 1 then if syllables[1].vowel ~= "" then -- vowel-less words don't get stress syllables.stress = 1 end else local final = syllables[count] -- Take account of tie symbols (apostrophes and ‿). if ufind(final.coda, "^[s" .. tie_l .. "]*$") or (ufind(final.coda, "^" .. tie_c .. "*n" .. tie_c .. "*$") and ( final.vowel == "e" or final.vowel == "i" or final.vowel == "ï")) then syllables.stress = count - 1 else syllables.stress = count end end if syllables.stress then syllables[syllables.stress].stressed = true end end syllables.is_prefix = is_prefix syllables.is_suffix = is_suffix return syllables end local function reconstitute_word_from_syllables(syllables) local parts = {} local function ins(txt) table.insert(parts, txt) end if syllables.is_suffix then ins("-") end for _, syl in ipairs(syllables) do ins(syl.separator) ins(syl.onset) ins(syl.vowel) if syl.has_dotover then ins(DOTOVER) end if syl.has_lineunder then ins(LINEUNDER) end ins(syl.coda) end if syllables.is_prefix then ins("-") end return table.concat(parts) end local function decompose_respelling(text) local dotover_keys = concat_keys(decompose_dotover) return rsub(text, "[" .. dotover_keys .. "]", decompose_dotover) end local function canon_respelling(text) local function canon_spaces(text) text = rsub(text, "%s+", " ") text = rsub(text, "^ ", "") text = rsub(text, " $", "") return text end text = canon_spaces(text) -- eliminate upside down punctuation text = rsub(text, "[¡¿]", "") -- eliminate utterance-final punctuation text = rsub(text, "[!?.]$", "") -- eliminate double and triple quotes text = rsub(text, "''+", "") -- Convert commas and em/en dashes to IPA foot boundaries; require a space after commas and en dashes (for the -- latter, in particular, to avoid treating the en dash in 'Bose–Einstein condensate' as a foot boundary. text = rsub(text, " *[,–] ", " | ") text = rsub(text, " *[—] *", " | ") -- ... in phrases like [[com es diu...en català]] and [[necessito ...]] become foot boundaries text = rsub(text, " *%.%.%. *", " | ") -- remaining commas and en dashes become spaces text = rsub(text, "[,–]", " ") -- may need to eliminate extraneous spaces again, e.g. if there was a space before or after an eliminated -- punctuation mark text = canon_spaces(text) -- question mark or exclamation point in the middle of a sentence -> IPA foot boundary text = rsub(text, "([^ ]) *[!?] *([^ ])", "%1 | %2") return text end local IPA_vowels_central = { ["ê"] = "ɛ", ["ë"] = "ɛ", ["ô"] = "ɔ", } local IPA_vowels_balearic = { ["ê"] = "ə", ["ë"] = "ɛ", ["ô"] = "ɔ", } local IPA_vowels_northern = { ["è"] = "e", ["ê"] = "e", ["ë"] = "e", ["é"] = "e", ["ò"] = "o", ["ô"] = "o", ["ó"] = "u", } local IPA_vowels_valencian = { ["ê"] = "e", ["ë"] = "e", ["ô"] = "o", } local IPA_vowels_northwestern = { ["ê"] = "e", ["ë"] = "e", ["ô"] = "o", } local IPA_vowels = { ["à"] = "a", ["è"] = "ɛ", ["ê"] = "ɛ", ["ë"] = "ɛ", ["é"] = "e", ["í"] = "i", ["ï"] = "i", ["ò"] = "ɔ", ["ô"] = "ɔ", ["ó"] = "o", ["ú"] = "u", ["ü"] = "u", } local function replace_context_free(cons) cons = rsub(cons, "ŀ", "l") cons = rsub(cons, "r", "ɾ") cons = rsub(cons, "ɾɾ", "r") cons = rsub(cons, "ss", "s") cons = rsub(cons, "ll", "ʎ") cons = rsub(cons, "ñ", "ɲ") -- hint ny > ñ -- NOTE: We use single-character affricate symbols during processing for ease in handling, and convert them -- to tied multi-character affricates at the end of join_syllables(). cons = rsub(cons, "[dt]j", "ʤ") cons = rsub(cons, "tx", "ʧ") cons = rsub(cons, "[dt]z", "ʣ") cons = rsub(cons, "ç", "s") cons = rsub(cons, "[cq]", "k") cons = rsub(cons, "h", "") cons = rsub(cons, "j", "ʒ") -- Don't replace x -> ʃ yet so we can distinguish x from manually specified ʃ. cons = rsub(cons, "i", "j") -- must be after j > ʒ cons = rsub(cons, "y", "j") -- must be after j > ʒ and fix_y cons = rsub(cons, "[uü]", "w") cons = rsub(cons, "'", "‿") return cons end -- Do context-sensitive phonological changes. Formerly this was all done syllable-by-syllable but that made the code -- tricky (since it often had to look at adjacent syllables) and full of subtle bugs. Now we first concatenate the -- syllables back to words and the words to the combined text and work on the text as a whole. FIXME: We should move -- more of the work done in preprocess_word(), e.g. most of replace_context_free(), here. local function postprocess_general(text, dialect) local function verify(cond, msg) if not cond then error(("Internal error: %s; processed respelling at this point is '%s'"):format(msg, text)) end return true end local voiced = list_to_set{"b", "d", "g", "m", "n", "ɲ", "l", "ʎ", "r", "ɾ", "v", "z", "ʒ", "ʣ", "ʤ"} local voiceless = list_to_set{"p", "t", "k", "f", "s", "ʃ", "ʦ", "ʧ"} local voicing = {["p"] = "b", ["t"] = "d", ["k"] = "g", ["f"] = "v", ["s"] = "z", ["ʃ"] = "ʒ", ["ʦ"] = "ʤ", ["ʧ"] = "ʤ"} local devoicing = {} for k, v in pairs(voicing) do devoicing[v] = k end ------------------ Handle <x> -- Handle ex- + vowel > -egz-. We handle -x- on either side of the syllable boundary. Note that this also handles -- inex- + vowel because in fix_prefixes we respell inex- as in.ex-, which ends up at this stage as in.e.xV. text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([.#][eɛ]" .. stress_c .. "*)(" .. charsep_c .. "*)x(" .. charsep_c .. "*" .. V .. ")", function(e, pre, post) -- Preserve other character separators (especially the tie character ‿). pre = pre:gsub("%.", "") post = post:gsub("%.", "") return e .. pre .. "g.z" .. post end) -- -x- at the beginning of a coda becomes [ks], e.g. [[annex]], [[apèndix]], [[extracció]]; but not elsewhere in -- the coda, e.g. in [[romanx]], [[ponx]]; words with [ks] in -nx such as [[esfinx]], [[linx]], [[manx]] need -- respelling with [ks]; words ending in vowel + x like [[ídix]] need respelling with [ʃ] text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. stress_c .. "*)x", "%1ks") if dialect == "val" or dialect == "nwe" then -- Word-initial <x> as well as <x> after a consonant other than /j/ (including in the coda, e.g. [[ponx]]) -- becomes [t͡ʃ]. text = rsub(text, "#x", "#ʧ") text = rsub(text, "([^" .. vowel_l .. separator_l .. "j]" .. charsep_c .. "*)x", "%1ʧ") end -- Other x becomes [ʃ] text = rsub(text, "x", "ʃ") -- Doubled ss -> s e.g. in exs-, exc(e/i)-, sc(e/i)-; FIXME: should this apply across word boundaries? text = rsub(text, "s(" .. charsep_c .. "*)s", "%1s") ------------------ Coda consonant losses -- In Central Catalan, coda losses happen everywhere, but otherwise they don't happen when -- absolutely word-finally before a vowel or end of utterance (e.g. [[blanc]] has /k/ in Balearic and -- Valencian but not [[blancs]]). Must precede consonant assimilations. local boundary = (dialect == "cen" or dialect == "nor" or dialect == "nwe") and "(.)" or "([^#])" text = rsub(text, "m[pb]" .. boundary, "m%1") text = rsub(text, "([ln])[td]" .. boundary, "%1%2") text = rsub(text, "[nŋ][kg]" .. boundary, "ŋ%1") if dialect == "val" or dialect == "bal" then local before_cons = "(" .. separator_c .. "*" .. C .. ")" text = rsub(text, "m[pb]" .. before_cons, "m%1") text = rsub(text, "([ln])[td]" .. before_cons, "%1%2") text = rsub(text, "[nŋ][kg]" .. before_cons, "ŋ%1") end -- Delete /t/ between /s/ and any consonant other than /s/ or /ɾ/. Must precede voicing assimilation and -- t + lateral/nasal assimilation. text = rsub(text, "st(" .. sylsep_c .. "*[^" .. neg_guts_of_cons .. "sɾ])", "s%1") ------------------ Consonant assimilations if dialect == "cen" or dialect == "nor" or dialect == "nwe" then -- v > b in onsets (not in codas, e.g. [[ovni]] [ɔ́vni] and [[hafni]] [ávni]). This needs to precede -- assimilation of nb -> mb. text = rsub(text, "v(" .. C .. "*" .. V ..")", "b%1") end -- t + lateral assimilation -> geminate across syllable boundary. We don't any more do t + nasal assimiation -- because there are too many exceptions, e.g. [[aritmètic]], [[atmosfèric]], [[ètnia]]. Instead, we require that -- cases where it does happen use respelling to effect this. FIXME: this doesn't always happen in -tl- either, -- e.g. [[atlàntic]] has [əllántik] in GDLC but [adlántik] in DNV. -- -- FIXME: Clean this up, maybe move below voicing assimilation, investigate whether it operates across words, -- move stuff below that special-cases tll in Valencian here. text = rsub(text, "t(" .. sylsep_c .. ")([lʎ])", "%2%1%2") -- n + labial > labialized assimilation text = rsub(text, "n(" .. separator_c .. "*[mbp])", "m%1") text = rsub(text, "n(" .. separator_c .. "*[fv])", "ɱ%1") -- n + velar > velarized assimilation text = rsub(text, "n(" .. separator_c .. "*[kg])", "ŋ%1") -- l/n + palatal > palatalized assimilation text = rsub(text, "([ln])(" .. separator_c .. "*[ʎɲʃʒʧʤ])", function(ln, palatal) ln = ({["l"] = "ʎ", ["n"] = "ɲ"})[ln] return ln .. palatal end) -- ɲs > ɲʃ; FIXME: not sure the purpose of this; it doesn't apply in [[menys]] or derived terms like [[menyspreu]] -- NOTE: Per [https://giec.iec.cat/textgramatica/codi/4.4], it does apply in these scenarios but the result is -- somewhere between [s] and [ʃ], which is why it isn't shown in GDLC. -- text = rsub(text, "ɲs", "%1ʃ") ------------------ Handle <r> -- In replace_context_free(), we converted single r to ɾ and double rr to r. if dialect == "cen" or dialect == "nor" or dialect == "nwe" then text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_R, "") text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_RR, "r") elseif dialect == "bal" then text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_R, "") text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_RR, "") else verify(dialect == "val", ("Unrecognized dialect '%s'"):format(dialect)) text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_R, "ɾ") text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_RR, "ɾ") end if dialect ~= "val" then -- Coda /ɾ/ -> /r/ -- FIXME: This is inherited from the older code. Correct? text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. stress_c .. "*" .. C .. "*)ɾ", "%1r") end -- ɾ -> r word-initially or after [lns]; needs to precede voicing assimilation as <s> will be voiced to [z] before -- /ɾ/. text = rsub(text, "([#lns]" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ɾ", "%1r") ------------------ Voicing assimilation -- Voicing or devoicing; we want to proceed from right to left, and due to the limitations of patterns (in -- particular, the lack of support for alternations), it's difficult to do this cleanly using Lua patterns, so we -- do it character by character. local chars = split_into_chars(text) -- We need to look two characters ahead in some cases, so start two characters from the end. This is safe because -- the overall respelling ends in "##". (Similarly, as an optimization, don't check the first two characters, which -- are always "##".) for i = #chars - 2, 3, -1 do -- We are looking for two consonants next to each other, possibly separated by a syllable or word divider. -- We also handle a consonant followed by a syllable divider then a vowel, and a consonant word-finally. -- Note that only coda consonants can change voicing, so we need to check to make sure we're in the coda. local first = chars[i] -- If `second` is nil, no assimilation occurs. Otherwise, `second` should be a consonant or empty string (which -- represents a syllable or word boundary followed by a vowel or end of string), and we assimilate to that -- consonant (empty string forces devoicing). local second -- If set to true, we're processing a consonant directly before a word boundary followed by a word beginning -- with a vowel. In this context, voiceless sibilants voice. Note that we handle voicing of <s> word-internally -- separately, in preprocess_word() [FIXME: maybe move much of the processing in preprocess_word() into this -- function]. local word_boundary_before_vowel if not ufind(first, C) then -- leave `second` at nil; no assimilation elseif chars[i + 1] == "#" then -- word boundary if chars[i + 2] == " " then -- chars[i + 3] should always be "#" verify(chars[i + 3] == "#", "Word boundary followed by space but not #") if ufind(chars[i + 4], C) then second = chars[i + 4] else second = "" word_boundary_before_vowel = true end else second = "" end elseif ufind(chars[i + 1], sylsep_c) then -- syllable boundary if ufind(chars[i + 2], C) then second = chars[i + 2] else second = "" end elseif ufind(chars[i + 1], C) then second = chars[i + 1] else -- followed by a vowel not across a syllable or word boundary; leave `second` as nil, no assimilation end if second then -- Make sure we're in the coda. We have to look backwards until we find a vowel or syllable/word boundary. local in_coda = false local j = i - 1 while true do verify(j > 0, "Missing word boundary at beginning of overall respelling") if ufind(chars[j], "[" .. sylsep_l .. wordsep_l .. "]") then break elseif ufind(chars[j], V) then in_coda = true break end j = j - 1 end if in_coda then if word_boundary_before_vowel and ufind(first, "[zʒʣʤ]") then -- leave alone elseif voiced[second] and voicing[first] or word_boundary_before_vowel and ufind(first, "[sʃʦʧ]") then chars[i] = voicing[first] elseif (voiceless[second] or second == "") and devoicing[first] then chars[i] = devoicing[first] end end end end text = table.concat(chars) -- gn -> ŋn e.g. [[regnar]] (including word-initial gn- e.g. [[gnòmic]], [[gneis]]) -- FIXME: This should be moved below voicing assimilation, and we need to investigate if it operates across words -- (here I'm guessing yes). if dialect ~= "cen" then text = rsub(text, "#gn", "#n") end text = rsub(text, "g(" .. separator_c .. "*n)", "ŋ%1") -- gʒ > d͡ʒ -- FIXME: We need to investigate if it operates across words text = rsub(text, "g(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʒ", "%1ʤ") -- sʃ -> ʃ ([[desxifrar]]), zʒ -> ʒ ([[disjuntor]]) if dialect ~= "val" then text = rsub(text, "s(" .. separator_c .. "*ʃ)", "%1") text = rsub(text, "z(" .. separator_c .. "*ʒ)", "%1") end ------------------ Gemination of <bl>, <gl> if dialect ~= "val" then -- bl -> bbl, gl -> ggl after the stress when following a vowel; to avoid this, use <b_l> or <g_l>. -- This must follow v > b above. To force a hard ungeminated [b] or [g], use <_b> or <_g>. text = rsub(text, "(" .. stress_c .. ")(" .. sylsep_c .. ")([bg])l", "%1%3%2%3l") else -- Valencian; undo manually written 'bbl', 'ggl' in words like [[poblar]], [[reglament]] text = rsub(text, "([bg])(" .. sylsep_c .. ")%1l", "%2%1l") end ------------------ Lenition of voiced stops -- In Central Catalan, b/d/g become fricatives (actually approximants, like in Spanish) in the onset following a -- vowel and (except for <d>) after <l> and <ll> (cf. GDLC [[cabellblanc]] [kəβɛ̀ʎβláŋ]). This also happens across -- word boundaries but doesn't happen after stops, nor in Central Catalan after [r], [ɾ] or [z] (and hence probably -- not after [ʒ] either, although I can't find any examples in GDLC). -- -- In Valencian, <b> doesn't lenite (at least formally?), but <d> and <g> do lenite after [r], [ɾ] or [z]. -- -- Balearic is like Valencian in not leniting <b>, and probably like Central Catalan otherwise. local lenite_bdg = {["b"] = "β", ["d"] = "ð", ["g"] = "ɣ"} if dialect == "cen" or dialect == "nor" or dialect == "nwe" then text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "jwv]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)([bdg])", function(before, bdg) return before .. lenite_bdg[bdg] end) text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "lʎ]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)([bg])", function(before, bg) return before .. lenite_bdg[bg] end) elseif dialect == "val" then text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "jwvrɾzʣ]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)([dg])", function(before, dg) return before .. lenite_bdg[dg] end) text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "lʎ]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)(g)", function(before, g) return before .. lenite_bdg[g] end) else verify(dialect == "bal", ("Unrecognized dialect '%s'"):format(dialect)) text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "jwv]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)([dg])", function(before, dg) return before .. lenite_bdg[dg] end) text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "lʎ]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)(g)", function(before, g) return before .. lenite_bdg[g] end) end ------------------ Vowel reduction -- Reduction of unstressed a,e in Central and Balearic (Eastern Catalan). if dialect ~= "val" and dialect ~= "nwe" then -- The following rules seem to apply, based on the old code: -- (1) Stressed a and e are never reduced. -- (2) Unstressed e directly following ə is not reduced. -- (3) Unstressed e directly before written <a> or before /ɔ/ is not reduced. -- (4) Written <ee> when both vowels precede the primary stress is reduced to [əə]. (This rule preempts #2.) -- (5) Written <ee> when both vowels follow the primary stress isn't reduced at all. -- Rule #2 in particular seems to require that we proceed left to right, which is how the old code was -- implemented. -- FIXME: These rules seem overly complex and may produce incorrect results in some circumstances. local words = split(text, " ") for j, word in ipairs(words) do local chars = split_into_chars(word) -- See above where voicing assimilation is handled. The overall respelling begins and ends in #, which we -- can ignore. We need to look ahead three chars in some circumstances, but in all those circumstances we -- shoudn't run off the end (and have assertions to check this). local seen_primary_stress = false for i = 2, #chars - 1 do local this = chars[i] if chars[i] == AC then seen_primary_stress = true end if (this ~= "a" and this ~= "e") or ufind(chars[i + 1], stress_c) then -- Not a/e, or a stressed vowel; continue else local reduction = true local prev, prev_stress, nxt, nxt_stress if not ufind(chars[i - 1], sylsep_c) then prev = "" else prev = chars[i - 2] -- this should be non-nil as chars[i - 1] is a syllable separator (not #) verify(prev, "Missing # at word boundary") prev_stress = "" if ufind(prev, stress_c) then prev_stress = prev prev = chars[i - 3] -- As above; chars[i - 2] is a stress indicator (not #). verify(prev, "Missing # at word boundary") end end if not ufind(chars[i + 1], sylsep_c) then nxt = "" -- leave nxt at nil else nxt = chars[i + 2] nxt_stress = chars[i + 3] -- chars[i + 1] is a syllable separator, so chars[i + 2] should not be a word boundary, so -- chars[i + 3] should exist. verify(nxt and nxt_stress, "Syllable separator at word boundary or missing # at word boundary") end if this == "e" and ufind(prev, "ə") then reduction = false elseif this == "e" and ufind(nxt, "[aɔ]") then reduction = false elseif this == "e" and nxt == "e" and not ufind(nxt_stress, AC) then -- FIXME: Check specifically for AC duplicates previous logic but is probably wrong or unnecessary. if not seen_primary_stress then chars[i + 2] = "ə" else reduction = false end end if reduction then chars[i] = "ə" end end end words[j] = table.concat(chars) end text = table.concat(words, " ") end if dialect == "cen" or dialect == "nor" then -- Reduction of unstressed o (not before w) text = rsub(text, "o([^" .. stress_l .. "w])", "u%1") elseif dialect == "bal" then -- Reduction of unstressed o per vowel harmony: unstressed /o/ -> /u/ directly before stressed /i/ or /u/; -- as a Lua pattern, o can be followed only by consonants and/or syllable separators (no vowels, stress marks -- or word separators). text = rsub(text, "o([^" .. vowel_l .. stress_l .. wordsep_l .. "]*[iu]" .. stress_c .. ")", "u%1") end -- Final losses. text = rsub(text, "j(ʧs?#)", "%1") -- boigs /bɔt͡ʃ/ text = rsub(text, "([ʃʧs])s#", "%1#") -- homophone plurals -xs, -igs, -çs if dialect ~= "val" and dialect ~= "nwe" then -- Remove j before palatal obstruents text = rsub(text, "j(" .. sylsep_c .. "*[ʃʒʧʤ])", "%1") end if dialect == "val" then -- Fortition of palatal fricatives text = rsub(text, "ʒ", "ʤ") text = rsub(text, "(i" .. stress_c .. "*" .. sylsep_c .. ")ʣ", "%1z") end if dialect ~= "cen" then -- No palatal gemination ʎʎ > ll or ʎ, in Valencian and Balearic. -- FIXME: These conditions seem to be targeting specific words and should probably be fixed using respelling -- instead. text = rsub(text, "([bpw]a" .. stress_c .. "*)ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʎ", "%1l%2l") text = rsub(text, "([mv]e" .. stress_c .. "*)ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʎ", "%1l%2l") text = rsub(text, "(ti" .. stress_c .. "*)ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʎ", "%1l%2l") text = rsub(text, "(m[oɔ]" .. stress_c .. "*)ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʎ", "%1l%2l") text = rsub(text, "(u" .. stress_c .. "*)ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʎ", "%1l%2l") text = rsub(text, "ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*ʎ)", "%1") end ---------- Convert pseudo-symbols to real ones. -- Convert g to IPA ɡ. text = rsub(text, "g", "ɡ") -- Convert pseudo-afficate symbols to full affricates. local full_affricates = { ["ʦ"] = "t͡s", ["ʣ"] = "d͡z", ["ʧ"] = "t͡ʃ", ["ʤ"] = "d͡ʒ" } text = rsub(text, "([ʦʣʧʤ])", full_affricates) -- Convert Northern Catalan vowels. if dialect == "nor" then text = rsub(text, "e", "e̞") text = rsub(text, "o", "o̞") end ---------- Generate IPA stress marks. -- Convert acute and grave to IPA stress marks. text = rsub(text, AC, "ˈ") text = rsub(text, GR, "ˌ") -- Move IPA stress marks to the beginning of the syllable. text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([#.])([^#.]*)(" .. ipa_stress_c .. ")", "%1%3%2") -- Suppress syllable divider before IPA stress indicator. text = rsub(text, "%.(#?" .. ipa_stress_c .. ")", "%1") -- Make all primary stresses but the last one in a given word be secondary. May be fed by the first rule above. -- FIXME: Currently this is handled earlier, but we might want to move it here, as is done in [[Module:pt-pronunc]]. -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "ˈ([^ ]+)ˈ", "ˌ%1ˈ") -- Make primary stresses in prefixes become secondary. (FIXME: Handled earlier now.) -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "ˈ([^#]*#" .. PREFIX_MARKER .. ")", "ˌ%1") -- Remove # symbols at word/text boundaries, as well as _ (which forces separate interpretation), pseudo-consonant -- markers (at edges of some prefixes/suffixes), and prefix markers, and recompose. text = rsub(text, "[#_" .. PSEUDOCONS .. "]", "") text = toNFC(text) return text end local function preprocess_word(syllables, suffix_syllables, dialect, pos, orig_word) -- Stressed vowel is ambiguous if syllables.stress then local stressed_vowel = syllables[syllables.stress].vowel if ufind(stressed_vowel, "[eo]") then local marks = {["e"] = {AC, GR, CFLEX, DIA}, ["o"] = {AC, GR, CFLEX}} local marked_vowels = {} for _, mark in ipairs(marks[stressed_vowel]) do table.insert(marked_vowels, stressed_vowel .. mark) end error(("In respelling '%s', the stressed vowel '%s' is ambiguous. Please mark it with an acute, " .. "grave, or combined accent: %s."):format(orig_word, stressed_vowel, mw.text.listToText(marked_vowels, nil, " or "))) end end -- Final -r is ambiguous in many cases. local final = syllables[#syllables] -- Stressed final r after a or i in non-monosyllables is treated as (r), i.e. verbal infinitives are assumed (NOTE: -- not always the case, e.g. there are many adjectives and nouns in -ar that should be marked as '(rr)', and -- several loanword nouns in -ir that should be marked as 'rr'). Likewise for stressed final r or rs after é in -- non-monosyllables (which are usually adjectives or nouns with the -er ending, but may be verbal infinitives, -- which should be marked as 'ê(r)'). That is, it disappears other than in Valencian. All other final r and final -- rs are considered ambiguous and need to be rewritten using rr, (rr) or (r). if #syllables > 1 and final.stressed then if final.coda == "r" and ufind(final.vowel, "[aàiíé]") or final.coda == "rs" and final.vowel == "é" or final.vowel == "ó" and ufind(final.coda, "^rs?$") and ufind(final.onset, "[stdç]") then final.coda = TEMP_PAREN_R end end if ufind(final.coda, "^rs?$") or ufind(final.coda, "[^r]rs?$") then error(("In respelling '%s', final -r by itself or in -rs is ambiguous except in the verbal endings -ar or " .. "-ir, in the nominal or adjectival endings -er(s) and -[dtsç]or(s). In all other cases it needs to be " .. "rewritten using one of 'rr' (pronounced everywhere), '(rr)' (pronounced everywhere but Balearic) or " .. "'(r)' (pronounced only in Valencian). Note that adjectives in -ar usually need rewriting using '(rr)'; " .. "nouns in -ar referring to places should be rewritten using '(r)'; and loanword nouns in -ir usually " .. "need rewriting using 'rr'."):format(orig_word)) end local syllables_IPA = {stress = syllables.stress, is_prefix = syllables.is_prefix, is_suffix = syllables.is_suffix} for key, val in ipairs(syllables) do syllables_IPA[key] = {onset = val.onset, vowel = val.vowel, coda = val.coda, stressed = val.stressed} end -- Replace letters with IPA equivalents for i, syll in ipairs(syllables_IPA) do -- Voicing of s if syll.onset == "s" and i > 1 and ufind(syllables[i - 1].coda, "^[iu]?$") then syll.onset = "z" end if ufind(syll.vowel, "^[eèéêëií]$") then syll.onset = rsub(syll.onset, "tg$", "ʤ") syll.onset = rsub(syll.onset, "[cg]$", {["c"] = "s", ["g"] = "ʒ"}) syll.onset = rsub(syll.onset, "[qg]u$", {["qu"] = "k", ["gu"] = "g"}) end syll.coda = rsub(syll.coda, "igs?$", "iʤ") syll.onset = replace_context_free(syll.onset) syll.coda = replace_context_free(syll.coda) syll.vowel = rsub(syll.vowel, ".", dialect == "cen" and IPA_vowels_central or dialect == "bal" and IPA_vowels_balearic or dialect == "nor" and IPA_vowels_northern or dialect == "val" and IPA_vowels_valencian or dialect == "nwe" and IPA_vowels_northwestern ) syll.vowel = rsub(syll.vowel, ".", IPA_vowels) end for _, suffix_syl in ipairs(suffix_syllables) do table.insert(syllables_IPA, suffix_syl) end return syllables_IPA end -- Given a single substitution spec, `to`, figure out the corresponding value of `from` used in a complete -- substitution spec. `pagename` is the name of the page, either the actual one or taken from the `pagename` param. -- `whole_word`, if set, indicates that the match must be to a whole word (it was preceded by ~). local function convert_single_substitution_to_original(to, pagename, whole_word) -- Replace specially-handled characters with a class matching the character and possible replacements. local escaped_from = to -- Handling of '(rr)', '(r)', '.' and '-' needs to be done before calling pattern_escape(); otherwise they will be -- escaped. escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("%(rr%)", "r") escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("%(r%)", "r") escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("ks", "x"):gsub("Ks", "X"):gsub("gz", "x"):gsub("([bg])%1l", "%1l"):gsub("[._]", "") escaped_from = pattern_escape(escaped_from) escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("rr", "rr?") escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("ss", "ss?") escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("ʃ", "[xX]") -- This is tricky, because we already passed `escaped_from` through pattern_escape() causing a hyphen to get a -- % sign before it, and have to double up the percent signs to match and replace a literal %. escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("%%%-", "%%-?") -- Tie sign (‿) should match against space, hyphen or nothing in the original. escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("‿", "[ %%-]?") escaped_from = rsub(escaped_from, "[" .. written_accented_vowel_l .. "]", function(v) return "[" .. v .. written_accented_to_plain_vowel[v] .. "]" end) escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub(DOTOVER, DOTOVER .. "?"):gsub(LINEUNDER, LINEUNDER .. "?") escaped_from = "(" .. escaped_from .. ")" if whole_word then escaped_from = "%f[%a]" .. escaped_from .. "%f[%A]" end local match = umatch(pagename, escaped_from) if match then if match == to then error(("Single substitution spec '%s' found in pagename '%s', replacement would have no effect"): format(to, pagename)) end return match end error(("Single substitution spec '%s' couldn't be matched to pagename '%s'"):format(to, pagename)) end local function apply_substitution_spec(respelling, pagename, pos, allow_mid_vowel_hints, parse_err) local subs = split_on_comma(umatch(respelling, "^%[(.*)%]$")) respelling = pagename local mid_vowel_hint local regular_subs = {} for _, sub in ipairs(subs) do if ufind(sub, "^" .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. "$") then if mid_vowel_hint then parse_err(("Specified mid vowel hint twice, '%s' and '%s'"):format( mid_vowel_hint, sub)) end mid_vowel_hint = sub else table.insert(regular_subs, sub) end end if mid_vowel_hint then if not allow_mid_vowel_hints then parse_err(("Mid vowel hint '%s' not allowed when apply one substitution spec to multiple words"):format( mid_vowel_hint)) end local suffix = "" -- FIXME: This duplicates logic in to_IPA(). if not pos or pos == "adverb" then local part_before_ment, ment = umatch(respelling, "^(.*)(m[eé]nt)$") if part_before_ment and (pos == "adverb" or not ufind(part_before_ment, "[iï]$") and ufind(part_before_ment, V .. ".*" .. V)) then suffix = ment respelling = part_before_ment end end local syllables = split_syllables(respelling, "stress prefixes", "may be uppercase") local stressed_vowel = syllables[syllables.stress].vowel if stressed_vowel == mid_vowel_hint then -- do nothing elseif ufind(mid_vowel_hint, "[èéêë]") and ufind(stressed_vowel, "[eEèÈ]") or ufind(mid_vowel_hint, "[òóô]") and ufind(stressed_vowel, "[oO]") then syllables[syllables.stress].vowel = mid_vowel_hint else parse_err(("Stressed vowel '%s' not compatible with mid vowel hint '%s'"):format( stressed_vowel, mid_vowel_hint)) end respelling = reconstitute_word_from_syllables(syllables) .. suffix end for _, sub in ipairs(regular_subs) do local from, escaped_from, to, escaped_to, whole_word if ufind(sub, "^~") then -- whole-word match sub = umatch(sub, "^~(.*)$") whole_word = true end if sub:find(":") then from, to = umatch(sub, "^(.-):(.*)$") else to = sub from = convert_single_substitution_to_original(to, pagename, whole_word) end if from then escaped_from = pattern_escape(from) if whole_word then escaped_from = "%f[%a]" .. escaped_from .. "%f[%A]" end escaped_to = replacement_escape(to) local subbed_respelling, nsubs = ugsub(respelling, escaped_from, escaped_to) if nsubs == 0 then parse_err(("Substitution spec %s -> %s didn't match processed pagename '%s'"):format( from, to, respelling)) elseif nsubs > 1 then parse_err(("Substitution spec %s -> %s matched multiple substrings in processed pagename '%s', add " .. "more context"):format(from, to, respelling)) else respelling = subbed_respelling end end end return respelling end local canonicalize_pos = { n = "noun", noun = "noun", v = "verb", vb = "verb", verb = "verb", a = "adjective", adj = "adjective", adjective = "adjective", av = "adverb", adv = "adverb", adverb = "adverb", o = "other", other = "other", } local function parse_off_pos(respelling, parse_err) local pos, rest = respelling:match("^([a-z]+)/(.*)$") if pos then if not canonicalize_pos[pos] then local valid_pos = {} for vp, _ in pairs(canonicalize_pos) do table.insert(valid_pos, vp) end table.sort(valid_pos) parse_err(("Unrecognized part of speech '%s', should be one of %s"):format(pos, table.concat(valid_pos, ", "))) end pos = canonicalize_pos[pos] respelling = rest if respelling == "" then respelling = "+" end end return pos, respelling end -- Parse a respelling given by the user, allowing for '+' for pagename, mid vowel hints in place of a respelling and -- substitution specs like '[ks]' or [val:vol,ê,ks]. In general, return an object {words = {WORD, WORD, ...}} where -- WORD is of the form {term = PARSED_RESPELLING, pos = POS}. Other fields are set in special cases: If a raw respelling -- was seen, the fields `raw_phonemic` and/or `raw_phonetic` are set; if '?' is seen, the field `unknown` is set; and if -- '-' is seen, the field `omitted` is set. local function parse_respelling(respelling, pagename, parse_err) if respelling == "?" then return { unknown = true } end if respelling == "-" then return { omitted = true } end local saw_raw local remaining_respelling = respelling:match("^raw:(.*)$") if remaining_respelling then saw_raw = true respelling = remaining_respelling end local raw_phonemic, raw_phonetic = respelling:match("^/(.*)/ %[(.*)%]$") if not raw_phonemic then raw_phonemic = respelling:match("^/(.*)/$") end if not raw_phonemic and saw_raw then raw_phonetic = respelling:match("^%[(.*)%]$") end if raw_phonemic or raw_phonetic then return { raw_phonemic = raw_phonemic, raw_phonetic = raw_phonetic, } end pagename = decompose_respelling(pagename) respelling = decompose_respelling(respelling) local function split_respelling_into_words(respelling, parse_pos) respelling = canon_respelling(respelling) local word_objs = {} local respelling_words = split(respelling, " ") for _, word in ipairs(respelling_words) do local pos if parse_pos then pos, word = parse_off_pos(word, parse_err) end table.insert(word_objs, {term = word, pos = pos}) end return {words = word_objs} end local function substitute_respelling_word(respelling_word, pagename_word) local pos pos, respelling_word = parse_off_pos(respelling_word, parse_err) if respelling_word == "+" then respelling_word = pagename_word else if ufind(respelling_word, "^" .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. "$") then respelling_word = "[" .. respelling_word .. "]" end if ufind(respelling_word, "^%[.*%]$") then respelling_word = apply_substitution_spec(respelling_word, pagename_word, pos, "allow mid vowel hint", parse_err) end end return {term = respelling_word, pos = pos} end -- At this point, if there are multiple words in the pagename, there are three syntaxes allowed: all-at-once, -- replacement or word-by-word. All-at-once syntax involves either a + representing the entire pagename, or a -- substitution spec that applies to all words in the pagename. This syntax cannot have a prefixed part of speech -- because it wouldn't be clear which word to apply the part of speech to. Replacement syntax simply spells out the -- respelling without any substitution specs or +'s (but possibly with parts of speech prefixed to individual -- words), and can have a different number of words than the pagename (essentially, the pagename is disregarded). -- Word-by-word syntax involves a combination of respelled words, per-word substitution specs and/or a + -- representing an individual word, and must have the same number of words as the pagename so that substitution -- specs and +'s can be lined up with words in the pagename. In all cases, the return value is in the same format; -- see comment at top of function. if pagename:find(" ") or respelling:find(" ") then if respelling == "+" then return split_respelling_into_words(pagename) elseif ufind(respelling, "^%[.*%]$") then -- all-at-once syntax with substitution spec return split_respelling_into_words(apply_substitution_spec(respelling, pagename, nil, false, parse_err)) elseif ufind(respelling, "^([a-z]+)/$") or ufind(respelling, "^([a-z]+)/%[[^%[%]]*%]$") then -- attempt to include a part of speech in all-at-once syntax parse_err(("Part of speech not allowed when pagename is multiword and all-at-once syntax is used in " .. "the respelling, but saw '%s'"):format(respelling)) elseif ufind(respelling, "^" .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. "$") then -- attempt to use a mid-vowel hint in all-at-once syntax parse_err(("Single mid-vowel hint not allowed when pagename is multiword because it's not clear which " .. "word to apply it to, but saw '%s'"):format(respelling)) elseif ufind(respelling, "[+%[%]]") or ufind(respelling, "^" .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. " ") or ufind(respelling, " " .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. " ") or ufind(respelling, " " .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. "$") then -- word-by-word syntax local sub_with_space = umatch(respelling, "%[[^%[%]]* [^%[%]]*%]") if sub_with_space then parse_err(("When using word-by-word syntax with a multiword pagename, saw substitution spec '%s' " .. "with spaces, which is not allowed because it must match a single word"):format(sub_with_space)) end pagename = canon_respelling(pagename) respelling = canon_respelling(respelling) local pagename_words = split(pagename, " ") local respelling_words = split(respelling, " ") if #pagename_words ~= #respelling_words then parse_err(("When using word-by-word syntax with a multiword pagename, saw %s words in pagename but " .. "%s word%s in respelling; they need to match"):format(#pagename_words, #respelling_words, #respelling_words > 1 and "s" or "")) end local word_objs = {} for i = 1, #pagename_words do table.insert(word_objs, substitute_respelling_word(respelling_words[i], pagename_words[i])) end return {words = word_objs} else -- replacement syntax; pagename ignored return split_respelling_into_words(respelling, "parse pos") end else local word_obj = substitute_respelling_word(respelling, pagename) word_obj.term = canon_respelling(word_obj.term) return {words = {word_obj}} end end -- Parse a list of comma-split runs containing one or more respellings, i.e. after calling parse_balanced_segment_run() -- or the like followed by split_alternating_runs() or the like (see [[Module:parse utilities]]). `pagename` is the -- pagename, for use when a respelling is just '+', a mid-vowel hint like 'ê' or a substitution spec like '[ks]'. -- `original_input` is the raw input and `input_param` the name of the param containing the raw input; both are used -- only in error messages. Return an object specifying the respellings, currently with a single field 'terms' (this -- format is used in case other outer properties exist in the future), where 'terms' is a list of term objects. Each -- term object contains either a field `term` with the respelling and an optional part of speech `pos`, or fields -- `raw_phonemic` and/or `raw_phonetic` (if the user specified raw IPA using "/.../" or "/.../ [...]" or "raw:[...]"), -- `unknown` (if the user specified "?"), or `omitted` (if the user specified "-"). In addition, there may be fields -- `q`, `qq`, `a`, `aa`, and/or `ref` corresponding to inline modifiers. Each such field is a list; all are lists of -- strings except for `ref`, which is a list of objects as returned by parse_references() in [[Module:references]]. function export.parse_comma_separated_groups(comma_separated_groups, pagename, original_input, input_param) local function generate_obj(respelling, parse_err) return parse_respelling(respelling, pagename == true and respelling or pagename, parse_err) end local put = require(parse_utilities_module) local outer_container = {terms = {}} for _, group in ipairs(comma_separated_groups) do -- Rejoin runs that don't involve <...>. local j = 2 while j <= #group do if not group[j]:find("^<.*>$") then group[j - 1] = group[j - 1] .. group[j] .. group[j + 1] table.remove(group, j) table.remove(group, j) else j = j + 2 end end local param_mods = { -- pre = { overall = true }, -- post = { overall = true }, ref = { store = "insert", convert = function(arg, parse_err) return require("Module:references").parse_references(arg) end }, q = { store = "insert" }, qq = { store = "insert" }, a = { store = "insert" }, aa = { store = "insert" }, } table.insert(outer_container.terms, put.parse_inline_modifiers_from_segments { group = group, arg = original_input, props = { paramname = input_param, param_mods = param_mods, generate_obj = generate_obj, splitchar = ",", outer_container = outer_container, }, }) end return outer_container end -- Generate the pronunciation of `words` (a list of word objects representing respellings, each of which is an object -- of the form {term = RESPELLING, pos = PART_OF_SPEECH} in `dialect` ("cen", "bal", "nor", "val", "nwe"). local function to_IPA(words, dialect) local pronuns = {} for _, wordobj in ipairs(words) do if ufind(wordobj.term, "[áìùÁÌÙ]") then error(("Invalid accented character in respelling '%s'; use accented à í ú, not the reversed versions" ):format(wordobj.term)) end end words = handle_unstressed_words(words) for _, wordobj in ipairs(words) do local word = wordobj.term local pos = wordobj.pos local suffix_syllables = {} local orig_word = word word = ulower(word) if not pos or pos == "adverb" then local word_before_ment = umatch(word, "^(.*)(m[eé]nt)$") if word_before_ment and (pos == "adverb" or not ufind(word_before_ment, "[iï]$") and ufind(word_before_ment, V .. ".*" .. V)) then suffix_syllables = {{onset = "m", vowel = "e", coda = "nt", stressed = true}} pos = "adjective" word = word_before_ment end end word = word_fixes(word, dialect) local syllables = split_syllables(word) syllables = preprocess_word(syllables, suffix_syllables, dialect, pos, orig_word) -- Combine syllables. local combined = {} local has_ment = #suffix_syllables > 0 for i, syll in ipairs(syllables) do local ac = (i == syllables.stress and not syllables.is_prefix and not has_ment or has_ment and i == #syllables) and AC or -- primary stress syllables[i].stressed and GR or -- secondary stress "" table.insert(combined, syll.onset .. syll.vowel .. ac .. syll.coda) end table.insert(pronuns, table.concat(combined, ".")) end -- Put double ## at utterance boundaries (beginning/end of string) and at foot boundaries (marked with |). -- Note that if the string without pound signs is 'foo bar baz | bat quux', the final string will be -- '##foo# #bar# #baz## #|# ##bat# #quux##'. local text = "##" .. table.concat(pronuns, " ") .. "##" text = rsub(text, " | ", "# | #") text = rsub(text, " ", "# #") return postprocess_general(text, dialect) end -- Generate the phonemic and phonetic pronunciations of the respellings in `parsed_respellings`, which is a table whose -- keys are dialect identifiers (e.g. "cen" for Central Catalan, "val" for Valencian) and whose values are objects of -- the format returned by parse_comma_separated_groups() (see comment above that function). This destructively modifies -- `parsed_respellings`, adding fields `phonemic` and `phonetic` containing the generated pronunciations and removing -- the input fields used to generate those output fields. (FIXME: Currently only phonetic pronunciation is generated.) function export.generate_phonemic_phonetic(parsed_respellings) -- Convert each canonicalized respelling to phonemic/phonetic IPA. for dialect, respelling_spec in pairs(parsed_respellings) do for _, termobj in ipairs(respelling_spec.terms) do if termobj.unknown or termobj.omitted then -- leave alone, will handle later elseif termobj.raw_phonemic or termobj.raw_phonetic then termobj.phonemic = termobj.raw_phonemic termobj.phonetic = termobj.raw_phonetic -- set to nil so by-value comparisons respect only the resulting phonemic/phonetic and qualifiers termobj.raw_phonemic = nil termobj.raw_phonetic = nil else termobj.phonetic = to_IPA(termobj.words, dialect) -- set to nil so by-value comparisons respect only the resulting phonemic/phonetic and qualifiers termobj.words = nil end end end end -- Group pronunciations by dialect, i.e. grouping pronunciations that are identical in every way (including both the -- pronunciation(s) and any qualifiers and other inline modifiers). `parsed_respellings` contains the output from -- generate_phonemic_phonetic(), and the return value is a list of grouped pronunciations, where each object in the list -- contains fields `dialects` (a list of dialects containing the pronunciations) and `pronuns` (a list of -- pronunciations, where each pronunciation is specified by an object containing fields `phonemic` and `phonetic`, as -- generated by generate_phonemic_phonetic(), along with any inline modifier fields `q`, `qq`, `a`, `aa` and/or `ref`). function export.group_pronuns_by_dialect(parsed_respellings) local grouped_pronuns = {} for dialect, pronun_spec in pairs(parsed_respellings) do local saw_omitted = false for _, termobj in ipairs(pronun_spec.terms) do if termobj.omitted then saw_omitted = true break end end if not saw_omitted then local saw_existing = false for _, group in ipairs(grouped_pronuns) do if deep_equals(group.pronuns, pronun_spec.terms) then table.insert(group.dialects, dialect) saw_existing = true break end end if not saw_existing then table.insert(grouped_pronuns, {dialects = {dialect}, pronuns = pronun_spec.terms}) end end end return grouped_pronuns end -- Format pronunciations grouped by dialect. `grouped_pronuns` contains the output of group_pronuns_by_dialect(). -- This destructively modifies `grouped_pronuns`, adding a field 'formatted' to the first-level values of -- `grouped_pronuns` containing the formatted pronunciation(s) for a given set of dialects. function export.format_grouped_pronunciations(grouped_pronuns) for _, grouped_pronun_spec in pairs(grouped_pronuns) do local pronunciations = {} -- Loop through each pronunciation. For each one, add the phonemic and phonetic versions to `pronunciations`, -- for formatting by [[Module:IPA]] or raw (for use in [[Module:ca-headword]]). for j, pronun in ipairs(grouped_pronun_spec.pronuns) do -- Add dialect tags to left accent qualifiers if first one local as = pronun.a if j == 1 then if as then as = deep_copy(as) else as = {} end for _, dialect in ipairs(grouped_pronun_spec.dialects) do table.insert(as, export.dialects_to_names[dialect]) end end local first_pronun = #pronunciations + 1 if pronun.unknown then -- FIXME: This is a massive hack but it works for now. table.insert(pronunciations, { pron = "", pretext = "''unknown''" }) else if not pronun.phonemic and not pronun.phonetic then error("Internal error: Saw neither phonemic nor phonetic pronunciation") end if pronun.phonemic then -- missing if 'raw:[...]' given local slash_pron = "/" .. pronun.phonemic .. "/" table.insert(pronunciations, { pron = slash_pron, }) end if pronun.phonetic then -- missing if '/.../' given local bracket_pron = "[" .. pronun.phonetic .. "]" table.insert(pronunciations, { pron = bracket_pron, }) end end local last_pronun = #pronunciations if pronun.q then pronunciations[first_pronun].q = pronun.q end if as then pronunciations[first_pronun].a = as end if j > 1 then pronunciations[first_pronun].separator = ", " end if pronun.qq then pronunciations[last_pronun].qq = pronun.qq end if pronun.aa then pronunciations[last_pronun].aa = pronun.aa end if pronun.refs then pronunciations[last_pronun].refs = pronun.refs end if first_pronun ~= last_pronun then pronunciations[last_pronun].separator = " " end end grouped_pronun_spec.formatted = format_IPA_full{ lang = lang, items = pronunciations, separator = "", } end end function export.show(frame) local params = { [1] = {}, indent = {}, pagename = {} -- for testing or documentation pages } for _, dialect in ipairs(export.dialects) do params[dialect] = {} end for dialect_group, _ in pairs(export.dialect_groups) do params[dialect_group] = {} end local args = require("Module:parameters").process(frame:getParent().args, params) local pagename = args.pagename or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename -- Set inputs local inputs = {} -- If 1= specified, do all dialects. if args[1] then for _, dialect in ipairs(export.dialects) do inputs[dialect] = {input = args[1], param = 1} end end -- Then do dialect groups. for dialect_group, group_dialects in pairs(export.dialect_groups) do if args[dialect_group] then for _, dialect in ipairs(group_dialects) do inputs[dialect] = {input = args[dialect_group], param = dialect_group} end end end -- Then do individual dialect settings. for _, dialect in ipairs(export.dialects) do if args[dialect] then inputs[dialect] = {input = args[dialect], param = dialect} end end -- If no inputs given, set all dialects based on current pagename. if not next(inputs) then for _, dialect in ipairs(export.dialects) do inputs[dialect] = {input = "+", param = "(pagename)"} end end -- Parse the arguments. local parsed_respellings = {} for dialect, inputspec in pairs(inputs) do local function generate_obj(respelling, parse_err) return parse_respelling(respelling, pagename, parse_err) end if inputspec.input:find("[<%[]") then local put = require(parse_utilities_module) -- Parse balanced segment runs involving either [...] (substitution notation) or <...> (inline modifiers). -- We do this because we don't want commas inside of square or angle brackets to count as respelling -- delimiters. However, we need to rejoin square-bracketed segments with nearby ones after splitting -- alternating runs on comma. For example, if we are given -- "a[x]a<q:learned>,[vol:vôl,ks]<q:nonstandard>", after calling -- parse_multi_delimiter_balanced_segment_run() we get the following output: -- -- {"a", "[x]", "a", "<q:learned>", ",", "[vol:vôl,ks]", "", "<q:nonstandard>", ""} -- -- After calling split_alternating_runs(), we get the following: -- -- {{"a", "[x]", "a", "<q:learned>", ""}, {"", "[vol:vôl,ks]", "", "<q:nonstandard>", ""}} -- -- We need to rejoin stuff on either side of the square-bracketed portions. local segments = put.parse_multi_delimiter_balanced_segment_run(inputspec.input, {{"<", ">"}, {"[", "]"}}) local comma_separated_groups = put.split_alternating_runs_on_comma(segments) -- Process each value. local outer_container = export.parse_comma_separated_groups(comma_separated_groups, pagename, inputspec.input, inputspec.param) parsed_respellings[dialect] = outer_container else local termobjs = {} local function parse_err(msg) error(msg .. ": " .. inputspec.param .. "=" .. inputspec.input) end for _, term in ipairs(split_on_comma(inputspec.input)) do table.insert(termobjs, generate_obj(term, parse_err)) end parsed_respellings[dialect] = { terms = termobjs, } end end -- Convert each canonicalized respelling to phonemic/phonetic IPA. export.generate_phonemic_phonetic(parsed_respellings) -- Group the results. local grouped_pronuns = export.group_pronuns_by_dialect(parsed_respellings) -- Format the results. export.format_grouped_pronunciations(grouped_pronuns) -- Concatenate formatted results. local formatted = {} for _, grouped_pronun_spec in ipairs(grouped_pronuns) do table.insert(formatted, grouped_pronun_spec.formatted) end local indent = (args.indent or "*") .. " " local out = table.concat(formatted, "\n" .. indent) if args.indent then out = indent .. out end return out end -- Used by [[Module:ca-IPA/testcases]]. function export.test(pagename, respelling, dialect) local function parse_err(msg) error(msg) end local parsed = parse_respelling(respelling, pagename, parse_err) return to_IPA(parsed.words, dialect) end return export bccvikzp33h4ewar3nftzsm6m21g3av 9816058 9816057 2026-06-18T07:09:35Z TongcyDai 53191 9816058 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} local ipa_module = "Module:IPA" local languages_module = "Module:languages" local parse_utilities_module = "Module:parse utilities" local string_char_module = "Module:string/char" local string_pattern_escape_module = "Module:string/patternEscape" local string_replacement_escape_module = "Module:string/replacementEscape" local string_utilities_module = "Module:string utilities" local table_module = "Module:table" local m_table = require(table_module) local deep_copy = m_table.deepCopy local deep_equals = m_table.deepEquals local list_to_set = m_table.listToSet local toNFC = mw.ustring.toNFC local u = require(string_char_module) local lang = require(languages_module).getByCode("ca") local function format_IPA_full(...) format_IPA_full = require(ipa_module).format_IPA_full return format_IPA_full(...) end local function pattern_escape(...) pattern_escape = require(string_pattern_escape_module) return pattern_escape(...) end local function replacement_escape(...) replacement_escape = require(string_replacement_escape_module) return replacement_escape(...) end local function split(...) split = require(string_utilities_module).split return split(...) end local function ufind(...) ufind = require(string_utilities_module).find return ufind(...) end local function ugcodepoint(...) ugcodepoint = require(string_utilities_module).gcodepoint return ugcodepoint(...) end local function ugsub(...) ugsub = require(string_utilities_module).gsub return ugsub(...) end local function ulower(...) ulower = require(string_utilities_module).lower return ulower(...) end local function umatch(...) umatch = require(string_utilities_module).match return umatch(...) end local function usub(...) usub = require(string_utilities_module).sub return usub(...) end --[=[ FIXME: 1. [zʒ] should reduce to [ʒ] in Central and Balearic ([[disjunt]], [[disjuntor]]). Similar for [sʃ] ([[desxifrar]]). [DONE] 2. There needs to be a way of forcing [ʃ]. (Maybe just ʃ?) [DONE] 3. Make sure manual dot for syllable break works, cf. [[best-seller]] respelled `bèst.sèlerr'. [DONE] 4. Explicit accents on a/i/u should be removed in split_syllables(). [NOT DONE; not needed] 5. Compress double schwa in Central/Balearic in e.g. [[sobreescalfament]], [[centreafricà]], [[contraatac]], [[contraescarpa]]; seems not to operate in Valencian. 6. Compress unstressed <ie> and <oe> followed by coda consonant -> [u] in Central/Balearic in e.g. [[aeroespacial]], [[autoescola]], [[antiespasmòdic]], but not [[autoerotisme]], [[antiemètic]]; seems not to operate in Valencian. NOTE: It does operate in an open syllable in [[fotoelèctric]], [[fotoelectricitat]], [[macroeconomia]]; not sure why. 7. Compress unstressed <oo> followed by a coda consonant -> [u] in Central/Balearic in e.g. [[microorganisme]]. Seems not to operate in Valencian. 8. bm -> [mm] e.g. [[subministrament]]; seems not to operate in Valencian. 9. ë (and presumably ê) doesn't work in secondary stress, always becomes /ɛ/ (e.g. in [[extrajudicial]] respelled 'ëxtrajudiciàl'; this seems to be because the handling of ë goes through mid_vowel_hint, which doesn't work for secondary stress. [DONE] 10. Respect ʃ at beginning of word in Valencian. [DONE] 11. [ʃ] in single substitution specs should match against written x. [DONE] 12. Prefixes e.g. [[xilo-]] should not have stress by default, and written primary stresses should be converted to secondary. [DONE] 13. Convert apostrophe near beginning to tie (‿) and make sure we take account of it later, so that words like [[captindre's]] and phrases like [[dona d'aigua]] work correctly. [DONE] 14. Correctly handle -bl and -gl in respelling, generating [bl] and [gl]. [NOT DONE; use _bl, _gl] 15. Correctly handle [βðɣ] in respelling forcing fricatives; should not be fortitioned. [NOT DONE; not needed] 16. [βðɣ] in single substitution specs should match against b/d/g. [NOT DONE; not needed] 17. [ss] in single substitution specs should match against ss?; used to force a pronounced [s]. [DONE] 18. [dm] in single substitution specs should match against [td]m. [NOT DONE; not needed] 19. Correctly handle written -dg- after [rz]: fricatives in Valencian, stops in Central (and Balearic?). [DONE] 20. Correctly handle lenition of written -bdg-: (1) -b- not lenited in Valencian or Balearic, lenited to [β] in Central Catalan after vowels and consonants except nasals and [rz]; (2) -g- not lenited after nasals, also not after [rz] in Central Catalan (and maybe Balearic?), otherwise yes except utterance initial; (3) -d- not lenited after nasals or laterals, also not after [rz] in Central Catalan (and maybe Balearic?), otherwise yes except utterance initial. Verify against ca-IPA equivalent on cawikt and also based on {{w|Catalan phonology}} and the IEC grammar that Vriullop linked. [DONE] 21. Finish rewriting do_dialect_specific() to operate on whole word using Lua patterns. [DONE] 22. Implement multiword handling. [DONE] 23. Make sure suffix handling works correctly. [DONE] 24. Add many more test cases and redo test harness ala the German test harness. [DONE] 25. Redo handling of mid-vowel hints so it gets done early and in one place. [DONE] 26. Think about how to solve the issue of mid-vowel hints along with secondary stress marks in substitution specs. Maybe a single mid-vowel spec should be rewritten to be a single substitution spec and the insertion of the mid-vowel spec should happen during resolution of substitution specs. [DONE] 27. <tm> should default to [dm] not [mm]. [DONE] 28. Fix handling of mid vowel default in -è/-ès/-esa so it doesn't affect [[tèbia]] etc. [DONE] 29. x- after hyphen should probably become tx- in Valencian, cf. [[para-xocs]]. [DONE] 30. Implement DOTOVER to indicate lack of stress in a word, e.g. in a suffix. [DONE] 31. Handle words without vowels. [DONE] 32. Finish reviewing places where we may need to check for tie symbols. 33. Handle tie indicating liaison in e.g. [[Sant Antoni de Portmany]]. [DONE] 34. Handle pronunciation of [[amb]] correctly. [DONE] 35. Handle tie indicating liaison before h- correctly, e.g. [[Sant Hipòlit]]. [DONE] 36. Lenition should happen in Valencian in [[regla]] whether respelled 'réggla', 'régla' or 'rég_la'. [DONE] 37. Syllabification should happen correctly when underscore is used in 'bíb_lia' to block doubling of <bl>. [DONE] 38. <cn> should show up as [ŋn]. [DONE] 39. Delete [t] after [s] before anything but [s] ([[best-seller]]) or [ɾ] ([[postrem]]). [DONE] 40. Delete <t/d> after <n> before consonant even in Valencian; likewise for <p/b> after <m>, <c/g> after <n>. [DONE] 41. DOTOVER in single substitution specs should work. [DONE] 42. Underline in single substitution specs should work. [DONE] 43. LINEUNDER should work to indicate secondary stress after the primary stress, including in single substitution specs. [DONE] ]=] export.dialects = {"bal", "cen", "nor", "val", "nwe"} export.dialects_to_names = { ["bal"] = "巴利阿里", ["cen"] = "中加泰羅尼亞", ["nor"] = "北加泰羅尼亞", ["val"] = "瓦倫西亞", ["nwe"] = "西北加泰羅尼亞", } export.dialect_groups = { east = {"bal", "cen", "nor"}, west = {"val", "nwe"} } local written_unaccented_vowel_l = "aeiouyAEIOUY" local written_stressed_vowel_l = "àèéêëíòóôúýÀÈÉÊËÍÒÓÔÚÝ" local written_accented_not_stressed_vowel_l = "ïüÏÜ" local written_accented_vowel_l = written_stressed_vowel_l .. written_accented_not_stressed_vowel_l local ipa_vowel_l = "ɔɛə" local written_vowel_l = written_unaccented_vowel_l .. written_accented_vowel_l local vowel_l = written_vowel_l .. ipa_vowel_l local V = "[" .. vowel_l .. "]" local written_accented_to_plain_vowel = { ["à"] = "a", ["è"] = "e", ["é"] = "e", ["ê"] = "e", ["ë"] = "e", ["í"] = "i", ["ï"] = "i", ["ò"] = "o", ["ó"] = "o", ["ô"] = "o", ["ú"] = "u", ["ü"] = "u", ["ý"] = "y", ["À"] = "A", ["È"] = "E", ["É"] = "E", ["Ê"] = "E", ["Ë"] = "E", ["Í"] = "I", ["Ï"] = "I", ["Ò"] = "O", ["Ó"] = "O", ["Ô"] = "O", ["Ú"] = "U", ["Ü"] = "U", ["Ý"] = "Y", } local AC = u(0x0301) -- acute = ́ local GR = u(0x0300) -- grave = ̀ local CFLEX = u(0x0302) -- circumflex = ̂ local DOTOVER = u(0x0307) -- dot over = ̇ local DIA = u(0x0308) -- diaeresis = ̈ local LINEUNDER = u(0x0331) -- lineunder = ̱ local stress_l = AC .. GR local stress_c = "[" .. stress_l .. "]" local ipa_stress_l = "ˈˌ" local ipa_stress_c = "[" .. ipa_stress_l .. "]" local sylsep_l = "%-." -- hyphen included for syllabifying from spelling; FIXME: formerly included SYLDIV local sylsep_c = "[" .. sylsep_l .. "]" local tie_l = "‿'" local tie_c = "[" .. tie_l .. "]" local charsep_l = sylsep_l .. tie_l .. stress_l .. ipa_stress_l local charsep_c = "[" .. charsep_l .. "]" local wordsep_l = "# " local separator_l = charsep_l .. wordsep_l local separator_c = "[" .. separator_l .. "]" local neg_guts_of_cons = vowel_l .. separator_l local C = "[^" .. neg_guts_of_cons .. "]" -- consonant class including h export.mid_vowel_hints = "éèêëóòô" export.mid_vowel_hint_c = "[" .. export.mid_vowel_hints .. "]" local TEMP_PAREN_R = u(0xFFF1) local TEMP_PAREN_RR = u(0xFFF2) -- Pseudo-consonant at the edge of prefixes ending in a vowel and suffixes beginning with a vowel; FIXME: not currently -- used. local PSEUDOCONS = u(0xFFF3) -- local PREFIX_MARKER = u(0xFFF4) -- marker indicating a prefix so we can convert primary to secondary accents local valid_onsets = list_to_set{ "b", "bl", "br", "c", "cl", "cr", "ç", "d", "dj", "dr", "f", "fl", "fr", "g", "gl", "gr", "gu", "gü", "h", "i", "j", "k", "kl", "kr", "l", "ll", "m", "n", "ny", "ñ", "p", "pl", "pr", "qu", "qü", "r", "rr", "s", "ss", "t", "tg", "tj", "tr", "tx", "tz", "u", "v", "vl", "vr", "w", "x", "ʃ", -- e.g. 'χruʃóf' respelling of [[Khrusxov]] "χ", -- in case of respelling "y", "z", } local decompose_dotover = { -- No composed i, u or U with DOTOVER. ["ȧ"] = "a" .. DOTOVER, ["ė"] = "e" .. DOTOVER, ["ȯ"] = "o" .. DOTOVER, ["ẏ"] = "y" .. DOTOVER, ["Ȧ"] = "A" .. DOTOVER, ["Ė"] = "E" .. DOTOVER, ["İ"] = "I" .. DOTOVER, ["Ȯ"] = "O" .. DOTOVER, ["Ẏ"] = "Y" .. DOTOVER, } local unstressed_words = list_to_set{ -- proclitic object pronouns "em", "et", "es", "el", "la", "els", "les", "li", "ens", "us", "ho", "hi", "en", -- enclitic object pronouns usually attach with hyphen to preceding verb but not always, cf. [[tant me fa]] "me", "te", "se", "lo", "los", "nos", "vos", "ne", -- contracted object pronouns and articles attached with apostrophe so no need to include -- unstressed possessives "mon", "ma", "mos", "mes", "ton", "ta", "tos", "tes", "son", "sa", "sos", "ses", -- prepositions "a", "de", "per", "amb", "ab", -- 'en' already included as proclitic object pronouns -- prepositional contractions "al", "als", "del", "dels", "pel", "pels", -- articles 'el', 'la', 'els', 'les' already included as proclitic pronouns -- personal articles "na", -- 'en' already included above -- indefinite articles "un", "uns", -- salat articles "ets", "so", -- 'es' already included as proclitic object pronouns and 'ses', 'sa', 'sos' as possessives -- conjunctions "i", "o", "si", "ni", "que", } -- Version of ugsub() that discards all but the first return value. local function rsub(term, foo, bar) local retval = ugsub(term, foo, bar) return retval end -- Version of ugsub() that returns a 2nd argument boolean indicating whether a substitution was made. local function rsubb(term, foo, bar) local retval, nsubs = ugsub(term, foo, bar) return retval, nsubs > 0 end -- Apply rsub() repeatedly until no change. local function rsub_repeatedly(term, foo, bar) while true do local new_term = rsub(term, foo, bar) if new_term == term then return term end term = new_term end end local function split_into_chars(text) local chars = {} for codepoint in ugcodepoint(text) do table.insert(chars, u(codepoint)) end return chars end local function split_on_comma(term) if term:find(",%s") or term:find("\\") then return require(parse_utilities_module).split_on_comma(term) end return split(term, ",") end local function concat_keys(tab) local res = {} for k, _ in pairs(tab) do table.insert(res, k) end return table.concat(res) end local function handle_unstressed_words(words) words = deep_copy(words) -- Lowercase all words for ease in further processing. for _, wordobj in ipairs(words) do wordobj.term = ulower(wordobj.term) end -- Check if the word at index `i` in `words` is "amb" and the following word begins with a vowel. local function is_amb_to_join(words, i) return i < #words and words[i].term == "a" .. DOTOVER .. "mb" and ufind(words[i + 1].term, "^h?" .. V) end local saw_amb_to_join = true -- Mark all unstressed words with DOTOVER, so that split_syllables() doesn't assign stress. We need to do this -- before special handling for [[amb]], because [[amb]] may join to another unstressed word like [[el]], in the -- process losing the identity of the two words. In the process, see if [[amb]] occurs before a following -- vowel-initial word (which may begin with h-). for i, wordobj in ipairs(words) do -- Put DOTOVER after the last vowel (to handle the case of [[que]]). It doesn't actually matter where we put -- it, because split_syllables() just looks for DOTOVER anywhere in the word. if unstressed_words[wordobj.term] then wordobj.term = rsub(wordobj.term, "^(.*" .. V .. ")", "%1" .. DOTOVER) end if is_amb_to_join(words, i) then saw_amb_to_join = true end end -- Join [[amb]] before vowel-initial word with following word. if saw_amb_to_join then local new_words = {} local i = 1 while i <= #words do if is_amb_to_join(words, i) then table.insert(new_words, {term = words[i].term .. "‿" .. words[i + 1].term, pos = words[i + 1].pos}) i = i + 2 else table.insert(new_words, words[i]) i = i + 1 end end words = new_words end -- Finally, rewrite some unstressed words to get the right pronunciation. Any remaining [[amb]] not before a -- vowel-initial word is pronounced [am] even in Valencian (where [amp]/[amb] would be expected), and [[per]] always -- has a pronounced <r>. local unstressed_word_replacement = { ["a" .. DOTOVER .. "mb"] = "a" .. DOTOVER .. "m", ["pe" .. DOTOVER .. "r"] = "pe" .. DOTOVER .. "rr", } for _, wordobj in ipairs(words) do wordobj.term = unstressed_word_replacement[wordobj.term] or wordobj.term end return words end local function fix_prefixes(word) -- Voiced s in prefix roots -fons-, -dins-, -trans- word = rsub(word, "^enfons([aàeèéiíoòóuú])", "enfonz%1") word = rsub(word, "^endins([aàeèéiíoòóuú])", "endinz%1") word = rsub(word, "tr([aà])ns([aàeèéiíoòóuúbdghlmv])", "tr%1nz%2") -- in + ex > ineks/inegz word = rsub(word, "^inex", "in.ex") return word end local function restore_diaereses(word) -- Some structural forms do not have diaeresis per diacritic savings, let's restore it to identify hiatus word = rsub(word, "([iu])um(s?)$", "%1üm%2") -- Latinisms (-ius is ambiguous but rare) word = rsub(word, "([aeiou])isme(s?)$", "%1ísme%2") -- suffix -isme word = rsub(word, "([aeiou])ist([ae]s?)$", "%1íst%2") -- suffix -ista word = rsub(word, "([aeou])ir$", "%1ír") -- verbs -ir word = rsub(word, "([aeou])int$", "%1ínt") -- present participle word = rsub(word, "([aeo])ir([éà])$", "%1ïr%2") -- future word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)ir([éà])$", "%1ïr%2") word = rsub(word, "([aeo])iràs$", "%1ïràs") word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)iràs$", "%1ïràs") word = rsub(word, "([aeo])ir(e[mu])$", "%1ïr%2") word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)ir(e[mu])$", "%1ïr%2") word = rsub(word, "([aeo])iran$", "%1ïran") word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)iran$", "%1ïran") word = rsub(word, "([aeo])iria$", "%1ïria") -- conditional word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)iria$", "%1ïria") word = rsub(word, "([aeo])ir(ie[sn])$", "%1ïr%2") word = rsub(word, "([^gq]u)ir(ie[sn])$", "%1ïr%2") return word end local function fix_y(word) -- y > vowel i else consonant /j/, except ny word = rsub(word, "ny", "ñ") word = rsub(word, "y([^aeiouàèéêëíòóôúïü])", "i%1") -- vowel if not next to another vowel word = rsub(word, "([^aeiouàèéêëíòóôúïü·%-%.])y", "%1i") -- excluding also syllables separators return word end local function mid_vowel_fixes(word) local function track_mid_vowel(vowel, cont) require("Module:debug/track"){"ca-IPA/" .. vowel, "ca-IPA/" .. vowel .. "/" .. cont} return true end local changed -- final -el (not -ell) usually è but not too many cases word, changed = rsubb(word, "e(nts?)$", "é%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("e", "nt-nts") end word, changed = rsubb(word, "e(rs?)$", "é%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("e", "r-rs") end word, changed = rsubb(word, "o(rs?)$", "ó%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("o", "r-rs") end word, changed = rsubb(word, "è(s?)$", "ê%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("è", "s-blank") end word, changed = rsubb(word, "e(s[oe]s)$", "ê%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("e", "sos-sa-ses") end word, changed = rsubb(word, "e(sa)$", "ê%1") if changed then track_mid_vowel("e", "sos-sa-ses") end return word end local function word_fixes(word, dialect) word = rsub(word, "%(rr%)", TEMP_PAREN_RR) word = rsub(word, "%(r%)", TEMP_PAREN_R) word = rsub(word, "%-([rs]?)", "-%1%1") if dialect == "val" or dialect == "nwe" then word = rsub(word, "%-x", "-tx") end word = rsub(word, "rç$", "rrs") -- silent r only in plurals -rs word = fix_prefixes(word) -- internal pause after a prefix word = restore_diaereses(word) -- no diaeresis saving word = fix_y(word) -- ny > ñ else y > i vowel or consonant word = mid_vowel_fixes(word) -- all words in pn- (e.g. [[pneumotòrax]] and mn- (e.g. [[mnemònic]]) have silent p/m in both Central and Valencian word = rsub(word, "^[pm]n", "n") -- Respell ch + vowel as tx, before we remove other h's after consonants. word = rsub(word, "ch(" .. V ..")", "tx%1") -- Delete h after a consonant. This must happen here, before split_syllables(). We don't delete h after a vowel -- yet because it indicates a hiatus. word = rsub(word, "(" .. C .. ")h", "%1") return word end local function split_vowels(vowels, saw_dotover, saw_lineunder) local syllables = {{onset = "", vowel = usub(vowels, 1, 1), coda = "", separator = "", has_dotover = saw_dotover, has_lineunder = saw_lineunder}} vowels = usub(vowels, 2) while vowels ~= "" do local syll = {onset = "", vowel = "", coda = ""} syll.onset, syll.vowel, vowels = umatch(vowels, "^([iu]?)(.)(.-)$") table.insert(syllables, syll) end local count = #syllables if count >= 2 and (syllables[count].vowel == "i" or syllables[count].vowel == "u") then syllables[count - 1].coda = syllables[count].vowel syllables[count] = nil end return syllables end -- Split the word into syllables. Return a list of syllable objects, each of which contains fields `onset`, `vowel`, -- `coda`, `separator` (a user-specified syllable divider that goes before the syllable; one of '·', '-' or '.') and -- `stressed` (a boolean indicating that the syllable is stressed). In addition, the list has fields `stress` (the -- index of the syllable with primary stress) and `is_prefix` (true if the word is a prefix, i.e. it ends in '-'). -- Normally, prefixes are treated as unstressed if a stressed syllable isn't explicitly marked, but this can be -- overridden with `stress_prefixes`, which causes the automatic stress-assignment algorithm to run for these terms. local function split_syllables(word, stress_prefixes, may_be_uppercase) local syllables = {} local saw_dotover = false local remainder = word local is_prefix = false if remainder:find("%-$") then -- prefix is_prefix = true remainder = remainder:gsub("%-$", "") end local is_suffix = false if remainder:find("^%-") then -- suffix is_suffix = true remainder = remainder:gsub("^%-", "") end while remainder ~= "" do local consonants, vowels -- FIXME: Using C and V below instead of the existing patterns slows things down TREMENDOUSLY. -- Not sure why. local vowel_list = may_be_uppercase and "aeiouàèéêëíòóôúïüAEIOUÀÈÉÊËÍÒÓÔÚÏÜ" .. DOTOVER .. LINEUNDER or "aeiouàèéêëíòóôúïü" .. DOTOVER .. LINEUNDER consonants, remainder = umatch(remainder, "^([^" .. vowel_list .. "]*)(.-)$") vowels, remainder = umatch(remainder, "^([" .. vowel_list .. "]*)(.-)$") local this_saw_dotover = not not ufind(vowels, DOTOVER) if this_saw_dotover then saw_dotover = true vowels = vowels:gsub(DOTOVER, "") end local this_saw_lineunder = not not ufind(vowels, LINEUNDER) if this_saw_lineunder then vowels = vowels:gsub(LINEUNDER, "") end if vowels == "" then if #syllables > 0 then syllables[#syllables].coda = syllables[#syllables].coda .. consonants else -- word without vowels, e.g. foot boundary | table.insert(syllables, {onset = consonants, vowel = "", coda = "", separator = ""}) end else local onset = consonants local first_vowel = usub(vowels, 1, 1) if (ufind(onset, "[gqGQ]$") and (first_vowel == "ü" or (first_vowel == "u" and vowels ~= "u"))) or ((onset == "" or onset == "h" or onset == "H") and #syllables == 0 and (first_vowel == "i" or first_vowel == "I") and (vowels ~= "i" and vowels ~= "I")) then onset = onset .. usub(vowels, 1, 1) vowels = usub(vowels, 2) end local vsyllables = split_vowels(vowels, this_saw_dotover, this_saw_lineunder) vsyllables[1].onset = onset .. vsyllables[1].onset for _, s in ipairs(vsyllables) do table.insert(syllables, s) end end end -- Shift over consonants from the onset to the preceding coda, until the syllable onset is valid for i = 2, #syllables do local current = syllables[i] local previous = syllables[i-1] while not (current.onset == "" or valid_onsets[rsub(rsub(current.onset, tie_c .. "[hH]?$", ""), "_", "")]) do local letter = usub(current.onset, 1, 1) current.onset = usub(current.onset, 2) if ufind(letter, "[·%-%.]") then -- syllable separators current.separator = letter break else previous.coda = previous.coda .. letter if ufind(letter, tie_c) then break end end end end -- Detect stress for i, syll in ipairs(syllables) do if ufind(syll.vowel, "^[" .. written_stressed_vowel_l .. "]$") then syll.stressed = true -- primary stress: the last one stressed without LINEUNDER if not syll.has_lineunder then syllables.stress = i end end end -- Assign default stress if not syllables.stress and not saw_dotover and (stress_prefixes or not is_prefix) then local count = #syllables if count == 1 then if syllables[1].vowel ~= "" then -- vowel-less words don't get stress syllables.stress = 1 end else local final = syllables[count] -- Take account of tie symbols (apostrophes and ‿). if ufind(final.coda, "^[s" .. tie_l .. "]*$") or (ufind(final.coda, "^" .. tie_c .. "*n" .. tie_c .. "*$") and ( final.vowel == "e" or final.vowel == "i" or final.vowel == "ï")) then syllables.stress = count - 1 else syllables.stress = count end end if syllables.stress then syllables[syllables.stress].stressed = true end end syllables.is_prefix = is_prefix syllables.is_suffix = is_suffix return syllables end local function reconstitute_word_from_syllables(syllables) local parts = {} local function ins(txt) table.insert(parts, txt) end if syllables.is_suffix then ins("-") end for _, syl in ipairs(syllables) do ins(syl.separator) ins(syl.onset) ins(syl.vowel) if syl.has_dotover then ins(DOTOVER) end if syl.has_lineunder then ins(LINEUNDER) end ins(syl.coda) end if syllables.is_prefix then ins("-") end return table.concat(parts) end local function decompose_respelling(text) local dotover_keys = concat_keys(decompose_dotover) return rsub(text, "[" .. dotover_keys .. "]", decompose_dotover) end local function canon_respelling(text) local function canon_spaces(text) text = rsub(text, "%s+", " ") text = rsub(text, "^ ", "") text = rsub(text, " $", "") return text end text = canon_spaces(text) -- eliminate upside down punctuation text = rsub(text, "[¡¿]", "") -- eliminate utterance-final punctuation text = rsub(text, "[!?.]$", "") -- eliminate double and triple quotes text = rsub(text, "''+", "") -- Convert commas and em/en dashes to IPA foot boundaries; require a space after commas and en dashes (for the -- latter, in particular, to avoid treating the en dash in 'Bose–Einstein condensate' as a foot boundary. text = rsub(text, " *[,–] ", " | ") text = rsub(text, " *[—] *", " | ") -- ... in phrases like [[com es diu...en català]] and [[necessito ...]] become foot boundaries text = rsub(text, " *%.%.%. *", " | ") -- remaining commas and en dashes become spaces text = rsub(text, "[,–]", " ") -- may need to eliminate extraneous spaces again, e.g. if there was a space before or after an eliminated -- punctuation mark text = canon_spaces(text) -- question mark or exclamation point in the middle of a sentence -> IPA foot boundary text = rsub(text, "([^ ]) *[!?] *([^ ])", "%1 | %2") return text end local IPA_vowels_central = { ["ê"] = "ɛ", ["ë"] = "ɛ", ["ô"] = "ɔ", } local IPA_vowels_balearic = { ["ê"] = "ə", ["ë"] = "ɛ", ["ô"] = "ɔ", } local IPA_vowels_northern = { ["è"] = "e", ["ê"] = "e", ["ë"] = "e", ["é"] = "e", ["ò"] = "o", ["ô"] = "o", ["ó"] = "u", } local IPA_vowels_valencian = { ["ê"] = "e", ["ë"] = "e", ["ô"] = "o", } local IPA_vowels_northwestern = { ["ê"] = "e", ["ë"] = "e", ["ô"] = "o", } local IPA_vowels = { ["à"] = "a", ["è"] = "ɛ", ["ê"] = "ɛ", ["ë"] = "ɛ", ["é"] = "e", ["í"] = "i", ["ï"] = "i", ["ò"] = "ɔ", ["ô"] = "ɔ", ["ó"] = "o", ["ú"] = "u", ["ü"] = "u", } local function replace_context_free(cons) cons = rsub(cons, "ŀ", "l") cons = rsub(cons, "r", "ɾ") cons = rsub(cons, "ɾɾ", "r") cons = rsub(cons, "ss", "s") cons = rsub(cons, "ll", "ʎ") cons = rsub(cons, "ñ", "ɲ") -- hint ny > ñ -- NOTE: We use single-character affricate symbols during processing for ease in handling, and convert them -- to tied multi-character affricates at the end of join_syllables(). cons = rsub(cons, "[dt]j", "ʤ") cons = rsub(cons, "tx", "ʧ") cons = rsub(cons, "[dt]z", "ʣ") cons = rsub(cons, "ç", "s") cons = rsub(cons, "[cq]", "k") cons = rsub(cons, "h", "") cons = rsub(cons, "j", "ʒ") -- Don't replace x -> ʃ yet so we can distinguish x from manually specified ʃ. cons = rsub(cons, "i", "j") -- must be after j > ʒ cons = rsub(cons, "y", "j") -- must be after j > ʒ and fix_y cons = rsub(cons, "[uü]", "w") cons = rsub(cons, "'", "‿") return cons end -- Do context-sensitive phonological changes. Formerly this was all done syllable-by-syllable but that made the code -- tricky (since it often had to look at adjacent syllables) and full of subtle bugs. Now we first concatenate the -- syllables back to words and the words to the combined text and work on the text as a whole. FIXME: We should move -- more of the work done in preprocess_word(), e.g. most of replace_context_free(), here. local function postprocess_general(text, dialect) local function verify(cond, msg) if not cond then error(("Internal error: %s; processed respelling at this point is '%s'"):format(msg, text)) end return true end local voiced = list_to_set{"b", "d", "g", "m", "n", "ɲ", "l", "ʎ", "r", "ɾ", "v", "z", "ʒ", "ʣ", "ʤ"} local voiceless = list_to_set{"p", "t", "k", "f", "s", "ʃ", "ʦ", "ʧ"} local voicing = {["p"] = "b", ["t"] = "d", ["k"] = "g", ["f"] = "v", ["s"] = "z", ["ʃ"] = "ʒ", ["ʦ"] = "ʤ", ["ʧ"] = "ʤ"} local devoicing = {} for k, v in pairs(voicing) do devoicing[v] = k end ------------------ Handle <x> -- Handle ex- + vowel > -egz-. We handle -x- on either side of the syllable boundary. Note that this also handles -- inex- + vowel because in fix_prefixes we respell inex- as in.ex-, which ends up at this stage as in.e.xV. text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([.#][eɛ]" .. stress_c .. "*)(" .. charsep_c .. "*)x(" .. charsep_c .. "*" .. V .. ")", function(e, pre, post) -- Preserve other character separators (especially the tie character ‿). pre = pre:gsub("%.", "") post = post:gsub("%.", "") return e .. pre .. "g.z" .. post end) -- -x- at the beginning of a coda becomes [ks], e.g. [[annex]], [[apèndix]], [[extracció]]; but not elsewhere in -- the coda, e.g. in [[romanx]], [[ponx]]; words with [ks] in -nx such as [[esfinx]], [[linx]], [[manx]] need -- respelling with [ks]; words ending in vowel + x like [[ídix]] need respelling with [ʃ] text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. stress_c .. "*)x", "%1ks") if dialect == "val" or dialect == "nwe" then -- Word-initial <x> as well as <x> after a consonant other than /j/ (including in the coda, e.g. [[ponx]]) -- becomes [t͡ʃ]. text = rsub(text, "#x", "#ʧ") text = rsub(text, "([^" .. vowel_l .. separator_l .. "j]" .. charsep_c .. "*)x", "%1ʧ") end -- Other x becomes [ʃ] text = rsub(text, "x", "ʃ") -- Doubled ss -> s e.g. in exs-, exc(e/i)-, sc(e/i)-; FIXME: should this apply across word boundaries? text = rsub(text, "s(" .. charsep_c .. "*)s", "%1s") ------------------ Coda consonant losses -- In Central Catalan, coda losses happen everywhere, but otherwise they don't happen when -- absolutely word-finally before a vowel or end of utterance (e.g. [[blanc]] has /k/ in Balearic and -- Valencian but not [[blancs]]). Must precede consonant assimilations. local boundary = (dialect == "cen" or dialect == "nor" or dialect == "nwe") and "(.)" or "([^#])" text = rsub(text, "m[pb]" .. boundary, "m%1") text = rsub(text, "([ln])[td]" .. boundary, "%1%2") text = rsub(text, "[nŋ][kg]" .. boundary, "ŋ%1") if dialect == "val" or dialect == "bal" then local before_cons = "(" .. separator_c .. "*" .. C .. ")" text = rsub(text, "m[pb]" .. before_cons, "m%1") text = rsub(text, "([ln])[td]" .. before_cons, "%1%2") text = rsub(text, "[nŋ][kg]" .. before_cons, "ŋ%1") end -- Delete /t/ between /s/ and any consonant other than /s/ or /ɾ/. Must precede voicing assimilation and -- t + lateral/nasal assimilation. text = rsub(text, "st(" .. sylsep_c .. "*[^" .. neg_guts_of_cons .. "sɾ])", "s%1") ------------------ Consonant assimilations if dialect == "cen" or dialect == "nor" or dialect == "nwe" then -- v > b in onsets (not in codas, e.g. [[ovni]] [ɔ́vni] and [[hafni]] [ávni]). This needs to precede -- assimilation of nb -> mb. text = rsub(text, "v(" .. C .. "*" .. V ..")", "b%1") end -- t + lateral assimilation -> geminate across syllable boundary. We don't any more do t + nasal assimiation -- because there are too many exceptions, e.g. [[aritmètic]], [[atmosfèric]], [[ètnia]]. Instead, we require that -- cases where it does happen use respelling to effect this. FIXME: this doesn't always happen in -tl- either, -- e.g. [[atlàntic]] has [əllántik] in GDLC but [adlántik] in DNV. -- -- FIXME: Clean this up, maybe move below voicing assimilation, investigate whether it operates across words, -- move stuff below that special-cases tll in Valencian here. text = rsub(text, "t(" .. sylsep_c .. ")([lʎ])", "%2%1%2") -- n + labial > labialized assimilation text = rsub(text, "n(" .. separator_c .. "*[mbp])", "m%1") text = rsub(text, "n(" .. separator_c .. "*[fv])", "ɱ%1") -- n + velar > velarized assimilation text = rsub(text, "n(" .. separator_c .. "*[kg])", "ŋ%1") -- l/n + palatal > palatalized assimilation text = rsub(text, "([ln])(" .. separator_c .. "*[ʎɲʃʒʧʤ])", function(ln, palatal) ln = ({["l"] = "ʎ", ["n"] = "ɲ"})[ln] return ln .. palatal end) -- ɲs > ɲʃ; FIXME: not sure the purpose of this; it doesn't apply in [[menys]] or derived terms like [[menyspreu]] -- NOTE: Per [https://giec.iec.cat/textgramatica/codi/4.4], it does apply in these scenarios but the result is -- somewhere between [s] and [ʃ], which is why it isn't shown in GDLC. -- text = rsub(text, "ɲs", "%1ʃ") ------------------ Handle <r> -- In replace_context_free(), we converted single r to ɾ and double rr to r. if dialect == "cen" or dialect == "nor" or dialect == "nwe" then text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_R, "") text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_RR, "r") elseif dialect == "bal" then text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_R, "") text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_RR, "") else verify(dialect == "val", ("Unrecognized dialect '%s'"):format(dialect)) text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_R, "ɾ") text = rsub(text, TEMP_PAREN_RR, "ɾ") end if dialect ~= "val" then -- Coda /ɾ/ -> /r/ -- FIXME: This is inherited from the older code. Correct? text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. stress_c .. "*" .. C .. "*)ɾ", "%1r") end -- ɾ -> r word-initially or after [lns]; needs to precede voicing assimilation as <s> will be voiced to [z] before -- /ɾ/. text = rsub(text, "([#lns]" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ɾ", "%1r") ------------------ Voicing assimilation -- Voicing or devoicing; we want to proceed from right to left, and due to the limitations of patterns (in -- particular, the lack of support for alternations), it's difficult to do this cleanly using Lua patterns, so we -- do it character by character. local chars = split_into_chars(text) -- We need to look two characters ahead in some cases, so start two characters from the end. This is safe because -- the overall respelling ends in "##". (Similarly, as an optimization, don't check the first two characters, which -- are always "##".) for i = #chars - 2, 3, -1 do -- We are looking for two consonants next to each other, possibly separated by a syllable or word divider. -- We also handle a consonant followed by a syllable divider then a vowel, and a consonant word-finally. -- Note that only coda consonants can change voicing, so we need to check to make sure we're in the coda. local first = chars[i] -- If `second` is nil, no assimilation occurs. Otherwise, `second` should be a consonant or empty string (which -- represents a syllable or word boundary followed by a vowel or end of string), and we assimilate to that -- consonant (empty string forces devoicing). local second -- If set to true, we're processing a consonant directly before a word boundary followed by a word beginning -- with a vowel. In this context, voiceless sibilants voice. Note that we handle voicing of <s> word-internally -- separately, in preprocess_word() [FIXME: maybe move much of the processing in preprocess_word() into this -- function]. local word_boundary_before_vowel if not ufind(first, C) then -- leave `second` at nil; no assimilation elseif chars[i + 1] == "#" then -- word boundary if chars[i + 2] == " " then -- chars[i + 3] should always be "#" verify(chars[i + 3] == "#", "Word boundary followed by space but not #") if ufind(chars[i + 4], C) then second = chars[i + 4] else second = "" word_boundary_before_vowel = true end else second = "" end elseif ufind(chars[i + 1], sylsep_c) then -- syllable boundary if ufind(chars[i + 2], C) then second = chars[i + 2] else second = "" end elseif ufind(chars[i + 1], C) then second = chars[i + 1] else -- followed by a vowel not across a syllable or word boundary; leave `second` as nil, no assimilation end if second then -- Make sure we're in the coda. We have to look backwards until we find a vowel or syllable/word boundary. local in_coda = false local j = i - 1 while true do verify(j > 0, "Missing word boundary at beginning of overall respelling") if ufind(chars[j], "[" .. sylsep_l .. wordsep_l .. "]") then break elseif ufind(chars[j], V) then in_coda = true break end j = j - 1 end if in_coda then if word_boundary_before_vowel and ufind(first, "[zʒʣʤ]") then -- leave alone elseif voiced[second] and voicing[first] or word_boundary_before_vowel and ufind(first, "[sʃʦʧ]") then chars[i] = voicing[first] elseif (voiceless[second] or second == "") and devoicing[first] then chars[i] = devoicing[first] end end end end text = table.concat(chars) -- gn -> ŋn e.g. [[regnar]] (including word-initial gn- e.g. [[gnòmic]], [[gneis]]) -- FIXME: This should be moved below voicing assimilation, and we need to investigate if it operates across words -- (here I'm guessing yes). if dialect ~= "cen" then text = rsub(text, "#gn", "#n") end text = rsub(text, "g(" .. separator_c .. "*n)", "ŋ%1") -- gʒ > d͡ʒ -- FIXME: We need to investigate if it operates across words text = rsub(text, "g(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʒ", "%1ʤ") -- sʃ -> ʃ ([[desxifrar]]), zʒ -> ʒ ([[disjuntor]]) if dialect ~= "val" then text = rsub(text, "s(" .. separator_c .. "*ʃ)", "%1") text = rsub(text, "z(" .. separator_c .. "*ʒ)", "%1") end ------------------ Gemination of <bl>, <gl> if dialect ~= "val" then -- bl -> bbl, gl -> ggl after the stress when following a vowel; to avoid this, use <b_l> or <g_l>. -- This must follow v > b above. To force a hard ungeminated [b] or [g], use <_b> or <_g>. text = rsub(text, "(" .. stress_c .. ")(" .. sylsep_c .. ")([bg])l", "%1%3%2%3l") else -- Valencian; undo manually written 'bbl', 'ggl' in words like [[poblar]], [[reglament]] text = rsub(text, "([bg])(" .. sylsep_c .. ")%1l", "%2%1l") end ------------------ Lenition of voiced stops -- In Central Catalan, b/d/g become fricatives (actually approximants, like in Spanish) in the onset following a -- vowel and (except for <d>) after <l> and <ll> (cf. GDLC [[cabellblanc]] [kəβɛ̀ʎβláŋ]). This also happens across -- word boundaries but doesn't happen after stops, nor in Central Catalan after [r], [ɾ] or [z] (and hence probably -- not after [ʒ] either, although I can't find any examples in GDLC). -- -- In Valencian, <b> doesn't lenite (at least formally?), but <d> and <g> do lenite after [r], [ɾ] or [z]. -- -- Balearic is like Valencian in not leniting <b>, and probably like Central Catalan otherwise. local lenite_bdg = {["b"] = "β", ["d"] = "ð", ["g"] = "ɣ"} if dialect == "cen" or dialect == "nor" or dialect == "nwe" then text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "jwv]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)([bdg])", function(before, bdg) return before .. lenite_bdg[bdg] end) text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "lʎ]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)([bg])", function(before, bg) return before .. lenite_bdg[bg] end) elseif dialect == "val" then text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "jwvrɾzʣ]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)([dg])", function(before, dg) return before .. lenite_bdg[dg] end) text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "lʎ]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)(g)", function(before, g) return before .. lenite_bdg[g] end) else verify(dialect == "bal", ("Unrecognized dialect '%s'"):format(dialect)) text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "jwv]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)([dg])", function(before, dg) return before .. lenite_bdg[dg] end) text = rsub(text, "([" .. vowel_l .. "lʎ]" .. separator_c .. "*[.#]" .. separator_c .. "*)(g)", function(before, g) return before .. lenite_bdg[g] end) end ------------------ Vowel reduction -- Reduction of unstressed a,e in Central and Balearic (Eastern Catalan). if dialect ~= "val" and dialect ~= "nwe" then -- The following rules seem to apply, based on the old code: -- (1) Stressed a and e are never reduced. -- (2) Unstressed e directly following ə is not reduced. -- (3) Unstressed e directly before written <a> or before /ɔ/ is not reduced. -- (4) Written <ee> when both vowels precede the primary stress is reduced to [əə]. (This rule preempts #2.) -- (5) Written <ee> when both vowels follow the primary stress isn't reduced at all. -- Rule #2 in particular seems to require that we proceed left to right, which is how the old code was -- implemented. -- FIXME: These rules seem overly complex and may produce incorrect results in some circumstances. local words = split(text, " ") for j, word in ipairs(words) do local chars = split_into_chars(word) -- See above where voicing assimilation is handled. The overall respelling begins and ends in #, which we -- can ignore. We need to look ahead three chars in some circumstances, but in all those circumstances we -- shoudn't run off the end (and have assertions to check this). local seen_primary_stress = false for i = 2, #chars - 1 do local this = chars[i] if chars[i] == AC then seen_primary_stress = true end if (this ~= "a" and this ~= "e") or ufind(chars[i + 1], stress_c) then -- Not a/e, or a stressed vowel; continue else local reduction = true local prev, prev_stress, nxt, nxt_stress if not ufind(chars[i - 1], sylsep_c) then prev = "" else prev = chars[i - 2] -- this should be non-nil as chars[i - 1] is a syllable separator (not #) verify(prev, "Missing # at word boundary") prev_stress = "" if ufind(prev, stress_c) then prev_stress = prev prev = chars[i - 3] -- As above; chars[i - 2] is a stress indicator (not #). verify(prev, "Missing # at word boundary") end end if not ufind(chars[i + 1], sylsep_c) then nxt = "" -- leave nxt at nil else nxt = chars[i + 2] nxt_stress = chars[i + 3] -- chars[i + 1] is a syllable separator, so chars[i + 2] should not be a word boundary, so -- chars[i + 3] should exist. verify(nxt and nxt_stress, "Syllable separator at word boundary or missing # at word boundary") end if this == "e" and ufind(prev, "ə") then reduction = false elseif this == "e" and ufind(nxt, "[aɔ]") then reduction = false elseif this == "e" and nxt == "e" and not ufind(nxt_stress, AC) then -- FIXME: Check specifically for AC duplicates previous logic but is probably wrong or unnecessary. if not seen_primary_stress then chars[i + 2] = "ə" else reduction = false end end if reduction then chars[i] = "ə" end end end words[j] = table.concat(chars) end text = table.concat(words, " ") end if dialect == "cen" or dialect == "nor" then -- Reduction of unstressed o (not before w) text = rsub(text, "o([^" .. stress_l .. "w])", "u%1") elseif dialect == "bal" then -- Reduction of unstressed o per vowel harmony: unstressed /o/ -> /u/ directly before stressed /i/ or /u/; -- as a Lua pattern, o can be followed only by consonants and/or syllable separators (no vowels, stress marks -- or word separators). text = rsub(text, "o([^" .. vowel_l .. stress_l .. wordsep_l .. "]*[iu]" .. stress_c .. ")", "u%1") end -- Final losses. text = rsub(text, "j(ʧs?#)", "%1") -- boigs /bɔt͡ʃ/ text = rsub(text, "([ʃʧs])s#", "%1#") -- homophone plurals -xs, -igs, -çs if dialect ~= "val" and dialect ~= "nwe" then -- Remove j before palatal obstruents text = rsub(text, "j(" .. sylsep_c .. "*[ʃʒʧʤ])", "%1") end if dialect == "val" then -- Fortition of palatal fricatives text = rsub(text, "ʒ", "ʤ") text = rsub(text, "(i" .. stress_c .. "*" .. sylsep_c .. ")ʣ", "%1z") end if dialect ~= "cen" then -- No palatal gemination ʎʎ > ll or ʎ, in Valencian and Balearic. -- FIXME: These conditions seem to be targeting specific words and should probably be fixed using respelling -- instead. text = rsub(text, "([bpw]a" .. stress_c .. "*)ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʎ", "%1l%2l") text = rsub(text, "([mv]e" .. stress_c .. "*)ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʎ", "%1l%2l") text = rsub(text, "(ti" .. stress_c .. "*)ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʎ", "%1l%2l") text = rsub(text, "(m[oɔ]" .. stress_c .. "*)ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʎ", "%1l%2l") text = rsub(text, "(u" .. stress_c .. "*)ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*)ʎ", "%1l%2l") text = rsub(text, "ʎ(" .. sylsep_c .. "*ʎ)", "%1") end ---------- Convert pseudo-symbols to real ones. -- Convert g to IPA ɡ. text = rsub(text, "g", "ɡ") -- Convert pseudo-afficate symbols to full affricates. local full_affricates = { ["ʦ"] = "t͡s", ["ʣ"] = "d͡z", ["ʧ"] = "t͡ʃ", ["ʤ"] = "d͡ʒ" } text = rsub(text, "([ʦʣʧʤ])", full_affricates) -- Convert Northern Catalan vowels. if dialect == "nor" then text = rsub(text, "e", "e̞") text = rsub(text, "o", "o̞") end ---------- Generate IPA stress marks. -- Convert acute and grave to IPA stress marks. text = rsub(text, AC, "ˈ") text = rsub(text, GR, "ˌ") -- Move IPA stress marks to the beginning of the syllable. text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([#.])([^#.]*)(" .. ipa_stress_c .. ")", "%1%3%2") -- Suppress syllable divider before IPA stress indicator. text = rsub(text, "%.(#?" .. ipa_stress_c .. ")", "%1") -- Make all primary stresses but the last one in a given word be secondary. May be fed by the first rule above. -- FIXME: Currently this is handled earlier, but we might want to move it here, as is done in [[Module:pt-pronunc]]. -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "ˈ([^ ]+)ˈ", "ˌ%1ˈ") -- Make primary stresses in prefixes become secondary. (FIXME: Handled earlier now.) -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "ˈ([^#]*#" .. PREFIX_MARKER .. ")", "ˌ%1") -- Remove # symbols at word/text boundaries, as well as _ (which forces separate interpretation), pseudo-consonant -- markers (at edges of some prefixes/suffixes), and prefix markers, and recompose. text = rsub(text, "[#_" .. PSEUDOCONS .. "]", "") text = toNFC(text) return text end local function preprocess_word(syllables, suffix_syllables, dialect, pos, orig_word) -- Stressed vowel is ambiguous if syllables.stress then local stressed_vowel = syllables[syllables.stress].vowel if ufind(stressed_vowel, "[eo]") then local marks = {["e"] = {AC, GR, CFLEX, DIA}, ["o"] = {AC, GR, CFLEX}} local marked_vowels = {} for _, mark in ipairs(marks[stressed_vowel]) do table.insert(marked_vowels, stressed_vowel .. mark) end error(("In respelling '%s', the stressed vowel '%s' is ambiguous. Please mark it with an acute, " .. "grave, or combined accent: %s."):format(orig_word, stressed_vowel, mw.text.listToText(marked_vowels, nil, " or "))) end end -- Final -r is ambiguous in many cases. local final = syllables[#syllables] -- Stressed final r after a or i in non-monosyllables is treated as (r), i.e. verbal infinitives are assumed (NOTE: -- not always the case, e.g. there are many adjectives and nouns in -ar that should be marked as '(rr)', and -- several loanword nouns in -ir that should be marked as 'rr'). Likewise for stressed final r or rs after é in -- non-monosyllables (which are usually adjectives or nouns with the -er ending, but may be verbal infinitives, -- which should be marked as 'ê(r)'). That is, it disappears other than in Valencian. All other final r and final -- rs are considered ambiguous and need to be rewritten using rr, (rr) or (r). if #syllables > 1 and final.stressed then if final.coda == "r" and ufind(final.vowel, "[aàiíé]") or final.coda == "rs" and final.vowel == "é" or final.vowel == "ó" and ufind(final.coda, "^rs?$") and ufind(final.onset, "[stdç]") then final.coda = TEMP_PAREN_R end end if ufind(final.coda, "^rs?$") or ufind(final.coda, "[^r]rs?$") then error(("In respelling '%s', final -r by itself or in -rs is ambiguous except in the verbal endings -ar or " .. "-ir, in the nominal or adjectival endings -er(s) and -[dtsç]or(s). In all other cases it needs to be " .. "rewritten using one of 'rr' (pronounced everywhere), '(rr)' (pronounced everywhere but Balearic) or " .. "'(r)' (pronounced only in Valencian). Note that adjectives in -ar usually need rewriting using '(rr)'; " .. "nouns in -ar referring to places should be rewritten using '(r)'; and loanword nouns in -ir usually " .. "need rewriting using 'rr'."):format(orig_word)) end local syllables_IPA = {stress = syllables.stress, is_prefix = syllables.is_prefix, is_suffix = syllables.is_suffix} for key, val in ipairs(syllables) do syllables_IPA[key] = {onset = val.onset, vowel = val.vowel, coda = val.coda, stressed = val.stressed} end -- Replace letters with IPA equivalents for i, syll in ipairs(syllables_IPA) do -- Voicing of s if syll.onset == "s" and i > 1 and ufind(syllables[i - 1].coda, "^[iu]?$") then syll.onset = "z" end if ufind(syll.vowel, "^[eèéêëií]$") then syll.onset = rsub(syll.onset, "tg$", "ʤ") syll.onset = rsub(syll.onset, "[cg]$", {["c"] = "s", ["g"] = "ʒ"}) syll.onset = rsub(syll.onset, "[qg]u$", {["qu"] = "k", ["gu"] = "g"}) end syll.coda = rsub(syll.coda, "igs?$", "iʤ") syll.onset = replace_context_free(syll.onset) syll.coda = replace_context_free(syll.coda) syll.vowel = rsub(syll.vowel, ".", dialect == "cen" and IPA_vowels_central or dialect == "bal" and IPA_vowels_balearic or dialect == "nor" and IPA_vowels_northern or dialect == "val" and IPA_vowels_valencian or dialect == "nwe" and IPA_vowels_northwestern ) syll.vowel = rsub(syll.vowel, ".", IPA_vowels) end for _, suffix_syl in ipairs(suffix_syllables) do table.insert(syllables_IPA, suffix_syl) end return syllables_IPA end -- Given a single substitution spec, `to`, figure out the corresponding value of `from` used in a complete -- substitution spec. `pagename` is the name of the page, either the actual one or taken from the `pagename` param. -- `whole_word`, if set, indicates that the match must be to a whole word (it was preceded by ~). local function convert_single_substitution_to_original(to, pagename, whole_word) -- Replace specially-handled characters with a class matching the character and possible replacements. local escaped_from = to -- Handling of '(rr)', '(r)', '.' and '-' needs to be done before calling pattern_escape(); otherwise they will be -- escaped. escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("%(rr%)", "r") escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("%(r%)", "r") escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("ks", "x"):gsub("Ks", "X"):gsub("gz", "x"):gsub("([bg])%1l", "%1l"):gsub("[._]", "") escaped_from = pattern_escape(escaped_from) escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("rr", "rr?") escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("ss", "ss?") escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("ʃ", "[xX]") -- This is tricky, because we already passed `escaped_from` through pattern_escape() causing a hyphen to get a -- % sign before it, and have to double up the percent signs to match and replace a literal %. escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("%%%-", "%%-?") -- Tie sign (‿) should match against space, hyphen or nothing in the original. escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub("‿", "[ %%-]?") escaped_from = rsub(escaped_from, "[" .. written_accented_vowel_l .. "]", function(v) return "[" .. v .. written_accented_to_plain_vowel[v] .. "]" end) escaped_from = escaped_from:gsub(DOTOVER, DOTOVER .. "?"):gsub(LINEUNDER, LINEUNDER .. "?") escaped_from = "(" .. escaped_from .. ")" if whole_word then escaped_from = "%f[%a]" .. escaped_from .. "%f[%A]" end local match = umatch(pagename, escaped_from) if match then if match == to then error(("Single substitution spec '%s' found in pagename '%s', replacement would have no effect"): format(to, pagename)) end return match end error(("Single substitution spec '%s' couldn't be matched to pagename '%s'"):format(to, pagename)) end local function apply_substitution_spec(respelling, pagename, pos, allow_mid_vowel_hints, parse_err) local subs = split_on_comma(umatch(respelling, "^%[(.*)%]$")) respelling = pagename local mid_vowel_hint local regular_subs = {} for _, sub in ipairs(subs) do if ufind(sub, "^" .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. "$") then if mid_vowel_hint then parse_err(("Specified mid vowel hint twice, '%s' and '%s'"):format( mid_vowel_hint, sub)) end mid_vowel_hint = sub else table.insert(regular_subs, sub) end end if mid_vowel_hint then if not allow_mid_vowel_hints then parse_err(("Mid vowel hint '%s' not allowed when apply one substitution spec to multiple words"):format( mid_vowel_hint)) end local suffix = "" -- FIXME: This duplicates logic in to_IPA(). if not pos or pos == "adverb" then local part_before_ment, ment = umatch(respelling, "^(.*)(m[eé]nt)$") if part_before_ment and (pos == "adverb" or not ufind(part_before_ment, "[iï]$") and ufind(part_before_ment, V .. ".*" .. V)) then suffix = ment respelling = part_before_ment end end local syllables = split_syllables(respelling, "stress prefixes", "may be uppercase") local stressed_vowel = syllables[syllables.stress].vowel if stressed_vowel == mid_vowel_hint then -- do nothing elseif ufind(mid_vowel_hint, "[èéêë]") and ufind(stressed_vowel, "[eEèÈ]") or ufind(mid_vowel_hint, "[òóô]") and ufind(stressed_vowel, "[oO]") then syllables[syllables.stress].vowel = mid_vowel_hint else parse_err(("Stressed vowel '%s' not compatible with mid vowel hint '%s'"):format( stressed_vowel, mid_vowel_hint)) end respelling = reconstitute_word_from_syllables(syllables) .. suffix end for _, sub in ipairs(regular_subs) do local from, escaped_from, to, escaped_to, whole_word if ufind(sub, "^~") then -- whole-word match sub = umatch(sub, "^~(.*)$") whole_word = true end if sub:find(":") then from, to = umatch(sub, "^(.-):(.*)$") else to = sub from = convert_single_substitution_to_original(to, pagename, whole_word) end if from then escaped_from = pattern_escape(from) if whole_word then escaped_from = "%f[%a]" .. escaped_from .. "%f[%A]" end escaped_to = replacement_escape(to) local subbed_respelling, nsubs = ugsub(respelling, escaped_from, escaped_to) if nsubs == 0 then parse_err(("Substitution spec %s -> %s didn't match processed pagename '%s'"):format( from, to, respelling)) elseif nsubs > 1 then parse_err(("Substitution spec %s -> %s matched multiple substrings in processed pagename '%s', add " .. "more context"):format(from, to, respelling)) else respelling = subbed_respelling end end end return respelling end local canonicalize_pos = { n = "noun", noun = "noun", v = "verb", vb = "verb", verb = "verb", a = "adjective", adj = "adjective", adjective = "adjective", av = "adverb", adv = "adverb", adverb = "adverb", o = "other", other = "other", } local function parse_off_pos(respelling, parse_err) local pos, rest = respelling:match("^([a-z]+)/(.*)$") if pos then if not canonicalize_pos[pos] then local valid_pos = {} for vp, _ in pairs(canonicalize_pos) do table.insert(valid_pos, vp) end table.sort(valid_pos) parse_err(("Unrecognized part of speech '%s', should be one of %s"):format(pos, table.concat(valid_pos, ", "))) end pos = canonicalize_pos[pos] respelling = rest if respelling == "" then respelling = "+" end end return pos, respelling end -- Parse a respelling given by the user, allowing for '+' for pagename, mid vowel hints in place of a respelling and -- substitution specs like '[ks]' or [val:vol,ê,ks]. In general, return an object {words = {WORD, WORD, ...}} where -- WORD is of the form {term = PARSED_RESPELLING, pos = POS}. Other fields are set in special cases: If a raw respelling -- was seen, the fields `raw_phonemic` and/or `raw_phonetic` are set; if '?' is seen, the field `unknown` is set; and if -- '-' is seen, the field `omitted` is set. local function parse_respelling(respelling, pagename, parse_err) if respelling == "?" then return { unknown = true } end if respelling == "-" then return { omitted = true } end local saw_raw local remaining_respelling = respelling:match("^raw:(.*)$") if remaining_respelling then saw_raw = true respelling = remaining_respelling end local raw_phonemic, raw_phonetic = respelling:match("^/(.*)/ %[(.*)%]$") if not raw_phonemic then raw_phonemic = respelling:match("^/(.*)/$") end if not raw_phonemic and saw_raw then raw_phonetic = respelling:match("^%[(.*)%]$") end if raw_phonemic or raw_phonetic then return { raw_phonemic = raw_phonemic, raw_phonetic = raw_phonetic, } end pagename = decompose_respelling(pagename) respelling = decompose_respelling(respelling) local function split_respelling_into_words(respelling, parse_pos) respelling = canon_respelling(respelling) local word_objs = {} local respelling_words = split(respelling, " ") for _, word in ipairs(respelling_words) do local pos if parse_pos then pos, word = parse_off_pos(word, parse_err) end table.insert(word_objs, {term = word, pos = pos}) end return {words = word_objs} end local function substitute_respelling_word(respelling_word, pagename_word) local pos pos, respelling_word = parse_off_pos(respelling_word, parse_err) if respelling_word == "+" then respelling_word = pagename_word else if ufind(respelling_word, "^" .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. "$") then respelling_word = "[" .. respelling_word .. "]" end if ufind(respelling_word, "^%[.*%]$") then respelling_word = apply_substitution_spec(respelling_word, pagename_word, pos, "allow mid vowel hint", parse_err) end end return {term = respelling_word, pos = pos} end -- At this point, if there are multiple words in the pagename, there are three syntaxes allowed: all-at-once, -- replacement or word-by-word. All-at-once syntax involves either a + representing the entire pagename, or a -- substitution spec that applies to all words in the pagename. This syntax cannot have a prefixed part of speech -- because it wouldn't be clear which word to apply the part of speech to. Replacement syntax simply spells out the -- respelling without any substitution specs or +'s (but possibly with parts of speech prefixed to individual -- words), and can have a different number of words than the pagename (essentially, the pagename is disregarded). -- Word-by-word syntax involves a combination of respelled words, per-word substitution specs and/or a + -- representing an individual word, and must have the same number of words as the pagename so that substitution -- specs and +'s can be lined up with words in the pagename. In all cases, the return value is in the same format; -- see comment at top of function. if pagename:find(" ") or respelling:find(" ") then if respelling == "+" then return split_respelling_into_words(pagename) elseif ufind(respelling, "^%[.*%]$") then -- all-at-once syntax with substitution spec return split_respelling_into_words(apply_substitution_spec(respelling, pagename, nil, false, parse_err)) elseif ufind(respelling, "^([a-z]+)/$") or ufind(respelling, "^([a-z]+)/%[[^%[%]]*%]$") then -- attempt to include a part of speech in all-at-once syntax parse_err(("Part of speech not allowed when pagename is multiword and all-at-once syntax is used in " .. "the respelling, but saw '%s'"):format(respelling)) elseif ufind(respelling, "^" .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. "$") then -- attempt to use a mid-vowel hint in all-at-once syntax parse_err(("Single mid-vowel hint not allowed when pagename is multiword because it's not clear which " .. "word to apply it to, but saw '%s'"):format(respelling)) elseif ufind(respelling, "[+%[%]]") or ufind(respelling, "^" .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. " ") or ufind(respelling, " " .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. " ") or ufind(respelling, " " .. export.mid_vowel_hint_c .. "$") then -- word-by-word syntax local sub_with_space = umatch(respelling, "%[[^%[%]]* [^%[%]]*%]") if sub_with_space then parse_err(("When using word-by-word syntax with a multiword pagename, saw substitution spec '%s' " .. "with spaces, which is not allowed because it must match a single word"):format(sub_with_space)) end pagename = canon_respelling(pagename) respelling = canon_respelling(respelling) local pagename_words = split(pagename, " ") local respelling_words = split(respelling, " ") if #pagename_words ~= #respelling_words then parse_err(("When using word-by-word syntax with a multiword pagename, saw %s words in pagename but " .. "%s word%s in respelling; they need to match"):format(#pagename_words, #respelling_words, #respelling_words > 1 and "s" or "")) end local word_objs = {} for i = 1, #pagename_words do table.insert(word_objs, substitute_respelling_word(respelling_words[i], pagename_words[i])) end return {words = word_objs} else -- replacement syntax; pagename ignored return split_respelling_into_words(respelling, "parse pos") end else local word_obj = substitute_respelling_word(respelling, pagename) word_obj.term = canon_respelling(word_obj.term) return {words = {word_obj}} end end -- Parse a list of comma-split runs containing one or more respellings, i.e. after calling parse_balanced_segment_run() -- or the like followed by split_alternating_runs() or the like (see [[Module:parse utilities]]). `pagename` is the -- pagename, for use when a respelling is just '+', a mid-vowel hint like 'ê' or a substitution spec like '[ks]'. -- `original_input` is the raw input and `input_param` the name of the param containing the raw input; both are used -- only in error messages. Return an object specifying the respellings, currently with a single field 'terms' (this -- format is used in case other outer properties exist in the future), where 'terms' is a list of term objects. Each -- term object contains either a field `term` with the respelling and an optional part of speech `pos`, or fields -- `raw_phonemic` and/or `raw_phonetic` (if the user specified raw IPA using "/.../" or "/.../ [...]" or "raw:[...]"), -- `unknown` (if the user specified "?"), or `omitted` (if the user specified "-"). In addition, there may be fields -- `q`, `qq`, `a`, `aa`, and/or `ref` corresponding to inline modifiers. Each such field is a list; all are lists of -- strings except for `ref`, which is a list of objects as returned by parse_references() in [[Module:references]]. function export.parse_comma_separated_groups(comma_separated_groups, pagename, original_input, input_param) local function generate_obj(respelling, parse_err) return parse_respelling(respelling, pagename == true and respelling or pagename, parse_err) end local put = require(parse_utilities_module) local outer_container = {terms = {}} for _, group in ipairs(comma_separated_groups) do -- Rejoin runs that don't involve <...>. local j = 2 while j <= #group do if not group[j]:find("^<.*>$") then group[j - 1] = group[j - 1] .. group[j] .. group[j + 1] table.remove(group, j) table.remove(group, j) else j = j + 2 end end local param_mods = { -- pre = { overall = true }, -- post = { overall = true }, ref = { store = "insert", convert = function(arg, parse_err) return require("Module:references").parse_references(arg) end }, q = { store = "insert" }, qq = { store = "insert" }, a = { store = "insert" }, aa = { store = "insert" }, } table.insert(outer_container.terms, put.parse_inline_modifiers_from_segments { group = group, arg = original_input, props = { paramname = input_param, param_mods = param_mods, generate_obj = generate_obj, splitchar = ",", outer_container = outer_container, }, }) end return outer_container end -- Generate the pronunciation of `words` (a list of word objects representing respellings, each of which is an object -- of the form {term = RESPELLING, pos = PART_OF_SPEECH} in `dialect` ("cen", "bal", "nor", "val", "nwe"). local function to_IPA(words, dialect) local pronuns = {} for _, wordobj in ipairs(words) do if ufind(wordobj.term, "[áìùÁÌÙ]") then error(("Invalid accented character in respelling '%s'; use accented à í ú, not the reversed versions" ):format(wordobj.term)) end end words = handle_unstressed_words(words) for _, wordobj in ipairs(words) do local word = wordobj.term local pos = wordobj.pos local suffix_syllables = {} local orig_word = word word = ulower(word) if not pos or pos == "adverb" then local word_before_ment = umatch(word, "^(.*)(m[eé]nt)$") if word_before_ment and (pos == "adverb" or not ufind(word_before_ment, "[iï]$") and ufind(word_before_ment, V .. ".*" .. V)) then suffix_syllables = {{onset = "m", vowel = "e", coda = "nt", stressed = true}} pos = "adjective" word = word_before_ment end end word = word_fixes(word, dialect) local syllables = split_syllables(word) syllables = preprocess_word(syllables, suffix_syllables, dialect, pos, orig_word) -- Combine syllables. local combined = {} local has_ment = #suffix_syllables > 0 for i, syll in ipairs(syllables) do local ac = (i == syllables.stress and not syllables.is_prefix and not has_ment or has_ment and i == #syllables) and AC or -- primary stress syllables[i].stressed and GR or -- secondary stress "" table.insert(combined, syll.onset .. syll.vowel .. ac .. syll.coda) end table.insert(pronuns, table.concat(combined, ".")) end -- Put double ## at utterance boundaries (beginning/end of string) and at foot boundaries (marked with |). -- Note that if the string without pound signs is 'foo bar baz | bat quux', the final string will be -- '##foo# #bar# #baz## #|# ##bat# #quux##'. local text = "##" .. table.concat(pronuns, " ") .. "##" text = rsub(text, " | ", "# | #") text = rsub(text, " ", "# #") return postprocess_general(text, dialect) end -- Generate the phonemic and phonetic pronunciations of the respellings in `parsed_respellings`, which is a table whose -- keys are dialect identifiers (e.g. "cen" for Central Catalan, "val" for Valencian) and whose values are objects of -- the format returned by parse_comma_separated_groups() (see comment above that function). This destructively modifies -- `parsed_respellings`, adding fields `phonemic` and `phonetic` containing the generated pronunciations and removing -- the input fields used to generate those output fields. (FIXME: Currently only phonetic pronunciation is generated.) function export.generate_phonemic_phonetic(parsed_respellings) -- Convert each canonicalized respelling to phonemic/phonetic IPA. for dialect, respelling_spec in pairs(parsed_respellings) do for _, termobj in ipairs(respelling_spec.terms) do if termobj.unknown or termobj.omitted then -- leave alone, will handle later elseif termobj.raw_phonemic or termobj.raw_phonetic then termobj.phonemic = termobj.raw_phonemic termobj.phonetic = termobj.raw_phonetic -- set to nil so by-value comparisons respect only the resulting phonemic/phonetic and qualifiers termobj.raw_phonemic = nil termobj.raw_phonetic = nil else termobj.phonetic = to_IPA(termobj.words, dialect) -- set to nil so by-value comparisons respect only the resulting phonemic/phonetic and qualifiers termobj.words = nil end end end end -- Group pronunciations by dialect, i.e. grouping pronunciations that are identical in every way (including both the -- pronunciation(s) and any qualifiers and other inline modifiers). `parsed_respellings` contains the output from -- generate_phonemic_phonetic(), and the return value is a list of grouped pronunciations, where each object in the list -- contains fields `dialects` (a list of dialects containing the pronunciations) and `pronuns` (a list of -- pronunciations, where each pronunciation is specified by an object containing fields `phonemic` and `phonetic`, as -- generated by generate_phonemic_phonetic(), along with any inline modifier fields `q`, `qq`, `a`, `aa` and/or `ref`). function export.group_pronuns_by_dialect(parsed_respellings) local grouped_pronuns = {} for dialect, pronun_spec in pairs(parsed_respellings) do local saw_omitted = false for _, termobj in ipairs(pronun_spec.terms) do if termobj.omitted then saw_omitted = true break end end if not saw_omitted then local saw_existing = false for _, group in ipairs(grouped_pronuns) do if deep_equals(group.pronuns, pronun_spec.terms) then table.insert(group.dialects, dialect) saw_existing = true break end end if not saw_existing then table.insert(grouped_pronuns, {dialects = {dialect}, pronuns = pronun_spec.terms}) end end end return grouped_pronuns end -- Format pronunciations grouped by dialect. `grouped_pronuns` contains the output of group_pronuns_by_dialect(). -- This destructively modifies `grouped_pronuns`, adding a field 'formatted' to the first-level values of -- `grouped_pronuns` containing the formatted pronunciation(s) for a given set of dialects. function export.format_grouped_pronunciations(grouped_pronuns) for _, grouped_pronun_spec in pairs(grouped_pronuns) do local pronunciations = {} -- Loop through each pronunciation. For each one, add the phonemic and phonetic versions to `pronunciations`, -- for formatting by [[Module:IPA]] or raw (for use in [[Module:ca-headword]]). for j, pronun in ipairs(grouped_pronun_spec.pronuns) do -- Add dialect tags to left accent qualifiers if first one local as = pronun.a if j == 1 then if as then as = deep_copy(as) else as = {} end for _, dialect in ipairs(grouped_pronun_spec.dialects) do table.insert(as, export.dialects_to_names[dialect]) end end local first_pronun = #pronunciations + 1 if pronun.unknown then -- FIXME: This is a massive hack but it works for now. table.insert(pronunciations, { pron = "", pretext = "''unknown''" }) else if not pronun.phonemic and not pronun.phonetic then error("Internal error: Saw neither phonemic nor phonetic pronunciation") end if pronun.phonemic then -- missing if 'raw:[...]' given local slash_pron = "/" .. pronun.phonemic .. "/" table.insert(pronunciations, { pron = slash_pron, }) end if pronun.phonetic then -- missing if '/.../' given local bracket_pron = "[" .. pronun.phonetic .. "]" table.insert(pronunciations, { pron = bracket_pron, }) end end local last_pronun = #pronunciations if pronun.q then pronunciations[first_pronun].q = pronun.q end if as then pronunciations[first_pronun].a = as end if j > 1 then pronunciations[first_pronun].separator = ", " end if pronun.qq then pronunciations[last_pronun].qq = pronun.qq end if pronun.aa then pronunciations[last_pronun].aa = pronun.aa end if pronun.refs then pronunciations[last_pronun].refs = pronun.refs end if first_pronun ~= last_pronun then pronunciations[last_pronun].separator = " " end end grouped_pronun_spec.formatted = format_IPA_full{ lang = lang, items = pronunciations, separator = "", } end end function export.show(frame) local params = { [1] = {}, indent = {}, pagename = {} -- for testing or documentation pages } for _, dialect in ipairs(export.dialects) do params[dialect] = {} end for dialect_group, _ in pairs(export.dialect_groups) do params[dialect_group] = {} end local args = require("Module:parameters").process(frame:getParent().args, params) local pagename = args.pagename or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename -- Set inputs local inputs = {} -- If 1= specified, do all dialects. if args[1] then for _, dialect in ipairs(export.dialects) do inputs[dialect] = {input = args[1], param = 1} end end -- Then do dialect groups. for dialect_group, group_dialects in pairs(export.dialect_groups) do if args[dialect_group] then for _, dialect in ipairs(group_dialects) do inputs[dialect] = {input = args[dialect_group], param = dialect_group} end end end -- Then do individual dialect settings. for _, dialect in ipairs(export.dialects) do if args[dialect] then inputs[dialect] = {input = args[dialect], param = dialect} end end -- If no inputs given, set all dialects based on current pagename. if not next(inputs) then for _, dialect in ipairs(export.dialects) do inputs[dialect] = {input = "+", param = "(pagename)"} end end -- Parse the arguments. local parsed_respellings = {} for dialect, inputspec in pairs(inputs) do local function generate_obj(respelling, parse_err) return parse_respelling(respelling, pagename, parse_err) end if inputspec.input:find("[<%[]") then local put = require(parse_utilities_module) -- Parse balanced segment runs involving either [...] (substitution notation) or <...> (inline modifiers). -- We do this because we don't want commas inside of square or angle brackets to count as respelling -- delimiters. However, we need to rejoin square-bracketed segments with nearby ones after splitting -- alternating runs on comma. For example, if we are given -- "a[x]a<q:learned>,[vol:vôl,ks]<q:nonstandard>", after calling -- parse_multi_delimiter_balanced_segment_run() we get the following output: -- -- {"a", "[x]", "a", "<q:learned>", ",", "[vol:vôl,ks]", "", "<q:nonstandard>", ""} -- -- After calling split_alternating_runs(), we get the following: -- -- {{"a", "[x]", "a", "<q:learned>", ""}, {"", "[vol:vôl,ks]", "", "<q:nonstandard>", ""}} -- -- We need to rejoin stuff on either side of the square-bracketed portions. local segments = put.parse_multi_delimiter_balanced_segment_run(inputspec.input, {{"<", ">"}, {"[", "]"}}) local comma_separated_groups = put.split_alternating_runs_on_comma(segments) -- Process each value. local outer_container = export.parse_comma_separated_groups(comma_separated_groups, pagename, inputspec.input, inputspec.param) parsed_respellings[dialect] = outer_container else local termobjs = {} local function parse_err(msg) error(msg .. ": " .. inputspec.param .. "=" .. inputspec.input) end for _, term in ipairs(split_on_comma(inputspec.input)) do table.insert(termobjs, generate_obj(term, parse_err)) end parsed_respellings[dialect] = { terms = termobjs, } end end -- Convert each canonicalized respelling to phonemic/phonetic IPA. export.generate_phonemic_phonetic(parsed_respellings) -- Group the results. local grouped_pronuns = export.group_pronuns_by_dialect(parsed_respellings) -- Format the results. export.format_grouped_pronunciations(grouped_pronuns) -- Concatenate formatted results. local formatted = {} for _, grouped_pronun_spec in ipairs(grouped_pronuns) do table.insert(formatted, grouped_pronun_spec.formatted) end local indent = (args.indent or "*") .. " " local out = table.concat(formatted, "\n" .. indent) if args.indent then out = indent .. out end return out end -- Used by [[Module:ca-IPA/testcases]]. function export.test(pagename, respelling, dialect) local function parse_err(msg) error(msg) end local parsed = parse_respelling(respelling, pagename, parse_err) return to_IPA(parsed.words, dialect) end return export g7t7vwk66dmw2rao0ad8pu3tzzfhg5u 0 1382322 9816075 7818241 2026-06-18T07:22:56Z TongcyDai 53191 9816075 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波斯語== {{wp|fa:}} ===發音=== {{fa-IPA|ir=jumhū`rī-yi dimōkrā`tīk-i kun`gu}} ===專有名詞=== {{fa-regional |جمهوری دموکراتیک کانگو |جمهوری دموکراتیک کنگو |Ҷумҳурии Демократии Конго}} {{fa-proper noun|tr=jomhuri-ye demokrâtik-e kongo}} {{tlb|fa|Iran}} # {{tcl|fa|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} nrzl5qr07ao29hkb6nhyvjjxsob0im1 0 1382503 9816039 5936041 2026-06-18T07:02:20Z TongcyDai 53191 9816039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|République démocratique du Congo}} ==法語== ===發音=== * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-République Démocratique du Congo.wav|a=巴黎}} ===專有名詞=== {{fr-proper noun|head=[[république|République]] [[démocratique|Démocratique]] [[du]] [[Congo]]|f}} # {{alternative case form of|fr|République démocratique du Congo}}；{{tcl|fr|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} 6r405304sqag6x9ouf1t26pqdtxipt5 0 1382535 9815305 8772277 2026-06-17T16:24:49Z Jmabel 133954 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Chao Phraya River photo D Ramey Logan.jpg]] → [[File:Chao Phraya River photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg.jpg.jpg]] [[c:Special:PermanentLink/1232765674#Mass_rename_requested]] 9815305 wikitext text/x-wiki ==泰語== {{swp|lang=th}} [[File:Chao Phraya River photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg.jpg.jpg|thumb|แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา (湄南河)]] ===詞源=== 來自{{compound|th|แม่|น้ำ|t1=河|t2=水}}。與{{cog|lo|ແມ່ນ້ຳ}}、{{cog|shn|မႄႈၼမ်ႉ}}、{{cog|khb|ᦶᦙᧈᦓᧄᧉ}}同源。 ===發音=== {{th-pron|แม่-น้าม}} ===名詞=== {{th-noun}} # [[河]] #: {{th-x|ลุ่ม'''แม่น้ำ'''|'''河的'''流域}} ====衍生詞==== {{col3|th|แม่น้ำโขง|ชักแม่น้ำทั้งห้า}} ====派生詞==== * {{desc|zh|bor=1|-}} *: {{desc|cmn|bor=1|-}} {{zh-l|湄南河}} {{topics|th|水體|地形}} 8xq6vskicw4wu3tqqmkont6gw4fuhhf 9815477 9815305 2026-06-17T18:22:44Z Jmabel 133954 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Chao Phraya River photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg.jpg.jpg]] → [[File:Chao Phraya River photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg.jpg]] fix my own error 9815477 wikitext text/x-wiki ==泰語== {{swp|lang=th}} [[File:Chao Phraya River photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg.jpg|thumb|แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา (湄南河)]] ===詞源=== 來自{{compound|th|แม่|น้ำ|t1=河|t2=水}}。與{{cog|lo|ແມ່ນ້ຳ}}、{{cog|shn|မႄႈၼမ်ႉ}}、{{cog|khb|ᦶᦙᧈᦓᧄᧉ}}同源。 ===發音=== {{th-pron|แม่-น้าม}} ===名詞=== {{th-noun}} # [[河]] #: {{th-x|ลุ่ม'''แม่น้ำ'''|'''河的'''流域}} ====衍生詞==== {{col3|th|แม่น้ำโขง|ชักแม่น้ำทั้งห้า}} ====派生詞==== * {{desc|zh|bor=1|-}} *: {{desc|cmn|bor=1|-}} {{zh-l|湄南河}} {{topics|th|水體|地形}} r4f73al95584r6dhin4n0h7dc10gv79 9815478 9815477 2026-06-17T18:31:34Z Jmabel 133954 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Chao Phraya River photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg.jpg]] → [[File:Chao Phraya River photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg]] fix my own error (at least I think it was all mine) 9815478 wikitext text/x-wiki ==泰語== {{swp|lang=th}} [[File:Chao Phraya River photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา (湄南河)]] ===詞源=== 來自{{compound|th|แม่|น้ำ|t1=河|t2=水}}。與{{cog|lo|ແມ່ນ້ຳ}}、{{cog|shn|မႄႈၼမ်ႉ}}、{{cog|khb|ᦶᦙᧈᦓᧄᧉ}}同源。 ===發音=== {{th-pron|แม่-น้าม}} ===名詞=== {{th-noun}} # [[河]] #: {{th-x|ลุ่ม'''แม่น้ำ'''|'''河的'''流域}} ====衍生詞==== {{col3|th|แม่น้ำโขง|ชักแม่น้ำทั้งห้า}} ====派生詞==== * {{desc|zh|bor=1|-}} *: {{desc|cmn|bor=1|-}} {{zh-l|湄南河}} {{topics|th|水體|地形}} rffd5z4u8rjfim9tn53yuixs6gsbet5 0 1383743 9816035 8806525 2026-06-18T07:01:26Z TongcyDai 53191 9816035 wikitext text/x-wiki ==芬蘭語== {{wp|fi:}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|fi|專有名詞|head=[[Kongo]]n [[demokraattinen]] [[tasavalta]]}} # {{tcl|fi|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====變格==== {{fi-decl-nainen-kala|pos1=adj|Kongon demokraatti|a|tasava|lt|ll|a|nopl=1}} ====近義詞==== * {{l|fi|Kinshasan Kongo}} * {{l|fi|Kongo-Kinshasa}} * {{l|fi|Zaire}} h722ijaz2x1802d5s65pbd0e4aqolop 0 1383744 9816036 7582989 2026-06-18T07:01:59Z TongcyDai 53191 9816036 wikitext text/x-wiki ==芬蘭語== ===詞源=== {{pcal|fi|grc|δημοκρατικός|}}；{{suf|fi|demokraatti|inen}}。 ===發音=== {{fi-p|demo"kraattinen}} ===形容詞=== {{fi-adj|demokraattis|empi|in}} # [[民主]]的 #: {{syn|fi|kansanvaltainen}} # {{lb|fi|美國政治}} [[民主黨]]的 ====變格==== {{fi-decl-nainen|pos=adj|demokraatti|a}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|fi |demokraattisesti |demokraattistaa |demokraattisuus }} {{col|fi|title=複合詞 |epädemokraattinen |kansandemokraattinen |sosiaalidemokraattinen }} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:fi:KTSK|accessdate=2023-07-02}} 81tkgvrm6kt6fbdrhq823szz2d8mgpk 0 1383749 9815966 7815919 2026-06-18T06:27:10Z TongcyDai 53191 9815966 wikitext text/x-wiki ==芬蘭語== {{wp|fi:}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|fi|專有名詞|head=[[Kongo|Kongon]] [[tasavalta]]}} # {{tcl|fi|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|fi|Brazzavillen Kongo}} * {{l|fi|Kongo-Brazzaville}} nlocrwn4ak09wbzjj5ct9u6x12rudso 0 1384188 9816069 7872090 2026-06-18T07:20:57Z TongcyDai 53191 9816069 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|みん|しゅ|きょう|わ|こく|yomi=goon,kanon2,goon,o}} {{swp|ja:}} ===詞源=== {{ja-compound|コンゴ||民%主|みん%しゅ|共%和%国|きょう%わ%こく|t1=[[剛果]]|t2=[[民主]]|t3=[[共和國]]}} ===專有名詞=== {{ja-pos|proper|コンゴ みんしゅ きょうわこく}} # {{tcl|ja|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ===參見=== * {{ja-r|コンゴ・キンシャサ|^コンゴ-^キンシャサ}} * {{ja-r|^ザイール}} {{list:countries in Africa/ja}} i27fbboha21v2iphwgl5tuj3pw5ha4c 0 1384189 9815987 7818730 2026-06-18T06:34:24Z TongcyDai 53191 9815987 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|きょう|わ|こく|yomi=kanon,goon,o}} {{swp|ja:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|ja|コンゴ|共和国|tr1=Kongo|t1=[[Congo]]|tr2=kyōwakoku|t2=[[republic]]}} ===專有名詞=== {{ja-pos|proper|コンゴ きょうわこく}} # {{tcl|ja|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ===參見=== * {{ja-r|コンゴ・ブラザヴィル|^コンゴ-^ブラザヴィル}} {{list:countries in Africa/ja}} 7v6o4s407avkbgmt3ibwo32ajvkjxqj 0 1385844 9816030 8342881 2026-06-18T07:00:26Z TongcyDai 53191 9816030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Congo Kinshasa}} ==英語== [[File:Democratic Republic of the Congo (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Congo-Kinshasa]] ===詞源=== {{l|en|Congo}} + {{l|en|Kinshasa}}，以與同名鄰國區分。 ===專有名詞=== {{en-proper noun}} # {{tcl|en|剛果（金）|id=Q974|place_capital=Kinshasa}}。 #: {{syn|en|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo}} ===參見=== * {{l|en|Congo-Brazzaville}} * {{pedia}} ==荷蘭語== ===發音=== * {{audio|nl|Nl-Congo-Kinshasa.ogg}} ===專有名詞=== {{nl-proper noun|n}} # {{tcl|nl|剛果（金）|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|nl|Democratische Republiek Congo|Congo}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{pedia|lang=nl}} ==意大利語== ===專有名詞=== {{it-proper noun}} # {{tcl|it|剛果（金）|id=Q974}} ==葡萄牙語== ===發音=== {{pt-IPA|Congo Kinshassa}} ===專有名詞=== {{pt-proper noun|m|head=[[Congo]]-[[Kinshasa]]}} # {{tcl|pt|剛果（金）|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|pt|República Democrática do Congo}} h8knxn7fy96d986idwzt0wgkerfbyg1 0 1387264 9815981 7815646 2026-06-18T06:33:26Z TongcyDai 53191 9815981 wikitext text/x-wiki ==匈牙利語== {{swp|hu:}} ===詞源=== {{affix|hu|cseh|köztársaság|t1=Czech|t2=republic|nocat=y}}。 ===發音=== * {{hu-IPA|CseˌKöztársaság}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|hu|專有名詞|head=[[cseh|Cseh]] [[köztársaság|Köztársaság]]}} # {{tcl|hu|捷克|id=Q213}} #: {{syn|hu|Csehország}} ====變格==== {{hu-infl-nom|Cseh Köztársaságo|o|n=sg}}{{hu-pos-otok|Cseh Köztársaság||ai|n=sg}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col4|hu |cseh köztársasági }} jh8v54my93gnfsrpo5k6ofbbxif6pxi 9815982 9815981 2026-06-18T06:33:50Z TongcyDai 53191 9815982 wikitext text/x-wiki ==匈牙利語== {{swp|hu:}} ===詞源=== {{affix|hu|cseh|köztársaság|t1=捷克的：捷克人|t2=共和國|nocat=y}}。 ===發音=== * {{hu-IPA|CseˌKöztársaság}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|hu|專有名詞|head=[[cseh|Cseh]] [[köztársaság|Köztársaság]]}} # {{tcl|hu|捷克|id=Q213}} #: {{syn|hu|Csehország}} ====變格==== {{hu-infl-nom|Cseh Köztársaságo|o|n=sg}}{{hu-pos-otok|Cseh Köztársaság||ai|n=sg}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col4|hu |cseh köztársasági }} 4qab0kl48qu2erps1n9pwiyo99hmpky 0 1389117 9816031 7815656 2026-06-18T07:00:36Z TongcyDai 53191 9816031 wikitext text/x-wiki ==世界語== {{wp|eo:}} [[Image:Democratic Republic of the Congo in its region.svg|thumb|450px|'''Demokratia Respubliko Kongo''']] ===發音=== {{eo-pr|a=LL-Q143 (epo)-Lepticed7-Demokratia Respubliko Kongo.wav}} ===專有名詞=== {{eo-proper noun|head=[[demokratia|Demokratia]] [[respubliko|Respubliko]] [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|eo|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|eo|Kongo-Kinŝasa}} ===參見=== {{compass|eo|n=Centr-Afrika Respubliko,Sud-Sudano|e=Ugando,Ruando,Burundo,Tanganjiko|w=Respubliko Kongo,Angolo,Atlantiko|s=Angolo,Zambio}} o88g4sezb4d4vke7ziw4ieumkymhtlo 0 1389118 9815964 7816159 2026-06-18T06:27:01Z TongcyDai 53191 9815964 wikitext text/x-wiki ==世界語== {{wp|eo:}} [[Image:Republic of the Congo in its region.svg|thumb|450px|'''Respubliko Kongo''']] ===發音=== {{eo-pr}} ===專有名詞=== {{eo-head|head=[[respubliko|Respubliko]] [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|eo|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ===參見=== {{compass|eo|w=Gabono,Atlantiko|n=Kameruno,Centr-Afrika Respubliko|se=Demokratia Respubliko Kongo|sw=Angola}} 30zl0beq7lokypmanhw3vnw3kd90yjl 0 1398711 9816003 9531318 2026-06-18T06:40:35Z TongcyDai 53191 9816003 wikitext text/x-wiki ==斯瓦希里語== ===發音=== * {{audio|sw|Sw-ke-Jamhuri ya Kongo.flac|a=Kenya}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|sw|專有名詞|head=[[jamhuri|Jamhuri]] ya [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|sw|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/sw}} 63vxeul5xunm50r6eaepmhstddd2ife 0 1398962 9815994 5706405 2026-06-18T06:36:41Z TongcyDai 53191 9815994 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉脫維亞語== ===專有名詞=== {{lv-proper noun|f|4th}} # {{tcl|lv|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====變格==== {{lv-decl-noun|Kongo Republik|a|第四|no-pl||||proper|extrawidth=0}} opvelhxkpxfpzqybei5hbhdd5ci7icw 9815995 9815994 2026-06-18T06:36:51Z TongcyDai 53191 9815995 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉脫維亞語== ===專有名詞=== {{lv-proper noun|f|4th}} # {{tcl|lv|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====變格==== {{lv-decl-noun|Kongo Republik|a|4th|no-pl||||proper|extrawidth=0}} 49tw39ho7l0v1jv5c907rmsmvoyhhrv 0 1398963 9816014 7335761 2026-06-18T06:44:24Z TongcyDai 53191 9816014 wikitext text/x-wiki ==土耳其語== {{wp|tr:}} ===發音=== * {{audio|tr|LL-Q256 (tur)-ToprakM-Kongo Cumhuriyeti.wav}} ===專有名詞=== {{tr-proper noun|head=[[Kongo]] [[cumhuriyeti|Cumhuriyeti]]}} # {{tcl|tr|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====變格==== {{tr-decl-noun-unc |Kongo Cumhuriyeti |Kongo Cumhuriyeti'ni |Kongo Cumhuriyeti'ne |Kongo Cumhuriyeti'nde |Kongo Cumhuriyeti'nden |Kongo Cumhuriyeti'nin }} {{tr-poss-prop-v-ei}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/tr}} 8wkjhyf6tbd4c7h1sapi15y39zzuxn1 0 1399804 9815950 5707989 2026-06-18T06:19:18Z TongcyDai 53191 9815950 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== {{wp}} [[File:Republicofthecongo w2 locator.svg|thumb|right|剛果共和國]] ===其他形式=== * {{alter|en|Republic of Congo}} ===發音=== * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Republic of the Congo.wav|a=Southern England}} ===專有名詞=== {{en-proper noun|head=[[republic|Republic]] [[of]] [[the]] ''[[Congo]]''|def=1}} # {{tcl|en|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|en|Congo-Brazzaville|Congo Republic}} #: {{hyper|en|Subsahara}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|en|COG}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|en|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}，另一個名為「剛果」、首都位於[[金夏沙]]/[[金沙萨]]的國家 ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/en}} qc0sgofo72qt45kylsg6segh0d9dxka 9815953 9815950 2026-06-18T06:19:54Z TongcyDai 53191 9815953 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== {{wp|en:}} [[File:Republicofthecongo w2 locator.svg|thumb|right|剛果共和國]] ===其他形式=== * {{alter|en|Republic of Congo}} ===發音=== * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Republic of the Congo.wav|a=Southern England}} ===專有名詞=== {{en-proper noun|head=[[republic|Republic]] [[of]] [[the]] ''[[Congo]]''|def=1}} # {{tcl|en|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|en|Congo-Brazzaville|Congo Republic}} #: {{hyper|en|Subsahara}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|en|COG}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|en|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}，另一個名為「剛果」、首都位於[[金夏沙]]/[[金沙萨]]的國家 ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/en}} ll77aqn0lrd26tjim8wtaqqe0thsm7x 0 1399806 9815970 7815638 2026-06-18T06:28:57Z TongcyDai 53191 9815970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Congo Brazzaville}} ==英語== [[File:LocationCongoRepublicofthe.svg|thumb|Congo-Brazzaville]] ===詞源=== 源自 {{m|en|Congo}} + {{m|en|Brazzaville}}，用於區別其鄰國 {{m|en|Congo-Kinshasa}}。 ===專有名詞=== {{en-proper noun}} # {{tcl|en|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|en|Republic of the Congo|Congo Republic}} ===參見=== * {{l|en|Congo-Kinshasa}} * {{pedia|lang=en}} ==荷蘭語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|nl|Kongo-Brazzaville||superseded}} ===發音=== * {{audio|nl|Nl-Congo-Brazzaville.ogg}} ===專有名詞=== {{nl-proper noun|n}} # {{tcl|nl|Congo-Brazzaville|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|nl|Republiek Congo}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{pedia|lang=nl}} ==法語== ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA|kongobrazavil}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Congo-Brazzaville.wav|a=巴黎}} ===專有名詞=== {{fr-proper noun|m}} # {{tcl|fr|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} ==意大利語== ===專有名詞=== {{it-proper noun}} # {{tcl|it|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} ==葡萄牙語== ===專有名詞=== {{pt-proper noun|m|head=[[Congo]]-[[Brazzaville]]}} # {{tcl|pt|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|pt|República do Congo}} 4hv4a7k3ozgj9dimc52rns895scqovy 9815971 9815970 2026-06-18T06:29:11Z TongcyDai 53191 9815971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Congo Brazzaville}} ==英語== [[File:LocationCongoRepublicofthe.svg|thumb|Congo-Brazzaville]] ===詞源=== 源自 {{m|en|Congo}} + {{m|en|Brazzaville}}，用於區別其鄰國 {{m|en|Congo-Kinshasa}}。 ===專有名詞=== {{en-proper noun}} # {{tcl|en|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|en|Republic of the Congo|Congo Republic}} ===參見=== * {{l|en|Congo-Kinshasa}} * {{pedia|lang=en}} ==荷蘭語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|nl|Kongo-Brazzaville||superseded}} ===發音=== * {{audio|nl|Nl-Congo-Brazzaville.ogg}} ===專有名詞=== {{nl-proper noun|n}} # {{tcl|nl|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|nl|Republiek Congo}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{pedia|lang=nl}} ==法語== ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA|kongobrazavil}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Congo-Brazzaville.wav|a=巴黎}} ===專有名詞=== {{fr-proper noun|m}} # {{tcl|fr|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} ==意大利語== ===專有名詞=== {{it-proper noun}} # {{tcl|it|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} ==葡萄牙語== ===專有名詞=== {{pt-proper noun|m|head=[[Congo]]-[[Brazzaville]]}} # {{tcl|pt|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|pt|República do Congo}} jp9syxovbdtwb7jhsb5gzmkm9b6wq2k 0 1399807 9815999 5707992 2026-06-18T06:37:29Z TongcyDai 53191 9815999 wikitext text/x-wiki ==葡萄牙語== ===發音=== {{pt-IPA|Rèpública do Congo}} ===專有名詞=== {{pt-proper noun|f|head=[[república|República]] [[do]] [[Congo]]}} # {{tcl|pt|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|pt|Congo-Brazzaville|Congo}} pi9yxae5f6f41fxoffw5l8gsp90007k 0 1399811 9815974 9548621 2026-06-18T06:29:37Z TongcyDai 53191 9815974 wikitext text/x-wiki ==德語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|de|[ʁepuˌbliːk ˈkɔŋɡo]}} * {{audio|de|De-Republik Kongo.ogg|a=柏林}} ===專有名詞=== {{de-proper noun|[[Republik]]<f.article> [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|de|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/de}} ==印尼語== {{wp|id:}} ===專有名詞=== {{id-proper noun|head=}} # {{tcl|id|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/id}} 4ruqcdxqyt1tjx4rbm92a12qyyvuz6g 0 1399814 9815959 5708000 2026-06-18T06:23:55Z TongcyDai 53191 9815959 wikitext text/x-wiki ==捷克語== {{wp|cs:}} ===發音=== * {{cs-IPA}} ===專有名詞=== {{cs-proper noun|f|head=[[republika|Republika]] [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|cs|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|cs|Konžská republika}} ====變格==== {{cs-ndecl|[[republika|Republika]]<f.sg> [[Kongo]]}} ==塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語== ===專有名詞=== {{sh-propn|[[republika|Repùblika]] [[Kȍngo]]|f}} # {{tcl|sh|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|sh|Kongo Brazzaville}} npciqhfqvzskugp9u68tk9tp6mg76d4 0 1399815 9816004 7318295 2026-06-18T06:40:36Z TongcyDai 53191 9816004 wikitext text/x-wiki ==瑞典語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|sv|/rɛpɵˈbliːkɛn ˈkɔnɡʊ/}} ===專有名詞=== {{sv-proper noun|n|head=[[republiken|Republiken]] [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|sv|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|sv|Kongo-Brazzaville}} t9nc7twvivkq0aj0kaz3801tkoym2pe 0 1399817 9815984 5708004 2026-06-18T06:34:08Z TongcyDai 53191 9815984 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== {{wp|it:}} ===專有名詞=== {{it-proper noun|f|head=[[repubblica|Repubblica]] [[del]] [[Congo]]}} # {{tcl|it|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|it|congolese}} * {{l|it|Repubblica Democratica del Congo}} 023z0gd2r1zotf0nj6ratb8sathj5y4 0 1399818 9816068 5708005 2026-06-18T07:19:08Z TongcyDai 53191 9816068 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== {{wp|it:}} ===專有名詞=== {{it-proper noun|f|head=[[repubblica|Repubblica]] [[democratica|Democratica]] [[del]] [[Congo]]}} # {{tcl|it|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|it|congolese}} * {{l|it|Repubblica del Congo}} hh0a2v634bgznmit70uut6qybaar5r3 0 1399820 9816002 9036787 2026-06-18T06:40:31Z TongcyDai 53191 9816002 wikitext text/x-wiki ==西班牙語== {{wp|es:}} ===發音=== {{es-pr|+<audio:LL-Q1321 (spa)-Rodelar-República del Congo.wav<a:Spain>>}} ===專有名詞=== {{es-proper noun|f|head=[[república|República]] [[del]] [[Congo]]}} # {{tcl|es|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====相關詞彙==== {{col|es|congoleño|congolés}} {{cln|es|外名}} 4okgbj6gvhc9wiexsq96uok7340gw2g 0 1399856 9815968 5936046 2026-06-18T06:27:31Z TongcyDai 53191 9815968 wikitext text/x-wiki ==法語== ===詞源=== {{l|fr|république||共和國}} + {{l|fr|du||定冠詞 + ……的}} + {{l|fr|Congo}}。 ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA}} * {{audio|fr|Fr-République du Congo.ogg}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-République du Congo.wav|a=巴黎}} ===專有名詞=== {{fr-proper noun|f|head=[[république|République]] [[du]] [[Congo]]}} # {{tcl|fr|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|fr|Congo-Brazzaville}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|fr|républicain|pos=形容詞}} * {{l|fr|Congolais|g=m}} * {{l|fr|congolais|pos=形容詞}} 19sw8qif8n2m3pmrru1ukoixkkair7n 0 1406578 9816107 7335759 2026-06-18T07:34:03Z TongcyDai 53191 9816107 wikitext text/x-wiki ==土耳其語== ===專有名詞=== {{tr-proper noun|head=[[demokratik|Demokratik]] [[Kongo]] [[cumhuriyeti|Cumhuriyeti]]}} # {{tcl|tr|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} lhdbr8su9d7nq08xh4g2y5rm96yrqpm 828 1470174 9815378 6180188 2026-06-17T17:57:38Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Module:R:DGE]]至[[Module:R:grc:DGE]]，不留重定向 6180188 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} function export.create(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args local title = args['w'] or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text local title_span = '<span class="polytonic" lang="grc">'..title..'</span>' -- replace U+03CC GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH TONOS ([[ό]]) -- with U+1F79 GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA; -- the DGE website only accepts the latter. -- See [[Template talk:R:DGE#Characters with oxia]]. local term = (args[1] or title):gsub(mw.ustring.char(0x03CC), mw.ustring.char(0x1F79)) local termURLCode = mw.uri.encode(term, "PATH") local year = os.date("%Y") local link = "" if termURLCode == '' then link = "''[[:en:w:Diccionario Griego–Español|Diccionario Griego–Español]]'' en línea (2006–"..year..")" else link = "[http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge/"..termURLCode..' '..title_span.."] in the ''[[:en:w:Diccionario Griego–Español|Diccionario Griego–Español]]'' en línea (2006–"..year..")" end return link end return export 0okqubclmsahsclppz8q8sby7ytwk5r 9815380 9815378 2026-06-17T17:57:46Z TongcyDai 53191 9815380 Scribunto text/plain local get_lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode local process_params = require("Module:parameters").process local tag_text = require("Module:script utilities").tag_text local uri_encode = mw.uri.encode local export = {} function export.create(frame) local args = process_params(frame:getParent().args, { [1] = true, [2] = true, }) local target = args[1] or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename return ("[http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge/%s %s] in the ''[[w:Diccionario Griego–Español|Diccionario Griego–Español]]'' en línea (2006–%s)"):format( uri_encode(target, "PATH"), tag_text(args[2] or target, get_lang("grc")), os.date("%Y") ) end return export jd4l3rploqmjqkqh3f02npqxeqha2yg 0 1496360 9816079 8007883 2026-06-18T07:24:22Z TongcyDai 53191 9816079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|république|republiqué}} ==英語== ===名詞=== {{en-noun}} # {{obsolete form of|en|republic}} #* {{quote-book |en |year=1651 |author=Fulgenzio Micanzio |title=The Life of the Most Learned Father Paul |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xeIsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA201 |page=201 |passage=He lived in the world ſeaventie one years , which was a decrepit age if you conſider his complexion, or his conſummate wiſdome and perfection on of vertue , and his either deſires or hopes to live being but too ſhort a time if you conſider the ſervice that the publique received from him, or the common deſire that was afterward of him becauſe it concerned the moſt excellent '''republique''', that his ſervice ſhould have beene as durable as it was faithfull.}} ==中古法語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|frm|id=共和國|:lbor|la:republica<alt:rēpūblicā><ety:from<respublica<id:共和國><alt:rēspūblica><t:共和國>>>|tree=1}} 借自{{bor|fr|la|rēpūblicā}}，{{m|la|rēspūblica|t=共和國}}的奪格單數，源自{{mention|la|rēs|t=事物}} + {{mention|la|publicus|pūblica|公共}}；字面意義為「公共事物」。 ===名詞=== {{frm-noun|f}} # [[共和國]] ====派生詞==== * {{desc|fr|république}} {{see desc}} ==西班牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|es|動詞變位形式}} # {{es-verb form of|republicar}} 3exf69slufobo09t034025ig4vpljce 0 1504011 9816100 9531327 2026-06-18T07:32:30Z TongcyDai 53191 9816100 wikitext text/x-wiki ==斯瓦希里語== {{wp|sw:}} ===發音=== * {{audio|sw|Sw-ke-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.flac|a=Kenya}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|sw|專有名詞|head=[[jamhuri|Jamhuri]] ya [[demokrasia|Kidemokrasia]] ya [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|sw|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/sw}} s2xh5nosni8jc6ifp195n2l1gp877d3 0 1514440 9816064 9531600 2026-06-18T07:17:44Z TongcyDai 53191 9816064 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印尼語== {{wp|id:}} ===發音=== * {{id-IPA|répu.blik démo.kratik Konggo}} ===專有名詞=== {{id-proper noun|head=[[republik|Rèpublik]] [[demokratik|Dèmokratik]] [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|id|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|id|RDK<q:initialism>}} ====近義詞==== * {{l|ms|Republik Demokratik Congo}} {{qualifier|標準 Malay}} ====參見==== {{list:countries in Africa/id}} 2xxobc2eu2ip518jxcet84mlkbdma6d 9816065 9816064 2026-06-18T07:18:06Z TongcyDai 53191 9816065 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印尼語== {{wp|id:}} ===發音=== * {{id-IPA|répu.blik démo.kratik Konggo}} ===專有名詞=== {{id-proper noun|head=[[republik|Rèpublik]] [[demokratik|Dèmokratik]] [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|id|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|id|RDK<q:首字母縮略詞>}} ====近義詞==== * {{l|ms|Republik Demokratik Congo}} {{qualifier|標準馬來語}} ====參見==== {{list:countries in Africa/id}} 7srn4v398oexo8jzoskhsd1e4cr7jvd 0 1567499 9816085 6115324 2026-06-18T07:28:27Z TongcyDai 53191 9816085 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉脫維亞語== ===專有名詞=== {{lv-proper noun|f|4th|head=[[Kongo]] [[demokrātiskā|Demokrātiskā]] [[Republika]]}} # {{tcl|lv|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====變格==== {{lv-decl-AdjN|Kongo Demokrātisk|def|Republik|a|4th|no-pl|extrawidth=10}} e02vpsacyeuzfh3cr1mby0u56o0cufc 10 1690745 9816132 8018635 2026-06-18T08:07:36Z TongcyDai 53191 9816132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-book |de |last=Mayrhofer |first=Manfred |authorlink=Manfred Mayrhofer |title=Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen |trans-title=古印度-雅利安语言语源词典 |entry={{{head|{{{1|}}}}}} |entryurl={{#if:{{{vol|{{{volume}}}}}}{{{page|{{{2|}}}}}}|https://archive.org/details/{{#switch:{{{vol|{{{volume}}}}}} |I|1=etymologischesworterbuchdesaltindoarischenmayrhoferewa11992rep_25_b/page/n{{#expr:{{{page|{{{2|}}}}}}+61}} |II|2=EtymologischesWrterbuchDesAltindoarischenMayrhoferEWA21992/page/n{{#expr:{{{page|{{{2|}}}}}}+41}} |III|3=etymologisches-worterbuch-des-altindoarischen-bd-3/page/n{{#expr:{{{page|{{{2|}}}}}}+33}} }}/mode/2up}} |url={{#if:{{{vol|{{{volume}}}}}}|https://archive.org/details/{{#switch:{{{vol|{{{volume}}}}}} |I|1=EtymologischesWrterbuchDesAltindoarischenMayrhoferEWA11992 |II|2=EtymologischesWrterbuchDesAltindoarischenMayrhoferEWA21992 |III|3=etymologisches-worterbuch-des-altindoarischen-bd-3 }}}} |location=Heidelberg |publisher=Carl Winter Universitätsverlag |year={{#switch:{{{vol}}}|I|1=1992|II|2=1996|III|3=2001|#default=1992–2001}} |pageparam=2 |volume={{{vol|{{{volume|}}}}}} |column={{{col|{{{column|}}}}}} |textparam=3 |allowparams=head,1,vol,volume,col,column }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> kdy3vu1o4dlzfdf2fv7p38yfn99vo5q 9816133 9816132 2026-06-18T08:07:53Z TongcyDai 53191 9816133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-book |de |last=Mayrhofer |first=Manfred |authorlink=Manfred Mayrhofer |title=Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen |trans-title=古印度-雅利安语言语源词典 |entry={{{head|{{{1|}}}}}} |entryurl={{#if:{{{vol|{{{volume}}}}}}{{{page|{{{2|}}}}}}|https://archive.org/details/{{#switch:{{{vol|{{{volume}}}}}} |I|1=etymologischesworterbuchdesaltindoarischenmayrhoferewa11992rep_25_b/page/n{{#expr:{{{page|{{{2|}}}}}}+61}} |II|2=EtymologischesWrterbuchDesAltindoarischenMayrhoferEWA21992/page/n{{#expr:{{{page|{{{2|}}}}}}+41}} |III|3=etymologisches-worterbuch-des-altindoarischen-bd-3/page/n{{#expr:{{{page|{{{2|}}}}}}+33}} }}/mode/2up}} |url={{#if:{{{vol|{{{volume}}}}}}|https://archive.org/details/{{#switch:{{{vol|{{{volume}}}}}} |I|1=EtymologischesWrterbuchDesAltindoarischenMayrhoferEWA11992 |II|2=EtymologischesWrterbuchDesAltindoarischenMayrhoferEWA21992 |III|3=etymologisches-worterbuch-des-altindoarischen-bd-3 }}}} |location=Heidelberg |publisher=Carl Winter Universitätsverlag |year={{#switch:{{{vol}}}|I|1=1992|II|2=1996|III|3=2001|#default=1992–2001}} |pageparam=2 |volume={{{vol|{{{volume|}}}}}} |column={{{col|{{{column|}}}}}} |textparam=3 |allowparams=head,1,vol,volume,col,column }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}{{refcat|iir-pro|inc-pro|sa}}</noinclude> m5obyr76zls31qtcmxzatciexw3wrxc 9816134 9816133 2026-06-18T08:08:08Z TongcyDai 53191 9816134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-book |de |last=Mayrhofer |first=Manfred |authorlink=en:Manfred Mayrhofer |title=Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen |trans-title=古印度-雅利安语言语源词典 |entry={{{head|{{{1|}}}}}} |entryurl={{#if:{{{vol|{{{volume}}}}}}{{{page|{{{2|}}}}}}|https://archive.org/details/{{#switch:{{{vol|{{{volume}}}}}} |I|1=etymologischesworterbuchdesaltindoarischenmayrhoferewa11992rep_25_b/page/n{{#expr:{{{page|{{{2|}}}}}}+61}} |II|2=EtymologischesWrterbuchDesAltindoarischenMayrhoferEWA21992/page/n{{#expr:{{{page|{{{2|}}}}}}+41}} |III|3=etymologisches-worterbuch-des-altindoarischen-bd-3/page/n{{#expr:{{{page|{{{2|}}}}}}+33}} }}/mode/2up}} |url={{#if:{{{vol|{{{volume}}}}}}|https://archive.org/details/{{#switch:{{{vol|{{{volume}}}}}} |I|1=EtymologischesWrterbuchDesAltindoarischenMayrhoferEWA11992 |II|2=EtymologischesWrterbuchDesAltindoarischenMayrhoferEWA21992 |III|3=etymologisches-worterbuch-des-altindoarischen-bd-3 }}}} |location=Heidelberg |publisher=Carl Winter Universitätsverlag |year={{#switch:{{{vol}}}|I|1=1992|II|2=1996|III|3=2001|#default=1992–2001}} |pageparam=2 |volume={{{vol|{{{volume|}}}}}} |column={{{col|{{{column|}}}}}} |textparam=3 |allowparams=head,1,vol,volume,col,column }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}{{refcat|iir-pro|inc-pro|sa}}</noinclude> 63yk8t1paf7o7nlc1pt5dokzzkgstq2 0 1691056 9816193 9542525 2026-06-18T11:44:39Z TongcyDai 53191 9816193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|haltig|-hältig}} ==德語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|de|-hältig}} {{qualifier|奧地利}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|de|/ˈhaltɪç/|aa=Germany}} * {{IPA|de|/ˈhaltɪk/|aa=Southern Germany,Austria,Switzerland}} * {{audio|de|LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--haltig.wav}} * {{audio|de|De--haltig.ogg|a=柏林}} * {{audio|de|De--haltig2.ogg|a=柏林}} * {{hyphenation|de|-hal|tig}} ===後綴=== {{head|de|後綴|cat2=構成形容詞的後綴}} # 表示[[含有]][[某种]][[物质]]（尤其是[[金属]]）。 ====派生詞彙==== {{suffixsee|de}} ==瑞典語== ===詞源=== {{suf|sv|halt|ig|t2=-y}} ===後綴=== {{head|sv|後綴}} # [[含有]]某種[[物質]] #: {{ux|sv|en alkohol'''haltig''' dryck|'''含'''酒精的飲料}} #: {{ux|sv|en koffein'''haltig''' dryck|'''含'''咖啡因的飲料}} #: {{ux|sv|kalk'''haltig'''|'''含'''鈣的}} ====派生詞彙==== {{suffixsee|sv}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:svenska.se|so}} * {{R:svenska.se|saob}} 0lc3aesdstsq8po90pfaifubwp5shh9 9816194 9816193 2026-06-18T11:45:08Z TongcyDai 53191 9816194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|haltig|-hältig}} ==德語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|de|-hältig}} {{qualifier|奧地利}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|de|/ˈhaltɪç/|aa=Germany}} * {{IPA|de|/ˈhaltɪk/|aa=Southern Germany,Austria,Switzerland}} * {{audio|de|LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--haltig.wav}} * {{audio|de|De--haltig.ogg|a=柏林}} * {{audio|de|De--haltig2.ogg|a=柏林}} * {{hyphenation|de|-hal|tig}} ===後綴=== {{head|de|後綴|cat2=構成形容詞的後綴}} # 表示[[含有]][[某种]][[物质]]（尤其是[[金属]]）。 ====派生詞彙==== {{suffixsee|de}} ==瑞典語== ===詞源=== {{suf|sv|halt|ig|pos2=形容詞後綴}} ===後綴=== {{head|sv|後綴}} # [[含有]]某種[[物質]] #: {{ux|sv|en alkohol'''haltig''' dryck|'''含'''酒精的飲料}} #: {{ux|sv|en koffein'''haltig''' dryck|'''含'''咖啡因的飲料}} #: {{ux|sv|kalk'''haltig'''|'''含'''鈣的}} ====派生詞彙==== {{suffixsee|sv}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:svenska.se|so}} * {{R:svenska.se|saob}} oqi6owvcflhfbsh8qg1kfwteehmnd54 0 1701150 9815976 6331676 2026-06-18T06:29:48Z TongcyDai 53191 9815976 wikitext text/x-wiki ==希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{l|el|[[δημοκρατία|Δημοκρατία]] του [[Κογγό]]|g=f}} ===專有名詞=== {{el-noun-proper|f|head=[[δημοκρατία|Δημοκρατία]] του [[Κονγκό]]}} # {{tcl|el|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====延伸閱讀==== * {{pedia|lang=el}} 74qgpmwgkaz8f87oiawdi9q46zyraaf 0 1749958 9815331 9506430 2026-06-17T17:31:16Z TongcyDai 53191 9815331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|गरज}} ==博多語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|brx|:bor|as:গিৰ্জা<ety:bor<bn:গির্জা>>|tree=1|text=++}} ===名詞=== {{brx-pos|n|girja|tr=girja}} # {{lb|brx|基督教}} [[教堂]] {{C|brx|基督教|宗教場所}} ==印地語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|hi|गिर्जा}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|hi|:bor|pt:igreja|tree=1|text=++}} {{doublet|hi|कलीसिया|कलीसा}}。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|m|ur=گرجا}} # {{lb|hi|基督教}} [[教堂]] #: {{syn|hi|गिरजाघर|चर्च|कलीसा|कलीसिया|कनीसा}} # [[禮拜堂]] ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|hi|गिरजाघर}} * {{l|hi|कैथोलिक गिरजाघर|t=[[天主教會]]，大公教會}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|gu|ગિરજા|bor=1}} * {{desc|mwr|गिरजौ|bor=1}} * {{desc|ps|ګرجا|bor=1}} * {{desc|pa|-|bor=1}} *: {{desc|pa|ਗਿਰਜਾ|sclang=1}} *: {{desc|pa|گِرْجا|sclang=1}} {{c|hi|宗教場所}} chyieahdap1i0km7em6ldbswi1pcva2 10 1776128 9816184 7642579 2026-06-18T08:51:14Z TongcyDai 53191 页面内容被替换为“<includeonly>{{#invoke:letter def|show|sc=Cyrl}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>” 9816184 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:letter def|show|sc=Cyrl}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 9j40v0yxe9ikz2iesk9nueirt00551b 0 1806451 9816108 9532886 2026-06-18T07:34:08Z TongcyDai 53191 9816108 wikitext text/x-wiki ==烏克蘭語== {{wp|uk:}} ===其他形式=== * {{alter|uk|Демократи́чна Респу́бліка Ко́нґо}} ===發音=== * {{uk-IPA|Демократи́чна Респу́бліка Ко́нго}} * {{audio|uk|LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Tohaomg-Демократична Республіка Конго.wav}} ===專有名詞=== {{uk-proper noun|[[демократичний|Демократи́чна]]<+> [[республіка|Респу́бліка]]<sg> [[Ко́нго]]}} # {{tcl|uk|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====變格==== {{uk-ndecl|[[демократичний|Демократи́чна]]<+> [[республіка|Респу́бліка]]<sg> [[Ко́нго]]}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/uk}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:uk:Horokh}} jqrikixeb0u9h191m34mide5ae82xym 0 1831506 9816001 9535400 2026-06-18T06:37:45Z TongcyDai 53191 9816001 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== {{wp|ru:}} ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|Респу́блика Ко́нго}} * {{audio|ru|Ru-Республика Конго.ogg}} ===專有名詞=== {{ru-proper noun+|[[республика|Респу́блика]]|_|[[Ко́нго]]|$}} # {{tcl|ru|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====變格==== {{ru-noun-table|[[республика|Респу́блика]]|_|[[Ко́нго]]|$|n=sg}} ====參見==== * {{l|ru|Браззави́ль}} * {{l|ru|Демократи́ческая Респу́блика Ко́нго}} {{list:countries in Africa/ru}} old0la13vych1747utnhhy9p7oeouvu 0 1831507 9816097 9535283 2026-06-18T07:30:53Z TongcyDai 53191 9816097 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== {{wp|ru:}} ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|Демократи́ческая Респу́блика Ко́нго}} * {{audio|ru|Ru-Демократическая Республика Конго.ogg}} ===專有名詞=== {{ru-proper noun+|[[демократический|Демократи́ческая]]|+|_|[[республика|Респу́блика]]|_|[[Ко́нго]]|$}} # {{tcl|ru|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|ru|Заи́р<q:舊名>}} ====變格==== {{ru-noun-table|[[демократический|Демократи́ческая]]|+|_|[[республика|Респу́блика]]|_|[[Ко́нго]]|$|n=sg}} ====參見==== * {{l|ru|Кинша́са}} * {{l|ru|Респу́блика Ко́нго}} {{list:countries in Africa/ru}} qy8zcfqmfgtdiju4r5qmpnqn784wzw4 0 1906859 9816117 9631063 2026-06-18T07:56:10Z TongcyDai 53191 9816117 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁语== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|la|poublicos||早期拉丁语}} ===词源=== {{etymon|la|id=公共|:from|itc-ola:poplicus<ety:der<poplus<ety:der<itc-pro:*poplos>>>>}} 源自{{der|la|itc-ola|poplicus}}，源自{{der|la|itc-ola|poplus}}，其发展为了{{cog|la|populus||人民}}，最终源自{{der|la|itc-pro|*poplos|t=军队}}，其词源不详。 传统上将从''-ŏp-''到''-ūb-''的变换解释为同根词{{m|la|pūbēs|t=成年人口；青年期；生殖器}}的吸引。<ref>{{R:itc:EDL}}</ref>另一解释认为这是一个可分为两步的规则发音变换：''-p-''的浊化，以及''-o-''到''-ou-''的拆分（而单元音化为''-ū-''）。<ref>{{cite-book|url=https://www.google.co.nz/books/edition/Syllable_and_Segment_in_Latin/J7u6BwAAQBAJ|author=Ranjan Sen|title=Syllable and Segment in Latin|publisher={{w|Oxford University Press}}|year=2015|isbn= 9780199660186|page=146}}</ref> ===发音=== * {{la-IPA|pūblicus}} ===形容词=== {{la-adj|pūblicus}} # [[人民]]的、[[国家]]的或[[社会]]的 #* '''58-49 BCE''', [[w:凯撒|Gaius Julius Caesar]], ''De Bello Gallico'', VI.13.4: #*: {{quote|la|Illi rebus divinis intersunt, sacrificia '''publica''' ac privata procurant, religiones interpretantur.}} # [[公共]]的，[[普遍]]的 ====变格==== {{la-adecl|pūblicus}} ====近义词==== * {{sense|公共的}} {{l|la|forēnsis}} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|la|pūblica}} * {{l|la|pūblicē}} * {{l|la|pūblicitus}} * {{l|la|pūblicum}} * {{l|la|rēspūblica}} * {{l|la|vīcus pūblicus}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|la|populus}} ====派生語彙==== {{top2}} * 继承： ** {{desc|fur|plóvi|t=租佃}} ** {{desc|it|piuvico}} ** {{desc|nap|prubbeco}} ** {{desc|sc|prúbbicu|púbblicu|púbbricu|plúbicu}} {{qual|古洛古多罗}}、{{l|sc|frúbbicu}} ** {{desc|scn|prùbbicu}}、{{l|sc|pùbbricu}}、{{l|sc|pùbblicu}} ** {{desc|vec|pyóvego}} {{qual|维琴察}} * 借词： ** {{desc|ca|públic|bor=1}} ** {{desc|nl|publiek|bor=1}} ** {{desc|en|public|bor=1}} ** {{desc|fr|public|bor=1}} ** {{desc|gl|público|bor=1}} ** {{desc|it|pubblico|bor=1}} ** {{desc|pt|público|bor=1}} ** {{desc|ro|public|bor=1}} ** {{desc|bor=1|ru|публика|публичный}} ** {{desc|es|público|bor=1}} {{bottom}} ===名词=== {{la-noun|pūblicus<2>}} # 地方[[执法]]官 ====变格==== {{la-ndecl|pūblicus<2>}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:la:L&S}} * {{R:la:du Cange}} * {{R:la:Gaffiot}} * {{R:la:M&A}} <references/> l6z8rk8wcorimm6qfbhl7783vivxvkp 118 1906861 9816170 9373799 2026-06-18T08:18:16Z TongcyDai 53191 9816170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reconstructed}} ==原始意大利语== ===词源=== {{etymon|itc-pro|id=軍隊}} {{unk|itc-pro|不详}}。Whatmough将其与{{der|itc-pro|ett|-}}地名{{m|ett|𐌐𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌖𐌍𐌀}}作对比。其与{{m|itc-pro|*plēō|t=充满}}的关系可能因为词义差异显著而看起来不明确，但对比派生自此词根的原始日耳曼语{{m|gem-pro|*fulką}}（可能）和古希腊语{{m|grc|πλῆθος}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|itc-pro|/ˈpo.plos/}} ===名词=== {{head|itc-pro|名詞|g=m}} # [[军队]] ====曲折变化==== {{itc-decl-noun-o-mf|popl}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|itc-ola|poplos|poplus|populus}} ** {{desc|la|populus}} {{see desc}} * {{desc|xum|𐌐𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌖𐌌}}和{{l|xum|poplom}}（主格单数）、{{l|xum|𐌐𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌖}}和{{l|xum|poplo}}（宾格单数）、{{l|xum|popler}}（属格单数）、{{l|xum|pople}}（与格、呼格单数）、{{l|xum|poplu}}（离格单数） ** {{desc|xum|𐌐𐌖𐌐𐌋𐌖𐌐𐌄𐌓|der=1}}和{{l|xum|popluper}}（“健康市民”，离格单数） ===参考资料=== * {{R:itc:EDL|populus|480}} * Jürgen Untermann, ''Wörterbuch des Oskisch-Umbrischen'', 3rd volume of ''Handbuch der italischen Dialekte'', 2000, p. 610 * {{R:American_Heritage_Dictionary|people}} {{topics|itc-pro|社會}} sga8f4i2gw1rm2db9ro9z0gmqhcarf4 828 1967196 9816175 8517295 2026-06-18T08:38:30Z TongcyDai 53191 9816175 Scribunto text/plain local labels = {} labels["阿爾蓋羅"] = { aliases = {"Alghero", "Algherese", "Alguer", "阿爾蓋羅語"}, Wikipedia = "en:Algherese dialect", regional_categories = "阿爾蓋羅", parent = "東", } labels["巴利阿里"] = { region = "[[巴利阿里群島]]/[[巴里亞利群島]]", aliases = {"Balearic", "Balearics", "Balearic Islands", "Balear", "Baleares", "Balears", "巴利阿里語"}, Wikipedia = "en:Balearic Catalan", regional_categories = true, parent = "東", } labels["巴塞羅那"] = { aliases = {"Barcelona", "Barcelonan", "Barcelonian", "巴塞隆納"}, the = true, region = "巴塞羅那省", Wikipedia = "巴塞羅那省", regional_categories = "巴塞羅那", parent = "中", } labels["古典"] = { prep = "自", region = "{{w|lang=en|Classical Catalan|9至16世紀}}", noreg = true, aliases = {"Classical", "classical"}, Wikipedia = "en:Classical Catalan", regional_categories = true, parent = true, } labels["中"] = { aliases = {"Central", "central", "Central Catalan", "中加泰羅尼亞語"}, the = true, region = "{{w|Province of Barcelona|巴塞羅那}}以及{{w|Province of Tarragona|塔拉戈納}}和{{w|Province of Girona|赫羅納}}的部分地區", Wikipedia = "en:Central Catalan", regional_categories = true, parent = "東", } labels["東"] = { region = "[[巴塞羅那省]]、[[塔拉戈納]]東半部、[[赫羅納]]的大部分地區、[[巴利阿里群島]]、[[法國]]的[[魯西永]]以及[[薩丁尼亞島]]的[[阿爾蓋羅]]市", aliases = {"Eastern", "eastern", "Eastern Catalan", "東加泰羅尼亞語"}, Wikipedia = "en:Catalan dialects", regional_categories = true, parent = true, } labels["馬略卡"] = { aliases = {"Mallorca", "Mallorcan", "Majorca"}, Wikipedia = {"en:Balearic Catalan", true}, regional_categories = "馬略卡", parent = "巴利阿里", } labels["梅諾卡"] = { aliases = {"Menorca", "Minorca", "Menorcan", "Minorcan"}, Wikipedia = {"en:Balearic Catalan", true}, regional_categories = "梅諾卡", parent = "巴利阿里", } labels["北"] = { region = "[[法國]]的[[魯西永]]", country = "France", aliases = {"Northern", "Roussillonese", "northern", "Northern Catalan", "北加泰羅尼亞語"}, Wikipedia = "en:Northern Catalan", regional_categories = true, parent = "東", } labels["西北"] = { aliases = {"Northwestern", "Northwest", "North-West", "North-Western", "Northwestern Catalan", "North-Western Catalan", "North-West Catalan", "North-west", "North-western", "North-western Catalan", "西北加泰羅尼亞語"}, region = "{{w|Andorra|安道爾}}、{{w|Lleida|萊里達}}、{{w|La Franja|拉弗蘭哈}}以及{{w|Province of Tarragona|塔拉戈納}}的部分地區", Wikipedia = "en:Northwestern Catalan", regional_categories = true, parent = "西", } labels["西班牙"] = { aliases = {"Spain", "Spanish"}, Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "西班牙", parent = true, } labels["塔拉戈納"] = { aliases = {"Tarragona", "Tarragonan"}, the = true, region = "塔拉戈納省", Wikipedia = "塔拉戈納省", regional_categories = "塔拉戈納", parent = {"中", "西北"}, } labels["瓦倫西亞"] = { aliases = {"Valencia", "Valencian", "València"}, Wikipedia = "巴倫西亞語", plain_categories = "瓦倫西亞語", parent = "西", } labels["西"] = { region = "[[瓦倫西亞自治區]]、[[卡爾切]]、[[安道爾]]、[[萊里達]]、[[塔拉戈納]]西半部以及[[拉弗蘭哈]]", aliases = {"Western", "western", "Western Catalan", "西加泰羅尼亞語"}, Wikipedia = "en:Catalan dialects", regional_categories = true, parent = true, } labels["2016年以前"] = { aliases = {"pre-2016"}, Wikipedia = "en:Catalan orthography", } return require("Module:labels").finalize_data(labels) 7t865xsw3nhebcq6ocaygtr1u07pux9 9816176 9816175 2026-06-18T08:41:05Z TongcyDai 53191 9816176 Scribunto text/plain local labels = {} labels["阿爾蓋羅"] = { aliases = {"Alghero", "Algherese", "Alguer", "阿爾蓋羅語"}, Wikipedia = "en:Algherese dialect", regional_categories = "阿爾蓋羅", parent = "東", } labels["巴利阿里"] = { region = "[[巴利阿里群島]]/[[巴里亞利群島]]", aliases = {"Balearic", "Balearics", "Balearic Islands", "Balear", "Baleares", "Balears", "巴利阿里語"}, Wikipedia = "en:Balearic Catalan", regional_categories = true, parent = "東", } labels["巴塞羅那"] = { aliases = {"Barcelona", "Barcelonan", "Barcelonian", "巴塞隆納"}, the = true, region = "巴塞羅那省", Wikipedia = "巴塞羅那省", regional_categories = "巴塞羅那", parent = "中", } labels["古典"] = { prep = "自", region = "{{w|lang=en|Classical Catalan|9至16世紀}}", noreg = true, aliases = {"Classical", "classical"}, Wikipedia = "en:Classical Catalan", regional_categories = true, parent = true, } labels["中"] = { aliases = {"Central", "central", "Central Catalan", "中加泰羅尼亞語", "中加泰羅尼亞"}, the = true, region = "{{w|Province of Barcelona|巴塞羅那}}以及{{w|Province of Tarragona|塔拉戈納}}和{{w|Province of Girona|赫羅納}}的部分地區", Wikipedia = "en:Central Catalan", regional_categories = true, parent = "東", } labels["東"] = { region = "[[巴塞羅那省]]、[[塔拉戈納]]東半部、[[赫羅納]]的大部分地區、[[巴利阿里群島]]/[[巴里亞利群島]]、[[法國]]的[[魯西永]]以及[[薩丁尼亞島]]的[[阿爾蓋羅]]市", aliases = {"Eastern", "eastern", "Eastern Catalan", "東加泰羅尼亞語", "東加泰羅尼亞"}, Wikipedia = "en:Catalan dialects", regional_categories = true, parent = true, } labels["馬略卡"] = { aliases = {"Mallorca", "Mallorcan", "Majorca"}, Wikipedia = {"en:Balearic Catalan", true}, regional_categories = "馬略卡", parent = "巴利阿里", } labels["梅諾卡"] = { aliases = {"Menorca", "Minorca", "Menorcan", "Minorcan"}, Wikipedia = {"en:Balearic Catalan", true}, regional_categories = "梅諾卡", parent = "巴利阿里", } labels["北"] = { region = "[[法國]]的[[魯西永]]", country = "France", aliases = {"Northern", "Roussillonese", "northern", "Northern Catalan", "北加泰羅尼亞語", "北加泰羅尼亞"}, Wikipedia = "en:Northern Catalan", regional_categories = true, parent = "東", } labels["西北"] = { aliases = {"Northwestern", "Northwest", "North-West", "North-Western", "Northwestern Catalan", "North-Western Catalan", "North-West Catalan", "North-west", "North-western", "North-western Catalan", "西北加泰羅尼亞語", "西北加泰羅尼亞"}, region = "{{w|安道爾}}、{{w|萊里達}}、{{w|拉弗蘭哈}}以及{{w|塔拉戈纳省}}的部分地區", Wikipedia = "en:Northwestern Catalan", regional_categories = true, parent = "西", } labels["西班牙"] = { aliases = {"Spain", "Spanish"}, Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "西班牙", parent = true, } labels["塔拉戈納"] = { aliases = {"Tarragona", "Tarragonan"}, the = true, region = "塔拉戈納省", Wikipedia = "塔拉戈納省", regional_categories = "塔拉戈納", parent = {"中", "西北"}, } labels["瓦倫西亞"] = { aliases = {"Valencia", "Valencian", "València"}, Wikipedia = "巴倫西亞語", plain_categories = "瓦倫西亞語", parent = "西", } labels["西"] = { region = "[[瓦倫西亞自治區]]、[[卡爾切]]、[[安道爾]]、[[萊里達]]、[[塔拉戈納]]西半部以及[[拉弗蘭哈]]", aliases = {"Western", "western", "Western Catalan", "西加泰羅尼亞語", "西加泰羅尼亞"}, Wikipedia = "en:Catalan dialects", regional_categories = true, parent = true, } labels["2016年以前"] = { aliases = {"pre-2016"}, Wikipedia = "en:Catalan orthography", } return require("Module:labels").finalize_data(labels) 4usa8erj36wusuy4q22wzyu1d8ehklm 9816177 9816176 2026-06-18T08:45:00Z TongcyDai 53191 9816177 Scribunto text/plain local labels = {} labels["阿爾蓋羅"] = { aliases = {"Alghero", "Algherese", "Alguer", "阿爾蓋羅語"}, Wikipedia = "en:Algherese dialect", regional_categories = "阿爾蓋羅", parent = "東加泰羅尼亞", } labels["巴利阿里"] = { region = "[[巴利阿里群島]]/[[巴里亞利群島]]", aliases = {"Balearic", "Balearics", "Balearic Islands", "Balear", "Baleares", "Balears", "巴利阿里語"}, Wikipedia = "en:Balearic Catalan", regional_categories = true, parent = "東加泰羅尼亞", } labels["巴塞羅那"] = { aliases = {"Barcelona", "Barcelonan", "Barcelonian", "巴塞隆納"}, the = true, region = "巴塞羅那省", Wikipedia = "巴塞羅那省", regional_categories = "巴塞羅那", parent = "中加泰羅尼亞", } labels["古典"] = { prep = "自", region = "{{w|lang=en|Classical Catalan|9至16世紀}}", noreg = true, aliases = {"Classical", "classical"}, Wikipedia = "en:Classical Catalan", regional_categories = true, parent = true, } labels["中加泰羅尼亞"] = { aliases = {"Central", "central", "Central Catalan", "中加泰羅尼亞語", "中"}, the = true, region = "{{w|巴塞羅那省}}以及{{w|塔拉戈納省}}、{{w|赫羅納省}}的部分地區", Wikipedia = "en:Central Catalan", regional_categories = true, parent = "東加泰羅尼亞", } labels["東加泰羅尼亞"] = { region = "{{w|巴塞羅那省}}、[[塔拉戈納]]東半部、[[赫羅納]]的大部分地區、[[巴利阿里群島]]/[[巴里亞利群島]]、[[法國]]的[[魯西永]]以及[[薩丁尼亞島]]的[[阿爾蓋羅]]市", aliases = {"Eastern", "eastern", "Eastern Catalan", "東加泰羅尼亞語", "東"}, Wikipedia = "en:Catalan dialects", regional_categories = true, parent = true, } labels["馬略卡"] = { aliases = {"Mallorca", "Mallorcan", "Majorca"}, Wikipedia = {"en:Balearic Catalan", true}, regional_categories = "馬略卡", parent = "巴利阿里", } labels["梅諾卡"] = { aliases = {"Menorca", "Minorca", "Menorcan", "Minorcan"}, Wikipedia = {"en:Balearic Catalan", true}, regional_categories = "梅諾卡", parent = "巴利阿里", } labels["北加泰羅尼亞"] = { region = "[[法國]]的[[魯西永]]", country = "France", aliases = {"Northern", "Roussillonese", "northern", "Northern Catalan", "北加泰羅尼亞語", "北"}, Wikipedia = "en:Northern Catalan", regional_categories = true, parent = "東加泰羅尼亞", } labels["西北加泰羅尼亞"] = { aliases = {"Northwestern", "Northwest", "North-West", "North-Western", "Northwestern Catalan", "North-Western Catalan", "North-West Catalan", "North-west", "North-western", "North-western Catalan", "西北加泰羅尼亞語", "西北"}, region = "{{w|安道爾}}、{{w|萊里達}}、{{w|拉弗蘭哈}}以及{{w|塔拉戈纳省}}的部分地區", Wikipedia = "en:Northwestern Catalan", regional_categories = true, parent = "西加泰羅尼亞", } labels["西班牙"] = { aliases = {"Spain", "Spanish"}, Wikipedia = true, regional_categories = "西班牙", parent = true, } labels["塔拉戈納"] = { aliases = {"Tarragona", "Tarragonan"}, the = true, region = "塔拉戈納省", Wikipedia = "塔拉戈納省", regional_categories = "塔拉戈納", parent = {"中加泰羅尼亞", "西北加泰羅尼亞"}, } labels["瓦倫西亞"] = { aliases = {"Valencia", "Valencian", "València"}, Wikipedia = "巴倫西亞語", plain_categories = "瓦倫西亞語", parent = "西加泰羅尼亞", } labels["西加泰羅尼亞"] = { region = "[[瓦倫西亞自治區]]、[[卡爾切]]、[[安道爾]]、[[萊里達]]、[[塔拉戈納]]西半部以及[[拉弗蘭哈]]", aliases = {"Western", "western", "Western Catalan", "西加泰羅尼亞語", "西"}, Wikipedia = "en:Catalan dialects", regional_categories = true, parent = true, } labels["2016年以前"] = { aliases = {"pre-2016"}, Wikipedia = "en:Catalan orthography", } return require("Module:labels").finalize_data(labels) hzvhr59ed6420ibd21bb8b9hed4u9vs 0 2012834 9816114 9588412 2026-06-18T07:45:02Z TongcyDai 53191 9816114 wikitext text/x-wiki ==書面挪威語== {{wp|no:}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|nb|id=共和國|:bor|fr:république<t:共和國>|tree=1}} 源自{{der|nb|fr|république}}，源自{{der|nb|la|res publica||公共事務}}。 ===名詞=== {{nb-noun-m1}} # [[共和國]] ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|nb|bananrepublikk}} * {{l|nb|folkerepublikk}} * {{l|nb|sovjetrepublikk}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|nb|republikaner}} * {{l|nb|republikansk}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:nb:OB}} * {{R:Ordnett}} {{C|nb|政府體制}} ==新挪威語== {{wp|nn:}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|nn|id=共和國|:bor|fr:république<t:共和國>|tree=1}} 源自{{der|nn|fr|république}}，源自{{der|nn|la|res publica||公共事務}}。 ===名詞=== {{nn-noun-m1}} # [[共和國]] ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|nn|bananrepublikk}} * {{l|nn|folkerepublikk}} * {{l|nn|sovjetrepublikk}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|nn|republikansk}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:nn:OB}} {{C|nn|政府體制}} my2f5wanh2gj02409kkx1r2p15831tf 0 2060464 9816155 7453733 2026-06-18T08:15:17Z TongcyDai 53191 9816155 wikitext text/x-wiki ==希伯來語== ===詞源=== 最终源自{{der|he|la|rēspūblicā}}。 ===發音=== * {{audio|he|LL-Q9288 (heb)-YaronSh-רפובליקה.wav}} ===名詞=== {{he-noun|wv=רֶפּוּבְּלִיקָה|tr=repúblika|g=f|pl=רפובליקות|plwv=רֶפּוּבְּלִיקוֹת|cons=רפובליקת|conswv=רֶפּוּבְּלִיקַת־|plcons=רפובליקות|plconswv=רֶפּוּבְּלִיקוֹת־}} # [[共和國]] ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|he|הרפובליקה המרכז־אפריקאית|tr=harepúblika hamerkáz afrikáyit}} * {{l|he|הרפובליקה הצרפתית|tr=harepúblika hatsar'fatít}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{pedia|lang=he}} pizm7ri7rdgp5lzsso1el3m7p1hqtq8 0 2083173 9815955 9605667 2026-06-18T06:23:07Z TongcyDai 53191 9815955 wikitext text/x-wiki ==阿拉伯語== {{wp|ar:}} ===發音=== {{ar-pr|jumhūriyyatu l-konḡō}} ===專有名詞=== {{ar-proper noun|جُمْهُورِيَّة الْكُونْغُو<tr:jumhūriyyat al-konḡō>|f}} # {{tcl|ar|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====變格==== {{ar-decl-noun|جُمْهُورِيَّة|mod=كُونْغُو|modtr=konḡō|idafa=def}} mndb77q16wmjxkba6omgpljne6m25n4 2 2129326 9815574 9814218 2026-06-18T03:04:06Z Sayonzei 40728 9815574 wikitext text/x-wiki 精製鳥飼料：[[User:KotoriBot]] ==列表== ===法語=== *一個-er結尾的第一類法語動詞（連同本體）理論上可產出'''40'''個新詞條。<br> :{{col3|fr|}}<!--明日： ;需自行創建 :{{col3|fr|retransmigrer|redésentrelacer|retransfigurer|réobséder|désobséder|désamocher|réamocher|rebuissonner|débuissonner|recolmater|décolmater|désaffréter|redélester|réindividuer|recharrier|recémenter|décémenter|réabsolutiser|désabsolutiser|désacadémiser|désaccastiller|réaccompagner|désaccompagner|réagrémenter|désagrémenter|désalambiquer|désanalphabétiser|désanathématiser|réapostropher|réajourner|désajourner|redétremper|redogmatiser|dédogmatiser|réextirper|réintituler|resolutionner|resouscrire|resulfater|désulfater|réagenouiller|désagenouiller|débouillir|désaccomplir|réaccomplir|réaccoutrer}}--> ===加泰=== *一個-ar結尾的普通加泰羅尼亞語動詞（連同本體）理論上可產出'''44'''個新詞條。<br> :{{col3|ca|}} ===葡加利=== *一個-ar結尾的普通葡萄牙語動詞（連同本體）理論上可產出'''53'''個新詞條；但需注意，過去分詞可能不在accel範圍內。<br> :{{col3|pt|}}<!--明日：--> ===西=== *一個-ar結尾的普通西班牙語動詞（連同本體、不含合詞）理論上可產出'''58'''個新詞條。<br> :{{col3|es|}}<!--明日： ;需自行創建 :{{col3|es|}}--> ===德語=== :{{col3|de|}} ===拉丁語=== :{{col3|la|aduno}}<!--明日：--> :{{col3|la|ecclesia|adunans|adunaturus|adunandus|adunatus}}<!--明日：--> ===意大利語=== :{{col3|it|adunare|aduggiare|auggiare|pendolare|pendolare|laminare|incollare}}<!--明日：--> ===俄語=== :{{col3|ru|}} :{{col3|ru|инсульт}} f5p3gynrbbbdd3uo2mw679bqh6eer44 0 2187586 9816099 9037928 2026-06-18T07:31:39Z TongcyDai 53191 9816099 wikitext text/x-wiki ==西班牙語== {{wp|es:}} ===發音=== {{es-pr|+<audio:LL-Q1321 (spa)-Rodelar-República Democrática del Congo.wav>}} ===專有名詞=== {{es-proper noun|f|head=[[república|República]] [[democrática|Democrática]] [[del]] [[Congo]]}} # {{tcl|es|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====相關詞彙==== {{col|es|congoleño|congolés}} {{cln|es|外名}} jf6zt5pnaol7domjpxq5kn5knsj5zx9 0 2187670 9816017 9532930 2026-06-18T06:46:09Z TongcyDai 53191 9816017 wikitext text/x-wiki ==烏克蘭語== {{wp|uk:}} ===其他形式=== * {{alter|uk|Респу́бліка Ко́нґо}} ===發音=== * {{uk-IPA|Респу́бліка Ко́нго}} * {{audio|uk|LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Tohaomg-Республіка Конго.wav}} ===專有名詞=== {{uk-proper noun|[[республіка|Респу́бліка]]<sg> [[Ко́нго]]}} # {{tcl|uk|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====變格==== {{uk-ndecl|[[республіка|Респу́бліка]]<sg> [[Ко́нго]]}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/uk}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:uk:Horokh}} 8ln7v5hg9ypzaeqt1kq9d9awy2ydh0o 0 2187682 9815979 7794311 2026-06-18T06:30:37Z TongcyDai 53191 9815979 wikitext text/x-wiki ==匈牙利語== {{swp|hu:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{affix|hu|Kongó|-i|köztársaság|t1=剛果|pos2=構成形容詞的後綴|t3=共和國|nocat=y}}。 ===發音=== * {{hu-IPA|kongói ˌköztársaság}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|hu|專有名詞|head=[[kongói|Kongói]] [[köztársaság|Köztársaság]]}} # {{tcl|hu|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====變格==== {{hu-infl-nom|Kongói Köztársaságo|o|n=sg}}{{hu-pos-otok|Kongói Köztársaság||ai|n=sg}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col4|hu |kongói köztársasági }} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/hu}} 6oyqw3rkmlnhl08p36pikl64z7kvvk6 0 2187684 9816062 7794314 2026-06-18T07:17:02Z TongcyDai 53191 9816062 wikitext text/x-wiki ==匈牙利語== {{swp|hu:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{affix|hu|Kongó|-i|demokratikus|köztársaság|t1=Congo|pos2=adjective-forming suffix|t3=democratic|t4=republic|nocat=y}}。 ===發音=== * {{hu-IPA}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|hu|專有名詞|head=[[kongói|Kongói]] [[demokratikus|Demokratikus]] [[köztársaság|Köztársaság]]}} # {{tcl|hu|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====變格==== {{hu-infl-nom|Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaságo|o|n=sg}}{{hu-pos-otok|Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaság||ai|n=sg}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col4|hu |kongói demokratikus köztársasági }} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/hu}} ln3m20n3m7yaxo2f8mm93i4z5al9fex 9816063 9816062 2026-06-18T07:17:27Z TongcyDai 53191 9816063 wikitext text/x-wiki ==匈牙利語== {{swp|hu:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{affix|hu|Kongó|-i|demokratikus|köztársaság|t1=剛果|pos2=構成形容詞的後綴|t3=民主的|t4=共和國|nocat=y}}。 ===發音=== * {{hu-IPA}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|hu|專有名詞|head=[[kongói|Kongói]] [[demokratikus|Demokratikus]] [[köztársaság|Köztársaság]]}} # {{tcl|hu|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====變格==== {{hu-infl-nom|Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaságo|o|n=sg}}{{hu-pos-otok|Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaság||ai|n=sg}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col4|hu |kongói demokratikus köztársasági }} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/hu}} 7h5u77uwfgdjebw1ff6c8luaw5sbxid 0 2187696 9816101 7794329 2026-06-18T07:32:38Z TongcyDai 53191 9816101 wikitext text/x-wiki ==瑞典語== {{wp|sv:}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|sv|Demokratiska Republiken Kongo||incorrect capitalization}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|sv|/dɛmʊˈkrɑːtɪska rɛpɵˈbliːkɛn ˈkɔnɡʊ/}} ===專有名詞=== {{sv-proper noun|n|head=[[demokratiska|Demokratiska]] [[republiken]] [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|sv|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|sv|Kongo-Kinshasa}} ====用法說明==== Grammatically in the definite. ====參見==== {{list:countries in Africa/sv}} cxg11ffcmrajnnkzwbs9n9vyjlgwkla 9816102 9816101 2026-06-18T07:33:10Z TongcyDai 53191 9816102 wikitext text/x-wiki ==瑞典語== {{wp|sv:}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|sv|Demokratiska Republiken Kongo||錯誤的首字母大寫}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|sv|/dɛmʊˈkrɑːtɪska rɛpɵˈbliːkɛn ˈkɔnɡʊ/}} ===專有名詞=== {{sv-proper noun|n|head=[[demokratiska|Demokratiska]] [[republiken]] [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|sv|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|sv|Kongo-Kinshasa}} ====用法說明==== 語法上為定指形。 ====參見==== {{list:countries in Africa/sv}} 28xs5e188vwwpuk5tf2okmgdsdhkn6l 0 2187698 9816032 9531375 2026-06-18T07:01:13Z TongcyDai 53191 9816032 wikitext text/x-wiki ==南非語== ===詞源=== {{compound|af|Kongo|Kinshasa}}。 ===專有名詞=== 源自 {{af-proper noun}} # {{tcl|af|剛果（金）|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|af|Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo}} ==日語== ===羅馬化=== {{ja-romaji}} # {{ja-romanization of|コンゴ・キンシャサ}} ==書面挪威語== ===專有名詞=== {{head|nb|專有名詞}} # {{tcl|nb|剛果（金）|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|nb|Den demokratiske republikken Kongo}} ==新挪威語== ===專有名詞=== {{head|nn|專有名詞}} # {{tcl|nn|剛果（金）|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|nn|Den demokratiske republikken Kongo}} ==斯瓦希里語== {{wp|sw:}} ===發音=== * {{audio|sw|Sw-ke-Kongo-Kinshasa.flac|a=Kenya}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|sw|專有名詞}} # {{tcl|sw|剛果（金）|id=Q974}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/sw}} ==瑞典語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|sv|/ˈkɔnɡʊkɪnˌɕɑːsa/}} * {{audio|sv|LL-Q9027 (swe)-Moonhouse-Kongo-Kinshasa.wav}} ===專有名詞=== {{sv-proper noun|n}} # {{tcl|sv|剛果（金）|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|sv|Demokratiska republiken Kongo}} 78ai173ejxoiubl3sbofjx3yfrytjik 0 2187706 9816009 9531370 2026-06-18T06:41:55Z TongcyDai 53191 9816009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Kongo Brazzaville}} ==南非語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|af|Kongo|Brazzaville}}。 ===專有名詞=== {{af-proper noun}} # {{tcl|af|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|af|Republiek die Kongo}} ==荷蘭語== ===專有名詞=== {{nl-proper noun|n}} # {{superseded spelling of|nl|Congo-Brazzaville}}：{{tcl|nl|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} ==斯瓦希里語== {{wp|sw:}} ===發音=== * {{audio|sw|Sw-ke-Kongo-Brazzaville.flac|a=Kenya}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|sw|專有名詞}} # {{tcl|sw|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/sw}} ==瑞典語== {{wp|sv:}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|sv|/ˈkɔnɡʊˌbrasavɪl/}} * {{audio|sv|LL-Q9027 (swe)-Moonhouse-Kongo-Brazzaville.wav}} ===專有名詞=== {{sv-proper noun|n}} # {{tcl|sv|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|sv|Republiken Kongo}} ====用法說明==== 雖然該國的瑞典語正式名稱是“{{m|sv|Republiken Kongo}}”，但各類辭書都收錄其簡稱。瑞典國際事務研究所和瑞典語維基百科使用“剛果（布）”（“Kongo‐Brazzaville”），而 ''[https://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/ef166477a2824c049f6e7e514e45f400/utrikes_namnbok_11.e_reviderade_upplagan.pdf Utrikes namnbok]'' 則推薦使用“剛果”（“{{m|sv|Kongo}}”）。 ====參見==== * {{l|sv|Kongo-Kinshasa}} {{list:countries in Africa/sv}} cv8l5edld0bx648s5t2t0b3x3m4stm1 0 2187716 9815998 7794353 2026-06-18T06:37:17Z TongcyDai 53191 9815998 wikitext text/x-wiki ==書面挪威語== {{wp|no:}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|nb|專有名詞|head=[[republikk|Republikken]] [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|nb|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====近義詞==== * {{l|nb|Kongo-Brazzaville}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|nb|brazzavillekongoleser}} * {{l|nb|brazzavillekongolesisk}} ===參見=== * {{l|nb|Den demokratiske republikken Kongo}} ==新挪威語== {{wp|nn:Kongo-Brazzaville}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|nn|專有名詞|head=[[republikk|Republikken]] [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|nn|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====近義詞==== * {{l|nn|Kongo-Brazzaville}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|nn|brazzavillekongolesar}} * {{l|nn|brazzavillekongolesisk}} ===參見=== * {{l|nn|Den demokratiske republikken Kongo}} k75afwnz60d3yzmjc1nv88z8th1xc56 0 2187717 9816076 7794354 2026-06-18T07:23:12Z TongcyDai 53191 9816076 wikitext text/x-wiki ==書面挪威語== {{wp|no:}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|nb|專有名詞|head=[[den|Den]] [[demokratisk|demokratiske]] [[republikk|republikken]] [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|nb|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====近義詞==== * {{l|nb|Kongo-Kinshasa}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|nb|kongoleser}} * {{l|nb|kongolesisk}} ===參見=== * {{l|nb|Republikken Kongo}} ==新挪威語== {{wp|nn:}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|nn|專有名詞|head=[[den|Den]] [[demokratisk|demokratiske]] [[republikk|republikken]] [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|nn|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====近義詞==== * {{l|nn|Kongo-Kinshasa}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|nn|kongolesar}} * {{l|nn|kongolesisk}} ===參見=== * {{l|nn|Republikken Kongo}} 9595v4jdrqkhozpl7eqkmarx5e5ckq3 0 2195920 9816072 7807935 2026-06-18T07:22:21Z TongcyDai 53191 9816072 wikitext text/x-wiki ==葡萄牙語== ===發音=== {{pt-IPA|Rèpública Democrática do Congo}} ===專有名詞=== {{pt-proper noun|f|head=[[república|República]] [[democrático|Democrática]] [[do]] [[Congo]]}} # {{tcl|pt|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|pt|Congo-Kinshasa|Congo|Zaire|q3=棄用}} d5w873a61kz53mzhan0m2636hnqsvb1 0 2196108 9816116 9631059 2026-06-18T07:54:32Z TongcyDai 53191 9816116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|pública|publicá|publicà}} ==加泰羅尼亞語== ===動詞=== {{head|ca|動詞變位形式}} # {{ca-verb form of|publicar}} ==加利西亞語== ===動詞=== {{head|gl|動詞變位形式}} # {{gl-verb form of|publicar}} ==因特語== ===動詞=== {{head|ia|動詞變位形式}} # {{ia-form of|public|a}} ==意大利語== ===形容詞=== {{head|it|形容詞變格形}} # {{feminine singular of|it|publico}} ==拉丁語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|la|id=公共|:from|pūblicus<id:公共>}} 源自 {{m|la|pūblicus||人民的或屬於人民的}}。 ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|pūblica|ann=1}} * {{la-IPA|pūblicā|ann=1}} ===形容詞=== {{head|la|形容詞變格形|head=pūblica}} # {{inflection of|la|pūblicus||nom//voc|f|s|;|nom//acc//voc|n|p}} ===形容詞=== {{head|la|形容詞變格形|head=pūblicā}} # {{inflection of|la|pūblicus||abl|f|s}} ===名詞=== {{la-noun|pūblica<1>}} # [[公眾]] ====變格==== {{la-ndecl|pūblica<1>}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|la|Piscīna pūblica}} * {{l|la|respublica}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|la|pūblicus}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|sq|pukë}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:la:du Cange}} * {{R:la:Gaffiot}} * {{R:la:M&A}} ==奧克語== ===發音=== * {{audio|oc|LL-Q14185 (oci)-Davidgrosclaude-publica.wav|a=Béarn}} ===形容詞=== {{head|oc|形容詞變格形}} # {{feminine singular of|oc|public}} ==葡萄牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|pt|動詞變位形式}} # {{pt-verb form of|publicar}} ==羅馬尼亞語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|ro|la|publicare}}。 ===動詞=== {{ro-verb|publică|publicat|publice}} # [[出版]] ====變位==== {{ro-conj-a}} ==西班牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|es|動詞變位形式}} # {{es-verb form of|publicar}} f8yrgdh3gbl1o78z2zflvxn50pu8uhk 0 2333639 9815997 7983406 2026-06-18T06:37:02Z TongcyDai 53191 9815997 wikitext text/x-wiki ==納瓦霍語== {{wp|nv:}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|nv|專有名詞|head=[[kéyah|Kéyah]] [[Káango]] [[náhookǫsjí|Náhookǫsjí]] [[siʼą́|Siʼánígíí]]}} # {{tcl|nv|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} cyg7cip9xnvb5han5gimvn9p10qtsn0 0 2333640 9816081 7983407 2026-06-18T07:28:01Z TongcyDai 53191 9816081 wikitext text/x-wiki ==納瓦霍語== {{wp|nv:}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|nv|專有名詞|head=[[kéyah|Kéyah]] [[Káango]] [[shádiʼááhjí|Shádiʼááhjí]] [[siʼą́|Siʼánígíí]]}} # {{tcl|nv|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} 4uq4wcw4djoucxf999znibv1pbc7gey 0 2338366 9816020 7989722 2026-06-18T06:51:16Z TongcyDai 53191 9816020 wikitext text/x-wiki ==孟加拉語== {{wp|bn:|sc=Beng}} ===發音=== * {{audio|bn|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-গণতান্ত্রিক কঙ্গো প্রজাতন্ত্র.wav}} ===專有名詞=== {{head|bn|專有名詞|sc=Beng}} # {{tcl|bn|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} 8viztqm9s7h4a6pxnfmnudg0bnpwiew 0 2338370 9815958 7989726 2026-06-18T06:23:50Z TongcyDai 53191 9815958 wikitext text/x-wiki ==孟加拉語== {{wp|bn:|sc=Beng}} ===專有名詞=== {{bn-proper noun}} # {{tcl|bn|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} 18o488xqq1y1jdqy6522v88emuv62nd 0 2499744 9816021 8342882 2026-06-18T06:52:18Z TongcyDai 53191 9816021 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|en|D.R. Congo|D. R. Congo|D.R.Congo}} ===專有名詞=== {{en-proper noun|nolink=1}} # {{senseid|en|Q974}} {{abbreviation of|en|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}：{{tcl|en|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974|place_capital=Kinshasa}}。 ====近義詞==== * {{l|en|Democratic Republic of the Congo-Kinshasa}} * {{l|en|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} * {{l|en|Congo-Kinshasa}} * {{l|en|DRC}} / {{l|en|D.R.C.}} / {{l|en|D. R. C.}} * {{l|en|Zaire}} {{qualifier|舊稱}} * {{l|en|Congo-Leopoldville}} {{qualifier|舊稱}} * {{l|en|Republic of the Congo-Leopoldville}} {{qualifier|舊稱}} * {{l|en|Republic of the Congo-Kinshasa}} {{qualifier|舊稱}} ===參見=== * {{l|en|Republic of Congo}} * {{l|en|Republic of the Congo}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|en|a=cdgnoor|corn dog|corndog}} r436eeclz3xwuc0wryfwej5fahr6iez 0 2624766 9815357 9709589 2026-06-17T17:50:57Z TongcyDai 53191 9815357 wikitext text/x-wiki ==阿蘭岡語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|alj|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|alj|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|alj|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|alj|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|alj|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|alj|專名學}} ==布魯克波因特巴拉望語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|plw|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|plw|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|plw|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|plw|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|plw|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|plw|專名學}} ==中比科爾語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|bcl|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|bcl|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|bcl|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|bcl|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===發音=== * {{bcl-IPA}} * {{hyph|bcl|nga|ran}} ===名詞=== {{bcl-noun|ngáran|b=+}} # {{lb|bcl|正式}} [[名字]] # {{lb|bcl|正式}} [[稱號]]，[[稱謂]] #: {{syn|bcl|titulo}} # {{lb|bcl|正式|語法}} [[名詞]] # {{lb|bcl|正式}} 以某人的名字[[命名]] #: {{syn|bcl|bangon}} # {{lb|bcl|正式}} [[指名]]某人（與犯罪有關） #: {{syn|bcl|lyamar}} ====派生詞彙==== {{der3|bcl|magngaran|ngaranan|ingaran|ngaranon|pangaran|pangngaran}} {{C|bcl|專名學}} ==甘米銀-馬諾博語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|mkx|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|mkx|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|mkx|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|mkx|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|mkx|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|mkx|專名學}} ==伊巴洛伊語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|ibl|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|ibl|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|ibl|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|ibl|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|ibl|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|ibl|專名學}} ==加勞語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|kyj|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|kyj|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|kyj|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|kyj|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|kyj|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|kyj|專名學}} ==馬拉瑙語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|mrw|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|mrw|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|mrw|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|mrw|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{mrw-noun}} # [[名字]] {{C|mrw|專名學}} ==馬斯巴特語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|msb|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|msb|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|msb|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|msb|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|msb|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|msb|專名學}} ==馬蒂沙祿-馬諾博語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|mbt|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|mbt|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|mbt|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|mbt|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|mbt|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|mbt|專名學}} ==古爪哇語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|kaw|:inh|poz-pro:*ŋajan}} {{inh+|kaw|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|kaw|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|kaw|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|kaw|專名學}} ==班詩蘭語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|pag|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|pag|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|pag|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|pag|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===發音=== * {{hyph|pag|nga|ran}} * {{pag-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{pag-noun}} # [[名字]] {{C|pag|專名學}} ==雷蒙達道阿埃塔語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|agv|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|agv|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|agv|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|agv|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|agv|名詞|head=ngáran}} # [[名字]] {{C|agv|專名學}} ==巽他語== {{su-set|les=wasta, nami|leb=kakasih, jenengan|lo=ngaran}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|su|:inh|poz-pro:*ŋajan}} {{inh+|su|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|su|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|su|名詞|巽他文|ᮍᮛᮔ᮪}} # [[name]] #: {{ux|su|Saha '''ngaran''' manéh?|你叫什麼'''名字'''？|lit=誰是你的'''名字'''？}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:map:ACD|ŋajan}} {{C|su|專名學}} ==威爾士語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|cy|/ˈŋaran/|a=cy-N}} * {{IPA|cy|/ˈŋa(ː)ran/|a=cy-S}} ===名詞=== {{head|cy|詞首音變名詞}} # {{nasal mutation of|cy|garan}} ===詞首音變=== {{cy-mut|garan}} ==達悟語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|tao|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|tao|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|tao|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|tao|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|tao|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|tao|專名學}} rkgxao6l2t5k3njw4zw023zeiheuztb 9815502 9815357 2026-06-18T02:21:56Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 名詞 */ 9815502 wikitext text/x-wiki ==阿蘭岡語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|alj|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|alj|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|alj|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|alj|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|alj|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|alj|專名學}} ==布魯克波因特巴拉望語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|plw|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|plw|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|plw|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|plw|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|plw|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|plw|專名學}} ==中比科爾語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|bcl|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|bcl|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|bcl|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|bcl|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===發音=== * {{bcl-IPA}} * {{hyph|bcl|nga|ran}} ===名詞=== {{bcl-noun|ngáran|b=+}} # {{lb|bcl|正式}} [[名字]] # {{lb|bcl|正式}} [[稱號]]，[[稱謂]] #: {{syn|bcl|titulo}} # {{lb|bcl|正式|語法}} [[名詞]] # {{lb|bcl|正式}} 以某人的名字[[命名]] #: {{syn|bcl|bangon}} # {{lb|bcl|正式}} [[指名]]某人（與犯罪有關） #: {{syn|bcl|lyamar}} ====派生詞彙==== {{der3|bcl|magngaran|ngaranan|ingaran|ngaranon|pangaran|pangngaran}} {{C|bcl|專名學}} ==甘米銀-馬諾博語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|mkx|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|mkx|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|mkx|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|mkx|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|mkx|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|mkx|專名學}} ==伊巴洛伊語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|ibl|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|ibl|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|ibl|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|ibl|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|ibl|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|ibl|專名學}} ==加勞語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|kyj|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|kyj|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|kyj|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|kyj|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|kyj|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|kyj|專名學}} ==馬拉瑙語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|mrw|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|mrw|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|mrw|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|mrw|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{mrw-noun}} # [[名字]] {{C|mrw|專名學}} ==馬斯巴特語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|msb|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|msb|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|msb|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|msb|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|msb|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|msb|專名學}} ==馬蒂沙祿-馬諾博語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|mbt|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|mbt|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|mbt|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|mbt|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|mbt|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|mbt|專名學}} ==古爪哇語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|kaw|:inh|poz-pro:*ŋajan}} {{inh+|kaw|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|kaw|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|kaw|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|kaw|專名學}} ==班詩蘭語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|pag|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|pag|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|pag|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|pag|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===發音=== * {{hyph|pag|nga|ran}} * {{pag-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{pag-noun}} # [[名字]] {{C|pag|專名學}} ==雷蒙達道阿埃塔語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|agv|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|agv|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|agv|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|agv|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|agv|名詞|head=ngáran}} # [[名字]] {{C|agv|專名學}} ==巽他語== {{su-set|les=wasta, nami|leb=kakasih, jenengan|lo=ngaran}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|su|:inh|poz-pro:*ŋajan}} {{inh+|su|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|su|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|su|名詞|巽他文|ᮍᮛᮔ᮪}} # [[名字]] #: {{ux|su|Saha '''ngaran''' manéh?|你叫什麼'''名字'''？|lit=誰是你的'''名字'''？}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:map:ACD|ŋajan}} {{C|su|專名學}} ==威爾士語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|cy|/ˈŋaran/|a=cy-N}} * {{IPA|cy|/ˈŋa(ː)ran/|a=cy-S}} ===名詞=== {{head|cy|詞首音變名詞}} # {{nasal mutation of|cy|garan}} ===詞首音變=== {{cy-mut|garan}} ==達悟語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|tao|:inh|phi-pro:*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} {{inh+|tao|phi-pro|*ŋájan}}、{{inh|tao|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，{{inh+|tao|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|tao|名詞}} # [[名字]] {{C|tao|專名學}} 6zcfutww37iewhq9ehqittxpez67f8b 0 2953860 9816016 9707905 2026-06-18T06:45:56Z TongcyDai 53191 9816016 wikitext text/x-wiki ==威爾士語== {{wp|cy:}} ===專有名詞=== {{cy-proper noun|f|head=[[gweriniaeth|Gweriniaeth]] [[y]] [[Congo]]}} # {{tcl|cy|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====同類詞彙==== {{list:countries in Africa/cy}} ===詞首音變=== {{cy-mut}} tut5wz8n57dfk56w9rql3nfa2zk5pyq 4 2956356 9815496 9720769 2026-06-17T20:48:27Z A2093064-bot 60065 [[User:A2093064-bot/task/2|機器人2]]：存檔自[[Wiktionary:删除请求]]共1章節 9815496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive|Wiktionary:删除请求}} {{Wiktionary:删除请求/存档}} ===[[:元語言學意識]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：construct，仅语言学上概念--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年1月4日 (六) 01:37 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月4日 (六) 03:44 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:語音意識]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：construct，语言学概念--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年1月4日 (六) 01:37 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月4日 (六) 03:44 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:鎮源縣]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：Zhèn yuán xiàn是[[镇沅县]]，[[鎮源縣]]是常见笔误。--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年1月7日 (二) 02:47 (UTC) :居然查到国务院公报用过这个误称……感觉应当直接A1。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月7日 (二) 07:19 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月16日 (四) 03:31 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:Template:Bullet list]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：無使用--[[User:Helloworld6666|Helloworld6666]]（[[User talk:Helloworld6666|留言]]） 2025年1月12日 (日) 05:05 (UTC) <hr> : 快速刪除。--<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2025年1月18日 (六) 14:02 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:乃明水泉]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：新疆地名，Naimin Bulak（坐标：44.925105, 90.456836），仅出现在地名，[https://www.ecsponline.com/book/2016/yz/9787030492166-001001-curved-sam-v001.pdf]。不过谷歌图书搜索上，收录在一些地名词典中。{{w|谷歌圖書}}中的許多內容未出現在谷歌搜索結果。--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年1月4日 (六) 05:06 (UTC) :本站似乎并未明确哪些低重要度地名可收录，就我个人而言我觉得应删。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月4日 (六) 05:25 (UTC) ::機器翻譯的地名應該可以刪，畢竟那些都沒有使用來源。 [[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年1月18日 (六) 20:19 (UTC) <hr> : 删除：非居民点的低重要度地名--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月6日 (四) 04:20 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:混汞]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：疑似混汞法的錯誤截斷--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年1月18日 (六) 10:08 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月6日 (四) 04:19 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:美汁源]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：商品名--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月18日 (二) 17:16 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月18日 (二) 17:31 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:沉著應戰]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：沉著/應戰，這個不算idiom吧--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月20日 (四) 12:24 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月20日 (四) 12:51 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:同情地震]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：没查到有「感应」的意思。--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月20日 (四) 12:52 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月20日 (四) 13:12 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:人魚小姐]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：来自韩国的电视剧？--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月21日 (五) 16:10 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月22日 (六) 00:49 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:美神]]=== {{delh|sk}} {{刪除}}理據：美/神--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月22日 (六) 03:25 (UTC) <hr> : 快速保留：日、朝語詞典收錄，改內容便是。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月22日 (六) 07:36 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:網際色情]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：CC-CEDICT不知从哪弄的这些词--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月23日 (日) 09:11 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月23日 (日) 11:25 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:高層執行員]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：Google上有，但是更像是senior executive的直译，常用的应该是「高级主管」一类--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月24日 (一) 06:22 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除：3 hits--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月24日 (一) 06:26 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:Module:Zh/data/dial-syn/消暑]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：那麼少可以被Thesaurus取代--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年2月4日 (二) 12:15 (UTC) <hr> : 删除：仅两个方言点确实太少了。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月26日 (三) 13:33 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:索戈拉特斯]]=== {{delh|m}} {{刪除}}理據：Socrates，要么直接用[[苏格拉底]]，要么是「索克拉特斯」，移动到「索克拉特斯」？--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月19日 (三) 09:47 (UTC) <hr> : 移动。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月26日 (三) 14:32 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:保地花高]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：应该仅用于Botafogo的粤语足球队译名--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月24日 (一) 07:35 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除：除足球队名以外的用法似乎极少。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月26日 (三) 16:20 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:人口兒]]=== {{delh|sk}} {{刪除}}理據：[[人口]]需要[[兒化]]嗎？--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月24日 (一) 15:55 (UTC) :《北京话儿化词典》第417页“人口儿”条：“指家族或家庭的人数：他家~可不少。”--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月24日 (一) 16:16 (UTC) <hr> : 快速保留：辭典收錄，“人口兒多”“人口兒少”的用法亦有書證。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月26日 (三) 13:39 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:Template:疊圖]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：無鏈入--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年2月27日 (四) 10:38 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年3月15日 (六) 07:16 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:心血管性]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：[[心血管]]的，想提速删。--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年3月15日 (六) 07:03 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年3月15日 (六) 07:16 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:奪枘]]=== {{delh|m}} {{刪除}}理據：移動到「奪柄」？《漢語大詞典》有「奪柄」（失去權力），似乎沒有「奪枘」--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年3月15日 (六) 11:59 (UTC) <hr> : 移动：明显错字直接移动就是--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年3月15日 (六) 12:06 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:三位博士]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：[[w:東方三博士]]，三位博士似乎少用--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年3月17日 (一) 07:30 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年3月17日 (一) 08:08 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:習核心]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：单纯领导人姓氏+核心的称呼。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月21日 (二) 11:19 (UTC) <hr> : 刪除：非詞典。--<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2025年3月25日 (二) 13:11 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:長篇詩]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：可能不算詞？--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月18日 (二) 08:17 (UTC) <hr> : 刪除：非詞典。--<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2025年3月25日 (二) 13:11 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:朝日新聞]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：百科条目，不懂韩语、捷克语为啥收录--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月18日 (二) 17:04 (UTC) : 甚至[https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=115411 cbgycdxdb]也收录。不过本站应当是不收报章杂志名的，如[[大公报]]等，[[Wiktionary:删除请求/存档/2017年#大学及学院词条|早在2017年已删除一批]]。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月18日 (二) 17:37 (UTC) <hr> : 刪除：非詞典。--<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2025年3月25日 (二) 13:10 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:同位素分離]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：同位素/分離--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月20日 (四) 12:10 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年3月30日 (日) 01:46 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:華牌]]=== {{delh|k}} {{刪除}}理據：給的俄語解釋「中國品牌」、「中國製造」，但是沒聽說過叫「華牌」的。维基百科中重定向到了{{w|拱猪}}（扑克游戏），改成这个扑克游戏？--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月19日 (三) 13:36 (UTC) ---- :'''已保留'''。有《中国华牌竞赛规则》，要改正。--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]]（[[User talk:Jusjih|留言]]） 2025年4月5日 (六) 19:59 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:恐法症]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：应该是Francophobia的翻译，似乎不需要收录--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年3月14日 (五) 08:27 (UTC) :同上。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2025年3月25日 (二) 13:10 (UTC) ::'''已刪'''。自[[:en:-phobia]]建立“恐……症"就可。--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]]（[[User talk:Jusjih|留言]]） 2025年4月5日 (六) 19:59 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:為了勝利]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：不确定是否可以作为短语保留。--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月5日 (六) 17:41 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年4月6日 (日) 09:00 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:一般原則]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：一般+原则--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月26日 (六) 07:12 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年4月26日 (六) 10:52 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:廣場恐懼]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：廣場+恐懼。另存在{{w|廣場恐懼症}}。--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月26日 (六) 08:08 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年4月26日 (六) 10:53 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:一直往前]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：一直+往前--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月26日 (六) 11:38 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年4月26日 (六) 11:44 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:岐筓]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：好像只有一处使用，「[[釵]]，婦人歧笄也」（岐/歧）都可--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月6日 (日) 08:20 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年4月27日 (日) 08:24 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:一致對外]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：一致+对外--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月26日 (六) 14:32 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年4月27日 (日) 08:23 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:名稱標籤]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：名稱+標籤，似乎是name tag的直譯--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月27日 (日) 00:29 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年4月27日 (日) 08:45 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:海關官員]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：海關/官員，有漢英詞典（新世纪汉英大词典 9787513574082）收錄--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月29日 (二) 05:04 (UTC) <hr> : 刪除。--<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2025年5月1日 (四) 07:50 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:七十年代]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：**+年代--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月26日 (六) 08:48 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月11日 (日) 08:11 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:一片漆黑]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：一片+漆黑--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月26日 (六) 14:21 (UTC) <hr> : 删除：似應作[[一團漆黑]]--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月11日 (日) 08:12 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:百餘]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：百+餘，一百多點--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月26日 (六) 23:20 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月11日 (日) 08:12 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:孤僻者]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：孤僻/者--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月11日 (日) 07:07 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月11日 (日) 12:01 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:yeuk6]]=== {{delh|d}} 好像還未專門建立粵語拼音的非詞元形式，不知道是否要單獨保留。--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月5日 (六) 01:52 (UTC) :本站收录的貌似是粤拼而非耶鲁，即应对应[[joek6]]。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年4月5日 (六) 02:04 (UTC) ::粵拼的分類在[[:Category:粵語粵拼]]，[[Wiktionary:關於漢語|指引]]中的相關表述是「允许单音节词作为非词元形式」，這段內容應該來自2013年英維的[[:en:Wiktionary:Votes/2013-11/Jyutping|投票]]。 [[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月8日 (二) 02:11 (UTC) :::連耶魯拼音都不是，應該是寫錯 [[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年5月11日 (日) 15:08 (UTC) <hr> : 删除：不符合發音模板下的任何一種羅馬化表記方式--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月12日 (一) 06:42 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:技新勞零]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：好像是比较早期的缩写，「'''技'''术组织措施、'''新'''种类产品试制、安全技术'''劳'''动保护措施、'''零'''星固定资产购置等四项专用资金」--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月8日 (二) 08:01 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月12日 (一) 02:24 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:一點不]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：一点+不（这天气一点也不热；蔬菜一点也没坏）（一点和不、没等合用）--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月27日 (日) 01:47 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月12日 (一) 06:43 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:一定要]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：一定 + 要（副詞+助詞？）--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月27日 (日) 15:50 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月12日 (一) 06:43 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:見識淺]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：見識/淺--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月28日 (一) 02:45 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月12日 (一) 06:44 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:加官晉級]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：加官+晋级，晉級可能是比较现代的词汇，加官晉級无词典收录，可能还未算作成语。--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月29日 (二) 03:15 (UTC) <hr> : 删除：疑為[[加官進爵]]之誤--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月12日 (一) 07:17 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:性為]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：说的是荀子的性善、性恶论，但是没有词典收录--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月21日 (一) 04:48 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月14日 (三) 02:24 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:海軍總司令]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：海军/总/司令？（commander-in-chief ）--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月29日 (二) 04:52 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月14日 (三) 02:43 (UTC) {{delf}} ==={{al|非盈利性組織|非盈利組織|非贏利組織}}=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：规范是[[非營利組織]]，这种算错字吗？或者以訛字保留。[[非盈利性組織]]应该可以速删了。CC-CEDICT查不到了。--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月22日 (六) 02:41 (UTC) :查Google Books，[[非盈利組織]]和[[非盈利性組織]]都还挺多hits的，倒是[[非贏利組織]]似乎没有。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月22日 (六) 07:42 (UTC) ::按照訛字或別字處理？個人感覺「非盈利性组织」有點像是「非盈利+性+组织」，可能算是短語。「非赢利组织」如果很少那就刪了吧。 [[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月22日 (六) 08:25 (UTC) :::營利是謀取，盈利是獲得，兩者意思有差，非營利組織還是有盈利行為，例如接受物資、捐款。這應該算明顯的錯字。 [[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年2月26日 (三) 13:14 (UTC) ::::如果是频率比较高的错字，未尝不可以讹字保留，或者放入[[:Category:漢語拼寫錯誤]]。其实我觉得应该有很多人分辨不清楚这两个词的。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月26日 (三) 14:57 (UTC) :::::有些常见的繁简转换错误也可以考虑加入。 [[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月26日 (三) 15:13 (UTC) :::::那可以保留非盈利就好？ [[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年3月2日 (日) 09:30 (UTC) ::::::個人感覺是留[[非盈利]]、[[非盈利組織]]，刪[[非盈利性組織]]。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年4月6日 (日) 09:01 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月16日 (五) 03:08 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:非盈利]]=== {{delh|k}} {{刪除}}理據：同[[非盈利組織]]，按照讹字（zh-see的e参数）保留？--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月22日 (六) 02:45 (UTC) <hr> : 保留：以常用訛字保留--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月16日 (五) 03:10 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:一年之計]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：一般用於「一年之計，莫如樹穀」、「一年之計在於春」等，單用的情況應該少--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月27日 (日) 06:37 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月16日 (五) 03:01 (UTC) {{delf}} ==={{al|動物脂肪|植物脂肪}}=== {{delh|k}} {{刪除}}理據：動物/脂肪--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月29日 (二) 13:02 (UTC) :[[:en:animal fat]]；植物脂肪貌似没对应词条。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年4月29日 (二) 13:12 (UTC) ::[[:wikt:en:vegetable fat]]，另外如果保留了，不能用動物油去解釋動物脂肪吧？ [[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月8日 (四) 06:47 (UTC) :{{ping|Sayonzei}}擴充完畢，請管理員查看。 [[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年5月16日 (五) 03:42 (UTC) <hr> : 保留。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月16日 (五) 03:45 (UTC) {{delf}} ==={{al|一大趟|一大串}}=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：一[大]趟--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月12日 (一) 06:10 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月16日 (五) 03:01 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:開發環境]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：開發/環境--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月15日 (四) 16:39 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月16日 (五) 03:00 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:一大片]]=== {{delh|k}} {{刪除}}理據：一片，中間加「大」--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月27日 (日) 15:52 (UTC) :擴充完畢，請管理員查看。 [[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年5月16日 (五) 03:35 (UTC) <hr> : 保留：已擴充。--<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2025年5月18日 (日) 15:20 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:便民利民]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：便民+利民，只是两者连起来写--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月18日 (日) 07:42 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月18日 (日) 08:43 (UTC) {{delf}} ==={{al|一千萬|一百萬}}=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：一千萬，數詞，一+千萬或一+千+萬。--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月27日 (日) 01:07 (UTC) <hr> : 刪除。--<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2025年5月19日 (一) 06:23 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:息干戈]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：息+干戈--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月20日 (二) 02:55 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月20日 (二) 06:14 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:西藏百萬農奴解放紀念日]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：百科條目--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月20日 (二) 05:37 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月20日 (二) 06:14 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:高而福]]=== {{delh|m}} {{刪除}}理據：Google图书好像只有一处提及[[高爾夫]]，另外[[w:大漢和辞典]]辭典收了，解釋爲高爾夫球運動。--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月24日 (一) 10:06 (UTC) :[[高而富]]好像还不少使用，可以考虑移动？--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月24日 (一) 10:41 (UTC) ::可以移動，似乎這用法不少見。 [[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年5月16日 (五) 03:35 (UTC) <hr> : 移动。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 06:25 (UTC) {{delf}} ==={{al|撒母耳記上|撒母耳記下|撒母耳記}}=== {{delh|k}} {{刪除}}理據：不知道基督教《聖經》的章節作詞條的意義在哪裏，如果據此，可能中文很多書籍可以拿來作詞條。另外手頭上現有的中文詞典也沒有收錄的。--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月3日 (四) 13:46 (UTC) :作为“一般认为是全世界翻译最多的书籍”，不见得保留圣经各章节在各语言中的翻译是毫无意义的做法，最低限度也能以translation hub来收录。虽然例子不太合适，但台湾教育部《重编国语辞典修订本》收录了[[創世紀]]、[[馬太福音]]、[[馬可福音]]、[[路加福音]]、[[約翰福音]]、[[提摩太書]]、[[希伯來書]]、[[約拿書]]、[[啟示錄]]这些圣经篇章名称条目。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年4月3日 (四) 16:37 (UTC) :{{保留}}，不僅有必要，它們有些甚至有專門的{{tl|zh-Christian-syn}}模板。至於漢語書籍，確實有一些已經被當成條目了，包括[[後漢書]]、[[唐诗三百首]]等，見[[:Category:漢語 書]]。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2025年4月8日 (二) 05:19 (UTC) :{{保留}}，舉例邏輯有點奇怪，畢竟中文書籍詞條有收錄的一堆，構不成刪除理由。 [[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年5月16日 (五) 03:40 (UTC) <hr> : 保留。--<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2025年6月6日 (五) 15:48 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:糧食店]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：糧食+店--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月8日 (四) 06:31 (UTC) :可以移動至「糧店」。 [[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年5月16日 (五) 03:37 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 06:40 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:主動干預]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：主動+干預，不確定是不是SOP，還有被动干预、直接干預。--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月19日 (一) 23:52 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 06:27 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:使奴喚婢]]=== {{delh|k}} {{刪除}}理據：使奴+唤婢--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月20日 (二) 05:33 (UTC) <hr> : 保留：已改善--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 06:19 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:鹹菜汁]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：鹹菜+汁--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月25日 (日) 08:29 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 04:49 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:素質差]]=== {{delh|sd}} {{刪除}}理據：素質+差--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 04:53 (UTC) <hr> : 快速删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 06:17 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:陳納德]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：人物，僅指「Claire Lee Chennault」，不过收錄在了《重編國語辭典修訂本》和《辞海》里面--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月18日 (日) 15:11 (UTC) :單一人物，而且“Chennault”按其來源發音應該是讀若“she-nol”→“谢诺”之類的譯名吧。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月18日 (日) 15:56 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年7月1日 (二) 07:24 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:伏拉迪弗斯托克]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：[[符拉迪沃斯托克]]（{{l|ru|Владивосток}}），仅在一些俄罗斯的网站上有，--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月19日 (一) 05:05 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年7月1日 (二) 07:26 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:200-m-Lauf]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：200-m/[[Lauf]]--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]]（[[User talk:Jusjih|留言]]） 2025年6月7日 (六) 17:52 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年7月1日 (二) 07:25 (UTC) {{delf}} ==={{al|红富士|fuji apple}}=== {{delh|k}} {{刪除}}理據：不確定特定品種名稱有沒有符合收錄標準--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年2月20日 (四) 09:28 (UTC) :作为品种应是{{w|富士苹果|富士}}吧，感觉应删。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年2月20日 (四) 12:52 (UTC) ::感觉[[红富士]]挺常见的，个人经验，指苹果的时候，喜歡用「紅富士」，而不单独说「富士」。 [[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年4月3日 (四) 13:49 (UTC) :::Google图书上「红富士」在各种文体中都有大量使用。 [[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月16日 (五) 04:45 (UTC) <hr> : 保留：留前刪後--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年8月18日 (一) 16:53 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:大男子主義者]]=== {{delh|k}} {{刪除}}理據：感覺CC-CEDICT上造了一堆這種詞（某某+者）。--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年2月26日 (三) 11:43 (UTC) :感覺可以做為 translation hub 留著。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2025年3月25日 (二) 13:09 (UTC) <hr> : 保留：已被[[Special:diff/9361082|打撈]]--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年8月18日 (一) 16:56 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:一體兩面論]]=== {{delh|k}} {{刪除}}理據：[[一體兩面]]/論--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年5月11日 (日) 09:16 (UTC) :似乎[http://chlb.cishu.com.cn/Search/Entry?key=%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94%E5%85%A9%E9%9D%A2%E8%AB%96 1936版辭海]有收？--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年5月12日 (一) 06:33 (UTC) <hr> : 保留：哲學名詞--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年8月18日 (一) 17:05 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:⿰巠离標]]=== {{delh|m}} {{刪除}}理據：根據第一個編輯紀錄，其引用樂詞網網站的詞條。其中，該詞條又引用生物學名詞-植物的詞，但根據原書"生物學名詞(植物部分)"第951頁，該字應為⿰离巠。因此可以判斷為樂詞網做錯字，該字是錯字。應該刪除--[[User:Huanying04|Huanying04]]（[[User talk:Huanying04|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 01:48 (UTC) :可否直接{{移動}}至[[:⿰离巠標]]？--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 03:22 (UTC) ::應該是「⿰离巠」標值吧？ [[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 04:14 (UTC) :::似乎是繁簡轉換的問題，連結的頁面的確是-{⿰离巠}-。我也認為移動比較好 [[User:Huanying04|Huanying04]]（[[User talk:Huanying04|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 15:26 (UTC) ::::搞錯問題了，的確也有「⿰离巠」標這一個詞。"生物學名詞(植物部分)"第951頁寫的是對應pH的譯名。同一本書也寫了pH meter: 「⿰离巠」標計、pH scale: 「⿰离巠」標尺度。在 https://www.sec.ntnu.edu.tw/uploads/asset/data/66f990300e0b30eb74693d20/1980-035-15_60-66_.pdf 有提到「⿰离巠」標值 [[User:Huanying04|Huanying04]]（[[User talk:Huanying04|留言]]） 2025年6月6日 (五) 15:30 (UTC) <hr> : 移动。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年8月18日 (一) 16:49 (UTC) {{delf}} ==={{al|Appendix:漢字索引|Appendix:词性索引|Appendix:主题索引|Appendix:缩写词索引|Appendix:宗教|Appendix:成语索引|Appendix:字母索引|Appendix:动物|Appendix:连绵词索引|Appendix:佛教字典|Appendix:原始印欧语词根|Appendix:原始印欧语名词|Appendix:語言種類索引|Appendix:词汇索引|Appendix:历法|Appendix:天体|Appendix:艺术|Appendix:军衔|Appendix:基督宗教字典|Appendix:親朋}}=== {{delh|無共識}} {{刪除}}理據：過時附錄，且可被分類取代--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年1月16日 (四) 01:55 (UTC) : [[Appendix:語言種類索引]]應{{刪除}}，所收內容太少，已有更全的[[Wiktionary:语言列表]]。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月16日 (四) 03:43 (UTC) : [[Appendix:艺术]]應{{刪除}}，所收內容太少，標準不明。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月16日 (四) 03:44 (UTC) : [[Appendix:原始印欧语名词]]、[[Appendix:原始印欧语词根]]子頁面有大量內容，鑒於本站Reconstruction的原始印歐語內容並不算多，可作頁面未創建完成時的補充閱讀，建議{{保留}}。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月16日 (四) 03:47 (UTC) : [[Appendix:字母索引]]只列出英文26個字母，不如[[Appendix:字母/英語]]，應{{刪除}}。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月16日 (四) 03:49 (UTC) : [[Appendix:连绵词索引]]不如[[:Category:漢語連綿詞]]所收詞多，感覺可把上方的分類方法搬到分類頁面，然後再{{刪除}}。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月16日 (四) 04:01 (UTC) : [[Appendix:主题索引]]內容不算多，且一些分類並不在分類樹模組當中，不如[[:Category:主題]]，可{{刪除}}。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月16日 (四) 04:05 (UTC) : {{已打撈}} [[Special:permanentlink/9075600|Appendix:-{動物}-]]，舊有[[Special:permanentlink/9067183|Appendix:-{动物}-]]可{{刪除}}了。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月18日 (六) 18:34 (UTC) : [[Appendix:親朋]]內容甚多且完善，應{{保留}}。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月18日 (六) 18:41 (UTC) ::不能用稱謂取代嗎，看起來完善，但內容其實是亂七八糟的，打算整理後放在稱謂。 [[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年1月18日 (六) 20:17 (UTC) : [[Appendix:基督宗教字典]]目前收錄內容太少，若要收全又太多（見[[:en:Category:en:Christianity]]超1800頁面），容易爛尾，用分類取代即可，建議{{刪除}}。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年1月18日 (六) 18:41 (UTC) ::先把你確定可以刪除的處理吧，我再慢慢檢查。 [[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年8月18日 (一) 17:15 (UTC) ---- *'''已結案'''。同意已刪的。未刪的姑且算缺共識。要再提就請求精，非求多。--[[User:TunnelESON|TunnelESON]]（[[User talk:TunnelESON|留言]]） 2026年3月22日 (日) 01:26 (UTC) *:請使用現有格式。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2026年3月22日 (日) 03:13 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:Thesaurus:原子爆彈]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：似乎意義不大？ 「原爆」似乎僅出現在與日本直接相關的材料中。--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2025年1月4日 (六) 05:21 (UTC) :至少在臺灣，原爆時常作為「原子彈爆炸」的簡稱出現，如《[https://e-info.org.tw/node/232864 76年前美軍第一手影像紀錄公開NHK原爆紀錄片解禁]》：「美軍在日本廣島、長崎兩地投下原子彈（簡稱原爆）」。用作「原子彈」的意義確實比較少。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2025年1月18日 (六) 13:48 (UTC) ::原子爆彈確實不常用，但既然已移動到原子彈，感覺刪除請求已經消失了，至少我不認為你是要刪除這個模板。 [[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2025年1月18日 (六) 14:21 (UTC) :原爆≠原子彈，那剩下兩個就不值得建立Thesaurus了。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2025年8月18日 (一) 17:14 (UTC) <hr> : 刪除。--<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2026年6月10日 (三) 17:12 (UTC) {{delf}} 9zb8cwkcbosfj4464y6ndb2ppmzg9e9 0 3075559 9815492 9706335 2026-06-17T19:52:21Z Fglffer 55252 9815492 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===詞源=== {{clq|zh|ms|masuk Melayu}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |mn=pn:ji̍p-hoan |cat=v }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # {{lb|zh|Malaysian Hokkien|庇能福建話}} [[皈依]][[伊斯蘭教]]，成為[[穆斯林]] ====參見==== * {{qual|泉漳話}} {{zh-l|食蕳砃}}、{{zh-l|過番|tr=-}}、{{zh-l|過番爿}}、{{zh-l|番仔戇}} * {{zh-l|香蕉人}}、{{zh-l|半唐番}} {{C|zh|伊斯蘭教}} 0ms9vbf2detm77k3fscridcwnmc1415 0 3317965 9816043 9528097 2026-06-18T07:03:06Z TongcyDai 53191 9816043 wikitext text/x-wiki ==德語== {{wikipedia|de:}} ===其他形式=== * {{alter|de|DRK||initialism}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|de|/ˌdemoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʁepuˌbliːk ˈkɔŋɡo/}} * {{audio|de|De-Demokratische Republik Kongo.ogg|a=柏林}} ===專有名詞=== {{de-proper noun|[[demokratische|Demokratische]]<+> [[Republik]]<f.article> [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|de|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|de|Kongo<g:f>|;|Zaire<q:前稱>|Belgisch Kongo}} ====變格==== {{de-ndecl|[[demokratische|Demokratische]]<+> [[Republik]]<f.article.sg> [[Kongo]]}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/de}} m981937oo8z2kh9uxq29p6j5w3dz27v 0 3317968 9815954 9528092 2026-06-18T06:20:50Z TongcyDai 53191 9815954 wikitext text/x-wiki ==南非語== {{wp|af:}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|af|Republiek van die Kongo}} ===專有名詞=== {{af-proper noun|head=die [[republiek|Republiek]] [[Kongo|die Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|af|剛果共和國|id=Q971|place_capital=af:Brazzaville}} #: {{syn|af|Kongo-Brazzaville}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|af|Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo}} * {{l|af|Kongolees}} rj4iqp0n7owhpkz6l6o9y41vrrchxlo 10 3353412 9815494 9626711 2026-06-17T20:13:52Z Xiplus 25402 已保护“[[Template:Ety]]”：​高風險模板：533引用​（[编辑权限=仅允许自动确认用户]（无限期）​[移动权限=仅允许自动确认用户]（无限期）） 9626711 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:etymon]] 54vmpnlxm3z9vyj2v9s7koex7oqfxyo 4 3354135 9815497 9807377 2026-06-17T20:48:37Z A2093064-bot 60065 [[User:A2093064-bot/task/2|機器人2]]：存檔自[[Wiktionary:删除请求]]共1章節 9815497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive|Wiktionary:删除请求}} {{Wiktionary:删除请求/存档}} ===[[:Template:語言不明]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：無鍊入--[[User:Fglffer|Fglffer]]（[[User talk:Fglffer|留言]]） 2026年1月18日 (日) 10:01 (UTC) <hr> : 刪除：已一併刪除分類[[:Category:語言不明]]。--<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2026年1月18日 (日) 11:57 (UTC) {{delf}} ===[[:傲自]]=== {{delh|d}} {{刪除}}理據：非中文词--[[User:Kethyga|Kethyga]]（[[User talk:Kethyga|留言]]） 2026年4月20日 (一) 00:00 (UTC) <hr> : 删除。--[[User:Sayonzei|Sayonzei]]（[[User talk:Sayonzei|留言]]） 2026年6月1日 (一) 04:16 (UTC) {{delf}} ===-{[[⿸严敢]]}-=== {{delh|r}} 「-{⿸严敢}-」字已經收錄Unicode為:[[𫿞]] --{{ruby|[[[File:⿱鬱⿰鬱鬱textblueclear.png|15px|class=skin-invert-image|⿱鬱⿰鬱鬱|link=User:鬱鬱鬱ㄓㄥ]]​](zhēng)}}([[User:鬱鬱鬱ㄓㄥ|鬱鬱鬱ㄓㄥ]]) 2026年6月10日 (三) 16:56 (UTC) :已重定向至[[𫿞]]。<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2026年6月10日 (三) 17:09 (UTC) ::感謝！^_^ --{{ruby|[[[File:⿱鬱⿰鬱鬱textblueclear.png|15px|class=skin-invert-image|⿱鬱⿰鬱鬱|link=User:鬱鬱鬱ㄓㄥ]]​](zhēng)}}([[User:鬱鬱鬱ㄓㄥ|鬱鬱鬱ㄓㄥ]]) 2026年6月10日 (三) 17:40 (UTC) <hr> : 重定向。--<span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">—<b>[[User:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #8F4586">'''TongcyDai'''</span>]]</b></span>&#160;&#160;[[User talk:TongcyDai|<span style="color: #FF9224;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space:nowrap;">ฅ • ω • ฅ</span></span>]] 2026年6月10日 (三) 20:14 (UTC) {{delf}} 9lpaq7mb1ll6pjh2gktlmjlur8dj7vs 118 3422314 9815446 9740307 2026-06-17T18:05:42Z TongcyDai 53191 9815446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reconstructed}} ==原始印歐語== ===名詞性後綴=== ====後綴==== {{etymon|ine-pro|pos=suffix|id=中動}} {{head|ine-pro|後綴|cat2=構成名詞的後綴|head=*(é)-s|g=f|id=中動}}<ref name="Ringe">{{R:gem:PIEPG|page=47}}</ref> # {{non-gloss|將詞根派生為陰性移動重音詞根名詞。}} =====屈折===== {{ine-decl-noun-mf|ac=hysterokinetic|nom_sg=(é)-s|(é)-|(Ø)-}} =====派生詞彙===== {{suffixsee|ine-pro|id=中動}} ====後綴==== {{etymon|ine-pro|pos=suffix|id=極靜}} {{head|ine-pro|後綴|cat2=構成名詞的後綴|head=*(ó)-s|g=f|id=極靜}}<ref name="Ringe" /> # {{non-gloss|將詞根派生為陰性[[極靜]]詞根名詞。}} =====屈折===== {{ine-decl-noun-mf|ac=acrostatic|nom_sg=(ó)-s|(ó)-|(é)-}} =====派生詞彙===== {{suffixsee|ine-pro|id=極靜}} ====後綴==== {{etymon|ine-pro|pos=suffix|id=延長極靜}} {{head|ine-pro|後綴|cat2=構成名詞的後綴|head=*(ḗ)-s|g=n|id=延長極靜}}<ref name="Ringe" /><ref name="Sihler">{{R:Sihler 1995|pages=334-337}}</ref> # {{non-gloss|將詞根派生為中性{{w|Proto-Indo-European_nominals#Athematic_accent/ablaut_classes|lang=en|納爾滕型}}（Narten-type）極靜詞根名詞。}} =====屈折===== {{ine-decl-noun-mf|ac=acrostatic|nom_sg=(ḗ)-s|(é)-|(é)-o}} =====派生詞彙===== {{suffixsee|ine-pro|id=延長極靜}} ====後綴==== {{etymon|ine-pro|pos=suffix|id=側動}} {{head|ine-pro|後綴|cat2=構成名詞的後綴|head=*(ṓ)-s|g=m|id=側動}}<ref name="Ringe" /><ref name="Sihler" /> # {{non-gloss|將詞根派生為陽性[[極靜]]詞根名詞，其主格單數帶有{{w|Indo-European_ablaut#Lengthened_grades|lang=en|延長的 ''o-''級}}。}} =====屈折===== {{ine-decl-noun-mf|ac=amphikinetic|nom_sg=(ṓ)-s|(ó)-|(e)-}} =====派生詞彙===== {{suffixsee|ine-pro|id=側動}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|grc|-ς}} * {{desc|la|-s}} ===副詞性後綴=== {{etymon|ine-pro|pos=suffix|id=副詞性}} {{head|ine-pro|後綴|cat2=構成副詞的後綴|id=副詞性}}<ref>{{R:ine:LIPP|vol=1|page=167-173}}</ref> # {{non-gloss|由詞根構成副詞，或以冗語形式（pleonastically）由其他副詞構成副詞。}} ====派生詞彙==== {{suffixsee|ine-pro|id=副詞}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|grk-pro|*-s}} ** {{desc|grc|-ς}} {{qualifier|如 {{m|grc|πύξ}}、{{m|grc|πέλας}} 等}} ===參考資料=== <references /> gs4zb6y4vt41bwc7fmx3h8do29glems 9815449 9815446 2026-06-17T18:06:04Z TongcyDai 53191 9815449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reconstructed}} ==原始印歐語== ===名詞性後綴=== ====後綴==== {{etymon|ine-pro|pos=suffix|id=中動}} {{head|ine-pro|後綴|cat2=構成名詞的後綴|head=*(é)-s|g=f|id=中動}}<ref name="Ringe">{{R:gem:PIEPG|page=47}}</ref> # {{non-gloss|將詞根派生為陰性移動重音詞根名詞。}} =====屈折===== {{ine-decl-noun-mf|ac=hysterokinetic|nom_sg=(é)-s|(é)-|(Ø)-}} =====派生詞彙===== {{suffixsee|ine-pro|id=中動}} ====後綴==== {{etymon|ine-pro|pos=suffix|id=極靜}} {{head|ine-pro|後綴|cat2=構成名詞的後綴|head=*(ó)-s|g=f|id=極靜}}<ref name="Ringe" /> # {{non-gloss|將詞根派生為陰性[[極靜]]詞根名詞。}} =====屈折===== {{ine-decl-noun-mf|ac=acrostatic|nom_sg=(ó)-s|(ó)-|(é)-}} =====派生詞彙===== {{suffixsee|ine-pro|id=極靜}} ====後綴==== {{etymon|ine-pro|pos=suffix|id=延長極靜}} {{head|ine-pro|後綴|cat2=構成名詞的後綴|head=*(ḗ)-s|g=n|id=延長極靜}}<ref name="Ringe" /><ref name="Sihler">{{R:Sihler 1995|pages=334-337}}</ref> # {{non-gloss|將詞根派生為中性{{w|Proto-Indo-European_nominals#Athematic_accent/ablaut_classes|lang=en|納爾滕型}}（Narten-type）極靜詞根名詞。}} =====屈折===== {{ine-decl-noun-mf|ac=acrostatic|nom_sg=(ḗ)-s|(é)-|(é)-o}} =====派生詞彙===== {{suffixsee|ine-pro|id=延長極靜}} ====後綴==== {{etymon|ine-pro|pos=suffix|id=側動}} {{head|ine-pro|後綴|cat2=構成名詞的後綴|head=*(ṓ)-s|g=m|id=側動}}<ref name="Ringe" /><ref name="Sihler" /> # {{non-gloss|將詞根派生為陽性[[極靜]]詞根名詞，其主格單數帶有{{w|Indo-European_ablaut#Lengthened_grades|lang=en|延長的 ''o-''級}}。}} =====屈折===== {{ine-decl-noun-mf|ac=amphikinetic|nom_sg=(ṓ)-s|(ó)-|(e)-}} =====派生詞彙===== {{suffixsee|ine-pro|id=側動}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|grc|-ς}} * {{desc|la|-s}} ===副詞性後綴=== {{etymon|ine-pro|pos=suffix|id=副詞}} {{head|ine-pro|後綴|cat2=構成副詞的後綴|id=副詞性}}<ref>{{R:ine:LIPP|vol=1|page=167-173}}</ref> # {{non-gloss|由詞根構成副詞，或以冗語形式（pleonastically）由其他副詞構成副詞。}} ====派生詞彙==== {{suffixsee|ine-pro|id=副詞}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|grk-pro|*-s}} ** {{desc|grc|-ς}} {{qualifier|如 {{m|grc|πύξ}}、{{m|grc|πέλας}} 等}} ===參考資料=== <references /> g0occbjhm53zlvkpgzkcv4b180w2pjv 0 3480810 9815306 2026-06-17T17:16:08Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{subst:zh-new|n|c=zik6 ciu4|mc=y|[[海水]]因受[[太陽]]與[[月球]]的[[引力]]作用，而產生的[[週期性]][[漲落]]現象 #* {{zh-x|汐潮 通 ^越 分，部伍 雜 ^閩 音。||TCP|ref=唐·{{w|許棠}}〈[[s:全唐詩/卷603#寄睦州陸郎中|寄睦州陸郎中]]〉}} #* {{zh-x|汐潮 如 有 信，時 向 舊 痕 生。||TCP|ref=宋·{{w|梅堯臣}}〈[[s:梅堯臣集/卷03#○依韻和劉六淮潮|依韻和劉六淮潮]]…」的新頁面 9815306 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=汐cháo |c=zik6 ciu4 |mc=y |cat=n }} {{attention|yue|Cantonese pronunciation 'zik6' not found in the entry 汐.}} {{attention|yue|Cantonese pronunciation 'ciu4' not found in the entry 潮.}} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # [[海水]]因受[[太陽]]與[[月球]]的[[引力]]作用，而產生的[[週期性]][[漲落]]現象 #* {{zh-x|汐潮 通 ^越 分，部伍 雜 ^閩 音。||TCP|ref=唐·{{w|許棠}}〈[[s:全唐詩/卷603#寄睦州陸郎中|寄睦州陸郎中]]〉}} #* {{zh-x|汐潮 如 有 信，時 向 舊 痕 生。||TCP|ref=宋·{{w|梅堯臣}}〈[[s:梅堯臣集/卷03#○依韻和劉六淮潮|依韻和劉六淮潮]]〉}} #* {{zh-x|自 今 江 之 壖{ruán}，海 之 陬，^太湖 之 濱，汐潮 之 所 鼓，茭葑 之 所 爛，鳧雁 之 所 息。||CL|ref=清·{{w|龔自珍}}〈[[s:乙丙之際塾議第二十|乙丙之際塾議第二十]]〉}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:zh:HYDCD}} e81ffdr93x01lxt1c2w68f59r6pq55u 9815307 9815306 2026-06-17T17:17:07Z TongcyDai 53191 9815307 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{was wotd|2026|6月|18日}} {{zh-forms}} ===詞源=== 白天的[[海水]][[漲落]]稱為「潮」，晚上的漲落則稱「汐」。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=汐cháo |c=zik6 ciu4 |mc=y |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # [[海水]]因受[[太陽]]與[[月球]]的[[引力]]作用，而產生的[[週期性]][[漲落]]現象 #* {{zh-x|汐潮 通 ^越 分，部伍 雜 ^閩 音。||TCP|ref=唐·{{w|許棠}}〈[[s:全唐詩/卷603#寄睦州陸郎中|寄睦州陸郎中]]〉}} #* {{zh-x|汐潮 如 有 信，時 向 舊 痕 生。||TCP|ref=宋·{{w|梅堯臣}}〈[[s:梅堯臣集/卷03#○依韻和劉六淮潮|依韻和劉六淮潮]]〉}} #* {{zh-x|自 今 江 之 壖{ruán}，海 之 陬，^太湖 之 濱，汐潮 之 所 鼓，茭葑 之 所 爛，鳧雁 之 所 息。||CL|ref=清·{{w|龔自珍}}〈[[s:乙丙之際塾議第二十|乙丙之際塾議第二十]]〉}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:zh:HYDCD}} 0shmxs8rwz36lb4ks1y9jwazazpfabw 4 3480811 9815308 2026-06-17T17:19:27Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{WOTD|汐潮|名詞|2026|6月|18日|tr=xīcháo, xìcháo| # [[海水]]因受[[太陽]]與[[月球]]的[[引力]]作用，而產生的[[週期性]][[漲落]]現象 }}」的新頁面 9815308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WOTD|汐潮|名詞|2026|6月|18日|tr=xīcháo, xìcháo| # [[海水]]因受[[太陽]]與[[月球]]的[[引力]]作用，而產生的[[週期性]][[漲落]]現象 }} 7ug4drs55bzdsdlu0e8w4m96m1fkbgc 0 3480812 9815309 2026-06-17T17:22:22Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|গিৰ্জা}} ==孟加拉語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|bn|:bor|pt:igreja|tree=1|text=++}} ===發音=== * {{bn-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{bn-noun}} # {{lb|bn|基督教}} [[教堂]] #: {{syn|bn|চার্চ|tr=carc}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|as|গিৰ্জা|bor=1}} ** {{desc|brx|गिरजा|bor=1|unc=1}} * {{desc|or|ଗୀର୍ଜା|bor=1}}」的新頁面 9815309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|গিৰ্জা}} ==孟加拉語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|bn|:bor|pt:igreja|tree=1|text=++}} ===發音=== * {{bn-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{bn-noun}} # {{lb|bn|基督教}} [[教堂]] #: {{syn|bn|চার্চ|tr=carc}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|as|গিৰ্জা|bor=1}} ** {{desc|brx|गिरजा|bor=1|unc=1}} * {{desc|or|ଗୀର୍ଜା|bor=1}} ft6319r5p3p58bd8q5o3pnfqnvw12we 14 3480813 9815312 2026-06-17T17:25:43Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480814 9815313 2026-06-17T17:25:49Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480815 9815314 2026-06-17T17:25:55Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480816 9815315 2026-06-17T17:26:02Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480817 9815316 2026-06-17T17:26:08Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480818 9815317 2026-06-17T17:26:15Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480819 9815318 2026-06-17T17:26:21Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480820 9815319 2026-06-17T17:26:28Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480821 9815320 2026-06-17T17:26:34Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480822 9815321 2026-06-17T17:27:04Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480823 9815322 2026-06-17T17:27:49Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480824 9815323 2026-06-17T17:27:57Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480825 9815324 2026-06-17T17:28:03Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480826 9815325 2026-06-17T17:28:08Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480827 9815326 2026-06-17T17:28:19Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480828 9815327 2026-06-17T17:28:26Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3480829 9815328 2026-06-17T17:29:02Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==加利西亞語== [[File:Iglesia de San Pedro de Dozón.jpg|thumb|''Igrexa'' (聖彼得羅馬式教堂，位於{{w|多松}})]] [[File:Noia Igrexa principal.jpg|thumb|法屬聖馬丁的教堂]] ===其他形式=== * {{alt|gl|igreja||reinteg}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|gl|roa-opt|igreja}}，為源自{{der|gl|la|ecclēsia||教堂}} 的半接觸借詞，後者源自{{der|gl|grc|ἐκκλησία||禮拜會眾}}。對照{{cog|pt|igreja}} 以及{{cog|…」的新頁面 9815328 wikitext text/x-wiki ==加利西亞語== [[File:Iglesia de San Pedro de Dozón.jpg|thumb|''Igrexa'' (聖彼得羅馬式教堂，位於{{w|多松}})]] [[File:Noia Igrexa principal.jpg|thumb|法屬聖馬丁的教堂]] ===其他形式=== * {{alt|gl|igreja||reinteg}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|gl|roa-opt|igreja}}，為源自{{der|gl|la|ecclēsia||教堂}} 的半接觸借詞，後者源自{{der|gl|grc|ἐκκλησία||禮拜會眾}}。對照{{cog|pt|igreja}} 以及{{cog|es|iglesia}}。 ===發音=== {{gl-pr|igrêxa}} * {{hyph|gl|i|gre|xa}} ===名詞=== {{gl-noun|f}} # {{lb|gl|基督教}} [[教堂]]；[[教會]] #: {{ux|gl|O bautizo celebrarase na '''igrexa''' de santa Lucía.|洗禮儀式將在聖露西亞'''教堂'''舉行。}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|gl |Airexa |Airexe |A Grixa |Eirexa |Eirexalba |Eirexafeita |Eirexe |Eirexúa |Eirixe |Eirixe Nova |Grixalba |Grixanova |Grixó |Grixoa |Igrexa |igrexario<t:教堂的房地產> |Irexa |Irexe |Irixoa |Satrexas |Suairexa |Sueirexa |Traseirexa }} ===參考資料=== * {{R:gl:DDLG}} * {{R:gl:TILG}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:gl:DRAG}} qrdkjviiqo0agx5814zjkf291jyi6vw 10 3480830 9815329 2026-06-17T17:29:19Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-web | |entryurl=https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/tetum-ingles/{{urlencode:{{pagename}}|PATH}} |entry={{pagename}} |work=[[w:pt:Infopédia|Dicionário infopédia: Tetum-English]] |location=Porto |publisher=Porto Editora |start_year=2003 |year={{CURRENTYEAR}}}}<noinclude>{{refcat}}</noinclude>」的新頁面 9815329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-web | |entryurl=https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/tetum-ingles/{{urlencode:{{pagename}}|PATH}} |entry={{pagename}} |work=[[w:pt:Infopédia|Dicionário infopédia: Tetum-English]] |location=Porto |publisher=Porto Editora |start_year=2003 |year={{CURRENTYEAR}}}}<noinclude>{{refcat}}</noinclude> 905czukllrifb1qzwq76vd5k4jsufaj 14 3480831 9815330 2026-06-17T17:29:32Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480832 9815332 2026-06-17T17:31:27Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480833 9815333 2026-06-17T17:31:37Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480834 9815334 2026-06-17T17:31:43Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480835 9815335 2026-06-17T17:31:50Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480836 9815338 2026-06-17T17:38:27Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480837 9815340 2026-06-17T17:40:46Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480838 9815341 2026-06-17T17:40:54Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480839 9815343 2026-06-17T17:41:01Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480840 9815344 2026-06-17T17:41:07Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480841 9815345 2026-06-17T17:41:13Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480842 9815346 2026-06-17T17:41:19Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480843 9815347 2026-06-17T17:41:30Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3480844 9815348 2026-06-17T17:41:31Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|εκκλησία}} ==古希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|grc|ἐκκλη​ἵᾱ||lak}} * {{alter|grc|ἐκκλεισῐ́ᾱ||the}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|grc|id=集會|:af|ἔκκλητος|-ῐ́ᾱ}} 源自 {{af|grc|ἔκκλητος|-ῐ́ᾱ|t1=被召喚的|pos2=抽象名詞後綴}}，源自 {{m|grc|ἐκκαλέω|gloss=喚出，召喚}}，源自 {{m|grc|ἐκ}} + {{m|grc|καλέω}}。<ref>{{R:grc:Beekes|623-4|καλ…」的新頁面 9815348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|εκκλησία}} ==古希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|grc|ἐκκλη​ἵᾱ||lak}} * {{alter|grc|ἐκκλεισῐ́ᾱ||the}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|grc|id=集會|:af|ἔκκλητος|-ῐ́ᾱ}} 源自 {{af|grc|ἔκκλητος|-ῐ́ᾱ|t1=被召喚的|pos2=抽象名詞後綴}}，源自 {{m|grc|ἐκκαλέω|gloss=喚出，召喚}}，源自 {{m|grc|ἐκ}} + {{m|grc|καλέω}}。<ref>{{R:grc:Beekes|623-4|καλέω (> DER > 8. > ἐκκλησία)}}</ref> 由於後接 {{m|grc||ι}}，{{m|grc||τ}} 發生[[顎化]]與[[擦音化]]變為 {{m|grc||σ}}。 [[類型學]]上可對照{{m+|la|convocātio}}。 ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|ἐκκλησῐ́ᾱ}} ===名詞=== {{grc-noun|ἐκκλησῐ́ᾱ|ἐκκλησῐ́ᾱς|f|first}} # [[集會]] #: {{syn|grc|βουλή|γερουσῐ́ᾱ|σῠ́γκλητος}} # {{lb|grc|基督教}} [[會眾]]；[[教會]]，[[教堂]] #* {{Q|grc|NT|Matthew|16|18|quote=σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν '''ἐκκλησίαν'''|trans=你是彼得，我要把我的'''教會'''建造在這磐石上}} ====變格==== {{grc-decl|ἐκκλησῐ́ᾱ|ἐκκλησῐ́ᾱς}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|grc|ἐκκλησῐᾰστῐκός}} * {{l|grc|[[κυρία]] [[ἐκκλησία]]|t=普通集會}} * {{l|grc|[[σύγκλητος]] [[ἐκκλησία]]|t=特別集會}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|grc|σύγκλητος}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|el|εκκλησία}} * {{desc|ar|القُلَّيْس|bor=1}} * {{desc|teo|ekeresia|bor=1}} * {{desc|az|kilsə|bor=1}} * {{desc|cop|ⲉⲕⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ|bor=1}} * {{desc|got|𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉|bor=1}} * {{desc|haw|ʻekalekia|bor=1}} * {{desc|hi|[[कलीसिया]]|bor=1}} * {{desc|lad|kilisia|bor=1}} * {{desc|la|ecclēsia|bor=1}} {{see desc}} * {{desc|lg|ekelezia|bor=1}} * {{desc|niu|ekalesia|bor=1}} * {{desc|xcl|եկեղեցի|bor=1}} {{see desc}} * {{desc|bor=1|oge|ეკლესიაჲ|ეკკლესიაჲ}} ** {{desc|ka|ეკლესია}} * {{desctree|fa|کِلیسا|tr=kelisâ|bor=1}} * {{desc|sm|'ekālēsia|bor=1}} * {{desc|tr|kilise|bor=1}} * {{desc|ur|کلیسیا|tr=kalīsiyā|bor=1}} * {{desc|amw|ܟܠܹܣܝܐ|tr=klēsya|bor=1}} * {{desc|bor=1|zza|kilıse}} ===參考資料=== <references /> ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:grc:LSJ}} * {{R:grc:Middle Liddell}} * {{R:grc:Bailly}} * {{R:grc:BDAG}} * {{R:grc:DGE}} * {{R:Strong's|G|1577}} * {{R:grc:Woodhouse}} * {{R:LOGEION}} {{c|grc|宗教場所}} bd26plbcjtrb4evxcqhkkrvunkb8awv 14 3480845 9815349 2026-06-17T17:41:36Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480846 9815350 2026-06-17T17:41:42Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480847 9815351 2026-06-17T17:41:47Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480848 9815352 2026-06-17T17:41:56Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480849 9815353 2026-06-17T17:42:02Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480850 9815354 2026-06-17T17:42:08Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480851 9815355 2026-06-17T17:42:16Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480852 9815356 2026-06-17T17:42:22Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 118 3480853 9815358 2026-06-17T17:52:03Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{reconstructed}} ==原始馬來-波利尼西亞語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|poz-pro|*ajan}} ===詞源=== {{ety|poz-pro|:inh|map-pro:*ŋajan|text=+|tree=1}} ===名詞=== {{head|poz-pro|名詞}} # [[名字]] ====派生語彙==== * {{desctree|phi-pro|*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} * {{desc|poz-msa-pro|-}} ** {{desc|poz-mcm-pro|-}} *** {{desc|ban|ᬳᬤᬦ᭄|tr=adan}} ** {{desc|su|ᮍᮛᮔ᮪|alt=ngaran}} * {{desctree|kaw|ṅaran|ṅharan|…」的新頁面 9815358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reconstructed}} ==原始馬來-波利尼西亞語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|poz-pro|*ajan}} ===詞源=== {{ety|poz-pro|:inh|map-pro:*ŋajan|text=+|tree=1}} ===名詞=== {{head|poz-pro|名詞}} # [[名字]] ====派生語彙==== * {{desctree|phi-pro|*ŋajan<alt:*ŋájan>}} * {{desc|poz-msa-pro|-}} ** {{desc|poz-mcm-pro|-}} *** {{desc|ban|ᬳᬤᬦ᭄|tr=adan}} ** {{desc|su|ᮍᮛᮔ᮪|alt=ngaran}} * {{desctree|kaw|ṅaran|ṅharan|aran|haran}} * 蘇拉威西語支： ** Saluan-Banggai： *** {{desc|blz|ngaan}} ** Muna-Buton： *** {{desc|mnb|nea}} * 中-東部馬來-玻里尼西亞語族： ** {{desc|tet|naran}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:map:ACD|ŋajan|30393}} * {{R:map-pro:ACD|ŋajan|30393}} p191f0j0gu4zepdugrqqte67vfkrxam 118 3480854 9815359 2026-06-17T17:55:38Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{reconstruction}} ==原始菲律賓語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|phi-pro|*ŋaqan<alt:*ŋáqan>}}<ref>http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/Combined%20Files/A20.%201979.%20PPH%20Nominative%20marking.pdf</ref> ===詞源=== {{etymon|phi-pro|:inh|poz-pro:*ŋajan}} {{inh+|phi-pro|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，源自{{der|phi-pro|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|phi-pro|名詞|head=*ŋájan}} # [[名字]] ====派生語彙==== * 菲律賓 ** 巴丹語…」的新頁面 9815359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reconstruction}} ==原始菲律賓語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|phi-pro|*ŋaqan<alt:*ŋáqan>}}<ref>http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/Combined%20Files/A20.%201979.%20PPH%20Nominative%20marking.pdf</ref> ===詞源=== {{etymon|phi-pro|:inh|poz-pro:*ŋajan}} {{inh+|phi-pro|poz-pro|*ŋajan}}，源自{{der|phi-pro|map-pro|*ŋajan}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|phi-pro|名詞|head=*ŋájan}} # [[名字]] ====派生語彙==== * 菲律賓 ** 巴丹語支： *** {{desc|tao|ngaran}} ** 北菲律賓： *** {{desc|atz|ngadin}} *** {{desc|ilo|ngagan}} *** 東北菲律賓 **** {{desc|dgc|ngahen}} *** 卡加延谷： **** {{desc|att|ngagan}} **** {{desc|ibg|ngagan}} **** {{desc|itv|ngahan}} *** 中部科迪勒拉： **** 中部： ***** {{desc|kne|ngadan}} ***** {{desc|ifb|ngadan}} ***** {{desc|yog|ngagan}} **** 南部： ***** {{desc|ibl|ngaran}} ***** {{desc|kyj|ngaran}} ***** {{desc|pag|ngaran}} ** 呂宋中部： *** {{desc|agv|ngaran}} ** 民都洛北部： *** {{desc|alj|ngaran}} ** 大中部菲律賓： *** 中部菲律賓： **** 南民都洛： ***** {{desc|bku|ngayan}} ***** {{desc|hnn|ngaran}} **** 他加祿語支： ***** {{desc|tl|ngalan}} **** 比科爾： ***** {{desc|bcl|ngaran}} **** 米沙鄢： ***** {{desc|akl|ngaean}} ***** {{desc|bno|ngayan}} ***** {{desc|ceb|ngalan}} ***** {{desc|hil|ngalan}} ***** {{desc|msb|ngaran}} ***** {{desc|war|ngaran}} ***** {{desc|tsg|ngān}} **** 曼薩卡： ***** {{desc|kqe|ngalan}} ***** {{desc|msk|ngaran}} *** 達瑙： **** {{desc|mrw|ngaran}} *** 馬諾博： **** {{desc|bkd|ngaran}} **** {{desc|mbb|ngazan}} **** {{desc|mbb|ngazan}} ** 米納哈薩： *** {{desc|tnw|ngalan}} *** {{desc|txs|ngaran}} *** {{desc|tnt|ngaran}} ** {{desc|atk|ngaran}} ** {{desc|due|ngalan}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} * {{R:phi-pro:Etyma|ngajan|PNP|name}} * {{R:phi-pro:Etyma|ngajan|PSP|name}} * {{R:map:ACD|ŋajan|30393}} * {{R:map-pro:ACD|ŋajan|30393}} 7j4dnj08eu85ddgmtn7awnqfv7vy9gw 14 3480855 9815360 2026-06-17T17:55:55Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480856 9815361 2026-06-17T17:56:03Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480857 9815362 2026-06-17T17:56:10Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3480858 9815363 2026-06-17T17:56:13Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==古希臘語== ===詞源=== {{ety|grc|:af|ἐκ-|κᾰλέω}} 源自 {{af|grc|ἐκ-|κᾰλέω}}。 ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|ἐκκᾰλέω}} ===動詞=== {{grc-verb|ἐκκᾰλέω}} # [[喚出]]，[[召喚]] ====變位==== {{grc-conj|pres-con-e|ἐκκᾰλ}} {{grc-conj|imperf-con-e|ἐξεκᾰλ}} {{grc-conj|fut|ἐκκᾰλεσ|ἐκκληθ}} {{grc-conj|aor-1|ἐξεκᾰλεσ|ἐκκᾰλεσ|ἐξεκληθ|ἐκκληθ}}…」的新頁面 9815363 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===詞源=== {{ety|grc|:af|ἐκ-|κᾰλέω}} 源自 {{af|grc|ἐκ-|κᾰλέω}}。 ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|ἐκκᾰλέω}} ===動詞=== {{grc-verb|ἐκκᾰλέω}} # [[喚出]]，[[召喚]] ====變位==== {{grc-conj|pres-con-e|ἐκκᾰλ}} {{grc-conj|imperf-con-e|ἐξεκᾰλ}} {{grc-conj|fut|ἐκκᾰλεσ|ἐκκληθ}} {{grc-conj|aor-1|ἐξεκᾰλεσ|ἐκκᾰλεσ|ἐξεκληθ|ἐκκληθ}} {{grc-conj|perf|ἐκκεκληκ|ἐκκεκλη}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|grc |ἔκκλητος }} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:grc:LSJ}} * {{R:grc:Bailly}} * {{R:grc:Middle Liddell}} * {{R:LOGEION}} brccl0evrvbrqkww642yneqomc2vt34 14 3480859 9815364 2026-06-17T17:56:17Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480860 9815365 2026-06-17T17:56:24Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3480861 9815366 2026-06-17T17:56:25Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==古希臘語== ===詞源=== {{ety|grc|:af|ἐκκαλέω|-τος}} 源自 {{af|grc|ἐκκαλέω|-τος}}。 ===發音=== {{grc-IPA}} ===形容詞=== {{grc-adj-2nd|ἔκκλητον}} # 被[[選出]]對某個[[論點]]進行[[評判]]或[[仲裁]]的 ====變格==== {{grc-adecl|ἔκκλητος|ον}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|grc|ἐκκλησίᾱ}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:grc:Bailly}} * {{R:grc:DGE}} * {{R:Logeion}} * {{R:gr…」的新頁面 9815366 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===詞源=== {{ety|grc|:af|ἐκκαλέω|-τος}} 源自 {{af|grc|ἐκκαλέω|-τος}}。 ===發音=== {{grc-IPA}} ===形容詞=== {{grc-adj-2nd|ἔκκλητον}} # 被[[選出]]對某個[[論點]]進行[[評判]]或[[仲裁]]的 ====變格==== {{grc-adecl|ἔκκλητος|ον}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|grc|ἐκκλησίᾱ}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:grc:Bailly}} * {{R:grc:DGE}} * {{R:Logeion}} * {{R:grc:LSJ}} * {{R:grc:Pape}} 8veopl5zsz1x1djfl091tdhitclv1uc 14 3480862 9815367 2026-06-17T17:56:30Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480863 9815368 2026-06-17T17:56:40Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480864 9815369 2026-06-17T17:56:46Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480865 9815370 2026-06-17T17:56:52Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480866 9815371 2026-06-17T17:56:59Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480867 9815372 2026-06-17T17:57:06Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3480868 9815373 2026-06-17T17:57:12Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|-ια|-ιά|ἰά|ἴα|Appendix:"ia"的變體}} ==古希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|grc|-ῐ́η||ion}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|grc|id=抽象名詞|:inh|grk-pro:*-íā<ety:inh<ine-pro:*-éh₂<alt:*-i-eh₂><id:i-擴展>>>}} 和 {{m|grc|-ια}} 相似，繼承自 {{inh+|grc|ine-pro|*-i-eh₂}}。與 {{cog|la|-ia}} 和 {{cog|sla-pro|*-ьja}} 同源。 ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|ῐ́ᾱ}} ===後綴=== {{grc-noun|-ῐ́ᾱ|-ῐ́…」的新頁面 9815373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|-ια|-ιά|ἰά|ἴα|Appendix:"ia"的變體}} ==古希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|grc|-ῐ́η||ion}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|grc|id=抽象名詞|:inh|grk-pro:*-íā<ety:inh<ine-pro:*-éh₂<alt:*-i-eh₂><id:i-擴展>>>}} 和 {{m|grc|-ια}} 相似，繼承自 {{inh+|grc|ine-pro|*-i-eh₂}}。與 {{cog|la|-ia}} 和 {{cog|sla-pro|*-ьja}} 同源。 ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|ῐ́ᾱ}} ===後綴=== {{grc-noun|-ῐ́ᾱ|-ῐ́ᾱς|f|first}} # {{n-g|添加在形容詞的詞幹上（較少用於動詞詞幹，更少用於名詞詞幹），以構成陰性[[抽象名詞]]}} ====用法說明==== 當此後綴附加到以 {{m|grc|-τός}} 結尾的動詞性形容詞或其他以 {{m|grc||τ|tr=-}} 結尾的詞幹時，{{m|grc||τ|tr=-}} 會[[擦音化]]變為 {{m|grc||σ|tr=-}}。<br/> 例如：[[ἄκρατος]] > [[ἀκρασία]] ====屈折==== {{grc-decl|-ῐ́ᾱ|-ῐ́ᾱς}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|grc|-ίνα}} {{suffixsee|grc|-ία}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|en|-ia}} * {{desc|fr|-ie}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:grc:Smyth|859.6}} ==希臘語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|el|/ˈia/}} ===後綴=== {{el-suffix|f}} # {{non-gloss|加在形容詞後構成表示國家的名詞}}： #: {{suffixusex|el|Γάλλος|t1=法國人|Γαλλία|gloss2=法國}} #: {{suffixusex|el|Τούρκος|t1=土耳其人|Τουρκία|gloss2=土耳其}} #: {{suffixusex|el|Άγγλος|t1=英格蘭人|Αγγλία|gloss2=英格蘭}} ====變格==== {{el-nF-α-ες-2b|-ί|-ι}} 0hfipb1t43cv1zaaziig18wd2f4afdq 14 3480869 9815374 2026-06-17T17:57:15Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480870 9815375 2026-06-17T17:57:22Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480871 9815376 2026-06-17T17:57:29Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480872 9815377 2026-06-17T17:57:36Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480873 9815379 2026-06-17T17:57:42Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480874 9815381 2026-06-17T17:57:51Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480875 9815382 2026-06-17T17:57:58Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480876 9815383 2026-06-17T17:58:05Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480877 9815384 2026-06-17T17:58:14Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480878 9815385 2026-06-17T17:58:21Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480879 9815386 2026-06-17T17:58:29Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480880 9815387 2026-06-17T17:58:35Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480881 9815388 2026-06-17T17:58:41Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480882 9815389 2026-06-17T17:58:49Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480883 9815390 2026-06-17T17:58:56Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480884 9815391 2026-06-17T17:59:37Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480885 9815392 2026-06-17T17:59:44Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3480886 9815393 2026-06-17T17:59:49Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|εκ|ἐκ|εκ.}} ==古希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|grc|ἐξ-||元音前}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|grc|ἐκ|id=ex-}} 參見 {{m|grc|ἐκ}}。 ===前綴=== {{head|grc|前綴}} # {{n-g|帶有[[移除]]的意思}}：在……[[外]]，[[離開]]，[[掉落]] # {{n-g|表示[[完成]]或[[整體]]}}：[[完全]] ====派生詞彙==== {{prefixsee|grc}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|el|εκ-}} * {{desc|eo|ek-|bor=1}} ===…」的新頁面 9815393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|εκ|ἐκ|εκ.}} ==古希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|grc|ἐξ-||元音前}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|grc|ἐκ|id=ex-}} 參見 {{m|grc|ἐκ}}。 ===前綴=== {{head|grc|前綴}} # {{n-g|帶有[[移除]]的意思}}：在……[[外]]，[[離開]]，[[掉落]] # {{n-g|表示[[完成]]或[[整體]]}}：[[完全]] ====派生詞彙==== {{prefixsee|grc}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|el|εκ-}} * {{desc|eo|ek-|bor=1}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:grc:LSJ|e)k|ἐκ}} eexcsbz0dspbfydwqsb4ki96fey0wkj 14 3480887 9815394 2026-06-17T17:59:52Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480888 9815395 2026-06-17T17:59:59Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480889 9815396 2026-06-17T18:00:05Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480890 9815397 2026-06-17T18:00:12Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480891 9815398 2026-06-17T18:00:18Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480892 9815399 2026-06-17T18:00:25Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480893 9815400 2026-06-17T18:00:32Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480894 9815401 2026-06-17T18:00:38Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480895 9815402 2026-06-17T18:00:45Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480896 9815403 2026-06-17T18:00:51Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480897 9815404 2026-06-17T18:00:59Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480898 9815405 2026-06-17T18:01:05Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480899 9815406 2026-06-17T18:01:15Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480900 9815407 2026-06-17T18:01:21Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480901 9815408 2026-06-17T18:01:28Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480902 9815409 2026-06-17T18:01:37Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480903 9815410 2026-06-17T18:01:43Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480904 9815411 2026-06-17T18:01:53Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480905 9815412 2026-06-17T18:01:59Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480906 9815413 2026-06-17T18:02:07Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3480907 9815414 2026-06-17T18:02:10Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==古希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|grc|κλέω|κᾰ́λημῐ||aio}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|grc|id=召喚|:der|ine-pro:*kelh₁-}} 源自 {{der|grc|ine-pro||*kl̥h₁-}}（{{m|ine-pro|*kelh₁-|t=召喚}}的[[零級]]）。根據 Beekes 所述，此詞可能是由不定過去時 {{m|grc|ἐκάλεσα}} [[逆構]]而成。<ref>{{R:grc:Beekes|head=καλέω|pages=623}}</ref> 此外，LIV 則認為存在一個更早的零級 ''é…」的新頁面 9815414 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|grc|κλέω|κᾰ́λημῐ||aio}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|grc|id=召喚|:der|ine-pro:*kelh₁-}} 源自 {{der|grc|ine-pro||*kl̥h₁-}}（{{m|ine-pro|*kelh₁-|t=召喚}}的[[零級]]）。根據 Beekes 所述，此詞可能是由不定過去時 {{m|grc|ἐκάλεσα}} [[逆構]]而成。<ref>{{R:grc:Beekes|head=καλέω|pages=623}}</ref> 此外，LIV 則認為存在一個更早的零級 ''éye''-現在時 {{m|ine-pro||*kl̥h₁-éye-ti}}。<ref>{{R:ine:LIV|*kleh₁-|pages=361-362}}</ref> 同源詞包括{{cog|ang|hlōwan}} 和{{cog|en|low|pos=動詞}}（但其和 {{m|en|call}} 相似純屬巧合）；{{cog|la|calō}}、{{m|la|clāmō}}、{{m|la|clārus}}、{{m|la|classis}} 和 {{m|la|concilium}}；{{cog|sga|cailech}}；{{cog|xcl|աքաղաղ}}。 ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|κᾰλέω}} ===動詞=== {{grc-verb|head=κᾰλέω}} # [[呼叫]]，[[召喚]] #: {{uxi|grc|'''Κάλει''' με/'''Κάλεσόν''' με.|t=打給我。}} ## [[邀請]] ##* {{Q|grc|NT|John|2|2}} ## [[祈求]] ##* {{Q|grc|Herodotus|Histories|1|44|2}} ## {{lb|grc|法律}} [[傳喚]]，[[起訴]] ##* {{Q|grc|Demosthenes|19|211}} ## [[要求]]，[[需要]] # 稱呼……的[[名字]] ## {{lb|grc|被動}} 被稱為，某人的名字是 ##* {{Q|grc|Herodotus|Histories|7|89|2|quote=τῆς δὲ Συρίης τοῦτο τὸ χωρίον καὶ τὸ μέχρι Αἰγύπτου πᾶν Παλαιστίνη '''καλέεται'''.|trans=從敘利亞到埃及的這部分地區全都被稱為巴勒斯坦。}} ====用法說明==== * 有記載的多利亞式現在時形式為 {{m|grc|καλέομες}} 和 {{m|grc|καλέοισι}}。 * 有記載的詩歌體第二人稱單數祈願式形式為 {{m|grc|κεκλῇο}}。 ====變位==== {{grc-conj|pres-con-e|κᾰλ|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|pres-con-e|κᾰλ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|pres-con-e|κᾰλ|dial=ion}} {{grc-conj|imperf-con-e|ἐκᾰλ|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|imperf-con-e|ἐκᾰλ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|imperf-con-e|κᾰλ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|imperf|κᾰλεσκ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|imperf|κᾰλεεσκ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|imperf-con-e|ἐκᾰλ|dial=ion}} {{grc-conj|fut-ln|κᾰλ|κεκλ|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|fut|κᾰλεσ|κληθ|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|fut|κᾰλε|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|fut|κᾰλε|dial=ion}} {{grc-conj|aor-1|ἐκᾰλεσ|κᾰλεσ|ἐκληθ|κληθ|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|aor-1|κᾰλεσ|κᾰλεσ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|aor-1|κᾰλεσσ|κᾰλεσσ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|aor-1|ἐκᾰλεσσ|κᾰλεσσ|indonly=1|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|aor-1|ἐκᾰλεσ|κᾰλεσ|ἐκληθ|κληθ|dial=ion}} {{grc-conj|perf|κεκληκ|κεκλη|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|perf|κεκληκ|κεκλη|MI3P=κεκλήᾰται|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|perf|κεκληκ|κεκλη|MI3P=κεκλέᾰται|dial=ion}} {{grc-conj|plup|ἐκεκληκ|ἐκεκλη|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|plup|κεκληκ|κεκλη|MI3P=κεκλήᾰτο|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|plup|ἐκεκληκ|ἐκεκλη|MI3P=ἐκεκλέᾰτο|dial=ion}} {{grc-conj|futp|κεκλησ|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|futp|κεκλησ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|futp|κεκλησ|dial=ion}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|grc |ᾰ̓γκᾰλέω |ᾰ̓νᾰκᾰλέω |ᾰ̓ντεγκᾰλέω |ᾰ̓ντεισκᾰλέομαι |ᾰ̓ντεπῐκᾰλέω |ᾰ̓ντῐκᾰλέω |ᾰ̓ντῐπᾰρᾰκᾰλέω |ᾰ̓ντῐπροκᾰλέομαι |ᾰ̓ντῐπροσκᾰλέομαι |ᾰ̓πειροκᾰλέομαι |ᾰ̓ποκᾰλέω |δῐᾰκᾰλέομαι |δῐδᾰσκᾰλέω |δῐεγκᾰλέω |ἐγκᾰλέω |εἰσκᾰλέω |ἐκκᾰλέω |ἐκπροκᾰλέομαι |ἐμφῐλοκᾰλέω |ἐνᾰπειροκᾰλέω |ἐξᾰνᾰεγκᾰλέω |ἐπᾰνᾰκᾰλέω |ἐπεγκᾰλέω |ἐπεισκᾰλέω |ἐπῐκᾰλέω |ἐσκᾰλέω |ἑτεροδῐδᾰσκᾰλέω |κᾰκοδῐδᾰσκᾰλέω |κᾰτᾰκᾰλέω |κᾰτεγκᾰλέω |κέκλομαι |κῐκλήσκω |κλήδην |κλῄζω |κλῆσῐς |κλητέος |κλητήρ |κλητός |λᾰθροδῐδᾰσκᾰλέω |μετᾰκᾰλέω |μετεπῐκᾰλέω |ξῠγκᾰλέω |ὀγκᾰλέω |πᾰρᾰκᾰλέω |πᾰρκᾰλέω |περῐᾰγκᾰλέω |πευκᾰλέομαι |προεγκᾰλέω |προεισκᾰλέω |προεκκᾰλέω |προεπικαλέομαι |προκᾰλέω |προσᾰνᾰκᾰλέομαι |προσεγκᾰλέω |προσεπῐκᾰλέω |προσεπῐπᾰρᾰκᾰλέω |προσκᾰλέω |προσπᾰρᾰκᾰλέω |προσφῐλοκᾰλέω |σῠγκᾰλέω |σῠμπᾰρᾰκᾰλέω |σῠμφῐλοκᾰλέω |σῠνᾰποκᾰλέω |σῠνεγκᾰλέω |σῠνεκκᾰλέομαι |σῠνεπῐκᾰλέομαι |ῠ̔μνοδῐδᾰσκᾰλέω |φῐλοκᾰλέω }} ====相關詞彙==== {{col|grc |κλέω }} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|el|καλώ}} ===參考資料=== <references /> ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:grc:LSJ}} * {{R:grc:Middle Liddell}} * {{R:grc:Autenrieth}} * {{R:grc:Bailly}} * {{R:grc:BDAG}} * {{R:grc:Cunliffe}} * {{R:grc:Slater}} * {{R:Strong's|G|2564}} * {{R:LOGEION}} {{c|grc|說話}} r696tgihwojocuw234b3vd6o6ruoilg 9815417 9815414 2026-06-17T18:02:23Z TongcyDai 53191 9815417 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|grc|κλέω|κᾰ́λημῐ||aio}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|grc|id=召喚|:der|ine-pro:*kelh₁-}} 源自{{der|grc|ine-pro||*kl̥h₁-}}（{{m|ine-pro|*kelh₁-|t=召喚}}的[[零級]]）。根據 Beekes 所述，此詞可能是由不定過去時 {{m|grc|ἐκάλεσα}} [[逆構]]而成。<ref>{{R:grc:Beekes|head=καλέω|pages=623}}</ref> 此外，LIV 則認為存在一個更早的零級 ''éye''-現在時 {{m|ine-pro||*kl̥h₁-éye-ti}}。<ref>{{R:ine:LIV|*kleh₁-|pages=361-362}}</ref> 同源詞包括{{cog|ang|hlōwan}} 和{{cog|en|low|pos=動詞}}（但其和 {{m|en|call}} 相似純屬巧合）；{{cog|la|calō}}、{{m|la|clāmō}}、{{m|la|clārus}}、{{m|la|classis}} 和 {{m|la|concilium}}；{{cog|sga|cailech}}；{{cog|xcl|աքաղաղ}}。 ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|κᾰλέω}} ===動詞=== {{grc-verb|head=κᾰλέω}} # [[呼叫]]，[[召喚]] #: {{uxi|grc|'''Κάλει''' με/'''Κάλεσόν''' με.|t=打給我。}} ## [[邀請]] ##* {{Q|grc|NT|John|2|2}} ## [[祈求]] ##* {{Q|grc|Herodotus|Histories|1|44|2}} ## {{lb|grc|法律}} [[傳喚]]，[[起訴]] ##* {{Q|grc|Demosthenes|19|211}} ## [[要求]]，[[需要]] # 稱呼……的[[名字]] ## {{lb|grc|被動}} 被稱為，某人的名字是 ##* {{Q|grc|Herodotus|Histories|7|89|2|quote=τῆς δὲ Συρίης τοῦτο τὸ χωρίον καὶ τὸ μέχρι Αἰγύπτου πᾶν Παλαιστίνη '''καλέεται'''.|trans=從敘利亞到埃及的這部分地區全都被稱為巴勒斯坦。}} ====用法說明==== * 有記載的多利亞式現在時形式為 {{m|grc|καλέομες}} 和 {{m|grc|καλέοισι}}。 * 有記載的詩歌體第二人稱單數祈願式形式為 {{m|grc|κεκλῇο}}。 ====變位==== {{grc-conj|pres-con-e|κᾰλ|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|pres-con-e|κᾰλ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|pres-con-e|κᾰλ|dial=ion}} {{grc-conj|imperf-con-e|ἐκᾰλ|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|imperf-con-e|ἐκᾰλ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|imperf-con-e|κᾰλ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|imperf|κᾰλεσκ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|imperf|κᾰλεεσκ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|imperf-con-e|ἐκᾰλ|dial=ion}} {{grc-conj|fut-ln|κᾰλ|κεκλ|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|fut|κᾰλεσ|κληθ|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|fut|κᾰλε|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|fut|κᾰλε|dial=ion}} {{grc-conj|aor-1|ἐκᾰλεσ|κᾰλεσ|ἐκληθ|κληθ|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|aor-1|κᾰλεσ|κᾰλεσ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|aor-1|κᾰλεσσ|κᾰλεσσ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|aor-1|ἐκᾰλεσσ|κᾰλεσσ|indonly=1|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|aor-1|ἐκᾰλεσ|κᾰλεσ|ἐκληθ|κληθ|dial=ion}} {{grc-conj|perf|κεκληκ|κεκλη|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|perf|κεκληκ|κεκλη|MI3P=κεκλήᾰται|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|perf|κεκληκ|κεκλη|MI3P=κεκλέᾰται|dial=ion}} {{grc-conj|plup|ἐκεκληκ|ἐκεκλη|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|plup|κεκληκ|κεκλη|MI3P=κεκλήᾰτο|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|plup|ἐκεκληκ|ἐκεκλη|MI3P=ἐκεκλέᾰτο|dial=ion}} {{grc-conj|futp|κεκλησ|dial=att}} {{grc-conj|futp|κεκλησ|dial=epi}} {{grc-conj|futp|κεκλησ|dial=ion}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|grc |ᾰ̓γκᾰλέω |ᾰ̓νᾰκᾰλέω |ᾰ̓ντεγκᾰλέω |ᾰ̓ντεισκᾰλέομαι |ᾰ̓ντεπῐκᾰλέω |ᾰ̓ντῐκᾰλέω |ᾰ̓ντῐπᾰρᾰκᾰλέω |ᾰ̓ντῐπροκᾰλέομαι |ᾰ̓ντῐπροσκᾰλέομαι |ᾰ̓πειροκᾰλέομαι |ᾰ̓ποκᾰλέω |δῐᾰκᾰλέομαι |δῐδᾰσκᾰλέω |δῐεγκᾰλέω |ἐγκᾰλέω |εἰσκᾰλέω |ἐκκᾰλέω |ἐκπροκᾰλέομαι |ἐμφῐλοκᾰλέω |ἐνᾰπειροκᾰλέω |ἐξᾰνᾰεγκᾰλέω |ἐπᾰνᾰκᾰλέω |ἐπεγκᾰλέω |ἐπεισκᾰλέω |ἐπῐκᾰλέω |ἐσκᾰλέω |ἑτεροδῐδᾰσκᾰλέω |κᾰκοδῐδᾰσκᾰλέω |κᾰτᾰκᾰλέω |κᾰτεγκᾰλέω |κέκλομαι |κῐκλήσκω |κλήδην |κλῄζω |κλῆσῐς |κλητέος |κλητήρ |κλητός |λᾰθροδῐδᾰσκᾰλέω |μετᾰκᾰλέω |μετεπῐκᾰλέω |ξῠγκᾰλέω |ὀγκᾰλέω |πᾰρᾰκᾰλέω |πᾰρκᾰλέω |περῐᾰγκᾰλέω |πευκᾰλέομαι |προεγκᾰλέω |προεισκᾰλέω |προεκκᾰλέω |προεπικαλέομαι |προκᾰλέω |προσᾰνᾰκᾰλέομαι |προσεγκᾰλέω |προσεπῐκᾰλέω |προσεπῐπᾰρᾰκᾰλέω |προσκᾰλέω |προσπᾰρᾰκᾰλέω |προσφῐλοκᾰλέω |σῠγκᾰλέω |σῠμπᾰρᾰκᾰλέω |σῠμφῐλοκᾰλέω |σῠνᾰποκᾰλέω |σῠνεγκᾰλέω |σῠνεκκᾰλέομαι |σῠνεπῐκᾰλέομαι |ῠ̔μνοδῐδᾰσκᾰλέω |φῐλοκᾰλέω }} ====相關詞彙==== {{col|grc |κλέω }} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|el|καλώ}} ===參考資料=== <references /> ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:grc:LSJ}} * {{R:grc:Middle Liddell}} * {{R:grc:Autenrieth}} * {{R:grc:Bailly}} * {{R:grc:BDAG}} * {{R:grc:Cunliffe}} * {{R:grc:Slater}} * {{R:Strong's|G|2564}} * {{R:LOGEION}} {{c|grc|說話}} 5fh8ek81ww59sxsluh9kik6l1llxy6t 14 3480908 9815415 2026-06-17T18:02:14Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480909 9815416 2026-06-17T18:02:20Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3480910 9815418 2026-06-17T18:02:35Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|τος|-τός}} ==古希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|grc|-τός}} * {{alter|grc|-στός}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|grc|:inh|grk-pro:*-tós<ety:inh<ine-pro:*-tós<id:動詞性形容詞>>>|pos=後綴|id=形容詞}} {{inh+|grc|grk-pro|*-tós}}，{{inh+|grc|ine-pro|*-tós<id:動詞性形容詞>}}。 ===發音=== {{grc-IPA}} ===後綴=== {{grc-adj-2nd|-τον}} # {{n-g|構造完成時態被動動詞性形容詞}} {{lb|grc|通…」的新頁面 9815418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|τος|-τός}} ==古希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|grc|-τός}} * {{alter|grc|-στός}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|grc|:inh|grk-pro:*-tós<ety:inh<ine-pro:*-tós<id:動詞性形容詞>>>|pos=後綴|id=形容詞}} {{inh+|grc|grk-pro|*-tós}}，{{inh+|grc|ine-pro|*-tós<id:動詞性形容詞>}}。 ===發音=== {{grc-IPA}} ===後綴=== {{grc-adj-2nd|-τον}} # {{n-g|構造完成時態被動動詞性形容詞}} {{lb|grc|通常重音後退}} #: {{suffixusex|grc|διαλῡ́ω|διάλυτος|t1=溶解|t2=溶解的}} # {{n-g|由名詞構造形容詞}} {{lb|grc|重音後退}} #: {{suffixusex|grc|δάκρυ|ἀδάκρυτος|t1=眼淚|t2=無淚的}} # {{n-g|構造序數和分數詞}} {{lb|grc|也有重音在最後一個音節的情況}} #: {{suffixusex|grc|δέκα|δέκατος|t1=十|t2=第十；十分之一}} ====變格==== {{grc-adecl|-τος|-τον|titleapp=完成時態被動，由名詞派生的形容詞}} ====派生詞彙==== {{suffixsee|grc}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|el|-τος}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:grc:Smyth|425 b (2) D: on use for verbal adjectives}} ==希臘語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{der|el|grc|-τος}}，源自 {{der|el|ine-pro|*-tós}}。 ===後綴=== {{head|el|後綴}} # {{non-gloss definition|構造動詞性形容詞。}} ====派生詞彙==== {{suffixsee|el}} b5yzsmf56zby3qb41ub6pbzdjxqp3mk 14 3480911 9815419 2026-06-17T18:02:38Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480912 9815420 2026-06-17T18:02:43Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480913 9815421 2026-06-17T18:02:50Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480914 9815422 2026-06-17T18:02:58Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480915 9815423 2026-06-17T18:03:04Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480916 9815424 2026-06-17T18:03:11Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480917 9815425 2026-06-17T18:03:18Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480918 9815426 2026-06-17T18:03:24Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480919 9815427 2026-06-17T18:03:33Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480920 9815428 2026-06-17T18:03:39Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480921 9815429 2026-06-17T18:03:49Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480922 9815430 2026-06-17T18:03:55Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480923 9815431 2026-06-17T18:04:02Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480924 9815432 2026-06-17T18:04:08Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480925 9815433 2026-06-17T18:04:14Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480926 9815434 2026-06-17T18:04:23Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480927 9815435 2026-06-17T18:04:29Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3480928 9815436 2026-06-17T18:04:35Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|εκ|εκ.|ἐκ-}} ==古希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|grc|ἐξ||母音前|;|在阿提卡銘文裡，亦在 {{lang|grc|ζ}}、{{lang|grc|ξ}}、{{lang|grc|ρ}}、{{lang|grc|σ}} 前，偶爾亦在 {{lang|grc|λ}} 前}} * {{alt|grc|ἐγ||在阿提卡銘文裡的 {{lang|grc|β}}、{{lang|grc|γ}}、{{lang|grc|δ}}、{{lang|grc|λ}}、{{lang|grc|μ}}、{{lang|grc|ν}} 前|;|在拉科尼亞、美塞尼亞及赫拉克利亞銘…」的新頁面 9815436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|εκ|εκ.|ἐκ-}} ==古希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|grc|ἐξ||母音前|;|在阿提卡銘文裡，亦在 {{lang|grc|ζ}}、{{lang|grc|ξ}}、{{lang|grc|ρ}}、{{lang|grc|σ}} 前，偶爾亦在 {{lang|grc|λ}} 前}} * {{alt|grc|ἐγ||在阿提卡銘文裡的 {{lang|grc|β}}、{{lang|grc|γ}}、{{lang|grc|δ}}、{{lang|grc|λ}}、{{lang|grc|μ}}、{{lang|grc|ν}} 前|;|在拉科尼亞、美塞尼亞及赫拉克利亞銘文裡的 {{lang|grc|ϝ}}、{{lang|grc|λ}}、{{lang|grc|μ}}、{{lang|grc|ν}} 前}} * {{alt|grc|ἐχ||在阿提卡銘文裡的 {{lang|grc|θ}}、{{lang|grc|φ}}、{{lang|grc|χ}} 前|,|在埃托利亞語裡亦在 {{lang|grc|σ}} 前}} * {{alt|grc|ἐς||維奧蒂亞|克里特}} * {{alt|grc|ἐ||洛克里斯}} ===詞源=== {{ety|grc|id=出|:inh|grk-pro:*eks<ety:inh<ine-pro:*h₁éǵʰs<alt:*h₁eǵʰs>>>}} {{inh+|grc|grk-pro|*eks}}，{{inh+|grc|ine-pro|*h₁éǵʰs|*h₁eǵʰs|t=從……出去}}。{{ref|{{R:grc:Beekes|395|ἐκ}}}}{{ref|{{R:grc:Beekes|433|ἐξ}}}} 同源詞包括 {{cog|la|ex}}、{{m|la|ē}}、{{cog|sga|ess-}}、{{m|sga|a|a, ass}}（{{cog|ga|as}}）、{{cog|lt|ìš}}、{{cog|cu|из}}、{{cog|kmr|ji}}、{{cog|sq|ith}}。 屬格源自原始印歐語中表示分離的奪格。 ===發音=== {{grc-IPA}} * {{hyph|grc|ἐκ}} ===介詞=== {{grc-preposition|gen}} # {{lb|grc|表示地點}} ## {{lb|grc|表示運動}} 出自，[[來自]] ## 來自，表示來源 ##: {{usex|grc|[[ἐξ ]] [[Ἰταλίας]]|t=[[來自]][[義大利]]}} ## 表示從一個地方或狀態變化至另一個 ##: {{usex|grc|[[ἐκ ]] [[τῆς ]][[οἰκίᾱς ]] [[αὐτῶν]], [[κεἰς ]] [[τὴν ]] [[μου ]]|t=[[從]][[他們]][[的]][[房子]]，[[進]][[入]][[我]][[的]][[房子]]}} ## 表示與其他事物的分離或區別 ## {{lb|grc|表示位置}} 在……[[外]]，[[超越]] # {{lb|grc|表示時間}} ## [[從]]，[[自]] ## {{lb|grc|表示特定的時間點}} [[剛]]……[[後]]，在……[[之後]] ##: {{usex|grc|[[ἐκ ]] [[τούτου]]|t=在這[[之後]]}} ## [[在]]……期間 # {{lb|grc|表示起源}} ## {{lb|grc|表示材料}} 用某物製作而成 ## {{lb|grc|表示血統、父母}} 是……的後代 ##: {{usex|grc|[[ἐκ ]] [[πατρὸς ]] [[εὐγενοῦς]]|t=是[[高貴]]的[[父親]]（[[生]]）的}} ##: {{usex|grc|[[ἐκ ]] [[τῶν ]] [[ὁμοίων]]|t=[[同等地位]][[之]][[人]][[的]]（後代）}} ## {{lb|grc|表示因果關係}} 被某人或某物所做 ## 表示做某事的原因、[[工具]]或[[手段]] ## 從，根據 ##: {{usex|grc|[[ἐκ ]] [[τοῦ ]][[καρποῦ]] [[τὸ]] [[δένδρον]]|t=（人們）[[從]][[果實]]（來判斷）[[樹]]}} ## 將後面的名詞轉變為[[迂迴]]副詞 ## {{lb|grc|搭配數詞}} 按照這樣的順序 ====用法說明==== * 在阿提卡銘文（而非文學作品）中，{{m|grc|ἐξ}} 出現在以 {{lang|grc|σ}}、{{lang|grc|ξ}}、{{lang|grc|ζ}}、{{lang|grc|ρ}} 以及有時是 {{lang|grc|λ}} 開頭的單字之前。 * 在銘文中，複合詞可以在 {{lang|grc|β}}、{{lang|grc|δ}}、{{lang|grc|λ}}、{{lang|grc|μ}} 和 {{lang|grc|ν}} 之前寫作 {{lang|grc|ἐγ-}}，但這不會發生在文學作品中（如 {{m|grc|ἐκλελέχθαι}}）。 ====派生詞彙==== {{col|grc |δῐέκ<pos:介詞> |ἐκτός<pos:副詞，介詞> |ἔσχᾰτος<pos:形容詞> |ἐχθός<pos:副詞> |κᾱ̓κ<pos:介詞> |οὑκ |ῠ̔πέκ<pos:介詞> }} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|el|εκ}} * {{desc|grk-mar|ах}} * {{desc|io|ek|bor=1}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:grc:LSJ}} * {{R:grc:Middle Liddell}} * {{R:grc:Autenrieth}} * {{R:grc:Bailly}} * {{R:grc:Cunliffe}} * {{R:grc:DGE}} * {{R:grc:Slater}} * {{R:Strong's}} * {{R:grc:LBG}} * {{R:grc:Woodhouse}} n52fda2nbz6fkrnced84yknkiipkpem 14 3480929 9815437 2026-06-17T18:04:39Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480930 9815438 2026-06-17T18:04:45Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480931 9815439 2026-06-17T18:05:02Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 118 3480932 9815440 2026-06-17T18:05:03Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{reconstructed}} ==原始印歐語== ===詞源=== {{ety|ine-pro|id=出|:af|*h₁éǵʰ|*-s<id:副詞>|pos=word}} {{m|ine-pro|*h₁éǵʰ|t=在……外}}與副詞性後綴 {{af|ine-pro|*-s|id1=副詞性}}的擴展形式。<ref name=EDL>{{R:itc:EDL|page=195-196|head=ex, ē, ec-}}</ref> ===副詞=== {{ine-adv}}<ref name=EDL/><ref name=Beekes/> # 在……[[外]] ====重構說明==== 凱爾特語和希臘語形式指向原始印歐語 {{m|…」的新頁面 9815440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reconstructed}} ==原始印歐語== ===詞源=== {{ety|ine-pro|id=出|:af|*h₁éǵʰ|*-s<id:副詞>|pos=word}} {{m|ine-pro|*h₁éǵʰ|t=在……外}}與副詞性後綴 {{af|ine-pro|*-s|id1=副詞性}}的擴展形式。<ref name=EDL>{{R:itc:EDL|page=195-196|head=ex, ē, ec-}}</ref> ===副詞=== {{ine-adv}}<ref name=EDL/><ref name=Beekes/> # 在……[[外]] ====重構說明==== 凱爾特語和希臘語形式指向原始印歐語 {{m|ine-pro||*h₁eḱs}}。波羅的-斯拉夫語 {{m|ine-bsl-pro||*iś}} 和 {{m|ine-bsl-pro||*iź}}（可能互為連音變體）形式中無法解釋詞首的 {{m|ine-bsl-pro||*i-}}。然而，由於舊複合詞（如 {{m|grc|ἔσχατος}} 和 {{m|grc|ἐχθός}}）中存在送氣音，因此需要一個前綴形式 {{m|ine-pro||*h₁eǵʰs}}。<ref name=Beekes>{{R:grc:Beekes|volume=I|page=433|head=ἐξ}}</ref> Dunkel 的重構沒有 {{m|ine-pro||*h₁}}，因為他允許以母音開頭的字詞。 =====派生詞彙===== {{derivsee|源自原始印歐語 *h₁éǵʰs 的詞彙}} * {{l|ine-pro|*h₁éǵʰs[[-tos]]}} ** {{desc|sqj-pro|*e(k)šta}}<ref>{{R:sq:Orel:1998|page=158|head=jashtë}}</ref> *** {{desc|sq|jashtë}} ** {{desc|cel-pro|*extos|t=除了，但是}}<ref>{{R:cel:EDPC|head=*extos|page=120}}</ref> *** {{desctree|sga|acht|t=但是，假如}} ** {{desc|grk-pro|*ekʰthós}}、{{l|grk-pro||*ekʰ(h)tós}} *** {{desc|grc|ἐχθός}}、{{l|grc|ἐκτός}} {{see desc}} * {{l|ine-pro|*h₁éǵʰs[[-teros]]}} ** {{desc|cel-pro|*exteros|t=在……外（的），沒有}}<ref>{{R:cel:EDPC|head=*extero-|page=120}}</ref> {{see desc}} ** {{desc|itc-pro|*eksteros}} *** {{desc|la|exterus}}、{{l|la|exter}} {{see desc}} * {{l|ine-pro|*h₁éǵʰs[[-tm̥mos]]}} ** {{desc|sqj-pro|}} *** {{desc|sq|jashtëm}} ** {{desc|cel-pro|*extamos}}<ref>“[https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic'' (Brill, Leiden 2009)]”</ref> *** {{desc|cel-bry-pro|*extaβ̃}} **** {{desc|cy|eithaf|t=極端的，最遠的；極端，末端}} ** {{desc|grk-pro|*ékʰstətos|unc=1}} {{qualifier|帶有源自 {{m|ine-pro||*-tm̥-tos}} 的規則最高級後綴}} *** {{desc|grc|ἔσχατος|t=最外面的，最遠的，最遙遠的，最後的}} {{qualifier|輔音叢換位且簡化}} {{see desc}} ** {{desc|itc-pro|*ekstemos}} *** {{desc|la|extimus|t=最外面的，最遠的}} =====派生語彙===== * {{desc|sqj-pro|*its}} ** {{desc|sq|ith|t=後背，向後|ish-|t2=以前的}} (< ''ek's'') * {{desc|sqj-pro|*eś-}} ** {{desc|sq|sh-}} * {{desc|ine-bsl-pro|*iź|*iś}} ** {{desc|lv|iz}} ** {{desc|lt|iš}} ** {{desc|prg|is}} ** {{desc|sla-pro|*jьz}} {{see desc}} * {{desc|cel-pro|*exs|alt=*exs, *exs-}} {{see desc}} * {{desc|gem-pro|*eh|unc=1}} * {{desc|grk-pro|*eks|*eks-}} ** {{desc|grc|ἐξ|ἐξ-}} > {{l|grc|ἐκ}}、{{l|grc|ἐκ-}} *** {{desc|el|εξ|εξ-|εκ|εκ-}} ** {{desc|gmy||alt=*eks-|tr=-}} *** {{desc|gmy|𐀁𐀒𐀰𐀺𐀒|t=外面的工人|der=1}} * {{desc|itc-pro|*eks}} {{see desc}} ====其他重構==== * {{l|ine-pro||*éǵʰs}}<ref>{{R:ine:LIPP|vol=2|page=205}}</ref><ref>{{R:ine:Hackstein 2023|14}}</ref> * {{l|ine-pro||*éḱ(s)}}<ref>{{R:ine:Byrd:2015|page=262}}</ref> ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} 25lu70ycxhb06e4q75e0ua6kg0c3rpn 14 3480933 9815441 2026-06-17T18:05:10Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480934 9815442 2026-06-17T18:05:17Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480935 9815443 2026-06-17T18:05:27Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480936 9815444 2026-06-17T18:05:33Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480937 9815445 2026-06-17T18:05:41Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480938 9815447 2026-06-17T18:05:48Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480939 9815448 2026-06-17T18:05:55Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480940 9815450 2026-06-17T18:06:04Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480941 9815451 2026-06-17T18:06:15Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480942 9815452 2026-06-17T18:06:23Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480943 9815453 2026-06-17T18:06:30Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480944 9815454 2026-06-17T18:06:37Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480945 9815455 2026-06-17T18:06:53Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480946 9815456 2026-06-17T18:07:00Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480947 9815457 2026-06-17T18:07:07Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480948 9815458 2026-06-17T18:07:19Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480949 9815459 2026-06-17T18:07:26Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480950 9815460 2026-06-17T18:07:33Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480951 9815461 2026-06-17T18:07:41Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480952 9815462 2026-06-17T18:07:48Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480953 9815463 2026-06-17T18:07:55Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480954 9815464 2026-06-17T18:08:02Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480955 9815466 2026-06-17T18:08:09Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480956 9815467 2026-06-17T18:08:16Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480957 9815468 2026-06-17T18:08:23Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480958 9815469 2026-06-17T18:08:30Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480959 9815470 2026-06-17T18:08:37Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480960 9815471 2026-06-17T18:08:44Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480961 9815472 2026-06-17T18:08:54Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480962 9815473 2026-06-17T18:09:00Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480963 9815474 2026-06-17T18:09:07Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480964 9815475 2026-06-17T18:09:14Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3480965 9815476 2026-06-17T18:09:22Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3480966 9815480 2026-06-17T19:32:20Z Fglffer 55252 新詞條 9815480 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|謳歌|桜花|押下}} ru6y93weu7r76fdlv8olns6sp75kgyu 0 3480967 9815483 2026-06-17T19:35:39Z Fglffer 55252 新詞條 9815483 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-see|謳歌}} k3akm2tampssdcw9a0fqj41cr1349pg 0 3480968 9815488 2026-06-17T19:46:17Z Fglffer 55252 新詞條 9815488 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=变瘦}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=biànshòu |h=pfs=pien-chheu |cat=v }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # [[減肥]]；[[身材]]變[[標準]] ====同義詞==== * {{zh-l|消瘦}} ====反義詞==== * {{zh-l|變胖}} n2628nl5m7c0dhan1uh41gjsozj86uz 9815506 9815488 2026-06-18T02:25:29Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 動詞 */ 瘦不一定標準 9815506 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=变瘦}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=biànshòu |h=pfs=pien-chheu |cat=v }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # [[減肥]]；[[身材]]變[[瘦削]] ====同義詞==== * {{zh-l|消瘦}} ====反義詞==== * {{zh-l|變胖}} dv1l1w1ftxs8j1kflqu075f6025ab98 0 3480969 9815489 2026-06-17T19:48:21Z Fglffer 55252 新詞條 9815489 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=变胖}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=biànpàng |cat=v }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # [[長胖]]，[[發福]] ====同義詞==== {{syn-saurus|zh|長胖}} ====反義詞==== * {{zh-l|變瘦}} rds5wu9zep6lil33co8szmvu1az41ht 0 3480970 9815490 2026-06-17T19:48:24Z Fglffer 55252 新詞條 9815490 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=qīngqú |cat=a }} ===形容詞=== {{head|zh|形容詞}} # [[消瘦]]、[[瘦弱]]的樣子 bj6aagv05mhvxqmh2g63bxz9chdphsc 0 3480971 9815491 2026-06-17T19:49:39Z Fglffer 55252 新詞條 9815491 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=长胖}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=zhǎngpàng |c=zoeng2 bun6 |cat=v }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # [[脂肪]][[增加]] ====同義詞==== {{syn-saurus|zh|長胖}} 1smie70uoyd36iikfoy2621zd04oyvt 0 3480972 9815498 2026-06-17T21:47:28Z P1ayer 5118 新詞條 9815498 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=阴沟里翻船|type=212}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=yīngōu li fānchuán |cat=cy }} ===成語=== {{head|zh|成語}} # 原本十拿九穩非常有把握的事情，卻最後還是失敗告終 ===參考資料=== * {{R:zh:cbgycdxdb|156466}} 0mtlrvml2qv2qfuiwf89t55h7jqwft9 9815499 9815498 2026-06-18T00:18:13Z P1ayer 5118 /* 成語 */ 9815499 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=阴沟里翻船|type=212}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=yīngōu li fānchuán |cat=cy }} ===成語=== {{head|zh|成語}} # 原本十拿九穩非常有把握的事情，卻最後還是失敗告終 #: {{syn|zh|功虧一簣}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:zh:cbgycdxdb|156466}} hqcxr9qrlum74o4idracpaevgokqy4v 0 3480973 9815501 2026-06-18T02:21:30Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|Iglesias}} ==西班牙語== ===發音=== {{es-pr}} ===名詞=== {{head|es|名詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{plural of|es|iglesia}}」的新頁面 9815501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Iglesias}} ==西班牙語== ===發音=== {{es-pr}} ===名詞=== {{head|es|名詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{plural of|es|iglesia}} h1eez5fwotsd4zftdrkqr28jisgzm4n 0 3480974 9815503 2026-06-18T02:23:42Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==英語== ===發音=== * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-put on weight.wav|a=Southern England}} ===動詞=== {{en-verb|<,,put>}} # [[長胖]]，[[發胖]] ====近義詞==== * [[gain weight]] ====反義詞==== * [[lose weight]]」的新頁面 9815503 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===發音=== * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-put on weight.wav|a=Southern England}} ===動詞=== {{en-verb|<,,put>}} # [[長胖]]，[[發胖]] ====近義詞==== * [[gain weight]] ====反義詞==== * [[lose weight]] d3h530akq0mxbv7eznp2ezdsth14lku 0 3480975 9815504 2026-06-18T02:24:22Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==葡萄牙語== ===發音=== {{pt-IPA|igrêjas}} * {{hyph|pt|i|gre|jas}} ===名詞=== {{head|pt|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|pt|igreja}}」的新頁面 9815504 wikitext text/x-wiki ==葡萄牙語== ===發音=== {{pt-IPA|igrêjas}} * {{hyph|pt|i|gre|jas}} ===名詞=== {{head|pt|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|pt|igreja}} qex3llldfn30zpg6uswr3zj60qrfcrt 0 3480976 9815505 2026-06-18T02:24:31Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|Appendix:"oka"的變體}} ==日語== ===羅馬化=== {{ja-romaji}} # {{ja-romanization of|おうか}}」的新頁面 9815505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Appendix:"oka"的變體}} ==日語== ===羅馬化=== {{ja-romaji}} # {{ja-romanization of|おうか}} nnr2nwvei3kpgg0c9ax7bvbpatb79t3 0 3480977 9815508 2026-06-18T02:31:46Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|adunare}} ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnante}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnāns||abl|m//f//n|s}}」的新頁面 9815508 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|adunare}} ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnante}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnāns||abl|m//f//n|s}} jpqucam16hnfcamc7rkmi4id63d354i 0 3480978 9815509 2026-06-18T02:31:49Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|adunare}} ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnātō}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||2//3|s|futr|actv|impr}}」的新頁面 9815509 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|adunare}} ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnātō}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||2//3|s|futr|actv|impr}} qvi2v3x3mlw869u4aranb88yrsnroaf 0 3480979 9815510 2026-06-18T02:31:53Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|adunante}} ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnantī}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnāns||dat|m//f//n|s}}」的新頁面 9815510 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|adunante}} ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnantī}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnāns||dat|m//f//n|s}} 2zx93p7cri18b888sp8b0i5za8lhgtp 0 3480980 9815511 2026-06-18T02:32:00Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|adunato}} ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnātī}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnātus||nom//voc|m|p|;|gen|m//n|s}}」的新頁面 9815511 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|adunato}} ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnātī}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnātus||nom//voc|m|p|;|gen|m//n|s}} 27lrjnqvdusn7zkhtfmacb18wy14fc5 0 3480981 9815512 2026-06-18T02:32:03Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====名詞==== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{plural of|it|adunata}} ===詞源2=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||2|p|pres|indc|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源3=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|adunato}} ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāte}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||2|p|…」的新頁面 9815512 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====名詞==== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{plural of|it|adunata}} ===詞源2=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||2|p|pres|indc|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源3=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|adunato}} ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāte}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||2|p|pres|actv|impr}} ==西班牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|es|動詞變位形式}} # {{es-verb form of|adunar}} tcgrjkg7h2lzigc6mglcsrxukvlgp12 0 3480982 9815514 2026-06-18T02:32:53Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===詞源1=== ====名詞==== {{it-noun|f}} # [[集合]]，[[聚集]] ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|adunato}} ==拉丁語== ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|adūnāta|ann=1}} * {{la-IPA|adūnātā|ann=1}} ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnāta}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnātus||nom//voc|f|s|;|nom//acc//voc|n|p}} ===分…」的新頁面 9815514 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===詞源1=== ====名詞==== {{it-noun|f}} # [[集合]]，[[聚集]] ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|adunato}} ==拉丁語== ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|adūnāta|ann=1}} * {{la-IPA|adūnātā|ann=1}} ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnāta}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnātus||nom//voc|f|s|;|nom//acc//voc|n|p}} ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnātā}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnātus||abl|f|s}} gv4gd22naw2n8fpavce4prxytm8yhux 0 3480983 9815515 2026-06-18T02:33:26Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===名詞=== {{it-noun|f}} # [[集合]]，[[集會]]」的新頁面 9815515 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===名詞=== {{it-noun|f}} # [[集合]]，[[集會]] rg9psf13xnhddrvfhl4r62bkhnzub5x 0 3480984 9815516 2026-06-18T02:33:38Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{plural of|it|adunanza}}」的新頁面 9815516 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{plural of|it|adunanza}} 86ttkclnfzb64c4s8ze9x7xerc4uzer 0 3480985 9815517 2026-06-18T02:34:18Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|adunare|-mento}} 源自 {{suffix|it|adunare|mento}}。 ===名詞=== {{it-noun|m}} # [[聚集]]，[[集合]] ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aademnnotu|aumentando}}」的新頁面 9815517 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|adunare|-mento}} 源自 {{suffix|it|adunare|mento}}。 ===名詞=== {{it-noun|m}} # [[聚集]]，[[集合]] ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aademnnotu|aumentando}} g0y2ld0f1150gmsscsrmsbumniu0jap 0 3480986 9815518 2026-06-18T02:34:21Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=m}} # {{plural of|it|adunamento}}」的新頁面 9815518 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=m}} # {{plural of|it|adunamento}} 5rpyzylz4u39fn319cnbfjw2yvisefd 0 3480987 9815519 2026-06-18T02:36:56Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|adunò}} ==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr|adùno}} ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||1|s|pres|indc}} ==拉丁語== ===詞源=== {{ety|la|title=adūnō|:af|ad-|ūnus<t:一個，單個>|-ō<id:名詞派生詞>|text=+|tree=1}} 對照構造類似的{{noncog|en|atone}}。 ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|adūnō}} ===動詞=== {{la-verb|1+|adūnō}} # [[結合]]，[[聯合]] ====變位==== {{la-…」的新頁面 9815519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|adunò}} ==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr|adùno}} ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||1|s|pres|indc}} ==拉丁語== ===詞源=== {{ety|la|title=adūnō|:af|ad-|ūnus<t:一個，單個>|-ō<id:名詞派生詞>|text=+|tree=1}} 對照構造類似的{{noncog|en|atone}}。 ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|adūnō}} ===動詞=== {{la-verb|1+|adūnō}} # [[結合]]，[[聯合]] ====變位==== {{la-conj|1+|adūnō}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|la|coadūnō}} * {{l|la|subadūnō}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|rup|adun|adunari}} * {{desc|it|adunare}} * {{desc|pt|adunar|bor=1}} * {{desc|ro|aduna|adunare}} * {{desc|es|aunar}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:la:L&S}} * {{R:la:Gaffiot}} ==葡萄牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|pt|動詞變位形式}} # {{pt-verb form of|adunar}} ==西班牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|es|動詞變位形式}} # {{es-verb form of|adunar}} ==威爾士語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{com|cy|ad-|uno|t2=加入，聯合，結合}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|cy|/aˈdɨ̞nɔ/|a=cy-N}} * {{IPA|cy|/aˈdiːnɔ/|/aˈdɪnɔ/|a=cy-S}} ===動詞=== {{cy-verb|adun}} # 重新[[加入]]，重新[[結合]] ====變位==== {{cy-conj-cons|adun|3=-|imp=-}} {{cy-conj-colloquial|adun}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|cy|aduniad|pos=n}} ===詞首音變=== {{cy-mut}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:cy:GPC}} nx4c0se6r6hqryob7mscd93py8x2upp 0 3480988 9815520 2026-06-18T02:37:22Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{la-part|adūnāns}} # {{infl of|la|adūnō||pres|act|part}} ====變格==== {{la-adecl|adūnāns<3-P+>}}」的新頁面 9815520 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{la-part|adūnāns}} # {{infl of|la|adūnō||pres|act|part}} ====變格==== {{la-adecl|adūnāns<3-P+>}} 93jnmapz3elayg6nw53fmkitapm7v8i 0 3480989 9815521 2026-06-18T02:37:29Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{la-part|adūnātūrus}} # {{infl of|la|adūnō||futr|act|part}} ====變格==== {{la-adecl|adūnātūrus}}」的新頁面 9815521 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{la-part|adūnātūrus}} # {{infl of|la|adūnō||futr|act|part}} ====變格==== {{la-adecl|adūnātūrus}} kqtk78hfpifen9m4vhma21fsqo3n3cc 0 3480990 9815522 2026-06-18T02:37:37Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{la-part|adūnandus}} # {{infl of|la|adūnō||futr|perf|part}} ====變格==== {{la-adecl|adūnandus}}」的新頁面 9815522 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{la-part|adūnandus}} # {{infl of|la|adūnō||futr|perf|part}} ====變格==== {{la-adecl|adūnandus}} 5q2ool7k0x8vm6eaehp0ly5uav0um83 9815523 9815522 2026-06-18T02:37:53Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 分詞 */ 9815523 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{la-part|adūnandus}} # {{infl of|la|adūnō||futr|pass|part}} ====變格==== {{la-adecl|adūnandus}} iw2i6nymbeytyj6duxo555q3d3t115g 0 3480991 9815524 2026-06-18T02:37:56Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{la-part|adūnātus}} # {{infl of|la|adūnō||perf|pass|part}} ====變格==== {{la-adecl|adūnātus}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:la:L&S}}」的新頁面 9815524 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{la-part|adūnātus}} # {{infl of|la|adūnō||perf|pass|part}} ====變格==== {{la-adecl|adūnātus}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:la:L&S}} 4c0ndqo2funbdatzccc6budjk1o4beb 0 3480992 9815525 2026-06-18T02:41:54Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|it|auggiare||古舊|方言}} ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|ad-|uggia<t:boredom, moroseness>|-are}} 源自 {{af|it|ad-|uggia<t:陰影，暗影；煩躁，煩惱>|-are}}。 ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===動詞=== {{it-verb|a/ù}} {{tlb|it|及物|書面}} # 使……蒙上[[陰影]] {{qualifier|並對植物造成損害}} #* {{quote|it|un gran cipresso ... '''aduggiava'''' di fredda ombra le aiuole|一棵…」的新頁面 9815525 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|it|auggiare||古舊|方言}} ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|ad-|uggia<t:boredom, moroseness>|-are}} 源自 {{af|it|ad-|uggia<t:陰影，暗影；煩躁，煩惱>|-are}}。 ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===動詞=== {{it-verb|a/ù}} {{tlb|it|及物|書面}} # 使……蒙上[[陰影]] {{qualifier|並對植物造成損害}} #* {{quote|it|un gran cipresso ... '''aduggiava'''' di fredda ombra le aiuole|一棵高大的柏树……在花坛上'''投下'''一片冰冷的'''阴影'''。|source=Graf}} # {{lb|it|比喻}} [[妨害]]，[[損害]] ====變位==== {{it-conj|a/ù}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aadeggiru|aduggerai}} b2n7f84tppe5tuff7sm2fdep19jp087 0 3480993 9815526 2026-06-18T02:41:59Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|aduggiare}}」的新頁面 9815526 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|aduggiare}} q89djnmse1yf3d7alkjjibv1ysjisq5 0 3480994 9815527 2026-06-18T02:42:01Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|aduggiare}}」的新頁面 9815527 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|aduggiare}} ok7avb0vwpyhm93a7avnltcq6x3c0mo 0 3480995 9815528 2026-06-18T02:42:06Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|aduggiante}}」的新頁面 9815528 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|aduggiante}} 8fn5ib2f1l37wb7cx0u0t1x3d8zp4ll 0 3480996 9815529 2026-06-18T02:42:12Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|aduggiato}}」的新頁面 9815529 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|aduggiato}} dfahry3mvij0jcwzfeiqcsvway461tr 0 3480997 9815530 2026-06-18T02:42:15Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|aduggiare||2|p|pres|ind//sub|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|aduggiato}}」的新頁面 9815530 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|aduggiare||2|p|pres|ind//sub|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|aduggiato}} jb13gm24cb8nlefb2wxhsmu5f6imx30 0 3480998 9815531 2026-06-18T02:42:15Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|aduggiato}}」的新頁面 9815531 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|aduggiato}} o497ij7c7qk21b0itqlcl6e6p14ce7u 0 3480999 9815532 2026-06-18T02:42:56Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{it-verb|a/ù}} {{tlb|it|古舊|方言}} # {{alternative form of|it|aduggiare}} ====變位==== {{it-conj|a/ù}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaeggiru|auggerai}}」的新頁面 9815532 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{it-verb|a/ù}} {{tlb|it|古舊|方言}} # {{alternative form of|it|aduggiare}} ====變位==== {{it-conj|a/ù}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaeggiru|auggerai}} pk3spfbgr3d94j0810eplfbb9dvytid 0 3481000 9815533 2026-06-18T02:43:10Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|auggiare}}」的新頁面 9815533 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|auggiare}} 046dl2ai4coggoq2r3y5rritol9dhff 0 3481001 9815534 2026-06-18T02:43:11Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|auggiare}}」的新頁面 9815534 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|auggiare}} 20auqwv50b79mksgn0myiqn6r59kal7 0 3481002 9815535 2026-06-18T02:43:18Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|auggiante}}」的新頁面 9815535 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|auggiante}} ar3i6lq7na607vyz0wjg5m8e6vouqos 0 3481003 9815536 2026-06-18T02:43:20Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|auggiato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaaggitu|agguatai}}」的新頁面 9815536 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|auggiato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaaggitu|agguatai}} 71vvrw51colje2d81ni0slbnj8015k2 0 3481004 9815537 2026-06-18T02:43:21Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|auggiato}}」的新頁面 9815537 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|auggiato}} e7o5q7bcnmbnmrmbpxv8hkydqyqjqeu 0 3481005 9815538 2026-06-18T02:43:27Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|auggiare||2|p|pres|ind//sub|;|2|p|imp}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|auggiato}}」的新頁面 9815538 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|auggiare||2|p|pres|ind//sub|;|2|p|imp}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|auggiato}} tkqc1q4som5lfmju61mlo7qx2z11geo 0 3481006 9815540 2026-06-18T02:48:39Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=m}} # {{plural of|it|pendolare}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=adeilnopr|aprendoli|perdonali|ponderali}}」的新頁面 9815540 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=m}} # {{plural of|it|pendolare}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=adeilnopr|aprendoli|perdonali|ponderali}} ft24x7zwok05luwp4z1kq6k7y54xfo2 0 3481007 9815542 2026-06-18T02:51:01Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==世界語== ===發音=== {{eo-pr}} ===動詞=== {{eo-head}} # {{lb|eo|不及物}} [[摆动]]；[[摇摆]] # [[蕩]][[鞦韆]] ====變位==== {{eo-conj}} ====近義詞==== * {{l|eo|oscili}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|eo|pendolo|t=钟摆；鞦韆}} ==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=m}} # {{plural of|it|pendolo}} ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||2|s|pres|indc|;|1//2/…」的新頁面 9815542 wikitext text/x-wiki ==世界語== ===發音=== {{eo-pr}} ===動詞=== {{eo-head}} # {{lb|eo|不及物}} [[摆动]]；[[摇摆]] # [[蕩]][[鞦韆]] ====變位==== {{eo-conj}} ====近義詞==== * {{l|eo|oscili}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|eo|pendolo|t=钟摆；鞦韆}} ==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=m}} # {{plural of|it|pendolo}} ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||2|s|pres|indc|;|1//2//3|s|pres|subj|;|3|s|impr}} khceogcre3eh6oorjmbfoqwwgo6m6hi 0 3481008 9815543 2026-06-18T02:51:48Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|pendolare|-ismo}} 源自 {{suffix|it|pendolare|ismo}}。 ===名詞=== {{it-noun|m}} # [[擺動]] # [[通勤]] # {{lb|it|比喻}} [[搖擺]][[不定]]」的新頁面 9815543 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|pendolare|-ismo}} 源自 {{suffix|it|pendolare|ismo}}。 ===名詞=== {{it-noun|m}} # [[擺動]] # [[通勤]] # {{lb|it|比喻}} [[搖擺]][[不定]] ih5v8isi512os4kwsvu5lv9v42stwqq 9815545 9815543 2026-06-18T02:52:23Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 意大利語 */ 9815545 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|pendolare<id:commuter>|-ismo}} 源自 {{suffix|it|pendolare|ismo}}。 ===名詞=== {{it-noun|m}} # [[擺動]] # [[通勤]] # {{lb|it|比喻}} [[搖擺]][[不定]] tbvun6qaj3h7q1re59y04rgav8kvptc 0 3481009 9815544 2026-06-18T02:51:58Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=m}} # {{plural of|it|pendolarismo}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=adeiilmnoprs|imperlandosi|risplendiamo}}」的新頁面 9815544 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=m}} # {{plural of|it|pendolarismo}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=adeiilmnoprs|imperlandosi|risplendiamo}} 93mslihrxo6bsac53y3g2rap768osas 0 3481010 9815546 2026-06-18T02:52:46Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|pendolare}}」的新頁面 9815546 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|pendolare}} 4l8w6b5twuha5we22r21awd3vyfxq64 0 3481011 9815547 2026-06-18T02:52:47Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|pendolare}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=adelnoopt|potendola}}」的新頁面 9815547 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|pendolare}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=adelnoopt|potendola}} 9gm64ognsymv5ek6vfzeuankg0qklfg 0 3481012 9815548 2026-06-18T02:53:00Z Sayonzei 40728 創建意大利語「[[pendolante]]」的非詞元形式（[[WT:ACCEL|ACCEL]]） 9815548 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|pendolante}} 87fbh2qljhrm24zehhu072us5v9iihe 0 3481013 9815549 2026-06-18T02:53:01Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|pendolato}}」的新頁面 9815549 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|pendolato}} 0u5yir9zktcmekft416l8lcn7u9qb4l 0 3481014 9815550 2026-06-18T02:53:03Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|pendolato}}」的新頁面 9815550 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|pendolato}} 9sy7bzgcodwkmhi8r1btcy50db8kqrb 0 3481015 9815551 2026-06-18T02:53:05Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||2|p|pres|indc|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|pendolato}}」的新頁面 9815551 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||2|p|pres|indc|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|pendolato}} 177ix9myvagswgjfaaepvcixeiq1d47 0 3481016 9815553 2026-06-18T02:56:55Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|laminare}}」的新頁面 9815553 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|laminare}} 5lybk5634t1fwlbrmcdqn421sdnz3fk 0 3481017 9815554 2026-06-18T02:57:09Z Sayonzei 40728 創建意大利語「[[laminante]]」的非詞元形式（[[WT:ACCEL|ACCEL]]） 9815554 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|laminante}} rvzs1dfxbb2kobssry0wjryhbqqei3v 0 3481018 9815556 2026-06-18T02:58:04Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|laminato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaailmnt|La Mantia}}」的新頁面 9815556 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|laminato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaailmnt|La Mantia}} g06v422dg4j9w0pdiwbl3bpr8mhnql4 0 3481019 9815557 2026-06-18T02:58:05Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|laminato}}」的新頁面 9815557 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|laminato}} mq2urs8c6719xhqvsun1wx4vexdq17g 0 3481020 9815559 2026-06-18T03:00:00Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|incollare}}」的新頁面 9815559 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|incollare}} pwy3u2nn6rswl01g1ayu21f5hdgsyk4 0 3481021 9815560 2026-06-18T03:00:10Z Sayonzei 40728 創建意大利語「[[incollante]]」的非詞元形式（[[WT:ACCEL|ACCEL]]） 9815560 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|incollante}} glkablyt6ntk25dt1e4mhgoizr2ijdd 0 3481022 9815561 2026-06-18T03:00:28Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===動詞=== {{it-verb|ò}} # {{reflexive of|it|incollare}} # [[貼近]]，[[挨近]] ====變位==== {{it-conj|ò}}」的新頁面 9815561 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===動詞=== {{it-verb|ò}} # {{reflexive of|it|incollare}} # [[貼近]]，[[挨近]] ====變位==== {{it-conj|ò}} omhzvsi1uqhjg5zstmslghx37pqqxoj 0 3481023 9815562 2026-06-18T03:00:58Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|incollare}} ===形容詞=== {{it-adj}} # [[粘貼]]的，[[膠合]]的 # [[緊貼]]的 ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=acillnoot|alloctoni}}」的新頁面 9815562 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|incollare}} ===形容詞=== {{it-adj}} # [[粘貼]]的，[[膠合]]的 # [[緊貼]]的 ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=acillnoot|alloctoni}} 904878jk1iv5h033deb7nxt1i2biszq 0 3481024 9815563 2026-06-18T03:00:59Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|incollato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacillnot|antialcol}}」的新頁面 9815563 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|incollato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacillnot|antialcol}} id0m8zo5m81z6uxvhuupv7j3cnzr2cd 0 3481025 9815564 2026-06-18T03:01:01Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|incollare||2|p|pres|indc|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|incollato}}」的新頁面 9815564 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|incollare||2|p|pres|indc|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|incollato}} siib5n34ak8kw42rddjzi7hwx5rhypr 0 3481026 9815565 2026-06-18T03:01:02Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|incollato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aciillnot|incallito}}」的新頁面 9815565 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|incollato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aciillnot|incallito}} 0dlm6zuz0gnl48lqnqi8vb8etxsthio 0 3481027 9815566 2026-06-18T03:02:19Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{it-noun|f}} # [[粘貼]]，[[粘合]] #（馬的）[[頸]]長」的新頁面 9815566 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{it-noun|f}} # [[粘貼]]，[[粘合]] #（馬的）[[頸]]長 740klhx4t9b1kue5xwzret46lxubypp 0 3481028 9815567 2026-06-18T03:02:22Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{plural of|it|incollatura}}」的新頁面 9815567 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{plural of|it|incollatura}} 9fnjas2hwp6yk2tlg197fui8bxmqjiu 0 3481029 9815568 2026-06-18T03:02:50Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|incollare<id:stick>|-aggio}} 源自 {{suffix|it|incollare|aggio}}。 ===名詞=== {{it-noun|m}} # [[粘貼]]，[[粘合]]」的新頁面 9815568 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|incollare<id:stick>|-aggio}} 源自 {{suffix|it|incollare|aggio}}。 ===名詞=== {{it-noun|m}} # [[粘貼]]，[[粘合]] 90ahih0gnd14mjkzbb0igbselsu90h8 0 3481030 9815569 2026-06-18T03:02:52Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=m}} # {{plural of|it|incollaggio}}」的新頁面 9815569 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=m}} # {{plural of|it|incollaggio}} 9winmazysrhsw20bjdcf4jdosswkd8l 0 3481031 9815570 2026-06-18T03:03:26Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|incollare<id:stick>|-tore}} 源自 {{suffix|it|incollare|tore}}。 ===名詞=== {{it-noun|m|f=+}} # [[粘合]]者」的新頁面 9815570 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|incollare<id:stick>|-tore}} 源自 {{suffix|it|incollare|tore}}。 ===名詞=== {{it-noun|m|f=+}} # [[粘合]]者 2lttwabehng8gc0td9hkz4bw65pki42 0 3481032 9815571 2026-06-18T03:03:28Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=m}} # {{plural of|it|incollatore}}」的新頁面 9815571 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=m}} # {{plural of|it|incollatore}} swott2prz99erevu0iqzbpwd88rtny4 0 3481033 9815572 2026-06-18T03:04:02Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|incollare<id:stick>|-trice}} 源自 {{af|it|incollare|-trice}}。 ===名詞=== {{it-noun|f}} # [[粘合]]機 # [[上漿]]機 ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:it:Treccani}}」的新頁面 9815572 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|incollare<id:stick>|-trice}} 源自 {{af|it|incollare|-trice}}。 ===名詞=== {{it-noun|f}} # [[粘合]]機 # [[上漿]]機 ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:it:Treccani}} 97qra6bi1mnfbzvamqjj95fhgdnl08v 0 3481034 9815573 2026-06-18T03:04:04Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{plural of|it|incollatrice}}」的新頁面 9815573 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{plural of|it|incollatrice}} jvr0cbv1ieseiqlut0ue9m5py0x8817 0 3481035 9815575 2026-06-18T03:05:52Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815575 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|aduggiare||2|s|futr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aadeggiru|aduggiare}} cvnqfjvl088dxo5r694e05xfovz49pp 0 3481036 9815576 2026-06-18T03:05:53Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815576 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|aduggiare||3|p|futr}} js5iey231p0f88nvpiyq8eg0ug98513 0 3481037 9815577 2026-06-18T03:05:54Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815577 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|aduggiare||3|s|cond}} afhxis26uaoloo82d7fo5erqi6oikgb 0 3481038 9815578 2026-06-18T03:05:56Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815578 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|aduggiare||3|p|cond}} rsjes7qqwae86rgbztkhs72g8ye3cak 0 3481039 9815579 2026-06-18T03:05:57Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815579 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|aduggiare||1|s|cond}} k61zmd0z9vgbxp98mn97ynto45nxkv3 0 3481040 9815580 2026-06-18T03:05:58Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815580 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|aduggiare||1|p|cond}} 93zy1u1zmia2vpcg5zq5xsdu96uo9xn 0 3481041 9815581 2026-06-18T03:05:59Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815581 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|aduggiare||1|p|futr}} gig594iyujdy643rfxckk4nhqkdw78b 0 3481042 9815582 2026-06-18T03:06:00Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815582 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # 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{{inflection of|la|adūnō||1|s|futr|actv|indc}} tmq8p8nlp93snw3m3gd2xm1bxjix40j 0 3481093 9815633 2026-06-18T03:07:02Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815633 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnābor}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||1|s|futr|pasv|indc}} 31zwadr3svt6uyhtnjuragaayvy73yg 0 3481094 9815634 2026-06-18T03:07:03Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815634 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnābunt}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||3|p|futr|actv|indc}} m6yhbdq9gn8g8gy3ar1vpxbzq7kpl2e 0 3481095 9815635 2026-06-18T03:07:04Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815635 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnābuntur}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||3|p|futr|pasv|indc}} 8ztbxtm2u20nl66f2gkyk3sikekuden 0 3481096 9815636 2026-06-18T03:07:05Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815636 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||1|s|phis}} ==葡萄牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|pt|動詞變位形式}} # {{pt-verb form of|adunar}} ==羅馬尼亞語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|ro|[aduˈnaj]}} ===動詞=== {{head|ro|動詞變位形式}} # {{verb form of|ro|aduna||1s|sim|perf|ind|;|2s|impf|ind}} hvy0eubgw5rki6d5w97y5d2b2s2x6r2 0 3481097 9815637 2026-06-18T03:07:07Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815637 wikitext text/x-wiki ==葡萄牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|pt|動詞變位形式}} # {{pt-verb form of|adunar}} sbmj8lkx13xr3d8k5eklbqtinqeofo1 0 3481098 9815638 2026-06-18T03:07:08Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815638 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāminī}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||2|p|pres|pasv|ind//imp}} oixr1ywz1otilg4f12hhxvv1qzgx6ix 0 3481099 9815639 2026-06-18T03:07:09Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815639 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||1|p|phis}} lrdgxuq00l1o2kgrnjqso4w7ztd6x8i 0 3481100 9815640 2026-06-18T03:07:10Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815640 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāmur}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||1|p|pres|pasv|indc}} jpl1od8langh1d0rigprx3m2svy1gmh 0 3481101 9815641 2026-06-18T03:07:11Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815641 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāmus}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||1|p|pres|actv|indc}} ogvnl58nfnb9159arw5ixhsq9e1okn7 0 3481102 9815642 2026-06-18T03:07:12Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815642 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印尼語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|id|adun|-an}}。 ===名詞=== {{id-noun}} # decoration ==西班牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|es|動詞變位形式}} # {{es-verb form of|adunar}} cq3668zl7d3qm973mnoewgtp0k3ux9q 9815934 9815642 2026-06-18T03:16:13Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 名詞 */ 9815934 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印尼語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|id|adun|-an}}。 ===名詞=== {{id-noun}} # [[裝飾]] ==西班牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|es|動詞變位形式}} # {{es-verb form of|adunar}} 7151vy3y2twgi2c677o4iwcfjz1pw79 0 3481103 9815643 2026-06-18T03:07:13Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815643 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnanda}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnandus||nom//voc|f|s|;|nom//acc//voc|n|p}} ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnandā}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnandus||abl|f|s}} bqdqyqcrnvw7fste4e19anwum5aihbu 0 3481104 9815644 2026-06-18T03:07:15Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815644 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnandae}} # 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{{inflection of|la|adūnandus||acc|m|p}} 5fpqlcfcyto8xqbnfeov12bukvlxoec 0 3481114 9815654 2026-06-18T03:07:26Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815654 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnandum}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnandus||nom//acc//voc|n|s|;|acc|m|s}} r5qjihqzk94hwivpbjhtckt05yc6n2p 0 3481115 9815655 2026-06-18T03:07:27Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815655 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||3|p|pres|indc}} g3tlzusxdi1zkl6pvix0f1qfx33u8tn 0 3481116 9815656 2026-06-18T03:07:28Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815656 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnant}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||3|p|pres|actv|indc}} 7uwqfu9te5jyjepou43fxxfouryootm 0 3481117 9815657 2026-06-18T03:07:30Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815657 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnantem}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnāns||acc|m//f|s}} ddpk3lg3cefp14oif2pxm5ncf006w2a 0 3481118 9815658 2026-06-18T03:07:30Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815658 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnantēs}} # 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{{inflection of|la|adūnō||2|s|pres|actv|indc}} ==葡萄牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|pt|動詞變位形式}} # {{pt-verb form of|adunar}} ==西班牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|es|動詞變位形式}} # {{es-verb form of|adunar}} 6snd3f6nnuzgqa7gu55gh0gj6b44ypy 0 3481143 9815683 2026-06-18T03:08:01Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815683 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||3|s|impf|subj}} ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāsse}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||perf|actv|inf}} ==葡萄牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|pt|動詞變位形式}} # {{pt-verb form of|adunar}} l5r9zebmsnwhb8xa6ij1vap4w4mbpw8 0 3481144 9815684 2026-06-18T03:08:02Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815684 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||3|p|impf|subj}} sumh2lgxjdihvur2wrr6zy4r861tuss 0 3481145 9815685 2026-06-18T03:08:03Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815685 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||1//2|s|impf|subj}} pf4iz1oh9rj8ynbuqyvqvsfoc2l573c 0 3481146 9815686 2026-06-18T03:08:04Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815686 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||1|p|impf|subj}} q87xvkqgzd6ldewfjqca83o079uw9j9 0 3481147 9815687 2026-06-18T03:08:05Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815687 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||2|p|phis|;|2|p|impf|subj}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aadenstu|adusante}} ==葡萄牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|pt|動詞變位形式}} # {{pt-verb form of|adunar}} ==西班牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|es|動詞變位形式}} # {{es-verb form of|adunar}} gaoeomlmdjqbwg9frn6k9in8lxth3v8 0 3481148 9815688 2026-06-18T03:08:07Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815688 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||2|s|phis}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aadinstu|adusanti|insudata}} ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāstī}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||2|s|perf|actv|indc}} 72rrgxao1uis9n0xll27bs0w6eixza4 0 3481149 9815689 2026-06-18T03:08:08Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815689 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnātae}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnātus||nom//voc|f|p|;|gen//dat|f|s}} haqqihhqtu65wep15yrr3baxzyzc0qf 0 3481150 9815690 2026-06-18T03:08:09Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815690 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnātam}} # 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{{inflection of|la|adūnātūrus||dat//abl|m//n|s}} im7kxuwbeuj5mt1l9lrse3gyse4vzd7 0 3481170 9815710 2026-06-18T03:08:32Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815710 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnātūrōrum}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnātūrus||gen|m//n|p}} 8n03o4e3cixsuwqgthzrh3o0e26uicw 0 3481171 9815711 2026-06-18T03:08:34Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815711 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnātūrōs}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnātūrus||acc|m|p}} iw277tfxb9xat1ginpkesbz6r4dd9ue 0 3481172 9815712 2026-06-18T03:08:35Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815712 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===分詞=== {{head|la|分詞變格形|head=adūnātūrum}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnātūrus||nom//acc//voc|n|s|;|acc|m|s}} hcqam15umryl99o9rfygmeitbqpo9i7 0 3481173 9815713 2026-06-18T03:08:36Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815713 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||3|s|impf|indc}} ==葡萄牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|pt|動詞變位形式}} # {{pt-verb form of|adunar}} 55524tt5tll6l699b4u318ojjp7dx7n 0 3481174 9815714 2026-06-18T03:08:37Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815714 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||1|p|impf|indc}} euadgvblhkv7mdyz9gz8edd9thupo6x 0 3481175 9815715 2026-06-18T03:08:38Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815715 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||3|p|impf|indc}} qys6dx7e6567w63lcths42xfx0i5ukb 0 3481176 9815716 2026-06-18T03:08:39Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815716 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||2|p|impf|indc}} dyix380c7e26gxpfbh1yzo4xp70uv0k 0 3481177 9815717 2026-06-18T03:08:40Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815717 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāveram}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||1|s|plup|actv|indc}} mdqqtvfhmbdj3h605dxpfqn0y0rvqf6 0 3481178 9815718 2026-06-18T03:08:42Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815718 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāverāmus}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||1|p|plup|actv|indc}} 860o3bajd1axey5l9c58369a8fd791f 0 3481179 9815719 2026-06-18T03:08:43Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815719 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāverant}} # 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{{inflection of|la|adūnō||1|s|perf|actv|subj}} h09utb2yhq12cpki4uqdttdntv7ztvk 0 3481185 9815725 2026-06-18T03:08:49Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815725 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāverimus}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||1|p|futr|perf|actv|indc}} ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāverīmus}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||1|p|perf|actv|subj}} ry2j0og1f0jh116hzgas17uxhe4edaz 0 3481186 9815726 2026-06-18T03:08:51Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815726 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāverint}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||3|p|futr|perf|actv|indc|;|3|p|perf|actv|subj}} js5v2qa1kheljlfq9uofh1vbpvb74z6 0 3481187 9815727 2026-06-18T03:08:52Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815727 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāveris}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||2|s|futr|perf|actv|indc}} ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāverīs}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||2|s|perf|actv|subj}} 7veyh2sxu50oee8x5bu5qv6ub9yosb6 0 3481188 9815728 2026-06-18T03:08:53Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815728 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāverit}} # 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{{inflection of|it|adunare||2|s|impf|indc}} ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāvī}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||1|s|perf|actv|indc}} pwsi6k7ftckfkalhti44jqobvwjw9j2 0 3481193 9815733 2026-06-18T03:08:58Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815733 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāvimus}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||1|p|perf|actv|indc}} g2sruov2d8o16yhs8xln09qg0aun455 0 3481194 9815734 2026-06-18T03:09:00Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815734 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāvisse}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||perf|actv|inf}} me6jrk8bth7ue9h5uc8go4bx0lb13s2 0 3481195 9815735 2026-06-18T03:09:01Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815735 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāvissem}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||1|s|plup|actv|subj}} noyzrz8f6tm7k51o5a56i7b7y1rim8c 0 3481196 9815736 2026-06-18T03:09:02Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815736 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāvissēmus}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||1|p|plup|actv|subj}} 65qvcxatj3regaisg66ygyin8juv6rh 0 3481197 9815737 2026-06-18T03:09:03Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815737 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāvissent}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||3|p|plup|actv|subj}} ry6i9akgpurfvmnu91rcai46eiao7tl 0 3481198 9815738 2026-06-18T03:09:04Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815738 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāvissēs}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||2|s|plup|actv|subj}} bs9616j9luuvpv4mgwcurugb94yj25l 0 3481199 9815739 2026-06-18T03:09:05Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815739 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāvisset}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||3|s|plup|actv|subj}} 24pxa43jkgzlvjuqe0q9djo5ye7l2mr 0 3481200 9815740 2026-06-18T03:09:07Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815740 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāvissētis}} # {{inflection of|la|adūnō||2|p|plup|actv|subj}} ppo1lo9jhlp6p82hj7gnnv79tpx6oq1 0 3481201 9815741 2026-06-18T03:09:08Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815741 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===動詞=== {{head|la|動詞變位形式|head=adūnāvistī}} # 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{{inflection of|it|adunare||3|s|cond}} ldlpqn6jeh95rsh52idgwwhfyarbh04 0 3481217 9815757 2026-06-18T03:09:26Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815757 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||3|p|cond}} 2ct4a407xm62ba0fmvrx5ukc5vecprn 0 3481218 9815758 2026-06-18T03:09:28Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815758 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||1|s|cond}} 394a7sizdy8fu4whepav2n1g7y907l8 0 3481219 9815759 2026-06-18T03:09:29Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815759 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||1|p|cond}} 5q7efj8deel1bepvk11oyvhotq0w8yk 0 3481220 9815760 2026-06-18T03:09:30Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815760 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|adunare||1|p|futr}} 49tv3h4nfart7a9slkr26n1h6kkxesn 0 3481221 9815761 2026-06-18T03:09:31Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815761 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # 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{{inflection of|it|auggiare||1|p|fut}} teg74da62zmt10pcyy9map2rfiaw4fh 0 3481245 9815785 2026-06-18T03:10:00Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815785 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|auggiare||2|p|cond}} k0k6cliltjqb8w66yy0e0fpocg30d8r 0 3481246 9815786 2026-06-18T03:10:01Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815786 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|auggiare||2|s|cond}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aeeggirstu|suggeriate}} ib0m4oh3rwf4g8unnwjyno3kdcy9i6l 0 3481247 9815787 2026-06-18T03:10:02Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815787 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|auggiare||2|p|fut}} dx20immoacgo9ea7zz1zy6ryqsaj8cx 0 3481248 9815788 2026-06-18T03:10:03Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815788 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|auggiare||3|s|fut}} ewd8f7mj3daeitiu5hzuqivexis9ast 0 3481249 9815789 2026-06-18T03:10:04Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815789 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # 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{{inflection of|it|incollare||2|p|impf|indc}} 24yfpzo76rufsvo0rlmzsl07op1bx0x 0 3481294 9815834 2026-06-18T03:10:59Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815834 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|incollare||2|s|impf|indc}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aciillnov|cavillino|incallivo|vacillino|vanillico}} j2x7qmd03rc7ule7aasn2h0cgbcd81m 0 3481295 9815835 2026-06-18T03:11:00Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815835 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|incollare||1|s|impf|indc}} at6p9jkhmc1eljb54ml3mk98wnjqrok 0 3481296 9815836 2026-06-18T03:11:02Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815836 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|incollare||2|s|futr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aceiillnor|collineari}} rn110i5k9b0g5wt8cywowww9iqqggqi 0 3481297 9815837 2026-06-18T03:11:02Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815837 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|incollare||3|p|futr}} jgbsq5ld02379ulb68hfb5jksh61w84 0 3481298 9815838 2026-06-18T03:11:03Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815838 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|incollare||3|s|cond}} mpzp0m4y4h68s8430y8s6pov626fhmc 0 3481299 9815839 2026-06-18T03:11:05Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815839 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|incollare||3|p|cond}} tvbg7wxi6jtknngtzixu4lexgz7jvsa 0 3481300 9815840 2026-06-18T03:11:06Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815840 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|incollare||1|s|cond}} l3zwd3ri3a3rx91n861nxwd3vqxrpio 0 3481301 9815841 2026-06-18T03:11:07Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815841 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|incollare||1|p|cond}} 7ooqbvt39udbvzopga6v5y2sjrmw1qn 0 3481302 9815842 2026-06-18T03:11:09Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815842 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|incollare||1|p|futr}} 0fak9h8i1etxylx75mz81mgoaiaaik8 0 3481303 9815843 2026-06-18T03:11:10Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815843 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # 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{{inflection of|it|incollare||1|s|futr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=ceillnoor|corolline}} mm3x1mic5sl6u6ldsucgvqn3hq4xv26 0 3481308 9815848 2026-06-18T03:11:16Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815848 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|incollare||2|s|pres|indc|;|1//2//3|s|pres|subj|;|3|s|impr}} 4t5yimbv47o4ehtjnf3x5mpkpbxz27e 0 3481309 9815849 2026-06-18T03:11:17Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815849 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|incollare||1|p|pres|ind//sub|;|1|p|impr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aciillmnoo|limonicola}} cb0kr8bwagy1tmkg6xw0zflxenbs33i 0 3481310 9815850 2026-06-18T03:11:18Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815850 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|incollare||2|p|pres|subj}} fhttvwmolovmqds9oxxp2o1jmd26b3c 0 3481311 9815851 2026-06-18T03:11:20Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815851 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|incollare||3|p|pres|subj|;|3|p|impr}} 1o1d4i6lqte8n92ascd708qcktuf74v 0 3481312 9815852 2026-06-18T03:11:21Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|incollò}} ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # 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{{gerund of|it|laminare}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aadilmnno|almandino}} ==葡萄牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|pt|動名詞}} # {{pt-verb form of|laminar}} ==西班牙語== ===發音=== {{es-pr}} ===動詞=== {{head|es|動名詞}} # {{es-verb form of|laminar}} b61l16u8hgd33uk5bqpsl3ydm5hsbx1 0 3481317 9815857 2026-06-18T03:11:27Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815857 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||3|p|pres|indc}} dssbq4mtkucsvkli5shmyd0iws8mdy0 0 3481318 9815858 2026-06-18T03:11:28Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815858 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||3|p|phis}} 18wk6ur1mq1x3ohcygglfkcls4tjfrj 0 3481319 9815859 2026-06-18T03:11:29Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815859 wikitext text/x-wiki ==法語== ===動詞=== {{head|fr|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|fr|laminer||1|s|impf|subj}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|fr|malsaines}} ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||3|s|impf|subj}} ==葡萄牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|pt|動詞變位形式}} # 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{{es-verb form of|laminar}} c5gdy1ynspsn353an805tdodr3g5wob 0 3481324 9815864 2026-06-18T03:11:35Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815864 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||2|s|phis}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaiilmnst|milanista|staminali|talismani}} hacz79txgqwsyl8slbgdlcwiv9wp9q8 0 3481325 9815865 2026-06-18T03:11:35Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815865 wikitext text/x-wiki ==加泰羅尼亞語== ===動詞=== {{head|ca|動詞變位形式}} # {{ca-verb form of|laminar}} ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||3|s|impf|indc}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaailmnv|lavamani}} ==葡萄牙語== ===動詞=== {{head|pt|動詞變位形式}} # {{pt-verb form of|laminar}} a17gm89ej7yz7gxche19gr101oaf3bh 0 3481326 9815866 2026-06-18T03:11:37Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815866 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||1|p|impf|indc}} oglibbvjb7o091n47ne487gqdnq6phu 0 3481327 9815867 2026-06-18T03:11:38Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815867 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||3|p|impf|indc}} 37gn8qi3jhhttlj4otywp328lpmq1x7 0 3481328 9815868 2026-06-18T03:11:39Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815868 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||2|p|impf|indc}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaaeilmntv|alimentava}} 4ekgbwmlq0wv0c8d1bx1fdf21xbfv0s 0 3481329 9815869 2026-06-18T03:11:41Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815869 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||2|s|impf|indc}} 6tf3d31d0jgpcgxycu1efkh2986tw7n 0 3481330 9815870 2026-06-18T03:11:42Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815870 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||1|s|impf|indc}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aailmnov|limavano|limonava|manovali}} s8beta6dl3cdgme5t2vxmlc5mw4wvat 0 3481331 9815871 2026-06-18T03:11:43Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815871 wikitext text/x-wiki ==法語== ===動詞=== {{head|fr|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|fr|laminer||1|s|simple|futr}} ===異序詞=== * {{l|fr|animalier}} ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||2|s|futr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaeiilmnr|alienarmi|laminarie}} el560ds0d0ggw02o9abtydn7o8azeo3 0 3481332 9815872 2026-06-18T03:11:44Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815872 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||3|p|futr}} 2wl3pr15v69w0uuyhkzs8l04xxen4zg 0 3481333 9815873 2026-06-18T03:11:45Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815873 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||3|s|cond}} m3ch6361qgclolb9iefsocbikztussu 0 3481334 9815874 2026-06-18T03:11:46Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815874 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||3|p|cond}} jo4bxol24xy6eyxypzsfkr59oh2dp51 0 3481335 9815875 2026-06-18T03:11:47Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815875 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||1|s|cond}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aeeiilmnr|eliminare|eliminerà}} g2oxfp75ogjrt508sdkey0gasimz778 0 3481336 9815876 2026-06-18T03:11:49Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815876 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||1|p|cond}} c7oahfbs05lbyqw16snwbnm27atk9zl 0 3481337 9815877 2026-06-18T03:11:50Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815877 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||1|p|futr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aeeilmmnor|inaleremmo}} 09zmu1et1z7m7u1syelz2vwoqq3myb9 0 3481338 9815878 2026-06-18T03:11:51Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815878 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||2|p|cond}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aeeeilmnrst|serialmente}} ppobusoc9surzddxwxsdhlps0gsq2sd 0 3481339 9815879 2026-06-18T03:11:53Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815879 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||2|s|cond}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aeeiilmnrst|mineraliste}} 48245kdlehrcphyri3drpipfa84fc80 0 3481340 9815880 2026-06-18T03:11:54Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815880 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||2|p|futr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aeeeilmnrt|elementari|lamenterei}} i3smqlru7dw64925myylw2nsqyixt05 0 3481341 9815881 2026-06-18T03:11:55Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|laminera}} ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||3|s|futr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaeilmnr|laminare}} otkq150c3w1aeq3qrpakrb3dfs85a2w 0 3481342 9815882 2026-06-18T03:11:56Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815882 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||1|s|futr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aeilmnor|Almerino|la minore|limonare|limonerà|nemorali}} lytg56j27fhmef7oufnhbb6uxiklfpn 0 3481343 9815883 2026-06-18T03:11:57Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815883 wikitext text/x-wiki ==班巴拉語== ===名詞=== {{head|bm|名詞}} # [[environs]], [[surrounding]] [[area]] # [[frame]] ===動詞=== {{head|bm|動詞}} # {{lb|bm|及物}} to [[surround]] ==加泰羅尼亞語== ===動詞=== {{head|ca|動詞變位形式}} # {{ca-verb form of|laminar}} ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||2|s|pres|indc|;|1//2//3|s|pres|subj|;|3|s|impr}} 1ppvvkhi1b3xw6622te3pvlaegzj2kl 9815933 9815883 2026-06-18T03:15:49Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 班巴拉語 */ 9815933 wikitext text/x-wiki ==班巴拉語== ===名詞=== {{head|bm|名詞}} # [[周圍]] # [[框架]] ===動詞=== {{head|bm|動詞}} # {{lb|bm|及物}} [[圍繞]] ==加泰羅尼亞語== ===動詞=== {{head|ca|動詞變位形式}} # {{ca-verb form of|laminar}} ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||2|s|pres|indc|;|1//2//3|s|pres|subj|;|3|s|impr}} fqgf1r5vffb9o3a2m112jv62h3s8jzg 0 3481344 9815884 2026-06-18T03:11:58Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815884 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||1|p|pres|ind//sub|;|1|p|impr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaiilmmno|Mamiliano}} s9vt75j24l976ruiw98p893tpdx7hp8 0 3481345 9815885 2026-06-18T03:12:01Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815885 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||2|p|pres|subj}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaeiilmnt|alimentai|eliminata}} n5qf1znoc7t7qyk64t6ge9lwqz4uoka 0 3481346 9815886 2026-06-18T03:12:01Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815886 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|laminare||3|p|pres|subj|;|3|p|impr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aiilmnno|nominali}} owma9xzca50gwfd980m58zybpq8kcnd 0 3481347 9815887 2026-06-18T03:12:04Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|laminó|laminò|lamino-}} ==加泰羅尼亞語== ===動詞=== {{head|ca|動詞變位形式}} # 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{{inflection of|it|pendolare||1|s|phis}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=adeilnop|Delpiano|depilano|dipelano|pedalino|pedonali}} 4i2ikfg6g0vdblkag8cbye6bx1qw9cf 0 3481351 9815891 2026-06-18T03:12:08Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815891 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||1|p|phis}} aemy9b8x701x1o2oz29qgs5xqzp4hou 0 3481352 9815892 2026-06-18T03:12:11Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815892 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動名詞}} # {{gerund of|it|pendolare}} 9xp6rwb20k434del3re7hqm5gwpdwj2 0 3481353 9815893 2026-06-18T03:12:12Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815893 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||3|p|pres|indc}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=adelnnoop|ponendola}} j337yl2w34g22dmy18d6g343451cs8z 0 3481354 9815894 2026-06-18T03:12:13Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815894 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||3|p|phis}} qa2ah0unjjge5ytv81agofsi6ktjbby 0 3481355 9815895 2026-06-18T03:12:14Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815895 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # 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{{inflection of|it|pendolare||2|s|cond}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=deeeilnoprst|riesplodente}} aronuggu3u5k24001c72pfwya6ohbdx 0 3481376 9815916 2026-06-18T03:12:39Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815916 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||2|p|futr}} p51ahs0kg6sy7j5hp30an8vxcnai5ww 0 3481377 9815917 2026-06-18T03:12:40Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815917 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||3|s|futr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=adeelnopr|aprendole|pendolare|perdonale|ponderale}} l3paczpebxfyhodmsimqnt5ts4y26he 0 3481378 9815918 2026-06-18T03:12:41Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815918 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||1|s|futr}} qxobauz5mlp0i95tmsdpt3vin3f81jh 0 3481379 9815919 2026-06-18T03:12:42Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815919 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||1|p|pres|ind//sub|;|1|p|impr}} mt9mb6mk2ms262r6p36uji1vq0ivyae 0 3481380 9815920 2026-06-18T03:12:43Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815920 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||2|p|pres|subj}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=adeeilnopt|planetoide}} scqv98yom8m9ydeggh90cct1qd7jt14 0 3481381 9815921 2026-06-18T03:12:44Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Pendolino}} ==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====發音==== {{it-pr|pendolìno}} ====名詞==== {{it-noun|m}} # [[dowsing rod]] =====相關詞彙===== * {{l|it|pendolinista}} ===詞源2=== ====發音==== {{it-pr|pèndolino}} ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||3|p|pres|subj|;|3|p|impr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=deilnnoop|pendoloni|ponendoli}} ==波蘭語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|pl|it|Pendolino}}, a {{gentrade|pl|nocap=1}}。 ===發音=== {{pl-pr|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-pendolino.wav}} ===名詞=== {{pl-noun|n}} # [[Pendolino]] {{gl|any of a class of tilting trains based on the Italian ETR 401}} ====變格==== {{pl-decl-noun-n}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:pl:PWN}} {{C|pl|High-speed rail|Rail transportation}} d2wusm81ko9dfvjfcniajnqt4wos64a 9815932 9815921 2026-06-18T03:15:10Z Sayonzei 40728 9815932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Pendolino}} ==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====發音==== {{it-pr|pendolìno}} ====名詞==== {{it-noun|m}} # [[探矿棒]] =====相關詞彙===== * {{l|it|pendolinista}} ===詞源2=== ====發音==== {{it-pr|pèndolino}} ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||3|p|pres|subj|;|3|p|impr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=deilnnoop|pendoloni|ponendoli}} ==波蘭語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|pl|it|Pendolino}}，為一{{gentrade|pl}}。 ===發音=== {{pl-pr|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-pendolino.wav}} ===名詞=== {{pl-noun|n}} # {{w|潘多利諾}}[[列車]] ====變格==== {{pl-decl-noun-n}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:pl:PWN}} {{C|pl|高速鐵路|鐵路運輸}} 500btcpkncs4k6qt7je005pm8035w9r 0 3481382 9815922 2026-06-18T03:12:45Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|pendolo}} ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|pendolare||3|s|phis}} ex3rsvkppfo25mvy1yqjyizjydyx1v2 0 3481383 9815923 2026-06-18T03:12:47Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815923 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|инсу́льта}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=инсу́льта|g=m-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|инсу́льт||gen|s}} emrf33zk4fzjr1wm81rwx21jnjq2rut 0 3481384 9815924 2026-06-18T03:12:48Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815924 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|инсу́льтам}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=инсу́льтам|g=m-in-p}} # {{inflection of|ru|инсу́льт||dat|p}} pbg4pkwoc3uxm9jteqp9b0t5kk9o3lg 0 3481385 9815925 2026-06-18T03:12:49Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815925 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|инсу́льтами}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=инсу́льтами|g=m-in-p}} # {{inflection of|ru|инсу́льт||ins|p}} nzn73bfpv69omqpo800h8dephmy8t4w 0 3481386 9815926 2026-06-18T03:12:50Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815926 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|инсу́льтах}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=инсу́льтах|g=m-in-p}} # {{inflection of|ru|инсу́льт||pre|p}} 7mvenq0k0wcbv1l1zuqm28o10ez1muz 0 3481387 9815927 2026-06-18T03:12:51Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815927 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|инсу́льте|pos=pre}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=инсу́льте|g=m-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|инсу́льт||pre|s}} 60es0th14ntoxt3kjz65tfeomfm50ey 0 3481388 9815928 2026-06-18T03:12:52Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815928 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|инсу́льтов}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=инсу́льтов|g=m-in-p}} # {{inflection of|ru|инсу́льт||gen|p}} q8x1jw1wcz27tfesrye2mtm0nczs5nd 0 3481389 9815929 2026-06-18T03:12:54Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815929 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|инсу́льтом}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=инсу́льтом|g=m-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|инсу́льт||ins|s}} hfyypdqvbtb6ecp7d7x1ibqxa8ughvn 0 3481390 9815930 2026-06-18T03:12:55Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815930 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|инсу́льту}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=инсу́льту|g=m-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|инсу́льт||dat|s}} gql4mto9efc6qxlg23npao209toeiua 0 3481391 9815931 2026-06-18T03:12:56Z TongcyBot 83009 半自動導入非詞元形式 9815931 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|инсу́льты}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=инсу́льты|g=m-in-p}} # {{inflection of|ru|инсу́льт||nom//acc|p}} 3b04dfc21bdes56otx08f50b6g3xs1n 0 3481392 9815935 2026-06-18T03:18:48Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=民主刚果|type=22}} {{wp|zh:}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Mínzhǔ Gāngguǒ |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{zh-short|剛果民主共和國}}」的新頁面 9815935 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=民主刚果|type=22}} {{wp|zh:}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Mínzhǔ Gāngguǒ |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{zh-short|剛果民主共和國}} nv6rx6n2foie0y177xiyil2w4cix5vo 0 3481393 9815937 2026-06-18T03:22:45Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=刚果（布）|type=2111}} {{wp|zh:}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Gāngguǒ bù |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{short for|zh|剛果共和國|pos={{tcl|zh|剛果共和國|id=Q971}}}} #: {{cot|zh|剛果（金）}}」的新頁面 9815937 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=刚果（布）|type=2111}} {{wp|zh:}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Gāngguǒ bù |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{short for|zh|剛果共和國|pos={{tcl|zh|剛果共和國|id=Q971}}}} #: {{cot|zh|剛果（金）}} ak6b5na9i4eyb6v9jx4u4kg778sjc9x 9815962 9815937 2026-06-18T06:26:27Z TongcyDai 53191 9815962 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=刚果（布）|type=2111}} {{wp|zh:}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Gāngguǒ bù |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{senseid|zh|Q971}}{{place|zh|@syn of:剛果共和國|國家|r/中非|capital=布拉柴維爾,布拉薩市}} #: {{cot|zh|剛果（金）}} ngy7xwxor0zpadvo6adjj3xptcgxzcu 0 3481394 9815939 2026-06-18T03:24:05Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=刚果（金）|type=2111}} {{wp|zh:}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Gāngguǒ Jīn |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{short for|zh|剛果民主共和國|pos={{tcl|zh|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}}}} #: {{cot|zh|剛果（布）}}」的新頁面 9815939 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=刚果（金）|type=2111}} {{wp|zh:}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Gāngguǒ Jīn |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{short for|zh|剛果民主共和國|pos={{tcl|zh|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}}}} #: {{cot|zh|剛果（布）}} mu2wj96d238tt0thce5267j369mx8r9 9816026 9815939 2026-06-18T06:58:44Z TongcyDai 53191 9816026 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=刚果（金）|type=2111}} {{wp|zh:}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Gāngguǒ Jīn |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{senseid|zh|Q974}}{{place|en|@syn of:剛果民主共和國|國家|r/中非|capital=金沙薩,金夏沙}}。 #: {{cot|zh|剛果（布）}} leag1n229lfalbb23ax0w000lcvbhii 0 3481395 9815940 2026-06-18T03:27:13Z Hzy980512 19278 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==德语== ===发音=== * {{audio|de|De-flöten gehen.ogg|a=<<Germany>> (<<Berlin>>)}} ===动词=== {{de-verb|flöten_gehen<ging,gegangen.sein>}} # {{lb|de|idiomatic|口语}} 被丢掉，被遗失，被浪费 #* {{quote-song|de|year=1996|title=Silberfische in meinem Bett|album=w:de:Außen Top Hits, innen Geschmack|author=Fettes Brot|passage=Beim Schwarzfahren erwischt, und das ist ja ordnungswidrig / 60 Kröten sind '''flöten''' – wiede…」的新頁面 9815940 wikitext text/x-wiki ==德语== ===发音=== * {{audio|de|De-flöten gehen.ogg|a=<<Germany>> (<<Berlin>>)}} ===动词=== {{de-verb|flöten_gehen<ging,gegangen.sein>}} # {{lb|de|idiomatic|口语}} 被丢掉，被遗失，被浪费 #* {{quote-song|de|year=1996|title=Silberfische in meinem Bett|album=w:de:Außen Top Hits, innen Geschmack|author=Fettes Brot|passage=Beim Schwarzfahren erwischt, und das ist ja ordnungswidrig / 60 Kröten sind '''flöten''' – wieder in finanziellen Nöten|t=}} #: {{ux|de|Das ganze gesparte Geld '''geht flöten'''.|省下的钱全'''丢水沟里了'''（'''全浪费了'''）。}} ====变位==== {{de-conj|flöten_gehen<ging,gegangen.sein>}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:de:DWDS}} 1crffwfie51w00vi3nl2hptm2iwal6e 14 3481396 9815947 2026-06-18T05:42:04Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481397 9815952 2026-06-18T06:19:37Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481398 9815956 2026-06-18T06:23:12Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==亞述新亞拉姆語== [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|thumb|{{lang|aii|ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܟܘܢܓܘ}}]] ===詞源=== {{calque|aii|fr|République du Congo}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|aii|[qutˤnɑːˈjuːθɑː‿dəˈkoŋːɡoː]|a=Standard}} ===專有名詞=== {{aii-proper-noun|[[ܩܘܼܛܢܵܝܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ]] [[ܕ-|ܕ]][[ܟܘܿܢܓܘܿ]]|f|tr=quṭnāyūṯā d-kōngō}} # {{tcl|aii|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====相關詞…」的新頁面 9815956 wikitext text/x-wiki ==亞述新亞拉姆語== [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|thumb|{{lang|aii|ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܟܘܢܓܘ}}]] ===詞源=== {{calque|aii|fr|République du Congo}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|aii|[qutˤnɑːˈjuːθɑː‿dəˈkoŋːɡoː]|a=Standard}} ===專有名詞=== {{aii-proper-noun|[[ܩܘܼܛܢܵܝܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ]] [[ܕ-|ܕ]][[ܟܘܿܢܓܘܿ]]|f|tr=quṭnāyūṯā d-kōngō}} # {{tcl|aii|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|aii|ܟܘܿܢܓܘܿܠܵܝܵܐ}} * {{l|aii|ܩܘܼܛܢܵܝܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ ܕܹܝܡܘܿܩܪܵܛܵܝܬ݂ܵܐ ܕܟܘܿܢܓܘܿ|tr=quṭnāyūṯā dēmōqrāṭāyṯā d-kōngō|t=Democratic Republic of the Congo}} 2a7649ib7fytwp9rrskywub1yfu9ehs 14 3481399 9815957 2026-06-18T06:23:23Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481400 9815960 2026-06-18T06:24:02Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481401 9815963 2026-06-18T06:26:45Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|Kongo-Brazzaville}} ==塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語== ===專有名詞=== {{sh-propn||m|tr=Конго Бразавил}} # {{tcl|sh|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|sh|Republika Kongo}}」的新頁面 9815963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Kongo-Brazzaville}} ==塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語== ===專有名詞=== {{sh-propn||m|tr=Конго Бразавил}} # {{tcl|sh|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} #: {{syn|sh|Republika Kongo}} sqj7irbi9naqj32pn4l9qtcvrqaspgd 14 3481402 9815965 2026-06-18T06:27:08Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481403 9815967 2026-06-18T06:27:17Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481404 9815969 2026-06-18T06:27:44Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481405 9815972 2026-06-18T06:29:24Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==格魯吉亞語== {{wp|ka:}} ===發音=== * {{ka-IPA}} * {{ka-hyphen}} ===專有名詞=== {{ka-proper noun}} # {{tcl|ka|剛果共和國|id=Q971}}」的新頁面 9815972 wikitext text/x-wiki ==格魯吉亞語== {{wp|ka:}} ===發音=== * {{ka-IPA}} * {{ka-hyphen}} ===專有名詞=== {{ka-proper noun}} # {{tcl|ka|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} 2e7g7roy9zptqhgw5a0fqv8jwlfmg2t 14 3481406 9815973 2026-06-18T06:29:30Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481407 9815975 2026-06-18T06:29:45Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481408 9815977 2026-06-18T06:29:52Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481409 9815978 2026-06-18T06:29:59Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481410 9815983 2026-06-18T06:34:05Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==愛爾蘭語== ===專有名詞=== {{ga-proper noun|f|head=[[poblacht|Poblacht]] [[an]] [[Congó|Chongó]]|Phoblacht an Chongó}} # {{tcl|ga|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ===詞首音變=== {{ga-mut}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:ga:Foras|Congo}}」的新頁面 9815983 wikitext text/x-wiki ==愛爾蘭語== ===專有名詞=== {{ga-proper noun|f|head=[[poblacht|Poblacht]] [[an]] [[Congó|Chongó]]|Phoblacht an Chongó}} # {{tcl|ga|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ===詞首音變=== {{ga-mut}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:ga:Foras|Congo}} n8g656h037iim1b0y2nrd8axeoh9wke 14 3481411 9815985 2026-06-18T06:34:16Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481412 9815986 2026-06-18T06:34:24Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481413 9815988 2026-06-18T06:34:30Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==哈薩克語== {{kk-regional|Конго Республикасы|كونگو رەسپۋبليكاسى}} {{wp|kk:}} ===專有名詞=== {{kk-prop|head=[[Конго]] [[республика|Республикасы]]}} # {{tcl|kk|剛果共和國|id=Q971}}」的新頁面 9815988 wikitext text/x-wiki ==哈薩克語== {{kk-regional|Конго Республикасы|كونگو رەسپۋبليكاسى}} {{wp|kk:}} ===專有名詞=== {{kk-prop|head=[[Конго]] [[республика|Республикасы]]}} # {{tcl|kk|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ro61ngf1ed0czqqt2mcagnq7whfqwas 14 3481414 9815989 2026-06-18T06:34:34Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481415 9815990 2026-06-18T06:34:42Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481416 9815991 2026-06-18T06:36:11Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==朝鮮語== {{wp|ko:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|ko|^콩고|공화국(共和國)|t2=共和國}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y|l=4}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-regional|^콩고 공화국|^꽁고 공화국}} {{ko-pos|專有名詞}} # {{tcl|ko|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====同類詞彙==== {{list:countries in Africa/ko}}」的新頁面 9815991 wikitext text/x-wiki ==朝鮮語== {{wp|ko:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|ko|^콩고|공화국(共和國)|t2=共和國}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y|l=4}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-regional|^콩고 공화국|^꽁고 공화국}} {{ko-pos|專有名詞}} # {{tcl|ko|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ====同類詞彙==== {{list:countries in Africa/ko}} 3uokgon4wrw5poz8d3gzfizzhcrcqtp 14 3481417 9815992 2026-06-18T06:36:21Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481418 9815993 2026-06-18T06:36:30Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==朝鮮語== {{wp|ko:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|ko|^꽁고|공화국(共和國)|t2=共和國}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y|l=4}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-regional|^콩고 공화국|^꽁고 공화국}} {{ko-pos|專有名詞}} # {{lb|ko|朝鮮}} {{tcl|ko|剛果共和國|id=Q971}}」的新頁面 9815993 wikitext text/x-wiki ==朝鮮語== {{wp|ko:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|ko|^꽁고|공화국(共和國)|t2=共和國}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y|l=4}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-regional|^콩고 공화국|^꽁고 공화국}} {{ko-pos|專有名詞}} # {{lb|ko|朝鮮}} {{tcl|ko|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} sci3sd6z092yv8r30xbwj2mg9lnpp7h 14 3481419 9815996 2026-06-18T06:36:54Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9815996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481420 9816000 2026-06-18T06:37:36Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481421 9816005 2026-06-18T06:40:42Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481422 9816006 2026-06-18T06:40:51Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481423 9816007 2026-06-18T06:40:51Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==他加祿語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|tl|Republika ng Congo}} ===發音=== {{tl-pr|Repúbliká ng Konggo}} ===專有名詞=== {{tl-proper noun|Repúbliká ng Konggo|b=+}} # {{tcl|tl|剛果共和國|id=Q971}}」的新頁面 9816007 wikitext text/x-wiki ==他加祿語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|tl|Republika ng Congo}} ===發音=== {{tl-pr|Repúbliká ng Konggo}} ===專有名詞=== {{tl-proper noun|Repúbliká ng Konggo|b=+}} # {{tcl|tl|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} 9dee4e5lhc3wn5fpc887z0q2zaitnhp 0 3481424 9816008 2026-06-18T06:41:23Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語== ===專有名詞=== {{sh-propn|Kȍngo-Brazavȉl}} # {{tcl|sh|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} ====變格==== {{rfinfl|sh}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:sh:HJP|f19uXBU%3D|Brazzaville}}」的新頁面 9816008 wikitext text/x-wiki ==塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語== ===專有名詞=== {{sh-propn|Kȍngo-Brazavȉl}} # {{tcl|sh|剛果（布）|id=Q971}} ====變格==== {{rfinfl|sh}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:sh:HJP|f19uXBU%3D|Brazzaville}} 27jmhfwmdnt4yh8jf380d3xzff2v4tx 14 3481425 9816010 2026-06-18T06:42:05Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481426 9816011 2026-06-18T06:42:13Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481427 9816012 2026-06-18T06:42:23Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==泰語== {{wp|th:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{com|th|สาธารณรัฐ|คองโก}}。{{clq|th|en|Republic of the Congo}}。 ===發音=== {{th-pron|สา-ทา-ระ-นะ-รัด ค็อง-โก้}} ===專有名詞=== {{th-proper noun}} # {{tcl|th|剛果共和國|id=Q971}}」的新頁面 9816012 wikitext text/x-wiki ==泰語== {{wp|th:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{com|th|สาธารณรัฐ|คองโก}}。{{clq|th|en|Republic of the Congo}}。 ===發音=== {{th-pron|สา-ทา-ระ-นะ-รัด ค็อง-โก้}} ===專有名詞=== {{th-proper noun}} # {{tcl|th|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} 1ee0e3fh2vrsnty0c2gcohqc1kzwrg8 14 3481428 9816013 2026-06-18T06:42:33Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481429 9816015 2026-06-18T06:44:34Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481430 9816018 2026-06-18T06:48:45Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===專有名詞=== {{vi-proper noun|head=[[cộng hoà|Cộng hoà]] [[Công-gô]]}} # {{tcl|vi|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/vi}}」的新頁面 9816018 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===專有名詞=== {{vi-proper noun|head=[[cộng hoà|Cộng hoà]] [[Công-gô]]}} # {{tcl|vi|剛果共和國|id=Q971}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/vi}} 5f1j1csxxed0jm81yd98d7qriqe56ze 14 3481431 9816019 2026-06-18T06:48:52Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 10 3481432 9816022 2026-06-18T06:54:04Z 幻光尘 67775 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「朝鮮語自造的漢字詞<includeonly>{{#if:{{{nocat|}}}||{{#if:{{NAMESPACE}}||[[Category:Korean-made Chinese-character-based words]]}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>」的新頁面 9816022 wikitext text/x-wiki 朝鮮語自造的漢字詞<includeonly>{{#if:{{{nocat|}}}||{{#if:{{NAMESPACE}}||[[Category:Korean-made Chinese-character-based words]]}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 116jjw3ny1dpysxythjgiurb5fcd4hw 9816029 9816022 2026-06-18T06:59:24Z 幻光尘 67775 9816029 wikitext text/x-wiki 朝鮮語自造的漢字詞<includeonly>{{#if:{{{nocat|}}}||{{#if:{{NAMESPACE}}||[[Category:朝鮮語自造的漢字詞]]}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> pste101mqfe8q5yt13q7h75dfacx29z 10 3481433 9816025 2026-06-18T06:57:56Z 幻光尘 67775 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{documentation subpage}} 本模板用於使用漢語詞素造出的朝鮮語詞，最初並不在漢語國家或不為漢語母語者中使用，而僅由朝鮮語使用者使用。 <includeonly> [[Category:朝鮮語詞源模板]] </includeonly>」的新頁面 9816025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} 本模板用於使用漢語詞素造出的朝鮮語詞，最初並不在漢語國家或不為漢語母語者中使用，而僅由朝鮮語使用者使用。 <includeonly> [[Category:朝鮮語詞源模板]] </includeonly> 35v3d4gj2ozngssjaqbbufi80nw7kpv 14 3481434 9816033 2026-06-18T07:01:22Z 幻光尘 67775 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「使用漢語詞素造出的朝鮮語詞，最初並不在漢語國家或不為漢語母語者中使用，而僅由朝鮮語使用者使用。 [[Category:朝鮮語詞源]] [[Category:朝鮮語漢字詞]]」的新頁面 9816033 wikitext text/x-wiki 使用漢語詞素造出的朝鮮語詞，最初並不在漢語國家或不為漢語母語者中使用，而僅由朝鮮語使用者使用。 [[Category:朝鮮語詞源]] [[Category:朝鮮語漢字詞]] l81ur7to2l08dua1ujijv1a5kywctor 14 3481435 9816034 2026-06-18T07:01:22Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481436 9816037 2026-06-18T07:02:08Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481437 9816038 2026-06-18T07:02:15Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481438 9816040 2026-06-18T07:02:22Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481439 9816041 2026-06-18T07:02:29Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|République Démocratique du Congo}} ==法語== {{wp|fr:}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|fr|République Démocratique du Congo}} ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-République Démocratique du Congo.wav}} * {{audio|fr|Fr-République démocratique du Congo.ogg}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-République démocratique du Congo.wav|a=巴黎}} ===專有名詞=== {{fr-proper noun|head=république…」的新頁面 9816041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|République Démocratique du Congo}} ==法語== {{wp|fr:}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|fr|République Démocratique du Congo}} ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-République Démocratique du Congo.wav}} * {{audio|fr|Fr-République démocratique du Congo.ogg}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-République démocratique du Congo.wav|a=巴黎}} ===專有名詞=== {{fr-proper noun|head=[[république|République]] [[démocratique]] [[du]] [[Congo]]|f}} # {{tcl|fr|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|fr|RDC|Congo-Kinshasa}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|fr|RDC}} np1bfjyxfsnr8j7i48agz61ujoyb1l5 14 3481440 9816042 2026-06-18T07:02:36Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481441 9816046 2026-06-18T07:03:53Z 幻光尘 67775 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{auto cat}}」的新頁面 9816046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481442 9816047 2026-06-18T07:04:25Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==阿拉伯語== ===專有名詞=== {{ar-proper noun|[[جُمْهُورِيَّة]] [[اَلْكُونغُو]] [[ديمقراطي|اَلدِّيمُقْرَاطِيَّة]]<tr:jumhūriyyat al-kūnḡū d-dimuqrāṭiyya>|f}} # {{tcl|ar|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====變格==== {{ar-decl-noun|جُمْهُورِيَّةٌ|mod=كُونْغُو|idafa=def|mod2=دِيمُقْرَاطِيَّة}}」的新頁面 9816047 wikitext text/x-wiki ==阿拉伯語== ===專有名詞=== {{ar-proper noun|[[جُمْهُورِيَّة]] [[اَلْكُونغُو]] [[ديمقراطي|اَلدِّيمُقْرَاطِيَّة]]<tr:jumhūriyyat al-kūnḡū d-dimuqrāṭiyya>|f}} # {{tcl|ar|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====變格==== {{ar-decl-noun|جُمْهُورِيَّةٌ|mod=كُونْغُو|idafa=def|mod2=دِيمُقْرَاطِيَّة}} 31pbfop1xpajw9u6lszbkdej1d59z4d 14 3481443 9816048 2026-06-18T07:04:31Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481444 9816049 2026-06-18T07:04:36Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==亞述新亞拉姆語== [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|thumb|{{lang|aii|ܐܬܐ ܕܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܬܐ ܕܟܘܢܓܘ}}]] ===詞源=== {{calque|aii|fr|République démocratique du Congo}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|aii|[qutˤnɑːˈjuːθɑː‿deːmoːqrɑːˈtˤɑjːθɑː‿dəˈkoŋːɡoː]|a=Standard}} ===專有名詞=== {{aii-proper-noun|[[ܩܘܼܛܢܵܝܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ]] ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ|ܕܹܝ…」的新頁面 9816049 wikitext text/x-wiki ==亞述新亞拉姆語== [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|thumb|{{lang|aii|ܐܬܐ ܕܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܬܐ ܕܟܘܢܓܘ}}]] ===詞源=== {{calque|aii|fr|République démocratique du Congo}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|aii|[qutˤnɑːˈjuːθɑː‿deːmoːqrɑːˈtˤɑjːθɑː‿dəˈkoŋːɡoː]|a=Standard}} ===專有名詞=== {{aii-proper-noun|[[ܩܘܼܛܢܵܝܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ]] [[ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ|ܕܹܝܡܘܿܩܪܵܛܵܝܬ݂ܵܐ]] [[ܕ-|ܕ]][[ܟܘܿܢܓܘܿ]]|f|tr=quṭnāyūṯā dēmōqrāṭāyṯā d-kōngō}} # {{tcl|aii|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|aii|ܟܘܿܢܓܘܿܠܵܝܵܐ}} * {{l|aii|ܩܘܼܛܢܵܝܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ ܕܟܘܿܢܓܘܿ|tr=quṭnāyūṯā d-kōngō|t=Republic of the Congo}} c0qgem8hvaosi7oc2jmahk3v28tkbw0 9816050 9816049 2026-06-18T07:04:52Z TongcyDai 53191 9816050 wikitext text/x-wiki ==亞述新亞拉姆語== [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|thumb|{{lang|aii|ܐܬܐ ܕܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܬܐ ܕܟܘܢܓܘ}}]] ===詞源=== {{calque|aii|fr|République démocratique du Congo}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|aii|[qutˤnɑːˈjuːθɑː‿deːmoːqrɑːˈtˤɑjːθɑː‿dəˈkoŋːɡoː]|a=Standard}} ===專有名詞=== {{aii-proper-noun|[[ܩܘܼܛܢܵܝܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ]] [[ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ|ܕܹܝܡܘܿܩܪܵܛܵܝܬ݂ܵܐ]] [[ܕ-|ܕ]][[ܟܘܿܢܓܘܿ]]|f|tr=quṭnāyūṯā dēmōqrāṭāyṯā d-kōngō}} # {{tcl|aii|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|aii|ܟܘܿܢܓܘܿܠܵܝܵܐ}} * {{l|aii|ܩܘܼܛܢܵܝܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ ܕܟܘܿܢܓܘܿ|tr=quṭnāyūṯā d-kōngō|t=剛果共和國}} bqsvuirq3m2jl5hkpdngqlyizpfhs2a 0 3481445 9816051 2026-06-18T07:05:14Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==加泰羅尼亞語== ===發音=== * {{ca-IPA|[Có]}}<!-- per GDLC and [[café del Congo]] in PTV --> * {{audio|ca|LL-Q7026 (cat)-Millars-República Democràtica del Congo.wav|a=Valencia}} * {{audio|ca|LL-Q7026 (cat)-Marvives-República Democràtica del Congo.wav|a=Barcelona}} ===專有名詞=== {{ca-proper noun|f|head=[[república|República]] [[democràtica|Democràtica]] [[del]] [[Congo]]}} # {{tcl|ca|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}}」的新頁面 9816051 wikitext text/x-wiki ==加泰羅尼亞語== ===發音=== * {{ca-IPA|[Có]}}<!-- per GDLC and [[café del Congo]] in PTV --> * {{audio|ca|LL-Q7026 (cat)-Millars-República Democràtica del Congo.wav|a=Valencia}} * {{audio|ca|LL-Q7026 (cat)-Marvives-República Democràtica del Congo.wav|a=Barcelona}} ===專有名詞=== {{ca-proper noun|f|head=[[república|República]] [[democràtica|Democràtica]] [[del]] [[Congo]]}} # {{tcl|ca|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} 8zizd289bf4fgh6hlfiopcxo0ib1elk 14 3481446 9816052 2026-06-18T07:05:23Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481447 9816053 2026-06-18T07:07:10Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==捷克語== {{wp|cs:}} ===發音=== * {{cs-IPA|[ty]}} * {{audio|cs|Cs-Demokratická republika Kongo.ogg}} ===專有名詞=== {{cs-proper noun|f|head=[[demokratický|Demokratická]] [[republika]] [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|cs|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|cs|Konžská demokratická republika}} ====變格==== {{cs-ndecl|[[demokratický|Demokratická]]<+> republika<f.sg> [[Kongo]]}}」的新頁面 9816053 wikitext text/x-wiki ==捷克語== {{wp|cs:}} ===發音=== * {{cs-IPA|[ty]}} * {{audio|cs|Cs-Demokratická republika Kongo.ogg}} ===專有名詞=== {{cs-proper noun|f|head=[[demokratický|Demokratická]] [[republika]] [[Kongo]]}} # {{tcl|cs|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|cs|Konžská demokratická republika}} ====變格==== {{cs-ndecl|[[demokratický|Demokratická]]<+> republika<f.sg> [[Kongo]]}} m4zs4xay92w19jkh7bb60kcpnb3z151 14 3481448 9816054 2026-06-18T07:07:18Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481449 9816059 2026-06-18T07:16:27Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==格魯吉亞語== {{wp|ka:}} ===發音=== * {{ka-IPA}} * {{ka-hyphen}} ===專有名詞=== {{ka-proper noun}} # {{tcl|ka|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}}」的新頁面 9816059 wikitext text/x-wiki ==格魯吉亞語== {{wp|ka:}} ===發音=== * {{ka-IPA}} * {{ka-hyphen}} ===專有名詞=== {{ka-proper noun}} # {{tcl|ka|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} 7iek95s3mmq78qucefawbot759r8i5v 0 3481450 9816060 2026-06-18T07:16:43Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{l|el|Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία του Κογγό}} ===專有名詞=== {{el-noun-proper|f|head=[[λαϊκός|Λαϊκή]] [[δημοκρατία|Δημοκρατία]] του [[Κονγκό]]}} # {{tcl|el|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====變格==== {{el-inflection-see|λαϊκός|δημοκρατία}} ====延伸閱讀==== * {{pedia|lang=el}}」的新頁面 9816060 wikitext text/x-wiki ==希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{l|el|Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία του Κογγό}} ===專有名詞=== {{el-noun-proper|f|head=[[λαϊκός|Λαϊκή]] [[δημοκρατία|Δημοκρατία]] του [[Κονγκό]]}} # {{tcl|el|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====變格==== {{el-inflection-see|λαϊκός|δημοκρατία}} ====延伸閱讀==== * {{pedia|lang=el}} 5xypo4lomo7059z44z92vluv783q70b 14 3481451 9816061 2026-06-18T07:16:49Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481452 9816066 2026-06-18T07:18:12Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481453 9816067 2026-06-18T07:18:53Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==愛爾蘭語== ===專有名詞=== {{ga-proper noun|f|head=[[poblacht|Poblacht]] [[daonlathach|Dhaonlathach]] [[an]] [[Congó|Chongó]]|Phoblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó}} # {{tcl|ga|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====相關詞彙==== {{col3 |ga|{{l|ga|Congó na Beilge|g=m|t=比屬剛果}} |{{l|ga|Poblacht na Sáíre|g=f|t=薩伊共和國}} |{{l|ga|Sáír|An tSáír|g=f|t=薩伊}} }} ===詞首音變=== {{ga-mut}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {…」的新頁面 9816067 wikitext text/x-wiki ==愛爾蘭語== ===專有名詞=== {{ga-proper noun|f|head=[[poblacht|Poblacht]] [[daonlathach|Dhaonlathach]] [[an]] [[Congó|Chongó]]|Phoblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó}} # {{tcl|ga|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====相關詞彙==== {{col3 |ga|{{l|ga|Congó na Beilge|g=m|t=比屬剛果}} |{{l|ga|Poblacht na Sáíre|g=f|t=薩伊共和國}} |{{l|ga|Sáír|An tSáír|g=f|t=薩伊}} }} ===詞首音變=== {{ga-mut}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:ga:NEID}} 64813603y1x4emthhjs30bvoip53zvk 0 3481454 9816070 2026-06-18T07:21:46Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==日語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|ja|fr|Congo-Kinshasa}}。 ===專有名詞=== {{ja-pos|proper|rom=Kongo-Kinshasa}} # {{tcl|ja|剛果（金）|id=Q974}} ===參見=== * {{ja-r|^キンシャサ}} * {{ja-r|コンゴ民%主 共%和%国|^コンゴ ^みん%しゅ ^きょう%わ%こく}}」的新頁面 9816070 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|ja|fr|Congo-Kinshasa}}。 ===專有名詞=== {{ja-pos|proper|rom=Kongo-Kinshasa}} # {{tcl|ja|剛果（金）|id=Q974}} ===參見=== * {{ja-r|^キンシャサ}} * {{ja-r|コンゴ民%主 共%和%国|^コンゴ ^みん%しゅ ^きょう%わ%こく}} s4w7el013bsqxqiysuninpd4x307apa 0 3481455 9816071 2026-06-18T07:22:04Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==哈薩克語== {{kk-regional|Конго Демократиялық Республикасы|كونگو دەموكراتيالىق رەسپۋبليكاسى}} {{wp|kk:}} ===專有名詞=== {{kk-prop|head=[[Конго]] [[демократиялық|Демократиялық]] [[республика|Республикасы]]}} # {{tcl|kk|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}}」的新頁面 9816071 wikitext text/x-wiki ==哈薩克語== {{kk-regional|Конго Демократиялық Республикасы|كونگو دەموكراتيالىق رەسپۋبليكاسى}} {{wp|kk:}} ===專有名詞=== {{kk-prop|head=[[Конго]] [[демократиялық|Демократиялық]] [[республика|Республикасы]]}} # {{tcl|kk|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} der67vjlf5pdpk9iljuhc0lljm3nqxa 0 3481456 9816073 2026-06-18T07:22:43Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==波蘭語== ===發音=== {{pl-pr|[&R]|a=Pl-Demokratyczna Republika Konga.ogg}} ===專有名詞=== {{pl-proper noun|f|head=[[demokratyczny|Demokratyczna]] [[republika|Republika]] [[Kongo|Konga]]}} # {{tcl|pl|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====變格==== {{pl-decl-noun |Demokratyczna Republika Konga|Demokratyczne Republiki Konga |Demokratycznej Republiki Konga|Demokratycznych Republik Konga |Demokratycznej Republice Konga|Demokratycznym…」的新頁面 9816073 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波蘭語== ===發音=== {{pl-pr|[&R]|a=Pl-Demokratyczna Republika Konga.ogg}} ===專有名詞=== {{pl-proper noun|f|head=[[demokratyczny|Demokratyczna]] [[republika|Republika]] [[Kongo|Konga]]}} # {{tcl|pl|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====變格==== {{pl-decl-noun |Demokratyczna Republika Konga|Demokratyczne Republiki Konga |Demokratycznej Republiki Konga|Demokratycznych Republik Konga |Demokratycznej Republice Konga|Demokratycznym Republikom Konga |Demokratyczną Republikę Konga|Demokratyczne Republiki Konga |Demokratyczną Republiką Konga|Demokratycznymi Republikami Konga |Demokratycznej Republice Konga|Demokratycznych Republikach Konga |Demokratyczna Republiko Konga|Demokratyczne Republiki Konga }} ===參見=== * {{l|pl|Kongo||[[Republic of the Congo]]}} {{list:countries in Africa/pl}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:pl:WSJP}} * {{R:pl:PWN}} ic27xz5fjnma1nzl4uqd6ws30e3cmas 14 3481457 9816074 2026-06-18T07:22:53Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481458 9816077 2026-06-18T07:23:21Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==諾曼語== ===專有名詞=== {{nrf-proper noun|head=[[république|République]] [[démocratique|Démocratique]] [[du]] [[Congo]]|f}} # {{lb|nrf|澤西}} {{tcl|nrf|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}}」的新頁面 9816077 wikitext text/x-wiki ==諾曼語== ===專有名詞=== {{nrf-proper noun|head=[[république|République]] [[démocratique|Démocratique]] [[du]] [[Congo]]|f}} # {{lb|nrf|澤西}} {{tcl|nrf|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} h3lc4yra3pz6xgkhxw1riprwp3lhjrr 14 3481459 9816078 2026-06-18T07:23:30Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481460 9816082 2026-06-18T07:28:07Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==毛利語== ===專有名詞=== {{mi-proper noun}} # {{tcl|mi|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}}」的新頁面 9816082 wikitext text/x-wiki ==毛利語== ===專有名詞=== {{mi-proper noun}} # {{tcl|mi|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} o4fdrjwjn1ltgzzg03jkzgyji6lwoel 14 3481461 9816083 2026-06-18T07:28:15Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481462 9816084 2026-06-18T07:28:18Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==馬來語== {{wp|ms:}} ===發音=== {{ms-IPA|répu.blik démo.kratik Konggo}} ===專有名詞=== {{ms-proper noun|head=[[republik|Républik]] [[demokratik|Démokratik]] [[Congo]]|j=ريڤوبليک ديموکراتيک کونݢو}} # {{tcl|ms|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|id|Republik Demokratik Kongo|q=Indonesian}} ====參見==== {{list:countries in Africa/ms}}」的新頁面 9816084 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬來語== {{wp|ms:}} ===發音=== {{ms-IPA|répu.blik démo.kratik Konggo}} ===專有名詞=== {{ms-proper noun|head=[[republik|Républik]] [[demokratik|Démokratik]] [[Congo]]|j=ريڤوبليک ديموکراتيک کونݢو}} # {{tcl|ms|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|id|Republik Demokratik Kongo|q=Indonesian}} ====參見==== {{list:countries in Africa/ms}} 5kp31bwoh9ymu1ow0zl6720k3gzwqmx 14 3481463 9816086 2026-06-18T07:28:35Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481464 9816087 2026-06-18T07:28:41Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==拉丁語== ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|Rēspūblica Democratica Congī}} ===專有名詞=== {{la-proper noun|g=f|[[res|Rēs]]<5>[[publicus|pūblica]]<+> [[democraticus|Democraticus]]<+> Congī}} # {{lb|la|新拉丁語}} {{tcl|la|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}}」的新頁面 9816087 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|Rēspūblica Democratica Congī}} ===專有名詞=== {{la-proper noun|g=f|[[res|Rēs]]<5>[[publicus|pūblica]]<+> [[democraticus|Democraticus]]<+> Congī}} # {{lb|la|新拉丁語}} {{tcl|la|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} m1c5tvcpuv07heosb57g9wcnwlcdkc3 14 3481465 9816088 2026-06-18T07:28:43Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481466 9816089 2026-06-18T07:28:46Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==朝鮮語== {{wp|ko:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|ko|^콩고|민주(民主)|t2=democracy|공화국(共和國)|t3=republic}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y|l=7}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-regional|^콩고 민주 공화국|^꽁고 민주주의 공화국}} {{ko-pos|專有名詞}} # {{tcl|ko|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====同類詞彙==== {{list:countries in Africa/ko}} ====參見==== * {{l|ko|^민주 콩고}}」的新頁面 9816089 wikitext text/x-wiki ==朝鮮語== {{wp|ko:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|ko|^콩고|민주(民主)|t2=democracy|공화국(共和國)|t3=republic}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y|l=7}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-regional|^콩고 민주 공화국|^꽁고 민주주의 공화국}} {{ko-pos|專有名詞}} # {{tcl|ko|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====同類詞彙==== {{list:countries in Africa/ko}} ====參見==== * {{l|ko|^민주 콩고}} jkiaz18fm4ieq61tjib03o0gkdtvkl2 9816090 9816089 2026-06-18T07:29:02Z TongcyDai 53191 9816090 wikitext text/x-wiki ==朝鮮語== {{wp|ko:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|ko|^콩고|t1=剛果|민주(民主)|t2=民主|공화국(共和國)|t3=共和國}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y|l=7}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-regional|^콩고 민주 공화국|^꽁고 민주주의 공화국}} {{ko-pos|專有名詞}} # {{tcl|ko|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====同類詞彙==== {{list:countries in Africa/ko}} ====參見==== * {{l|ko|^민주 콩고}} 8i2lut6cnj20srjco3q2p3sd73vppuh 14 3481467 9816091 2026-06-18T07:29:08Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 10 3481468 9816092 2026-06-18T07:29:16Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:topic list|show |hypernym=[[^아프리카]][[-의]] [[나라]] |^가나 |^가봉 |^감비아 |^기니 |^기니비사우 |^나미비아 |^나이지리아 |^남(南)수단 |^남(南)아프리카공화국(共和國) |^니제르 |^라이베리아 |^레소토 |^르완다 |^리비아 |^마다가스카르 |^말라위 |^말리 |^모로코 |^모리셔스 |^모리타니 |^모잠비크 |^베냉 |^보츠와나 |^부룬디 |^부르키나파소 |…」的新頁面 9816092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:topic list|show |hypernym=[[^아프리카]][[-의]] [[나라]] |^가나 |^가봉 |^감비아 |^기니 |^기니비사우 |^나미비아 |^나이지리아 |^남(南)수단 |^남(南)아프리카공화국(共和國) |^니제르 |^라이베리아 |^레소토 |^르완다 |^리비아 |^마다가스카르 |^말라위 |^말리 |^모로코 |^모리셔스 |^모리타니 |^모잠비크 |^베냉 |^보츠와나 |^부룬디 |^부르키나파소 |^상투메 프린시페 |^세네갈 |^세이셸 |^소말리아 |^수단 |^시에라리온 |^알제리 |^앙골라 |^에리트레아 |^에스와티니 |^에티오피아 |^우간다 |^이집트 |^적도(赤道) 기니 |^잠비아 |^중앙(中央)아프리카 공화국(共和國) |^지부티 |^짐바브웨 |^차드 |^카메룬 |^카보베르데 |^케냐 |^코모로 |^코트디부아르 |^콩고 공화국(共和國) |{{l|ko|^콩고 민주(民主) 공화국(共和國)}}、{{l|ko|^민주(民主) 콩고}} |^탄자니아 |^토고 |^튀니지 }}<noinclude>{{list doc}}</noinclude> bjtg7veh77l7qs9ugiy2stcpowjfqlx 0 3481469 9816093 2026-06-18T07:29:36Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|ko|민주(民主)|t1=民主|^콩고|t2=剛果}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y|l=4}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-regional|^민주 콩고|^민주 꽁고}} {{ko-pos|專有名詞}} # {{tcl|ko|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====同類詞彙==== {{list:countries in Africa/ko}} ====參見==== * {{l|ko|^콩고 민주 공화국}}」的新頁面 9816093 wikitext text/x-wiki ==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|ko|민주(民主)|t1=民主|^콩고|t2=剛果}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y|l=4}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-regional|^민주 콩고|^민주 꽁고}} {{ko-pos|專有名詞}} # {{tcl|ko|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====同類詞彙==== {{list:countries in Africa/ko}} ====參見==== * {{l|ko|^콩고 민주 공화국}} pqdnt45f0pxwucwcta39jdmehe54nso 0 3481470 9816094 2026-06-18T07:30:07Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==朝鮮語== {{wp|ko:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|ko|^콩고|민주주의(民主主義)|t1=剛果|t2=民主主義|공화국(共和國)|t3=共和國}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y|l=9}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-regional|^콩고 민주 공화국|^꽁고 민주주의 공화국}} {{ko-pos|專有名詞}} {{tlb|ko|朝鮮}} # {{tcl|ko|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====參見==== * {{l|ko|^민주 꽁고}}」的新頁面 9816094 wikitext text/x-wiki ==朝鮮語== {{wp|ko:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|ko|^콩고|민주주의(民主主義)|t1=剛果|t2=民主主義|공화국(共和國)|t3=共和國}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y|l=9}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-regional|^콩고 민주 공화국|^꽁고 민주주의 공화국}} {{ko-pos|專有名詞}} {{tlb|ko|朝鮮}} # {{tcl|ko|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====參見==== * {{l|ko|^민주 꽁고}} 4pa12n2j28aqjlxvkknq51ecvke1m5d 0 3481471 9816095 2026-06-18T07:30:17Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|ko|민주(民主)|t1=democracy|^콩고}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y|l=4}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-regional|^민주 콩고|^민주 꽁고}} {{ko-pos|專有名詞}} {{tlb|ko|朝鮮}} # {{tcl|ko|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====參見==== * {{l|ko|^꽁고 민주주의 공화국}}」的新頁面 9816095 wikitext text/x-wiki ==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|ko|민주(民主)|t1=democracy|^콩고}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y|l=4}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-regional|^민주 콩고|^민주 꽁고}} {{ko-pos|專有名詞}} {{tlb|ko|朝鮮}} # {{tcl|ko|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====參見==== * {{l|ko|^꽁고 민주주의 공화국}} ktf6wpzapt7i0s0quuwd42hqkkbdvzc 9816096 9816095 2026-06-18T07:30:27Z TongcyDai 53191 9816096 wikitext text/x-wiki ==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|ko|민주(民主)|t1=民主|^콩고}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA|cap=y|l=4}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-regional|^민주 콩고|^민주 꽁고}} {{ko-pos|專有名詞}} {{tlb|ko|朝鮮}} # {{tcl|ko|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====參見==== * {{l|ko|^꽁고 민주주의 공화국}} jz84cxh0msnxlaajzn9l1qvx5l61vzq 0 3481472 9816098 2026-06-18T07:31:08Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語== ===專有名詞=== {{sh-propn|[[demokratski|Demòkratskā]] [[republika|Repùblika]] [[Kȍngo]]|f}} # {{tcl|sh|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|sh|Kȍngo-Kinšasa}}」的新頁面 9816098 wikitext text/x-wiki ==塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語== ===專有名詞=== {{sh-propn|[[demokratski|Demòkratskā]] [[republika|Repùblika]] [[Kȍngo]]|f}} # {{tcl|sh|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} #: {{syn|sh|Kȍngo-Kinšasa}} ncbpceqrtku0yh6trwnb6gsr5rs34xm 0 3481473 9816103 2026-06-18T07:33:32Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==他加祿語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|tl|Demokratikong Republika ng Konggo}} ===詞源=== {{clq|tl|en|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}。 ===發音=== {{tl-pr|Demo.krátikóng Repúbliká ng Conggo}} ===專有名詞=== {{tl-proper noun|[[demokratiko|Demokrátikó]]ng [[republika|Repúbliká]] [[ng]] [[Congo]]|b=Demokratikong Republika ng Conggo}} # {{tcl|tl|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}}」的新頁面 9816103 wikitext text/x-wiki ==他加祿語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|tl|Demokratikong Republika ng Konggo}} ===詞源=== {{clq|tl|en|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}。 ===發音=== {{tl-pr|Demo.krátikóng Repúbliká ng Conggo}} ===專有名詞=== {{tl-proper noun|[[demokratiko|Demokrátikó]]ng [[republika|Repúbliká]] [[ng]] [[Congo]]|b=Demokratikong Republika ng Conggo}} # {{tcl|tl|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} hcb38mp10151wz996lhwo8j7cwc53ch 0 3481474 9816104 2026-06-18T07:33:38Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==泰米爾語== {{wp|ta:}} ===發音=== * {{ta-IPA}} ===專有名詞=== {{ta-proper noun|head=[[காங்கோ]] [[மக்களாட்சி|மக்களாட்சிக்]] [[குடியரசு]]}} # {{tcl|ta|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====變格==== {{ta-decl|num=sg}}」的新頁面 9816104 wikitext text/x-wiki ==泰米爾語== {{wp|ta:}} ===發音=== * {{ta-IPA}} ===專有名詞=== {{ta-proper noun|head=[[காங்கோ]] [[மக்களாட்சி|மக்களாட்சிக்]] [[குடியரசு]]}} # {{tcl|ta|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ====變格==== {{ta-decl|num=sg}} hmor9pokkrn60qj5yfrhvf48ochoohr 0 3481475 9816105 2026-06-18T07:33:48Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==泰語== {{wp|th:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{com|th|สาธารณรัฐ|ประชาธิปไตย|คองโก}}。{{clq|th|en|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}。 ===發音=== {{th-pron|สา-ทา-ระ-นะ-รัด ปฺระ-ชา-ทิบ-ปะ-ไต ค็อง-โก้}} ===專有名詞=== {{th-proper noun}} # {{tcl|th|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}}」的新頁面 9816105 wikitext text/x-wiki ==泰語== {{wp|th:}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{com|th|สาธารณรัฐ|ประชาธิปไตย|คองโก}}。{{clq|th|en|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}。 ===發音=== {{th-pron|สา-ทา-ระ-นะ-รัด ปฺระ-ชา-ทิบ-ปะ-ไต ค็อง-โก้}} ===專有名詞=== {{th-proper noun}} # {{tcl|th|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} sl49u2pae5qah67m4jlca80e0ms0sor 14 3481476 9816106 2026-06-18T07:33:55Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481477 9816109 2026-06-18T07:34:20Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===專有名詞=== {{vi-proper noun|head=[[cộng hoà|Cộng hoà]] [[dân chủ|Dân chủ]] [[Công-gô]]}} # {{tcl|vi|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/vi}}」的新頁面 9816109 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===專有名詞=== {{vi-proper noun|head=[[cộng hoà|Cộng hoà]] [[dân chủ|Dân chủ]] [[Công-gô]]}} # {{tcl|vi|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/vi}} 7b9doa6viwizitigvuwb0txlzr4btrc 0 3481478 9816110 2026-06-18T07:34:36Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==沃萊塔語== ===專有名詞=== {{wal-prop||m}} # {{tcl|wal|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/wal}}」的新頁面 9816110 wikitext text/x-wiki ==沃萊塔語== ===專有名詞=== {{wal-prop||m}} # {{tcl|wal|剛果民主共和國|id=Q974}} ===參見=== {{list:countries in Africa/wal}} fx37tj14p6m1q5cs1dxw9tl4czrgg2d 0 3481479 9816111 2026-06-18T07:34:38Z TongcyDai 53191 重定向页面至[[Dimokiraatike Ripaabilike Konggo]] 9816111 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Dimokiraatike Ripaabilike Konggo]] 3wkw3modcffzv3io1p283yr0uuatc3l 14 3481480 9816112 2026-06-18T07:34:44Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481481 9816113 2026-06-18T07:44:48Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|Respublica|res publica}} ==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|la|rēs pūblica}} * {{alt|la|rēs p.||縮寫}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|la|id=共和國|:af|rēs<id:事物>|pūblica<id:公共>}} {{univerbation|la|rēs|pūblica|lit=公共利益}}。對照{{m+|en|commonwealth}}。 ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|rēspūblica}} ===名詞=== {{la-noun|[[rēs]]<5>[[publicus|pūblica]]<+>}} # [[共和國]]，[[聯邦]]；[[國家]]，[[民族]]…」的新頁面 9816113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Respublica|res publica}} ==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|la|rēs pūblica}} * {{alt|la|rēs p.||縮寫}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|la|id=共和國|:af|rēs<id:事物>|pūblica<id:公共>}} {{univerbation|la|rēs|pūblica|lit=公共利益}}。對照{{m+|en|commonwealth}}。 ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|rēspūblica}} ===名詞=== {{la-noun|[[rēs]]<5>[[publicus|pūblica]]<+>}} # [[共和國]]，[[聯邦]]；[[國家]]，[[民族]] #* {{w|lang=en|Tacitus}}，''Annals Book XIII, 45''： #*: {{quote|la|Non minus insignis eo anno impudicitia magnorum '''rei publicae''' malorum initium fecit.|t=在同一年，同樣臭名昭著的放蕩行為成為了'''共和國'''巨大災難的開端。}} #* {{RQ:Cicero Catiline|passage=O di immortales, ubinam gentium sumus? Quam '''rem publicam''' habemus? In qua urbe vivimus?.|t=哦，不朽的神明啊，我們究竟身在何處？我們擁有什麼樣的'''政權'''？我們生活在什麼樣的城市裡？}} #* {{Q|la|Livy|Ab Urbe Condita|26|1|quote=Cn. Fuluius Centumalus P. Sulpicius Galba consules cum idibus Martiis magistratum inissent, senatu in Capitolium uocato, de '''re publica''', de administratione belli, de prouinciis exercitibusque patres consuluerunt.|year=27-25 BCE|trans=當執政官格奈烏斯·富爾維烏斯·森圖馬盧斯與普布利烏斯·蘇爾皮基烏斯·加爾巴在三月十五日就任公職時，他們將元老院召集到卡比托利歐山，就關於'''國家'''、戰爭的處理、各行省與軍隊等問題向元老們徵詢意見。}} #*: {{ux|la|Magna fides in multis civibus huius '''rei publicae''' nunc inveniri potest.|現在在這個'''聯邦'''的許多公民身上都能找到極大的忠誠。}} #*: {{ux|la|Quis jussit illam '''rem publicam''' servitute liberari?|是誰下令將那個'''共和國'''從奴役中解放出來的？}} #*: {{ux|la|Ubi tyrannus est, ibi plane est nulla '''res publica'''.|哪裡有暴君，哪裡就顯然沒有'''共和國'''。}} #*: {{ux|la|Contra alias manus malorum civium eaedem res parabuntur; '''rem publicam''' defendemus et isti cito discedent.|儘管有壞公民結黨營私，這些物資仍會被備齊；我們將保衛'''共和國'''，而那些人會很快離開。}} #*: {{ux|la|Hanc '''rem publicam''' salvam esse volumus.|我們希望這個'''共和國'''平安無事。}} # [[政治]]；[[民事]] ====變格==== {{la-ndecl|rēs<5>pūblica<+>}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|la|rēspūblica Chrīstiāna}} ====派生語彙==== {{top4}} * {{desc|an|republica|bor=1}} * {{desc|ast|república|bor=1}} * {{desc|be|рэспу́бліка|bor=1}} * {{desc|eu|errepublika|bor=1}} * {{desc|cs|republika|bor=1}} * {{desc|ca|república|bor=1}} * {{desc|ext|repúbrica|bor=1}} * {{desc|fr|république|bor=1}} {{see desc}} * {{desc|fur|republiche|bor=1}} * {{desc|gl|república|bor=1}} * {{desc|de|Respublica|bor=1}} * {{desc|he|[[רֶפּוּבְּלִיקָה]]|tr=repúblika|bor=1}} * {{desc|roa-oit|republica|bor=1}} ** {{desc|it|repubblica|republica}} ** {{desc|ro|republică|bor=1}} * {{desc|lv|republika|bor=1}} * {{desc|oc|republica|bor=1}} * {{desc|nap|repubbreca|bor=1}} * {{desc|nrf|républyique|bor=1}} * {{desc|pms|repùblica|bor=1}} * {{desc|pl|rzeczpospolita|clq=1}} * {{desc|pt|república|bor=1}} * {{desc|rm|republica|bor=1}} * {{desc|ru|респу́блика|bor=1}} {{see desc}} * {{desc|scn|ripùbblica|ripùbbrica|bor=1}} * {{desc|es|república|bor=1}} ** {{desc|lad|republika|ריפובליקה}} ** {{desc|tl|republika|bor=1}} ** {{desc|qu|ripuwlika|bor=1}} * {{desc|sk|republika|bor=1}} * {{desc|sv|republik|bor=1}} * {{desc|uk|респу́бліка|bor=1}} * {{desc|vec|repùblica|bor=1}} * {{desc|fy|republyk|bor=1}} * 人工語言： ** {{desc|eo|respubliko}} ** {{desc|io|republiko}} ** {{desc|ia|republica}} ** {{desc|vo|repüblik}} {{bottom}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:la:L&S}} * {{R:la:du Cange}} * {{R:la:Gaffiot}} * {{R:la:Georges}} * {{R:la:M&A}} {{C|la|政府|政治}} k47x29gn7m2ef3ynurjfv7cob7482kr 0 3481482 9816115 2026-06-18T07:46:03Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==日語== ===羅馬化=== {{ja-romaji}} # {{ja-romanization of|なめる}} ==塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語== ===名詞=== {{sh-noun form}} # {{inflection of|sh|namera||acc|s}}」的新頁面 9816115 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== ===羅馬化=== {{ja-romaji}} # {{ja-romanization of|なめる}} ==塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語== ===名詞=== {{sh-noun form}} # {{inflection of|sh|namera||acc|s}} 6d0rcy8i7jsunvl5f9f449okasgpe6y 14 3481483 9816119 2026-06-18T08:00:11Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481484 9816120 2026-06-18T08:00:22Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481485 9816121 2026-06-18T08:00:27Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481486 9816122 2026-06-18T08:00:34Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481487 9816123 2026-06-18T08:00:39Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 118 3481488 9816124 2026-06-18T08:02:23Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{reconstructed}} ==原始意大利語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|itc-pro|id=事物|:inh|ine-pro:*(H)reh₁ís<id:財富>}} {{inh+|itc-pro|ine-pro|*(H)reh₁ís|t=財富、商品}}。<ref>{{R:itc:EDL|pages=520-1|head=rēs, reī}}</ref> ===名詞=== {{head|itc-pro|名詞|g=f}}<ref>{{R:Sihler 1995|page=341}}</ref> # [[事物]]，[[物質]] ====變格==== 此名詞一開始是“規則的”i-詞幹，在元音前是 {{m|itc-pro||*rēj-}}（屬…」的新頁面 9816124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reconstructed}} ==原始意大利語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|itc-pro|id=事物|:inh|ine-pro:*(H)reh₁ís<id:財富>}} {{inh+|itc-pro|ine-pro|*(H)reh₁ís|t=財富、商品}}。<ref>{{R:itc:EDL|pages=520-1|head=rēs, reī}}</ref> ===名詞=== {{head|itc-pro|名詞|g=f}}<ref>{{R:Sihler 1995|page=341}}</ref> # [[事物]]，[[物質]] ====變格==== 此名詞一開始是“規則的”i-詞幹，在元音前是 {{m|itc-pro||*rēj-}}（屬格 {{m|itc-pro||*rējes}}，與格 {{m|itc-pro||*rējei}} 等），在輔音前和詞尾是*rēi（主格 {{m|itc-pro||*rēis}}，可能最初是雙音節詞）。在前一種情況下，''-j-'' 通常會脫落；而在後一種情況下，由於奧斯托夫定律，雙元音在另一個輔音前會縮短。 {{itc-decl-reis}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|la|rēs}} * {{desc|xum|𐌓𐌉}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} g2vd1x8fj4rgq6jblv6wao5a2si0n4d 14 3481489 9816125 2026-06-18T08:02:59Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481490 9816126 2026-06-18T08:03:04Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481491 9816127 2026-06-18T08:03:10Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481492 9816128 2026-06-18T08:03:16Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 118 3481493 9816129 2026-06-18T08:06:41Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{reconstructed}} ==原始印歐語== {{etymon|ine-pro|id=給|pos=詞根}} ===詞根=== {{ine-root}}<ref name=EDL>{{R:itc:EDL|pages=520-521|passage=*(H)reh₁-|head=rēs, reī}}</ref><ref>{{cite-book|author=Matasović, Ranko|year=2016|title=A Reader in Comparative Indo-European Religion|publisher=Univsity of Zagreb|url=https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/PIE%20Religion.pdf|page=38|pages=100|passage=*(H)reh₁-}}</ref> # [[給]] #: {{synonyms|i…」的新頁面 9816129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reconstructed}} ==原始印歐語== {{etymon|ine-pro|id=給|pos=詞根}} ===詞根=== {{ine-root}}<ref name=EDL>{{R:itc:EDL|pages=520-521|passage=*(H)reh₁-|head=rēs, reī}}</ref><ref>{{cite-book|author=Matasović, Ranko|year=2016|title=A Reader in Comparative Indo-European Religion|publisher=Univsity of Zagreb|url=https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/PIE%20Religion.pdf|page=38|pages=100|passage=*(H)reh₁-}}</ref> # [[給]] #: {{synonyms|ine-pro|*deh₃-}} # [[分發]] #: {{synonyms|ine-pro|*deh₂-|*bʰeh₂g-}} ====其他重構==== * {{alt|ine-pro|alt=*reh₁-}}<ref name=LIV>{{R:ine:LIV|page=499|head=1. *reh₁-}}</ref><ref>{{R:EWAia|vol=2|page=442-3|head=RĀ¹|passage=Idg. *reh₁ 'geben'}}</ref><ref name=EIEC>{{R:ine:EIEC|pages=637-638|head=*reh₁ís|passage=''*reh₁-'' 'give, bestow'}}</ref><ref>{{cite-book|en|editors=Vine, Brent; Melchert, H. Craig; Jamison, Stephanie W.|title=Proceedings of the 22nd Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference: November 5th and 6th, 2010|date=2025-06-04|publisher=Helmut Buske Verlag|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Proceedings_of_the_22nd_Annual_UCLA_Indo/F5OXEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=reh1-+Indo+European&pg=PA223&printsec=frontcover|isbn=978-3-96769-900-5|chapter=The morphophonology of reduplicated presents in Vedic and Indo-European|author=Sandell, Ryan|page=227|passage=*reh₁-}}</ref> ====重構說明==== 由於假設原始印歐語中存在對詞首「r」的排斥，該詞有時會被重構為帶有詞首喉音。<ref name=Cheung>{{R:ira:Cheung|head=HraH|pages=186-187}}</ref> 然而，對此並無共識。<ref>{{R:ine:Kocharov:2021}}</ref><ref>{{R:ine:Woodhouse:2011|page=158-9}}</ref> ====派生詞彙==== {{rootsee}} * {{l|ine-pro||*(H)rḗh₁-s-t ~ *(H)réh₁-s-n̥t|pos=s-不定過去式}} ** {{desc|iir-pro}} *** {{desc|inc-pro}} **** {{desc|sa|अरा॑स्त}} *** {{desc|ira-pro}} **** {{desc|ae-old|𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬵𐬋𐬌|pos=2sg.不定過去式.虛擬.中動}} * {{l|ine-pro||*(H)ré-reh₁-ti ~ *(H)ré-rh₁-n̥ti|pos=重疊現在式}} ** {{desc|iir-pro}} *** {{desc|inc-pro}} **** {{desc|sa|ररीध्वम्|pos=2pl.命令.中動}} * {{l|ine-pro|*reh₁ís|*(H)reh₁ís|t=財富，物品}} * {{l|ine-pro||*(H)r(e)h₁ntu-}}<ref>{{cite-journal|en|author=Stifter, David|title=The stars look very different today|journal=Eriu|pages=42-43|year=2018|url=https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/11406/|volume=68|issn=0332-0758|passage=*r(e)h₁ntu-}}</ref> ** {{desc|cel-pro}} *** {{desc|sga|rét|t=事物|unc=1}} * {{l|ine-pro||*(H)réh₁-ti-s ~ *(H)r̥h₁-téy-s}} ** {{desc|iir-pro|*(H)raHtíš}} *** {{desc|inc-pro}} **** {{desc|sa|रा॒ति|t=禮物}} *** {{desc|ira-pro}} **** {{desc|ae|𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌}} * {{l|ine-pro||*(H)r(o/e)-t-|t=給予}}<ref>{{cite-journal|en|author=Nikolaev, Alexander|title=Neri, Sergio: Wetter. Etymologie und Lautgesetz|work=Kratylos|page=20|year=2021|url=https://kratylos.reichert-online.org/article/KRATYLOS/2021/1/2|volume=66|issue=1|doi=10.29091/KRATYLOS/2021/1/2|passage=''*retnó-'' < ''*reh₁tnó-'' ‘給予作為禮物’ ← ''*ro/eh₁-t-'' ‘給予（作為禮物）’}}</ref> ** {{desc|iir-pro}} *** {{desc|inc-pro}} **** {{desc|sa|रत्न॑|unc=1|t=禮物，贈品，貨物}}<ref>{{R:iir:Kummel:2015|passage=Ved. ''rátna''- < *''rátna''- ‘禮物 > 珠寶’，源自*''ratná''- < *''raH-tn-á-'' ⇐ ''*raH-tr̥/tn-'' ‘給予’}}</ref><ref>{{R:EWAia|vol=2|pages=428-429|head=rátna-}}</ref> * {{l|ine-pro||*(H)reh₁-went-}} ** {{desc|ine-toc-pro}} *** {{desc|xto|Rewänt|unc=1}} {{qualifier|或許 {{bor+|xto|sog|nocat=1|*rywβnt}}}}<ref>{{R:ira:Tremblay:2005|page=430|passage=Professor K.T. Schmidt tells me that ''Re{{sub|u}}wänt'' might also be a Tocharian noun, meaning ‘Wealthy’ uel sim. (*reh₁-ṷent-).}}</ref><ref>{{R:ine-toc:Dragoni:2022|51|passage= likely to represent the two different sounds of the Sogdian original ''rywβnt(k)'', if, as it seems likely, there was a morpheme boundary between Sogd. ''ryw'' and ''βnt(k)''.}}</ref> ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|iir-pro}} ** {{desc|inc-pro}} *** {{desc|sa|रा|t=給予，授予，賦予}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:ine:IEW|pages=860|head=4. rei- : rēi-}} pk3a2vzwwjjy0wi7bxitma144028fvz 10 3481494 9816130 2026-06-18T08:06:44Z TongcyDai 53191 重定向页面至[[Template:R:inc:EWAia]] 9816130 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:R:inc:EWAia]] tfxanq0s5wodbnx0ggr9ht6sb8cuiwl 10 3481495 9816131 2026-06-18T08:06:51Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-journal |last=Kümmel |first=Martin Joachim |authorlink=de:Martin Joachim Kümmel |title=Suppletive Phenomena in Older Indo-Iranian Noun Inflection |location=Prague |journal=Diachrony and Suppletion |year=2015 |pageparam=1 |textparam=2 |url=https://www.academia.edu/16535790/Suppletive_phenomena_in_older_Indo-Iranian_noun_inflection }}<!-- --><noinclude>{{refc…」的新頁面 9816131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-journal |last=Kümmel |first=Martin Joachim |authorlink=de:Martin Joachim Kümmel |title=Suppletive Phenomena in Older Indo-Iranian Noun Inflection |location=Prague |journal=Diachrony and Suppletion |year=2015 |pageparam=1 |textparam=2 |url=https://www.academia.edu/16535790/Suppletive_phenomena_in_older_Indo-Iranian_noun_inflection }}<!-- --><noinclude>{{refcat|ine-pro|ira-pro|inc-pro|sa}}{{documentation}}</noinclude> 1gxmlzrxjrepbe1khjq7f2thakugik6 10 3481496 9816135 2026-06-18T08:08:16Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:checkparams|error}}<!-- Validate template parameters -->{{cite-thesis |title=Watañi lāntaṃ: Khotanese and Tumshuqese loanwords in Tocharian |last=Dragoni |first=Federico |year=2022 |url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/3283437 |publisher=Leiden University |page={{{page|{{{1|}}}}}} |pages={{{pages|}}} |passage={{{passage|{{{2|}}}}}} }}<noinclude>{{refcat|ine-toc-pro|txb|xto|xsc-sak-pro|xtq|kho}}</no…」的新頁面 9816135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:checkparams|error}}<!-- Validate template parameters -->{{cite-thesis |title=Watañi lāntaṃ: Khotanese and Tumshuqese loanwords in Tocharian |last=Dragoni |first=Federico |year=2022 |url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/3283437 |publisher=Leiden University |page={{{page|{{{1|}}}}}} |pages={{{pages|}}} |passage={{{passage|{{{2|}}}}}} }}<noinclude>{{refcat|ine-toc-pro|txb|xto|xsc-sak-pro|xtq|kho}}</noinclude> gjkuy8dezkyb28x02qqthl4uifv9apl 14 3481497 9816136 2026-06-18T08:08:28Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 10 3481498 9816137 2026-06-18T08:08:30Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-journal |first1=Petr |last1=Kocharov |first2=Andrey |last2=Shatskov |title=Proto-Indo-European Initial *''r'' Revisited |work=Iran & the Caucasus |volume=25 |issue=4 |year=2021 |pages=398-419 |publisher=Brill |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27285887 |pageparam=1 |textparam=2 }}<!-- --><noinclude>{{refcat}}{{documentation}}</noinclude>」的新頁面 9816137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-journal |first1=Petr |last1=Kocharov |first2=Andrey |last2=Shatskov |title=Proto-Indo-European Initial *''r'' Revisited |work=Iran & the Caucasus |volume=25 |issue=4 |year=2021 |pages=398-419 |publisher=Brill |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27285887 |pageparam=1 |textparam=2 }}<!-- --><noinclude>{{refcat}}{{documentation}}</noinclude> 98o0vzi937czxyqfug122h74wuhkpul 14 3481499 9816138 2026-06-18T08:08:34Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481500 9816139 2026-06-18T08:08:40Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 10 3481501 9816140 2026-06-18T08:08:43Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-journal |first=Robert |last=Woodhouse |title=Lubotsky's and Beekes' laws, PIE *''(H)r-'', *''(H)i(V)-'', *''a'' and some other laryngeal matters |work=Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia |volume=16 |year=2011 |pages=151-187 |url=https://www.academia.edu/9230077/Lubotskys_and_Beekes_laws_PIE_H_r_H_i_V_a_and_some_other_laryngeal_matters |pageparam=1 |textparam=2 }}<!-- --><noinclude>{{refcat}}{{document…」的新頁面 9816140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-journal |first=Robert |last=Woodhouse |title=Lubotsky's and Beekes' laws, PIE *''(H)r-'', *''(H)i(V)-'', *''a'' and some other laryngeal matters |work=Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia |volume=16 |year=2011 |pages=151-187 |url=https://www.academia.edu/9230077/Lubotskys_and_Beekes_laws_PIE_H_r_H_i_V_a_and_some_other_laryngeal_matters |pageparam=1 |textparam=2 }}<!-- --><noinclude>{{refcat}}{{documentation}}</noinclude> pz0b3xy0bb5nqo4y7bwnxgexqhc28ua 14 3481502 9816141 2026-06-18T08:08:48Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481503 9816142 2026-06-18T08:08:56Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481504 9816143 2026-06-18T08:09:05Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481505 9816144 2026-06-18T08:09:12Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|中國|extinct=1}} t1r2cvs58r74ojprdmy16akx07s5d4c 0 3481506 9816145 2026-06-18T08:11:01Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{l|la|rēs publicae}} ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=reīpūblicae}} # {{inflection of|la|rēspūblica||gen//dat|s}}」的新頁面 9816145 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{l|la|rēs publicae}} ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=reīpūblicae}} # {{inflection of|la|rēspūblica||gen//dat|s}} 88s1sa3vsgp2tdg14e5m057xzbmg22u 0 3481507 9816146 2026-06-18T08:11:01Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{l|la|rem publicam}} ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rempūblicam|g=f}} # {{inflection of|la|rēspūblica||acc|s}}」的新頁面 9816146 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{l|la|rem publicam}} ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rempūblicam|g=f}} # {{inflection of|la|rēspūblica||acc|s}} mxop982mh2k6v6emdawp5qd0r4cp6pd 0 3481508 9816147 2026-06-18T08:11:02Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{l|la|rērum publicārum}} ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|rērumpūblicārum}} ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rērumpūblicārum}} ''([[republic]])'' # {{inflection of|la|rēspūblica||gen|p}}」的新頁面 9816147 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{l|la|rērum publicārum}} ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|rērumpūblicārum}} ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rērumpūblicārum}} ''([[republic]])'' # {{inflection of|la|rēspūblica||gen|p}} scvuzkvvucl623gkkd86gko14vsg4em 9816151 9816147 2026-06-18T08:11:31Z TongcyDai 53191 9816151 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|la|rērum publicārum}} ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|rērumpūblicārum}} ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rērumpūblicārum}} # {{inflection of|la|rēspūblica||gen|p}} 9q84amosr362jpevi5zpdmjmefmpdfo 0 3481509 9816148 2026-06-18T08:11:03Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{l|la|rēbus publicīs}} ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rēbuspūblicīs|g=f}} ''([[republic]])'' # {{inflection of|la|rēspūblica||dat//abl|p}}」的新頁面 9816148 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{l|la|rēbus publicīs}} ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rēbuspūblicīs|g=f}} ''([[republic]])'' # {{inflection of|la|rēspūblica||dat//abl|p}} 64o2yd4ll4k88n8lfg90oq43e51k5dr 9816152 9816148 2026-06-18T08:11:44Z TongcyDai 53191 9816152 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|la|rēbus publicīs}} ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rēbuspūblicīs|g=f}} # {{inflection of|la|rēspūblica||dat//abl|p}} p2zv2lmpydttbmacto8ceu8yfm1thn7 0 3481510 9816149 2026-06-18T08:11:10Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==拉丁語== ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rēs pūblicae}} # {{inflection of|la|rēs pūblica||nom//voc|p}}」的新頁面 9816149 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rēs pūblicae}} # {{inflection of|la|rēs pūblica||nom//voc|p}} d37czcp44n9m89pzbtsl8dhfqkam6rn 0 3481511 9816150 2026-06-18T08:11:15Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==拉丁語== ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rem pūblicam}} # {{inflection of|la|rēs pūblica||acc|s}}」的新頁面 9816150 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rem pūblicam}} # {{inflection of|la|rēs pūblica||acc|s}} jbxpzijwuzp2apzkw8p84xsshdajh11 0 3481512 9816153 2026-06-18T08:11:50Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|la|rēs publicās}} ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rēspūblicās|g=f}} # {{inflection of|la|rēspūblica||acc|p}}」的新頁面 9816153 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|la|rēs publicās}} ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rēspūblicās|g=f}} # {{inflection of|la|rēspūblica||acc|p}} inckia7s0sxeejwzfv3iots52xodxel 0 3481513 9816154 2026-06-18T08:11:55Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|la|rēs publicae}} ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rēspūblicae|g=f}} # {{inflection of|la|rēspūblica||voc|p}}」的新頁面 9816154 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|la|rēs publicae}} ===名詞=== {{head|la|名詞變格形|head=rēspūblicae|g=f}} # {{inflection of|la|rēspūblica||voc|p}} 19bumgqlnmrd29orb79i7h39p8rl09g 0 3481514 9816156 2026-06-18T08:16:08Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́блики}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́блики|g=f-in|g2=f-in-p}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||gen|s|;|nom//acc|p}}」的新頁面 9816156 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́блики}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́блики|g=f-in|g2=f-in-p}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||gen|s|;|nom//acc|p}} 7ga9gv5m21wo8futm345ol89r6z5bsi 0 3481515 9816157 2026-06-18T08:16:08Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́блике|pos=pre}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́блике|g=f-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||dat//pre|s}}」的新頁面 9816157 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́блике|pos=pre}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́блике|g=f-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||dat//pre|s}} ra8zpwyyia9dzkp2065ipxqjyzyt2lg 0 3481516 9816158 2026-06-18T08:16:09Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́блику}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́блику|g=f-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||acc|s}}」的新頁面 9816158 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́блику}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́блику|g=f-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||acc|s}} e5eqk7jo47tdi5g7dmm38ekjh4zpcm8 0 3481517 9816159 2026-06-18T08:16:09Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́бликой}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́бликой|g=f-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||ins|s}}」的新頁面 9816159 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́бликой}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́бликой|g=f-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||ins|s}} 3tdby1p8p1lxrvzhwj3k55dmhvbx5in 0 3481518 9816160 2026-06-18T08:16:10Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́бликою}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́бликою|g=f-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||ins|s}}」的新頁面 9816160 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́бликою}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́бликою|g=f-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||ins|s}} jjimz2fld2xgbdfpzg2kq6sn2wdr07x 0 3481519 9816161 2026-06-18T08:16:10Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́бликами}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́бликами|g=f-in-p}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||ins|p}}」的新頁面 9816161 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́бликами}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́бликами|g=f-in-p}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||ins|p}} 757bn9bpqqcv454g5tzc1fge13fmpq5 0 3481520 9816162 2026-06-18T08:16:11Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́бликам}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́бликам|g=f-in-p}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||dat|p}}」的新頁面 9816162 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́бликам}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́бликам|g=f-in-p}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||dat|p}} lg4b981ouoksrmeqoaqhnyrum2g7hwc 0 3481521 9816163 2026-06-18T08:16:11Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́бликах}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́бликах|g=f-in-p}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||pre|p}}」的新頁面 9816163 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|респу́бликах}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=респу́бликах|g=f-in-p}} # {{inflection of|ru|респу́блика||pre|p}} 10qga9ul3xg6vmoj9lj2klnxxbwp33q 0 3481522 9816164 2026-06-18T08:16:37Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==拉丁語== ===形容詞=== {{head|la|形容詞變格形|head=pūblicōrum}} # {{inflection of|la|pūblicus||gen|m//n|p}}」的新頁面 9816164 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===形容詞=== {{head|la|形容詞變格形|head=pūblicōrum}} # {{inflection of|la|pūblicus||gen|m//n|p}} 6i4cr5pca3m011a5bni0gzfd1ulvviv 0 3481523 9816165 2026-06-18T08:16:46Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|públicos}} ==拉丁語== ===形容詞=== {{head|la|形容詞變格形|head=pūblicōs}} # {{inflection of|la|pūblicus||acc|m|p}}」的新頁面 9816165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|públicos}} ==拉丁語== ===形容詞=== {{head|la|形容詞變格形|head=pūblicōs}} # {{inflection of|la|pūblicus||acc|m|p}} jjk5oncqod77maflp5nxrudbft59742 0 3481524 9816166 2026-06-18T08:17:16Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==拉丁語== ===形容詞=== {{head|la|形容詞變格形|head=pūblice}} # {{inflection of|la|pūblicus||voc|m|s}} ===副詞=== {{head|la|形容詞變格形|head=pūblicē}} # [[為了]][[人民]]地，[[公開]]地，[[正式]]地，為了[[國家]]地，[[代表]]國家地 #: {{syn|la|apertē|vulgō|prōpalam|palam}} #: {{ant|la|clam}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:la:L&S}} * {{R:la:Elementary Lewis}} * {{R:la:du Cange}} * {{R:la:Gaffiot}}」的新頁面 9816166 wikitext text/x-wiki ==拉丁語== ===形容詞=== {{head|la|形容詞變格形|head=pūblice}} # {{inflection of|la|pūblicus||voc|m|s}} ===副詞=== {{head|la|形容詞變格形|head=pūblicē}} # [[為了]][[人民]]地，[[公開]]地，[[正式]]地，為了[[國家]]地，[[代表]]國家地 #: {{syn|la|apertē|vulgō|prōpalam|palam}} #: {{ant|la|clam}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:la:L&S}} * {{R:la:Elementary Lewis}} * {{R:la:du Cange}} * {{R:la:Gaffiot}} c1mt2w2cgj2fmtgkyg9j7kuvctr7fl7 14 3481525 9816168 2026-06-18T08:17:59Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3481526 9816169 2026-06-18T08:18:06Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9816169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3481528 9816178 2026-06-18T08:46:06Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also/ae|ӕ|Æ|Appendix:"a"的變體|Appendix:"e"的變體}} {{character info}} ==奧塞梯語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|os|Æ||拉丁字母}} ===發音=== * {{qualifier|phoneme}} {{IPA|os|/ɐ/}} ===字母=== {{letter|os}} # {{Cyrl-def|os|letter|2}} ===參見=== {{list:Cyrillic script letters/os}}」的新頁面 9816178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also/ae|ӕ|Æ|Appendix:"a"的變體|Appendix:"e"的變體}} {{character info}} ==奧塞梯語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|os|Æ||拉丁字母}} ===發音=== * {{qualifier|phoneme}} {{IPA|os|/ɐ/}} ===字母=== {{letter|os}} # {{Cyrl-def|os|letter|2}} ===參見=== {{list:Cyrillic script letters/os}} mz8jvf4mxy6afam4l7wb70cwec3ocqc 9816179 9816178 2026-06-18T08:46:25Z TongcyDai 53191 9816179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also/ae|ӕ|Æ|Appendix:"a"的變體|Appendix:"e"的變體}} {{character info}} ==奧塞梯語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|os|Æ||拉丁字母}} ===發音=== * {{qualifier|音素}} {{IPA|os|/ɐ/}} ===字母=== {{letter|os}} # {{Cyrl-def|os|letter|2}} ===參見=== {{list:Cyrillic script letters/os}} a30swtje5loux085gzau5bdhy7bzs0u 10 3481529 9816180 2026-06-18T08:46:33Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:also/wrap|main|<!-- -->Appendix:"ae"的變體}}」的新頁面 9816180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:also/wrap|main|<!-- -->Appendix:"ae"的變體}} e6fv9zwn1fwv4i5bl8rsv5wbz64ww0w 100 3481530 9816181 2026-06-18T08:48:46Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「「ae」這個詞出現於多種語言中，在[[大小寫]]、[[標點符號]]、[[變音符號]]以及不同[[文字]]中的使用上有多種變化。 {{wp|ae}} ==大小寫和標點符號== {{top2}} * [[ae]] * [[Ae]] * [[AE]] * [[aE]] * [[ae.]] * [[a.e.]] * [[A.E.]] * [[a. E.]] * [[a'e]] * [[a’e]] * [[aʻe]] * [[Aʻe]] * [[ae-]] * [[a-e]] * [[-ae]] * [[.ae]] * [[ʻae]] * [[ʻaʻe]] * [['a'e]] * [[A&E]] * [[A & E]] * [[aͤ]] * [[Aͤ]]…」的新頁面 9816181 wikitext text/x-wiki 「ae」這個詞出現於多種語言中，在[[大小寫]]、[[標點符號]]、[[變音符號]]以及不同[[文字]]中的使用上有多種變化。 {{wp|ae}} ==大小寫和標點符號== {{top2}} * [[ae]] * [[Ae]] * [[AE]] * [[aE]] * [[ae.]] * [[a.e.]] * [[A.E.]] * [[a. E.]] * [[a'e]] * [[a’e]] * [[aʻe]] * [[Aʻe]] * [[ae-]] * [[a-e]] * [[-ae]] * [[.ae]] * [[ʻae]] * [[ʻaʻe]] * [['a'e]] * [[A&E]] * [[A & E]] * [[aͤ]] * [[Aͤ]] * [[a**e]] {{bottom}} ==變音符號和合字== {{top2}} * [[aé]] * [[aê]] * [[áe]] * [[âe]], [[ǁʻâe]] * [[āe]] * [[ÅE]] * [[ą-ę]] * [[æ]], [[Æ]], [[æ-]], [[-æ]] * [[ǣ]], [[Ǣ]] * [[a͞e]] * [[ǽ]], [[Ǽ]] {{bottom}} ==其他文字== {{top2}} ; 西里爾字母 * [[ӕ]] * [[Ӕ]] ; 天城文 * [[आए]] (āe) ; 希臘文 * [[αε.]] * [[ΑΕ]] ; 諺文 * [[ㅐ]] * [[애]] ; 歐甘字母 * {{lang|mul|sc=Ogam|[[ᚙ]]}} {{bottom}} ==外型相似== {{top2}} ; 切羅基音節文字 * [[ᎪᎬ]] (gogv) {{bottom}} ==參見== * [[Appendix:"a"的變體]] * [[Appendix:"e"的變體]] [[Category:二字母組合變體|ae]] 2dzrm74130265jkeai95xxqopy91q4b 0 3481531 9816182 2026-06-18T08:50:39Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also/ae|Ӕ|æ|Appendix:"a"的變體|Appendix:"e"的變體}} {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{wp|[[Ae (Cyrillic)|ӕ]]}} ===合字=== {{head|mul|合字|小寫||大寫|Ӕ}} # {{ng|[[西里爾字母]] {{m|mul|a}} 和 {{m|mul|e}} 的合字。}} ===字母=== {{mul-letter}} # {{Cyrl-def|mul|letter}} ===Gallery=== <gallery> Cyrillic ligature AE.svg|正體。 </gallery> ==奧塞梯語== ===發音=== * {{qualifier|音素}} {{IPA|os|/ɐ/}} =…」的新頁面 9816182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also/ae|Ӕ|æ|Appendix:"a"的變體|Appendix:"e"的變體}} {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{wp|[[Ae (Cyrillic)|ӕ]]}} ===合字=== {{head|mul|合字|小寫||大寫|Ӕ}} # {{ng|[[西里爾字母]] {{m|mul|a}} 和 {{m|mul|e}} 的合字。}} ===字母=== {{mul-letter}} # {{Cyrl-def|mul|letter}} ===Gallery=== <gallery> Cyrillic ligature AE.svg|正體。 </gallery> ==奧塞梯語== ===發音=== * {{qualifier|音素}} {{IPA|os|/ɐ/}} ===字母=== {{letter|os}} # {{Cyrl-def|os|letter|2}} ===參見=== {{list:Cyrillic script letters/os}} 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在[[社群]]、[[論壇]]或[[討論區]][[煽動]][[對立]]、[[引戰]]與[[釣魚]]，藉由挑起不同群體之間的[[衝突]]來獲取[[樂趣]]或[[關注]]的人 cjvfrs2d1627ck78rssop2gzdzeep3t 9816189 9816188 2026-06-18T10:28:50Z TongcyDai 53191 9816189 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日语== {{ja-kanjitab|たい|りつ|ちゅう|yomi=o}} ===发音=== {{ja-pron|たいりつちゅう}} ===名词=== {{ja-noun|たいりつちゅう}} # 在[[社群]]、[[論壇]]或[[討論區]][[煽動]][[對立]]、[[引戰]]與[[釣魚]]，藉由挑起不同群體之間的[[衝突]]來獲取[[樂趣]]或[[關注]]的人 93tauub8wkgtd34ugnyfy1ybyxus1e9 9816190 9816189 2026-06-18T10:29:08Z TongcyDai 53191 9816190 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日语== {{ja-kanjitab|たい|りつ|ちゅう|yomi=o}} ===发音=== {{ja-pron|たいりつちゅう}} ===名词=== {{ja-noun|たいりつちゅう}} # {{lb|ja|Internet slang}} 在[[社群]]、[[論壇]]或[[討論區]][[煽動]][[對立]]、[[引戰]]與[[釣魚]]，藉由挑起不同群體之間的[[衝突]]來獲取[[樂趣]]或[[關注]]的人 ss8nq4weto7p2xoipiffrzep3hca90d 0 3481533 9816191 2026-06-18T10:46:23Z Apisite 85347 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==格魯吉亞語== ===發音=== * {{ka-IPA}} ===形容詞=== {{ka-adj}} # [[全能]] ====變格==== {{ka-decl-adj}}」的新頁面 9816191 wikitext text/x-wiki ==格魯吉亞語== ===發音=== * {{ka-IPA}} ===形容詞=== {{ka-adj}} # [[全能]] ====變格==== {{ka-decl-adj}} cgk6rrpkwqp7xss3r0f2j1gottxheak