Wiktionary zhwiktionary https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 case-sensitive Media Special Talk User User talk Wiktionary Wiktionary talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Appendix Appendix talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Rhymes Rhymes talk Thesaurus Thesaurus talk Citations Citations talk Reconstruction Reconstruction talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Wiktionary:统计 4 1718 9846018 9845761 2026-07-29T04:26:29Z TongcyBot 83009 機器人:更新每日統計數據 (2026-07-29) 9846018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Interwiki}} {{shortcut|WT:STAT}} ==基本資料== {| class="wikitable" ! 項目 !! 資料 |- ! MediaWiki版本 | {{CURRENTVERSION}} |- ! 詞條數量 | [[Special:Statistics|'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''']] |- ! 總頁面數 | {{NUMBEROFPAGES}} |- ! 已編碼的語言數量 | {{#invoke:list of languages|count}} |- ! 檔案數量 | {{NUMBEROFFILES}} |- ! 註冊用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} |- ! 活躍用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} |- ! 管理員數量 | {{NUMBEROFADMINS}} |- ! 全站頁面編輯次數 | {{NUMBEROFEDITS}} |} 其他資料請參考[[Special:Statistics]]。 ==頁面== 本表是中文维基詞典詞條数依日期到達的里程碑,以每一万个词条为单位计数。<!-- 以下內容已不再更新 * 近期統計圖表(區分機器人與一般用戶,選擇zhwiktionary_p,每日自動更新):[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0001.php 編輯次數]{{·}}[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0002.php 新增詞條數量]--> * 目前的詞條數:'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''({{重新整理|更新}})。 {{Milestone}} ==与相邻语言版本的比较== 中文维基词典词条收录量为'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''',在所有语言版本的詞典中[[meta:Wiktionary#List of Wiktionaries|'''位列第4''']]。 {{autoStat | 2026-06-01 | fr | mg | zh | th | el | 6930186 | 5930482 | 2332751 | 2181052 | 1580933 | 6930999 | 5930654 | 2333141 | 2181055 | 1580995 | 6931707 | 5932408 | 2333723 | 2181063 | 1581020 | 6932238 | 5934254 | 2334559 | 2181065 | 1581065 | 6932658 | 5936145 | 2334936 | 2181066 | 1581120 | 6933092 | 5937909 | 2335426 | 2181077 | 1581138 | 6933473 | 5938467 | 2335909 | 2181079 | 1581329 | 6933839 | 5939207 | 2336375 | 2181083 | 1581404 | 6935335 | 5940420 | 2336781 | 2181086 | 1581446 | 6935765 | 5941832 | 2337380 | 2181167 | 1581457 | 6936419 | 5943302 | 2338182 | 2181169 | 1581673 | 6936755 | 5943784 | 2338721 | 2181192 | 1581719 | 6937173 | 5944611 | 2339311 | 2181195 | 1581741 | 6937636 | 5945740 | 2339831 | 2181209 | 1581760 | 6938604 | 5946309 | 2340307 | 2181240 | 1581817 | 6939977 | 5946912 | 2340844 | 2181259 | 1581872 | 6940524 | 5947238 | 2341358 | 2181267 | 1581909 | 6941457 | 5947592 | 2341781 | 2181272 | 1581945 | 6941918 | 5948446 | 2342141 | 2181397 | 1582001 | 6942247 | 5948622 | 2342636 | 2181492 | 1582014 | 6943402 | 5948845 | 2343137 | 2181497 | 1582030 | 6944250 | 5950479 | 2343461 | 2181523 | 1582071 | 6944989 | 5952009 | 2343975 | 2181531 | 1582170 | 6945974 | 5953337 | 2344486 | 2181562 | 1582189 | 6947165 | 5954069 | 2345285 | 2181566 | 1582215 | 6947561 | 5954248 | 2345761 | 2181566 | 1582230 | 6948463 | 5954450 | 2346220 | 2181575 | 1582257 | 6949589 | 5954896 | 2346697 | 2181613 | 1582283 | 6950436 | 5955791 | 2347208 | 2181628 | 1582310 | 6951304 | 5956446 | 2348002 | 2181654 | 1582331 | 6951740 | 5957143 | 2348373 | 2181656 | 1582361 | 6952638 | 5957618 | 2348890 | 2181674 | 1583113 | 6953853 | 5958425 | 2349567 | 2181704 | 1583161 | 6954821 | 5958685 | 2350067 | 2181743 | 1583176 | 6955778 | 5959946 | 2350636 | 2181764 | 1583187 | 6956575 | 5960725 | 2351006 | 2181769 | 1583224 | 6957487 | 5962581 | 2351925 | 2181774 | 1583419 | 6958230 | 5964186 | 2352689 | 2181818 | 1583423 | 6958955 | 5964515 | 2353166 | 2181818 | 1583462 | 6959463 | 5964589 | 2353843 | 2181941 | 1583482 | 6959786 | 5964925 | 2354291 | 2182030 | 1583513 | 6960311 | 5965734 | 2354742 | 2182086 | 1583542 | 6961454 | 5965829 | 2355334 | 2182098 | 1583566 | 6962248 | 5966173 | 2355829 | 2182120 | 1583603 | 6963624 | 5967040 | 2356391 | 2182420 | 1583631 | 6965202 | 5967130 | 2357033 | 2182455 | 1583659 | 6965921 | 5967372 | 2357439 | 2182533 | 1583677 | 6966817 | 5968321 | 2358085 | 2182746 | 1583684 | 6967476 | 5968677 | 2358524 | 2182847 | 1583698 | 6968235 | 5968936 | 2359103 | 2182884 | 1583721 | 6969142 | 5969729 | 2359569 | 2182898 | 1583738 | 6969705 | 5970347 | 2360044 | 2183116 | 1583754 | 6970182 | 5971053 | 2360515 | 2186405 | 1583770 | 6971103 | 5971382 | 2360903 | 2186858 | 1583800 | 6972229 | 5971461 | 2361608 | 2186934 | 1583850 | 6973178 | 5972208 | 2362470 | 2187434 | 1583867 | 6973922 | 5973471 | 2362904 | 2187446 | 1583882 | 6974240 | 5973709 | 2363336 | 2187455 | 1583920 | 6974719 | 5973836 | 2363813 | 2187474 | 1584036 | 6975603 | 5974778 | 2364327 | 2189496 | 1584050 }} * 来源:[https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/display.php?t=wt Wikistats] 统计的具体时间为当日1时(UTC)左右,近似表示前一天的数据 * 关于里程碑,参见[[Wiktionary:宣告]] ==页面访问统计== 历史数据参见:[[Wiktionary:统计/存档]] ===总页面浏览量=== {{Collapse2|header=最近一年中文維基詞典的存取量|float=right |{{Graph:PageViews| 365 | _ |scale=sqrt}} }} {{Chart | chart = ZhWiktionary_Monthly_Pageviews_Since_2016.chart | align = center | title = 中文維基詞典歷年瀏覽量 }} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! 日期 !! 浏览量 |- | 2026-04-01 || 63,309,024 |- | 2026-03-01 || 38,336,237 |- | 2026-02-01 || 26,315,414 |- | 2026-01-01 || 50,138,160 |- | 2025-12-01 || 43,219,295 |- | 2025-11-01 || 65,887,852 |- | 2025-10-01 || 52,390,983 |- | 2025-09-01 || 37,231,311 |- | 2025-08-01 || 28,042,128 |- | 2025-07-01 || 39,017,796 |- | 2025-06-01 || 55,198,883 |- | 2025-05-01 || 45,361,042 |- | 2025-04-01 || 27,105,782 |- | 2025-03-01 || 32,703,811 |- | 2025-02-01 || 36,402,985 |- | 2025-01-01 || 35,256,147 |- | 2024-12-01 || 38,114,834 |- | 2024-11-01 || 60,141,744 |- | 2024-10-01 || 30,934,003 |- | 2024-09-01 || 42,154,325 |- | 2024-08-01 || 43,524,978 |- | 2024-07-01 || 24,446,253 |- | 2024-06-01 || 26,251,290 |- | 2024-05-01 || 31,844,500 |- | 2024-04-01 || 31,891,299 |- | 2024-03-01 || 31,116,352 |- | 2024-02-01 || 29,476,088 |- | 2024-01-01 || 23,027,727 |- | 2023-12-01 || 21,554,742 |- | 2023-11-01 || 22,153,348 |- | 2023-10-01 || 26,144,678 |- | 2023-09-01 || 17,748,912 |- | 2023-08-01 || 15,674,859 |- | 2023-07-01 || 15,511,876 |- | 2023-06-01 || 13,433,194 |- | 2023-05-01 || 13,901,295 |- | 2023-04-01 || 13,122,059 |- | 2023-03-01 || 13,610,799 |- | 2023-02-01 || 12,098,112 |- | 2023-01-01 || 14,386,645 |- | 2022-12-01 || 16,730,368 |- | 2022-11-01 || 19,967,345 |- | 2022-10-01 || 17,608,848 |- | 2022-09-01 || 14,847,453 |- | 2022-08-01 || 14,032,388 |- | 2022-07-01 || 17,298,554 |- | 2022-06-01 || 17,026,541 |- | 2022-05-01 || 14,891,967 |- | 2022-04-01 || 15,144,543 |- | 2022-03-01 || 19,016,624 |- | 2022-02-01 || 14,818,070 |- | 2022-01-01 || 13,589,392 |- | 2021-12-01 || 16,914,100 |- | 2021-11-01 || 14,140,022 |- | 2021-10-01 || 15,728,651 |- | 2021-09-01 || 16,689,908 |- | 2021-08-01 || 15,603,301 |- | 2021-07-01 || 13,497,219 |- | 2021-06-01 || 12,075399 |- | 2021-05-01 || 13,507,384 |- | 2021-04-01 || 11,036,657 |- | 2021-03-01 || 9,196,338 |- | 2021-02-01 || 9,099,531 |- | 2021-01-01 || 9,062,568 |- | 2020-12-01 || 8,511,738 |- | 2020-11-01 || 8,839,864 |- | 2020-10-01 || 7,976,343 |- | 2020-09-01 || 8,032,717 |- | 2020-08-01 || 8,952,807 |- | 2020-07-01 || 9,463,391 |- | 2020-06-01 || 8,089,314 |- | 2020-05-01 || 7,420,864 |- | 2020-04-01 || 6,028,296 |- | 2020-03-01 || 5,468,323 |- | 2020-02-01 || 6,706,817 |- | 2020-01-01 || 5,389,757 |- | 2019-12-01 || 5,924,829 |- | 2019-11-01 || 7,350,657 |- | 2019-10-01 || 8,135,613 |- | 2019-09-01 || 7,262,235 |- | 2019-08-01 || 7,077,486 |- | 2019-07-01 || 6,963,086 |- | 2019-06-01 || 6,340,229 |- | 2019-05-01 || 7,794,540 |- | 2019-04-01 || 6,536,323 |- | 2019-03-01 || 15,986,235 |- | 2019-02-01 || 11,735,279 |- | 2019-01-01 || 8,843,049 |- | 2018-12-01 || 10,399,016 |- | 2018-11-01 || 7,374,038 |- | 2018-10-01 || 8,878,639 |- | 2018-09-01 || 8,070,578 |- | 2018-08-01 || 8,907,342 |- | 2018-07-01 || 7,032,236 |- | 2018-06-01 || 6,800,241 |- | 2018-05-01 || 7,844,796 |- | 2018-04-01 || 6,478,883 |- | 2018-03-01 || 6,846,537 |- | 2018-02-01 || 7,383,846 |- | 2018-01-01 || 9,776,325 |- | 2017-12-01 || 8,297,104 |- | 2017-11-01 || 7,012,428 |- | 2017-10-01 || 8,836,025 |- | 2017-09-01 || 8,887,701 |- | 2017-08-01 || 8,753,927 |- | 2017-07-01 || 9,094,546 |- | 2017-06-01 || 7,403,015 |- | 2017-05-01 || 7,201,718 |- | 2017-04-01 || 8,952,099 |- | 2017-03-01 || 7,793,566 |- | 2017-02-01 || 7,029,498 |- | 2017-01-01 || 6,306,309 |- | 2016-12-01 || 8,479,478 |- | 2016-11-01 || 6,761,878 |- | 2016-10-01 || 7,503,416 |- | 2016-09-01 || 10,114,598 |- | 2016-08-01 || 7,707,543 |- | 2016-07-01 || 6,653,053 |- | 2016-06-01 || 8,096,248 |- | 2016-05-01 || 7,730,585 |- | 2016-04-01 || 8,941,196 |- | 2016-03-01 || 8,792,159 |- | 2016-02-01 || 10,370,374 |- | 2016-01-01 || 10,097,003 |} 数据来源:[https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wiktionary.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|table|1-year|~total|monthly Total page views] ===热词=== 页面浏览量最高的词条: {{Wiktionary:統計/熱詞 |year=2024 |month=6 |t1=尛 |cat1=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v1=5,385 |m1=82.8 |t2=。 |cat2=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v2=5,355 |m2=94.4 |t3=! |cat3=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v3=3,407 |m3=74.2 |t4=凪 |cat4=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]]|v4=3,120 |m4=62.0 |t5=雫 |cat5=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v5= 3,114 |m5=64.6 |t6=又双叒叕 |cat6=[[:Category:漢語副詞|漢語副詞]] |v6=2,528 |m6=73.4 |t7=你好 |cat7=[[:Category:漢語感嘆詞|漢語感嘆詞]] |v7=2,513 |m7=41.1 |t8=昶 |cat8=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v8=2,412 |m8=56.7 |t9=肉便器 |cat9=[[:Category:漢語名詞|漢語名詞]] |v9=2,345 |m9=78.4 |t10=辻 |cat10=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v10=2,150 |m10=71.8 }} 数据来源:[https://pageviews.toolforge.org/topviews/?project=zh.wiktionary.org&platform=all-access&date={{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}&excludes= Topviews Analysis - Most viewed pages of a project] ==收录词条== {{also|Wiktionary:统计/各语言词条}} ==参看== *[[Special:Statistics|基本统计]] [[Category:維基詞典統計]] 9unbhq0xn3nfviznz90knm7kgn8bqb2 9846021 9846018 2026-07-29T06:31:38Z TongcyDai 53191 9846021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Interwiki}} {{shortcut|WT:STAT}} ==基本資料== {| class="wikitable" ! 項目 !! 資料 |- ! MediaWiki版本 | {{CURRENTVERSION}} |- ! 詞條數量 | [[Special:Statistics|'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''']] |- ! 總頁面數 | {{NUMBEROFPAGES}} |- ! 已編碼的語言數量 | {{#invoke:list of languages|count}} |- ! 檔案數量 | {{NUMBEROFFILES}} |- ! 註冊用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} |- ! 活躍用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} |- ! 管理員數量 | {{NUMBEROFADMINS}} |- ! 全站頁面編輯次數 | {{NUMBEROFEDITS}} |} 其他資料請參考[[Special:Statistics]]。 ==頁面== 本表是中文维基詞典詞條数依日期到達的里程碑,以每一万个词条为单位计数。<!-- 以下內容已不再更新 * 近期統計圖表(區分機器人與一般用戶,選擇zhwiktionary_p,每日自動更新):[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0001.php 編輯次數]{{·}}[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0002.php 新增詞條數量]--> * 目前的詞條數:'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''({{重新整理|更新}})。 {{Milestone}} ==与相邻语言版本的比较== 中文维基词典词条收录量为'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''',在所有语言版本的詞典中[[meta:Wiktionary#List of Wiktionaries|'''位列第4''']]。 {{autoStat | 2026-06-01 | fr | mg | zh | th | el | 6930186 | 5930482 | 2332751 | 2181052 | 1580933 | 6930999 | 5930654 | 2333141 | 2181055 | 1580995 | 6931707 | 5932408 | 2333723 | 2181063 | 1581020 | 6932238 | 5934254 | 2334559 | 2181065 | 1581065 | 6932658 | 5936145 | 2334936 | 2181066 | 1581120 | 6933092 | 5937909 | 2335426 | 2181077 | 1581138 | 6933473 | 5938467 | 2335909 | 2181079 | 1581329 | 6933839 | 5939207 | 2336375 | 2181083 | 1581404 | 6935335 | 5940420 | 2336781 | 2181086 | 1581446 | 6935765 | 5941832 | 2337380 | 2181167 | 1581457 | 6936419 | 5943302 | 2338182 | 2181169 | 1581673 | 6936755 | 5943784 | 2338721 | 2181192 | 1581719 | 6937173 | 5944611 | 2339311 | 2181195 | 1581741 | 6937636 | 5945740 | 2339831 | 2181209 | 1581760 | 6938604 | 5946309 | 2340307 | 2181240 | 1581817 | 6939977 | 5946912 | 2340844 | 2181259 | 1581872 | 6940524 | 5947238 | 2341358 | 2181267 | 1581909 | 6941457 | 5947592 | 2341781 | 2181272 | 1581945 | 6941918 | 5948446 | 2342141 | 2181397 | 1582001 | 6942247 | 5948622 | 2342636 | 2181492 | 1582014 | 6943402 | 5948845 | 2343137 | 2181497 | 1582030 | 6944250 | 5950479 | 2343461 | 2181523 | 1582071 | 6944989 | 5952009 | 2343975 | 2181531 | 1582170 | 6945974 | 5953337 | 2344486 | 2181562 | 1582189 | 6947165 | 5954069 | 2345285 | 2181566 | 1582215 | 6947561 | 5954248 | 2345761 | 2181566 | 1582230 | 6948463 | 5954450 | 2346220 | 2181575 | 1582257 | 6949589 | 5954896 | 2346697 | 2181613 | 1582283 | 6950436 | 5955791 | 2347208 | 2181628 | 1582310 | 6951304 | 5956446 | 2348002 | 2181654 | 1582331 | 6951740 | 5957143 | 2348373 | 2181656 | 1582361 | 6952638 | 5957618 | 2348890 | 2181674 | 1583113 | 6953853 | 5958425 | 2349567 | 2181704 | 1583161 | 6954821 | 5958685 | 2350067 | 2181743 | 1583176 | 6955778 | 5959946 | 2350636 | 2181764 | 1583187 | 6956575 | 5960725 | 2351006 | 2181769 | 1583224 | 6957487 | 5962581 | 2351925 | 2181774 | 1583419 | 6958230 | 5964186 | 2352689 | 2181818 | 1583423 | 6958955 | 5964515 | 2353166 | 2181818 | 1583462 | 6959463 | 5964589 | 2353843 | 2181941 | 1583482 | 6959786 | 5964925 | 2354291 | 2182030 | 1583513 | 6960311 | 5965734 | 2354742 | 2182086 | 1583542 | 6961454 | 5965829 | 2355334 | 2182098 | 1583566 | 6962248 | 5966173 | 2355829 | 2182120 | 1583603 | 6963624 | 5967040 | 2356391 | 2182420 | 1583631 | 6965202 | 5967130 | 2357033 | 2182455 | 1583659 | 6965921 | 5967372 | 2357439 | 2182533 | 1583677 | 6966817 | 5968321 | 2358085 | 2182746 | 1583684 | 6967476 | 5968677 | 2358524 | 2182847 | 1583698 | 6968235 | 5968936 | 2359103 | 2182884 | 1583721 | 6969142 | 5969729 | 2359569 | 2182898 | 1583738 | 6969705 | 5970347 | 2360044 | 2183116 | 1583754 | 6970182 | 5971053 | 2360515 | 2186405 | 1583770 | 6971103 | 5971382 | 2360903 | 2186858 | 1583800 | 6972229 | 5971461 | 2361608 | 2186934 | 1583850 | 6973178 | 5972208 | 2362470 | 2187434 | 1583867 | 6973922 | 5973471 | 2362904 | 2187446 | 1583882 | 6974240 | 5973709 | 2363336 | 2187455 | 1583920 | 6974719 | 5973836 | 2363813 | 2187474 | 1584036 | 6975603 | 5974778 | 2364327 | 2189496 | 1584050 }} * 来源:[https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/display.php?t=wt Wikistats] 统计的具体时间为当日1时(UTC)左右,近似表示前一天的数据 * 关于里程碑,参见[[Wiktionary:宣告]] ==页面访问统计== 历史数据参见:[[Wiktionary:统计/存档]] ===总页面浏览量=== {{Collapse2|header=最近一年中文維基詞典的存取量|float=right |{{Graph:PageViews| 365 | _ |scale=sqrt}} }} {{Chart | chart = ZhWiktionary_Monthly_Pageviews_Since_2016.chart | align = center | title = 中文維基詞典歷年瀏覽量 }} 数据来源:[https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wiktionary.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|table|1-year|~total|monthly Total page views] ===热词=== 页面浏览量最高的词条: {{Wiktionary:統計/熱詞 |year=2024 |month=6 |t1=尛 |cat1=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v1=5,385 |m1=82.8 |t2=。 |cat2=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v2=5,355 |m2=94.4 |t3=! |cat3=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v3=3,407 |m3=74.2 |t4=凪 |cat4=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]]|v4=3,120 |m4=62.0 |t5=雫 |cat5=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v5= 3,114 |m5=64.6 |t6=又双叒叕 |cat6=[[:Category:漢語副詞|漢語副詞]] |v6=2,528 |m6=73.4 |t7=你好 |cat7=[[:Category:漢語感嘆詞|漢語感嘆詞]] |v7=2,513 |m7=41.1 |t8=昶 |cat8=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v8=2,412 |m8=56.7 |t9=肉便器 |cat9=[[:Category:漢語名詞|漢語名詞]] |v9=2,345 |m9=78.4 |t10=辻 |cat10=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v10=2,150 |m10=71.8 }} 数据来源:[https://pageviews.toolforge.org/topviews/?project=zh.wiktionary.org&platform=all-access&date={{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}&excludes= Topviews Analysis - Most viewed pages of a project] ==收录词条== {{also|Wiktionary:统计/各语言词条}} ==参看== *[[Special:Statistics|基本统计]] [[Category:維基詞典統計]] afwy9akvdnvp2j8gdqymtzux937tf3q 9846034 9846021 2026-07-29T09:56:03Z TongcyDai 53191 測試 9846034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Interwiki}} {{shortcut|WT:STAT}} ==基本資料== {| class="wikitable" ! 項目 !! 資料 |- ! MediaWiki版本 | {{CURRENTVERSION}} |- ! 詞條數量 | [[Special:Statistics|'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''']] |- ! 總頁面數 | {{NUMBEROFPAGES}} |- ! 已編碼的語言數量 | {{#invoke:list of languages|count}} |- ! 檔案數量 | {{NUMBEROFFILES}} |- ! 註冊用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} |- ! 活躍用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} |- ! 管理員數量 | {{NUMBEROFADMINS}} |- ! 全站頁面編輯次數 | {{NUMBEROFEDITS}} |} 其他資料請參考[[Special:Statistics]]。 ==頁面== 本表是中文维基詞典詞條数依日期到達的里程碑,以每一万个词条为单位计数。<!-- 以下內容已不再更新 * 近期統計圖表(區分機器人與一般用戶,選擇zhwiktionary_p,每日自動更新):[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0001.php 編輯次數]{{·}}[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0002.php 新增詞條數量]--> * 目前的詞條數:'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''({{重新整理|更新}})。 {{Milestone}} ==与相邻语言版本的比较== 中文维基词典词条收录量为'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''',在所有语言版本的詞典中[[meta:Wiktionary#List of Wiktionaries|'''位列第4''']]。 {{autoStat | 2026-06-01 | fr | mg | zh | th | el | 6930186 | 5930482 | 2332751 | 2181052 | 1580933 | 6930999 | 5930654 | 2333141 | 2181055 | 1580995 | 6931707 | 5932408 | 2333723 | 2181063 | 1581020 | 6932238 | 5934254 | 2334559 | 2181065 | 1581065 | 6932658 | 5936145 | 2334936 | 2181066 | 1581120 | 6933092 | 5937909 | 2335426 | 2181077 | 1581138 | 6933473 | 5938467 | 2335909 | 2181079 | 1581329 | 6933839 | 5939207 | 2336375 | 2181083 | 1581404 | 6935335 | 5940420 | 2336781 | 2181086 | 1581446 | 6935765 | 5941832 | 2337380 | 2181167 | 1581457 | 6936419 | 5943302 | 2338182 | 2181169 | 1581673 | 6936755 | 5943784 | 2338721 | 2181192 | 1581719 | 6937173 | 5944611 | 2339311 | 2181195 | 1581741 | 6937636 | 5945740 | 2339831 | 2181209 | 1581760 | 6938604 | 5946309 | 2340307 | 2181240 | 1581817 | 6939977 | 5946912 | 2340844 | 2181259 | 1581872 | 6940524 | 5947238 | 2341358 | 2181267 | 1581909 | 6941457 | 5947592 | 2341781 | 2181272 | 1581945 | 6941918 | 5948446 | 2342141 | 2181397 | 1582001 | 6942247 | 5948622 | 2342636 | 2181492 | 1582014 | 6943402 | 5948845 | 2343137 | 2181497 | 1582030 | 6944250 | 5950479 | 2343461 | 2181523 | 1582071 | 6944989 | 5952009 | 2343975 | 2181531 | 1582170 | 6945974 | 5953337 | 2344486 | 2181562 | 1582189 | 6947165 | 5954069 | 2345285 | 2181566 | 1582215 | 6947561 | 5954248 | 2345761 | 2181566 | 1582230 | 6948463 | 5954450 | 2346220 | 2181575 | 1582257 | 6949589 | 5954896 | 2346697 | 2181613 | 1582283 | 6950436 | 5955791 | 2347208 | 2181628 | 1582310 | 6951304 | 5956446 | 2348002 | 2181654 | 1582331 | 6951740 | 5957143 | 2348373 | 2181656 | 1582361 | 6952638 | 5957618 | 2348890 | 2181674 | 1583113 | 6953853 | 5958425 | 2349567 | 2181704 | 1583161 | 6954821 | 5958685 | 2350067 | 2181743 | 1583176 | 6955778 | 5959946 | 2350636 | 2181764 | 1583187 | 6956575 | 5960725 | 2351006 | 2181769 | 1583224 | 6957487 | 5962581 | 2351925 | 2181774 | 1583419 | 6958230 | 5964186 | 2352689 | 2181818 | 1583423 | 6958955 | 5964515 | 2353166 | 2181818 | 1583462 | 6959463 | 5964589 | 2353843 | 2181941 | 1583482 | 6959786 | 5964925 | 2354291 | 2182030 | 1583513 | 6960311 | 5965734 | 2354742 | 2182086 | 1583542 | 6961454 | 5965829 | 2355334 | 2182098 | 1583566 | 6962248 | 5966173 | 2355829 | 2182120 | 1583603 | 6963624 | 5967040 | 2356391 | 2182420 | 1583631 | 6965202 | 5967130 | 2357033 | 2182455 | 1583659 | 6965921 | 5967372 | 2357439 | 2182533 | 1583677 | 6966817 | 5968321 | 2358085 | 2182746 | 1583684 | 6967476 | 5968677 | 2358524 | 2182847 | 1583698 | 6968235 | 5968936 | 2359103 | 2182884 | 1583721 | 6969142 | 5969729 | 2359569 | 2182898 | 1583738 | 6969705 | 5970347 | 2360044 | 2183116 | 1583754 | 6970182 | 5971053 | 2360515 | 2186405 | 1583770 | 6971103 | 5971382 | 2360903 | 2186858 | 1583800 | 6972229 | 5971461 | 2361608 | 2186934 | 1583850 | 6973178 | 5972208 | 2362470 | 2187434 | 1583867 | 6973922 | 5973471 | 2362904 | 2187446 | 1583882 | 6974240 | 5973709 | 2363336 | 2187455 | 1583920 | 6974719 | 5973836 | 2363813 | 2187474 | 1584036 }} * 来源:[https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/display.php?t=wt Wikistats] 统计的具体时间为当日1时(UTC)左右,近似表示前一天的数据 * 关于里程碑,参见[[Wiktionary:宣告]] ==页面访问统计== 历史数据参见:[[Wiktionary:统计/存档]] ===总页面浏览量=== {{Collapse2|header=最近一年中文維基詞典的存取量|float=right |{{Graph:PageViews| 365 | _ |scale=sqrt}} }} {{Chart | chart = ZhWiktionary_Monthly_Pageviews_Since_2016.chart | align = center | title = 中文維基詞典歷年瀏覽量 }} 数据来源:[https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wiktionary.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|table|1-year|~total|monthly Total page views] ===热词=== 页面浏览量最高的词条: {{Wiktionary:統計/熱詞 |year=2024 |month=6 |t1=尛 |cat1=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v1=5,385 |m1=82.8 |t2=。 |cat2=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v2=5,355 |m2=94.4 |t3=! |cat3=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v3=3,407 |m3=74.2 |t4=凪 |cat4=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]]|v4=3,120 |m4=62.0 |t5=雫 |cat5=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v5= 3,114 |m5=64.6 |t6=又双叒叕 |cat6=[[:Category:漢語副詞|漢語副詞]] |v6=2,528 |m6=73.4 |t7=你好 |cat7=[[:Category:漢語感嘆詞|漢語感嘆詞]] |v7=2,513 |m7=41.1 |t8=昶 |cat8=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v8=2,412 |m8=56.7 |t9=肉便器 |cat9=[[:Category:漢語名詞|漢語名詞]] |v9=2,345 |m9=78.4 |t10=辻 |cat10=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v10=2,150 |m10=71.8 }} 数据来源:[https://pageviews.toolforge.org/topviews/?project=zh.wiktionary.org&platform=all-access&date={{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}&excludes= Topviews Analysis - Most viewed pages of a project] ==收录词条== {{also|Wiktionary:统计/各语言词条}} ==参看== *[[Special:Statistics|基本统计]] [[Category:維基詞典統計]] cs1ptw2utheas5q6rpj2gvhc152t3xi 9846036 9846034 2026-07-29T09:56:53Z TongcyBot 83009 機器人:更新每日統計數據(2026-07-29);每月存檔 9846036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Interwiki}} {{shortcut|WT:STAT}} ==基本資料== {| class="wikitable" ! 項目 !! 資料 |- ! MediaWiki版本 | {{CURRENTVERSION}} |- ! 詞條數量 | [[Special:Statistics|'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''']] |- ! 總頁面數 | {{NUMBEROFPAGES}} |- ! 已編碼的語言數量 | {{#invoke:list of languages|count}} |- ! 檔案數量 | {{NUMBEROFFILES}} |- ! 註冊用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} |- ! 活躍用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} |- ! 管理員數量 | {{NUMBEROFADMINS}} |- ! 全站頁面編輯次數 | {{NUMBEROFEDITS}} |} 其他資料請參考[[Special:Statistics]]。 ==頁面== 本表是中文维基詞典詞條数依日期到達的里程碑,以每一万个词条为单位计数。<!-- 以下內容已不再更新 * 近期統計圖表(區分機器人與一般用戶,選擇zhwiktionary_p,每日自動更新):[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0001.php 編輯次數]{{·}}[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0002.php 新增詞條數量]--> * 目前的詞條數:'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''({{重新整理|更新}})。 {{Milestone}} ==与相邻语言版本的比较== 中文维基词典词条收录量为'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''',在所有语言版本的詞典中[[meta:Wiktionary#List of Wiktionaries|'''位列第4''']]。 {{autoStat | 2026-07-01 | fr | mg | zh | th | el | 6951740 | 5957143 | 2348373 | 2181656 | 1582361 | 6952638 | 5957618 | 2348890 | 2181674 | 1583113 | 6953853 | 5958425 | 2349567 | 2181704 | 1583161 | 6954821 | 5958685 | 2350067 | 2181743 | 1583176 | 6955778 | 5959946 | 2350636 | 2181764 | 1583187 | 6956575 | 5960725 | 2351006 | 2181769 | 1583224 | 6957487 | 5962581 | 2351925 | 2181774 | 1583419 | 6958230 | 5964186 | 2352689 | 2181818 | 1583423 | 6958955 | 5964515 | 2353166 | 2181818 | 1583462 | 6959463 | 5964589 | 2353843 | 2181941 | 1583482 | 6959786 | 5964925 | 2354291 | 2182030 | 1583513 | 6960311 | 5965734 | 2354742 | 2182086 | 1583542 | 6961454 | 5965829 | 2355334 | 2182098 | 1583566 | 6962248 | 5966173 | 2355829 | 2182120 | 1583603 | 6963624 | 5967040 | 2356391 | 2182420 | 1583631 | 6965202 | 5967130 | 2357033 | 2182455 | 1583659 | 6965921 | 5967372 | 2357439 | 2182533 | 1583677 | 6966817 | 5968321 | 2358085 | 2182746 | 1583684 | 6967476 | 5968677 | 2358524 | 2182847 | 1583698 | 6968235 | 5968936 | 2359103 | 2182884 | 1583721 | 6969142 | 5969729 | 2359569 | 2182898 | 1583738 | 6969705 | 5970347 | 2360044 | 2183116 | 1583754 | 6970182 | 5971053 | 2360515 | 2186405 | 1583770 | 6971103 | 5971382 | 2360903 | 2186858 | 1583800 | 6972229 | 5971461 | 2361608 | 2186934 | 1583850 | 6973178 | 5972208 | 2362470 | 2187434 | 1583867 | 6973922 | 5973471 | 2362904 | 2187446 | 1583882 | 6974240 | 5973709 | 2363336 | 2187455 | 1583920 | 6974719 | 5973836 | 2363813 | 2187474 | 1584036 | 6975603 | 5974776 | 2364327 | 2189691 | 1584050 }} * 来源:[https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/display.php?t=wt Wikistats] 统计的具体时间为当日1时(UTC)左右,近似表示前一天的数据 * 关于里程碑,参见[[Wiktionary:宣告]] ==页面访问统计== 历史数据参见:[[Wiktionary:统计/存档]] ===总页面浏览量=== {{Collapse2|header=最近一年中文維基詞典的存取量|float=right |{{Graph:PageViews| 365 | _ |scale=sqrt}} }} {{Chart | chart = ZhWiktionary_Monthly_Pageviews_Since_2016.chart | align = center | title = 中文維基詞典歷年瀏覽量 }} 数据来源:[https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wiktionary.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|table|1-year|~total|monthly Total page views] ===热词=== 页面浏览量最高的词条: {{Wiktionary:統計/熱詞 |year=2024 |month=6 |t1=尛 |cat1=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v1=5,385 |m1=82.8 |t2=。 |cat2=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v2=5,355 |m2=94.4 |t3=! |cat3=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v3=3,407 |m3=74.2 |t4=凪 |cat4=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]]|v4=3,120 |m4=62.0 |t5=雫 |cat5=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v5= 3,114 |m5=64.6 |t6=又双叒叕 |cat6=[[:Category:漢語副詞|漢語副詞]] |v6=2,528 |m6=73.4 |t7=你好 |cat7=[[:Category:漢語感嘆詞|漢語感嘆詞]] |v7=2,513 |m7=41.1 |t8=昶 |cat8=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v8=2,412 |m8=56.7 |t9=肉便器 |cat9=[[:Category:漢語名詞|漢語名詞]] |v9=2,345 |m9=78.4 |t10=辻 |cat10=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v10=2,150 |m10=71.8 }} 数据来源:[https://pageviews.toolforge.org/topviews/?project=zh.wiktionary.org&platform=all-access&date={{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}&excludes= Topviews Analysis - Most viewed pages of a project] ==收录词条== {{also|Wiktionary:统计/各语言词条}} ==参看== *[[Special:Statistics|基本统计]] [[Category:維基詞典統計]] g5xjmst5pmv2zmpolouzy4lwuriwziz 9846066 9846036 2026-07-29T11:33:21Z TongcyBot 83009 機器人:更新每日統計數據 (2026-07-29) 9846066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Interwiki}} {{shortcut|WT:STAT}} ==基本資料== {| class="wikitable" ! 項目 !! 資料 |- ! MediaWiki版本 | {{CURRENTVERSION}} |- ! 詞條數量 | [[Special:Statistics|'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''']] |- ! 總頁面數 | {{NUMBEROFPAGES}} |- ! 已編碼的語言數量 | {{#invoke:list of languages|count}} |- ! 檔案數量 | {{NUMBEROFFILES}} |- ! 註冊用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} |- ! 活躍用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} |- ! 管理員數量 | {{NUMBEROFADMINS}} |- ! 全站頁面編輯次數 | {{NUMBEROFEDITS}} |} 其他資料請參考[[Special:Statistics]]。 ==頁面== 本表是中文维基詞典詞條数依日期到達的里程碑,以每一万个词条为单位计数。<!-- 以下內容已不再更新 * 近期統計圖表(區分機器人與一般用戶,選擇zhwiktionary_p,每日自動更新):[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0001.php 編輯次數]{{·}}[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0002.php 新增詞條數量]--> * 目前的詞條數:'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''({{重新整理|更新}})。 {{Milestone}} ==与相邻语言版本的比较== 中文维基词典词条收录量为'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''',在所有语言版本的詞典中[[meta:Wiktionary#List of Wiktionaries|'''位列第4''']]。 {{autoStat | 2026-07-01 | fr | mg | zh | th | el | 6951740 | 5957143 | 2348373 | 2181656 | 1582361 | 6952638 | 5957618 | 2348890 | 2181674 | 1583113 | 6953853 | 5958425 | 2349567 | 2181704 | 1583161 | 6954821 | 5958685 | 2350067 | 2181743 | 1583176 | 6955778 | 5959946 | 2350636 | 2181764 | 1583187 | 6956575 | 5960725 | 2351006 | 2181769 | 1583224 | 6957487 | 5962581 | 2351925 | 2181774 | 1583419 | 6958230 | 5964186 | 2352689 | 2181818 | 1583423 | 6958955 | 5964515 | 2353166 | 2181818 | 1583462 | 6959463 | 5964589 | 2353843 | 2181941 | 1583482 | 6959786 | 5964925 | 2354291 | 2182030 | 1583513 | 6960311 | 5965734 | 2354742 | 2182086 | 1583542 | 6961454 | 5965829 | 2355334 | 2182098 | 1583566 | 6962248 | 5966173 | 2355829 | 2182120 | 1583603 | 6963624 | 5967040 | 2356391 | 2182420 | 1583631 | 6965202 | 5967130 | 2357033 | 2182455 | 1583659 | 6965921 | 5967372 | 2357439 | 2182533 | 1583677 | 6966817 | 5968321 | 2358085 | 2182746 | 1583684 | 6967476 | 5968677 | 2358524 | 2182847 | 1583698 | 6968235 | 5968936 | 2359103 | 2182884 | 1583721 | 6969142 | 5969729 | 2359569 | 2182898 | 1583738 | 6969705 | 5970347 | 2360044 | 2183116 | 1583754 | 6970182 | 5971053 | 2360515 | 2186405 | 1583770 | 6971103 | 5971382 | 2360903 | 2186858 | 1583800 | 6972229 | 5971461 | 2361608 | 2186934 | 1583850 | 6973178 | 5972208 | 2362470 | 2187434 | 1583867 | 6973922 | 5973471 | 2362904 | 2187446 | 1583882 | 6974240 | 5973709 | 2363336 | 2187455 | 1583920 | 6974719 | 5973836 | 2363813 | 2187474 | 1584036 | 6975603 | 5974776 | 2364327 | 2189691 | 1584050 | 6975603 | 5974778 | 2364327 | 2189496 | 1584050 }} * 来源:[https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/display.php?t=wt Wikistats] 统计的具体时间为当日1时(UTC)左右,近似表示前一天的数据 * 关于里程碑,参见[[Wiktionary:宣告]] ==页面访问统计== 历史数据参见:[[Wiktionary:统计/存档]] ===总页面浏览量=== {{Collapse2|header=最近一年中文維基詞典的存取量|float=right |{{Graph:PageViews| 365 | _ |scale=sqrt}} }} {{Chart | chart = ZhWiktionary_Monthly_Pageviews_Since_2016.chart | align = center | title = 中文維基詞典歷年瀏覽量 }} 数据来源:[https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wiktionary.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|table|1-year|~total|monthly Total page views] ===热词=== 页面浏览量最高的词条: {{Wiktionary:統計/熱詞 |year=2024 |month=6 |t1=尛 |cat1=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v1=5,385 |m1=82.8 |t2=。 |cat2=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v2=5,355 |m2=94.4 |t3=! |cat3=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v3=3,407 |m3=74.2 |t4=凪 |cat4=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]]|v4=3,120 |m4=62.0 |t5=雫 |cat5=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v5= 3,114 |m5=64.6 |t6=又双叒叕 |cat6=[[:Category:漢語副詞|漢語副詞]] |v6=2,528 |m6=73.4 |t7=你好 |cat7=[[:Category:漢語感嘆詞|漢語感嘆詞]] |v7=2,513 |m7=41.1 |t8=昶 |cat8=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v8=2,412 |m8=56.7 |t9=肉便器 |cat9=[[:Category:漢語名詞|漢語名詞]] |v9=2,345 |m9=78.4 |t10=辻 |cat10=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v10=2,150 |m10=71.8 }} 数据来源:[https://pageviews.toolforge.org/topviews/?project=zh.wiktionary.org&platform=all-access&date={{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}&excludes= Topviews Analysis - Most viewed pages of a project] ==收录词条== {{also|Wiktionary:统计/各语言词条}} ==参看== *[[Special:Statistics|基本统计]] [[Category:維基詞典統計]] drwi77ive4swsmz6pwini0z0ej2c7yk 0 2247 9845990 6695918 2026-07-29T02:24:21Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9845990 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{IPA|vi|[vo˧˥]|a={{w|Vinh}}, {{w|Thanh Chương}}}} * {{IPA|vi|[vo˧˥˧]|a={{w|Hà Tĩnh}}}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-vô.wav|a=Hanoi}} ===釋義=== 漢字:嘸 󰃵  毋 忘 妄 無 𠓺 无 呒 毌 亡 㷻 旡 󰏶 𣫬 蕪 #(中部语)进入,往,去 #{{漢字|[[無]]|越}} 无 [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] q3ouyww47qiq9506wqnorgb4g8ua3tx see 0 9641 9846078 9717923 2026-07-29T11:40:52Z Trong Dang 120282 9846078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|See}} ==跨語言== ===符號=== {{mul-symbol}} # {{ISO 639|3}} ===參見=== * {{langcat}} ==英語== ===發音=== * {{enPR|sē}}, {{IPA|en|/siː/}} * {{rhymes|en|iː}} * {{homophones|en|C|cee|sea|Seay}} * {{audio|en|en-uk-to see.ogg|音頻 - 'to see'(英式)}} * {{audio|en|en-us-see.ogg|音頻(美式)}} ===動詞=== {{en-verb|+|+|saw,~n<l:dialectal>,~nt<l:dialectal>,~d<l:dialectal>|n,~nt<l:dialectal>,~d<l:dialectal>,saw<l:dialectal>,sawn#Etymology_2<l:方言或[[視覺方言]]>}} #[[看]],[[看见]] #[[明白]] ==== 義近字 ==== *[[watch]] 長時間久看 *look at 注意看 *gaze at 凝視 *stare at 盯著看 *glare at 怒視;瞪 *glimpse/glance at 瞥見 * -{[[正體]]: '''請觀看'''[自由軟體]}- * -{[[简体]]: '''参见'''[自由软体]}- {{-n-}} #[[教區]] #[[主教座]] [[Category:英语名词]] [[Category:自由軟體專有名詞]] 50x2pbnjg47e1pil0e282gtibhrc6ki this 0 10765 9846116 5039057 2026-07-29T11:45:40Z Trong Dang 120282 9846116 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===代詞=== {{head|en|pronoun|複數|these|cat2=指示代詞}} # 这个、这 cjod35zwlkf0ak8y0e0j1flpyko0jk9 that 0 10766 9846121 5038714 2026-07-29T11:47:05Z Trong Dang 120282 9846121 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===代詞=== {{head|en|pronoun|複數|those|cat2=指示代詞}} # 那个、那 90nlmnv3cu3gliymukcczx6xwa6yeph come 0 10865 9846064 8433494 2026-07-29T11:31:34Z Trong Dang 120282 9846064 wikitext text/x-wiki ==阿斯圖里亞斯語== ===動詞=== {{ast-verb form}} # {{inflection of|ast|comer||3|s|pres|ind}} ==英語== ===發音=== * {{a|en|UK}} {{IPA|en|/kʌm/|[kʰɐm]}}, {{enPR|kŭm}} * {{audio|en|En-uk-to come.ogg|音頻(英式)}} * {{a|en|US}} {{IPA|en|/kʌm/|[kʰʌm]}}, {{enPR|kŭm}} * {{audio|en|en-us-come.ogg|音頻(美式)}} * {{rhymes|en|ʌm}} * {{homophones|en|cum}} ===動詞=== {{en-verb|come<,,came:~[dialectal],~:came[dialectal]:~n>}} # [[来]] ==意大利語== {{-adv-}} #[[如何]] #[[像]]、[[如同]] #:Come scoglio immoto resta. Contra i [[vento#意大利语|venti]] e la [[tempesta]].  如同磐石堅忍不拔。抵抗風吹以及雨打。 ==西班牙語== #[[食]] [[Category:英语名词]] [[Category:待分類的意大利語詞]] [[Category:意大利語]] [[Category:待分類的西班牙語詞]] [[Category:西班牙語]] n4ya5db1eijwq9nznrce7e573luhtn2 chi 0 11343 9846039 9723329 2026-07-29T10:26:56Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846039 wikitext text/x-wiki ==布格勒熱語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|sab|/tʃi/}} ===名詞=== {{head|sab|noun}} # [[水]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:sab:Quezada:2012|page=33}} * {{R:sab:Glosario|page=14}} ==意大利語== 谁 ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-chi.wav|a=Hanoi}} ===釋義=== #枝 #之字形 #什么 #派系 #支出 [[Category:英语名词]] <br /><br /> {{-mnc-}} 队伍间隔 {{-cy-}} # 你 [[Category:待分類的意大利語詞]] [[Category:意大利語]] [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] 26y47tti89s4ngyn67tm8yf2brs155g yo 0 11539 9846020 8433709 2026-07-29T06:06:35Z Chihunglu83 87715 9846020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|YO|yö|yō|yΩ|YΩ}} ==英语== {{wikipedia}} ===发音=== * {{a|en|UK}} {{ipa|en|/jəʊ/}}, {{X-SAMPA|/j@U/}} * {{rhymes|en|əʊ}} * {{a|en|US}} {{ipa|en|/joʊ/}}, {{X-SAMPA|/joU/}} * {{homophones|en|yo}} ===感叹词=== {{en-interj}} # {{slang}} {{non-gloss definition|和[[hi]]意思相近的问候词.}} #: '''''Yo''' How's it going?'' #::'''''嗨''' 最近怎么样?'' # {{slang}} {{non-gloss definition|和[[hey]]意思相近的感叹词.}} #: '''''Yo''', check this out!'' #:: '''''嘿''', 快过来看看!'' # <军队俚语> [[现在]]! [[这里]]! #: ''Sergeant: ''Smith? ''Private Smith: '' '''Yo'''! #: ''军士: ''斯密斯?'' 斯密斯列兵:'' '''在'''! [[Category:西班牙语]] [[Category:英语]] ==西班牙语== [[Category:西班牙语]] [[Category:西班牙语代词]] pron. 我 ==诺曼语== [[Category:诺曼语]] ===名词=== # (萨克岛) [[水]] ==馬六甲克里奧爾葡萄牙語== ===代詞=== {{head|mcm|pronoun}} # [[我]]<ref>'''2010''', Ladislav Prištic, ''Kristang - Crioulo de Base Portuguesa'', Masaryk University, page 26.</ref> ===參考資料=== <references /> jno3nnsje2kf5ti75t7pak70vxry90m Klavier 0 16638 9845812 9546599 2026-07-28T16:00:52Z TongcyDai 53191 9845812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|klavier}} ==德语== {{wikipedia|lang=de}} ===其他形式=== * {{alter|de|Clavier||1901年前}} ===詞源=== {{ety|de|:bor|fr:clavier}} {{bor+|de|fr|clavier}}。 ===发音=== * {{IPA|de|/klaˈviːɐ̯/}} * {{audio|de|De-at-Klavier.ogg|(奥地利)音频}} * {{audio|de|De-Klavier.ogg}} * {{rhymes|de|iːɐ̯}} ===名词=== {{de-noun|n,(e)s}} # [[钢琴]] ====变格==== {{de-ndecl|n,(e)s}} ====近义词==== * {{l|de|Piano}} {{i|较少用}} ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|de|klavierartig}} ====相关词汇==== {{rel3|de |Klavierabend |Klavierbegleitung |Klavierhocker |Klavierkonzert |Klavierlehrer |Klaviermusik |Klaviernoten |Klaviersolo |Klavierstuhl |Klavierschüler |Klavierspiel |Klavierstunde |Klavierübung |Klavierunterricht |Klavierzimmer |Harfenklavier |Kneipenklavier |Konzertklavier |Schifferklavier |Übungsklavier }} ===参见=== * {{l|de|Flügel}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|ro|clavir|bor=1}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:de:DWDS}} * {{R:de:Duden}} {{topics|de|樂器}} d83uhu4wnxbyza6rh15ve0oc6imhkbr run 0 25162 9846068 8459349 2026-07-29T11:36:46Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 英语 */ 9846068 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ɹʌn/|a=US,UK}} * {{IPA|en|/ɹʊn/|a=北英格蘭}} * {{audio|en|en-us-run.ogg|音頻(美式)}} * {{audio|en|En-run.ogg|音頻}} * {{audio|en|en-au-run.ogg|音頻(澳式)}} * {{rhymes|en|ʌn}} ===动词=== {{en-verb|run<,,ran,run:ran[非標準,口語]>}} # [[奔跑]] # [[走向]] ===名词=== {{en-noun}} # [[测试]] # [[奔驰]] * -{[[正體]]: '''運轉'''[電機工程]}- * -{[[正體]]: '''執行'''[自由軟體]}- * -{[[简体]]: '''运行'''[自由软体]}- * -{[[正體]]: '''運轉;執行;運行'''[電子計算機]}- [[Category:電機工程專有名詞]] [[Category:自由軟體專有名詞]] [[Category:電子計算機專有名詞]] b3yjtu9a6syc8y9qb83vn5spbexmao7 dial 0 30668 9846028 8447610 2026-07-29T08:41:04Z Apisite 85347 /* 英語 */ + en-noun 9846028 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===詞源=== {{rfe|en}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˈdaɪ.əl/|[ˈdaɪ.əɫ]|a=UK,US}} * {{audio|en|en-au-dial.ogg|a=AU}} * {{rhymes|en|aɪəl|s=2}} * {{hyph|en|di|al}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun}} # [[刻度盤]] # [[撥號盤]] ===動詞=== {{en-verb}} # [[撥]],[[打]][[電話]] [[Category:英語]] ==西班牙語== m. (電話的)撥號盤,(收音機的)調諧度盤 [[Category:西班牙語]] [[Category:西班牙語名詞]] i1ekho7t3m7aqb1g54iu4n2ukfxa4s7 break 0 40389 9846122 6551569 2026-07-29T11:50:07Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 英語 */ 9846122 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===發音=== * {{enPR|brāk}}, {{IPA|en|/bɹeɪk/|[bɹʷeɪ̯k]}} * {{audio|en|en-us-break.ogg|音頻(美式)}} * {{rhymes|en|eɪk}} * {{homophones|en|brake}} ===動詞=== {{en-verb|~s|~ing|broke,brake<l:archaic>|broken,broke<l:nonstandard>}} # [[破坏]] * -{[简体]:'''断[撕]开;破译密码;中[间]断,停顿;分隔符,中止,入侵,断续'''[通信]}- * -{[正體]:'''破裂,中斷,斷線,斷路,截斷'''[通訊]}- * -{[[正體]]: '''斷;破裂'''[電機工程]}- * -{[[正體]]: '''破裂,中斷,斷線,斷路,截斷'''[通訊工程]}- * -{[[正體]]: '''中斷'''[自由軟體]}- * -{[[简体]]: '''中断'''[自由软体]}- ==法语== n.m. 箱式小汽车,旅行车n.m. (爵士乐队的)暂停演奏[让一种乐器独奏],即兴独奏段;[体]比分差距;〈俗〉短暂的休息 [[Category:通訊專有名詞]] [[Category:電機工程專有名詞]] [[Category:通訊工程專有名詞]] [[Category:自由軟體專有名詞]] [[Category:法语名词]] [[Category:英语名词]] [[Category:英语动词]] [[Category:待分類的英語詞]] [[Category:英語]] [[分类:拉丁文字]] 3mc0c3a9d5bohglz30kicumgmc6182e 9846123 9846122 2026-07-29T11:50:29Z Trong Dang 120282 9846123 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===發音=== * {{enPR|brāk}}, {{IPA|en|/bɹeɪk/|[bɹʷeɪ̯k]}} * {{audio|en|en-us-break.ogg|音頻(美式)}} * {{rhymes|en|eɪk}} * {{homophones|en|brake}} ===動詞=== {{en-verb|~s|~ing|broke,brake<l:archaic>|broken,broke<l:nonstandard>}} # [[破坏]] * -{[简体]:'''断[撕]开;破译密码;中[间]断,停顿;分隔符,中止,入侵,断续'''[通信]}- * -{[正體]:'''破裂,中斷,斷線,斷路,截斷'''[通訊]}- * -{[[正體]]: '''斷;破裂'''[電機工程]}- * -{[[正體]]: '''破裂,中斷,斷線,斷路,截斷'''[通訊工程]}- * -{[[正體]]: '''中斷'''[自由軟體]}- * -{[[简体]]: '''中断'''[自由软体]}- ==法语== n.m. 箱式小汽车,旅行车n.m. (爵士乐队的)暂停演奏[让一种乐器独奏],即兴独奏段;[体]比分差距;〈俗〉短暂的休息 [[Category:通訊專有名詞]] [[Category:電機工程專有名詞]] [[Category:通訊工程專有名詞]] [[Category:自由軟體專有名詞]] [[Category:法语名词]] [[Category:英语名词]] rcg0pif8zf162nxszhjauq8n6rxn6c4 become 0 41665 9846063 8455421 2026-07-29T11:30:16Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 英语 */ 9846063 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英语== ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/bɪˈkʌm/|/bəˈkʌm/|a=UK}} *: {{IPA|en|/bɪˈkʊm/|/bəˈkʊm/|a=北英格蘭}} * {{IPA|en|/bəˈkʌm/|/biˈkʌm/|a=US}} * {{audio|en|en-us-become.ogg|音頻(美式)}} * {{rhymes|en|ʌm}} * {{hyphenation|en|be|come}} ===動詞=== {{en-verb|become<,,became:~[dialectal],~:became[dialectal]:~n>}} # [[成為]] lax9r8feaxu0uzi62qhjlmv6m5h1mqb take 0 41713 9846058 9720837 2026-07-29T11:24:45Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 英语 */ 9846058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|také|Tāke|tåke}} ==英语== ===發音=== * {{enPR|tāk}}, {{IPA|en|/teɪk/}} ** {{IPA|en|[tʰeɪk]|a=US,RP}} ** {{IPA|en|[tʰæɪk]|a=AU}} ** {{IPA|en|[t(ʰ)eːk]|a=CA}} ** {{IPA|en|[tʰɛjk]|a=SSB}} ** {{IPA|en|/tɛk/|a=Northumbrian}} *** {{IPA|en|/tæk/|a=Wearside}} * {{audio|en|En-uk-to take.ogg|a=RP}} * {{audio|en|En-us-take.ogg|a=GA}} * {{audio|en|En-au-take.ogg|a=AU}} * {{rhymes|en|eɪk|s=1}} ===動詞=== {{en-verb|~s|taking|took|~n,tane<l:archaic,or,Scotland>}} # [[拿]] {{v.i}} '''take place''' # [[舉行]] [[Category:英语名词]] bjdmdy8bqhkdkxm671dkl0pqdw70cc2 sell 0 44225 9846067 9575417 2026-07-29T11:33:26Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 英語 */ 9846067 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===發音=== * {{audio|en|en-us-sell.ogg|音頻(美式)}} * {{IPA|en|/sɛl/}} * {{rhymes|en|ɛl}} * {{homophones|en|cell}} ===動詞=== {{en-verb|~s|~ing|sold}} # [[賣]]、[[販賣]] [[Category:英语名词]] 1m3xrcb4luuyh7314u7d2p2atyhntqi build 0 44460 9846061 6558393 2026-07-29T11:26:39Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 英語 */ 9846061 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/bɪld/}} * {{audio|en|en-us-build.ogg|音頻(美式)}} * {{audio|en|En-uk-to build.ogg|音頻(英式)}} * {{rhymes|en|ɪld}} * {{homophones|en|billed}} ===動詞=== {{en-verb|~s|~ing|built,~ed<l:archaic,or,poetic>}} # [[建造]] * -{[[正體]]: '''建立'''[自由軟體]}- * -{[[简体]]: '''建立'''[自由软体]}- * -{[[正體]]: '''建立'''[電子計算機]}- [[Category:自由軟體專有名詞]] [[Category:電子計算機專有名詞]] [[Category:英语名词]] m72cthy2kh6ndzpe9t9afdroh6e3cdo buy 0 44684 9846065 9713559 2026-07-29T11:32:34Z Trong Dang 120282 9846065 wikitext text/x-wiki ==跨語言== ===符號=== {{mul-symbol}} # {{ISO 639|3}} ===參見=== * {{langcat}} ==英語== ===發音=== * {{enPR|bī}}, {{IPA|en|/baɪ/}} * {{audio|en|en-us-buy.ogg|音頻(美式)}} * {{audio|en|En-uk-to buy.ogg|音頻(英式)}} * {{rhymes|en|aɪ}} * {{homophones|en|bi|bye|by}} ===動詞=== {{en-verb|~s|~ing|bought|+,boughten<l:archaic,rare,dialectal>}} # [[買]]、[[購買]] * -{[[正體]]: '''購買'''[電子計算機]}- [[Category:電子計算機專有名詞]] [[Category:英语名词]] npyf9ihl92c1wfp6rqa4rq67plx8t5b hafnium 0 46402 9845897 9845256 2026-07-28T18:59:53Z TongcyDai 53191 9845897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Hafnium}} ==英語== {{chemical element box|en}} {{wp|en:}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|en|la|Hafnia||哥本哈根}} {{suffix|en||ium}}。 ===發音=== * {{enPR|hăf'nēəm}}、{{IPA|en|/ˈhæfniəm/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vininn126-hafnium.wav|a=US}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-hafnium.wav|a=GA}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Tesco250-hafnium.wav|a=UK}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|-}} # {{senseid|en|Q1119}} [[鉿]] #: {{alti|en|mul:Hf<id:Q1119><qq:符號>}} #: {{syn|en|celtium<id:Q1119>|keltium<id:Q1119><qq:舊稱>}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|en |dihafnium |eka-hafnium |hafnate |hafnian |hafnium bomb |hafnium carbide |hafnium dioxide |hafnium nitride |hafnium tetrachloride |hafnium tetrahalide |hafnon |hafnyl |organohafnium |radiohafnium }} {{c|en|過渡金屬}} ==南非語== {{chemical element box|af}} ===發音=== * {{audio|af|LL-Q14196 (afr)-Oesjaar-hafnium.wav}} ===名詞=== {{af-noun|-}} # [[鉿]] ==捷克語== ===發音=== * {{cs-IPA|[ny]}} * {{audio|cs|LL-Q9056 (ces)-TranslateForFun-{{PAGENAME}}.wav}} ===名詞=== {{cs-noun|n}} # [[鉿]] ====變格==== {{cs-ndecl|n.foreign}} {{C|cs|化學元素}} ==丹麥語== {{wp|da:}} {{chemical element box|da}} ===詞源=== 源自{{suffix|da|Hafnia|lang1=la|ium}}。 ===名詞=== {{da-noun|et|-|dc=1}} # [[鉿]] ====變格==== {{da-decl|et|n=sg|dc=1}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:DDO}} {{C|da|化學元素}} ==荷蘭語== {{wp|nl:}} {{chemical element box|nl}} ===發音=== * {{audio|nl|Nl-hafnium.ogg}} ===名詞=== {{nl-noun|n|-|-}} # [[鉿]] ==愛沙尼亞語== {{chemical element box|et}} ===詞源=== {{bor|et|en|hafnium}}。 ===名詞=== {{et-noun|hafniumi|hafniumi|par2=hafniumit}} # [[鉿]] ====變格==== {{et-decl-seminar|hafnium}} {{et-decl-õpik|n=sg|hafnium|i}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:Sõnaveeb}} ==芬蘭語== {{wp|fi:}} ===詞源=== {{internationalism|fi}}(參見{{cog|en|hafnium}})。 ===發音=== {{fi-p}} ===名詞=== {{fi-noun}} # [[鉿]] ====變格==== {{fi-decl-risti|hafnium|||a|i=0}} {{c|fi|化學元素}} ==法語== {{wp|fr:}} ===發音=== * {{fr-dualh}} {{fr-IPA}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Pamputt-hafnium.wav|a=奧爾日河畔布雷蒂尼}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Jérémy-Günther-Heinz Jähnick-hafnium.wav|a=索曼}} ===名詞=== {{fr-noun|m|-}} # [[鉿]] ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:fr:TLFi}} {{C|fr|化學元素}} ==匈牙利語== {{swp|hu:}} {{chemical element box|hu}} ===發音=== * {{hu-IPA}} * {{hyphenation|hu|haf|ni|um}} * {{rhymes|hu|um}} ===名詞=== {{hu-noun|-|ok}} # [[鉿]] ====變格==== {{hu-infl-nom|hafniumo|o}}{{hu-pos-otok|hafnium||ai}} {{cln|hu|派生自地名的詞}} ==拉丁語== {{wp|la:}} {{chemical element box|la}} ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|hafnium}} ===名詞=== {{la-noun|hafnium<2.-ium>}} # [[鉿]] ====變格==== {{la-ndecl|hafnium<2.-ium>}} {{c|la|化學元素}} ==林堡語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|li|[ˈhɑ˦fɲɔ˧m]}} ===名詞=== {{li-noun|g=n}} # {{lb|li|不可數}} [[鉿]] # 一塊鉿 {{c|li|化學元素}} ==馬來語== {{wp|ms:}} {{chemical element box|ms}} ===詞源=== 源自{{der|ms|en|hafnium}},源自{{der|ms|la|Hafnia}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|ms|[hafniom]|[hafniəm]}} * {{rhymes|ms|iom|jom|om}} ===名詞=== {{head|ms|名詞}} # [[鉿]] ==斯洛伐克語== {{chemical element box|sk}} ===詞源=== {{der+|sk|la|Hafnia||哥本哈根}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|sk|/ˈɦafnɪjʊm/}} ===名詞=== {{sk-noun|n}} # [[鉿]] ====變格==== {{sk-decl-noun-sg|hafnium|hafnia|hafniu|hafnium|hafniu|hafniom}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|sk|hafniový}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:sk:SDK}} ==瑞典語== {{wp|sv:}} {{chemical element box|sv}} ===名詞=== {{sv-noun|n}} # [[鉿]] ====變格==== {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=hafniumet}} {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=hafniet}} {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=hafnium}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:svenska.se|so}} * {{R:svenska.se|saol}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250522215917/https://mesh.kib.ki.se/term/D006195/hafnium Svensk MeSH] r5bauq4ai2tbfxclrgmxgn3ktqsc7s1 lawrencium 0 48333 9845874 9845254 2026-07-28T18:47:41Z TongcyDai 53191 9845874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Lawrencium}} ==英語== {{chemical element box|en}} {{wp|en:}} ===詞源=== 來自{{suffix|en|Lawrence|ium}};來自{{w|欧内斯特·劳伦斯|Ernest Lawrence}}的名字。 ===發音=== * {{enPR|lərĕn'sēəm}}、{{IPA|en|/ləˈɹɛnsiəm/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-lawrencium.wav|a=GA}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Tesco250-lawrencium.wav|a=UK}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|-}} # {{senseid|en|Q1905}} [[鐒]] ====近義詞==== * {{l|en|unniltrium}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|en|translawrencium }} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|en|lawrencate}} * {{l|en|Lawrence}} {{cln|en|名祖}} {{C|en|錒系元素}} ==南非語== ===名詞=== {{af-noun|-}} # {{alternative form of|af|lawrensium}} {{C|af|錒系元素}} ==捷克語== ===發音=== * {{cs-IPA|lórencium}} * {{audio|cs|LL-Q9056 (ces)-TranslateForFun-{{PAGENAME}}.wav}} ===名詞=== {{cs-noun|n}} # [[鐒]] ====變格==== {{cs-ndecl|n.foreign}} {{C|cs|化學元素|錒系元素}} ==丹麥語== {{wp|da:}} {{chemical element box|da}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{suffix|da|Lawrence|lang1=en|ium}}。Named after {{w|Ernest Lawrence|lang=da}}。 ===名詞=== {{da-noun|et|-|dc=1}} # [[鐒]] #: {{syn|da|unniltrium|q1=過時}} ====變格==== {{da-decl|et|n=sg|dc=1}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:DDO}} {{C|da|錒系元素|化學元素}} ==荷蘭語== {{wp|nl:}} {{chemical element box|nl}} ===發音=== * {{audio|nl|Nl-lawrencium.ogg}} ===名詞=== {{nl-noun|n|-|-}} # [[鐒]] {{C|nl|錒系元素}} ==芬蘭語== {{wp|fi:}} ===詞源=== {{internationalism|fi}}(參見{{cog|en|lawrencium}})。 ===發音=== {{fi-p|loorensium}} ===名詞=== {{fi-noun}} # [[鐒]] ====變格==== {{fi-decl-risti|lawrencium|||a|i=0}} {{c|fi|化學元素|錒系元素}} ==法語== ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA|[aw:au]}} ===名詞=== {{fr-noun|m}} # [[鐒]] {{C|fr|化學元素|錒系元素}} ==拉丁語== {{wp|la:}} {{chemical element box|la}} ===發音=== * {{la-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{la-noun|lawrencium<2.-ium>}} # [[鐒]] ====變格==== {{la-ndecl|lawrencium<2.-ium>}} {{c|la|化學元素|錒系元素}} ==斯洛伐克語== {{chemical element box|sk}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|sk|/ˈɫau̯rɛnt͡sɪjʊm/}} ===名詞=== {{sk-noun|n|gen=lawrencia|decl=mesto}} # [[鐒]] ====變格==== {{sk-decl-noun-sg|lawrencium|lawrencia|lawrenciu|lawrencium|lawrenciu|lawrenciom}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|sk|lawrenciový}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:sk:SDK}} * {{pedia|lang=sk}} {{c|sk|錒系元素}} ==瑞典語== {{wp|sv:}} {{chemical element box|sv}} ===名詞=== {{sv-noun|n|-}} # [[鐒]] #: {{syn|sv|lawrentium|q=舊稱}} ====變格==== {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=lawrenciumet}} {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=lawrenciet}} {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=lawrencium}} {{C|sv|化學元素|錒系元素}} bpaewby7a0pptmh6sg1qr3z5jx2801y lutetium 0 48971 9845928 7659280 2026-07-28T19:56:36Z TongcyDai 53191 9845928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Lutetium|lutétium}} ==英語== {{wp|en:}} {{chemical element box|en}} [[File:Lutetium sublimed dendritic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|'''Lutetium''' cube and dendrites.]] ===其他形式=== * {{alt|en|lutecium||1949年後罕用}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|en|la|Lutetia||[[盧泰西亞]],[[巴黎]]的前身}} {{suffix|en||ium}}。 ===發音=== * {{enPR|lūtē'shēəm}}、{{IPA|en|/ljuːˈtiːʃiəm/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-lutetium.wav|a=GA|IPA=/l(j)uːˈtiːʃiəm/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vininn126-lutetium.wav|a=US|IPA=/l(j)uːˈtiːsiəm/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Tesco250-lutetium.wav|a=UK}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|-}} # {{senseid|en|Q1857}} [[鑥]],[[鎦]] #: {{alti|en|mul:Lu<id:Q1857><qq:符號>}} #: {{syn|en|cassiopeium<id:Q1857><qq:古舊,棄用>}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|en |dilutetium |lutetium oxide |organolutetium }} ====相關詞彙==== {{col|en |Lutetia |Lutetian }} {{cln|en|派生自地名的詞}} {{C|en|鑭系元素|過渡金屬}} ==南非語== ===發音=== * {{audio|af|LL-Q14196 (afr)-Oesjaar-lutetium.wav}} ===名詞=== {{af-noun|-}} # {{nonstandard form of|af|lutesium}} ==丹麥語== {{wp|da:}} {{chemical element box|da}} ===詞源=== 源自{{suffix|da|Lutetia|lang1=la|ium}}。 ===名詞=== {{da-noun|et|-|dc=1}} # [[鑥]],[[鎦]] ====變格==== {{da-decl|et|n=sg|dc=1}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:DDO}} {{C|da|化學元素}} ==荷蘭語== {{wp|nl:}} {{chemical element box|nl}} ===發音=== * {{audio|nl|Nl-lutetium.ogg}} ===名詞=== {{nl-noun|n|-|-}} # [[鑥]],[[鎦]] ==芬蘭語== {{wp|fi:}} ===詞源=== {{internationalism|fi}}(參見{{cog|en|lutetium}})。 ===發音=== {{fi-p}} ===名詞=== {{fi-noun}} # [[鑥]],[[鎦]] ====變格==== {{fi-decl-risti|lutetium|||a|i=0}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|fi|a=eilmttuu|lumettui}} {{c|fi|化學元素}} ==拉丁語== {{wp|la:}} {{chemical element box|la}} ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|lutetium}} ===名詞=== {{la-noun|lutetium<2.-ium>}} # [[鑥]],[[鎦]] ====變格==== {{la-ndecl|lutetium<2.-ium>}} {{c|la|化學元素}} ==林堡語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|li|[ly˧ˈteː˨ʃɔ˧m]}} ===名詞=== {{li-noun|g=n}} # {{lb|li|不可數}} [[鑥]],[[鎦]] # 一塊鑥/鎦 {{c|li|化學元素}} ==馬來語== {{wp|ms:}} {{chemical element box|ms}} ===詞源=== 源自{{der|ms|en|lutetium}},源自{{der|ms|la|Lutetia}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|ms|[lutetiom]|[lutetiəm]|[lutiʃəm]}} * {{rhymes|ms|iom|jom|om}} ===名詞=== {{head|ms|名詞}} # [[鑥]],[[鎦]] ==瑞典語== {{wp|sv:}} {{chemical element box|sv}} ===名詞=== {{sv-noun|n}} # [[鑥]],[[鎦]] ====變格==== {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=lutetiumet}} {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=lutetiet}} {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=lutetium}} ===參考資料=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007204511/https://mesh.kib.ki.se/term/D008187/lutetium Svensk MeSH] kx91dh804n74s31hkw3cxj1v6rkyhmi ytterbium 0 54598 9845935 8456565 2026-07-28T20:04:37Z TongcyDai 53191 9845935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Ytterbium}} ==英語== {{chemical element box|en}} ===詞源=== {{multiple images |direction=vertical |image1=Ytterbium-3.jpg |caption1=鐿的樣本 |image2=Galissard de Marignac.jpg |caption2=瑞士化學家 {{w|lang=en|Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac}}(1817–1894)約{{circa2|1850|short=yes}}年的照片,他在1878年發現了鐿 }} 源自 {{suffix|en|Ytterby|ium|t2=元素後綴}},以瑞典東部的村落{{w|伊特比}}命名,與 {{l|en|yttrium|t=釔}}、{{l|en|terbium|t=鋱}} 和 {{l|en|erbium|t=鉺}} 的詞源皆相同。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ɪˈtɜː.bi.əm/|a=RP}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ytterbium.wav|a=Southern England}} * {{IPA|en|/ɪˈtɚ.bi.əm/|/ˈjə.tɚ.bi.əm/|/ˈjɪ.tɚ.bi.əm/|/jəˈtɚ.bi.əm/|/jɪˈtɚ.bi.əm/|a=GA}}<!--Please check , {{enPR|ĭtûr'bēəm}} --> * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-ytterbium.wav|a=GA}} * {{rhymes|en|ɜː(ɹ)biəm|s=4}} * {{hyphenation|en|yt|terb|ium}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|-|s}} # {{senseid|en|Q1855}} [[金屬]][[化學元素]],[[原子序數]]為70 #: {{alti|en|mul:Yb<id:Q1855><qq:符號>}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=[[w:en:Henry Carrington Bolton|H[enry] Carrington Bolton]]|chapter=List of New Elements Announced since 1877|title=An Account of the Progress in Chemistry in the Year 1882. [...] 源自the Smithsonian Report for 1882|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[w:en:United States Government Publishing Office|政府 Printing Office]]|year=1883|page=6|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz5BAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA46|oclc=39628609|passage=At a meeting of the Russian Chemical Society held October 20, 1881 (and reported in the ''Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris'', for August, 1882), Mendelejeff &#91;{{w|lang=en|Dmitri Mendeleev}}&#93;, the distinguished author of the periodic law, remarked that only two of the recently announced elements—scandium and '''ytterbium'''—had been satisfactorily confirmed. These have been obtained in a pure state by [[w:en:Lars Fredrik Nilson|[Lars Fredrik] Nilson]], and neither of them has absorption spectra.|t=在1881年10月20日舉行的俄羅斯化學學會會議上(並於1882年8月的《巴黎化學學會公報》上報導),週期律的傑出創立者門捷列夫({{w|德米特里·門捷列夫}})指出,在最近公佈的元素中,只有兩種——鈧和'''鐿'''——得到了令人滿意的證實。這兩種元素已由尼爾森({{w|拉爾斯·弗雷德里克·尼爾松}})以純態提取,並且它們都沒有吸收光譜。}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=John D. Corbett|chapter=Coproportionation Routes to Reduced Lanthanide Halides|editor=G[erd] Meyer; L[ester] R. Morss|title=Synthesis of Lanthanide and Actinide Compounds|series=Topics in F-element Chemistry|seriesvolume=2|location=Dordrecht|publisher=[[w:en:Springer Science+Business Media|Kluwer Academic Publishers]]|year=1991|page=160|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnS5elHL2w8C&pg=PA160|isbn=978-0-7923-1018-1|passage=The lanthanides samarium, europium and '''ytterbium''' possess relatively stable and long-known dispositive states.|t=鑭系元素釤、銪和'''鐿'''具有相對穩定且為人熟知的二價狀態。}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=Robert E. Krebs|chapter=Guide to the Elements|title=The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide|edition=2nd|location=Westport, Conn.|publisher=[[w:en:Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|year=2006|page=301|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=yb9xTj72vNAC&pg=PA301|isbn=978-0-313-33438-2|passage='''Ytterbium''' is a silvery, soft, malleable, and ductile metal with a lustrous metallic shine. It is slightly reactive in air or water at room temperatures. '''Ytterbium''' is located next to last of the rare-earths in the lanthanide series.|t='''鐿'''是一種銀色、柔軟、具延展性的金屬,具有明亮的金屬光澤。在室溫下,它在空氣或水中的反應性較弱。'''鐿'''在鑭系元素的稀土元素中位列倒數第二。}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=E. A. Abou Neel; V. Salih; J. C. Knowles|chapter=Phosphate-based Glasses|editor=Paul Ducheyne|title=Comprehensive Biomaterials|location=Amsterdam|publisher=w:en:Elsevier|year=2015|volume=I (Metallic, Ceramic and Polymeric Biomaterials)|page=289|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=oa8YpRsD1kkC&pg=PA289|isbn=978-0-08-055302-3|passage=Microstructural optical fibers have been developed that have utilized phosphate-based glasses due to their ability to solubilize rare earth components such as '''ytterbium''', which give the fibers their high light absorption and amplification per unit length.|t=目前已開發出使用磷酸鹽玻璃的微結構光纖,這是因為它們能夠溶解稀土成分(如'''鐿'''),從而賦予光纖極高的單位長度光吸收率與放大率。}} # 該元素的單個[[原子]] ====近義詞==== * {{l|en|aldebaranium}} {{qualifier|由男爵 {{w|lang=en|Carl Auer von Welsbach}} 提出的名稱,他約在1907年從[[鐿土]]中分離出鐿和[[鎦]],但該名稱後來被否決}} * {{l|en|neoytterbia}} {{qualifier|舊名}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col4|en|diytterbium trioxide|ytterbia|ytterbic|ytterbium oxide|ytterbium trichloride|paleo-ytterbium}} ====相關詞彙==== {{col4|en|erbium<!--same etymology-->|neoytterbia|terbium<!--same etymology-->|ytterbite|ytterite|yttria|yttrium<!--same etymology-->}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{pedia|lang=en}} {{cln|en|派生自地名的詞}} {{C|en|鑭系元素}} ==南非語== {{wp|af:}} {{chemical element box|af}} ===發音=== * {{audio|af|LL-Q14196 (afr)-Oesjaar-ytterbium.wav}} ===名詞=== {{af-noun|-}} # [[鐿]] {{C|af|鑭系元素}} ==捷克語== {{wp|cs:}} {{chemical element box|cs}} ===詞源=== 參見 {{cog|en|ytterbium|t=鐿}}。 ===發音=== * {{cs-IPA}} * {{rhymes|cs|ɛrbɪum|s=4}} * {{hyphenation|cs|yt|ter|bi|um}} ===名詞=== {{cs-noun|n}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{cs-ndecl|n.foreign}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|cs|ytterbiový}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:cs:PSJC}} {{cln|cs|派生自地名的詞}} ==丹麥語== {{wp|da:}} {{chemical element box|da}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{suffix|da|Ytterby|lang1=sv|ium|t2=元素後綴}}。 ===名詞=== {{da-noun|et|-|dc=1}} # [[鐿]] #* {{quote-book|da|year=2006|title=Bogen Om Grundstofferne|page=150|publisher=Gyldendal Uddannelse|isbn=9788702050080 |passage=Men udover disse nyttige anvendelser bruges grundstoffet ytterbium kun ganske lidt.|t=但除了這些有用的應用之外,元素鐿很少被使用。}} #* {{quote-text|da|year=1985|title=Fysisk tidsskrift |passage=... målt i en serie af ytterbium isotoper{{sic}} ...|t=……在一系列的鐿同位素中測量……}} #* {{quote-text|da|year=1996|title=Forskningsrapport ... fra Statens husdyrbrugsforsøg |passage=Relative mængder af tørstof og ytterbium (Yb) efter vominkubation|t=瘤胃培養後乾物質和鐿(Yb)的相對量}} ====變格==== {{da-decl|et|n=sg|dc=1}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:DDO}} {{C|da|化學元素}} ==荷蘭語== {{wp|nl:}} {{chemical element box|nl}} ===詞源=== 借詞。以[[瑞典]]東岸的村落{{w|伊特比}}命名。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|nl|/ˌiˈtɛr.bi.ʏm/}} * {{audio|nl|Nl-ytterbium.ogg}} * {{hyphenation|nl|yt|ter|bi|um}} ===名詞=== {{nl-noun|n|-|-}} # [[鐿]] ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|nl|yttrium|t=釔}} ==芬蘭語== {{wp|fi:}} ===詞源=== {{internationalism|fi}}(參見 {{cog|en|ytterbium|t=鐿}})。 ===發音=== {{fi-p}} ===名詞=== {{head|fi|名詞}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{fi-decl-risti|n=sg|ytterbium|||a|i=0}} {{c|fi|化學元素}} ==法語== {{wp|fr:}} ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{fr-noun|m|-}} # [[鐿]] ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:fr:TLFi}} {{C|fr|化學元素}} ==拉丁語== {{wp|la:}} {{chemical element box|la}} ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|ytterbium}} ===名詞=== {{la-noun|ytterbium<2.-ium>}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{la-ndecl|ytterbium<2.-ium>}} {{c|la|化學元素}} ==書面挪威語== {{wp|no:}} ===詞源=== 以瑞典的 {{m|en|Ytterby|t=伊特比}} 命名。 ===名詞=== {{nb-noun-nu}} # [[鐿]] {{qualifier|化學元素;符號為 '''[[Yb]]'''}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:nb:OB}} {{C|nb|化學元素}} ==新挪威語== {{wp|nn:}} ===詞源=== 以瑞典的 {{m|en|Ytterby|t=伊特比}} 命名。 ===名詞=== {{nn-noun-nu}} # [[鐿]] {{qualifier|化學元素;符號為 '''[[Yb]]'''}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:nn:OB}} {{C|nn|化學元素}} ==瑞典語== {{wp|sv:}} {{chemical element box|sv}} ===名詞=== {{sv-noun|n}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=ytterbiumet}} {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=ytterbiet}} {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=ytterbium}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:svenska.se|so}} * {{R:svenska.se|saol}} * {{R:svenska.se|saob}} * [https://mesh.kib.ki.se/term/D015018/ytterbium Svensk MeSH] djy3tv0zkaf6e4zlc7vyon3yyd99rva 9846015 9845935 2026-07-29T04:04:45Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 詞源 */ 9846015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Ytterbium}} ==英語== {{chemical element box|en}} ===詞源=== {{multiple images |direction=vertical |image1=Ytterbium-3.jpg |caption1=鐿的樣本 |image2=Galissard de Marignac.jpg |caption2=瑞士化學家 {{w|lang=en|Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac}}(1817–1894)約{{circa2|1850|short=yes}}年的照片,他在1878年發現了鐿 }} 源自 {{suffix|en|Ytterby|ium|t2=元素後綴}},以瑞典東部的村落{{w|伊特比}}命名,與 {{l|en|yttrium|t=釔}}、{{l|en|terbium|t=鋱}} 和 {{l|en|erbium|t=鉺}} 的詞源皆相同。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ɪˈtɜː.bi.əm/|a=RP}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ytterbium.wav|a=Southern England}} * {{IPA|en|/ɪˈtɚ.bi.əm/|/ˈjə.tɚ.bi.əm/|/ˈjɪ.tɚ.bi.əm/|/jəˈtɚ.bi.əm/|/jɪˈtɚ.bi.əm/|a=GA}}<!--Please check , {{enPR|ĭtûr'bēəm}} --> * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-ytterbium.wav|a=GA}} * {{rhymes|en|ɜː(ɹ)biəm|s=4}} * {{hyphenation|en|yt|terb|ium}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|-|s}} # {{senseid|en|Q1855}} [[金屬]][[化學元素]],[[原子序數]]為70 #: {{alti|en|mul:Yb<id:Q1855><qq:符號>}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=[[w:en:Henry Carrington Bolton|H[enry] Carrington Bolton]]|chapter=List of New Elements Announced since 1877|title=An Account of the Progress in Chemistry in the Year 1882. [...] 源自the Smithsonian Report for 1882|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[w:en:United States Government Publishing Office|政府 Printing Office]]|year=1883|page=6|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz5BAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA46|oclc=39628609|passage=At a meeting of the Russian Chemical Society held October 20, 1881 (and reported in the ''Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris'', for August, 1882), Mendelejeff &#91;{{w|lang=en|Dmitri Mendeleev}}&#93;, the distinguished author of the periodic law, remarked that only two of the recently announced elements—scandium and '''ytterbium'''—had been satisfactorily confirmed. These have been obtained in a pure state by [[w:en:Lars Fredrik Nilson|[Lars Fredrik] Nilson]], and neither of them has absorption spectra.|t=在1881年10月20日舉行的俄羅斯化學學會會議上(並於1882年8月的《巴黎化學學會公報》上報導),週期律的傑出創立者門捷列夫({{w|德米特里·門捷列夫}})指出,在最近公佈的元素中,只有兩種——鈧和'''鐿'''——得到了令人滿意的證實。這兩種元素已由尼爾森({{w|拉爾斯·弗雷德里克·尼爾松}})以純態提取,並且它們都沒有吸收光譜。}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=John D. Corbett|chapter=Coproportionation Routes to Reduced Lanthanide Halides|editor=G[erd] Meyer; L[ester] R. Morss|title=Synthesis of Lanthanide and Actinide Compounds|series=Topics in F-element Chemistry|seriesvolume=2|location=Dordrecht|publisher=[[w:en:Springer Science+Business Media|Kluwer Academic Publishers]]|year=1991|page=160|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnS5elHL2w8C&pg=PA160|isbn=978-0-7923-1018-1|passage=The lanthanides samarium, europium and '''ytterbium''' possess relatively stable and long-known dispositive states.|t=鑭系元素釤、銪和'''鐿'''具有相對穩定且為人熟知的二價狀態。}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=Robert E. Krebs|chapter=Guide to the Elements|title=The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide|edition=2nd|location=Westport, Conn.|publisher=[[w:en:Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|year=2006|page=301|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=yb9xTj72vNAC&pg=PA301|isbn=978-0-313-33438-2|passage='''Ytterbium''' is a silvery, soft, malleable, and ductile metal with a lustrous metallic shine. It is slightly reactive in air or water at room temperatures. '''Ytterbium''' is located next to last of the rare-earths in the lanthanide series.|t='''鐿'''是一種銀色、柔軟、具延展性的金屬,具有明亮的金屬光澤。在室溫下,它在空氣或水中的反應性較弱。'''鐿'''在鑭系元素的稀土元素中位列倒數第二。}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=E. A. Abou Neel; V. Salih; J. C. Knowles|chapter=Phosphate-based Glasses|editor=Paul Ducheyne|title=Comprehensive Biomaterials|location=Amsterdam|publisher=w:en:Elsevier|year=2015|volume=I (Metallic, Ceramic and Polymeric Biomaterials)|page=289|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=oa8YpRsD1kkC&pg=PA289|isbn=978-0-08-055302-3|passage=Microstructural optical fibers have been developed that have utilized phosphate-based glasses due to their ability to solubilize rare earth components such as '''ytterbium''', which give the fibers their high light absorption and amplification per unit length.|t=目前已開發出使用磷酸鹽玻璃的微結構光纖,這是因為它們能夠溶解稀土成分(如'''鐿'''),從而賦予光纖極高的單位長度光吸收率與放大率。}} # 該元素的單個[[原子]] ====近義詞==== * {{l|en|aldebaranium}} {{qualifier|由男爵 {{w|lang=en|Carl Auer von Welsbach}} 提出的名稱,他約在1907年從[[鐿土]]中分離出鐿和[[鎦]],但該名稱後來被否決}} * {{l|en|neoytterbia}} {{qualifier|舊名}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col4|en|diytterbium trioxide|ytterbia|ytterbic|ytterbium oxide|ytterbium trichloride|paleo-ytterbium}} ====相關詞彙==== {{col4|en|erbium<!--same etymology-->|neoytterbia|terbium<!--same etymology-->|ytterbite|ytterite|yttria|yttrium<!--same etymology-->}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{pedia|lang=en}} {{cln|en|派生自地名的詞}} {{C|en|鑭系元素}} ==南非語== {{wp|af:}} {{chemical element box|af}} ===發音=== * {{audio|af|LL-Q14196 (afr)-Oesjaar-ytterbium.wav}} ===名詞=== {{af-noun|-}} # [[鐿]] {{C|af|鑭系元素}} ==捷克語== {{wp|cs:}} {{chemical element box|cs}} ===詞源=== 參見{{cog|en|ytterbium|t=鐿}}。 ===發音=== * {{cs-IPA}} * {{rhymes|cs|ɛrbɪum|s=4}} * {{hyphenation|cs|yt|ter|bi|um}} ===名詞=== {{cs-noun|n}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{cs-ndecl|n.foreign}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|cs|ytterbiový}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:cs:PSJC}} {{cln|cs|派生自地名的詞}} ==丹麥語== {{wp|da:}} {{chemical element box|da}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{suffix|da|Ytterby|lang1=sv|ium|t2=元素後綴}}。 ===名詞=== {{da-noun|et|-|dc=1}} # [[鐿]] #* {{quote-book|da|year=2006|title=Bogen Om Grundstofferne|page=150|publisher=Gyldendal Uddannelse|isbn=9788702050080 |passage=Men udover disse nyttige anvendelser bruges grundstoffet ytterbium kun ganske lidt.|t=但除了這些有用的應用之外,元素鐿很少被使用。}} #* {{quote-text|da|year=1985|title=Fysisk tidsskrift |passage=... målt i en serie af ytterbium isotoper{{sic}} ...|t=……在一系列的鐿同位素中測量……}} #* {{quote-text|da|year=1996|title=Forskningsrapport ... fra Statens husdyrbrugsforsøg |passage=Relative mængder af tørstof og ytterbium (Yb) efter vominkubation|t=瘤胃培養後乾物質和鐿(Yb)的相對量}} ====變格==== {{da-decl|et|n=sg|dc=1}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:DDO}} {{C|da|化學元素}} ==荷蘭語== {{wp|nl:}} {{chemical element box|nl}} ===詞源=== 借詞。以[[瑞典]]東岸的村落{{w|伊特比}}命名。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|nl|/ˌiˈtɛr.bi.ʏm/}} * {{audio|nl|Nl-ytterbium.ogg}} * {{hyphenation|nl|yt|ter|bi|um}} ===名詞=== {{nl-noun|n|-|-}} # [[鐿]] ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|nl|yttrium|t=釔}} ==芬蘭語== {{wp|fi:}} ===詞源=== {{internationalism|fi}}(參見 {{cog|en|ytterbium|t=鐿}})。 ===發音=== {{fi-p}} ===名詞=== {{head|fi|名詞}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{fi-decl-risti|n=sg|ytterbium|||a|i=0}} {{c|fi|化學元素}} ==法語== {{wp|fr:}} ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{fr-noun|m|-}} # [[鐿]] ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:fr:TLFi}} {{C|fr|化學元素}} ==拉丁語== {{wp|la:}} {{chemical element box|la}} ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|ytterbium}} ===名詞=== {{la-noun|ytterbium<2.-ium>}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{la-ndecl|ytterbium<2.-ium>}} {{c|la|化學元素}} ==書面挪威語== {{wp|no:}} ===詞源=== 以瑞典的 {{m|en|Ytterby|t=伊特比}} 命名。 ===名詞=== {{nb-noun-nu}} # [[鐿]] {{qualifier|化學元素;符號為 '''[[Yb]]'''}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:nb:OB}} {{C|nb|化學元素}} ==新挪威語== {{wp|nn:}} ===詞源=== 以瑞典的 {{m|en|Ytterby|t=伊特比}} 命名。 ===名詞=== {{nn-noun-nu}} # [[鐿]] {{qualifier|化學元素;符號為 '''[[Yb]]'''}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:nn:OB}} {{C|nn|化學元素}} ==瑞典語== {{wp|sv:}} {{chemical element box|sv}} ===名詞=== {{sv-noun|n}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=ytterbiumet}} {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=ytterbiet}} {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=ytterbium}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:svenska.se|so}} * {{R:svenska.se|saol}} * {{R:svenska.se|saob}} * [https://mesh.kib.ki.se/term/D015018/ytterbium Svensk MeSH] k7pkh04m4zsovq0szsn187aes7zjf55 9846016 9846015 2026-07-29T04:04:49Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 詞源 */ 9846016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Ytterbium}} ==英語== {{chemical element box|en}} ===詞源=== {{multiple images |direction=vertical |image1=Ytterbium-3.jpg |caption1=鐿的樣本 |image2=Galissard de Marignac.jpg |caption2=瑞士化學家 {{w|lang=en|Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac}}(1817–1894)約{{circa2|1850|short=yes}}年的照片,他在1878年發現了鐿 }} 源自 {{suffix|en|Ytterby|ium|t2=元素後綴}},以瑞典東部的村落{{w|伊特比}}命名,與 {{l|en|yttrium|t=釔}}、{{l|en|terbium|t=鋱}} 和 {{l|en|erbium|t=鉺}} 的詞源皆相同。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ɪˈtɜː.bi.əm/|a=RP}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ytterbium.wav|a=Southern England}} * {{IPA|en|/ɪˈtɚ.bi.əm/|/ˈjə.tɚ.bi.əm/|/ˈjɪ.tɚ.bi.əm/|/jəˈtɚ.bi.əm/|/jɪˈtɚ.bi.əm/|a=GA}}<!--Please check , {{enPR|ĭtûr'bēəm}} --> * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-ytterbium.wav|a=GA}} * {{rhymes|en|ɜː(ɹ)biəm|s=4}} * {{hyphenation|en|yt|terb|ium}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|-|s}} # {{senseid|en|Q1855}} [[金屬]][[化學元素]],[[原子序數]]為70 #: {{alti|en|mul:Yb<id:Q1855><qq:符號>}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=[[w:en:Henry Carrington Bolton|H[enry] Carrington Bolton]]|chapter=List of New Elements Announced since 1877|title=An Account of the Progress in Chemistry in the Year 1882. [...] 源自the Smithsonian Report for 1882|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[w:en:United States Government Publishing Office|政府 Printing Office]]|year=1883|page=6|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz5BAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA46|oclc=39628609|passage=At a meeting of the Russian Chemical Society held October 20, 1881 (and reported in the ''Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris'', for August, 1882), Mendelejeff &#91;{{w|lang=en|Dmitri Mendeleev}}&#93;, the distinguished author of the periodic law, remarked that only two of the recently announced elements—scandium and '''ytterbium'''—had been satisfactorily confirmed. These have been obtained in a pure state by [[w:en:Lars Fredrik Nilson|[Lars Fredrik] Nilson]], and neither of them has absorption spectra.|t=在1881年10月20日舉行的俄羅斯化學學會會議上(並於1882年8月的《巴黎化學學會公報》上報導),週期律的傑出創立者門捷列夫({{w|德米特里·門捷列夫}})指出,在最近公佈的元素中,只有兩種——鈧和'''鐿'''——得到了令人滿意的證實。這兩種元素已由尼爾森({{w|拉爾斯·弗雷德里克·尼爾松}})以純態提取,並且它們都沒有吸收光譜。}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=John D. Corbett|chapter=Coproportionation Routes to Reduced Lanthanide Halides|editor=G[erd] Meyer; L[ester] R. Morss|title=Synthesis of Lanthanide and Actinide Compounds|series=Topics in F-element Chemistry|seriesvolume=2|location=Dordrecht|publisher=[[w:en:Springer Science+Business Media|Kluwer Academic Publishers]]|year=1991|page=160|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnS5elHL2w8C&pg=PA160|isbn=978-0-7923-1018-1|passage=The lanthanides samarium, europium and '''ytterbium''' possess relatively stable and long-known dispositive states.|t=鑭系元素釤、銪和'''鐿'''具有相對穩定且為人熟知的二價狀態。}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=Robert E. Krebs|chapter=Guide to the Elements|title=The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide|edition=2nd|location=Westport, Conn.|publisher=[[w:en:Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|year=2006|page=301|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=yb9xTj72vNAC&pg=PA301|isbn=978-0-313-33438-2|passage='''Ytterbium''' is a silvery, soft, malleable, and ductile metal with a lustrous metallic shine. It is slightly reactive in air or water at room temperatures. '''Ytterbium''' is located next to last of the rare-earths in the lanthanide series.|t='''鐿'''是一種銀色、柔軟、具延展性的金屬,具有明亮的金屬光澤。在室溫下,它在空氣或水中的反應性較弱。'''鐿'''在鑭系元素的稀土元素中位列倒數第二。}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=E. A. Abou Neel; V. Salih; J. C. Knowles|chapter=Phosphate-based Glasses|editor=Paul Ducheyne|title=Comprehensive Biomaterials|location=Amsterdam|publisher=w:en:Elsevier|year=2015|volume=I (Metallic, Ceramic and Polymeric Biomaterials)|page=289|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=oa8YpRsD1kkC&pg=PA289|isbn=978-0-08-055302-3|passage=Microstructural optical fibers have been developed that have utilized phosphate-based glasses due to their ability to solubilize rare earth components such as '''ytterbium''', which give the fibers their high light absorption and amplification per unit length.|t=目前已開發出使用磷酸鹽玻璃的微結構光纖,這是因為它們能夠溶解稀土成分(如'''鐿'''),從而賦予光纖極高的單位長度光吸收率與放大率。}} # 該元素的單個[[原子]] ====近義詞==== * {{l|en|aldebaranium}} {{qualifier|由男爵 {{w|lang=en|Carl Auer von Welsbach}} 提出的名稱,他約在1907年從[[鐿土]]中分離出鐿和[[鎦]],但該名稱後來被否決}} * {{l|en|neoytterbia}} {{qualifier|舊名}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col4|en|diytterbium trioxide|ytterbia|ytterbic|ytterbium oxide|ytterbium trichloride|paleo-ytterbium}} ====相關詞彙==== {{col4|en|erbium<!--same etymology-->|neoytterbia|terbium<!--same etymology-->|ytterbite|ytterite|yttria|yttrium<!--same etymology-->}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{pedia|lang=en}} {{cln|en|派生自地名的詞}} {{C|en|鑭系元素}} ==南非語== {{wp|af:}} {{chemical element box|af}} ===發音=== * {{audio|af|LL-Q14196 (afr)-Oesjaar-ytterbium.wav}} ===名詞=== {{af-noun|-}} # [[鐿]] {{C|af|鑭系元素}} ==捷克語== {{wp|cs:}} {{chemical element box|cs}} ===詞源=== 參見{{cog|en|ytterbium|t=鐿}}。 ===發音=== * {{cs-IPA}} * {{rhymes|cs|ɛrbɪum|s=4}} * {{hyphenation|cs|yt|ter|bi|um}} ===名詞=== {{cs-noun|n}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{cs-ndecl|n.foreign}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|cs|ytterbiový}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:cs:PSJC}} {{cln|cs|派生自地名的詞}} ==丹麥語== {{wp|da:}} {{chemical element box|da}} ===詞源=== 源自{{suffix|da|Ytterby|lang1=sv|ium|t2=元素後綴}}。 ===名詞=== {{da-noun|et|-|dc=1}} # [[鐿]] #* {{quote-book|da|year=2006|title=Bogen Om Grundstofferne|page=150|publisher=Gyldendal Uddannelse|isbn=9788702050080 |passage=Men udover disse nyttige anvendelser bruges grundstoffet ytterbium kun ganske lidt.|t=但除了這些有用的應用之外,元素鐿很少被使用。}} #* {{quote-text|da|year=1985|title=Fysisk tidsskrift |passage=... målt i en serie af ytterbium isotoper{{sic}} ...|t=……在一系列的鐿同位素中測量……}} #* {{quote-text|da|year=1996|title=Forskningsrapport ... fra Statens husdyrbrugsforsøg |passage=Relative mængder af tørstof og ytterbium (Yb) efter vominkubation|t=瘤胃培養後乾物質和鐿(Yb)的相對量}} ====變格==== {{da-decl|et|n=sg|dc=1}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:DDO}} {{C|da|化學元素}} ==荷蘭語== {{wp|nl:}} {{chemical element box|nl}} ===詞源=== 借詞。以[[瑞典]]東岸的村落{{w|伊特比}}命名。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|nl|/ˌiˈtɛr.bi.ʏm/}} * {{audio|nl|Nl-ytterbium.ogg}} * {{hyphenation|nl|yt|ter|bi|um}} ===名詞=== {{nl-noun|n|-|-}} # [[鐿]] ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|nl|yttrium|t=釔}} ==芬蘭語== {{wp|fi:}} ===詞源=== {{internationalism|fi}}(參見 {{cog|en|ytterbium|t=鐿}})。 ===發音=== {{fi-p}} ===名詞=== {{head|fi|名詞}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{fi-decl-risti|n=sg|ytterbium|||a|i=0}} {{c|fi|化學元素}} ==法語== {{wp|fr:}} ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{fr-noun|m|-}} # [[鐿]] ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:fr:TLFi}} {{C|fr|化學元素}} ==拉丁語== {{wp|la:}} {{chemical element box|la}} ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|ytterbium}} ===名詞=== {{la-noun|ytterbium<2.-ium>}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{la-ndecl|ytterbium<2.-ium>}} {{c|la|化學元素}} ==書面挪威語== {{wp|no:}} ===詞源=== 以瑞典的 {{m|en|Ytterby|t=伊特比}} 命名。 ===名詞=== {{nb-noun-nu}} # [[鐿]] {{qualifier|化學元素;符號為 '''[[Yb]]'''}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:nb:OB}} {{C|nb|化學元素}} ==新挪威語== {{wp|nn:}} ===詞源=== 以瑞典的 {{m|en|Ytterby|t=伊特比}} 命名。 ===名詞=== {{nn-noun-nu}} # [[鐿]] {{qualifier|化學元素;符號為 '''[[Yb]]'''}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:nn:OB}} {{C|nn|化學元素}} ==瑞典語== {{wp|sv:}} {{chemical element box|sv}} ===名詞=== {{sv-noun|n}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=ytterbiumet}} {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=ytterbiet}} {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=ytterbium}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:svenska.se|so}} * {{R:svenska.se|saol}} * {{R:svenska.se|saob}} * [https://mesh.kib.ki.se/term/D015018/ytterbium Svensk MeSH] tjh5k6v0yt6b9bl403qn4jdgeeb4ke5 9846017 9846016 2026-07-29T04:05:11Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 詞源 */ 9846017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Ytterbium}} ==英語== {{chemical element box|en}} ===詞源=== {{multiple images |direction=vertical |image1=Ytterbium-3.jpg |caption1=鐿的樣本 |image2=Galissard de Marignac.jpg |caption2=瑞士化學家 {{w|lang=en|Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac}}(1817–1894)約{{circa2|1850|short=yes}}年的照片,他在1878年發現了鐿 }} 源自 {{suffix|en|Ytterby|ium|t2=元素後綴}},以瑞典東部的村落{{w|伊特比}}命名,與 {{l|en|yttrium|t=釔}}、{{l|en|terbium|t=鋱}} 和 {{l|en|erbium|t=鉺}} 的詞源皆相同。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ɪˈtɜː.bi.əm/|a=RP}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ytterbium.wav|a=Southern England}} * {{IPA|en|/ɪˈtɚ.bi.əm/|/ˈjə.tɚ.bi.əm/|/ˈjɪ.tɚ.bi.əm/|/jəˈtɚ.bi.əm/|/jɪˈtɚ.bi.əm/|a=GA}}<!--Please check , {{enPR|ĭtûr'bēəm}} --> * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-ytterbium.wav|a=GA}} * {{rhymes|en|ɜː(ɹ)biəm|s=4}} * {{hyphenation|en|yt|terb|ium}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|-|s}} # {{senseid|en|Q1855}} [[金屬]][[化學元素]],[[原子序數]]為70 #: {{alti|en|mul:Yb<id:Q1855><qq:符號>}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=[[w:en:Henry Carrington Bolton|H[enry] Carrington Bolton]]|chapter=List of New Elements Announced since 1877|title=An Account of the Progress in Chemistry in the Year 1882. [...] 源自the Smithsonian Report for 1882|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[w:en:United States Government Publishing Office|政府 Printing Office]]|year=1883|page=6|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz5BAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA46|oclc=39628609|passage=At a meeting of the Russian Chemical Society held October 20, 1881 (and reported in the ''Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris'', for August, 1882), Mendelejeff &#91;{{w|lang=en|Dmitri Mendeleev}}&#93;, the distinguished author of the periodic law, remarked that only two of the recently announced elements—scandium and '''ytterbium'''—had been satisfactorily confirmed. These have been obtained in a pure state by [[w:en:Lars Fredrik Nilson|[Lars Fredrik] Nilson]], and neither of them has absorption spectra.|t=在1881年10月20日舉行的俄羅斯化學學會會議上(並於1882年8月的《巴黎化學學會公報》上報導),週期律的傑出創立者門捷列夫({{w|德米特里·門捷列夫}})指出,在最近公佈的元素中,只有兩種——鈧和'''鐿'''——得到了令人滿意的證實。這兩種元素已由尼爾森({{w|拉爾斯·弗雷德里克·尼爾松}})以純態提取,並且它們都沒有吸收光譜。}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=John D. Corbett|chapter=Coproportionation Routes to Reduced Lanthanide Halides|editor=G[erd] Meyer; L[ester] R. Morss|title=Synthesis of Lanthanide and Actinide Compounds|series=Topics in F-element Chemistry|seriesvolume=2|location=Dordrecht|publisher=[[w:en:Springer Science+Business Media|Kluwer Academic Publishers]]|year=1991|page=160|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnS5elHL2w8C&pg=PA160|isbn=978-0-7923-1018-1|passage=The lanthanides samarium, europium and '''ytterbium''' possess relatively stable and long-known dispositive states.|t=鑭系元素釤、銪和'''鐿'''具有相對穩定且為人熟知的二價狀態。}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=Robert E. Krebs|chapter=Guide to the Elements|title=The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide|edition=2nd|location=Westport, Conn.|publisher=[[w:en:Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|year=2006|page=301|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=yb9xTj72vNAC&pg=PA301|isbn=978-0-313-33438-2|passage='''Ytterbium''' is a silvery, soft, malleable, and ductile metal with a lustrous metallic shine. It is slightly reactive in air or water at room temperatures. '''Ytterbium''' is located next to last of the rare-earths in the lanthanide series.|t='''鐿'''是一種銀色、柔軟、具延展性的金屬,具有明亮的金屬光澤。在室溫下,它在空氣或水中的反應性較弱。'''鐿'''在鑭系元素的稀土元素中位列倒數第二。}} #* {{quote-book|en|author=E. A. Abou Neel; V. Salih; J. C. Knowles|chapter=Phosphate-based Glasses|editor=Paul Ducheyne|title=Comprehensive Biomaterials|location=Amsterdam|publisher=w:en:Elsevier|year=2015|volume=I (Metallic, Ceramic and Polymeric Biomaterials)|page=289|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=oa8YpRsD1kkC&pg=PA289|isbn=978-0-08-055302-3|passage=Microstructural optical fibers have been developed that have utilized phosphate-based glasses due to their ability to solubilize rare earth components such as '''ytterbium''', which give the fibers their high light absorption and amplification per unit length.|t=目前已開發出使用磷酸鹽玻璃的微結構光纖,這是因為它們能夠溶解稀土成分(如'''鐿'''),從而賦予光纖極高的單位長度光吸收率與放大率。}} # 該元素的單個[[原子]] ====近義詞==== * {{l|en|aldebaranium}} {{qualifier|由男爵 {{w|lang=en|Carl Auer von Welsbach}} 提出的名稱,他約在1907年從[[鐿土]]中分離出鐿和[[鎦]],但該名稱後來被否決}} * {{l|en|neoytterbia}} {{qualifier|舊名}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col4|en|diytterbium trioxide|ytterbia|ytterbic|ytterbium oxide|ytterbium trichloride|paleo-ytterbium}} ====相關詞彙==== {{col4|en|erbium<!--same etymology-->|neoytterbia|terbium<!--same etymology-->|ytterbite|ytterite|yttria|yttrium<!--same etymology-->}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{pedia|lang=en}} {{cln|en|派生自地名的詞}} {{C|en|鑭系元素}} ==南非語== {{wp|af:}} {{chemical element box|af}} ===發音=== * {{audio|af|LL-Q14196 (afr)-Oesjaar-ytterbium.wav}} ===名詞=== {{af-noun|-}} # [[鐿]] {{C|af|鑭系元素}} ==捷克語== {{wp|cs:}} {{chemical element box|cs}} ===詞源=== 參見{{cog|en|ytterbium|t=鐿}}。 ===發音=== * {{cs-IPA}} * {{rhymes|cs|ɛrbɪum|s=4}} * {{hyphenation|cs|yt|ter|bi|um}} ===名詞=== {{cs-noun|n}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{cs-ndecl|n.foreign}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|cs|ytterbiový}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:cs:PSJC}} {{cln|cs|派生自地名的詞}} ==丹麥語== {{wp|da:}} {{chemical element box|da}} ===詞源=== 源自{{suffix|da|Ytterby|lang1=sv|ium|t2=元素後綴}}。 ===名詞=== {{da-noun|et|-|dc=1}} # [[鐿]] #* {{quote-book|da|year=2006|title=Bogen Om Grundstofferne|page=150|publisher=Gyldendal Uddannelse|isbn=9788702050080 |passage=Men udover disse nyttige anvendelser bruges grundstoffet ytterbium kun ganske lidt.|t=但除了這些有用的應用之外,元素鐿很少被使用。}} #* {{quote-text|da|year=1985|title=Fysisk tidsskrift |passage=... målt i en serie af ytterbium isotoper{{sic}} ...|t=……在一系列的鐿同位素中測量……}} #* {{quote-text|da|year=1996|title=Forskningsrapport ... fra Statens husdyrbrugsforsøg |passage=Relative mængder af tørstof og ytterbium (Yb) efter vominkubation|t=瘤胃培養後乾物質和鐿(Yb)的相對量}} ====變格==== {{da-decl|et|n=sg|dc=1}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:DDO}} {{C|da|化學元素}} ==荷蘭語== {{wp|nl:}} {{chemical element box|nl}} ===詞源=== 借詞。以[[瑞典]]東岸的村落{{w|伊特比}}命名。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|nl|/ˌiˈtɛr.bi.ʏm/}} * {{audio|nl|Nl-ytterbium.ogg}} * {{hyphenation|nl|yt|ter|bi|um}} ===名詞=== {{nl-noun|n|-|-}} # [[鐿]] ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|nl|yttrium|t=釔}} ==芬蘭語== {{wp|fi:}} ===詞源=== {{internationalism|fi}}(參見{{cog|en|ytterbium|t=鐿}})。 ===發音=== {{fi-p}} ===名詞=== {{head|fi|名詞}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{fi-decl-risti|n=sg|ytterbium|||a|i=0}} {{c|fi|化學元素}} ==法語== {{wp|fr:}} ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{fr-noun|m|-}} # [[鐿]] ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:fr:TLFi}} {{C|fr|化學元素}} ==拉丁語== {{wp|la:}} {{chemical element box|la}} ===發音=== * {{la-IPA|ytterbium}} ===名詞=== {{la-noun|ytterbium<2.-ium>}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{la-ndecl|ytterbium<2.-ium>}} {{c|la|化學元素}} ==書面挪威語== {{wp|no:}} ===詞源=== 以瑞典的 {{m|en|Ytterby|t=伊特比}} 命名。 ===名詞=== {{nb-noun-nu}} # [[鐿]] {{qualifier|化學元素;符號為 '''[[Yb]]'''}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:nb:OB}} {{C|nb|化學元素}} ==新挪威語== {{wp|nn:}} ===詞源=== 以瑞典的 {{m|en|Ytterby|t=伊特比}} 命名。 ===名詞=== {{nn-noun-nu}} # [[鐿]] {{qualifier|化學元素;符號為 '''[[Yb]]'''}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:nn:OB}} {{C|nn|化學元素}} ==瑞典語== {{wp|sv:}} {{chemical element box|sv}} ===名詞=== {{sv-noun|n}} # [[鐿]] ====變格==== {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=ytterbiumet}} {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=ytterbiet}} {{sv-noun-unc-irreg-n|2=ytterbium}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:svenska.se|so}} * {{R:svenska.se|saol}} * {{R:svenska.se|saob}} * [https://mesh.kib.ki.se/term/D015018/ytterbium Svensk MeSH] m215tscuu2qa84lh60cpjdgs51xxuun school 0 54662 9846029 9845238 2026-07-29T08:52:11Z Apisite 85347 /* 英語 */ 9846029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|School|schööl}} ==英語== ===發音=== * {{enPR|sko͞ol}} * {{IPA|en|/skuːl/|[skuːɫ]|a=RP}} ** {{audio|en|En-uk-school.ogg|a=RP}} * {{IPA|en|/skul/|[skuɫ]|a=GA}} ** {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Qwertygiy-school.wav|a=US}} * {{IPA|en|/skʉːl/|[skʉːɫ]|a=AU,NZ}} * {{IPA|en|/skʉl/|a=Scotland,Northern Ireland,pull-pool}} * {{IPA|en|/skɪʉːl/|a=Local Dublin}} * {{IPA|en|/(ɪ)sk(h)uːl/|a=Indic}} * {{rhymes|en|uːl|s=1}} ===詞源 1=== [[File:Mikhlal School in Ramat Amidar.JPG|缩略图|a school]] {{root|en|ine-pro|*seǵʰ-}} {{inh+|en|enm|scole}},來自{{inh|en|ang|scōl}},來自{{inh|en|gmw-pro|*skōlu}},來自{{der|en|la-lat|schola}}, {{m|la|scola}},來自{{der|en|grc|σχολή}},來自{{der|en|ine-pro|*seǵʰ-}}。{{doublet|en|schola|shul}}。 ====名詞==== {{en-noun|~}} # [[學校]] =====派生詞彙===== {{col3|en|academy school |after-school |after-school special |after school special |aided school |all-through school |alternative school |approved school |art school |at school |back-to-school |back-to-school night |beacon school |beauty school |Bible school |big school |blab school |boarding school |board school |B-school |b-school |business school |charm school |charter school |Chicago school |choir school |church school |combined school |comprehensive school |continuation school |convent school |cram school |dame school |dance school |dancing school |day school |divinity school |driving school |dual school |elementary school |escalator school |e-school |evening school |every day is a school day |feeder school |film school |finishing school |first school |flying school |forest school |Frankfurt School |freedom school |free school |free school movement |grade school |grad school |graduate school |grammar school |hedge school |high school |home school |industrial school |infant school |in school |in-school suspension |integrated school |intermediate school |international school |jail school |john school |J-school |junior high school |junior school |ladder school |Lake school |language school |last mile school |Latin grammar school |Latin school |law school |library school |life school |little school |lower school |magnet school |medical school |med school |microschool |middle school |military school |mission school |moonlight school |music school |national school |national school bus chrome |national-type school |new-school |new school |night school |non-school,nonschool |normal school |nursery school |old school |old-school |out-of-school learning |out-of-school suspension |parish school |parochial school |party school |postsecondary school |pregnancy school |preparatory school |prep school |pre-school |primary school |primary school student |private school |public-school |public school |pushing school |pushing-school |ragged school |real school |reform school |residential school |riding school |rule the school |Sabbath school |safety school |sainik school |samba school |school-age |school age |school-aged |schoolbag |school band |school board |school book |schoolbook |schoolboy |school bus |school-butter |school captain |schoolchild |school class |school committee |school counselor |school crossing attendant |schoolday,school day |school dinner |school dinner lady |school-dinner lady |school district |school division |schoolfellow |schoolfriend |schoolgirl |school glue |school-goer |schoolground |school holiday |school holidays |school horse |school-house |school inspector |schoolkid |school-leaver |school life |schoolma'am |school marm |school-marm |schoolmaster |school mate |school meal |schoolmistress |school night |school of hard knocks |school of the air |school of thought |school pence |school-point |school port |school psychologist |school-ready |school refusal |school resource officer |school-room |school run |school shark |school shooter |school shooting |school sores |school's out |schoolteacher |school teacher |school tie |school-time |school trip |school uniform |school voucher |school-wide |schoolwork |school year,schoolyear |school zone |secondary modern school |secondary school |secondary technical school |selective school |semester school |semi-boarding school |senior high school |senior school |separate school |skip school |ski school |skoo' |smile school |southern school whiting |special school |state school |summer school |Sunday school |talk out of school |teach school |technical school |tell tales out of school |therapeutic boarding school |titan primary school |too cool for school |trade school |training school |truant school |umbrella school |union high school |upper school |Vacation Bible School |vaulting school |vaulting-school |vernacular school |vested school |vestibule school |vocational school |voluntary aided school |voluntary controlled school |Waldorf school |year-round school }} ====動詞==== {{en-verb}} # [[教育]] ===詞源 2=== {{inh+|en|enm|scole}}, {{m|enm|schole}},來自{{der|en|dum|scole}},來自{{der|en|odt|*scola}}, {{m|odt|*skola}},來自{{der|en|gmw-pro|*skulu}},來自{{der|en|ine-pro|*(s)kʷel-}}。 ====名詞==== {{en-noun}} # [[一群]][[(]][[魚]][[)]] ==荷蘭語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|nl|/sxoːl/}} * {{audio|nl|Nl-school.ogg}} * {{hyphenation|nl|school}} * {{rhymes|nl|oːl|s=1}} ===詞源 1=== {{inh+|nl|dum|schôle}},來自{{der|nl|la|schola}},來自{{der|nl|grc|σχολή}}。{{doublet|nl|skorro|sjoel}}。 ====名詞==== {{nl-noun|f|-en|+}} # [[學校]] ===詞源 2=== {{inh+|nl|dum|schōle}},來自{{inh|nl|odt|*skola}},來自{{inh|nl|gmw-pro|*skolu}},來自{{inh|nl|gmw-pro|*skulu}}。 ====名詞==== {{nl-noun|f|-en|+}} # [[一群]][[(]][[魚]][[)]] sj88zutd1dw3sxookg1opabzmpy4ou3 insight 0 99888 9845971 6632573 2026-07-28T23:03:45Z Apisite 85347 /* 英語 */ + en-noun 9845971 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===發音=== {{enPR|ĭn'sīt}} * {{IPA|en|/ˈɪnsaɪ̯t/|a=RP}} * {{IPA|en|/ˈɪnsaɪ̯t/|[ˈɪnsɐɪ̯t]|a=GA,CA|q2=Canadian raising}} ** {{audio|en|En-us-insight.ogg|a=Southern California}} * {{IPA|en|/ˈɪnsɑe̯t/|a=AU}} * {{IPA|en|/ˈənsaɪ̯t/|[ˈənsɑe̯t]|a=NZ}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|~}} # [[洞察]] # [[看破]] # [[洞察力]] # [[眼光]] [[Category:英語]] f7g3pb4u5iqh5pnk41ac2ago81bbe94 學校 0 105620 9845979 8544806 2026-07-28T23:11:52Z Apisite 85347 /* 漢語 */ + 莆仙語 9845979 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=学校|alt=學較-棄用}} {{zh-wp|zh|yue|lzh|cdo:hŏk-hâu|nan:ha̍k-hāu}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=xuéxiào |ma=y |m-s=xuo2xiao4 |dg=щүә1щё2 |c=hok6 haau6 |c-t=hok5 hau5,hok5 hau5* |j=xyeh5 xiau3 |h=pfs=ho̍k-káu;hrs=h:hogˋ gauˊ;gd=hog6 gau3 |md=hŏk-hâu |mn=ha̍k-hāu |mn-t=hag8 hao6 |px=pt,xy:hah7 hao5 |w=sh:8yaq yau |x=xio6 jiau4 |mc=y,1 |oc=y;2 |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # {{lb|zh|countable}} [[教書]][[學習]]的[[場所]] {{zh-mw|m:所|c:間}} #: {{zh-x|上 不 了{liǎo} 好 學校|}} #: {{zh-x|去 學校 當 實習 老師|}} #: {{zh-x|他 在 家 說 方言,在 學校 說 普通話。|}} #: {{zh-x|我 喺 一 間 學校{haau6} 做嘢。|我在'''學校'''工作。|C-GZ}} #: {{zh-x|他 的 兒子{zi} 在 一 所 私立.學校 就學。|}} #: {{zh-x|去 學校 怎樣 行?|tr=Kó̤ hŏk-hâu cuōng-iông giàng?|我要怎麼去'''學校'''?|MD|a=Cdo_how_to_go_to_school.ogg}} #* {{zh-x|國 有 學校,侯 有 泮宮。||CL|ref='''{{AD}}1世紀''',{{w|揚雄}},《[[:s:百官箴 (揚雄)|百官箴]]》}} ====同義詞==== * {{qual|書面,或日本}} {{zh-l|學園}} {{zh-dial}} ====衍生詞==== {{col3|zh|高等學校|公立學校|工業學校|駕駛學校|技術學校|寄宿學校|私立學校|校內|校外|在校|住校|公學校|函授學校|學校教育|專科學校|師範學校|教會學校|暑期學校|步兵學校|炮兵學校|空中學校|職工學校|職業學校|聾啞學校|航空學校|補習學校|警官學校|警察學校|貴族學校|軍事學校|軍官學校|巡迴學校|文法學校|重點學校|精選學校|精英學校|院校|小學校}} ====派生詞==== {{CJKV||s=学校|がっこう|학교|học hiệu|o=学校|がっこー}} ====翻譯==== {{see translation subpage|名詞}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{thcwd|11656}} {{zh-cat|Beginning|學校}} ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|がく|こう|k1=がっ|yomi=on}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|がっこう|hist1=がくかう}} # {{ja-kyujitai spelling of|学校|}} ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hangeul=학교}} # {{hanja form of|학교|}} ==沖繩語== {{ryu-kanjitab|がく|k1=がっ|こー|yomi=on}} ===名詞=== {{ryu-noun|がっこー|shin=学校}} # {{ryu-kyujitai spelling of|学校||}} ==越南語== {{vi-hantutab}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|sc=Hani}} # {{han tu form of|học hiệu|}} ryje8lcpci56jmj6m3pr8wobx2bo8lo begin 0 114948 9846059 6646493 2026-07-29T11:25:33Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 英語 */ 9846059 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/bɪˈɡɪn/|/bəˈɡɪn/|/biˈɡɪn/}} * {{audio|en|En-uk-to begin.ogg|音頻(英式)}} * {{audio|en|en-us-begin.ogg|音頻(美式)}} * {{rhymes|en|ɪn}} ===動詞=== {{en-verb|+|~ning|began|begun}} # [[开始]] # [[启动]] c84obyb7e42uasu3ui3mgq48kjju4xo 挨拶 0 137345 9845807 9104322 2026-07-28T14:30:41Z Jiba1219 110530 /* 日語 */ 9845807 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=挨匝}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=āi拶 |mc=y |cat=a }} ===形容詞=== {{head|zh|形容詞}} # {{lb|zh|literary}} 形容[[人群]][[擁擠]] #* {{zh-x|昔者 天子 登封 ^泰山,其時 士庶 挨拶,獨 召 一 縣尉 行 轎 而 前,呼 曰:「官人 來!」眾 皆 靡然。||CL|ref=宋·葛長庚《海瓊集·鶴林問道篇》}} ====派生詞==== {{col3|zh|挨挨拶拶}} ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|あい|さつ|yomi=o,kanon}} ===詞源=== 源自{{der|ja|ltc|挨拶|sort=あいさつ}}。 ===發音=== {{ja-pron|あいさつ|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|あいさつ}} # [[致敬]],[[問候]],[[寒喧]] # [[致詞]] # [[回答]],[[通知]] ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|tr=intrans|あいさつ}} # [[致敬]],[[問候]],[[寒喧]] ====活用==== {{ja-suru|あいさつ}} ===參考資料=== <references/> ==沖繩語== {{ryu-kanjitab|えー|さち|yomi=on}} ===詞源=== 與{{cog|ja|挨拶|tr=aisatsu}}同源。 ===名詞=== {{ryu-noun|えーさち}} # [[問候]] m2lraawxsr79jhpat251gy0h4stklts Template:Quote-book 10 145358 9845862 8339565 2026-07-28T17:32:12Z TongcyDai 53191 9845862 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:quote|quote_t|type=book}}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude>{{quote-book|en|author=F[rancis] Scott Fitzgerald|authorlink=F. Scott Fitzgerald|chapter=IX|title=[[w:The Great Gatsby|The Great Gatsby]]|location=New York, N.Y.|publisher=[[w:Charles Scribner's Sons|Charles Scribner’s Sons]]|year=1925|oclc=884653065|location2=New York, N.Y.|publisher2=Charles Scribner’s Sons|year2=1953|isbn2=978-0-684-16498-4|page2=182|pageurl2=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.184960/2015.184960.The-Great-Gatsby#page/n185/mode/1up|passage=So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back '''ceaselessly''' into the past.}}<!-- -->{{documentation}}[[Category:引用模板]]</noinclude> sparhgbht5me1ubpg2ssbjy18ivl1nv 0 302987 9845952 6762858 2026-07-28T22:24:51Z Fglffer 55252 9845952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=85|rad=水|as=15|sn=18|canj=EQBU|four=|ids=⿰氵靚}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0658.020|dkj=|dj=|hdz=31775.040|ch=8370005.03|uh=3D7E}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=𪷍|alt=𩇟,儬,濪}} ===詞源1=== ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=qìng |c=cing6 |mc=1 |oc= |ma= |cat=a }} ====釋義==== {{head|zh|漢字}} # [[寒冷]] ===詞源2=== {{zh-see|凊|v}} ===詞源3=== {{zh-see|淨|v|潔淨;純淨}} 8q8aa84vb1d83n3w6jceeqopnh5n2ch 0 309696 9845951 9660554 2026-07-28T22:19:48Z Fglffer 55252 9845951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=85|rad=水|as=09|sn=12|four=37120|canj=EPYR|ids=⿰氵訇}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0635.160|dkj=17793|dj=1043.010|hdz=31683.030|sbgy=189.34|ch=8140002.01|uh=6E39}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===詞源1=== ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=hōng |c=gwang1 |mc=y |oc=y |ma= |cat=n }} ====釋義==== {{head|zh|漢字}} # [[撞擊]]聲 ====組詞==== {{col|zh|渹渹|渹湱}} ===詞源2=== ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=qìng |cat=a }} ====釋義==== {{head|zh|漢字}} # [[寒冷]] ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=水09}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=水09}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=こう, せい, しょう}} omchj2q3qg6zeguxcuy2qgxvxs4zpe0 0 313779 9845957 9662220 2026-07-28T22:35:49Z Fglffer 55252 9845957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=149|rad=言|as=02|sn=9|four=27620|canj=PYMR|ids=⿹勹言}} ====衍生字==== * {{charlist|sc=Hani|揈渹輷鍧鞫}} * {{charlist|sc=Hani|𪡡𢝁𤟼𭿈𥔀𦑟𰵀𩜺𣮴𩘇𮏹𧃈𧃓𮆽𥷚𥷤𥷴}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1146.150|dkj=35219|dj=1613.100|hdz=63939.080|ch=12370001.04|uh=8A07}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𧥻}} ===字源=== {{Han etyl}} {{Han compound|勻|言|ls=psc|c1=p|abb1=y|c2=s}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=hōng |c=gwang1 |mc=y |oc=y |ma= |cat=n,pn }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|onomatopoeia}} [[巨大]]的[[聲音]] # {{zh-used|阿訇}} # {{surname|zh}} ===組詞=== {{col3|zh|砰訇|訇雷震|訇訇|阿訇|訇隱|軿訇|訇哮|訇然}} ===來源=== * {{R:yue:Hanzi}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=言02}} # [[破碎]]聲 ====讀法==== {{rfv-pron|ja}} {{ja-readings |goon=げん<げん<ぐゑん, こう<くわう |kanon=けん<けん<くゑん, こう<くわう<!-- |kanyoon=きん--> }} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=굉|eumhun=|rv=goeng|mr=koeng|y=koyng}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=言02}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=hoanh, oanh|rs=言02}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=言02}} 0o6ct5ux21kas0zgdhhr0y65m1zpl22 0 313991 9845942 9662328 2026-07-28T22:00:54Z Fglffer 55252 9845942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=149|rad=言|as=11|sn=18|four=04634|canj=YRTAK|ids=⿰訁莫}} ====衍生字==== * {{charlist|sc=Hani|𱕬𢺀𱳚𲄔𲂹𧄲𥷺𩇅}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1177.150|dkj=35864|dj=1641.350|hdz=64004.090|ch=12540004.04|sbgy=80.42|uh=8B28}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=谟|alt=謩,𠻚,𢜯}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=mó |c=mou4 |mn=bô͘ |mn-t=mo5 |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n,v }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|literary}} [[謀略]],[[計劃]] # {{lb|zh|literary}} [[謹慎]],[[深思]] ====組詞==== {{col3|zh|典謨|典謨訓誥|嘉謨|定鼎訏謨|宸謨|廟謨|望謨|忠言嘉謨|洛謨尼|訏謨|謀謨帷幄|查謨|德謨克拉西}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=言11}} # [[謀略]],[[計劃]] # [[謹慎]] ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings |goon=も |kanon=ぼ |kun=はか-る |nanori=}} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|모}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=言11}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings |rs=言11 |hanviet=mô-tdcndg;tdcntd;gdhn;btcn;bonet;genibrel |nom=mua-tdcndg;tdcntd;gdhn;btcn;bonet;genibrel;taberd, mô-tdcndg;tdcntd, mùa-tdcndg;tdcntd, mo-tdcndg;btcn, mò-tdcndg, mu-tdcndg, mù-tdcntd}} # {{vi-Nom form of|mo|{{lb|vi|botany}} 檳榔樹的佛焰苞}} # {{vi-Nom form of|mô}} ## {{lb|vi|central Vietnam}} [[哪裡]] ## {{lb|vi|central Vietnam}} [[哪個]] ## {{lb|vi|central Vietnam|動詞後}} [[不]],[[否]] # {{vi-Nom form of|mu|動物背甲}} # {{vi-Nom form of|mua|買}} # {{vi-Nom form of|mùa|季節}} ===來源=== <references/> sjhud07mc9pbqw2axzsy1vox4k2cuto 0 313992 9845943 5700515 2026-07-28T22:01:36Z Fglffer 55252 9845943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=149|rad=言|as=11|sn=18|four=|canj=TAKR|ids=⿱莫言}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1177.190|dkj=35865|dj=1641.360|hdz=64005.020|uh=8B29}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|謨|v}} s1booabdrjez9985u3tk8trpdiix67b 0 314747 9845959 9662608 2026-07-28T22:37:53Z Fglffer 55252 9845959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=159|rad=車|as=10|sn=17|four=|canj=JJBHX|ids=⿰車舀}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1247.260|dkj=38477|dj=1725.080|hdz=53550.050|uh=8F41}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=𮷝}} {{zh-see|韜|v}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=車10}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=車10}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=とう|kun=つつむ, ゆみぶくろ}} ijkfjejhd7nq8f73bnnw0xyzcelre7m 0 314764 9845981 9662620 2026-07-28T23:20:59Z Fglffer 55252 9845981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|軣}} {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{Han simplified forms|轟|軣|轰|ex=y}} ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=159|rad=車|as=14|sn=21|four=50556|canj=JJJJJ|ids=⿱車䡛}} ====衍生字==== * {{charlist|sc=Hani|𠑭𡆀𢺩𣡴𨰵}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=1249.280|dkj=38577|dj=1728.180|hdz=53559.120|ch=13080001.07|uh=8F5F}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=轰|ns=𮷛}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{zh-etym-triple|車}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=hōng |m-s= |c=gwang1 |c-t= |g= |h=pfs=fông |j= |mb=hó̤ng |md= |mn=hong/eng |mn_note=hong - 文讀;eng - 白讀 |mn-t=hong1 |w= |x= |mc=y |oc=y |cat=v }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|onomatopoeia}} [[巨大]]的[[聲響]];[[巨響]] # [[爆炸]],[[爆破]] # [[驅逐]],[[驅趕]] ====組詞==== {{col3|zh|五雷轟頂|戰略轟炸|水平轟炸|炮轟|烈火轟雷|烈烈轟轟|疲勞轟炸|轟動|轟擊|轟沉|轟炸|轟炸機|轟烈|轟然|轟然雷動|轟的|轟走|轟轟|轟轟烈烈|轟醉|轟隆|轟雷掣電|轟雷貫耳|轟飲|轟鳴|雷轟電掣|飽和轟炸|高空轟炸|轟轟闐闐}} ==日語== {{ja-kanji forms|軣|轟|ex=y}} ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=8|rs=車14|shin=軣}} # [[巨響]] # [[雷聲]] # [[爆炸]]聲 # [[回響]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=こう |kanon=こう |kanyoon=ごう |kun=とどろ-く, とどろ-かす }} ====組詞==== * {{ja-r|轟音|ごうおん}} * {{ja-r|轟轟|ごうごう}}、{{ja-r|轟々|ごうごう}} * {{ja-r|轟沈|ごうちん}} * {{ja-r|轟石|とどろきせき}} ==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== 來自{{der|ko|ltc|-}} {{ltc-l|轟}}。 {{box| * {{hanja-dongguk|회ᇰ|hwoyng}} |歷史讀音 }} ===發音=== {{ko-hanja-pron|굉}} ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja-search}} {{ko-hanja|울리다|울릴|굉}} # {{hanja form of|굉|[[巨響]];[[雷聲]];[[爆炸]]聲}} ====組詞==== {{col|ko |{{ko-l|굉성|轟聲}} |{{ko-l|굉굉|轟轟}} |{{ko-l|굉렬|轟烈}} |{{ko-l|굉발|轟發}} |{{ko-l|굉소|轟笑}} |{{ko-l|굉침|轟沈}} |{{ko-l|굉연|轟然}} |{{ko-l|굉음|轟音}} |{{ko-l|굉천뢰|轟天雷}} }} ===來源=== * {{R:hanjadoc|12543}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=huênh, oanh, oang, oàng|rs=車14}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=車14}} 4sp761s30imww2pqnhpe98js6e5zg06 0 316091 9845964 9663182 2026-07-28T22:41:32Z Fglffer 55252 9845964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=177|rad=革|as=10|sn=19|four=|canj=TJBHX|ids=⿰革舀}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1390.180|dkj=42957|dj=1905.100|hdz=74347.080|uh=97B1}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|韜|v}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=革10}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=革10}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=とう|kun=つつむ, ゆみぶくろ}} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=도|eumhun=|rv=do|mr=to|y=to}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=革10}} 281d86m9081dox2c7wt70um2xy5kf81 0 316120 9845805 9845802 2026-07-28T13:33:39Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ 9845805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=178|rad=韋|as=10|sn=19|four=42577|canj=DQBHX|ids=⿰韋舀}} ====參考資料==== {{Han ref|kx=1395.030|dkj=43189|dj=1910.190|hdz=74510.020|uh=97DC|sbgy=156.190|ch=14710006.050}} {{shuowen}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=韬|alt=弢}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{Han compound|韋|舀|c1=s|c2=p|ls=psc|t1=套子}}。 有多個改意符的異體字「[[鞱]]」、「[[縚]]」、「[[轁]]」,「[[臼]]」俗有作「-{[[旧]]}-」的,便作「[[𩏍]]」,隸楷「[[爪]]」和「[[⺈]]」有時混淆,綜合起便可訛作「[[𩊹]]」。也有「舀」訛作「[[盾]]」的「[[𩏋]]」。「韜」有一異構「[[弢]]」,「韜」和「弢」在《說文》中被認為是不相干的兩個正字,但其實這樣的區分是沒必要的。「韜」《說文》「劒衣也」而「弢」《說文》「弓衣也」,但二字同音也在古籍中通用,實際上它們即異體字,「韜」這個詞應當是泛指兵器的外衣,而區分劍衣和弓衣是《說文》執著於字形了。「弢」右的「[[𠬢]]」的來源不明,或冗增一橫作「[[𢏫]]」,或隸變作「[[支]]」形如「[[𢎼]]」,「支」形或訛作「[[㢭]]」與「[[發]]」古字同形,或「屮」訛作「[[山]]」而置於上作「[[𡸅]]」。也有改換意符為「[[韋]]」的「[[𩎢]]」。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=tāo |c=tou1 |h=pfs= |md= |mn=tho |w= |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n,v }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|書面}} [[劍]][[套]] # {{lb|zh|書面}} [[弓]][[袋]] # {{lb|zh|書面}} [[套]]上 # {{lb|zh|比喻}} [[包藏]],[[隱藏]] #: {{zh-x|韜光養晦}} # [[用兵]]的[[謀略]] ===組詞=== {{col|zh|韜光養晦|韜略|六韜}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=韋10}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=韋10}} ====讀音==== {{ja-readings |goon=とう<たう |kanon=とう<たう |kun=ゆぶくろ, ゆみぶくろ, つつ-む }} ====組詞==== {{col|ja |{{ja-r|韜%晦|とう%かい}} |{{ja-r|韜%略|とう%りゃく}} |{{ja-r|韜%光%晦%迹|とう%こう%かい%せき}} |{{ja-r|自%己%韜%晦|じ%こ%とう%かい}} |{{ja-r|韜%光%養%晦|とう%こう%よう%かい}} |{{ja-r|六%韜%三%略|りく%とう%さん%りゃく}} }} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|도}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=韋10}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=韋10|reading=thao}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=韋10}} ====參考資料==== *[http://nomfoundation.org/common/nom_details.php?codepoint=97dc Nom Foundation] laeokuwwllvp4v28nuwm4whwd1845h8 9845968 9845805 2026-07-28T22:51:29Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ 9845968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=178|rad=韋|as=10|sn=19|four=42577|canj=DQBHX|ids=⿰韋舀}} ====參考資料==== {{Han ref|kx=1395.030|dkj=43189|dj=1910.190|hdz=74510.020|uh=97DC|sbgy=156.190|ch=14710006.050}} {{shuowen}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=韬|alt=轁,縚,鞱,弢,𩊹,𩏍}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{Han compound|韋|舀|c1=s|c2=p|ls=psc|t1=套子}}。 有多個改意符的異體字「{{lang|mul|鞱}}」、「{{lang|mul|縚}}」、「{{lang|mul|轁}}」,「{{lang|mul|臼}}」俗有作「{{lang|mul|旧}}」的,便作「{{lang|mul|𩏍}}」,隸楷「{{lang|mul|爪}}」和「{{lang|mul|⺈}}」有時混淆,訛作「{{lang|mul|𩊹}}」。也有「舀」訛作「{{lang|mul|盾}}」的「{{lang|mul|𩏋}}」。 另有一異體「{{lang|mul|弢}}」,兩者在《說文》中被認為是不相干的兩個正字,但二字同音也通用,「韜」這個詞應當是泛指兵器的外衣,而區分劍衣和弓衣是《說文》過度執著於字形。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=tāo |c=tou1 |h=pfs= |md= |mn=tho |w= |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n,v }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|書面}} [[劍]][[套]] # {{lb|zh|書面}} [[弓]][[袋]] # {{lb|zh|書面}} [[套]]上 # {{lb|zh|比喻}} [[包藏]],[[隱藏]] #: {{zh-x|韜光養晦}} # [[用兵]]的[[謀略]] ===組詞=== {{col|zh|韜光養晦|韜略|六韜}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=韋10}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=韋10}} ====讀音==== {{ja-readings |goon=とう<たう |kanon=とう<たう |kun=ゆぶくろ, ゆみぶくろ, つつ-む }} ====組詞==== {{col|ja |{{ja-r|韜%晦|とう%かい}} |{{ja-r|韜%略|とう%りゃく}} |{{ja-r|韜%光%晦%迹|とう%こう%かい%せき}} |{{ja-r|自%己%韜%晦|じ%こ%とう%かい}} |{{ja-r|韜%光%養%晦|とう%こう%よう%かい}} |{{ja-r|六%韜%三%略|りく%とう%さん%りゃく}} }} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|도}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=韋10}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=韋10|reading=thao}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=韋10}} ====參考資料==== *[http://nomfoundation.org/common/nom_details.php?codepoint=97dc Nom Foundation] fl51bkjzq80uugsalkaoa4yg8w60w7c 9845969 9845968 2026-07-28T22:56:12Z Fglffer 55252 9845969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=178|rad=韋|as=10|sn=19|four=42577|canj=DQBHX|ids=⿰韋舀}} ====參考資料==== {{Han ref|kx=1395.030|dkj=43189|dj=1910.190|hdz=74510.020|uh=97DC|sbgy=156.190|ch=14710006.050}} {{shuowen}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=韬|alt=轁,縚,鞱,弢,𩊹,𩏍,𩏋}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{Han compound|韋|舀|c1=s|c2=p|ls=psc|t1=套子}}。 有多個改意符的異體字「{{lang|mul|鞱}}」、「{{lang|mul|縚}}」、「{{lang|mul|轁}}」,「{{lang|mul|臼}}」俗有作「{{lang|mul|旧}}」的,便作「{{lang|mul|𩏍}}」,隸楷「{{lang|mul|爪}}」和「{{lang|mul|⺈}}」有時混淆,訛作「{{lang|mul|𩊹}}」。也有「舀」訛作「{{lang|mul|盾}}」的「{{lang|mul|𩏋}}」。 另有一異體「{{lang|mul|弢}}」,兩者在《說文》中被認為是不相干的兩個正字,但二字同音也通用,「韜」這個詞應當是泛指兵器的外衣,而區分劍衣和弓衣是《說文》過度執著於字形。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=tāo |c=tou1 |h=pfs= |md= |mn=tho |w= |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n,v }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|書面}} [[劍]][[套]] # {{lb|zh|書面}} [[弓]][[袋]] # {{lb|zh|書面}} [[套]]上 # {{lb|zh|比喻}} [[包藏]],[[隱藏]] #: {{zh-x|韜光養晦}} # [[用兵]]的[[謀略]] ===組詞=== {{col|zh|韜光養晦|韜略|六韜}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=韋10}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=韋10}} ====讀音==== {{ja-readings |goon=とう<たう |kanon=とう<たう |kun=ゆぶくろ, ゆみぶくろ, つつ-む }} ====組詞==== {{col|ja |{{ja-r|韜%晦|とう%かい}} |{{ja-r|韜%略|とう%りゃく}} |{{ja-r|韜%光%晦%迹|とう%こう%かい%せき}} |{{ja-r|自%己%韜%晦|じ%こ%とう%かい}} |{{ja-r|韜%光%養%晦|とう%こう%よう%かい}} |{{ja-r|六%韜%三%略|りく%とう%さん%りゃく}} }} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|도}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=韋10}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=韋10|reading=thao}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=韋10}} ====參考資料==== *[http://nomfoundation.org/common/nom_details.php?codepoint=97dc Nom Foundation] p4saozb2fkn7bhsyg87myqgdsn9xsxd 9845970 9845969 2026-07-28T22:57:27Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ 9845970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=178|rad=韋|as=10|sn=19|four=42577|canj=DQBHX|ids=⿰韋舀}} ====參考資料==== {{Han ref|kx=1395.030|dkj=43189|dj=1910.190|hdz=74510.020|uh=97DC|sbgy=156.190|ch=14710006.050}} {{shuowen}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=韬|alt=轁,*縚,鞱,弢,𩊹,𩏍,𩏋}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{Han compound|韋|舀|c1=s|c2=p|ls=psc|t1=套子}}。 有多個改意符的異體字「{{lang|mul|鞱}}」、「{{lang|mul|縚}}」、「{{lang|mul|轁}}」,「{{lang|mul|臼}}」俗有作「{{lang|mul|旧}}」的,便作「{{lang|mul|𩏍}}」,隸楷「{{lang|mul|爪}}」和「{{lang|mul|⺈}}」有時混淆,訛作「{{lang|mul|𩊹}}」。也有「舀」訛作「{{lang|mul|盾}}」的「{{lang|mul|𩏋}}」。 另有一異體「{{lang|mul|弢}}」,兩者在《說文》中被認為是不相干的兩個正字,但二字同音也通用,「韜」這個詞應當是泛指兵器的外衣,而區分劍衣和弓衣是《說文》過度執著於字形。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=tāo |c=tou1 |h=pfs= |md= |mn=tho |w= |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n,v }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|書面}} [[劍]][[套]] # {{lb|zh|書面}} [[弓]][[袋]] # {{lb|zh|書面}} [[套]]上 # {{lb|zh|比喻}} [[包藏]],[[隱藏]] #: {{zh-x|韜光養晦}} # [[用兵]]的[[謀略]] ===組詞=== {{col|zh|韜光養晦|韜略|六韜}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=韋10}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=韋10}} ====讀音==== {{ja-readings |goon=とう<たう |kanon=とう<たう |kun=ゆぶくろ, ゆみぶくろ, つつ-む }} ====組詞==== {{col|ja |{{ja-r|韜%晦|とう%かい}} |{{ja-r|韜%略|とう%りゃく}} |{{ja-r|韜%光%晦%迹|とう%こう%かい%せき}} |{{ja-r|自%己%韜%晦|じ%こ%とう%かい}} |{{ja-r|韜%光%養%晦|とう%こう%よう%かい}} |{{ja-r|六%韜%三%略|りく%とう%さん%りゃく}} }} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|도}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=韋10}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=韋10|reading=thao}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=韋10}} ====參考資料==== *[http://nomfoundation.org/common/nom_details.php?codepoint=97dc Nom Foundation] drc4ghfyujggj0qauxpck33468qrffe ấy 0 327178 9846055 6697301 2026-07-29T11:11:31Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846055 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-ấy.wav|a=Hanoi}} ===釋義=== #(语气词)那,那个 #(表示惊讶或劝阻)咦,喂 [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] 3zs5kupc7h839oplkgbfl20dezk7ou4 cua 0 333142 9846040 9713954 2026-07-29T10:28:06Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Cua|CUA|của|cưa|cửa|cu-a|cúa}} ==跨語言== ===符號=== {{mul-symbol}} # {{ISO 639|3}} ===參見=== * {{langcat}} ==加泰羅尼亞語== ===名詞=== {{ca-noun|f}} # [[尾巴]] ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|cls=con|[[𧍏]], [[𧍆]], [[姑]], [[𩸰]]}} # [[螃蟹]] [[Category:待分類的加泰羅尼亞語詞]] [[分類:拉丁文字]] [[Category:加泰羅尼亞語]] f69qnuk0cly8w8twl0b76qkf1vugok0 cháu 0 333755 9845992 9042190 2026-07-29T02:28:44Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9845992 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-cháu.wav|a=Hanoi}} ===释义=== 汉字:𡥙  󰂀 孫 #孙子(女) #侄子(女) #外甥(女) #儿子 #小孩 [[Category:待分類的越南語詞]] [[Category:越南語]] f3khnqo7w3zfwdhl2h74fs5xhpbik6z gươm 0 447936 9846004 6706213 2026-07-29T03:17:43Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846004 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|cls=[[thanh]], [[cây]]|[[劍]], [[鎌]]}} # [[劍]] #: {{syn|vi|kiếm}} se4kitlntxtilxosha81oms20i7zc73 hút 0 572985 9846045 6708160 2026-07-29T10:35:41Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846045 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===動詞=== {{vi-verb|[[吸]], [[唿]]}} # [[吸]] eg3tuymp62k5xkvy2dwb1zgk3e24btv ít 0 573275 9846051 6708453 2026-07-29T10:55:28Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846051 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-ít.wav|a=Hanoi}} ===限定詞=== {{vi-determ|[[乙]], [[𠃣]], [[󱙂]]}} # [[少]] 9fbv7cmrwykvva7wayfbsp09fri3u51 轟沈 0 628547 9845983 8197158 2026-07-28T23:25:08Z Fglffer 55252 9845983 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ごう|ちん|yomi=o}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ごうちん|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|ごうちん|hhira=がうちん}} # [[船隻]][[瞬間]][[沉沒]] ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|ごうちん|hhira=がうちん}} # 瞬間[[擊沉]]一艘船 # 船隻沉沒 ====活用==== {{ja-suru|ごうちん}} ===來源=== <references /> :* {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0002362000|<sup>▲</sup>轟沈}} {{C|ja|戰爭}} 94vzkc6vzh7ksx8013dpaoqdcm32xtk 9846013 9845983 2026-07-29T04:03:36Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 動詞 */ 9846013 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ごう|ちん|yomi=o}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ごうちん|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|ごうちん|hhira=がうちん}} # [[船隻]][[瞬間]][[沉沒]] ===動詞=== {{ja-verb-suru|tr=both|ごうちん|hhira=がうちん}} # 瞬間[[擊沉]]一艘船 # 船隻沉沒 ====活用==== {{ja-suru|ごうちん}} ===來源=== <references /> :* {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0002362000|<sup>▲</sup>轟沈}} {{C|ja|戰爭}} bca2lzejx0c0k5zkhpjifeyemav46bc 0 628624 9845947 9663868 2026-07-28T22:10:20Z Fglffer 55252 9845947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=159|rad=車|as=09|sn=16|four=57020|canj=JJPYR|ids=⿰車訇}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1246.220|dkj=38437|dj=1723.300|hdz=53547.010|ch=13040006.01|uh=8F37}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=𫐒}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=hōng |c=gwang1 |mc=y |oc=y |cat=a }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # 形容[[車子]][[行駛]]的聲音 ===組詞=== {{col|zh|輘輷|輷輘|輷輷|輷鞫殷殷}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=車09}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=車09}} ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=こう |kanon=こう |kun=とどろ-く }} 5y40374rinxkya2vpq0c6h8lrpdcqv3 9845958 9845947 2026-07-28T22:36:34Z Fglffer 55252 /* 釋義 */ 9845958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=159|rad=車|as=09|sn=16|four=57020|canj=JJPYR|ids=⿰車訇}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1246.220|dkj=38437|dj=1723.300|hdz=53547.010|ch=13040006.01|uh=8F37}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=𫐒}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=hōng |c=gwang1 |mc=y |oc=y |cat=a }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|onomatopoeia}} [[車子]][[行駛]]的聲音 ===組詞=== {{col|zh|輘輷|輷輘|輷輷|輷鞫殷殷}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=車09}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=車09}} ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=こう |kanon=こう |kun=とどろ-く }} 0y20qipzel6c6equm3lqja3x3g2b69x 喇叭 0 646061 9845806 9253644 2026-07-28T14:17:33Z Jiba1219 110530 /* 日語 */ 9845806 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|gloss=-}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|zh|mn|ᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ||貝殼;海螺;螺號}},又借用自{{der|zh|cmn-ear|-}} {{ltc-l|螺貝|貝殼;海螺;螺號}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=lǎba,lǎbā,1nb=中國大陸和臺灣標準,2nb=文學或區域異讀 |dg=ла2ба1 |c=laa3 baa1 |ca=LL-Q9186 (yue)-Luilui6666-喇叭.wav |g=la5 ba |h=pfs=la̍p-pá;gd=la2 ba4 |md=lā-pá |mn=xm,qz,zz,twr:la-pa/tw:lá-pah/xmd:lah-pah/twr:là-pa/twr:la-pah/twr:lat-pah |mn-t=la1 ba5 |w=sh:8laq paq,8laq pa |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # {{lb|zh|musical instrument}} [[西洋]][[音樂]]的[[銅管樂器]];[[號角]] # {{lb|zh|regional|musical instrument}} [[嗩吶]] # {{zh-alt-name|揚聲器}} # [[交通工具]]內,將[[電流]]的[[變化]][[轉變]]成[[聲音]]的[[設備]] #: {{zh-x|開車 時,請勿 亂 按 喇叭。}} # {{lb|zh|figurative}} 形容人多話,[[到處]][[宣傳]] #: {{zh-x|他 真 是 個 大 喇叭,無論 聽到 什麼 消息,立刻 到處 廣播。}} ====使用說明==== 這也是一個通用名詞,用來形容任何具有喇叭或喇叭形狀的東西。 ====同義詞==== * {{s|號角}} {{qual|泉漳話}} {{zh-l|咹咹}} {{zh-dial|嗩吶}} * {{s|形容人多話}} {{zh-l|話筒}}、{{zh-l|傳聲筒}}、{{zh-l|長舌}};{{qual|粵語}} {{zh-l|是非鬼}} ====衍生詞==== {{col3|zh|吹喇叭|喇叭口兒|喇叭手|喇叭筒|喇叭花|喇叭蟲|喇叭褲|喇喇叭叭|大喇叭|小喇叭|琉璃喇叭|環繞喇叭|窗兒眼吹喇叭|隔著窗戶吹喇叭|喇叭裙}} ====派生詞==== {{CJKV|j=喇%叭||らっ%ぱ|나발}} '''其他''': * {{desc|sce|laba|bor=1}} * {{desc|mnc|ᠯᠠᠪᠠ|bor=1}} {{zh-cat|Intermediate}} ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|らつ|k1=らっ|は|k2=ぱ|yomi=kanon,o}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|らっぱ|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|らっぱ}} # [[銅管樂器]]的[[總稱]] # [[揚聲器]] # {{short for|ja|喇叭飲み|tr=rappa-nomi|t=大口灌酒}} ===來源=== <references /> {{C|ja|管樂器|飲酒}} ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hj|hangeul=나발}} # {{hanja form of|나발}} 2fxxoj6bv0n8m137eyp53asror1kavm kiếm 0 646887 9846003 6709126 2026-07-29T03:17:06Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846003 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|cls=[[cây]], [[cái]], [[thanh]]|[[剑]], [[劎]]}} # [[劍]] #: {{syn|vi|gươm}} 31tf3m1ts8uf87a3hbberelkzzpev7j người 0 648007 9845988 6710246 2026-07-29T02:19:06Z Trong Dang 120282 9845988 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{homophone|vi|Người}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-người.wav|a=Hanoi}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|cls=con|[[㝵]], [[𠊚]], [[𠊛]]}} # [[人]] josini1zjgxbxu4616hdk3zkn4bvufk khổ 0 648561 9845996 6710799 2026-07-29T02:41:56Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9845996 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===形容詞=== {{vi-adj}} # [[悲慘]]的 d51ruhlrxp2z9jsn0slnk3taggwvdzk nhiều 0 649109 9846050 6711347 2026-07-29T10:54:05Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846050 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{audio|vi|Vi-hanoi-m-nhiều.ogg|a=Hanoi}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-nhiều.wav|a=Ho Chi Minh City}} ===限定詞=== {{vi-determ|[[饒]], [[𬼀]], [[𡗉]], [[󰬥]], [[𡗊]], [[澆]], [[𱘫]], [[𤄮]], [[𬲢]]}} # [[多]] lapbl3getf0x3ekvu8g13hg3b2le7gd nhọc 0 649220 9845995 6711460 2026-07-29T02:40:29Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9845995 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===形容詞=== {{vi-adj|[[辱]], [[𠢑]], [[𢟹]], [[搙]], [[𤹘]], [[𲓎]], [[𳄀]]}} # [[疲倦]]的 3w9ppt7yvpdayqxe2wjcf6tgcw4ww3v làm 0 649230 9846037 6711470 2026-07-29T10:23:15Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846037 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{IPA|vi|[lɑm˧˩]|a=Quảng Nam}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-làm.wav|a=Hanoi}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-làm.wav|a=Ho Chi Minh City}} ===動詞=== {{vi-verb|[[𫜵]], [[𪵯]], [[𬈋]], [[󱛝]], [[濫]]}} # [[做]] 5woyb3qxjfbb2hbtlgadqpvxsehxtzv lẹ 0 649779 9846005 6712017 2026-07-29T03:31:17Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846005 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===形容詞=== {{vi-adj|[[𫑐]], [[珥]]|rdp=y}} # [[快]]的 lkqtzt8jwtwa5g1rsc8x0jl2bcm67n1 ông 0 650175 9845991 6712415 2026-07-29T02:27:39Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9845991 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{IPA|vi|[ʔoŋ˧˥]|a=[[w:Vinh|Vinh]]}} * {{hmp|vi|Ông}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-ông.wav|a=Hanoi}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|[[翁]], [[𪪳]], [[𡗳]]}} # [[祖父]] 79dno63dnl1yha3wikhnxicxxjdysmr ống 0 650181 9846044 6712421 2026-07-29T10:34:10Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846044 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|cls=cái|[[瓮]], [[甕]], [[𪪳]]}} # [[管]] q9qbk89pgl3f5frdifr712vr5bxu7d5 phân 0 650981 9845993 6713403 2026-07-29T02:34:41Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9845993 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-phân.wav|a=Hanoi}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|cls_note=sense 1|分}} # [[糞便]] 0l1049ww7xw0ov03dt7g7jx7uw0pd68 mần 0 651838 9846038 6714258 2026-07-29T10:25:28Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846038 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===動詞=== {{vi-verb|[[𲈧]], [[𤔫]]}} # [[做]] mvmd07jhg46io0ghzc8pjq956ucr9hq mình 0 652311 9845999 6714729 2026-07-29T02:52:24Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9845999 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-mình.wav|a=Hanoi}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|[[命]], [[𠇮]], [[𠵴]], [[𨉓]], [[𨉟]]}} # [[身體]] nhsc0bgvi0dxh2oc68qfmqra0i9cdcm mỏi 0 652424 9845994 6714842 2026-07-29T02:39:46Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9845994 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===形容詞=== {{vi-adj|[[䀲]], [[痗]], [[𢵹]]}} # [[疲倦]]的 ntj7gt4il17xpn3o1v4gql1wsxy2h3f muộn 0 652856 9846001 6715279 2026-07-29T03:09:00Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846001 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-muộn.wav|a=Ho Chi Minh City}} ===形容詞=== {{vi-adj|[[晚]], [[󰉣]], [[󰉯]]}} # [[晚]]的 0xc5yqmfpluu92x9ddgv0nv57c4n7mo mực 0 652887 9846043 6715312 2026-07-29T10:32:03Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846043 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|[[墨]], [[䘃]], [[𧞾]]}} # [[墨水]] 7p5pzqjkuyfc3dmrvu2r3w4w2iosj3a nấm 0 653242 9846052 6715669 2026-07-29T11:01:28Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846052 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|cls=cây|[[菍]], [[稔]]}} # [[蘑菇]] 6rte5nr8fgdnwssl18mnxfhbyrda97o 0 653537 9846054 6715964 2026-07-29T11:08:07Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846054 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===代詞=== {{vi-pronoun|[[奴]], [[伮]]}} # [[它]] 7r365gqnosah67po82kbe2ap344ovzc sao 0 655355 9846053 9762452 2026-07-29T11:05:22Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846053 wikitext text/x-wiki ==跨語言== ===符號=== {{mul-symbol}} # {{ISO 639|3}} ===參見=== * {{langcat}} ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-sao.wav|a=Ho Chi Minh City}} ===副詞=== {{vi-adv|[[牢]], [[哰]], [[𣋀]], [[𫳵]]}} # 為什麼、為何 pjyokmep49a2p6pulxj09gazq1rdki0 tép 0 659634 9846042 6719834 2026-07-29T10:30:27Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846042 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|cls=con|[[鯜]], [[𩹫]], [[𬵤]]}} # [[小]][[蝦]] dzgpang97l0go5rfgb462t7cybk5qpl tìm 0 660579 9846002 6720309 2026-07-29T03:15:42Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846002 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-tìm.wav|a=Ho Chi Minh City}} ===動詞=== {{vi-verb|[[尋]], [[𱑭]]}} # [[搜尋]] 909oy7sndxr9z7cpaa4st7u47ywczpj tôm 0 661295 9846041 6720651 2026-07-29T10:28:58Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846041 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|cls=con|[[𩵽]], [[沁]], [[𱿜]]}} # [[蝦]] 8yfoad6l57gem4uuy89l63plvv4e3fb thấy 0 670777 9846047 6721722 2026-07-29T10:40:12Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846047 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===動詞=== {{vi-verb|[[体]], [[𧡊]], [[𫌠]]}} # [[看見]] 6rv8mfarl1vzmpsvewwgvqcoa5o9p35 thở 0 671260 9846046 6722217 2026-07-29T10:36:53Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846046 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===動詞=== {{vi-verb|[[咀]], [[𲠟]]}} # [[呼吸]] syt3ggcyd2fkkwbv3kmiiotxv5yf9gb thuốc 0 671436 9846049 6722397 2026-07-29T10:44:07Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846049 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|[[束]], [[𫇿]], [[𫊚]], [[𧆄]], [[𬟥]]}} # [[藥物]] 74h8yhm7e2c6w34ziwrc8da7f06s3h8 trễ 0 672012 9846000 6722980 2026-07-29T03:08:15Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846000 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===形容詞=== {{vi-adj|𧜐}} # [[晚]]的 izfnyq0svvnh0wd60o1brlhl1efu93u vào 0 673046 9845989 6724004 2026-07-29T02:23:37Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9845989 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-vào.wav|a=Hanoi}} ===動詞=== {{vi-verb|[[𠓨]], [[包]], [[󱚢]]}} # [[進入]] cnlvypzzv5rxc8yrjblg9g21pgy92sy viết 0 673486 9845997 6724453 2026-07-29T02:44:40Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9845997 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{hmp|vi|giết|qq1=南部}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-viết.wav|a=Ho Chi Minh City}} ===動詞=== {{vi-verb|[[曰]]}} # [[寫]] #: {{syn|vi|ghi|chép}} gvfzntkdye42vc7ja4xcqz40jq4btb6 yêu 0 674819 9845998 6725808 2026-07-29T02:49:35Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9845998 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} * {{audio|vi|LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-yêu.wav|a=Hanoi}} ===動詞=== {{vi-verb|[[腰]], [[𢞅]], [[𬁷]], [[夭]], [[㤇]]}} # [[愛]] clsdbxy6hgnb94hf4ahmi5nah5l8x03 raja sehari 0 734642 9845859 7754105 2026-07-28T17:20:41Z TongcyDai 53191 9845859 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印尼語== ===詞源=== {{ety|id|:inh|ms:raja sehari|tree=1}} {{inh+|id|ms|raja sehari}}。{{surf|id|raja<t:王>|sehari<t:一日>}}。 ===發音=== {{id-pr}} ===名詞=== {{id-noun|head=[[raja]] [[sehari|sêhari]]}} # [[新娘]]與[[新郎]] #: {{syn|id|manten|mempelai|pengantin}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:KBBI Daring}} ==馬來語== {{was fwotd|ms|2026|7月|30日}} [[File:Pakaian pengantin Melayu Deli zaman kini dengan kain songket corak daun inai 1.jpg|thumb|Foto '''raja sehari''' di hadapan pelaminan.<br/>在婚禮台前的'''新郎新娘'''照片]] ===詞源=== {{ety|ms|:af|ms:raja|ms:sehari|tree=1}} {{com+|ms|raja<t:王>|sehari<t:一日>|lit=一日國王(與王后)}}。 ===發音=== {{ms-pr}} ===名詞=== {{ms-noun|j=راج سهاري}} {{tlb|ms|metaphor}} # [[新娘]]與[[新郎]] #: {{syn|ms|kemanten|mempelai|pengantin}} #* {{quote-book|ms |year=1994 |author=Raja Noora Ashikin Raja Abdullah |title=Suara dan amanah: sketsa pemimpin Perak |location=Malaysia |publisher=Pustaka Cipta |isbn=9679974812 |page=115 |text=Akhirnya {{...}} mereka menjadi '''raja sehari''' pada 24 April 1954. |t=最後,{{...}}他們在1954年4月24日成為了'''新郎新娘'''。 }} #* {{quote-book|ms |year=2007 |author=Hatta Azad Khan |title=Muzikal Kampung Baru: Drama |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka |page=36 |text=Kalau setakat '''raja sehari''', {{...}} sepadan. |t=如果只是'''新郎新娘''',{{...}}也很相配。 }} #* {{quote-web|ms |date=2023-09-12 |author=ILB |title=‘Raja Sehari Bertemu Raja Sebenar’, Agong Dan Raja Permasuri Mencemar Duli Majlis Perkahwinan Di Miri |site=iloveborneo |url=https://www.iloveborneo.my/raja-sehari-bertemu-raja-sebenar-agong-dan-raja-permasuri-mencemar-duli-majlis-perkahwinan-di-miri/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204054009/https://www.iloveborneo.my/raja-sehari-bertemu-raja-sebenar-agong-dan-raja-permasuri-mencemar-duli-majlis-perkahwinan-di-miri/ |archivedate=2023-12-04 |text='''Raja Sehari''' Bertemu Raja Sebenar, Agong Dan Raja Permasuri{{sic|Permaisuri}} Mencemar Duli Majlis Perkahwinan Di Miri. |t='''新郎新娘'''遇見了真正的國王,{{w|馬來西亞最高元首}}和{{w|馬來西亞最高元首后|馬來西亞最高元首-{后}-}}出席了美里的一場婚禮。 |lit='''一日國王'''遇見了真正的國王,馬來西亞的國王與王后出席了美里的一場婚禮。 }} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|id|raja sehari|inh=1}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:KD4}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:PRPM}} 5omzcemgh3ti2qx5azvuxhapkt9r58e 9845860 9845859 2026-07-28T17:22:46Z TongcyDai 53191 9845860 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印尼語== ===詞源=== {{ety|id|:inh|ms:raja sehari|tree=1}} {{inh+|id|ms|raja sehari}}。{{surf|id|raja<t:王>|sehari<t:一日>}}。 ===發音=== {{id-pr}} ===名詞=== {{id-noun|head=[[raja]] [[sehari|sêhari]]}} # [[新娘]]與[[新郎]] #: {{syn|id|manten|mempelai|pengantin}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:KBBI Daring}} ==馬來語== {{was fwotd|ms|2026|7月|30日}} [[File:Pakaian pengantin Melayu Deli zaman kini dengan kain songket corak daun inai 1.jpg|thumb|Foto '''raja sehari''' di hadapan pelaminan.<br/>在婚禮台前的'''新郎新娘'''照片]] ===詞源=== {{ety|ms|:af|ms:raja|ms:sehari|tree=1}} {{com+|ms|raja<t:王,君主>|sehari<t:一日>}}。{{lit|一日國王}}。 ===發音=== {{ms-pr}} ===名詞=== {{ms-noun|j=راج سهاري}} {{tlb|ms|metaphor}} # [[新娘]]與[[新郎]] #: {{syn|ms|kemanten|mempelai|pengantin}} #* {{quote-book|ms |year=1994 |author=Raja Noora Ashikin Raja Abdullah |title=Suara dan amanah: sketsa pemimpin Perak |location=Malaysia |publisher=Pustaka Cipta |isbn=9679974812 |page=115 |text=Akhirnya {{...}} mereka menjadi '''raja sehari''' pada 24 April 1954. |t=最後,{{...}}他們在1954年4月24日成為了'''新郎新娘'''。 }} #* {{quote-book|ms |year=2007 |author=Hatta Azad Khan |title=Muzikal Kampung Baru: Drama |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka |page=36 |text=Kalau setakat '''raja sehari''', {{...}} sepadan. |t=如果只是'''新郎新娘''',{{...}}也很相配。 }} #* {{quote-web|ms |date=2023-09-12 |author=ILB |title=‘Raja Sehari Bertemu Raja Sebenar’, Agong Dan Raja Permasuri Mencemar Duli Majlis Perkahwinan Di Miri |site=iloveborneo |url=https://www.iloveborneo.my/raja-sehari-bertemu-raja-sebenar-agong-dan-raja-permasuri-mencemar-duli-majlis-perkahwinan-di-miri/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204054009/https://www.iloveborneo.my/raja-sehari-bertemu-raja-sebenar-agong-dan-raja-permasuri-mencemar-duli-majlis-perkahwinan-di-miri/ |archivedate=2023-12-04 |text='''Raja Sehari''' Bertemu Raja Sebenar, Agong Dan Raja Permasuri{{sic|Permaisuri}} Mencemar Duli Majlis Perkahwinan Di Miri. |t='''新郎新娘'''遇見了真正的國王,{{w|馬來西亞最高元首}}和{{w|馬來西亞最高元首后|馬來西亞最高元首-{后}-}}出席了美里的一場婚禮。 |lit='''一日國王'''遇見了真正的國王,馬來西亞的國王與王后出席了美里的一場婚禮。 }} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|id|raja sehari|inh=1}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:KD4}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:PRPM}} 8in5n367w52cq43nxaxbfpuer3a40rb Muschel 0 809896 9845963 4843756 2026-07-28T22:41:14Z Apisite 85347 /* 德語 */ + de-noun 9845963 wikitext text/x-wiki ==德語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|de|gmh|muschel}},來自{{inh|de|goh|muscula}},來自{{inh|de|gmw-pro|*muskulā}}。{{doublet|de|Muskel}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|de|/ˈmʊʃəl/|[ˈmʊʃl̩]}} * {{audio|de|De-Muschel.ogg|a=<<Germany>> (<<Berlin>>)}} ===名詞=== {{de-noun|f}} # 貝殼,蚌,珍珠母 # [醫]外耳 ====變格==== {{de-ndecl|f}} [[Category:德語]] aoczqgkq9skqxx8jzv5uvtz6q3zih67 9845965 9845963 2026-07-28T22:42:11Z Apisite 85347 9845965 wikitext text/x-wiki ==德語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|de|gmh|muschel}},來自{{inh|de|goh|muscula}},來自{{inh|de|gmw-pro|*muskulā}}。{{doublet|de|Muskel}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|de|/ˈmʊʃəl/|[ˈmʊʃl̩]}} * {{audio|de|De-Muschel.ogg|a=<<Germany>> (<<Berlin>>)}} ===名詞=== {{de-noun|f}} # 貝殼,蚌,珍珠母 # [醫]外耳 # {{lb|de|dated}} {{ellipsis of|de|Hörmuschel}} ====變格==== {{de-ndecl|f}} [[Category:德語]] q0htvots63oedqhmynyt99y2x7xpztp 9845966 9845965 2026-07-28T22:42:22Z Apisite 85347 9845966 wikitext text/x-wiki ==德語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|de|gmh|muschel}},來自{{inh|de|goh|muscula}},來自{{inh|de|gmw-pro|*muskulā}}。{{doublet|de|Muskel}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|de|/ˈmʊʃəl/|[ˈmʊʃl̩]}} * {{audio|de|De-Muschel.ogg|a=<<Germany>> (<<Berlin>>)}} ===名詞=== {{de-noun|f}} # 貝殼,蚌,珍珠母 # [醫]外耳 # {{lb|de|dated}} {{ellipsis of|de|Hörmuschel}}。 ====變格==== {{de-ndecl|f}} [[Category:德語]] kqvrag44tccat8vbotvlufx348lisrf корабле 0 839212 9845982 5085603 2026-07-28T23:23:00Z ~2026-41913-46 134513 9845982 wikitext text/x-wiki ==俄語== ===發音=== * {{ru-IPA|корабле́}} * {{audio|ru|LL-Q7737 (rus)-Lvova-корабле.wav|a=Saint Petersburg}} ===名詞=== {{head|ru|名詞變格形|head=корабле́|g=m-in}} # {{inflection of|ru|кора́бль||pre|s}} mtvh2hkimf4h6jedwhwnr5px99slurj 𢜯 0 1031970 9845945 6868644 2026-07-28T22:04:33Z Fglffer 55252 9845945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=61|rad=心|as=9|sn=12|four=|canj=|ids=⿱某心}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0393.130|dkj=|dj=|hdz=42320.090|uh=2272F}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|謨|v}} 01nxm3g772l57rdjwxcj73m3kdvbi2k 微型 0 1095174 9845976 6925580 2026-07-28T23:09:31Z Apisite 85347 /* 漢語 */ + zh-forms 9845976 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=微xíng |c=mei4 jing4 |mn=ml:bî-hêng |cat=a }} ===形容詞=== {{head|zh|形容詞}} # {{lb|zh|attributive}} {{rfdef|zh}} ===翻譯=== {{翻译-顶}} * 俄語:[[микролитражный]]; [[сверхминиатюрный]]; [[микро-]] {{翻译-底}} [[Category:漢語|彳10土06]] 4igll1plpyory8233x81yzfgzeylb1u 0 1132565 9845955 9665190 2026-07-28T22:31:06Z Fglffer 55252 9845955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=9|rad=人|as=15|sn=17|four=|canj=OQBU|ids=⿰亻靚}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0121.061|dkj=01267|hdz=10232.130|uh=512C}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|㵾}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=人15}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=人15}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=しん|kun=}} 30itp0k675a6ugmojrk887gfd9fxeip 0 1150089 9845956 5616447 2026-07-28T22:32:11Z Fglffer 55252 9845956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=85|rad=水|as=14|sn=17|four=|canj=EQBU|ids=⿰氵靘}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0656.220|dkj=18518|dj=1067.060|hdz=31765.110|uh=6FEA}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|㵾}} 6k982ifvnokegsk4pa4n17igylzl8u3 國民議會 0 1164186 9845985 6967918 2026-07-29T01:43:51Z Atitarev 7262 9845985 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{百科}} {{zh-forms|s=国民议会|type=22}} ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=guómín yìhuì |c=gwok3 man4 ji5 wui6-2 |cat=n }} ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} * 英語:{{t+|en|national assembly}} * 法語:{{t+|fr|Assemblée nationale|f}} {{翻譯-底}} {{CC-CEDICT}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|囗08氏01言13曰09]] r4e60fvrdlni32h37vl34qeox7xhor6 schoolwork 0 1175999 9846030 8440975 2026-07-29T08:55:18Z Apisite 85347 /* 英語 */ + en-noun 9846030 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== {{wikipedia|lang=en}} ===詞源=== 來自 {{compound|en|school|work}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˈskuːlˌwɜːk/|a=RP}} * {{IPA|en|/ˈskulˌwɝk/|a=GA}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-schoolwork.wav|a=US}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|-}} # [[學業]] {{CC-CEDICT}} [[Category:英語]] lkbcxfxcdaitlz9bckvvenl3rmdlrkt 𠻚 0 1179030 9845944 6974544 2026-07-28T22:02:21Z Fglffer 55252 9845944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=11|sn=14|four=|canj=|ids=⿱莫口}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0204.260|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10673.100|sbgy=80.43|uh=20EDA}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|謨|v}} 4t9bp4hsl8wfkcm6xoft7dmj6v0hksd 𡸅 0 1185382 9845974 5662665 2026-07-28T23:05:54Z Fglffer 55252 9845974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=46|rad=山|as=7|sn=10|four=|canj=|ids=⿱山𢎿}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0312.301|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10776.130|uh=21E05}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|弢|v}} ftajzgubbxjohjqflhydke3tlvcvh9p 𢎼 0 1188218 9845973 5665920 2026-07-28T23:04:59Z Fglffer 55252 9845973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=57|rad=弓|as=4|sn=7|four=|canj=|ids=⿰弓支}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0357.211|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=223BC}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|弢|v}} j140zxdg4yo891l9vivj55fv0v0576o 𢏫 0 1188270 9845975 5666013 2026-07-28T23:07:52Z Fglffer 55252 9845975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=57|rad=弓|as=7|sn=10|four=|canj=|ids=⿰弓⿱山支}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0359.061|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=223EB}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|弢|v}} 98wga3mmb4jc14k0frld3ej2vlv0h9c 𢕐 0 1188800 9845949 5666725 2026-07-28T22:14:05Z Fglffer 55252 9845949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=60|rad=彳|as=11|sn=14|four=|canj=|ids=⿰彳旋}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0370.210|dkj=|dj=|hdz=20841.070|uh=22550}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|𨁁|v}} fkhubfqq29z0ci8pnbyvu4rgtzybudg 𨁁 0 1223730 9845950 6989308 2026-07-28T22:15:42Z Fglffer 55252 9845950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=157|rad=足|as=7|sn=14|four=|canj=|ids=⿰𧾷&CDP-8DA6;}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1226.150|dkj=|dj=|hdz=63709.100|uh=28041}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=𢕐}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=xuàn |cat=v }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # [[徐行]] ewnee7zkwyiaua6favqykqk4xpldh5b 𩇟 0 1230963 9845954 6992037 2026-07-28T22:25:46Z Fglffer 55252 9845954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} {{character info|0x2f81c}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=174|rad=靑|as=9|sn=17|ids=⿰冫靚}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=1382.060|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10302.010|uh=291DF}} {{Han ref|uh=2F81C}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|㵾}} 861lb7labos0aveav156216f3382l2s 𩊹 0 1231377 9845946 5649550 2026-07-28T22:07:17Z Fglffer 55252 9845946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=177|rad=革|as=7|sn=16|four=|canj=|ids=⿰革但}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1388.151|dkj=|dj=|hdz=74337.040|uh=292B9}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|韜|v}} 5a5zdfl1quhxj18jv76ryahxiua10xw 𩎢 0 1231603 9845977 6992362 2026-07-28T23:09:44Z Fglffer 55252 9845977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=178|rad=韋|as=05|sn=14|four=|canj=|ids=⿰韋𠬢}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=1394.011|dkj=|dj=|hdz=74505.100|uh=293A2}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=𩏾}} {{zh-see|弢|v}} nm7u8ladzc0tbhl61npt1covukra0zs 𩏋 0 1231644 9845962 5650193 2026-07-28T22:40:31Z Fglffer 55252 9845962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=178|rad=韋|as=9|sn=18|four=|canj=|ids=⿰韋盾}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1394.380|dkj=|dj=|hdz=74508.070|uh=293CB}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|韜|v}} 33cas71xwjgjtgb7lbwua83loc6bqvx 𩏍 0 1231646 9845961 5650197 2026-07-28T22:39:43Z Fglffer 55252 9845961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=178|rad=韋|as=9|sn=18|four=|canj=|ids=⿰⿱𫝀吊⿱爫旧}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1394.381|dkj=|dj=|hdz=74508.090|uh=293CD}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|韜|v}} gyrqsxkr7lya01ifwsnf41nur1wg0y6 𩏾 0 1231693 9845978 5650315 2026-07-28T23:10:06Z Fglffer 55252 9845978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=178|rad=韦|as=05|sn=9|four=|canj=|ids=⿰韦𠬢}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=1396.031|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=293FE}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|𩎢}} 5lk147clrbeahdxf2qzwxxo299a22lg 𪷍 0 1238598 9845953 5682953 2026-07-28T22:24:52Z Fglffer 55252 9845953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=85|rad=水|as=12|sn=15|four=|canj=|ids=⿰氵靓}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|uh=2ADCD}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|㵾}} ljn0e0n62hbt8zrq75f1r365s7y82oq 𫐒 0 1240203 9845948 5690010 2026-07-28T22:10:53Z Fglffer 55252 9845948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=159|rad=车|as=9|sn=13|four=|canj=|ids=⿰车訇}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|uh=2B412}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|輷}} hirrsfi9em04w83m7pokf6r0311v9oh 0 1262301 9845967 9667570 2026-07-28T22:50:49Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ 9845967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info/new}} {{漢}}{{拆字|弓|𠬢}} * {{总笔画|8}} * {{部首|弓|5}} * {{異體|韜|鞱|𩊹|縚|轁|𩏍|𩏋|弢|𢏫|𢎼|㢭|𡸅|𩎢|𡘷|套|𣺮|𡘂|㚐}} {{字形拆解|2339}} {{说文|[[弓衣]]也。从弓从𠬢。𠬢,垂飾,與𡔷同意。土刀切}} {{说文注|[[弓衣]]也。《左傳》多言弢,《詩》言韔。《秦風》傳曰:韔,弓室也。《鄭風》作鬯,傳曰:鬯弓,弢弓也。然則弢與韔與韣同物,故許皆以弓衣釋之。《月令》曰:帶以弓韣。《少儀》曰:弓則以左手屈韣執拊。是又名韣而可屈,則以韋爲之也。《革部》又曰:鞬,所以戢弓矢。《方言》曰:弓謂之鞬。或謂之?丸。《廣雅》鞬,弓藏也。皾㿪,矢藏也。合三書言之:鞬?丸乃藏弓矢所通稱也。从弓𠬢。𠬢當作又。土刀切,二部。𠬢𠂹飾。與𡔷同意。弢當作屮。《𠔼部?下》曰:㞢其飾也。《厂部屵下》曰:岸上見也。《豈下》曰:陳樂立而上見也。巂以屮象其冠,?以屮象其首。然則弢𡔷从屮者皆象其飾。𡔷从又、則謂手擊之。弢从又,則謂手執之也。此云與𡔷同意。乃使二篆之意可以互證。}} {{康熙|《寅集下》《弓部》 弢|《唐韻》土刀切《集韻》《韻會》《正韻》他刀切,𠀤音叨。《說文》[[弓衣]]也。从弓,从𠬢。𠬢垂飾,與𡔷同意。《左傳·成十六年》鄢陵之戰,楚共王召養由基,使射呂錡,中項伏弢。《註》弢,弓衣也。 又[[旌囊]]也。《左傳·成十六年》內旌於弢中。《疏》弢是盛旌之囊也。 又[[六弢]],書名。與韜通。《莊子·徐無鬼》從說之,則以金版六弢。《釋文》司馬崔云:金版六弢,皆周書篇名。或云祕識也。 又作[[六韜]]。|考證:〔《莊子·徐無鬼》從說之,則以金版六弢。《註》司馬雀云,金版六弢,皆周書篇名。或云,祕截也。〕 謹照原文註改釋文。雀改崔。截改識。}} === 字源 === 「弢」是「韜」異體字,《說文》誤分「韜」為「劔衣」而「弢」為「弓衣」,參見「[[韜]]」。 {{字源}} === 参考 === * {{大字源|674|7}} * {{汉语大字典|2|994|4}} * {{康熙字典|0357|357|25}} * {{宋本广韵|156|24}} * {{辞海|501|2|2}} * {{Unihan数据|5F22}} * {{Unihan数据|2F895}} === 编码 === {{汉字编码|仓颉=NUE|四角号码=1224<sub>7</sub>|Unicode|十进制=24354|UTF8=E5 BC A2 |UTF16=5F22|UTF32=00005F22|Big5=CC71|CCCII=22294B|CNS1986=2-2652|CNS1992=2-2652|EACC=22294B|GB758987=2775|GB856589=9121|JISX1990=2869|KPS2000=41B4|KS1991=6125|中文电码|中国大陆=1718|台湾=1718}} {{汉字编码|Unicode|十进制=194709|UTF8=F0 AF A2 95|UTF16=D87E DC95|UTF32=0002F895}} ==漢語== ===字源=== 該字右部件「{{lang|mul|𠬢}}」的來源不明,或冗增一橫作「{{lang|mul|𢏫}}」,或隸變作「{{lang|mul|支}}」形如「{{lang|mul|𢎼}}」,「支」形或訛作「{{lang|mul|㢭}}」與「{{lang|mul|發}}」古字同形,或「屮」訛作「{{lang|mul|山}}」而置於上作「{{lang|mul|𡸅}}」。也有改換意符為「{{lang|mul|韋}}」的「{{lang|mul|𩎢}}」。 :{{huge|{{Lang|zh|弢}}|250%}} ===讀音=== {{zh-pron |m=tāo |c=tou1 |cat=n,v }} ===翻譯=== {{翻譯-頂}} *英语:[[scabbard]]; [[sheathe]] {{翻譯-底}} ==日語== {{huge|{{Lang|ja|弢}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{ja-readings|on=とう|kun=ゆみぶくろ}} ==朝鮮語== :{{huge|{{Lang|ko|弢}}|220%}} ===讀音=== {{朝字音||[[도]] (to)}} {{異體字}} :{| class="wikitable" width=60% border="2" |- |align="center"| <span style="font-size: x-large;"> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/5f22/38ad 㢭]</span> |align="center"| <span style="font-size: x-large;"> [http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/meancompare/5f22/97dc 韜]</span> |} {{異體字注}} [[Category:待分類的漢語詞]] [[Category:漢語|弓05]] [[分類:汉语汉字|弓05]] [[Category:待分類的日語詞]] [[Category:日語]] [[Category:待分類的朝鮮語詞]] [[Category:朝鮮語]] 6nd3thfa9c8p8v2d72ber5ni8t5kbcz 9845972 9845967 2026-07-28T23:03:54Z Fglffer 55252 9845972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} {{character info|0x2F894}} {{character info|0x2F895}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=57|rad=弓|as=05|sn=8|four=12247|canj=NUE|ids=⿰弓𠬢}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0357.250|dkj=09748|dj=0674.070|hdz=20994.040|sbgy=156.24|ch=501000202|uh=5F22}} {{Han ref|uh=2F894}} {{Han ref|uh=2F895}} {{說文}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=㢭,𢎼,𡸅,𢏫,𩎢}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} 該字右部件「{{lang|mul|𠬢}}」的來源不明,或加一橫作「{{lang|mul|𢏫}}」,或隸變作「{{lang|mul|支}}」形如「{{lang|mul|𢎼}}」或訛作「{{lang|mul|㢭}}」,或「{{lang|mul|屮}}」訛作「{{lang|mul|山}}」而置於上作「{{lang|mul|𡸅}}」。也有改換意符為「{{lang|mul|韋}}」的「{{lang|mul|𩎢}}」。 ===釋義=== {{zh-see|韜|v}} ====使用說明==== 通常用於[[人名]]。 ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=弓05}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=弓05}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=とう|kun=ゆみぶくろ}} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|hangeul=도|eumhun=|rv=do|mr=to|y=to}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=弓05}} 6559abzrw377d06ud2x88zs0ld4moqh đồ đạc 0 1350535 9845986 6729622 2026-07-29T02:13:19Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9845986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|dodac|đo đạc}} ==越南語== ===詞源=== {{vi-etym-redup|-ac|đồ}}。 ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|head=[[đồ]] đạc}} # [[用品]],[[物件]],[[家具]],[[器皿]],[[行李]] cg8d4ookn3j98dxnuab2bkn52122ib4 nhìn thấy 0 1351836 9846048 6730181 2026-07-29T10:41:20Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9846048 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===詞源=== {{com|vi|nhìn|thấy}}。 ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===動詞=== {{vi-verb}} # [[看見]],[[看到]] lyhih2qeq2011r08b5sg6g4qh41uomn đười ươi 0 1353214 9845987 7817887 2026-07-29T02:16:26Z Trong Dang 120282 /* 越南語 */ 9845987 wikitext text/x-wiki ==越南語== ===發音=== {{vi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|cls=con|[[代埃]], [[𤠂𤠱]], [[𤢬𤠆]]}} # [[猩猩]] gsqreo2dqcwda83xvfxntp7b7xpeayi Module:Wikimedia languages/data 828 1363206 9846026 9611339 2026-07-29T07:52:45Z TongcyDai 53191 9846026 Scribunto text/plain local m = {} --[=[ This table maps *FROM* Wikimedia language codes (used in lang-specific Wikipedias and Wiktionaries) into English Wiktionary language codes. See also the following: * `interwiki_langs` in [[Module:translations/data]], which maps in the other direction (from English Wiktionary codes to foreign Wiktionaries), specifically for {{t+}}; * the `wiktprefix` field of the `metadata` variable in [[MediaWiki:Gadget-TranslationAdder-Data.js]], which also maps from English Wiktionary codes to foreign Wiktionaries for use with the TranslationAdder gadget; * the `clean` variable in [[MediaWiki:Gadget-TranslationAdder-Data.js]], which maps from user-entered foreign Wiktionary codes or names to English Wiktionary codes for use with the TranslationAdder gadget; * the `wikimedia_codes` field of the language data in e.g. [[Module:languages/data/2]], which also maps from English Wiktionary codes to Wikimedia language codes. ]=] m["als"] = { wiktionary_code = "gsw", } m["azb"] = { "南阿塞拜疆語", wiktionary_code = "az", } m["bat-smg"] = { wiktionary_code = "sgs", } m["be-tarask"] = { "白俄羅斯語傳統正寫法", wiktionary_code = "be", } m["bs"] = { "波士尼亞語", wiktionary_code = "sh", } m["bxr"] = { wiktionary_code = "bua", } m["diq"] = { wiktionary_code = "zza", } m["eml"] = { "艾米利亞-羅馬涅語", wiktionary_code = "egl", } m["fiu-vro"] = { wiktionary_code = "vro", } m["gn"] = { "瓜拉尼語", wiktionary_code = "gug", } m["gom"] = { "果阿孔卡尼語", wiktionary_code = "kok", } m["hr"] = { "克羅埃西亞語", wiktionary_code = "sh", } m["hu-formal"] = { "正式匈牙利語", wiktionary_code = "hu", } m["ksh"] = { wiktionary_code = "gmw-cfr", } m["ku"] = { "庫爾德語", wiktionary_code = "kmr", } m["kv"] = { "科米語", wiktionary_code = "kpv", } m["nrm"] = { wiktionary_code = "nrf", } m["prs"] = { wiktionary_code = "fa", } m["roa-rup"] = { wiktionary_code = "rup", } m["roa-tara"] = { wiktionary_code = "roa-tar", } m["simple"] = { "簡易英語", wiktionary_code = "en", } m["sr"] = { "塞爾維亞語", wiktionary_code = "sh", } m["zh"] = { "中文", wiktionary_code = "zh", } m["zh-classical"] = { wiktionary_code = "ltc", } m["zh-min-nan"] = { "閩南語", wiktionary_code = "nan-hbl", } m["zh-yue"] = { wiktionary_code = "yue", } return m ds5temif3gt2ibhbc51tjj4ec5j7500 fiske 0 1411578 9846074 9587881 2026-07-29T11:38:02Z InternetArchiveBot 95668 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 9846074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Fiske}} ==丹麥語== ===詞源=== 源自{{der|da|non|fiska|fisk(j)a|打漁}} ← {{l|non|fiskr||魚}} ← {{der|da|gem-pro|*fiskaz||魚}} ← {{der|da|ine-pro|*pisḱ-||魚}},可能源自{{der|da|ine-pro|*h₂ep-||水}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|da|/feskə/|[ˈfesɡ̊ə]}} ===動詞=== {{da-verb|fisk|fiske|fisker|fiskede|har|fisket}} # [[捕魚]] # [[垂釣]] ====變位==== {{da-conj-reg|fisk}} ==哥特語== ===羅馬字=== {{got-rom|head=fiskē}} # {{l|got|𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌴}}的羅馬字。 ==書面挪威語== {{wikipedia|lang=no}} ===詞源1=== 源自{{der|nb|non|fiski}}。 ====名詞==== {{head|nb|名詞|g=n|定單數|fisket}} # [[捕魚]] # [[垂釣]] =====派生詞===== 參見 '''{{l|nb|fisk}}'''的派生詞。 {{der3|nb |fiskebanke |fiskebåt |fiskefartøy |fiskeflåte |fiskeindustri |fiskekrok |fiskeri |fiskeskipper |fisketur |fiskevær |fluefiske |havfiske |overfiske }} =====相關詞彙===== * {{l|nb|fisk}} * {{l|nb|fisker}} ===詞源2=== 源自{{der|nb|non|fiska}}。 ====動詞==== {{head|nb|動詞|命令式|fisk|現在時|fisker|一般過去式、過去分詞|fiska|或|fisket}} # [[捕魚]] # [[垂釣]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:nb:OB}} ==新挪威語== {{wikipedia|lang=nn}} ===詞源=== 源自{{der|nn|non|fiski}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|no|/²fɪskə/}} * {{homophones|nn|fisket}} ===名詞=== {{head|nn|名詞|g=n|定單數|fisket}} # [[捕魚]] # [[垂釣]] ====派生詞==== 參見'''{{l|nn|fisk}}'''的派生詞。 {{der3|nn |fiskebanke |fiskebåt |fiskefartøy |fiskeflåte |fiskeindustri |fiskekrok |fiskeri |fiskeskipper |fisketur |fiskevær |havfiske }} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|nn|fisk}} * {{l|nn|fiskar}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:nn:OB}} ==瑞典語== {{wikipedia|lang=sv}} ===詞源=== 源自{{inh|sv|gmq-osw|fiske}} ← {{inh|sv|non|fiski}} ← {{l|non|fiska}} (參見{{cog|sv|fiska}})。與{{cog|ovd|fistşe}}, {{cog|da|fiske}}, {{cog|nb|fiske}}, {{cog|nn|fiske}}, {{cog|is|fiski}}同源。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|sv|/²fɪskɛ/}} * {{audio|sv|Sv-ett fiske.ogg|音頻}} ===名詞=== {{sv-noun|n}} # [[捕魚]] # [[垂釣]] ====變格==== {{sv-infl-noun-n-n}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|sv|fisk}} * {{l|sv|fiska}} * {{l|sv|fiskare}} ====派生詞==== * {{l|sv|fiskebåt}} * {{l|sv|fiskelycka}} * {{l|sv|fisketur}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:NE}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170505183958/http://xn--lvdalsk-4wa.ordbok.gratis/ Älvdalsk Ordbok] l790i43wjpi6945q04su7pjx8fkvyir Template:Acw-noun 10 1430114 9845853 5837553 2026-07-28T17:15:35Z TongcyDai 53191 9845853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:sem-arb-headword|show|名詞|lang=acw}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{hwcat}}</noinclude> er43yuze1sl4qbunjeubg2h0ltistpr 天房 0 1471339 9846032 6307100 2026-07-29T09:35:50Z TongcyDai 53191 9846032 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== ===詞源1=== {{zh-forms}} {{zh-wp}} [[File:Kaaba Masjid Haraam Makkah.jpg|thumb|{{lang|zh|天房}}]] ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=Tiānfáng |c=tin1 fong4 |cat=pn }} ====專有名詞==== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{lb|zh|伊斯蘭教}} 一座位於[[伊斯蘭教]]聖城[[麥加]]的禁寺內的建築物,外形呈[[立方體]],為伊斯蘭教最神聖的聖地 =====近義詞===== * {{zh-l|克爾白}} =====參見===== * {{zh-l|天方}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-see|天篷|v}} sodp14yif6dqus741gfh9oqm5c4onq5 Module:Cs-sk-headword 828 1483645 9845815 9645841 2026-07-28T16:15:07Z TongcyDai 53191 9845815 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} local pos_functions = {} local force_cat = false -- for testing; if true, categories appear in non-mainspace pages local rfind = mw.ustring.find local require_when_needed = require("Module:utilities/require when needed") local m_table = require("Module:table") local en_utilities_module = "Module:en-utilities" local headword_utilities_module = "Module:headword utilities" local m_headword_utilities = require_when_needed(headword_utilities_module) local m_string_utilities = require_when_needed("Module:string utilities") local glossary_link = require_when_needed(headword_utilities_module, "glossary_link") local insert = table.insert local list_param = {list = true, disallow_holes = true} -- Table of all valid genders by language, mapping user-specified gender specs to canonicalized versions. local valid_gender_specs = {} local valid_genders_with_animacy = {"mfbysense", "mf", "m"} local valid_genders_without_animacy = {"f", "n", "?"} local valid_two_way_animacies = {"an", "in"} local valid_three_way_animacies = {"pr", "anml", "in"} local valid_number_suffixes = {"", "-p"} for _, lang in ipairs { "cs", "sk", "zlw-ocs", "zlw-osk" } do valid_gender_specs[lang] = {} local dest = valid_gender_specs[lang] -- The following is correct; Old Czech has three-way animacy. local animacy_src = lang == "cs" and valid_two_way_animacies or valid_three_way_animacies for _, gender in ipairs(valid_genders_without_animacy) do for _, number in ipairs(valid_number_suffixes) do local spec = gender .. number dest[spec] = spec end end for _, gender in ipairs(valid_genders_with_animacy) do for _, number in ipairs(valid_number_suffixes) do for _, animacy in ipairs(animacy_src) do local spec = gender .. "-" .. animacy .. number dest[spec] = spec end end end end -- Table of all valid aspects. local valid_aspects = m_table.listToSet { "impf", "pf", "both", "biasp", "?", } local allowed_sk_decl_patterns = m_table.listToSet { "chlap", "dievča", "dub", "gazdiná", "hrdina", "kosť", "mesto", "srdce", "stroj", "ulica", "vysvedčenie", "žena", -- In use but not in the Appendix "dlaň", "idea", "kuli", "pani", } local function track(track_id) require("Module:debug/track")("cs-sk-headword/" .. track_id) return true end local function replace_hash_with_lemma(term, lemma) -- If there is a % sign in the lemma, we have to replace it with %% so it doesn't get interpreted as a capture -- replace expression. lemma = m_string_utilities.replacement_escape(lemma) return (term:gsub("#", lemma)) -- discard second retval end local function frob_term_with_hash(term, lemma) if term:find("#") then term = replace_hash_with_lemma(term, lemma) end return term end -- Parse and insert an inflection not requiring additional processing into `data.inflections`. The raw arguments come -- from `args[field]`, which is parsed for inline modifiers. `label` is the label that the inflections are given; -- sections enclosed in <<...>> are linked to the glossary. `accel` is the accelerator form, or nil. local function parse_and_insert_inflection(data, args, field, label, accel, frob) m_headword_utilities.parse_and_insert_inflection { headdata = data, forms = args[field], paramname = field, splitchar = ",", label = label, accel = accel and {form = accel} or nil, frob = function(term) term = frob_term_with_hash(term, data.pagename) if frob then term = frob(term) end return term end, } end -- Parse and return an inflection not requiring additional processing. The raw arguments come from `args[field]`, which -- is parsed for inline modifiers. local function parse_inflection(data, paramname, forms) return m_headword_utilities.parse_term_list_with_modifiers { paramname = paramname, forms = forms, splitchar = ",", frob = function(term) return frob_term_with_hash(term, data.pagename) end, } end -- Insert the parsed inflections in `terms` (as parsed by `parse_inflection`) into `data.inflections`, with label -- `label` and optional accelerator spec `accel`. local function insert_inflection(data, terms, label, accel, no_label) m_headword_utilities.insert_inflection { headdata = data, terms = terms, label = label, no_label = no_label, accel = accel and {form = accel} or nil, } end -- The main entry point. -- This is the only function that can be invoked from a template. function export.show(frame) local iparams = { [1] = {required = true}, ["lang"] = {required = true}, ["def"] = {}, } local iargs = require("Module:parameters").process(frame.args, iparams) local args = frame:getParent().args local poscat = iargs[1] local langcode = iargs.lang if langcode ~= "cs" and langcode ~= "sk" and langcode ~= "zlw-ocs" and langcode ~= "zlw-osk" then error("This module currently only works for lang=cs, lang=sk, lang=zlw-ocs and lang=zlw-osk") end local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode(langcode, true) local langname = lang:getCanonicalName() local def = iargs.def local parargs = frame:getParent().args local params = { ["head"] = list_param, ["id"] = {}, ["sort"] = {}, ["nolinkhead"] = {type = "boolean"}, ["json"] = {type = "boolean"}, ["pagename"] = {}, -- for testing } if pos_functions[poscat] then local posparams = pos_functions[poscat].params if type(posparams) == "function" then posparams = posparams(lang) end for key, val in pairs(posparams) do params[key] = val end end local args = require("Module:parameters").process(parargs, params) local pagename = args.pagename or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename local data = { lang = lang, langname = langname, pos_category = poscat, categories = {}, heads = args.head, genders = {}, inflections = {}, pagename = pagename, id = args.id, sort_key = args.sort, force_cat_output = force_cat, def = def, is_suffix = false, } if pagename:find("^%-") and poscat ~= "後綴變格形" then data.is_suffix = true data.pos_category = "後綴" local singular_poscat = require(en_utilities_module).singularize(poscat) insert(data.categories, "構成" .. singular_poscat .. "的" .. langname .. "後綴") insert(data.inflections, {label = "構成" .. singular_poscat .. "的後綴"}) end if pos_functions[poscat] then pos_functions[poscat].func(args, data) end -- mw.ustring.toNFD performs decomposition, so letters that decompose -- to an ASCII vowel and a diacritic, such as é, are counted as vowels and -- do not need to be included in the pattern. if not pagename:find("[ %-]") and not rfind(mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.toNFD(pagename)), "[aeiouyæœø]") then insert(data.categories, "沒有元音的" .. langname .. "詞") end if args.json then return require("Module:JSON").toJSON(data) end return require("Module:headword").full_headword(data) end local function get_noun_params(is_proper) return function(lang) params = { [1] = {type = "genders", required = true, template_default = "?"}, ["g"] = {list = true, disallow_holes = true, replaced_by = false, instead = "use multiple comma-separated genders in |1="}, ["g_qual"] = {list = "g\1_qual", allow_holes = true, replaced_by = false, instead = "use inline modifiers on the gender(s) in |1="}, ["indecl"] = {type = "boolean"}, ["m"] = list_param, ["f"] = list_param, ["adj"] = list_param, ["pos"] = list_param, ["dim"] = list_param, ["aug"] = list_param, ["pej"] = list_param, ["dem"] = list_param, ["fdem"] = list_param, ["gen"] = list_param, ["pl"] = list_param, ["genpl"] = list_param, } if lang:getCode() == "sk" then params["decl"] = list_param end return params end end local function do_nouns(is_proper, args, data) -- Validate and canonicalize genders. local specs = valid_gender_specs[data.lang:getCode()] for _, gspec in ipairs(args[1]) do local g = gspec.spec local canon_g = specs[g] if canon_g then g = canon_g elseif g == "m" or g == "m-p" or g == "mf" or g == "mf-p" or g == "mfbysense" or g == "mfbysense-p" then error("Invalid gender: '" .. g .. "'; must specify animacy along with masculine gender") elseif data.lang:getCode() == "sk" and g:find("%-an") then error("Invalid gender: '" .. g .. "'; instead of m-an, use m-pr for people and m-anml for animals") else error("Unrecognized gender: '" .. g .. "'") end track("gender-" .. g) gspec.spec = g insert(data.genders, gspec) end if args.indecl then insert(data.inflections, {label = glossary_link("無屈折")}) insert(data.categories, data.langname .. "無屈折名詞") end local decls if data.lang:getCode() == "sk" then -- Validate declension patterns and converto to Appendix links decls = parse_inflection(data, "decl", args.decl) for _, declobj in ipairs(decls) do local decl = declobj.term if not allowed_sk_decl_patterns[decl] then error("Unrecognized " .. data.langname .. " declension pattern: " .. decl) end declobj.term = ("[[Appendix:%s變格模式%s|%s]]"):format(data.langname, decl, decl) end end -- Parse and insert an inflection not requiring additional processing into `data.inflections`. The raw arguments -- come from `args[field]`, which is parsed for inline modifiers. `label` is the label that the inflections are -- given, which is linked to the glossary if preceded by * (which is removed). local function handle_infl(field, label) parse_and_insert_inflection(data, args, field, label) end handle_infl("gen", "<<屬格>><<單數>>") handle_infl("pl", "<<主格>><<複數>>") handle_infl("genpl", "<<屬格>><<複數>>") if decls and decls[1] then decls.label = "變格模式" insert(data.inflections, decls) end handle_infl("m", "陽性等價詞") handle_infl("f", "陰性等價詞") handle_infl("adj", "<<相關形容詞>>") handle_infl("pos", "<<所有格形容詞>>") handle_infl("dim", "<<指小詞>>") handle_infl("aug", "<<指大詞>>") handle_infl("pej", "<<貶義>>") handle_infl("dem", "<<居民稱謂詞>>") handle_infl("fdem", "女性<<居民稱謂詞>>") end pos_functions["名詞"] = { params = get_noun_params(false), func = function(args, data) return do_nouns(false, args, data) end, } pos_functions["專有名詞"] = { params = get_noun_params("專有名詞"), func = function(args, data) return do_nouns("專有名詞", args, data) end, } pos_functions["動詞"] = { params = { ["a"] = {default = "?"}, ["pf"] = list_param, ["impf"] = list_param, }, func = function(args, data) if not valid_aspects[args.a] then error("Unrecognized aspect: '" .. args.a .. "'") end data.genders = args.a == "both" and {"biasp"} or {args.a} parse_and_insert_inflection(data, args, "pf", "完整體") parse_and_insert_inflection(data, args, "impf", "非完整體") end, } local function do_comparative_superlative(args, data, plpos) if args[1][1] then local comps = parse_inflection(data, {1, "comp"}, args[1]) if comps[1] and comps[1].term == "-" then if comps[2] then error("Can't specify comparatives along with '-' indicating an uncomparable adjective or adverb") end m_headword_utilities.insert_fixed_inflection { headdata = data, label = "無<<比較級>>", originating_term = comps[1], } insert(data.categories, data.langname .. "無比較級" .. plpos) else local sups = parse_inflection(data, {2, "sup"}, args[2]) if not sups[1] then for _, comp in ipairs(comps) do local sup = m_table.shallowCopy(comp) -- Old Czech has naj-. sup.term = (data.lang:getCode() == "cs" and "nej" or "naj") .. sup.term insert(sups, sup) end end insert_inflection(data, comps, "<<比較級>>", "比較級") insert_inflection(data, sups, "<<最高級>>", "最高級") insert(data.categories, data.langname .. "有比較級" .. plpos) end end end pos_functions["形容詞"] = { params = function(lang) local params = { [1] = {list = "comp", disallow_holes = true}, [2] = {list = "sup", disallow_holes = true}, ["adv"] = list_param, ["indecl"] = {type = "boolean"}, } if lang:getCode() == "zlw-ocs" then params.short = list_param params.shortcomp = list_param params.shortsup = list_param end return params end, func = function(args, data) if args.indecl then insert(data.inflections, {label = glossary_link("無屈折")}) insert(data.categories, data.langname .. "無屈折形容詞") end parse_and_insert_inflection(data, args, "short", "短形式") do_comparative_superlative(args, data, "形容詞") if data.lang:getCode() == "zlw-ocs" then local shortcomps = parse_inflection(data, "shortcomp", args.shortcomp) local shortsups = parse_inflection(data, "shortsup", args.shortsup) if shortcomps[1] and not shortsups[1] then for _, shortcomp in ipairs(shortcomps) do local shortsup = m_table.shallowCopy(shortcomp) -- Old Czech has naj-. shortsup.term = "naj" .. shortsup.term insert(shortsups, shortsup) end end insert_inflection(data, shortcomps, "短<<比較級>>") insert_inflection(data, shortsups, "短<<最高級>>") end parse_and_insert_inflection(data, args, "adv", "副詞") end, } pos_functions["副詞"] = { params = { [1] = {list = "comp", disallow_holes = true}, [2] = {list = "sup", disallow_holes = true}, }, func = function(args, data) do_comparative_superlative(args, data, "副詞") end, } return export iqieua6ivpymd44e6qtrh1191keafsd Appendix:術語表 100 1492621 9845816 9835205 2026-07-28T16:25:20Z TongcyDai 53191 9845816 wikitext text/x-wiki '''本頁面的是詞條內容中各種術語的合集'''。關於維基詞典內社群、維護等內容的術語,請參看[[Wiktionary:術語表]]。 {{compactTOC|num=yes}} ==符號== ; {{anchor|星號|*|asterisk}}* : 出現在術語(詞綴、詞根、單詞等)之前的[[星號#名詞|星號]],表示該術語不是有證據記載的而是經過重構的;例如,{{m|ine-pro|*werdʰh₁om}} 是重構的原始印歐語中表示「詞彙」的詞。 ; {{anchor|方括號|[ ]|bracket|brackets|square bracket|square brackets}}[&nbsp;] : 環繞引文的[[方括號#名詞|方括號]]表示該引文僅是提及某個術語(例如,「一些人發現'''''manoeuvre''''' 這個詞難以拼寫」)而非實際使用(例如,"我們需要 '''manoeuvre''' 小心以避免引起不安"),抑或是不提供一個術語的實際例子,而是提供有關相關術語的-{zh-hans:信息; zh-hant:資訊}-。 ==A== ; {{anchor|公元前|a.|ante}}[[公元前]]、[[a]]. : [[公元前]]的縮寫 a. 來自 {{m|la|ante||之前}}。因此,標注為「a. 1924」的引文表示該引文的時間不晚於1923年。 ; {{anchor|縮寫|abbreviation|abbr.}}[[縮寫]] : 單詞或短語的縮短形式,如[[#首字母縮略詞|首字母縮略詞]]、[[#縮略詞|縮略詞]]或[[#截斷形式|截短]]。 ; {{anchor|奪格|離格|從格|ablative|ablative case|abl.}}[[奪格]] : 表示分離或遠離某物的[[#格|格]]。它可以單獨使用或與某些[[#介詞|介詞]]一起使用。例如,如果英語有一個完全[[#多產|多產]]的格變化系統,包括奪格,那麼在短語「came from the city」中,「the city」或「from the city」極有可能是以奪格表示。在某些語言中,如拉丁語,這個格已經獲得了許多其他用法,不再嚴格地表示分離。 ; {{anchor|元音變換|元音替換|元音轉變|ablaut|grade}}[[元音變換]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|印歐語元音變換}}}} : 在原始印歐語或其任何後代(印歐語系)中,指一種元音交替系統,其中在單詞各部分中使用的元音可以根據含義而變化。該系統用於屈折和詞彙的派生。在日耳曼語族中,它構成了強變化動詞的基礎。特定形式的元音變換被稱為「級」;例如[[#零級|零級]]。另見[[#變音|變音]]。 ; {{anchor|絕對格|absolutive|absolutive case|abs.}}[[絕對格]] : 用來表示動作的[[受體#名詞|受體]]或[[經歷者]]的[[#格|格]]。 ; {{anchor|抽象名詞|abstract noun}}[[抽象名詞]] : 表示觀念、情感、感覺、品質或其他抽象或無形概念的[[#名詞|名詞]],與表示具體項目或物理對象的[[#具體名詞|具體名詞]]相對。 ; {{anchor|不定向動詞|動作動詞|abstract verb|abstract}}[[不定向動詞]] : 在[[斯拉夫語族]]中,一種動作是多方向(與單方向相對)或間接的運動動詞,或者其動作是重複或連續([[#頻率|頻率]])的。也稱為[[#不確定動詞|不確定動詞]]。相反的動詞類型,表達單一、完成的動作,被稱為[[#定向動詞|定向動詞]](或[[#確定動詞|確定動詞]])。斯拉夫語族中的運動動詞成對出現,如俄語{{cog|ru|ходи́ть||去(不定向)}} vs. {{m|ru|идти́||去(定向)}}、{{m|ru|бе́гать||跑(不定向)}} vs. {{m|ru|бежа́ть||跑(定向)}}、{{m|ru|носи́ть||攜帶(不定向)}} vs. {{m|ru|нести́||攜帶(定向)}}。英語不做這種區分。例如,"I went to the post office"可能是不定向的(如果我去了那裡又回來,即多方向)或定向的(如果我現在在那裡,即單方向),在這兩種情況下,俄語會使用不同的動詞來翻譯"went"。在波蘭語中,回來不會導致使用不定向動詞,只有多次做某事(''Chodzę do biura.'' "我每天去辦公室"vs. ''Idę do biura'' "我現在正去辦公室")或無目標移動(''Chodzę po pokoju'' "我在房間裡走來走去"vs. ''Idę przez pokój.'' "我正穿過房間")才會。不定向動詞在[[#非完整體|非完整體]]方面始終是非完整的,即使帶有通常與[[#完整體|完整體]]相關的前綴(例如波蘭語''przybiegać'')。 ; {{anchor|賓格|對格|直接賓格|accusative|accusative case|acc.}}[[賓格]], acc. : 通常用作動詞的[[#直接賓語|直接賓語]]的[[#格|格]]。例如,如果英語有一個完全[[#多產|多產]]的格變化系統,那麼在"The man threw the ball"中的"ball"最有可能是賓格。 ; {{anchor|首字母縮拼詞|acronym}}[[首字母縮拼詞]] : 一種[[#縮寫|縮寫]],發音為它所拼出的「詞」,例如 {{m|en|NATO}}。與[[#首字母縮略詞|首字母縮略詞]]({{m|en|initialism}})相對。 ; {{anchor|主動語態|active|active voice}}[[主動語態]] : 表示語法[[#主語|主語]]是執行動作的人或物的[[#語態|語態]]動詞形式([[cf.]] [[#被動語態|被動語態]]),例如''The boy kicked the ball.''(見''{{glossary|voice}}'') ; {{anchor|尖音符|acute|acute accent}}[[尖音符]] : 一種[[#變音符號|變音符號]](´),可置於拉丁文、希臘文和西里爾文書寫系統中的多個字母上方。 ; {{anchor|公元|AD|A.D.}}[[AD]] : 拉丁文Anno Domini(主的年份)。與[[CE]]等同的年份計數系統。 ; {{anchor|同化借詞|adapted borrowing}}[[同化借詞]] : 通過添加詞綴使術語符合目標語言的正常[[形態學|形態學]]的[[#借詞|借詞]],例如波蘭語{{m|pl|normatywny}},借自法語{{m|fr|normatif}}並用波蘭語{{m|pl|-ny}}同化。與[[#非同化借詞|非同化借詞]]相對。 ; {{anchor|形容詞|adj.|adjective}}[[形容詞]] : 像{{m|en|big}}或{{m|en|childish}}這樣通常用來修飾[[#名詞|名詞]]的詞。 ; {{anchor|副詞|adv.|adverb}}[[副詞]] : 像{{m|en|very}}、{{m|en|wickedly}}或{{m|en|often}}這樣通常用來修飾[[#形容詞|形容詞]]、[[#動詞|動詞]]或其他副詞的詞。 ; {{anchor|副詞性|adverbial}}[[副詞性]] : 與[[#副詞|副詞]]相關。例如,"副詞性分詞"是在句子中像副詞一樣起作用的[[#分詞|分詞]]。 ; {{anchor|副詞子句|adverbial clause}}[[副詞子句]] : 一種以副詞方式修飾動詞的[[#從屬子句|從屬子句]]類型。例如''When my friend arrives, I will take him out to dinner''和''If it rains, I will go home''(後一個例子特別是"條件子句")。 ; {{anchor|詞綴|affix|af}}[[詞綴]] : 添加到詞幹的[[黏著語素]];[[前綴]]、[[後綴]]、[[間綴]]等。狹義上,[[#後綴|後綴]]的同義詞。 ; {{anchor|施事名詞|施事者|agent noun|agent nouns|agent|agents|agentive}}[[施事名詞]] : 表示執行由其派生動詞所示動作的{{l|en|施事者|id=grammar}}的名詞,如"cutter"源自"to cut"。這樣的施事者可以是人或物,可以是{{l|en|有感知的}}或{{l|en|無感知的}}:因此定義通常以"''執行X的人或物''"開始。 ; {{anchor|美國傳統詞典|AHD}}AHD : ''[[w:American Heritage Dictionary|美國傳統詞典]]''。由於歷史原因,此縮寫有時用於識別以[[#enPR|enPR]]形式給出的重拼發音。 ; {{anchor|替代形式|alternative form}}[[替代形式]] : 在定義中:給定詞的"替代形式"是該詞的另一種拼寫,但發音不同:例如,''killikinick''是''kinnikinnick''的替代形式。(發音相同的拼寫是"替代拼寫":例如,''judgement''是''judgment''的替代拼寫。) : 作為標題:標題"Alternative forms"[[Wiktionary:Entry layout#Alternative forms|包括]]替代拼寫(''judgement''、''judgment'';''sulphur''、''sulfur'')和替代形式(''killikinick''、''kinnikinnick''),以及連字符差異(''tea-cup''、''teacup'')、大小寫差異(''LASER''、''laser'')和其他類似差異(''naïveté''、''naiveté'')。 ; {{anchor|阿魯斯語|alus mider}}alus mider : 巴厘語中的一種語體。 ; {{anchor|及物不及物兩用動詞|ambitransitive|ambitransitive verb}}[[及物不及物兩用動詞]] : 根據用法可以是[[#及物|及物]]或[[#不及物|不及物]]的動詞。例如,{{m|en|eat}}和{{m|en|read}}可選擇帶[[#直接賓語|直接賓語]]:"I eat daily"、"She likes to read"(兩者皆不及物),"Read this book"、"I do not eat meat"(兩者皆及物)。[[#作格動詞|作格動詞]]是及物不及物兩用動詞的一種。比較[[#雙及物動詞|雙及物動詞]]。 ; {{anchor|類推|analogy}}[[類推]] : 一種詞源學過程,其中詞或形式是按照某種模式創造的,試圖糾正被認為的不規則性。例如,在英語中,{{m|en|dove}}作為{{m|en|dive}}的過去時(而不是{{m|en|dived}})是通過類比於像{{m|en|drive}} → {{m|en|drove}}和{{m|en|weave}} → {{m|en|wove}}這樣的強變化動詞而形成的。 ; {{anchor|照應性|anaphoricity|anaphoric|anaphora}}[[照應性]] : 照應代詞是指代先前提及的人或物的人稱代詞或指示代詞。另見:[[w:en:Anaphora (linguistics)|維基百科關於照應性的條目]] ; {{anchor|安達浦語|andap}}andap : 巴厘語中的一種語體。 ; {{anchor|英語化|anglicisation|anglicization|anglicised|anglicized}}[[英語化]],[[anglicization]] : 修改外來([[#借詞|借用]])詞以使其在形式上更像英語。 ; {{anchor|憤怒語體|angry register}}[[憤怒語體]] : 屬於憤怒語言[[#語體|語體]],僅在說話者憤怒時使用。這種語體相當罕見,但在菲律賓中部的{{w|Bikol languages}}中可以找到。 ; {{anchor|有生性|animate|animacy}}[[有生性]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|有生性}}}} : 具有包含人類或動物的[[指涉對象]]。許多語言(如[[斯拉夫語族]])根據有生命性對名詞進行分類,對有生命和無生命名詞使用不同的[[#屈折|屈折]]或詞。 ; {{anchor|前前音節|antepenultima|antepenultimate|antepenult}}[[前前音節]] : 詞的倒數第三個[[#音節|音節]],在[[#前音節|前音節]]之前。 ; {{anchor|反義詞|antonym|antonymous}}[[反義詞]] : 意義與另一個詞的意義相反的詞。例如,{{m|en|good}}是{{m|en|bad}}的反義詞。與[[#同義詞|同義詞]]相對。 ; {{anchor|不定過去時|aorist|aorist tense}}[[不定過去時]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|不定過去時}}}} : 動詞的一種語法範疇,通常是[[#完成體|完成體]]過去時。 ; {{anchor|前元音脫落|apheresis|apheretic|aphaeresis|aphaeretic}}[[前元音脫落]] : 去除詞首的字母或聲音。 ; {{anchor|首音省略|aphesis|aphetic}}[[首音省略]] : 去除詞首的非重讀音,{{m|en|escarp}}變為{{m|en|scarp}}的過程。以這種方式派生的詞被稱為首音省略詞。 ; {{anchor|尾音省略|詞尾音脫落|apocopic|apocope|apocopate|apocopated|apocopation}}[[尾音省略]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|詞尾音脫落}}}} : 省略詞末的音或音節,而不改變其形態結構或意義。發生在義大利語、西班牙語和其他語言中。 ; {{anchor|應用格|applicative|prepositional}}[[應用格]] : 一種語法[[#語態|語態]]或動詞形式,其中動詞的斜格論元被提升為核心論元。 ; {{anchor|近音|approximant}}[[近音]] : 通過僅稍微限制口腔氣流產生的[[#輔音|輔音]]聲音,產生平滑的聲音。在英語中,近音有{{IPAchar|/l/}}、{{IPAchar|/ɹ/}}、{{IPAchar|/w/}}、{{IPAchar|/j/}}(如''loo''、''rue''、''woo''和''you''的首音)。近音與[[#擦音|擦音]]不同,擦音中的氣流受到足夠的限制造成粗糙、嘶嘶或嗡嗡聲,也與[[#塞音|塞音]]不同,塞音中的氣流在短時間內被完全阻斷。 ; {{anchor|古舊|古體|古語|archaic|archaism}}[[古舊]] : 不再普遍使用,但仍然在一些當代文本中發現,這些文本旨在達到古代風格,如歷史小說。例如,{{m|en|thee}}和{{m|en|thou}}是古舊代詞,幾乎完全被 {{m|en|you}} 取代。'''古舊'''是比'''[[#過時|過時]]'''更強的術語,但不如'''[[#棄用|棄用]]'''強。(見[[Wiktionary:Obsolete and archaic terms]]。)雖然古舊術語指的是仍然存在的事物或非過時的概念,而[[#歷史|歷史]]術語指的是曾經存在的事物或過時的概念。 ; {{anchor|地域性|areal|areal feature}}[[地域性]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|區域特徵}}}} : 由於[[w:language contact|語言接觸]]而不是由於共同祖先的[[繼承]],分佈在特定地區的多種語言中。該術語可以應用於詞(見''{{glossary|loanword}}'')或語言特徵,如[[w:grammar|語法]]、[[w:morphology|形態學]]和[[w:phonology|音韻學]]。另見''{{glossary|Wanderwort}}''和''{{glossary|stratum}}''。 ; {{anchor|冠詞|article|definite article|indefinite article}}[[冠詞]] : 一種[[#限定詞|限定詞]],在某些語言中用作語法指示符,通常是該語言的語法和句法的核心。在英語中,冠詞有[[#定指|定指]]冠詞{{m|en|the}},和[[#不定指|不定指]]冠詞{{m|en|a}}和{{m|en|an}}。有些語言可能有更多的冠詞,如法語[[#部分|部分]]冠詞{{m|fr|du}}、{{m|fr|de la}}和{{m|fr|des}},而許多語言完全缺乏冠詞。 ; {{anchor|體貌|aspect}}[[體貌]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|體 (語法)}}}} : 動詞形式的一個屬性,表示動作的性質為[[#完成體|完成體]](完成)或[[#非完成體|非完成體]](未完成或持續)。 ; {{anchor|送氣h|aspirated_h}}[[送氣h]] : 在法語中,被視為[[#輔音|輔音]]的初始⟨h⟩;也就是說,在具有送氣⟨h⟩的詞的開頭不允許連音和省音。 ; {{anchor|同化|assimilation|assimilate|assimilated}}[[同化]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|語音同化}}}} : 同化是一種常見的音韻過程,一個聲音變得更像附近的聲音。這可以發生在詞內或詞間。另見{{glossary|異化}}。 ; {{anchor|無界動詞|atelic|atelic verb}}[[無界動詞]] : 動詞的[[#體貌|體貌]],表示沒有明確終點或趨向目標的動作,或者具有[[w:Cumulativity (linguistics)|累積指涉]]的動作(以至於該動作的表達式可以描述兩個或更多個這種動作,而當它們結合時,仍然構成該動作的一種形式);與'''[[#有界動詞|有界動詞]]'''相對。在英語中,當在(簡單過去式)動詞短語中指定持續時間時,可以看出一種界限區分:無界動詞短語使用{{m|en|for}}(''I built a house <u>for</u> an hour.'' ''She loved me <u>for</u> years.'')(另見{{pedia|Telicity}}) ; {{anchor|定語|修飾語|attributive|attributively}}[[定語]] : 另見: [[Appendix:英語名詞#定語|Appendix:英語名詞 § 定語]] :1. 在句法位置上直接修飾名詞的形容詞,與[[#表述|表述]]形容詞相對,後者在[[#表述語|表述語]]位置,但修飾子句的[[#主語|主語]]。例如,在''the big green house''中,''big''和''green''是修飾形容詞,而在''The house is big and green''中,''big''和''green''是表述形容詞。一些形容詞只能做定語,如{{m|en|close#形容詞}}(在''a close friend''中)或{{m|en|plain}}(在''plain nonsense''中)。 :2. 指另一個真實對象的「屬性」的名詞或形容詞(或短語)。例如,[[名詞附加語]]。這與[[#實體|實體]]名詞或形容詞相對,後者命名的是名詞或形容詞所指的實際「實體」。 ; {{anchor|增音|augment|augmented}}[[增音]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|Augment (linguistics)}}}} {{nobold|{{wikipedia|Augment (Bantu languages)}}}} :# 在一些印歐語言中,表示動詞過去時的前綴[[#元音|元音]](梵語中的{{m|sa|अ-|id=augment}},希臘語中的{{m|grc|ἐ-}})。 :# 在[[凱爾特語]]中,特別是古愛爾蘭語,用來給動詞賦予結果或潛在意義的前動詞,通常是{{m|sga|ro-}}。 :# 在某些班圖語中,前綴到[[#名詞類|名詞類]]前綴的[[#語素|語素]]。 ; {{anchor|增強詞|augmentative}}[[增強詞]] : 表達大尺寸、重要性、強度或資歷的詞形。 ; {{anchor|無增音|augmentless}}[[無增音]] : (名詞)缺少[[#增音|增音]]。 ; {{anchor|助動詞|輔助動詞|auxiliary verb|auxiliary}}[[助動詞]] 或 [[輔助動詞]] : 在子句中伴隨另一個動詞的動詞。它用於表示{{glossary|tense}}、{{glossary|mood}}、{{glossary|voice}}、{{glossary|aspect}}或其他語法細微差別的區別。英語例子有{{m|en|can}}、{{m|en|will}}、{{m|en|have}}、{{m|en|be}}。 ; {{anchor|避諱|名諱|迴避詞|avoidance}}[[避諱]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|避諱}}}} : 標準用於替代[[禁忌]]詞的詞。 ==B== ; {{anchor|逆構詞|back-formation}}[[逆構詞]] : 通過重新解釋較舊的術語形成的術語,通常是通過去除明顯或真實的前綴或後綴;例如,名詞{{m|en|pea}}產生是因為{{m|en|pease}}中的最後{{IPAchar|/z/}}聲音聽起來像複數後綴。同樣,動詞{{m|en|edit}}是從較早的名詞{{m|en|editor}}逆構而來。不要與[[#截短|截短]]混淆,後者只是縮短一個詞而不改變意義或詞性。 ; {{anchor|後元音|back vowel}} [[後元音]] : 在口腔後部發出的元音聲音。英語中的例子包括{{l|en|rule}}中的/uː/或{{l|en|pole}}中的/əʊ/。與[[#前元音|前元音]]相對。 ; {{anchor|反向縮略詞|backronym}}[[反向縮略詞]] : 一個要麼不是[[#首字母縮略詞|首字母縮略詞]]但被認為是並通過[[#逆構詞|逆構詞]]發明完整形式的詞,要麼是一個首字母縮略詞並通過逆構詞發明替代完整形式的詞。 ; {{anchor|倒記俚語|backslang|back slang}}[[倒記俚語]] : 一種[[#俚語|俚語]]形式,其中詞的拼寫被顛倒。 ; {{anchor|所有複合詞|bahuvrihi}}[[所有複合詞]] : [[#外心|外心]][[複合詞]]的另一個術語。與[[#格限定複合詞|格限定複合詞]]、[[#同格限定複合詞|同格限定複合詞]]和[[#並列複合詞|並列複合詞]]對比。 ; {{anchor|輕讀詞|barytone}}[[輕讀詞]] : 重音不在最後音節上。與[[#尾重讀詞|尾重讀詞]]、[[#次尾重讀詞|次尾重讀詞]]和[[#前前重讀詞|前前重讀詞]]比較。 ; {{anchor|基本形態|base state}}[[基本形態]] : 在盧干達語中,一個沒有[[#起始元音|起始元音]]的[[#名詞|名詞]]形式。與''[[#主題形態|主題形態]]''相對。 ; {{anchor|公元前|BC}}[[BC]] : 基督降生前。與[[#BCE|BCE]]相當的年份計數系統。 ; {{anchor|公元前|BCE}}[[BCE]] : 公元前。與[[BC]]相當的年份計數系統。[[AD]]表示為[[#CE|CE]]。要自動將大多數日期切換為使用"BC"/"AD"樣式,請在[[Special:Preferences]](或如果你沒有帳戶,則在[[WT:PREFS]])中勾選小工具部分。 ; {{anchor|混成詞|blend}}[[混成詞]] : 結合兩個詞的詞或名稱,通常以一個詞的開頭和另一個詞的結尾開始,如{{m|en|smog}}(來自{{m|en|smoke}}和{{m|en|fog}})或{{m|en||Wiktionary}}(來自{{m|en|wiki}}和{{m|en|dictionary}})。許多混成詞是[[#合成詞|合成詞]]。 ; {{anchor|借詞|borrowing}} [[借詞]] : 見''[[#loanword|loanword]]''。 ; {{anchor|黏著形式|bound form}} [[黏著形式]] : 只能作為詞的一部分而不能單獨作為詞使用的語言單位(如英語後綴-ly)。這些類型的[[#語素|語素]]是'黏著的',因為它們在可以出現的地方和方式上受到限制,需要附著在獨立形態素上才能存在。許多後綴通常是黏著的。 ; {{anchor|淨化|bowdlerization}}[[bowdlerize|淨化]] : 從文本中刪除被認為冒犯或粗俗的詞或短語。 ; {{anchor|廣義|broadly|broad}}[[廣義]] : 表示較不精確(更廣泛)的用詞;簡而言之,廣義上講。對大多數實際目的來說,與''[[#寬鬆|寬鬆]]''同義。與''[[#嚴格|嚴格]]''(''狹義'')相對。 ==C== ; {{g|c}} : ''見'''{{glossary|common gender}}'''。'' ; {{anchor|約|c.|ca.}}c., ca. : 表示「[[大約]]」,源自{{m+|la|circa}}。因此,「c. 1924」或「ca. 1924」,表示引用的文句大約出自1924年。 ; {{anchor|仿譯|仿譯詞|calque|loan translation|calqued}}[[仿譯詞]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|仿譯}}}} : 通過逐字逐句翻譯借用的詞:[[借譯詞]]。例如,英語表達''[[it goes without saying]]''是法語{{m+|fr|ça va sans dire}}的仿譯詞(字面上逐字逐句的翻譯),''[[flea market]]''是法語{{m+|fr|marché aux puces|lit=[[market]] with [[flea]]s}}的仿譯詞。相反地,''[[skyscraper]]''一詞被仿譯成法語{{m|fr|gratte-ciel|lit=刮-天}}。仿譯詞與[[#意譯詞|意譯詞]]的區別在於,仿譯詞在被創造時不被認為是成語,而意譯詞在被創造時已經具有預先存在的成語意義。 ; {{anchor|格|case}}[[格]] : 名詞的形式之一,用於表示其在短語或句子中的功能。例子包括:[[#主格|主格]]、[[#賓格|賓格]]、[[#屬格|屬格]]、[[#與格|與格]]。 ; cat. : {{m|en|category}}的縮寫。 : 沒有句號時,是[[w:ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]]中加泰羅尼亞語的代碼。 ; {{anchor|分類|category}}[[分類]] : 條目的集合,用於對在句法上相似(例如,英語複數名詞)或在意義上相似(例如,有關體育的英語單詞)的單詞條目進行分類或分組;''見'' [[Wiktionary:Categorization]]。 ; {{anchor|連接動詞|catenative|catenative verb}}[[連接動詞]] : 可以直接接完整或裸不定式,或動名詞(即非限定動詞)的[[#動詞|動詞]]。 : → [[Appendix:English catenative verbs]] ; {{anchor|使役動詞|causative|causative verb}}[[使役動詞]] : 從另一個動詞派生的及物動詞,表示使某人/某物做基本動詞的動作。英語中的例子有:{{m|en|lay}}(使{{m|en|lie}})、{{m|en|set}}(使{{m|en|sit}})和{{m|en|raise}}(使{{m|en|rise}})。比較'''[[#致使動詞|致使動詞]]'''(如{{m|en|shorten}}、{{m|en|enslave}}),它們相似但源自形容詞或名詞。 ; {{anchor|公元|CE}}[[CE]] : 公元。與[[AD]]相當的年份計數系統。要自動將大多數日期切換為使用"BC"/"AD"樣式,請在[[Special:Preferences]](或如果你沒有帳戶,則在[[WT:PREFS]])中勾選小工具部分。 ; {{anchor|審查拼寫|censored spelling}}[[審查]][[拼寫]] : 可能作為委婉語或有時為了繞過聊天過濾器審查而使用的詞,如西班牙語 {{m+|es|mrd}} 來自{{m|es|mierda||狗屎}}。 ; {{anchor|參照|cf.}}[[cf.]] : [[參見]]、[[對比]];源自{{m+|la|cōnfer||對比}}。通常用於表示具有相似或相反意義的詞。 ; {{anchor|環綴|circumfix}}[[環綴]] : 包含[[#前綴|前綴]]和[[#後綴|後綴]]元素作為單一[[#形態學|形態學]]單位的[[#詞綴|詞綴]]。例如,單詞{{m|en|embolden}}由{{m|en|bold|pos=adjective}}加上環綴{{m|en|em- -en}}({{m|en|en- -en}}的變體)組成。 ; {{anchor|迂迴|circumlocutory}}[[迂迴]] : 指說話的迂迴或間接方式;使用比表達一個想法所需更多的詞。 ; {{anchor|中日韓越|CJKV|CJKV}}[[中日韓]][[中日韓越]],[[CJK]],[[CJKV]] : 中文、日文、韓文(和越南文);[[w:中日韓統一表意文字|中日韓統一表意文字]]。 ; {{anchor|分類詞|classifier}}[[分類詞]] : 見[[#量詞|量詞]]。 ; {{anchor|子句|clause}}[[子句]] : 在句子的[[#句法|句法]]中作為單一單位運作的詞或詞組,其中[[#核心|核心]](或中心)詞是[[#動詞|動詞]];通常與[[#短語|短語]]區分,後者是一個類似的單位,但其核心詞是其他[[#詞類|詞類]],如[[#名詞|名詞]]、[[#形容詞|形容詞]]或[[#介詞|介詞]]。例如,[[#句子|句子]] ''The man entered the house, which was large and blue'' 包含兩個子句,[[#獨立子句|獨立子句]] ''The man entered the house'' 和[[#從屬子句|從屬子句]] ''which was large and blue''(這裡的從屬子句特別是一個[[#關係子句|關係子句]],雖然不是所有從屬子句都是關係子句)。 ; {{anchor|截斷|截斷形式|clipping}}[[截斷形式]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|Clipping (morphology)}}}} : 縮短一個詞,而不改變意義或詞性。不要與[[#逆構詞|逆構詞]]混淆,後者改變意義,也不要與[[#省略|省略]]混淆,後者通過省略整個詞來縮短。也與[[#縮寫|縮寫]]不同,後者縮短詞或短語的書寫形式而非口語形式。另見''[[#前元音脫落|前元音脫落]]''、''[[#尾音省略|尾音省略]]''。 ; {{anchor|附著詞|語附詞|clitic}}[[附著詞]] : 附著在短語上且不能單獨使用的詞,如英語''[['s|-'s]]''。許多語言有附著式[[#代詞|代詞]]([[#弱勢代詞|弱勢代詞]]),可能與[[#強調|強調]]或[[#強勢|強勢]]代詞對比;例如,英語''[['ll]]''是''[[will]]''的附著形式,通常附著在前面的詞上(''he'll'',''a little dab'll do ya'')。 ; {{anchor|同源詞|cognate}}[[同源詞]] : 從祖先語言的同一來源[[#詞素|詞素]][[descend|派生]]的。 ; {{anchor|創造詞|coinage|coined}}[[創造詞]] : 有意創造的具有明確含義的新詞。 ; {{anchor|集合|集合詞|集體名詞|collective|collectively|collective noun}}[[集合詞]] : 通過[[#單數|單數]]形式表達個體的集合或聚合。 : → [[:Category:集合名詞]]<!-- lb collective, collectively --> ; {{anchor|固定搭配|搭配|collocation}}[[搭配]] : 一起使用的頻率高於偶然的一系列詞或術語,即相對更頻繁地一起出現。 ; {{anchor|口語|colloquial}}[[口語]] : 表示屬於一種語言的口語或通俗變體的詞。這些詞只適合在隨意或熟悉的背景下使用。這個標籤只用於某些語言;對於其他語言,它被視為''[[#非正式|非正式]]''的同義詞。如果使用,''口語''比''非正式''更強(一個經驗法則是非正式詞可以用在報紙文章的正文中,而口語術語可能不會出現,除非帶有引號)。 : '''注意:'''一個常見的誤解是''口語''在某種程度上表示"本地"或一個詞是"[[#方言|方言的]]"。這是不正確的;''口語''的詞根與{{m|en|locution}}相關,而不是與{{m|en|location}}相關。 ; {{anchor|合成形式|combining form}} [[合成形式]] : 用作[[#詞綴|詞綴]]的術語的特定形式。例如,{{m|en|Afro-}}(如在{{m|en|Afrocentric}}、{{m|en|Afro-American}}等詞中)是{{m|en|African}}的''合成形式''。 ; {{anchor|通性|c|common|common gender}} [[通性]], {{g|c}} : "通[[#性別|性別]]的"。一些語言有一個不同的通性,結合了[[#陽性|陽性]]和[[#陰性|陰性]]但與[[#中性|中性]]區分。在其他語言中,"通性名詞"是一對名詞,一個陽性,一個陰性,形式相同,意義相同,除了一個指男性,另一個指女性。與[[#共性|共性]]區分。 ; {{anchor|有比較級|可比較|comparable}}有[[比較級]] : 對於形容詞或副詞,指能夠進行比較,有比較級和最高級形式,如英語比較級和最高級形式分別以 {{m|en|-er}} 和 {{m|en|-est}} 結尾(僅限形容詞),或與 {{m|en|more}} 或 {{m|en|most}} 一起使用,有時與 {{m|en|further}} 或 {{m|en|furthest}} 一起使用。例如:{{m|en|big}}、{{m|en|bigger}} 和 {{m|en|biggest}};{{m|en|talented}}、{{m|en|[[more]] [[talented]]}}和 {{m|en|[[most]] [[talented]]}};{{m|en|upstairs}}、{{m|en|[[further]] [[upstairs]]}}和 {{m|en|[[furthest]] [[upstairs]]}}。有些形容詞確實是'''[[#不可比較|不可比較]]'''的,如''daily''、''additional''和''else''。許多其他形容詞,如''unique''、''existential''和''bearable'',通常被認為是不可比較的,但有爭議,可以很容易地舉出例子,如"''more bearable''"或"''most perfect''"。 ; {{anchor|比較級|comparative}}[[比較級]] : '''[[#可比較|可比較]]'''形容詞的[[#屈折|屈折]]或不同形式,表示相對程度,通常表示"程度更大"但不是"最大程度"。(另見''[[#最高級|最高級]]''和''[[#比較等級|比較等級]]''。)在英語中,''比較級''形式通常通過加上''-er''或使用詞''more''形成。例如,''hard''的比較級是"''harder''";''difficult''的是"''more difficult''"。 ; {{anchor|複合詞|compound}}[[複合詞]] : 不改變原詞而將兩個或更多詞結合起來的詞或名稱,如''[[dishcloth]]''(來自''[[dish]]''和''[[cloth]]'')或''[[high school]]''(來自''[[high]]''和''[[school]]'');後一種類型被稱為[[開放式複合詞]]。複合術語在詞源學中用{{temp|compound}}表示。(另見''[[WT:ETY#Compound]]''。) ; {{anchor|具體名詞|concrete noun}}[[具體名詞]] : 表示有形或物質事物的[[#名詞|名詞]],如人或地方。[[#反義詞|反義詞]]是[[#抽象名詞|抽象名詞]]。 ; {{anchor|定向動詞|concrete verb|concrete}}[[定向動詞]] : 在[[斯拉夫語族]]中,表示單方向運動並表達單一、完成動作的動詞。與[[#不定向動詞|不定向動詞]]相對,後者的運動是多方向或間接的,或者其動作是重複或連續的([[#頻率|頻率]])。也稱為[[#確定動詞|確定動詞]]。更多討論見''[[#不定向動詞|不定向動詞]]''。 ; {{anchor|條件式|條件語氣|conditional|conditional mood}}[[條件式]] : [[#語氣|語氣]]的一種,用來表示某事依賴於其他事情的結果。英語中的條件式通常由''would''引入,如''If I were rich, I would be happy''。 ; {{anchor|變位|conjugation}}[[變位]] : [[#動詞|動詞]]的[[#屈折|屈折]]。另見''[[#變格|變格]]''。 ; {{anchor|連詞|conjunction}}[[連詞]] : 用於將其他詞或短語組合成句子的詞。 ; {{anchor|連否|connegative}}[[連否]] : 與[[#否定動詞|否定動詞]]一起使用的動詞形式。 ; {{anchor|內涵|connotation}}[[內涵]] : 詞的[[主觀]]和非[[分析性]]意義(定義),如其情感色彩,與其[[客觀]]和[[分析性]]意義(定義)相對,後者構成其[[#外延|外延]](那裡有一個例子)。 ; {{anchor|輔音|consonant}}[[輔音]] : 不是[[#音節|音節]]中主要聲音的任何聲音,主要聲音通常是[[#元音|元音]]。 ; {{anchor|輔音系統|consonantism}}[[輔音系統]] : [[#輔音|輔音]]的序列,或特定於給定詞或詞組的輔音的品質。 ; {{anchor|輔音級變|consonant gradation}}[[輔音級變]] : 在某些語言中,特別是烏拉爾語系語言中,一種輔音[[#變異|變異]]形式,這在歷史上是由後續音節的開放性決定的。 ; {{anchor|結構態|construct state}}[[結構態]] : 在某些語言中,用於將名詞或形容詞與另一個名詞或形容詞結合的語法形式。在[[閃米特語|閃米特語]]中,構成形式通常是由後面的名詞在屬格結構中修飾的名詞。這樣的名詞''X''的構成狀態通常可以翻譯為英語中的''X of''。在[[波斯語]]中,構成狀態通常用於名詞短語中的所有名詞和形容詞,除了最後一個。 ; {{anchor|混合|contamination|contaminated}}[[混合]] : 一個術語對另一個術語發展的影響,使它們在意義或聲音上相似,[[混淆]]。 ; {{anchor|縮約形|contraction|contracted}}[[縮約形]] : 在口語中縮短的詞或短語,有時在書寫中用[[標點符號]]代替缺失的字母(例如,{{noncog|en|-}} {{m|en|do}} {{m|en|not}} → {{m|en|don't}} 或 {{noncog|ro|-}} {{m|ro|nu}} {{m|ro|e}} → {{m|ro|nu-i}})。 ; {{anchor|反詞|contranym}}[[反詞]] : 有兩個相反意義的術語。 ; {{anchor|轉換|conversion}}[[轉換]] : 在不改變形式的情況下創建新詞的過程,通常是通過允許該詞作為新的詞類運作。 ; {{anchor|同類詞|coordinate term}}[[同類詞]] : 同一[[#上位詞|上位詞]](鬆散地說"類別")的不同類型的術語。''Car''和''bicycle''相互是同類詞,兩者都是共享[[#上位詞|上位詞]]''vehicle''的[[#下位詞|下位詞]]。雖然這個術語可以廣泛應用 – 例如,''car''和''asteroid''都是''things'' –,但這種用法在Wiktionary中並不有用。 ; {{anchor|並列複合詞|coordinative}}[[並列複合詞]] : 兩部分協調且整個複合詞的預期含義是兩部分的組合的[[#名詞性|名詞性]][[#複合詞|複合詞]]。也稱為''[[#並列複合詞|dvandva複合詞]]''。英語中的例子不常見,但在許多其他語言中可以找到,例如,{{m+|el|μαχαιροπίρουνο||餐具|lit=刀-叉}}和{{m+|yi|טאַטע־מאַמע||父母|lit=爸爸-媽媽}}。與[[#外心|外心]]和[[#內心|內心]]複合詞對比。 ; {{anchor|繫詞|系詞|連繫動詞|copula|copulative}}[[繫詞]] : 將其[[#主語|主語]]與其賓語連接並等同的動詞;也稱為[[#連繫動詞|連繫動詞]]。最常見的繫詞是動詞''to be'',但還有其他的,如''to seem''、''to appear''和''to sound''。繫詞的賓語通常具有特殊屬性。例如,它可以是[[#形容詞|形容詞]](''John is '''very tall'''''),而大多數動詞要求其賓語是[[#名詞|名詞]]或[[#代詞|代詞]]。此外,在有[[#格|格]]區分的語言中,繫詞的賓語最常見的是[[#主格|主格]],而其他動詞的賓語通常是不同的格,如[[#賓格|賓格]]。許多語言(例如{{cog|ru|-}}、{{cog|he|-}}和{{cog|ar|-}})在現在時使用''零繫詞''(即根本沒有詞),而英語會使用''am''、''are''或''is''這些詞。 ; {{anchor|語料庫|corpus|corpora|corpuses}}{{l|en|corpus#Noun}} : [[collection#Noun|語言文本的]][[collection#Noun|集合]],通常是大量的,如特定[[language#Noun|語言]]的[[libraryful#Noun|文件庫]],有時是一個[[subset#Noun|子集]],如來自特定[[era#Noun|時代]]、特定[[demographic#Noun|人口統計學]]、特定[[genre#Noun|體裁]]或[[register#English:_language register|語域]],或特定[[author#Noun|作者]]的文本;也指用於語言學分析的電子[[database]]形式的這種集合。[[dictionary#Noun|詞典]]是通過建立者對語言的掌握加上對許多來自[[corpus#Noun|語料庫]]的[[quotation]]([[quote#Noun|引言]])的依賴而建立的,在[[lexicography|詞典編纂學]]中,這些引言通常被稱為[[citation#Noun|引用]]。維基詞典在[[Wiktionary:Quotations/Resources]]提供尋找和引用引文的幫助,以及在[[Wiktionary:Corpora]]上提供更深入的列表。 ; {{anchor|訛變|corruption}}{{l|en|corruption|id=usage prescription}} : 以非特定、偶發或非標準方式改變詞、表達式或文本的形式,通常是由於[[誤解]]、[[誤讀]]或[[誤抄]]。 :: 一些語言學家避免使用這個術語來指[[w:language change|語言變化]]<!--refs are cited there-->,因為它帶有關於語言變化的[[#規範|規範]]價值判斷,即"本應被阻止的"或"已經[[debase|貶低]]了語言"。相比之下,語言科學關於語言的[[認識論]]並不認為例如[[pidgin#Noun|混合語]]比構成它的語言"低劣"。然而,用於語言變化的''訛變''一詞長期被廣泛使用,甚至在詞典中,至今仍被廣泛使用。在許多情況下,當舊詞典可能說詞X是詞Y的訛變時,<!--e.g., https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_London_encyclopaedia_or_Universal_di/Wt3do3J_OSsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22is+a+corruption+of%22&pg=RA4-PA355&printsec=frontcover-->一些較新的詞典可能會說詞X是由詞Y變化而來。 ; {{anchor|可數|可數名詞|count_noun|countable}}[[可數]],[[可數名詞]] : 描述可以與[[不定冠詞]](英語中的''a''或''an'')和數字自由使用的名詞,因此有[[複數]]形式。[[#反義詞|反義詞]]:''[[#不可數|不可數]]''或''質量名詞''。 ; {{anchor|量詞|counter}}[[量詞]] : 在語言學中,量詞、[[度量詞]]或[[分類詞]]是與數詞結合使用以表示由某些名詞代表的東西的數量的詞。它們表示一個單位或測量,用於[[質量名詞]],有時也用於[[可數名詞]]。(比較''[[#單個性|單個性]]''。) ==D== ; {{anchor|過時|dated}}[[過時]] : 曾經普遍使用,現在仍偶爾使用,但現在已不流行;例如,''[[wireless]]''在"廣播電台調諧器"意義上,''[[groovy]]'',和''[[gay]]''在"明亮"或"快樂"的意義上都是過時的。''過時''不如''[[#古體|古體]]''或''[[#廢用|廢用]]''強烈。見[[Wiktionary:Obsolete and archaic terms]]。 ; {{anchor|與格|dative case|dative|dat}}[[與格]], dat. : 通常用作動詞的[[#間接賓語|間接賓語]]的[[#格|格]]。例如,如果英語有一個完全[[#多產|多產]]的格變化系統,那麼在"She gave him the ball"中的''him''很可能是與格。 ; {{anchor|變格|declension}}[[變格]] : [[#名詞|名詞]]和與之類似或一起使用的詞(即[[#名詞性|名詞性]]詞)的[[#屈折|屈折]]。另見''[[#變位|變位]]''。 ; {{anchor|缺少變化|defective}}[[缺少變化]] : 通常預期有一套完整的[[#屈折|屈折]]形式,但其中一些屈折不存在或從未使用。英語例子是缺少變化的動詞{{m|en|can}}和{{m|en|shall}},它們沒有[[#不定式|不定式]]形式(沒有''to can''或''to shall'')。 ; {{anchor|缺乏拼寫|defective spelling}}[[缺乏拼寫]] : 在有[[mater lectionis|matres lectionis]](代表[[#元音|元音]]的[[#輔音|輔音]]字母)的語言中,不包含額外元音的形式,這可能仍然包括一個mater lectionis。 ; {{anchor|定冠詞|定指|definite}}[[定指]] : 指詞的形式,將某物呈現為已知、已識別或立即可識別;在英語中,這是冠詞''[[the]]''的基本含義;在某些語言中,這是名詞或形容詞的[[#屈折|屈折]]。在日耳曼語中,作為定語屈折的形容詞被稱為"弱變化"。在匈牙利語中,定變位用於表示[[:w:Hungarian verbs#Definite and indefinite conjugations|定賓語]],包括''him, her, it, them''和正式的''you''。 ; {{anchor|比較等級|degrees of comparison}}[[比較等級]] : 允許比較的形容詞和副詞的[[#屈折|屈折]]。英語有三個''比較等級'':[[#原級|原級]]、[[#比較級|比較級]]和[[#最高級|最高級]]。一些其他語言還有其他等級,例如:[[比較最高級]]、[[相對最高級]]、[[絕對級]]。 ; {{anchor|派生詞|demonym}}[[派生詞]] : 指特定地方的居民或本地人的[[#名詞|名詞]]或[[#形容詞|形容詞]]。有時派生詞與地名明顯相關,如英語中的{{m+|en|Mexico}}和對應的派生詞{{m|en|Mexican}},但有時則不然,如{{m|en|Netherlands}}與{{m|en|Dutch}}。一些語言(例如大多數斯拉夫語)有不同(但通常相關)的形容詞和名詞形式的給定派生詞,而在其他語言中(例如大多數羅曼語),它們是相同的。英語在這方面是不一致的;對比{{m|en|Mexican}}(既可以是形容詞也可以是名詞)與{{m|en|Swedish}}(形容詞)vs. {{m|en|Swede}}(名詞)。在英語中有些情況下沒有單詞名詞形式的派生詞,如{{m|en|Chinese}},其單數形式在現代用法中被完全接受為標準,導致如''Chinese person''或''person from China''這樣的短語。 ; {{anchor|名詞派生|denominal}}[[名詞派生]] : 從[[#名詞|名詞]]派生的。 ; {{anchor|外延|denotation}}[[外延]] : 詞的[[客觀]]和[[分析性]]意義(定義),與其情感色彩相對,後者構成其[[#內涵|內涵]]。例如,''start''和''commence''通常有相同的外延(即"begin"),但它們通常有([[主觀的]])內涵差異(例如,父母可能會說,"start doing your homework as soon as you finish your snack and bathroom break",但通常不會說"commence doing your homework […]",因為它在某種程度上聽起來很奇怪(在上下文中不合適,除非為了幽默、詞彙構建或其他特殊目的而強調該詞))。 ; {{anchor|依存|dependent}}[[依存]] : (在希臘語和蓋爾語中)不獨立使用而是由一個詞綴前置以形成否定或時態形式的動詞形式。 ; {{anchor|從屬子句|dependent clause}}[[從屬子句]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|從屬子句}}}} : 不能單獨作為完整[[#句子|句子]]的[[#子句|子句]],與[[#獨立子句|獨立子句]]相對。也稱為[[#從屬子句|從屬子句]]。邏輯上,從屬子句修飾句子中另一個子句中的詞。常見的例子有(1)[[#關係子句|關係子句]](也稱為"形容詞子句"或"形容詞性子句"),修飾名詞(例如,''The man '''whom I saw yesterday''' is leaving today'');(2)[[#副詞子句|副詞子句]],以副詞方式修飾動詞(例如,'''''When it is time to leave''', I will go home''),和[[#名詞子句|名詞子句]],取代名詞的位置(例如,''I said '''that my name is John'''''或''I suggested '''that he leave''''')。 ; {{anchor|承役|deponent}}[[承役]] : (在希臘語、拉丁語和一些蓋爾語和北歐語中)具有主動意義但以被動方式變位的動詞。 ; {{anchor|派生詞彙|derived terms}}[[Wiktionary:Entry layout explained#Derived terms|派生詞彙]] : 詞性後的標題,列出同一語言中的形態派生詞。令人困惑的是,"派生"也用於詞源部分,表示該術語來自''另一種''語言,但不是直接[[#loanword|借用]]或[[#inherited|繼承]]的。 ; [[derogatory]] : ''見'''{{glossary|pejorative}}'''。'' ; {{anchor|派生語彙|descendants}}[[Wiktionary:Entry layout explained#Descendants|派生語彙]] : 詞性後的標題,列出從該詞借用或繼承的其他語言中的術語。 ; {{anchor|描述性|descriptive|descriptively|description}}[[描述性]] : 關於{{w|linguistic description}}:一種語言[[實際上]]是如何使用的(由[[#corpus|語料庫]]證明),與某些人認為它[[應該]]如何使用的觀點相對,這有時是不同的;比較''[[#規範|規範]]''。(另見:[[Wiktionary:Neutral point of view#In the treatment of words|維基詞典支持描述的政策]]。) ; {{anchor|描述性複合詞|descriptive compound}}[[描述性複合詞]] : 一部分修飾另一部分的[[#名詞性|名詞性]][[#複合詞|複合詞]],兩部分都指整個複合詞的預期含義。也稱為''[[karmadharaya]]複合詞''。整個複合詞的預期含義是複合詞部分含義總和的延伸。英語中的例子是"[[blackboard]]"(一種通常是黑色的板)和"[[houseboat]]"(一種既是房子又是船的船)。與[[#限定性|限定性]]複合詞相對,後者中被修飾的成分而非修飾詞指整個預期含義,如"[[rainbow]]"和"[[footstool]]"。描述性複合詞是[[#內心|內心]]複合詞的一個子類型,而內心複合詞又與[[#外心|外心]]和[[#並列|並列]]複合詞相對。 ; {{anchor|期望|desiderative}}[[期望]] : 表示願望的動詞形式。 ; {{anchor|確定動詞|determinate verb|determinate}}[[確定動詞]] : 在[[斯拉夫語族]]中,''[[#定向動詞|定向動詞]]''的另一個術語。 ; {{anchor|限定性|determinative}}[[限定性]] [[複合詞]] : 一部分修飾另一部分的[[#名詞性|名詞性]][[#複合詞|複合詞]],其中被修飾的成分(但不是修飾詞)指整個複合詞的預期含義。也稱為''[[tatpurusa]]複合詞''。英語中的例子是"[[rainbow]]"(一種由雨引起的[[弓]])和"[[footstool]]"(一種為腳設計的[[凳子]])。與[[#描述性|描述性]]複合詞相對,後者中修飾詞和被修飾成分都指整個預期含義,如"[[blackboard]]"或"[[houseboat]]"。限定性複合詞是[[#內心|內心]]複合詞的一個子類型,而內心複合詞又與[[#外心|外心]]和[[#並列|並列]]複合詞相對。 ; {{anchor|限定詞|determiner}}[[限定詞]] : 表達名詞或名詞短語在上下文中的指代或數量的名詞修飾詞。限定詞通常被認為是形容詞,但實際上並不完全相同;例如,在英語中,{{m|en|big}}是一個形容詞,所以"the big car"是語法正確的,而*"He saw big car"則不是,但{{m|en|some}}是一個限定詞,所以*"the some car"不是語法正確的,而"He saw some car"卻是。在英語中,形容詞''有時''可以不帶名詞單獨存在,而限定詞幾乎''總是''可以(對比*"He saw big"與"He saw some"),因此它們有時也被視為代詞和形容詞。 ; {{anchor|動詞派生|deverbal}}[[動詞派生]] : 從[[#動詞|動詞]]派生的詞,通常是[[#實體|實體]]。與''[[#名詞派生|名詞派生]]''相對。 ; {{anchor|歷時|歷時性|diachrony|diachronic|diachronically}}[[歷時]]性 {{nobold|{{wikipedia|歷時與共時}}}} : 語言或語言中短語的分析視角,考慮隨時間推移的[[historical linguistics|歷史變化]],這些變化塑造了其在給定後期時間的狀態。該術語通常用於與''{{glossary|synchrony}}''對比。 ; {{anchor|變音符號|音標|音符|diacritic|diacritical|diacritical mark}}[[變音符號]] : 變音符號 – 也稱為變音標記、變音點、變音符號或重音符 – 是添加到字母或基本字形上的[[#字形|字形]]。例如:[[#尖音符|尖音符]](´)、雙尖音符(˝)、[[#短音符|短音符]](˘)、倒短音符(̑)、[[#變音符|變音符]](¸)、[[#分音符號|分音符號]]/[[#變音|變音]](¨)、[[#長音符|長音符]](¯)、[[上圈|上圈]](˚)、[[#波浪符|波浪符]](͂)等。使用變音標記的主要目的是改變添加它們的字母或詞的發音值。例子包括借自法語的單詞{{m|en|naïve}}和{{m|en|Noël}}中的分音符號,表示帶有分音符號的元音與前面的元音分開發音;尖音符和[[#抑音符|抑音符]],可以表示最後一個元音要發音,如{{m|en|saké}}和詩歌中的''breathèd'';以及借自法語單詞{{m|en|façade}}中⟨c⟩下的變音符,表示它發音為{{IPAchar|/s/}}而不是{{IPAchar|/k/}}。 ; {{anchor|分音符號|diaeresis|diaresis|dieresis}}[[分音符號]] : 放在[[#元音|元音]]字母上方的[[#變音符號|變音符號]](¨),表示它是分開發音的。 ; {{anchor|方言的|dialectal}}[[方言的]] : 與[[方言#名詞|方言]]有關(在[[Wiktionary:Context labels|維基詞典的標籤]]中,與[[#變體|變體]]同義)。 ; {{anchor|指小詞|diminutive}}[[指小詞]] : 表達小、年輕、親愛、不重要或輕蔑的詞形。與[[#強化詞|強化詞]]相對。 ; {{anchor|直接賓語|direct object}}[[直接賓語]] : 動詞直接作用的[[#名詞|名詞]]或名詞[[#短語|短語]]。在一些語言中,直接賓語用[[#賓格|賓格]]標記。 : → [[#及物動詞|及物動詞]]、[[#間接賓語|間接賓語]] ; {{anchor|取代|displaced}}[[取代]] : 關於較舊的詞:已被較新的詞取代。 ; {{anchor|異化|dissimilation|dissimilate|dissimilated}}[[異化]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|語音異化}}}} : 一種音韻過程,其中詞內或短語內相似音對中的一個變得不同:例如,在從古義大利語{{m|it|colonnello}}衍生出{{m+|frm|coronnel}}時,l…l > r…l的轉變。它的效果與[[#同化|同化]]相反。 ; {{anchor|雙及物動詞|ditransitive verb|ditransitive}}[[雙及物動詞]] : (關於動詞)取兩個賓語,如{{m|en|give}}在"Give me the ball"中(其中{{m|en|me}}是一個[[#間接賓語|間接賓語]],{{m|en|ball|the ball}}是一個[[#直接賓語|直接賓語]])。比較[[#不及物動詞|不及物動詞]]、[[#及物動詞|及物動詞]]和[[#及物不及物兩用動詞|及物不及物兩用動詞]]。 ; {{anchor|同源對似詞|雙式詞|對偶詞|doublet}}[[同源對似詞]] : 一個語言中有相同[[#詞源|詞源]]根(如在詞源,而不是像原始印歐語根這樣的根形態素)但通過不同途徑來到現代語言的兩個(或更多)詞中的一個。同源對偶詞可以由e.g.,從兩種不同但相關的語言借來的[[#loanword|借詞]],從同一語言在兩個不同階段借來的借詞,從相關語言借來的一個詞加上其本土[[#cognate|同源詞]],或在一種語言歷史的兩個不同階段形成的派生詞。例如:{{m|en|lever#Noun}}和{{m|en|levator#Noun}}是同源對偶詞(更多見[[:Category:漢語同源對似詞]])。參見[[#片段對偶詞|片段對偶詞]]。 ; {{anchor|雙數|dual|dual number}}[[雙數]],[[雙數]] : 一種[[#數|語法數]],表示正好有兩個項目或個體。通常與[[#單數|單數]]和[[#複數|複數]]對比。 ; {{anchor|虛擬代詞|dummy pronoun}} {{w|dummy pronoun}} : 沒有指代對象的[[#代詞|代詞]]。例如,''it is good to know that you are okay''中的''it''是一個虛擬[[#主語|主語]]。它的使用是為了給動詞{{m|en|is}}提供一個句法主語,因為英語不允許[[w:null-subject language|零主語]]。 ; {{anchor|並列複合詞|dvandva}}[[並列複合詞]] : ''[[#並列複合詞|並列複合詞]]''的另一個術語。與[[#所有複合詞|所有複合詞]]、[[#格限定複合詞|格限定複合詞]]和[[#同格限定複合詞|同格限定複合詞]]對比。 ; {{anchor|詈語|dysphemism}}[[詈語]] : 帶有負面內涵或形象,用來替代(更)中性原詞的術語。與''[[#委婉語|委婉語]]''相對。 ==E== ; {{anchor|編輯者|ed.}}ed. : "[[editor|編輯者]]"(或有時"版本")。這個縮寫通常用於引文的歸屬;編纂的編輯通常是負責選擇包含哪些作品的個人。 ; {{anchor|誤用詞|eggcorn}}[[誤用詞]] : 聽起來像另一個詞或短語並被誤用的詞或短語,以一種看似邏輯或合理的方式使用,可以是單獨使用或作為固定表達的一部分。 ; {{anchor|絕對級|elative}}[[絕對級]] : 在[[閃米特語|閃米特語]]中,可以同時用於[[最高級]]和[[比較級]]的級別。(另見''[[#比較等級|比較等級]]''。) ; {{anchor|離格|elative case}}[[離格]] : 表示"從……移出"的[[#格|格]]。 ; {{anchor|省音|elision|elided}}[[省音]] : 從詞中去除[[#音素|音素]]或音素序列,特別是在詞的開頭或結尾。 ; {{anchor|省略|ellipsis}}[[省略]] : 省略可以從上下文推斷出的詞或短語。 ; {{anchor|拉長|elongated}}[[拉長]] : 為了[[強調]]而添加字母,如"stoooop!"。這通常是[[非標準]]寫法,但在某些用法中,如感嘆詞,這是正常的:"awwwww!","shhhh!" ; {{anchor|強調|emphatic}}[[強調]] : 特別強調。英語的[[#反身|反身]]代詞也可作強調代詞,如"I myself have not seen it"(其中"myself"強調說話者的角色);一些其他語言(如希臘語)有強調代詞,與''[[#弱勢代詞|弱勢]]''或''[[#附著詞|附著詞]]''代詞區分。 ; {{anchor|附連|enclisis}}[[附連]] : 詞與前一個詞的語音連接。在現代希臘語中,這可能會導致第一個詞上額外的重音,因此: ::: {{l|el|το όνομα μου είναι|"το όνο<u>μα</u> μου είναι"}} ''變成'' {{l|el|το όνομά μου είναι|"το όνο<u>μά</u> μου είναι"}} ; {{anchor|本名|自名|endonym|autonym}}[[本名]] : 一個群體或類別的人用來指稱自己或其語言的名稱(與[[#外名|外名]]相對)。也稱為[[自名]]或[[selfname]]。 ; {{anchor|內心複合詞|endocentric}}[[內心複合詞]] : 一部分修飾另一部分的[[#名詞性|名詞性]][[#複合詞|複合詞]],其中被修飾的複合詞指整個複合詞的預期含義。英語中的例子是"[[blackboard]]"(一種[[板]])、"[[houseboat]]"(一種[[船]])、"[[rainbow]]"(一種[[弓]])和"[[footstool]]"(一種凳子)。內心複合詞分為兩個子類型,[[#描述性|描述性]]複合詞(修飾詞也指整個複合詞的預期含義,如[[blackboard]]和[[houseboat]])和[[#限定性|限定性]]複合詞(修飾詞不指整個複合詞的預期含義,如[[rainbow]]和[[footstool]])。例如,[[houseboat]]既是[[house]]的一種,也是[[boat]]的一種,而[[blackboard]](通常)是[[black]]的。然而,[[rainbow]]不是[[rain]]的一種(而是由雨引起的[[bow]]),同樣,[[footstool]]不是[[foot]]的一種(它是為腳設計的凳子)。內心複合詞與[[#外心|外心]]和[[#並列|並列]]複合詞相對。 ; {{anchor|英式音標|enPR}}enPR : 維基詞典的[[Wiktionary:English Phonemic Representation|英語音位表示]]系統。詳情見[[Appendix:English pronunciation|英語發音指南]]。 ; {{anchor|語中插音|epenthesis|epenthetic}}[[語中插音]] : 在詞中間插入[[#音素|音素]]、字母或[[#音節|音節]],通常為了滿足語言的語音限制或詩歌上下文。在謹慎使用時,語中插音只指詞中間的插入:參見[[#前加音|前加音]]、[[#後加音|後加音]]。 ; {{anchor|共性|epicene}}[[共性]] : 對於男性和女性指代對象有相同的形式。 ; {{anchor|名祖|eponym}}[[名祖]] : 由真實或虛構人名形成的詞。比較[[#地名詞|地名詞]],源自地名的詞。 ; {{anchor|同名的|eponymous}}[[同名的]] : 將自己的名字用作藝術作品的標題。 ; {{anchor|等級|equative}}[[等級]] : 表示相等品質的結構;例如,{{m|en|happy}}的等級是{{m|en||as happy as}}。在一些語言中,如威爾士語和古愛爾蘭語,等級是形容詞的一種獨特形式。 ; {{anchor|作格|ergative case}}[[作格]] : 在一些語言中使用的[[#格|格]],用於標記[[#及物動詞|及物動詞]]的[[#主語|主語]],但不用於[[#不及物動詞|不及物動詞]]的主語。 ; {{anchor|作格動詞|ergative|ergative verb}}[[作格動詞]] : 可以是及物或不及物的動詞,不及物[[#主語|主語]]是[[patient#Noun|受事者]],與及物賓語的角色相同。本質上,作格動詞是不及物動詞,當用作及物動詞時就是它自己的[[#使役|使役]]。例如,{{m|en|break}}是一個作格動詞。在"The window broke"(主語)和"I broke the window"([[#直接賓語|直接賓語]])中,同樣的事情發生在窗戶上,但在第二個例子中,還有一個[[#施事|施事者]]導致窗戶破碎。 ; {{anchor|詞源|詞源學|etymology}}[[詞源]] : 關於詞的起源和歷史發展的說明。 ; {{anchor|詞源|etymon}}來源詞 : 給定詞的來源詞。 ; {{anchor|委婉|委婉語|euphemism}}[[委婉語]] : 比它所替代的詞更不粗俗或更不冒犯的術語。與[[#詈語|詈語]]相對。 ; {{anchor|過度拼寫|excessive spelling}}[[過度拼寫]] : 在有[[mater lectionis|matres lectionis]](代表[[#元音|元音]]的[[#輔音|輔音]]字母)的語言中,包含一個或多個額外元音的形式。例如,希伯來語{{m|he|אדום||red}}的{{m|he|אָדֹם}},添加了{{m|he||ו|vav}}表示{{IPAchar|/o/}}。 ; {{anchor|附加音|excrescent}}[[附加音]] : 詞中沒有[[#詞源學|詞源學]]原因,為發音目的而添加的聲音。 ; {{anchor|外心複合詞|exocentric}}[[外心複合詞]] : 第一部分修飾第二部分且兩部分都不單獨傳達預期含義的[[#名詞性|名詞性]][[#複合詞|複合詞]]。英語中的例子是"[[houndstooth]]"(即"像獵犬的牙齒";兩個部分都不指織物)。也稱為[[#所有複合詞|bahuvrihi]] [[#複合詞|複合詞]]。與[[#內心|內心]](及其子類型[[#限定性|限定性]]和[[#描述性|描述性]])和[[#並列|並列]]複合詞對比。 ; {{anchor|外名|exonym}}[[外名]] : 外國人使用的地名、民族或語言名稱,而不是本國語言版本([[#本名|本名]])。 ; {{anchor|填充語|expletive}}[[填充語]] : [[#粗俗|粗俗]]術語、[[#強化詞|強化詞]]或沒有意義但添加以填充句法位置的詞。 ; {{anchor|填充語插入|expletive infixation}}[[填充語插入]]: 伴隨在分離部分之間插入填充語或咒罵語的[[#分隔|分隔]],例如,[[abso-bloody-lutely]]。 ; {{anchor|表達性詞|expressive}}[[表達性詞]] : 與術語的基本含義相比,具有額外表達內容的術語。這個術語在斯拉夫語詞典編纂中很常見,在大多數捷克語、斯洛伐克語和波蘭語詞典中都能找到,但在英語詞典編纂中沒有確切的等價物。最接近的等價物可能是''口語''和''親切''或''貶義''的組合,視情況而定。 ; {{anchor|視覺方言|eye dialect|eye spelling}}[[視覺方言]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|eye dialect}}}} : 在寫作中故意拼錯,用來表示人物的言語是通俗的、非標準的或未受教育的;拼寫代表著他們被要求寫下這些詞時會如何拼寫。因此,它在功能上與[[#發音拼寫|發音拼寫]]相反。 ; {{anchor|依扎費|ezafe}} [[依扎費]] 或 [[ezâfe]] : 波斯語:{{m|fa|اِضافِه|tr=ezâfe}}。波斯語中的[[所有格]]或[[屬格]]結構。另見[[ʾiḍāfa]]。 ==F== ; {{g|f}} : ''見'''{{glossary|陰性}}'''。'' ; {{anchor|致使動詞|factitive|factitive verb}}[[致使動詞]] : 從形容詞或名詞派生的及物動詞,表達使某人/某物具有(或更多地具有)基本形容詞或名詞的特性的行為。英語中的例子有:{{m|en|shorten}}(使{{m|en|shorter}})、{{m|en|strengthen}}(使{{m|en|stronger}})和{{m|en|enslave}}(使{{m|en|slave}})。比較'''[[#使役動詞|使役動詞]]''',它們類似但是從其他動詞派生。 ; {{anchor|偽同源詞|false cognate}}[[偽同源詞]] : 一種語言中的一個詞,與另一種或同一種語言中的一個詞在發音和語義上相似,但在詞源上沒有關聯,因此不是真正的[[#同源詞|同源詞]]。例子包括{{cog|en|day}}/{{cog|pt|dia}}、{{cog|de|Feuer}}/{{cog|fr|feu}}(都意味著"火"),{{cog|ms|dua}}/{{cog|sa|द्व}}(都意味著"二"),和{{cog|en|dog}}/{{cog|vmb|dog}}。比較'''[[#偽友|偽友]]'''。 ; {{anchor|偽友|假朋友|false friend}}[[偽友]] : 一種語言中的一個詞,與另一種語言中的一個詞在發音上相似,通常共享相同詞源,但詞義不同。例子包括{{cog|en|parent}}/{{cog|pt|parente||相關的}}和{{cog|en|embarrassed}}/{{cog|es|embarazada||懷孕的}}。比較'''[[#偽同源詞|偽同源詞]]'''。 ; {{anchor|親切語|familiar}}[[親切語]] : 描述對話的上下文,無論是通過口語還是書面語,對話者彼此非常熟悉,在休閒情況下經常使用更加'''[[#非正式|非正式]]'''或'''[[#口語|口語]]'''的術語交流。許多語言有專門用於親切形式的[[#屈折|屈折]]和[[#代詞|代詞]],與其[[#禮貌|禮貌]]形式相對。 ; {{anchor|陰性|f|feminine}}[[陰性]], {{g|f}} : "陰性";表示詞屬於陰性[[#性別|性別]],通常與[[#陽性|陽性]]性別相對,也經常與[[#中性|中性]]相對。 ; {{anchor|比喻|figurative}}[[比喻]]義 : 非[[#字面|字面]]的。指用作[[#隱喻|隱喻]]或[[#明喻|明喻]]的詞語或表達方式,或者作為[[#轉喻|轉喻]],例如用「[[包袱]]」比喻「[[負擔]]」,或者英語用 {{m|en|crown||王冠}} 指代君主制。 ; {{anchor|第一人稱|first person|first-person|1st person}}[[第一人稱]] : 表示說話者自己或其所屬的群體的[[#person|語法人稱]]。如{{m+|zh|我}}或英語代詞 {{m|en|I}}、{{m|en|we}}。 ; {{anchor|年代|fl.}}[[fl.]] : "[[floruit|Floruit]]"(拉丁文,意為"他/她活躍")。用於不知道一個人的確切出生和死亡日期時,表示該人已知生活或活躍的日期或時期。 ; {{anchor|焦點|focus}}[[焦點]] : 表示句子中焦點的副詞。 ; {{anchor|民俗詞源|folk etymology|folk etymologies|folk etymological|popular etymology}}[[民俗詞源]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|folk etymology}}}} : 古老、外來或其他不熟悉的詞的形式或含義被重新解釋為類似更熟悉的詞或形態素。比較'''[[#重新分析|重新分析]]'''。 ; {{anchor|正式|formal|formally}}[[正式]] : 描述詞彙選擇和[[語法]],主要適用於正式場合,如官方或法律文件、論文,有時在與上級或長輩交談時。'''[[#非正式|非正式]]'''術語,尤其是那些通過隨意談話('''[[#口語|口語]]''')產生的術語,在正式場合通常是不合適的。另見''[[#高級語體|高級語體]]''。 ; {{anchor|化石詞|fossil word|fossil|fossilised|fossilized}}[[化石詞]] : 一個在廣泛上[[#廢用|廢用]]但仍然流通的詞,因為它包含在仍在使用的[[#成語|成語]]中。 ; {{anchor|陰性複數|fpl}}''fpl'' : "[[#陰性|陰性]][[#複數|複數]]";陰性性別和複數數。 ; {{anchor|頻率|frequentative}}[[頻率]] : 表達動作的[[重複]]。 ; {{anchor|擦音|fricative}}[[擦音]] : 通過空氣流過口腔中的狹縫產生的[[#輔音|輔音]]聲音,通常產生噝音、嘶嘶聲、嗡嗡聲或其他"粗糙"的音質。在英語中,有[[#清音|清音]]擦音{{IPAchar|/f/}}、{{IPAchar|/s/}}、{{IPAchar|/ʃ/}}、{{IPAchar|/θ/}}(如''buff''、''bus''、''bash''和''bath''的最後音),還有相應的[[#濁音|濁音]]{{IPAchar|/v/}}、{{IPAchar|/z/}}、{{IPAchar|/ʒ/}}、{{IPAchar|/ð/}}(如''above''、''buzz''、''beige''和''bathe''的最後音)。擦音與[[#塞音|塞音]]不同,塞音中的空氣在短時間內完全被阻塞,也與[[#近音|近音]]不同,近音中的空氣不夠受限以引起擦音特有的粗糙聲音。 ; {{anchor|前元音|front vowel}}[[前元音]] : 在口腔前部發出的[[#元音|元音]]。在英語中,前元音有{{IPAchar|/æ/}}、{{IPAchar|/ɛ/}}、{{IPAchar|/eɪ/}}、{{IPAchar|/ɪ/}}、{{IPAchar|/i/}}(分別如''bat''、''bet''、''bait''、''bit''和''beat''中的元音)。與[[#後元音|後元音]]相對。 ; {{anchor|將來完成時|future perfect}}[[將來完成時]] : 表達在將來某個時間完成的動作的[[#時|時態]];在英語中由''will have''(或''shall have'')和[[#過去|過去]][[#分詞|分詞]]形成。 ; {{anchor|將來時|future|future tense}}[[將來時]] : [[#動詞|動詞]]的[[#時|時態]],用來指尚未發生、預期在將來發生或可能永遠不會發生的事件、交易或發生。英語例子是''I will go home tomorrow''中的{{m|en|will}} {{m|en|go}}。 ==G== ; {{anchor|雙子音|gemination}}[[雙子音]] : 一種現象,[[#輔音|輔音]]的發音時間比正常情況下明顯更長。 ; {{anchor|性別|gender}}[[性別]] : 在某些語言中分類[[#名詞|名詞]]的方式。在這些語言中,每個名詞都有特定的性別(通常由其含義和/或形式決定),其他詞(特別是[[#形容詞|形容詞]]和[[#代詞|代詞]])通常會改變形式以符合名詞的性別。另見[[#名詞類|名詞類]]。 ; {{anchor|性別中立|gender neutral|gender-neutral}}[[性別中立]] : 關於語言結構,不指示或限制性別,因此適用於任何性別和無性別者。 ; {{anchor|通俗商標|genericized trademark}}[[通俗商標]] : 成功的品牌名稱或商標,已經被用來指代一般類別的物體,而不是特定的品牌類型。在詞典中包含這樣的術語反映了關於說話者如何使用語言的[[#描述|描述性]]事實,但它不控制或抑制商標所有者通過法律和司法手段捍衛商標受保護地位的法律權利。([[genericized trademark#Usage notes|見用法說明]]。) ; {{anchor|屬格|genitive|genitive case}}[[屬格]] : 表示所有或關係的[[#格|格]],相當於英語的{{m|en|of}}或{{m|en|-'s}}。 ; {{anchor|動名詞|gerund}}[[動名詞]] : 各種語言中的各種非限定[[#動詞|動詞]]形式。在英語中,"[[w:Gerund#Gerunds_in_English|動名詞]]"指動詞的''[[-ing]]''形式,當以類似[[#名詞|名詞]]的方式使用時。儘管在周圍句子的上下文中表現出類似名詞的行為,但動名詞在其自身內部子句的上下文中表現出動詞行為:它們可以帶直接賓語或被副詞修飾。以這種方式,動名詞與以''-ing''結尾的動詞派生名詞區分開來,後者出現在可以帶限定詞或被形容詞修飾的名詞短語中。例如,在以下句子中,"manufacturing"是一個動名詞:"Efficiently manufacturing this device is difficult."它是一個[[#動詞名詞|動詞名詞]](不是動名詞)在這個句子中:"The efficient manufacturing of this device is difficult."在其他語言中,動名詞可以指通常作為[[#副詞|副詞]]的形式,用來形成[[#副詞性|副詞性]]短語或連續時態。 ; {{anchor|鬼詞|ghost word}}[[鬼詞]] : 一個[[虛構]]或[[錯誤]]的詞,最初沒有意義(實際中未使用),已被發表在詞典或類似的權威參考工作中或以其他方式列為真實的,通常是由於誤解、誤讀或排版錯誤的結果,但偶爾是故意作為[[w:fictitious entry|虛構條目]]。 ; {{anchor|支配|government|rection}}[[支配]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|Government (linguistics)}}}} : 一個詞或義項對其依賴詞施加的語法要求。對於''格支配'',依賴詞必須以特定[[#格|語法格]]屈折。例如,拉丁語介詞{{m|la|ex||out of}}支配奪格(要求補語以奪格屈折)。也稱為''rection''。 ; {{anchor|抑音符|grave|grave accent}}[[抑音符]] : 在許多語言中用來區分[[#元音|元音]]發音的[[#變音符號|變音符號]](`)。 ==H== ; {{anchor|慣常|habitual}}[[慣常]] : 指定動作習慣性發生的動詞[[#體貌|體貌]]:主語通常、一般或習慣性地執行動作。也稱為'''[[常態]]'''。 ; {{anchor|孤詞|hapax legomenon|hapax}}[[孤詞]],[[hapax]] : 在[[語料語言學]]中,一個在給定[[#語料庫|語料庫]]中僅出現一次的詞,可能在整個語言的書面記錄中,在一個作者的作品中,或在單一文本中。 ; {{anchor|音節合併|haplology|haplological}}[[音節合併]] : 詞的一部分(一系列[[#音素|音素]]或一系列字母)的[[#省音|省音]]或[[#刪除|刪除]],該部分是重複的(完全重複或稍有變化)。發音音節合併的例子是英國英語發音的{{m|en|library}},如拼寫為{{m|en||libry}},其中一系列音素{{IPAchar|/ɹəɹ/}}縮短為{{IPAchar|/ɹ/}}。與拼寫相關的音節合併例子是{{m|en|symbology}},來自{{affix|en|symbol|-ology|nocat=1}},其中''olol''序列縮短為''ol''。與[[#重疊|重疊]]相對,後者是詞的一部分的重複。 ; {{anchor|語氣緩和|hedge}}{{ll|en|hedge|id=pragmatics}} : 在[[語用學]]中,用來減輕語句力度的術語(詞、短語或子句):例如,避免給予侮辱或誇耀自己的知識。 ; {{anchor|高級語體|higher register}}[[高級語體]] : 屬於較高的語言[[#語體|語體]],意味著當說話者希望聽起來優雅或受過教育時,在[[#正式|正式]]場合或寫作時可能會使用。這些術語通常較少見或較不為人所知,不用於日常談話。另見''[[#文學|文學]]'',這是其子類別。 ; {{anchor|歷史|historical}}[[歷史]] : 描述不再存在或當前的''物體''或''概念'';例如,{{m|en|Czechoslovakia}}、{{m|en|stomacher}}或{{m|en|phlogiston}}。區別:''歷史''術語仍在使用,但指不再現行使用的事物;''[[#廢用|廢用]]''術語不再使用,而它曾經指的事物可能存在也可能不存在。而[[#古體|古體]]術語指仍然存在的事物或非過時的概念,歷史術語指曾經的事物或過時的概念。 ; {{anchor|整體詞|holonym}}[[整體詞]] : 描述由其他較小的、以某種方式組合或相關的事物形成的東西的術語。例如,''[[tree]]''是''[[leaf]]''的整體詞;''[[body]]''是''[[arm]]''的整體詞;''[[Canada]]''是''[[British Columbia]]''的整體詞等。整體詞的反義詞,描述作為整體''部分''的事物,稱為''[[#分體詞|分體詞]]''。 ; {{anchor|同形異義詞|homograph}}[[同形異義詞]] : 與另一個詞拼寫相同的詞,通常有不同的[[#詞源學|詞源學]]。 ; {{anchor|同音異義詞|homophone}}[[同音異義詞]] : 與另一個詞發音相同但拼寫、含義或來源不同的詞。 ; {{anchor|勸告語氣|hortative}}[[勸告語氣]] : 一種動詞結構(在某些語言中以專用語法語氣表達),通過這種結構,說話者鼓勵自己所在群體採取行動;勸告語氣對第一人稱複數來說,就像{{lg|imperative}}對第二人稱一樣。 ; {{anchor|熱門詞|hot word}}[[熱門詞]] : 新創造的術語,或現有術語的新採用義項,在短時間內變得非常流行。它被暫時保留,因為它很可能繼續使用,即使它在其他情況下可能不符合維基詞典的[[Wiktionary:收錄標準#Spanning at least a year|包含標準]]中"至少跨越一年"的要求。 ; {{anchor|幽默|humorous}}[[幽默]] : 以開玩笑方式說出或以這種方式起源的詞、術語或短語。 ; {{anchor|誇張|hyperbole|hyperbolic}}[[誇張]] : 故意或非故意的誇大,特別是如果極端。 ; {{anchor|矯枉過正|hypercorrect|hypercorrection}}[[矯枉過正]] : 由於錯誤應用標準規則而不正確:例如,{{m|en|octopi}}用作{{m|en|octopus}}的複數形式是矯枉過正,因為{{m|en|-us}} → {{m|en|-i}}是形成[[Appendix:Latin second declension#Masculine|拉丁語第二變格法中原始陽性名詞]]複數的規則,而{{m|en||octopus}}實際上來自古希臘語,有與其詞源一致的複數形式{{m|en|octopodes}}。 ; {{anchor|超外語化|hyperforeign|hyperforeignism}}[[超外語化]] : 錯誤應用外語閱讀規則,如在發音[[Taj Mahal]]或[[Beijing]]中的"j"為{{IPAchar|[ʒ]}}而不是{{IPAchar|[dʒ]}},或在[[claret]]中省略{{IPAchar|[t]}}。 ; {{anchor|上位詞|hypernym}}[[上位詞]] 或 [[hyperonym]] : 表示另一個術語所屬[[類別]]的術語,非正式稱為"總稱"或"傘式"術語。例如,''[[animal]]''是''[[bird]]''的上位詞,而''[[bird]]''又是''[[eagle]]''的上位詞。上位詞的反義詞,表示屬於某個類別的術語,是''[[#下位詞|下位詞]]''。 ; {{anchor|非連續音位變換|hyperthesis|hyperthetic}}[[非連續音位變換]] : [[#音位變換|音位變換]]的一種形式,其中非連續的音被互換。 ; {{anchor|連字號分割|hyphenation}}[[連字號分割]] : 跨行分割詞,第一部分末尾帶有連字號。例如,{{m|en|hyphenation}}的連字號分割被給定為"hy‧phen‧ation",意味著它在行分開處被分為''hy-phenation''或''hyphen-ation''。 ; {{anchor|下位詞|hyponym}}[[下位詞]] : 另一術語所描述類別中更具體的術語,表示"類型"關係。例如,''[[alternative rock]]''是''[[rock]]''的下位詞,而''[[rock]]''則是''[[music]]''的下位詞。下位詞的反義詞,描述較大類別的,是[[#上位詞|上位詞]]。 ==I== ; {{anchor|伊達法|ʾiḍāfa}} [[伊達法]] : 阿拉伯語:{{m|ar|إِضَافَة}}。阿拉伯語中的[[所有格]]或[[屬格]]結構。另見[[ezafe]](或[[ezâfe]])。 ; {{anchor|象聲詞|表情詞|ideophone|ideophonic}}[[象聲詞]] : 一個在聲音中喚起一個概念的詞,通常是某些感覺或感官感知的生動印象,例如聲音、運動、顏色、形狀或動作。它們在東亞語言中可能更常見。在中文詞典編纂中,這種意義通常被描述為{{lang|zh|……[[的]][[樣子]]}}或{{lang|zh|……[[貌]]}}"……的樣子"。形容詞形式是{{l|en|ideophonic}}。 ; {{anchor|俗語|成語|idiom}}[[俗語]] : 民間流行的、通俗而語意警醒或詼諧生動的定型語句,其含義不明顯或不明確來自組成它的個別詞的短語,例如{{m+|en|beat around the bush||避開不舒適的話題}}、{{m|en|come a cropper||遭受不幸}} 或 {{m|en|pay through the nose||支付異常大的金額}}。成語通常,但不總是[[#固定短語|固定短語]],通常與[[#諺語|諺語]]不同。 ; {{anchor|慣用|idiomatic}}[[慣用]] : 符合或附屬於一種語言特有的表達方式。成語、[[搭配]]和[[情態動詞]]是慣用語言的例子。 ; {{anchor|模仿|imitative|Imitative}}[[模仿]] : [[imitate|模仿]]或[[represent]]某物的[[sound#Noun|聲音]]。(主要例子是[[#象聲|象聲]]類的。) ; {{anchor|音節不等變格|imparisyllabic}}[[音節不等變格]] : 一個詞的一個或多個屈折形式比原形有更多音節。例如:希臘語{{m|el|μπακάλης|t=grocer}}和{{m|el|μπακάληδες|t=grocers}},以及拉丁語{{m|la|mens|t=mind}}和{{m|la|mentis|t=minds}}([[cf.]] [[#音節等變格|音節等變格]])。 ; {{anchor|未完成時|imperfect}}[[未完成時]] : 動詞的[[#非完成過去時|非完成過去時]]態,表示所描述的動作重複、習慣或連續發生。 ; {{anchor|命令式|imperative|imperative mood}}[[命令式]] : 表達命令或指令的動詞[[#語氣|語氣]]。英語例子是命令''go!''。命令也可以是,並且經常是[[#禮貌|禮貌]]的,如''please go downstairs''。在許多語言中,命令式[[#屈折|屈折]]與[[#虛擬|虛擬]]相同或相似,反映了非[[#陳述|陳述]]性質的共同特徵:尚未[[unrealized]]的想法。 ; {{anchor|非完成體|imperfective|imperfective aspect}}[[非完成體]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|非完整體}}}} : 動詞的一種[[#體貌|體貌]],表示沒有固定時間界限的動作或狀態,而是[[習慣性]]、[[未完成]]、[[連續]]、[[重複]]或[[正在進行]]的。在{{w|斯拉夫語族}}如{{cog|ru|-}}中很常見。與''[[#完成體|完成體]]''相對。 ; {{anchor|非完成過去時|imperfective past}}[[非完成過去時]] : [[#非完成|非完成]][[#體貌|體貌]]和[[#過去|過去]][[#時|時]]的動詞形式,用於描述過去習慣性、連續或重複發生的動作或事件,如"Tom was painting the fence"或"Tom used to paint the fence"。 ; {{anchor|非人稱|impersonal}}[[非人稱]] : 完全缺乏[[#人稱|語法人稱]],或不確定/未定義的人稱。例子是英語代詞{{m|en|one}}。另見[[#非人稱動詞|非人稱動詞]]。 ; {{anchor|非人稱動詞|impersonal verb}}[[非人稱動詞]] : 不能帶[[#主語|主語]]的動詞,或帶無[[先行詞]]的第三人稱中性主語代詞(例如{{m|en|it}})的動詞。在一些文本中,術語{{m|en|weather verb}}有時也被使用,因為在許多語言中,這種天氣動詞(例如{{m|en|rain}})是非人稱的。在英語中是人稱和[[#主動|主動]]的許多動詞,在其他語言中使用非人稱結構表達。例如,英語句子"I must do it",在{{cog|fr|-}}中使用非人稱動詞{{m|fr|falloir||to be [[necessary]]}}表達,如{{m|fr|[[il]] [[falloir|faut]] [[que]] [[je]] [[il|le]] [[faire|fasse]]|lit='''It is necessary''' that I do it}}。 ; {{anchor|無生命性|inanimate}}[[無生命性]] : 具有不包括人類或動物的[[指涉對象]]。許多語言(如[[斯拉夫語族]])根據有生命性對名詞進行分類,對有生命和無生命名詞使用不同的[[#屈折|屈折]]或詞。對於動詞,這表示它們通常只應用於無生命物體或概念,很少用於第一或第二人稱。 ; {{anchor|不可比較|incomparable|uncomparable|not comparable}}[[不可比較]] : (關於形容詞)不能被比較,或缺乏[[#比較級|比較級]]和[[#最高級|最高級]]功能。''見'' '''[[#可比較|可比較]]'''。不可比較的形容詞例子:''annual''、''first''、''extra''、''satin''、''six-figure''。 ; {{anchor|無屈折|indeclinable|undeclinable|invariable|invariant}}[[無屈折]],[[undeclinable]],[[invariable]] 或 [[invariant]] : 在有[[#屈折|屈折]]的語言中,當預期存在不同的屈折形式時,卻缺乏這些形式。無屈折詞在所有格中都有相同的形式。例如,英語名詞{{m|en|sheep}}是不變的,因為它的複數也是{{m|en|sheep}}。[[#首字母縮略詞|首字母縮略詞]]和[[#loanword|借詞]]在許多語言中通常是無屈折的。來自古代語言的證據不足的詞有時被標為"無屈折",因為它們不能被確定地分配到變格類別中。 ; {{anchor|不定指|indefinite}}[[不定指]] : 指詞的形式,將某物呈現為尚未識別或不立即可識別;在英語中,這是冠詞''[[a]]''的基本含義;在某些語言中,這是名詞或形容詞的[[#屈折|屈折]]。在日耳曼語中,作為不定屈折的形容詞被稱為"強變化"。在匈牙利語和曼西語中,不定變位表示[[#不及物動詞|無賓語]]或[[:w:Hungarian verbs#Definite and indefinite conjugations|不定賓語]],包括''me, us''和非正式的''you''。 ; {{anchor|獨立子句|independent clause}}[[獨立子句]] : 可以單獨成為完整[[#句子|句子]]的[[#子句|子句]],與[[#從屬子句|從屬子句]]相對。 ; {{anchor|不確定動詞|indeterminate verb|indeterminate}}[[不確定動詞]] : 在[[斯拉夫語族]]中,''[[#不定向動詞|不定向動詞]]''的另一個術語。 ; {{anchor|陳述語氣|indicative|indicative mood}}[[陳述語氣]] : 在普通事實或客觀陳述中使用的動詞[[#語氣|語氣]]。 ; {{anchor|間接賓語|indirect object}}[[間接賓語]] : [[#雙及物動詞|雙及物動詞]]的語法角色,通常表現為接收者或目標。在某些語言中,間接賓語用[[#與格|與格]]標記。 : → [[#直接賓語|直接賓語]] ; {{anchor|中綴|infix}}[[中綴]] : 插入詞內的[[形態素]]或[[詞綴]]。 ; {{anchor|不定式|infinitive}}[[不定式]] : 關於[[#屈折|屈折]]被認為是[[中性]]的非[[限定]]動詞形式;根據語言的不同,可能與[[助動詞]]一起使用,在[[從屬子句]]中使用,或作為[[#動名詞|動名詞]],並且通常作為[[詞典形式]]。在英語中,不定式由''[[to]]''詞形成,例如''to [[read]]''。 ; {{anchor|屈折|inflected|inflection|inflectional}}[[屈折]] : 詞的形式變化,用於表示各種語法範疇,如[[#時|時]](例如過去時、現在時、將來時)或[[#數|數]](例如單數、複數)。例如,動詞{{m|en|run}}可能被屈折為{{m|en|runs}}、{{m|en|ran}}和{{m|en|running}}。在高度屈折的語言中,如拉丁語,會有更多形式。屈折的兩種主要類型是[[#變位|變位]]([[#動詞|動詞]]的屈折)和[[#變格|變格]]([[#名詞|名詞]]、[[#形容詞|形容詞]]和[[#代詞|代詞]]的屈折)。 ; {{anchor|非正式|informal|informally}}[[非正式]] : 表示主要在[[#親切|親切]]或休閒場合使用的口語或書面語。不要與''[[#俚語|俚語]]''或''[[#非標準|非標準]]''混淆。另見''[[#口語|口語]]''。 ; {{anchor|繼承|inherited}}[[繼承]] : 表示詞在詞源學上不是[[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|借詞]],而是通過規則或零星的[[#音變|音變]],不帶額外詞綴,從它的直接歷史祖先語言中相應術語派生的。例如,英語{{m|en|one}}是''繼承''自原始日耳曼語{{m|gem-pro|*ainaz}}。 ; {{anchor|首字母縮略詞|initialism}}[[首字母縮略詞]] : 由一系列詞的首字母形成的[[#縮寫|縮寫]]。發音為詞的首字母縮略語,如{{m|en|UNICEF}},通常被稱為[[#首字母縮略詞|首字母縮拼詞]]({{m|en|acronym}}),因此「首字母縮略詞」({{m|en|initialism}})通常只用於那些逐字母發音的縮略語,如{{m|en|U.S.}} ; 起始元音 : ''見'''{{glossary|augment}}'''。'' ; {{anchor|內文引用|inline reference}}[[內文引用]] : 應用點在文本中指明的引用。 ; {{anchor|工具格|instrumental case|instrumental|ins}}[[工具格]], ins. : 用於表達手段或代理的[[#格|格]]——在英語中通常由"by"或"with"與賓格一起表示。 ; {{anchor|強化詞|intensifier|intensifying}}[[強化詞]] : 加強術語意義強度的[[#詞|詞]]或[[#詞綴|詞綴]]。 ; {{anchor|強調詞|intensive}}[[強調詞]] : 表達大尺寸、力量或情感的詞形。與[[#指小詞|指小詞]]相對。 ; {{anchor|感嘆詞|interjection}}[[感嘆詞]] : 情感表達("ouch!"、"wow!")或作為句子替代(prosentence)的各種表達,或與句子在句法上不相連的表達,包括咒罵("damn!")、問候("hey"、"bye")、回應語("okay"、"oh!"、"m-hm"、"huh?")和停頓標記("uh"、"er"、"um"),也許還有髒話、話語標記和填充詞。 ; {{anchor|間綴|interfix}}[[間綴]] : 在詞形成過程中插入兩個[[形態素]]之間的空語素(或無意義的語素),如英語中的{{m|en|-i-}}和{{m|en|-o-}}。 ; {{anchor|國際詞|internationalism}}[[國際詞]] : 在幾種語言中具有相同或相似含義和詞源的借詞,通常是由於發生了幾次同時借用和/或一連串快速連續發生的借用。這通常導致一個術語的確切詞源譜系對於特定語言來說難以或不可能追踪。例如''bus, doctor, hotel, internet, taxi''或''television''。<!-- find better, more or fewer examples, if you like: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)#Examples --> {{w|International scientific vocabulary}}是國際詞的一個大型子類。 ; {{anchor|疑問|interrogative}}[[疑問]] : 用來提問的詞。 ; {{anchor|不及物|intransitive}}[[不及物]] : {{anchor|不及物動詞}}關於[[#動詞|動詞]]:不帶[[#直接賓語|直接賓語]];非[[#及物|及物]]。例如,動詞{{m|en|listen}}通常不帶直接賓語;說"I listened the concert"是語法不正確的(而正確的是"I listened to the concert",帶有[[#間接賓語|間接賓語]]"to the concert")。 : 關於介詞(如[[#介詞|介詞]]),或[[#副詞|副詞]]:沒有[[#名詞性|名詞性]]補語。例如,使用以下介詞或副詞而不帶補語(在這裡用括號表示):{{m|en|down}}(the stairs)、{{m|en|under}}(the bridge)、{{m|en|inside}}(the building)、{{m|en|aboard}}(the ship)、{{m|en|underneath}}(the table)、{{m|en|here}}、{{m|en|there}}、{{m|en|abroad}}、{{m|en|downtown}}、{{m|en|afterwards}}、… ; {{anchor|不變|invariable}}[[不變]] : ''見'''{{glossary|indeclinable}}'''。'' ; {{anchor|不變|invariant}}[[不變]] : ''見'''{{glossary|indeclinable}}'''。'' ; {{anchor|倒裝|inversion}}[[倒裝]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|倒裝}}}} : 一種語法結構,其中正常詞序被顛倒。英語中的例子是:"Will Fred stay?" ; {{anchor|軟化|iotation}}[[軟化]] : 發生在{{w|原始斯拉夫語}}中的一種特定[[#顎化|顎化]],其中輔音與腭近音{{IPAchar|/j/}}結合形成顎化[[#輔音|輔音]]。此外,在後來的{{w|斯拉夫語族|斯拉夫語}}或其他地方發生的任何類似過程。例如,在{{w|俄語}}的某些情況下,底層''s; z; t; d; k; g''被軟化為''š; ž; č or šč; ž; č; ž''(分別發音為{{IPAchar|/ʂ/}};{{IPAchar|/ʐ/}};{{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}}或{{IPAchar|/ɕː/}};{{IPAchar|/ʐ/}};{{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}};{{IPAchar|/ʐ/}})。(參見''[[Appendix:Russian verbs#Slavic iotation]]''了解{{w|俄語}}中的完整軟化規則;其他{{w|斯拉夫語族}}的行為類似。) ; {{anchor|國際音標|IPA}}[[IPA]] : [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|國際音標]];用於轉錄任何口語語言中的聲音的標準化系統。 ; {{anchor|語尾變化|ʾiʿrāb}} [[語尾變化]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|ʾIʿrab}}}} : 也稱為[[語尾屈折]];阿拉伯語:{{m|ar|إِعْرَاب}}。應用於阿拉伯語名詞、形容詞和動詞的一些[[#屈折|屈折]]結尾,除了少數例外情況外,這些結尾在書寫中不出現,而且在句子末尾或停頓前也不發音。然而,這些結尾是古蘭經和古典阿拉伯語的常規和必需元素。然而,在現代標準阿拉伯語中,由於方言影響,它們通常被避免。在名詞和形容詞中,語尾變化主要具有標記格([[#主格|主格]]、[[#屬格|屬格]]、[[#賓格|賓格]])的功能,而在動詞中,它標記語氣([[#陳述語氣|陳述語氣]]、[[#虛擬語氣|虛擬語氣]]、[[#祈使語氣|祈使語氣]])。所有這些只有偶爾在不應用語尾變化的情況下才能區分開來。 ; {{anchor|不規則|irregular}}[[不規則]] : 不遵循[[#屈折|屈折]]的通常規則;例如,英語{{m|en|man}}的複數是{{m|en|men}},這是不規則的;規則形成的複數應該是*''mans''。 ; {{anchor|頻繁|iterative}}[[頻繁]] : 表達頻繁重複的動作。 ==J== ; {{anchor|專業術語|jargon}}[[專業術語]] : 來自(1)特定主題或職業的[[#技術|技術]][[術語]],或(2)特定[[group#Noun|群體]]的人的特有[[language|語言]](例如,那些共享[[愛好]]或[[亞文化]]的人)。 ; {{anchor|祈使語氣|jussive|jussive mood}}[[祈使語氣]] : 在某些語言中(如希伯來語、阿拉伯語和世界語),動詞的[[#語氣|語氣]]用於表示命令、許可或同意要求(與[[#命令語氣|命令語氣]]不同)。 ==K== ; {{anchor|同格限定複合詞|karmadharaya}}[[同格限定複合詞]] : ''[[#描述性複合詞|描述性複合詞]]''的另一個術語。與[[#所有複合詞|所有複合詞]]、[[#格限定複合詞|格限定複合詞]]和[[#並列複合詞|並列複合詞]]對比。 ; {{anchor|純正希臘語|Katharevousa}}[[純正希臘語]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|純正希臘語}}}} : 在希臘獨立於[[w:奧斯曼帝國|奧斯曼帝國/鄂圖曼帝國]]初期創建的基於[[古典語言|古典]]的人工([[w:標準方言|標準化]])希臘語。它被用於所有正式和官方目的直到1976年。<br>(注意:在維基詞典中,希臘純語術語被列在(現代)[[:Category:希臘語|希臘語]]下。) ; {{anchor|重言法|kenning}}{{l|en|kenning|id=poetry}} : 以[[暗示]]方式描述基本物體的[[隱喻]]複合詞或短語,特別是在日耳曼詩歌中。 ; {{anchor|文化詞|Kulturwort|culture word}}[[文化詞]] : 特定於特定文化或由有影響力的跨文化現象傳播的{{glossary|Wanderwort}}類型。文化詞(或''Kulturwörter'')通常是通過貿易分銷的產品名稱和宗教或意識形態術語。 ==L== ; {{anchor|古典借詞|learned borrowing}}[[古典借詞]] : 有目的地從另一種語言直接借用的一種[[#loanword|借詞]],而不是透過正常的[[語言接觸]]得來。特別是從如拉丁語、古希臘語或梵語等[[古典語言]]借用,並且由於[[#音變|音變]]或與繼承術語的類比而沒有經歷重大重塑。這樣的借詞因此通常是[[#非同化借詞|非同化的]]。對照[[#半接觸借詞|半接觸借詞]],這類詞已經被顯著重塑([[#同化借詞|同化]]);以及[[#繼承|繼承]]詞,經歷了該語言的所有正常音變。拉丁語對現代歐洲語言影響的一個主題是,在許多情況下,同一個拉丁詞在不同時代多次被借入任何給定的現代語言,每個派生語彙的形態和語義事實以可預測的方式(按時代)不同;英語案例(例如)的簡明摘要<!--like a CliffsNotes version, useful for all of us nonlinguist/nonphilologist mortals-->在一些入門教科書中提供,如Burriss和Casson。<ref name=Casson-ed-1965>{{cite-book |en |author=Burriss, Eli E.; Casson, Lionel |authorlink=Lionel Casson |editor=Lionel Casson |year=1965 |title=Latin and Greek in Current Use |edition=2nd |publisher=Prentice-Hall |pages=7-12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oeb8cQAACAAJ }}</ref>這一過程的典型例子是,葡萄牙語術語{{m|pt|artículo||節肢動物附肢的關節}}是從{{cog|la|articulus||關節、肢體、分區}}借來的古典借詞;{{m|pt|artigo||文章}}是同一術語的半接觸借詞,它在足夠早的時間點被借用,並經歷了後來的音變(''c'' 軟化為 ''g'',且元音間的 ''l'' 消失);而 {{m|pt|artelho||腳趾}} 則是從同一拉丁語詞繼承而來。 ; {{anchor|詞元|lemma}}[[詞元]] : [[#屈折|屈折]]詞的標題詞或引用形式,即詞在詞典中找到的形式。例如,在英語中,名詞通常以其單數形式列出(''apple'',而不是''apples''),動詞以其不定式形式列出(''open'',而不是''opens''、''opened''或''opening'')。使用哪種形式作為詞元因語言而異。例如,對於動詞,法語、德語、西班牙語和許多其他歐洲語言使用[[不定式]],但拉丁語、希臘語和保加利亞語使用[[第一人稱]][[單數]][[現在時]][[陳述語氣]],而馬其頓語使用[[第三人稱]][[單數]][[現在時]][[陳述語氣]],阿拉伯語和希伯來語則使用[[陽性]][[第三人稱]][[單數]][[過去時]][[陳述語氣]]。另見[[Wiktionary:Lemmas]]。 ; {{anchor|字母大小寫|letter case}}[[字母]][[大小寫]] : [[大寫字母]]([[大寫]])和[[小寫字母]]([[小寫]])的區別。 ; {{anchor|詞位|lexeme}}[[詞位]] : 基於一組屈折形式的抽象「詞」;例如,{{m|en||gives}}和{{m|en||given}}屬於同一個詞素,該詞素通常由其詞元形式{{m|en|give}}確定。另見:(1)[[w:詞位|維基百科關於詞位的文章]],(2)[[:en:Wiktionary:Languages with more than one grammatical gender|Wiktionary:有多於一種語法性別的語言]],(3)[[#C|變位]]和(4)[[#D|變格]]。 ; {{anchor|聯誦|liaison}} [[聯誦]] : 兩個連續詞的音韻融合及其發生方式,例如插入、子音元音連接等。 ; {{anchor|合字|ligature}} [[合字]] : 視覺上結合多個字母的字符,如{{m|mul|æ}}、{{m|mul|œ}}、{{m|mul|ß}}或{{m|mul|ij}}。 ; {{anchor|連繫動詞|linking verb}}[[連繫動詞]] : [[#繫詞|繫詞]]的另一個術語。 ; {{anchor|字面|字面意義|literally}}{{anchor|literal}}[[字面]] : 從詞語的字面可得知的意思,無須額外解釋;非[[#比喻|比喻]]或[[#隱喻|隱喻]]。 ; {{anchor|書面|literary}}[[書面]]用法 : 主要出現於書面文字中的[[#高級語體|高級]][[#語體|語體]]。 ; {{anchor|反諷法|litotes}}[[反諷法]] : (來自{{cog|grc|λιτότης}})是一種修辭手法,涉及''[[輕描淡寫]]'',通過說某事有''較少''的某種東西來表示''更多''的相反意思。例如:''he is not very clever''代替''he is a stupid idiot'';''she's not very pretty''代替''she's ugly''等。不要與[[#委婉語|委婉語]]混淆(儘管反諷法可以用於委婉語的目的)或[[#輕描淡寫|輕描淡寫]],後者是一種類似的修辭手法,也使用輕描淡寫。 ; {{anchor|部分仿譯|loanblend}} [[部分仿譯]] : [[#部分仿譯詞|部分仿譯詞]]。 ; {{anchor|借詞|loanword|borrowed|loan|borrowing}}[[借詞]] (也稱[[loan]]或[[borrowing]]) : 從另一種語言[[adopt#Verb|採納]]([[borrow#Verb|借用]])的詞,而不是在語言內形成或從同一語言的更古老形式繼承的詞。這樣的詞可能是[[#同化借詞|同化的]]或[[#非同化借詞|非同化的]]。借詞可能仍然明顯是外來的(具有非本土拼寫或不尋常的發音)([[#非同化借詞|非同化的]]),或者它們可能已經完全同化到語言中(不再被認為是外來的)。例如,在英語中,{{m|en|schadenfreude}}仍然明顯是德語,而{{m|en|cellar}}完全同化,不再被認為是拉丁語(來自{{m|la|cellārium}})。有時一個[[naturalize#English:_linguistics|自然化的]]借詞既可以完全同化''又''仍然被認識為有外來起源(例如{{m|en|taco}}、{{m|en|burrito}})。比較[[#仿譯詞|借譯]]([[仿譯詞]])。 ; {{anchor|方位格|位置格|處所格|處格|第六格|locative case|locative|loc}}[[方位格]], loc. : "[[locative|方位]]"。用於表示地點,或所在地點,或其中的[[#格|格]]。它大致對應於英語介詞"in"、"on"、"at"和"by"。一些語言使用相同的方位格構造來表示何時,所以英語短語"in summer"會使用方位格構造。 ; {{anchor|方位性質格|locative-qualitative case|locative-qualitative}}[[方位性質格]] : 方位性質格形式的名詞在句子中是限定詞,表示被限定詞的位置或時間標記。限定詞不是特定的,而是一般的或普遍化的。(另見''[[Appendix:Uyghur nouns]]''。) ; {{anchor|回指性|logophoricity|logophoric|logophor}}[[回指性]] : 回指代詞(logophors)是某些語言(如愛努語、埃維語和日語)中的人稱代詞,在被引述時標記說話者(或其思想或感受被報告的實體)。另見:[[w:logophoricity|維基百科關於''回指性''的文章]]。 ; {{anchor|寬鬆|loosely|loose|loosely speaking}}[[寬鬆]] : 表示詞的不精確使用;簡而言之,寬鬆地說。對大多數實際目的來說,與[[#廣義|廣義]]同義。與''嚴格''或''狹義''意義相對;''[[#嚴格|嚴格]]''。 ==M== ; {{g|m}} : ''見'''{{glossary|masculine}}'''。'' ; m. pl. : 見'''{{glossary|mpl}}'''。 ; {{anchor|長音符|macron|macron}}[[長音符]] : 一種短、直、水平的[[#變音符號|變音符號]](¯),放在各種字母上方,通常表示[[#元音|元音]]的發音較長。 ; {{anchor|陽性|m|masculine}}[[陽性]], {{g|m}} : 屬於在具有性別區分的語言中的男性語法[[#性別|性別]]。 ; 質量名詞 : 見'''{{glossary|uncountable}}'''。 ; 度量詞 : 見'''{{glossary|counter}}'''。 ; {{anchor|中間被動態|mediopassive}}[[中間被動態]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|中間被動語態}}}} : 包含[[#中間語態|中間語態]]和[[#被動語態|被動語態]]含義的語法[[#語態|語態]]。一些語言(如梵語、希臘語、冰島語和阿爾巴尼亞語)在主動態和中間被動態語態之間做出[[#形態學|形態學]]區分,在這些語言中,中間被動態可以有中間語態、被動語態或(經常)[[#反身|反身]]語義。通常與[[#中間語態|中間語態]]可互換使用。 ; {{anchor|輕描淡寫|meiosis}}[[輕描淡寫]] : 一種''[[輕描淡寫]]''形式,通過淡化或減少陳述的焦點品質以達到對比、幽默或戲劇效果,有時作為[[#高級語體|高級語體]]的一部分部署。例如:''that was actually quite good''代替''that was excellent'';''he is somewhat displeased''代替''he is furious''等。不要與[[#委婉語|委婉語]]混淆(儘管輕描淡寫可以用於委婉語的目的)或[[#反諷法|反諷法]],後者是一種類似的修辭手法,也使用輕描淡寫。 ; {{anchor|男性用語|men's speech}}[[男性用語]] : 在某些語言中(例如,{{w|Karajá language}}),男性和女性使用或曾經使用不同的詞和屈折形式。 ; {{anchor|分體詞|meronym}}[[分體詞]] : 表示由另一個術語表示的整體的一部分的術語。''The word "arm" is a '''meronym''' of the word "body"''。描述''整體''的術語,作為分體詞的反義詞,是''[[#整體詞|整體詞]]''。 ; {{anchor|隱喻|metaphorical|metaphor}}[[隱喻]] : 使用詞或短語作為[[隱喻]]指稱它本身不是的東西,喚起被使用的詞或短語與所描述事物之間的直接相似性。另見[[#明喻|明喻]]和[[#比喻|比喻]]。 ; {{anchor|重新分析|metanalysis}}[[重新分析]] : 參見[[#重組|重組]]。 ; {{anchor|音位變換|metathesis|metathetic|metathesise|metathesize|metathesised|metathesized}}[[音位變換]] : 一種[[#音變|音變]],其中詞中的兩個音或音組交換位置。表現音位變換的形式被描述為{{m|en|metathetic}}。這些音可能是相鄰的,如{{m|en|ax}},動詞{{m|en|ask}}的音位變換形式,或相距更遠,如{{noncog|es|palabra}}來自{{noncog|la|parabola}};在那裡,音變是[[#非連續音位變換|非連續音位變換]]。 ; {{anchor|轉喻|metonym|metonymic|metonymical|metonymically}}[[轉喻]] : 從單一特徵或密切相關物體命名物體的詞,例如在君主制中用{{m|en|crown}}代表君主。比較[[#提喻|提喻]],在[[#外延|外延]]上有大量重疊。 ; {{anchor|中間語態|middle|middle voice|middle-voice}}[[中間語態]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|語態#中間語態}}}} : 動詞的[[#語態|語態]]形式,其中動詞的[[#主語|主語]]對自己執行某種動作,如英語句子''The plane landed''(與[[#主動語態|主動語態]]''The pilot landed the plane''和[[#被動語態|被動語態]]''The plane was landed (by the pilot)''相對)。通常與[[#中間被動態|中間被動態]]互換使用。在一些語言中,如[[梵語]]、[[古希臘語]]、[[冰島語]]和[[阿爾巴尼亞語]],中間語態在[[#形態學|形態學]]上與主動語態區分。特別是[[古希臘語]],在[[#不定過去時|不定過去時]]和[[#將來|將來時]]有主動、中間和被動語態的三向形態區分。 ; {{anchor|委婉罵語|minced oath}}[[委婉罵語]] : 基於已被改變以減少或去除原始表達中令人反感特徵的褻瀆的委婉語。英語中的例子包括{{m|en|heck}}代替{{m|en|hell}}和{{m|en|dang}}代替{{m|en|damn}}。 ; {{anchor|混合變格|mixed|mixed declension}}[[混合變格]] : 德語中一種變格類型,使用[[#強變化|強變化]]和[[#弱變化|弱變化]]結尾的組合。在形容詞中,混合變格在不定冠詞或更一般地說在{{m|de|ein}}詞(具有在陽性和中性單數主格中有零結尾的限定詞,類似於不定冠詞{{m|de|ein}})伴隨下使用。混合變格在那些不定冠詞有零結尾的屈折中使用強結尾,否則使用弱結尾。類比地,按照混合變格變化的名詞在單數中看起來像強名詞(帶有''-s''和/或''-es''的屬格),但在複數中像弱名詞(帶有''-n''和/或''-en''的複數)。大多數混合名詞曾經是弱名詞,已轉變為單數中的強名詞,但保留了原始的弱複數結尾。參見[[:Category:德語混合變化名詞]]獲取德語混合名詞的列表。 ; {{anchor|單詞組成|monolectic}}[[單詞組成]] : 用於以一個詞完成的語法形式([[cf.]] [[#多詞組成|多詞組成]]和[[#迂迴|迂迴]])。 ; {{anchor|單音節詞|monosyllable}}[[單音節詞]] : 只由一個[[#音節|音節]]組成的詞。 ; {{anchor|語氣|mood}}[[語氣]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|語氣}}}} : 動詞的形式之一,用於表示說話者對所說內容的態度(例如,事實陳述、願望、命令等)。例子包括[[#陳述語氣|陳述語氣]]、[[#虛擬語氣|虛擬語氣]]、[[#命令語氣|命令語氣]]、[[#條件語氣|條件語氣]]。 ; {{anchor|語素|morpheme}}[[語素]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|語素}}}} : 詞中最[[small#Adjective|小]]的[[語言單位]],可以[[carry#Verb|承載]][[meaning#Noun|意義]]。 ; {{anchor|詞法學|形態學|morphological}}[[詞法學]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|詞法學}}}} : 在[[語言學]]中,研究詞及其如何從組成部分([[#語素|語素]])形成。它也指詞本身的結構。一些語言更多地依賴形態學來表達語法區別,而其他語言則更多地依賴[[#句法|句法]]。比較英語''I make''、''I will make''、''it is made''(使用句法來編碼[[#人稱|人稱]]、[[#時|時]]和[[#語態|語態]]區別)vs.拉丁語{{m|la|faciō}}、{{m|la|facem}}、{{m|la|facitur}}(使用形態學)。 ; {{anchor|陽性複數|mpl}}''mpl'', ''m.&nbsp;pl.'' : [[#陽性|陽性]][[#複數|複數]]。 ; {{anchor|輔音變化|變異|mutation}}[[變化]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|輔音變化}}}} : 詞中音的屬性,通常是[[#輔音|輔音]]但也可能是[[#元音|元音]](如在[[#元音變換|元音變換]]和[[#變音|變音]]中),由於其[[形態學|形態學]]或[[句法|句法]]上下文而非[[音韻學|音韻學]]上下文而改變。輔音變異的例子包括在許多凱爾特語中發現的詞首輔音變異。 ; {{anchor|靜音h|mute_h}}[[靜音h]] : 在法語中,被視為[[#元音|元音]]的初始&lt;h&gt;;也就是說,在有靜音h的詞的開頭允許連音和省音。 ==N== ; {{g|n}} : ''見'''{{glossary|neuter}}'''。'' ; ''n'' : ''見'''{{glossary|noun}}'''。'' ; {{anchor|狹義|narrowly|narrow}}[[狹義]] : 表示更精確的用詞;簡而言之,狹義上講。對大多數實際目的而言,與''[[#嚴格|嚴格]]''同義<!--because the differentiable nuance whereby "strictly" can sometimes imply some degree of prescriptive deprecation, whereas "narrowly" less often and less strongly does so, is beyond-scope for this glossary; that is, for this glossary's purposes, "narrowly" and "strictly" are interchangeable in practice-->。與''[[#loose|loose]]''(''廣義'')相對。 ; {{anchor|鼻音中綴|nasal infix|nasal-infix}}[[鼻音中綴]] : 原始印歐語中的[[#中綴|中綴]]{{m|ine-pro|*-né-}}或{{m|ine-pro||*-n-}},標記[[#非完成體|非完成體]]體貌的詞綴之一。它出現在幾種[[:Category:印歐語系|印歐語系]]的語言中:例如,拉丁語{{m|la|vincit|vi'''n'''cit|t=勝利}},{{m|la|vīcit|t=已經勝利}};古希臘語{{m|grc|λαμβάνω|λα'''μ'''βάνω|t=我取}},{{m|grc|ἔλᾰβον|t=我取了}}。 ; {{anchor|否定極性項|negative_polarity|negative_polarity_item}}[[否定極性項]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|Polarity item}}}} : 通常只出現在否定句、問句、條件句和某些其他"否定極性"語境中的術語或結構;例如,{{m|en|anyone}}是一個否定極性項,因為人們可以說"I did not see anyone"、"Did you see anyone?"和"If anyone wants this, speak up now",但不能說*"I saw anyone."一些表達有類似的屬性,如{{m|en|budge an inch}}:"I won't budge an inch"和"Will he even budge an inch?",但通常不說*"He budged an inch in the negotiations."另見''[[#肯定極性項|肯定極性項]]''。 ; {{anchor|否定動詞|negative_verb}}[[否定動詞]] : 用於在某些語言中形成動詞否定的[[#助動詞|助動詞]]。另見''[[#連否|連否]]''。 ; {{anchor|新詞|neologism}}[[新詞]] : 在一般用法中,新詞指任何新創造的術語或含義。有關該術語在維基詞典中使用的更多-{zh-hans:信息; zh-hant:資訊}-,見[[Wiktionary:Neologisms]]。 ; {{anchor|中性|n|neuter}}[[中性]], {{g|n}} : 中性[[#性別|性別]]:具有既不是[[#陽性|陽性]]也不是[[#陰性|陰性]]的形式;或者具有不是[[#通性|通性]]的形式。 ; {{anchor|名詞性|nominal}}[[名詞性]] : 與[[#名詞|名詞]]相關。另見''[[#名詞派生|名詞派生]]''。 : 作為名詞,它指在某種程度上類似名詞的任何[[#詞類|詞類]],通常包括[[#名詞|名詞]]本身以及[[#形容詞|形容詞]]、[[#代詞|代詞]]和[[#限定詞|限定詞]]。名詞性詞的[[#屈折|屈折]]通常稱為[[#變格|變格]]。 ; {{anchor|主格|nominative|nominative case}}[[主格]] : 通常用作[[#動詞|動詞]][[#主語|主語]]的[[#格|格]]。例如,如果英語有一個完全[[#多產|多產]]的格變化系統,那麼在"The man threw the ball"中的(the)''man''很可能是主格。 ; {{anchor|名詞化|nominalisation|nominalization|substantivisation|substantivization}}[[名詞化]] 或 [[實體化]] : 使用非[[#名詞|名詞]]的詞(如[[#動詞|動詞]]或[[#形容詞|形容詞]])作為名詞。 ; {{anchor|臨時詞|nonce|nonce word}}[[臨時詞]] : 為特定場合臨時創造的詞。 ; {{anchor|非限定|nonfinite|non-finite}}[[非限定]],[[non-finite]] : 關於動詞 – 缺乏語法[[#人稱|人稱]]和[[#數|數]]屬性;英語中發現的大多數非限定動詞是[[#不定式|不定式]]、[[#分詞|分詞]]和[[#動名詞|動名詞]]。 ; {{anchor|非過去時|non-past|non-past tense}}[[非過去時]] : 動詞的[[#時|時態]],不涉及[[#過去|過去]];特別適用於[[#現在|現在]]和[[#將來|將來]]兩者。在一些語言中很常見,如阿拉伯語。在英語中,句子''I am running tomorrow''和''I am running now''中的主要動詞可以說是非過去時,因為同一動詞可以用來表達現在和將來。 ; {{anchor|非標準|nonstandard}}[[非標準]] : 不符合大多數說話者接受的[[標準變體]]或[[標準語言]];經常被認為是不正確的。與''[[#標準|標準]]''相對。 ; {{anchor|非男性|nonvirile}}[[非男性]] : 在斯拉夫語中,用於不包含男性的所有群體的複數[[#性別|性別]],以及[[#陽性|陽性]]有生命、陽性無生命、[[#陰性|陰性]]和[[#中性|中性]]名詞的複數。與''[[#男性|男性]]''相對。 ; 不可比較 : ''見'''{{glossary|incomparable}}'''。'' ; {{anchor|名詞|noun}}[[名詞]] : 指人(如{{m|en|actress}})、地點、物理事物(如{{m|en|wood}})或概念(如{{m|en|beauty}}、{{m|en|joy}}或{{m|en|time}})的詞。另見[[#可數|可數]]、[[#不可數|不可數]]和[[#複數|複數]]。 ; {{anchor|名詞附加語|noun adjunct}}[[名詞附加語]] : 見''[[#修飾語|修飾語]]''。 ; {{anchor|名詞類|noun class}}[[名詞類]] : 在一些語言中(特別是[[班圖語]]),一種分類名詞的方式,類似於[[#性別|性別]],但由其他考慮因素決定,如物體的類型和形狀,是[[#有生命性|有生命]]還是[[#無生命性|無生命]],是人還是非人等。 ; {{anchor|名詞子句|noun clause}}[[名詞子句]] : 取代名詞位置的[[#從屬子句|從屬子句]]類型。例子有 {{m|en|I said '''that my name is John'''}} 以及 {{m|en|I suggested '''that he leave'''}} 和 {{m|en|'''That the color of the sky on Mars is pinking-red''' is surprising to me}}。名詞子句也可以是[[#非限定|非限定]]的(即動詞以[[#不定式|不定式]]形式),如 {{m|en|I asked '''him to leave'''}}(比較同義的 {{m|en|I asked '''that he leave'''}},用[[#限定|限定]]動詞表達)。 ; {{anchor|數|grammatical number|number}}[[數]],語法數 : 表示項目或個體數量的語法範疇。例子有[[#單數|單數]]、[[#複數|複數]]和[[#雙數|雙數]]。 ; {{anchor|數字詞|numeronym}}[[數字詞]] : 一個基於[[數字]]的[[詞]],如{{l|en|9/11}}和{{l|en|24/7}}。 ==O== ; {{anchor|賓語|目標語|object|grammatical object}}[[賓語]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|賓語}}}} : 被動詞作用的實體。例如,在句子''Tom studies grammar''中,詞''grammar''是賓語。與[[#主語|主語]]相對。 : → [[#直接賓語|直接賓語]]、[[#間接賓語|間接賓語]] ; {{anchor|斜格|oblique|oblique case|objective|objective case}}[[斜格]],[[賓格]] : 任何既不是[[#主格|主格]]也不是[[#呼格|呼格]]的格。因此,該術語通常是複數的("the oblique cases");但在一些語言中,如[[印地語]]和[[古法語]],斜格是一種特定的格形式,例如(在古法語中)用於[[#直接賓語|直接賓語]]和介詞。 ; {{anchor|棄用|obs|obsolete}}''[[棄用]]'', ''obs.'' : 不再使用,且(就術語而言<!--as opposed to a spelling-->)不太可能被理解。''廢用''是比''[[#古舊|古舊]]''更強的術語,也是比''[[#過時|過時]]''更強的術語。見[[Wiktionary:Obsolete and archaic terms]]。區別:廢用術語不再使用,而它曾經指的事物可能存在也可能不存在;歷史術語仍在使用,但指不再存在的事物。 ; {{anchor|牛津英語詞典|OED}}OED : ''[[w:Oxford English Dictionary|牛津英語詞典]]''。也有'''SOED'''(簡明版),'''OED1'''(第一版 – 也稱為'''NED''',''新英語詞典''),'''OED2'''(第二版)。 ; {{anchor|冒犯|offensive}} [[冒犯]] : 意圖或可能引起冒犯的語言;一種[[失禮]]語言。 ; {{anchor|象聲|onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic}}[[象聲]] : 旨在像其所代表的聲音一樣的詞(與相似性或多或少[[fanciful]]或[[notional]])。英語例子有{{m|en|kaboom}}、{{m|en|cuckoo}}、{{m|en|tweet}}和{{m|en|ding dong}}。象聲是''[[#模仿|模仿]]''的一種方式。 ; {{anchor|願望語氣|optative mood}}[[願望語氣]] : 動詞形式的一個範疇([[#語氣|語氣]]),表達願望和其他含義。這種範疇出現在古希臘語和梵語中。 ; {{anchor|形譯詞|orthographic borrowing}}[[形譯詞]] : 以書面形式借用並根據目標語言的慣例重新發音的[[#借詞|借詞]],特別是在使用漢字的東亞語言中。例如,中文名稱{{m|zh|毛泽东|tr=Máo Zédōng}}在日語中被渲染為{{m|ja|毛沢東|tr=Mō Takutō}}:拼寫相同,但字符被發音為如果它們是日語詞,導致明顯不同的發音。有時,源語言和借用語言中的發音沒有詞源學關係。例如,日語名詞{{ja-r|葉%書|は%がき|postcard}}被形譯借入韓語作{{l|ko|엽서(葉書)|t=postcard}};另一個例子是日語動詞{{ja-r|取り消す|とりけす|cancel}}被形譯借入中文作{{l|zh|取消|tr=qǔxiāo, "cancel"}},也進入韓語作{{l|ko|취소(取消)|t=cancel}}。 ; {{anchor|過時語|outdated}}[[過時語]] : 見''[[#過時|過時]]'' ; {{anchor|尾重讀詞|oxytone|oxytonic}}[[尾重讀詞]] : 重音在最後音節上(例如{{m|el|εθνικός}})。與[[#次尾重讀詞|次尾重讀詞]]、[[#前前重讀詞|前前重讀詞]]和[[#輕讀詞|輕讀詞]]比較。 ==P== ; {{anchor|後|p.}}p. : ''post''或之後,通常用於引文。因此,"p. 1924"的引文是來自不早於1924年的引文。 : ''見'''{{glossary|plural}}'''。'' ; {{anchor|顎化|palatalization}}[[顎化]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|腭化}}}} # 被[[顎化]]的狀態或質量,即通常不以舌頭抵著口腔[[腭]]發音的聲音以這種方式發音。一些語言,如[[俄語]]和[[愛爾蘭語]],有成對的顎化和非顎化[[#輔音|輔音]][[#音素|音素]]。 # 涉及輔音向顎化或朝腭方向移動的[[#音變|音變]];最常見的音變之一,通常由後面的{{IPAchar|/e/}}、{{IPAchar|/i/}}或{{IPAchar|/j/}}觸發。在英語中,顎化(稱為{{w|yod-coalescence}})將{{IPAchar|/t/}} {{IPAchar|/d/}} {{IPAchar|/s/}} {{IPAchar|/z/}}轉換為{{IPAchar|/t͡ʃ/}} {{IPAchar|/d͡ʒ/}} {{IPAchar|/ʃ/}} {{IPAchar|/ʒ/}},在{{IPAchar|/j/}}(後來丟失)之前,導致''na'''t'''ure''、''proce'''d'''ure''、''pre'''ss'''ure''、''mea'''s'''ure''中的音,拼寫仍然表示顎化前的音。顎化在{{IPAchar|/j/}}之前仍然[[synchronically]]運作,例如,產生{{m|en|gotcha}}和{{m|en|didja}}的發音,來自{{m|en|[[got]] [[you]]}}和{{m|en|[[did]] [[you]]}}。 ; {{anchor|回文|palindrome}}[[回文]] : 一個詞、短語、數字或任何其他單位序列,具有從前向後閱讀與從後向前閱讀相同的特性,逐字符,有時忽略標點、[[大小寫]]和[[變音符號]]。 ; {{anchor|範式|paradigm}} [[範式]] : 包含共同元素的所有形式的集合,特別是詞的所有[[#屈折|屈折]]形式或特定語法範疇的集合。 ; {{anchor|後加音|paragoge|paragogic}} [[後加音]] : 在詞尾添加音,而不改變其形態結構或含義。 ; {{anchor|音節等變格|parisyllabic}}[[音節等變格]] : 詞的屈折形式與原形具有相同數量的音節([[cf.]] [[#音節不等變格|音節不等變格]])。 ; {{anchor|次尾重讀詞|paroxytone}}[[次尾重讀詞]] : 重音在倒數第二(次尾)音節上(例如{{m|el|εθνολόγος}})。(與''[[#尾重讀詞|尾重讀詞]]''、''[[#前前重讀詞|前前重讀詞]]''和''[[#輕讀詞|輕讀詞]]''比較。) ; {{anchor|詞類|part of speech|POS|PoS}}[[詞類]], POS, PoS : 詞所屬的類別,關於它如何作為短語和句子的一部分使用。例子有[[#名詞|名詞]]、[[#形容詞|形容詞]]和[[#動詞|動詞]]。詞類是詞本身固有的,與該詞在任何給定句子中可能具有的特定角色(例如主語、[[#直接賓語|直接賓語]])無關。詞可能屬於多個詞類:英語{{m|en|this}}既是[[#限定詞|限定詞]]又是[[#代詞|代詞]],而{{m|en|coat}}既是名詞又是動詞。 ; {{anchor|部分仿譯詞|partial calque|loan blend|partially calqued}}[[部分仿譯詞]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|仿譯#部份}}}} : 只部分是[[#仿譯詞|仿譯詞]]或[[借譯詞]]的術語,使得一些部分被逐字逐句翻譯,而其他部分被直接[[#借詞|借用]]。例如,英語術語''[[liverwurst]]''是德語{{m+|de|Leberwurst}}的部分仿譯詞;第一部分{{m|de|Leber||liver}}被翻譯,但第二部分{{m|de|Wurst||sausage}}未被翻譯就被借用。部分仿譯詞也稱為''[[借混詞]]''。 ; {{anchor|分詞|participial|participle|participles|past participle|past participles|present participle|present participles}}[[分詞]] : 可能作為[[#形容詞|形容詞]]或[[#名詞|名詞]]的[[#動詞|動詞]]形式。{{cog|en|-}}有兩種類型的分詞:[[#現在|現在]]分詞和[[#過去|過去]]分詞。在其他語言中,還有[[#將來|將來]]、[[#完成|完成]]、[[#將來完成時|將來完成]]分詞。 ; {{anchor|詞綴|particle}}[[詞綴]] : 不屬於通常[[#詞類|詞類]]的詞,但修飾另一個詞或整個句子。英語術語''[[like#Particle|like]]''在許多方言中作為詞綴使用。詞綴在其他印歐語言(如德語{{m|de|doch}},標記句子為驚人或反駁先前陳述)和東亞語言(如日語{{m|ja|は}},標記句子的主題)中更常見。許多[[#附著詞|附著詞]]是詞綴。 ; {{anchor|部分|partitive}}[[部分]] : 表示部分或不確定,如"some water"或"something nice"。在荷蘭語中,當指不確定的事物或數量時,使用詞形(例如:''iets interessants'' = "something interesting")。法語有特殊的部分[[#冠詞|冠詞]],用於限定不定[[#質量名詞|質量名詞]](例如:''J'ai '''du''' café''可以翻譯為"I have '''some''' coffee"或簡單地"I have coffee")。 ; {{anchor|部分格|partitive case}}[[部分格]] : 表示部分賓語或未完成動作的[[#格|格]]。 ; {{anchor|被動語態|passive|passive voice}}[[被動語態]] : 動詞的[[#語態|語態]]形式,其中主語不是執行動作的人或物,通常是被動作作用的對象([[cf.]] [[#主動語態|主動語態]]),例如''the ball was kicked (by the boy).''(另見''{{glossary|voice}}'') ; {{anchor|過去時|past|past tense}}[[過去時]] : [[#動詞|動詞]]的[[#時|時態]],用來指在現在之前某一時間點發生或已經發生的事件、交易或發生,或存在的物體。英語例子是''I saw my friend yesterday''中的{{m|en|saw}}。 ; {{anchor|歷史完成時|past historic}}[[歷史完成時]] : 主要在某些語言的書面語中發現的[[#時|時態]],特別是某些{{w|羅曼語}}。它與[[#過去式|過去式]]含義相同,但特別用於[[敘述]]。 ; {{anchor|過去完成時|past perfect}}[[過去完成時]] : 與''[[#過去完成時|過去完成時]]''相同。 ; {{anchor|貶義|pejorative|derogatory}}[[貶義]] (或 [[derogatory]]) : 表達對所指人或物的負面或輕蔑態度的詞形。比較{{m+|en|artsy-fartsy}}與中性等價物{{m|en|artistic}}。一些語言有特定的前綴或後綴表達貶義態度,例如{{m+|es|-ucho}}/{{m|es|-acho}}或{{m+|en|schm-}}。 ; {{anchor|前音節|penultima|penult}}[[前音節]] : 詞的倒數第二個[[#音節|音節]]。 ; {{anchor|完成時|perfect}}[[完成時]] : 表示所描述的動作已完成的動詞[[#體貌|體貌]]。在英語中,它由動詞''have'' + 過去分詞組成,例如''Tom has painted the fence''或''Tom has taken medicine''。根據''have''的時態,可以有現在完成時,如前面的例子所示,或過去完成時:''Tom had painted the fence'',''Tom had taken medicine''。''To have painted''是完成不定式。另見''[[#未完成時|未完成時]]''。不要與''[[#完成體|完成體]]''混淆。 ; {{anchor|完成體|perfective|perfective aspect}}[[完成體]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|完整體}}}} : 動詞的[[#體貌|體貌]],表示將動詞描述的事件視為簡單整體,而非具有內部結構。例如,"she sat down"與"she was sitting down"相對。由於這通常導致對動詞所表達的內容的完整性解釋,這種體貌通常與過去和將來時態相關。在{{w|斯拉夫語族}}如{{cog|ru|-}}中很常見。這個術語通常與''[[#不定過去時|不定過去時]]體貌''可互換使用。不要與''[[#完成時|完成時]]''混淆。與''[[#非完成體|非完成體]]''相對。 ; {{anchor|迂迴|periphrastic}}[[迂迴]] : 使用更多詞來產生語法效果。例如,"more fair"是"fairer"的''迂迴''形式。英語將來時需要''迂迴''用法:"I ''will write'' an essay."([[#Cf.|Cf.]] ''[[#單詞組成|單詞組成]]''和''[[#多詞組成|多詞組成]]''。) ; {{anchor|人稱|grammatical person|person}}[[人稱]], 語法人稱 : 表示說話者與所談論內容之間關係的語法範疇。例子有[[#第一人稱|第一人稱]]、[[#第二人稱|第二人稱]]和[[#第三人稱|第三人稱]]。 ; {{anchor|人稱|personal}}[[人稱]] : 特別指人類和其他具有個性的實體,如命名的動物、神祇、擬人化等。比較''[[#有生命性|有生命性]]''。 ; {{anchor|音素|phoneme}}[[音素]] : 給定語言中不可分割的聲音單位,物理語音的抽象。 ; {{anchor|形音字|phono-semantic compound}}[[形音字]] : 一個中國漢字([[#CJKV|CJKV字符]]),由一個與字符含義相關的部件和另一個與字符發音相關的部件組成,例如:字符{{m|zh|媽|lit=母親}}([[Old Chinese|OC]] *maːʔ)是一個形音字,由形旁{{m|zh|女//|lit=女性}}(在{{lang|zh|媽/妈}}的左側)和音旁{{m|zh|馬}}(OC *mraːʔ)(在{{lang|zh|媽/妈}}的右側)組成。 ; {{anchor|音義兼譯詞|phono-semantic matching}}[[音義兼譯詞]] : 借入另一語言的詞,以完全或部分保留原始發音和含義的方式。音義兼譯詞在漢語普通話中特別常見;例子有{{l|zh|可口可乐//可口可樂|tr=Kěkǒu kělè|t=可口可樂|lit=美味 [和] 娛樂}}和{{l|zh|万维网//萬維網|tr=wàn wéi wǎng|t=萬維網|lit=萬 維度 網}}。 ; {{anchor|短語|phrase}}[[短語]] # 在句子的[[#句法|句法]]中作為單一單位的詞或詞組,通常由[[#核心|核心]]詞和闡述詞組成。例子有''the good boy''([[#名詞|名詞]]短語)、''very strange''([[#形容詞|形容詞]]短語)和''in the house''([[#介詞|介詞]]短語)。通常與[[#子句|子句]]區分,後者是一個類似的詞組,但包含[[#動詞|動詞]]。 # 與[[#固定短語|固定短語]]相同。 ; {{anchor|片段對偶詞|piecewise doublet}}[[片段對偶詞]] : 一種語言中的兩個(或更多)派生詞,由所有具有相同[[#詞源學|詞源學]]根的成分組成,但在不同時間進入語言;換句話說,兩個(或更多)可以分解為單獨成分的詞,所有這些成分都是其他詞等效成分的[[#同源對偶詞|同源對偶詞]]。 ; pl. : ''見'''{{glossary|plural}}'''。'' ; {{anchor|塞音|plosive}}[[塞音]] : 一種[[#子音|子音]],通過在口中完全阻塞氣流短時間而產生。在英語中,塞音包括[[#清音|清音]] {{IPAchar|/p/}}、{{IPAchar|/t/}}、{{IPAchar|/k/}}(如在 ''pea''、''tea''、''key'' 的首音)和相應的[[#濁音|濁音]] {{IPAchar|/b/}}、{{IPAchar|/d/}}、{{IPAchar|/ɡ/}}(如在 ''buy''、''die''、''guy'' 的首音)。塞音與[[#擦音|擦音]]不同,擦音的氣流僅被部分阻塞,足以產生粗糙、嘶嘶或嗡嗡聲,也與[[#近似音|近似音]]不同,近似音的氣流僅受到輕微限制,產生平順的聲音。 ; {{anchor|過去完成|過去完成時|pluperfect}}[[過去完成時]] : 一種[[#完成|完成]][[#體|體]]和[[#過去|過去]][[#時|時]]的動詞形式,用於描述被視為在過去相對於已經過去的時間點已完成的動作或事件。例如:''Tom had painted the fence before I got there''(湯姆在我到達前已經把籬笆粉刷好了)。 ; {{anchor|複數|複數形式|復數|複數詞|複數類別|plural|Plural|plural number|pl|pl.}}[[複數]]、[[複數類別]]、複數詞、pl.、p. : 一種[[#數|語法數]],表示多個物體或個體。大多數語言將其與[[#單數形式|單數]]對比,且複數表示兩個或更多。有些語言還擁有[[#雙數形式|雙數]]甚至[[#三數形式|三數]];在這些情況中,複數表示超過最高特定數量。 ; {{anchor|名詞複數專用|多數性詞語|唯複名詞|複數專用名詞|plurale tantum}}[[唯複名詞]](複數形式為 pluralia tantum) : 等同於僅用於複數(見下文)。 ; {{anchor|僅用於複數|複數專用|plural only|plurale tantum|pluralia tantum}}[[複數專用]] : 一個本質上是複數形式、不使用(或在同一意義上不使用)單數形式的名詞(或名詞的一個意義),例如英語中 ''[[pants]]''(「褲子」和「內褲」意義上)或 ''[[wheels]]''(「汽車」意義上),即為「複數專用」或「[[唯複名詞]]」。實際上,大多數唯複名詞在罕見情況下也能以單數形式出現。(參見 [[:Category:英語唯複名詞]])。與「[[#僅用於單數|僅用於單數]]([[#singulare tantum|singularia tantum]])」的詞相對。 ; {{anchor|詩歌的|詩的|詩意的|poetic}}[[詩歌的]] : 通常與詩歌相關的語言,典型地被選用以對聽者產生藝術或文化衝擊。詩歌用語和形式在非詩歌用法中可能被視為[[#非標準|非標準]]或[[#古舊|古舊]]。 ; {{anchor|禮貌|禮貌的|polite}}[[禮貌]] : 具有[[尊重]]、[[恭順]],且(在某些情況下)[[謙恭]]特質的語言。許多語言有專門用於比其[[#親切|親切]]對應詞更禮貌形式的[[#屈折|屈折]]和[[#代詞|代詞]]。 ; {{anchor|多詞形|polylectic}}[[多詞形]] : 用於以多於一個詞實現的語法形式(參見[[#單詞形|單詞形]]和[[#迂迴|迂迴]])。 ; {{anchor|合成詞|合義詞|混義詞|portmanteau|Portmanteau}}[[合成詞]] : 一種結合意義的[[#混成詞|混成詞]]。 ; {{anchor|詞類|詞性|POS|PoS}}POS、PoS : 參見[[#詞類|詞類]]。 ; {{anchor|原級|positive}}[[原級]] : 形容詞或副詞[[#比較級別|比較級別]]的「正常」形式。因此,[[big]](大)是三人組 ''big''、''bigger''(更大)、''biggest''(最大)中的原級形式。 ; {{anchor|肯定極性|肯定極性項目|positive_polarity|positive_polarity_item}}[[肯定極性項目]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|Polarity item}}}} : 一個通常只出現在肯定句、問句、條件句以及某些其他「肯定極性」環境中的詞語或結構。參見[[#否定極性項目|否定極性項目]]。 ; {{anchor|所屬形容詞|possessional adjective}}[[所屬形容詞]] : 表示名詞擁有某些其他名詞(或該名詞的某種性質)的形容詞,在英語中通常通過添加後綴 {{m|en|-ed}}、{{m|en|-ful}}、{{m|en|-y}}、{{m|en|-ous}}、{{m|en|-able}}、{{m|en|-ual}}、{{m|en|-ish}}、{{m|en|-ar}}、{{m|en|-esque}} 或 {{m|en|-like}} 形成。例如,一個動物是 [[bushy-tailed]](毛茸茸尾巴的)表示它擁有一條毛茸茸的尾巴,充滿輕蔑的人是 [[disdainful]](輕蔑的),一個花園是 [[leafy]](多葉的)表示那裡的植物上有許多葉子。通常是[[#慣用|慣用]]的,如 [[pinheaded]](頭腦簡單的)或 [[red-faced]](臉紅的)。不要與[[#所有格限定詞|所有格限定詞]]混淆,所有格限定詞表示誰擁有一個名詞,也不要與[[#關係形容詞|關係形容詞]]混淆,後者經常以相同的方式形成。另見[[#否屬形容詞|否屬形容詞]],表示相反的意思。 ; {{anchor|所有格限定詞|所有格形容詞|possessive determiner|possessive adjective}}[[所有格限定詞]](或[[所有格形容詞]]) : 表示所有權的[[#限定詞|限定詞]]。例如,在 "her book"(她的書)中,"her"(她的)一詞表示這本書屬於誰。不要與[[#所屬形容詞|所屬形容詞]]混淆,所屬形容詞表示一個名詞擁有什麼。 ; {{anchor|後置|postpositive}}[[後置]] : 置於被修飾詞之後。比較[[#前置|前置]]。 ; {{anchor|前輔音的|preconsonantal}}[[前輔音的]] : 緊接在[[#子音|子音]]或子音聲音之前。 ; {{anchor|謂語|predicate}}[[謂語]] : 一個句子中跟隨[[#主語|主語]]的部分。這通常由[[#動詞|動詞]]和任何[[#賓語|賓語]]組成。它也可以由一個[[#連系動詞|連系動詞]](如"to be"、"to seem"等)和後面的[[#形容詞|形容詞]]組成,稱為「謂語形容詞」或「表語形容詞」(與直接修飾[[#名詞|名詞]]的「[[#限定|限定]]形容詞」形成對比)。例如,{{m|en|good}}(好的)在 ''The food is good''(食物很好吃)中。一些語言,如德語和俄語,對謂語形容詞有特殊的詞形變化。 ; {{anchor|表語的|表語性|predicative|predicatively}}[[表語的]] : 描述一個作為句子的[[#謂語|謂語]]或謂語一部分的詞(例如,「表語[[#形容詞|形容詞]]」,如 {{m|en|good}} 在 ''The food is good'' 中)。一些形容詞只能作表語,如英語中的 {{m|en|afraid}}(害怕的)或 {{m|en|glad}}(高興的)。在俄語中,它常特指在[[#非人稱|非人稱]]結構中作為句子整個謂語的形容詞類[[#詞類|詞類]]。這類結構通常無法在英語中逐字翻譯。例如 {{m|ru|ску́чно}}(「無聊」)在句子 {{m|ru|[[я|мне]] [[ску́чно]]}}(「我感到無聊」,字面意思是「對我來說很無聊」)中。 ; {{anchor|前綴|詞頭|詞首|prefix|prefixed|prefixation}}[[前綴]] : 添加到詞首以修改其意義的[[詞素]]。 ; {{anchor|前置詞|介詞|preposition|postposition}}[[前置詞]] : 一個通常不變化的詞,典型地用於連接後面的[[#名詞|名詞]]或[[#代詞|代詞]],以[[#形容詞|形容詞]]或[[#副詞|副詞]]意義與其他詞結合。英語中的前置詞例如 ''in''(在……中)、''from''(從)和 ''during''(在……期間)。注意,有些語言有[[#後置詞|後置詞]]而非前置詞;它們功能如同前置詞但位於被連接的名詞或代詞之''後''。 ; {{anchor|前置格|前置詞格|prepositional case|prepositional}}[[前置格]] : 在某些語言中使用的[[#格|格]],特別是俄語,用於某些[[#前置詞|前置詞]]之後。在俄語中,它對應於其他斯拉夫語言中的[[#位置格|位置格]]。 ; {{anchor|前置|prepositive}}[[前置]] : 置於被修飾詞之前。比較[[#後置|後置]]。 ; {{anchor|前前綴|pre-prefix}}前前綴 : 參見[[#前綴|前綴]]。 ; {{anchor|規範|規定|規範的|prescribe|prescribed|prescriptive|prescriptively|prescription}}[[規範]] : 關於{{w|語言規範}}:某些語言使用者認為語言應該如何使用,而不是它實際上如何使用,兩者有時是不同的;比較[[#描述性|描述性]]。 :: 規範不等同於[[#標準|標準性]]。例如:以下兩種選擇都是標準的,儘管其中一種有被(某些講話者因為對正式程度的文化反感而)[[#禁用|禁用]]的歷史: ::: "Between you and I, we've got it all covered."(就我倆而言,我們都搞定了。) ::: "Between you and me, we've got it all covered."(就我倆而言,我們都搞定了。) ; {{anchor|現在時|現在|present|present tense}}[[現在時]] : [[#動詞|動詞]]的一種[[#時|時態]],主要用於指在當下或現在時間發生的事件、交易或事故。動詞 {{m|en|see}}(看見)在 ''I see my friend in the window''(我看見我朋友在窗戶裡)中是現在時。在許多語言中,包括英語,現在時也可以在某些上下文中指過去或未來的事件:''My plane leaves tomorrow morning''(我的飛機明天早上起飛,其中 {{m|en|leave}} 是指向未來的現在時動詞),或:''John Lennon dies of gunshot wounds''(約翰·列儂死於槍傷,如在標題中,{{m|en|dies}} 是指向過去的現在時動詞;參見 [[歷史現在時]])。雖然這種用法在英語中有些例外,但在許多語言中,現在時使用更廣泛。例如,德語現在時也涵蓋了英語未來時(I will do)和現在完成時(I have done)的部分或大部分用法。 ; {{anchor|過去式|簡單過去|preterite}}[[過去式]](也寫作 [[preterit]]) : 一種表示在過去特定時刻發生的動作的[[#時|時態]]。一般來說,它因此是[[#過去時|過去時]]與[[#完成體|完成體]]的結合,儘管在某些語言中,它不過是過去時的同義詞。 ; {{anchor|過去現在時動詞|preterite-present verb}}[[過去現在時動詞]] : 在日耳曼語中,一類在現在時表現(或歷史上表現出)[[#元音交替|元音交替]]的動詞,因此其現在時形式類似於[[#強變化動詞|強變化動詞]]的過去(或過去)時形式。大多數語言只有少數幾個這樣的動詞,它們通常用作[[#助動詞|助動詞]]。英語例子有 {{m|en|shall}}(應該)、{{m|en|can}}(能)、{{m|en|may}}(可能)。對比[[#強變化動詞|強變化動詞]]、[[#弱變化動詞|弱變化動詞]]。 ; {{anchor|前元音的|prevocalic}}[[前元音的]] : 出現在跟隨的元音之前。 ; {{anchor|否屬形容詞|privative adjective}}[[否屬形容詞]] : 1. 表示名詞指的對象不屬於該名詞通常指稱的類別的形容詞。例如,在「假武器」("fake weapon")一詞中,"fake"(假的)表示該物體不是武器,就像"toy"(玩具)在"toy car"(玩具車)中表示它不是車一樣。 : 2. 表示名詞缺少某些其他名詞(或該名詞的某種性質)的形容詞,在英語中通常通過添加後綴 {{m|en|-less}} 或 {{m|en|-free}} 到缺少的名詞上形成。例如,一個人是 [[beardless]](無鬍子的)如果他們沒有鬍子,而一杯咖啡可能是 [[sugar-free]](無糖的)如果它不含糖。常見的慣用表達,如 [[brainless]](無腦的)或 [[heartless]](無情的)。另見[[#所屬形容詞|所屬形容詞]],表示相反的意思。 ; {{anchor|多產的|productive}}[[多產的]] : 用於形成新詞和短語。例如,當現代英語中出現新動詞時,多產後綴 {{m|en|-ed}} 用於形成其過去分詞;相比之下,後綴 ''[[-en]]'' 出現在許多現有的過去分詞中,但不是多產的,因為它(通常)不用於形成新的過去分詞。 ; {{anchor|進行式|progressive}}[[進行式]] : 動詞的[[#體|體]],表示所描述的動作正在、曾經或將會持續、未完成或重複。表示動作正在進行中的動詞形式。在英語中,由 ''be'' + 動詞的現在分詞(以 ''-ing'' 結尾的形式)組合形成。因此可以有現在進行時(例如,'''''is''' painting''(正在畫畫)),過去進行時(例如,'''''was''' painting''(曾在畫畫)),未來進行時(例如,'''''will be''' painting''(將在畫畫))等。類似於但不如[[#未完成體|未完成體]][[#體|體]]通用。(參見[[#持續|持續]]。) ; {{anchor|代動詞|pronominal verb|pronominal}}[[代動詞]] : 一種附有[[#代詞|代詞]]的[[#動詞|動詞]]形式;這是[[羅曼語言|羅曼語]]和斯拉夫語言的顯著特徵。動詞-代詞組合可以有[[#反身|反身]]、[[#相互|相互]]、[[#被動|被動]]、[[#主觀|主觀]]或[[#慣用|慣用]]語義。 ; {{anchor|代詞|pronoun}}[[代詞]] : 一種作為[[#名詞|名詞]]或名詞短語替代物的[[#詞類|詞類]],指代討論的主題。代詞可以指代討論的參與者,可以用來代替一個人的名字,例如代詞 {{m|en|I}}(我)和 {{m|en|you}}(你)。其他代詞,如 {{m|en|he}}(他)、{{m|en|she}}(她)和 {{m|en|it}}(它),可以用來指代已經提到的其他人或物,而無需重複他們的名字。 ; {{anchor|發音拼寫|pronunciation spelling}}{{anchor|發音拼寫}} [[發音拼寫]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|pronunciation spelling}}}} : 在書寫中使用的故意拼錯,通常用來表示特定方言的發音,即使說話者可能有完美的拼寫能力。因此,它在功能上與[[#方言拼寫|方言拼寫]]相反。 ; {{anchor|前前音節重音|proparoxytone}}[[前前音節重音]] : 重音位於[[#前倒數第三音節|前倒數第三音節]](倒數第三音節)上(例如 {{m|el|εθνικότητα}})。(比較[[#末音節重音|末音節重音]]、[[#次末音節重音|次末音節重音]]和[[#非末音節重音|非末音節重音]]。) ; {{anchor|專有名詞|proper noun}}[[專有名詞]] : 一種通常指特定、獨特事物的[[#名詞|名詞]],例如 {{m|en|Earth}}(地球)和 {{m|en|Alps|the Alps}}(阿爾卑斯山),儘管一種語言的專有名詞可能被翻譯成另一種語言的普通(非專有)名詞。在英語中,專有名詞通常大寫,派生自專有名詞的普通名詞和形容詞也是如此。同一個詞可能既有普通名詞又有專有名詞的意義(例如 {{m|en|German}},既是表示特定語言的專有名詞,又是表示來自德國的人的普通名詞),大多數專有名詞有時可以用作普通名詞 – 例如 {{m|en|John}} 是一個作為名字的專有名詞,但可以用作帶有複數 {{m|en|Johns}} 的普通名詞,意思是「名叫約翰的人們」。 ; {{anchor|不推薦使用|禁用|proscribe|proscribed|proscription|proscriptive|proscriptively}}[[不推薦使用]] : 某些權威或評論者建議反對或警告反對所列用法。 :: 禁止(禁用)可以理解為(1)規範的負面類型,當後者意味著「規定該做和不該做的事情」,也可以理解為(2)[[#規範|規範]]的相反,當後者意味著「偏好」。 ; {{anchor|首音添加|詞首添音|prothesis}}[[首音添加]] : 在詞首添加[[#音素|音素]]而不改變其形態結構,如 {{m|en|nother}},來自 {{m|en|other}}(「a whole nother thing」,通過[[#切分|切分]]),或西班牙語 {{m|es|esfera}},來自拉丁語 {{m|la|sphaera}}(「sphere」)。 ; {{anchor|原創詞|protologism}}[[原創詞]] : 一個[[#新詞|新詞]]或任何創造的使用非常有限的詞。根據定義,原創詞不符合維基詞典的[[Wiktionary:收錄標準|收錄標準]],但有些記錄在[[Appendix:Protologisms]]。 ; {{anchor|諺語|proverb}}[[諺語]] : 一個表達可應用於常見情況的基本真理的[[#短語|短語]]。 ; {{anchor|偽首字母縮略詞|pseudo-acronym|pseudo-acronym}}[[偽首字母縮略詞]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|Pseudo-acronym}}}} : 一個具有[[#首字母縮略詞|首字母縮略詞]]或[[#縮寫|縮寫]]形式但不再代表任何東西的詞。 ; {{anchor|假英語詞|pseudo-anglicism}}[[假英語詞]] : 非英語語言中由英語元素形成的詞,可能看起來像英語,但作為具有相同含義的英語詞並不存在,例如 {{m|de|Flipper}}(「彈球機」),{{m|ja|サラリーマン}}(「白領工人」,讀作 sararīman,字面意思是「薪水人」)和 {{m|sv|afterwork}}(「下班後的非正式聚會」)。 ; {{anchor|偽借詞|pseudo-loan}}[[偽借詞]] : 一種語言中的詞,看起來是直接從另一種語言[[#借詞|借入]]的,但在該語言中不存在或具有不相關的含義。例如 {{m+|fr|footing||跑步}},{{m+|de|Bodybag||郵差包,信使包}},{{m+|ja|サラリーマン||白領工人|pos=讀作 sararīman}} 和{{m+|sv|afterwork||下班後的非正式聚會}})。根據來源語言,可能使用更具體的術語,例如[[假英語詞|偽英語詞]]指從英語借來的偽借詞;{{w|和製英語}}特指從英語借來的日語偽借詞;指從拉丁語借來的偽借詞的[[偽拉丁語詞]](參見 [[hocus pocus]],[[noli illegitimi carborundum]]);指從西班牙語借來的偽借詞的[[偽西班牙語詞]](參見 [[no problemo]],[[que sera sera]]);指從法語借來的偽借詞的[[偽法語詞]](參見 [[vive la différence]],[[nom de plume]],[[triple entendre]]);[[偽德語詞]](來自德語),[[偽日語詞]](來自日語),[[偽阿拉伯語詞]](來自阿拉伯語),[[偽義大利語詞]](來自義大利語)等。 ==Q== ; {{anchor|量詞|quantifier}}[[量詞]] : 一個指定相關名詞數量的詞,如 {{m|en|all||全部}}、{{m|en|no||無}},{{m|en|many||許多}},{{m|en|several||幾個}},{{m|en|eight||八}},{{m|en|half||一半}} 等。 ==R== ; {{anchor|罕用|rare}}[[罕用]] : 一個有文獻記載但在口語或書面語中不常用的詞或詞義,其使用頻率甚至比[[#不常見|不常見]]的詞還要低。一個罕用的詞或詞義典型地即使有意搜索也很難找到,而且在可訪問的[[#語料庫|語料庫]]中可能只有少數幾個實例。 ; {{anchor|重新分析|reanalysis|reanalysed|reanalyzed}}[[重新分析]] : 用與原始結構不同的結構分析[[#詞素|詞素]],通常是由於誤解。例如,{{m+|en|hamburger||漢堡包}},原本是 {{m|en|Hamburg||漢堡}} + {{m|en|-er}},被重新分析為 {{m|en|ham||火腿}} + {{m|en|burger|-burger||漢堡}},從而產生了 {{m|en|cheeseburger||芝士漢堡}} 等詞。 ; {{anchor|重分|重新分界|rebracketed|rebracketing|metanalysis}}[[重新分界]] : 過程,通過這一過程,原來源自一個來源的詞被分解或分界成一組不同的因素。將 ''[[hamburger]]''(漢堡包)理解為 ''[[ham]]''(火腿)+ ''[[burger]]''(漢堡)(而不是 ''[[Hamburg]]''(漢堡)+ ''[[-er]]'')是重新分界的一個例子。也稱為[[#重分|重分]]。 ; {{anchor|相互的|reciprocal}}[[相互的]] : 用來表示主語有其他主語作為賓語。代詞可以是相互的(在英語中 ''[[each other]]''(相互)),動詞也可以具有相互性質作為[[#詞素|詞素]]。 ; {{anchor|重構|重建|reconstruction|reconstructed}}[[重構]] : 一個沒有在實際文本或其他媒體中記錄,但通過其派生形式使用語言學的比較法重建的詞。 ; {{anchor|可縮|reducible}}[[可縮]] : 在斯拉夫語言中,一個(特別是名詞或形容詞)在單詞的不同形式中在元音和無元音之間交替的詞,根據哈夫利克定律。例如,在俄語中,可縮的陽性名詞 {{m|ru|вене́ц}}(「王冠」)在陽性單數中出現不縮(最後音節中帶有 /e/),而在其他形式中縮(無 /e/),例如屬格單數 {{m|ru|венца́}},主格複數 {{m|ru|венцы́}}。 ; {{anchor|重疊|疊詞|reduplication|reduplicated}}[[重疊]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|重疊 (語言學)}}}} : 一個詞或詞的一部分的重複(最少可以是一個詞中的兩個[[#音素|音素]],或詞中全部的音素序列),沒有或只有輕微的變化。比較[[#音節省略|音節省略]],一個詞的重複部分的省略。 ; {{anchor|反映形式|reflex}}[[反映形式]] : 給予一個在子語言中的後代詞的名稱,從早期語言衍生而來。例如,現代英語的 {{m+|en|heat}}(熱)是古英語 {{m+|ang|hǣtu}} 的反映形式。 : 很少的情況下,這個詞被反向使用,'reflex'(反映形式)實際上是詞根而不是後代詞。然而,這種用法通常由術語 {{m|en|etymon}}(語源詞)替代。 ; {{anchor|反身|reflexive}}[[反身的]] : 指回主語,或有一個與主語相等的賓語。代詞可以是反身的(例如 ''[[myself]]''(我自己)、''[[oneself]]''(自己))。羅曼語和斯拉夫語大量使用反身動詞形式(例如 {{ncog|it|lavarsi}}、{{ncog|es|lavarse}}(「洗自己」))。這些是更大的[[#代動詞|代動詞]]群的一部分。 ; {{anchor|語域|register|language register}}[[語域]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|語域}}}} : 一種用於特定目的或在特定社交環境中使用的語言變體。涵蓋變體如[[#俚語|俚語]]、[[#口語|口語]]、[[#非正式|非正式]]、[[#正式|正式]]等。 ; {{anchor|相關詞彙|related terms}}[[相關詞彙]] : 在同一語言中具有強烈詞源聯繫但不是派生詞的詞。 ; {{anchor|關係的|relational|relational adjective}}[[關係詞]] : 指某些語言中的一種形容詞類型,例如拉丁語、古希臘語和斯拉夫語,當它修飾另一個名詞時取代名詞的位置。考慮英語短語如 ''chicken soup''(雞湯)。在英語中,這個短語可以通過簡單地將名詞如 ''chicken''(雞)放在通常由形容詞佔據的位置來構成,即直接放在名詞之前。然而,在如俄語的語言中,這樣做是不行的,為了形成俄語等價的 {{m|ru|[[кури́ный]] [[суп]]}}(「雞湯」),詞 {{m|ru|ку́рица}}(「雞」)必須被關係形容詞 {{m|ru|кури́ный}}(「與雞有關的」)替代。通常,這類形容詞不能被 ''more''、''less'' 或 ''very'' 修飾。這個概念與名詞附加語的概念相關。 ; {{anchor|關係|relative}}[[關係]] :# 標記[[#關係從句|關係從句]]。經常用於代詞,如 {{m|en|the tree '''[[which]]'''...}}(那棵樹,它……)。 :# 在班圖語言中,一種在功能上類似於形容詞但在形態和句法上像關係從句的[[#詞類|詞類]]。 ; {{anchor|關係從句|relative clause}}[[關係從句]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|關係子句}}}} : 一種修飾[[#名詞|名詞]]的[[#從屬從句|從屬從句]]。在 ''The man who I saw yesterday is leaving today''(我昨天看見的那個人今天要離開了),從句 ''who I saw yesterday''(我昨天看見的那個人)是一個關係從句。在英語中,關係從句通常由 ''who''、''which'' 或 ''that'' 等[[#關係|關係]][[#代詞|代詞]]引導,但其他語言常有不同的標記關係從句的策略。 ; {{anchor|重拼|respelled|respelling}}[[重拼]] : 一個詞的不同拼法,尤其是用來顯示其發音。 ; {{anchor|反造|retronym}}[[反造]] : 為一個古老的物體或概念創造的新詞或短語,其原名已被用於其他東西或不再獨特(例如 acoustic guitar(原聲吉他),其中 guitar(吉他)過去意味著這個,但現在也可以指電吉他)。 ; {{anchor|修辭學|rhetoric}}[[修辭學]] : 有效或有說服力的說話或寫作的藝術。 : 為了迷惑他人或給人留下深刻印象而非而不以交流為目的的一串詞。(另見''[[Appendix:Glossary of rhetoric]]''。) ; {{anchor|反問句|rhetorical question}}[[反問句]] : 一個發言者不期望得到回答的問題 ; {{anchor|顫音化|rhotacism|rhotacization}}[[顫音化]]、[[顫音化]] : 1. 一種[[#語音變化|語音變化]],將一個輔音(通常是濁齒槽輔音:/z/、/d/、/l/ 或 /n/)在特定環境下轉換為顫音輔音,最常見的是 /z/ 轉為 /r/。 : 2. 相反的過程:將 /r/ 改為 /z/,或改為不同的輔音,或[[#省略|省略]]。 ; {{anchor|羅馬化|拉丁化|Romanization|Romanisation|romanization|romanisation}}[[羅馬化]]、[[羅馬化]] : 將非拉丁文字中的字符串[[#音譯|音譯]]成拉丁文或羅馬文字:例如,{{m|el|συγγνώμη|tr=-}} 可以羅馬化為 ''singnómi''。 ; {{anchor|詞根|root|roots}}[[詞根]] : 構成詞的核心部分,給予其最基本含義的部分;也是當所有[[#詞綴|詞綴]]被移除後剩下的部分。例如,在 {{m|en|insubordination}} 中,詞根是 {{m|en||ord}},而在 {{m|en|unspeakableness}} 中是 {{m|en|speak}}。詞根通常是詞的第一部分(如在烏拉爾語和通常在印歐語言中),但也可能是最後部分,或者可能只包含詞的輔音(如在亞非語系語言中)。 ; {{anchor|鄉土|rustic}}[[鄉土]] : 描述一個詞作為「農村」語言的一部分。與[[#古舊|古舊]]或[[#口語|口語]]不同。 ==S== ; {{anchor|單數|s}}s : 參見[[#單數|單數]]。 ; {{anchor|動詞時制組合|screeve}}[[動詞時制組合]] : 在格魯吉亞語法中,[[時態]]、[[體]]和[[語氣]]的特定組合。 ; {{anchor|文字|script}}[[文字]] : 適用於特定語言或一組語言的書寫系統。 ; {{anchor|第二人稱|二人稱|second person|second-person|2nd person}}[[第二人稱]]、[[2nd person]] : 一種[[#人稱|語法人稱]],表示正在與說話者交談的人或群體。例子包括漢語{{m+|zh|你}}、英語 {{m|en|you||你;你們}} 和 {{m|en|thou||你|pos=古語}}。 ; {{anchor|第二人稱受詞|second-person-object|second-person-object form|second person object}}[[第二人稱受詞形式]] : 匈牙利語中的一種動詞變位類型(除了[[#定|定]]和[[#不定|不定]]之外),表示第一人稱單數主語和第二人稱(無論是單數還是複數,但以非正式方式稱呼)受詞,例如 {{m|hu|szeret'''lek'''||'''我'''愛'''你'''}} 或 {{m|hu|lát'''lak'''||'''我'''見到'''你'''}}。 ; {{anchor|語義借用|semantic loan}}[[語義借用]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|語義借用}}}} : 一個詞或表達,通過從另一種語言[[#借用|借用]]一個意義並將其賦予借用語言中已被認為具有慣用含義的詞或表達而創造的。也稱為語義仿譯。例如,法語詞 {{m|fr|souris|lit=老鼠}} 被賦予了額外的「電腦滑鼠」含義,模仿英語 {{m+|en|mouse}},後者已經有了這兩種含義。語義借用與[[#仿譯詞|仿譯詞]]的區別在於,仿譯詞在被創造時不被認為具有預先存在的慣用含義,而語義借用則具有。 ; {{anchor|語義轉移|semantic shift}}[[語義轉移]] : 隨著時間推移,一個詞的意義通常發生顯著變化,無論是在同一語言內還是當該詞源自另一語言時。例如,拉丁語 {{m+|la|ēgregius|lit=從羊群中脫穎而出}},意思是「卓越的,出色的,優秀的」,是英語 {{m+|en|egregious}} 的來源,後者在語義上轉變為「極其糟糕的,令人震驚的」。 :; {{anchor|語義縮小|semantic narrowing}}[[語義]][[縮小]] :: 一種語義轉移,其中意義從一般到特定([[#狹義|更窄]])。 :; {{anchor|語義擴大|semantic broadening}}[[語義]][[擴大]] :: 一種語義轉移,其中意義從特定到一般([[#廣義|更廣]])。 ; {{anchor|一次性|semelfactive}}[[一次性]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|Semelfactive}}}} : 一種動詞[[#體|體]],是[[#完成體|完成體]]的一個子類,表示瞬時或點狀事件(例如 to [[sneeze]](打噴嚏),to [[blink]](眨眼),to [[knock]](敲))。在如俄語的斯拉夫語言中,常用於表達一次性完成的動作。 ; {{anchor|半學術借詞|semi-learned borrowing}}[[半學術借詞]] : 一個從如拉丁語或梵語等古典語言借來的[[#借詞|借詞]](特別是當借入同一語言的後代時),已被後來的[[#語音變化|語音變化]]或與繼承詞的類比部分重塑([[#適應借詞|適應]])。與[[#學術借詞|學術借詞]]相比,後者通常沒有被類似地重塑([[#非適應借詞|非適應]]),以及[[#繼承|繼承]]詞,後者經歷了語言的所有正常語音變化。例如,葡萄牙語詞 {{m|pt|artigo}}(「文章」)是從拉丁語 {{cog|la|articulus}}(「關節,肢體,分割」)借來的半學術借詞,借入得足夠早,以至於經歷了後來的語音變化,將 ''c'' 弱化為 ''g'' 並刪除了元音間的 ''l'',但沒有經歷更早的語音變化,如將短 ''i'' 降為 ''e''。相比之下,{{m|pt|artelho}}(「腳趾」)是從同一拉丁語詞繼承的,而 {{m|pt|artículo}}(「[[articulus]]」)是從同一拉丁語詞借來的學術借詞。 ; {{anchor|半元音|semivowel}}[[半元音]] : 一種具有一些[[#子音|子音]]特質和一些[[#元音|元音]]特質的聲音。 ; {{anchor|句子|sentence}}[[句子]] : 一個表達完整思想並由一個或多個連接在一起的[[#子句|子句]]組成的句法單位。 ; {{anchor|句子副詞|sentence adverb}}[[句子副詞]] : 一個修飾整個子句或句子而非單個詞或短語的副詞。 ; {{anchor|固定短語|set phrase|set expression|multiword phrase|multiword expression}}[[固定短語]] : [[w:固定短語|固定短語]],一個常見的[[表達]](一個[[#短語|短語]]),其措詞不受變化影響,或者其詞不能被[[#同義詞|同義詞]]替換而不損害含義。固定短語可能包括[[#成語|成語]]、[[#諺語|諺語]]和[[#口語|口語]]。例如,''flight simulator''(飛行模擬器)是一個固定短語,因為它有一個特殊的含義,而 ''flying simulator''(飛行模擬器)則沒有。 ; {{anchor|單數|sg.|sg}}sg. : 參見[[#單數|單數]]。 ; {{anchor|單量詞|SGV}}SGV : 參見[[#單量|單量]]。 ; {{anchor|縮短|shortening}}[[縮短]] : 一個詞(或詞組)的縮短形式,包括[[#縮略語|縮略語]]、[[#首字母縮略詞|首字母縮略詞]]、[[#縮約形|縮約形]]、[[#縮寫|縮寫]]、[[#簡稱|簡稱]]。 ; {{anchor|簡稱|short_form}}[[簡稱]] : 一個自身即為獨立詞的縮短詞;例如 {{m|en|Acts}},一個用來指代 {{m|en|Acts of the Apostles}}(《使徒行傳》)的簡稱。 ; {{anchor|原文如此|sic}}''[[原文如此]]'' : 一個拉丁語副詞,意思是「如此,這樣」。它通常放在方括號內,在引文中使用,表明前面的內容不是抄寫錯誤,而實際上是來源的逐字反映。(例如,如果一個來源包含一個排版錯誤,引用該來源的人可能會添加 [sic] 來表明錯誤是在原始來源中的。) ; {{anchor|略符|siglum}}[[略符]](複數 sigla) : 一個代表一個詞或名稱的字母或其他符號;例如 {{m|la|ꝓ}} 是中世紀拉丁語中代表詞 {{m|la|pro}} 的略符。 ; {{anchor|明喻|simile}}[[明喻]] : 一種修辭手法,其中一件事物被比作另一件事物;在英語中,它通常使用 [[like]](像)或 [[as]](如……一樣);參見[[#隱喻|隱喻]]和[[#比喻|比喻]]。 ; {{anchor|單詞|simplex}}[[單詞]] : 一個簡單的詞,沒有[[#詞綴|詞綴]]。 ; {{anchor|單數|單數形式|Singular|singular|singular number|sg|sg.|s}}[[單數]]、[[單數類別]]、sg.、s : 一種[[#數|語法數]],表示正好一個物品或個體。通常與[[#複數|複數]]形成對比,在某些語言中,也與[[#雙數形式|雙數]]形成對比。 ; {{anchor|僅用於單數|singulare tantum}}[[僅用於單數]](複數 = singularia tantum) : 等同於僅用於單數(見下文)。 ; {{anchor|僅用於單數|singular only|singulare tantum|singularia tantum}}[[僅用於單數]] : 一個沒有複數形式且只用於單數動詞的名詞(任何特定意義上)。經常用於物質名詞。與「[[複數]][[專用]]([[plurale tantum|pluralia tantum]])」的詞相對。 ; {{anchor|單量|單量形式|單量數|SGV|singulative|singulative number}}[[單量]]、[[單量類別]]、SGV : 一個[[#物質名詞|物質名詞]]的標記單數形式。 ; {{anchor|中日韓越|漢字文化圈|Sino-Xenic}}[[中日韓越]] : 指日語、韓語和越南語(與漢語一起分類為 [[#漢字文化圈|漢字文化圈]])中從中世紀[[漢語]]派生的詞或部件的發音。 ; {{anchor|某地未說明|s.l.}}[[s.l.]] : 拉丁語 {{noncog|la|[[sine]] [[locō]]|lit=無地點}},用來表示作品中未說明出版地點。 ; {{anchor|俚語|slang}}[[俚語]] : 表示獨特於特定職業或主題的語言,即[[行話]]。也指社會群體的專門語言,有時用來使所說的內容對不是群體成員的人無法理解,即隱語。這種語言通常超出常規用法範圍,在[[#正式|正式]]場合大多不適合使用。 ; {{anchor|斯拉夫第一次顎化|Slavic first palatalization}}{{w|斯拉夫第一次顎化}} {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|Slavic first palatalization}}}} : [[#顎化|顎化]]的一個特定發生,發生在原始斯拉夫語中,其中當[[#軟顎|軟顎]]輔音 ''*k *g *x'' 後面跟隨任何[[#前元音|前元音]] ''*e *ě *ь *i'' 時,變成了 ''*č *ž *š'' 聲音。斯拉夫第一次顎化在許多現代斯拉夫語言中仍然是一個活躍的過程。例如,在俄語中,在某些後綴前,輔音 {{lang|ru|к г х ц}} 分別變成 {{lang|ru|ч ж ш ч}}。其他斯拉夫語言的表現也相似。 ; {{anchor|斯拉夫漸進顎化|Slavic progressive palatalization}}{{w|斯拉夫漸進顎化}} {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|Slavic progressive palatalization}}}} : [[#顎化|顎化]]的一個特定發生,發生在原始斯拉夫語中,其中當[[#軟顎|軟顎]]輔音 ''*k *g *x'' 前面有[[#前元音|前元音]] ''*ь *i''(可能有一個介入的 ''n'')時,分別變成了 ''*c dz s/š'' 聲音,其中 ''s'' 出現在東斯拉夫和南斯拉夫語言中,而 ''š'' 出現在西斯拉夫語言中。 ; {{anchor|出版者未說明|s.n.}}[[s.n.]] : 拉丁語 {{noncog|la|[[sine]] [[nōmine]]|lit=無名字}},用來表示作品中未說明出版者的名稱。 ; {{anchor|詞式格式|snowclone}}[[詞式格式]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|Snowclone}}}} : 一種[[#陳詞濫調|陳詞濫調]],它以新的上下文中公式化地使用舊的[[#慣用語|慣用語]]。(另見[[Appendix:English snowclones]]) ; {{anchor|莊重|solemn}}[[莊重]] : 用於喚起當前事件非常重要的感覺。使用莊重語言的情況例子包括禮拜活動、各種儀式和公開演講。莊重用語通常是[[#過時|過時]]或[[#古舊|古舊]]的,並且曾經屬於中性語域。 ; {{anchor|語音變化|sound change}}[[語音變化]] : 一種語言中的一個聲音發音的變化,通常依照規則規則。英語中這種變化的一個例子是在 /hw/ 集群中的 ''h'' 的刪除,這種集群出現在如 ''which'' 和 ''whale'' 等詞中,使它們與 ''witch'' 和 ''wail'' 同音。(這種語音變化在大多數英語變體中都能找到,但在蘇格蘭英語或一些保守的美國英語和愛爾蘭英語變體中則沒有。參見 {{w|英語 ⟨wh⟩ 的發音}}。) ; {{anchor|聲音象徵|sound symbolism}}[[聲音象徵]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|sound symbolism}}}} : 音素或音素群在語言中帶有內在意義的想法。例如,音素群 ''gl-'' 在英語中似乎表示「光」,如在 [[gleam]](微光)、[[glisten]](閃爍)、[[glare]](耀眼的光)、[[glossy]](有光澤的)和 [[glow]](發光)等詞中。(另見 {{pedia|phonestheme}}) ; {{anchor|拼寫發音|spelling pronunciation}}[[拼寫發音]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|Spelling pronunciation}}}} : 一種受詞的書面形式影響而改變的發音,與原始繼承形式不同。一些拼寫發音被視為錯誤或非標準,而其他則在歷史上已經被普遍接受並完全取代了原始發音。 ; {{anchor|標準|standard}}[[標準]] : 符合[[#標準變體|標準變體]]或[[#標準語言|標準語言]]。與[[#非標準|非標準]]相對。語言學中的標準性是[[#描述性|描述性]]的,但所描述的現象之一是某些[[#規範|規範]]觀念可以通過[[反饋循環]]影響標準性。用法可以是[[#非正式|非正式]]但標準的,即使它們不是[[#正式|正式]]的,即使它們被某些說話者[[#禁用|禁用]]。 :: 一個[[#標準變體|標準變體]]通常是一個[[w:威望(社會語言學)|威望變體]]。這可能導致一些關於[[#非標準|非標準]]等同於''[[固有|固有]]''「低劣」、「不正確」或「錯誤」的混淆,而它實際上等同於''[[上下文|上下文]]''不適當。在單一語言內,一個[[詞形|詞形]]或[[用法|用法]]可以在某些[[#變體|變體]]中是[[#慣用|慣用]]規範,即使它不是標準變體中的規範。(例如,在英語中,這對零系詞在如 ''He gone already''(他已經走了)的句子中是正確的。)它也可以是標準變體中[[#非正式|非正式]]語域的慣用規範,即使在正式場合中經常避免使用。(在英語中,這對大多數縮約形的使用是正確的,例如。)這些事實解釋了[[代碼轉換|代碼轉換]]和「不正確」地說話(好像有''固有''「錯誤」的形式或用法)之間的重要區別。 ; {{anchor|靜態|stative}}[[靜態]] : 關於動詞:表達一種狀態而非一個動作或活動。許多班圖語言有一個動詞擴展/後綴來從其他動詞派生靜態動詞,通常帶有起始或潛在含義。 ; {{anchor|詞幹|stem}}[[詞幹]] : 一個[[#屈折|屈折]]詞的一部分,詞尾附加其上。例如,拉丁語 {{m|la||mens-}}(詞幹,「桌子」)+ {{m|la|-ae}}(詞尾,第一變格主格複數)&rarr; {{m|la|mensae}}(完整詞,「桌子們」,主格複數)。 ; {{anchor|層|stratum}}[[層]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|層 (語言學)}}}} : 一種語言通過接觸影響另一種語言,通常是由於地理接近(通常兩者同時在同一地區被講)和某種形式的文化接觸。一個語言層可以進一步分類為[[#底層|底層]]、[[#上層|上層]]或附層。 ; {{anchor|嚴格地|嚴格|precisely|precise|strictly|strict}}[[嚴格地]] : 表示更精確的詞語使用;嚴格來說([[sensu stricto]])的簡稱。與鬆散或廣泛(寬泛)意義相對;[[#寬泛地|寬泛地]]。 ; {{anchor|強變格|strong declension}}[[強變格]] : 在德語中,一種形容詞和陽性與中性名詞的變格,與[[#弱變格|弱變格]]和[[#混合變格|混合變格]]相對。強名詞(通常)形成其屬格時加 ''-s'' 和/或 ''-es'',不通過添加 ''-n'' 和/或 ''-en'' 形成其複數。在形容詞中,強變格是一組在形容詞不伴隨定冠詞或不定冠詞時使用的詞尾,包括比弱變格或混合變格更完整的詞尾集(因此得名)。注意,「強」、「弱」和「混合」指的是名詞的固有變格屬性,但所有形容詞都可以根據所有三種變格進行變格,取決於冠詞是否在前面以及它是什麼類型的冠詞。通過類比,術語「強變格」有時用於其他變格的日耳曼語言,如冰島語和古英語。在這些語言中,形容詞形成類似於德語,但通常沒有單一的強名詞變格。相反,強名詞是任何不遵循弱變格的名詞。 ; {{anchor|強代詞|strong pronoun}}[[強代詞]] : (希臘語)一個[[#強調|強調]]代詞。 ; {{anchor|強動詞|strong conjunction|strong verb}}[[強動詞]]和強變位 : 在日耳曼語言中,一個顯示[[#元音交替|元音交替]]的動詞。更具體地說,一個在現在時和過去時之間有元音變化的動詞。一個英語例子是 {{m|en|drink}}、{{m|en|drank}}、{{m|en|drunk}}。注意,有些動詞顯示元音變化,但不是由於元音交替(例如 {{m|en|think}}、{{m|en|thought}});這些不被視為強動詞。對比[[#弱動詞|弱動詞]]、[[#過去現在時動詞|過去現在時動詞]]。 ; {{anchor|主語|subject}}[[主語]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|主語}}}} : 在一個子句中:處理的詞或詞組(通常是一個名詞短語)。在帶有表示動作的[[#動詞|動詞]]的[[#主動語態|主動子句]]中,主語和行動者通常是相同的。對比[[#賓語|賓語]]。 ; {{anchor|虛擬語氣|subjunctive|subjunctive mood|conjunctive}}[[虛擬語氣]] : 一個[[#動詞|動詞]]的[[#語氣|語氣]],表達一個[[假設的|假設的]]或[[預期|預期]]而非實際的動作或狀態,包括[[願望]]和[[反事實|反事實]]。一些英語例子是 ''if I '''were''' rich''(如果我富有)和 ''it's important that he '''be''' here''(他在這裡很重要)。在許多語言中,[[#命令|命令]](命令)[[#屈折|屈折]]與虛擬語氣相同或相似,反映了非[[#直述|直述]]性質的共同特徵:尚未實現的想法。 ; {{anchor|從屬子句|subordinate clause}}[[從屬子句]] : 與[[#從屬子句|從屬子句]]相同。 ; {{anchor|實體的|substantive}}[[實體的]] : 1. 一個名詞或形容詞(或短語),命名一個具有實質的實際對象。這與[[#限定|限定]]名詞或形容詞相反,後者命名一個攜帶被命名的名詞或形容詞的屬性的實際對象。 : 2. 在蒙古語系語言中,它有時指一個單一的[[#詞類|詞類]],由於它們共同的形態行為,集體包括名詞、形容詞和副詞。 ; {{anchor|名詞化|實體化|substantivization}}[[名詞化]] : 參見[[#名詞化|名詞化]]。 ; {{anchor|底層|substratum}}[[底層]] : 一個語言[[#層|層]],其文化或政治威望低於它所影響的層。許多歷史底層語言在沒有被證明的情況下滅絕,因此它們必須從其對存活或被證明的語言的影響中推斷。其中一個例子是前希臘底層。 ; {{anchor|後綴|詞尾|詞后|suffix|suffixed}}[[後綴]] : 一個添加到詞末以修改其意義的[[詞素]]。 ; {{anchor|最高級|superlative}}[[最高級]] : 一個[[#可比較的|可比較的]]形容詞的[[#屈折|屈折]]或不同形式,顯示相對性質,表示「達到極限程度」。(另見[[#比較級|比較級]]和[[#比較級別|比較級別]]。)在英語中,最高級通常通過附加 ''[[-est]]'' 形成,或使用詞 ''[[most]]''。例如,''big''(大)的最高級是「''biggest''」(最大);''confident''(自信)的最高級是「''most confident''」(最自信)。 ; {{anchor|被取代|superseded}}[[被取代]] : 特別是關於拼寫,曾經標準,現在仍頻繁見到,但現在由於拼寫改革而被另一種形式取代。例如在葡萄牙語中:{{m|pt|idéia}} 替代 {{m|pt|ideia}},{{m|pt|freqüente}} 替代 {{m|pt|frequente}},{{m|pt|microondas}} 替代 {{m|pt|micro-ondas}},都在 1990 年正字法協議中被替換,該協議直到 2015 年才完全實施。 ; {{anchor|上層|superstratum}}[[上層]] : 一個語言[[#層|層]],其文化或政治威望高於它所影響的層。一個歷史例子是舊諾曼法語對晚期古英語的上層影響,在 11 世紀[[w:諾曼征服英格蘭|諾曼征服英格蘭]]後的幾個世紀。 ; {{anchor|目的分詞|supine}}[[目的分詞]] : 一些語言中的一種不定動詞形式。在拉丁語中,是一種[[#動名詞|動名詞]]類型,用於不定式的[[#離格|離格]]和[[#賓格|賓格]]。在瑞典語中,是一種與[[#過去分詞|過去分詞]]相關的形式,用於形成[[#完成|完成]]時態。在斯洛文尼亞語和下索布語中,是一種與不定式相關的形式,用於在移動動詞後表示目的。 ; {{anchor|異幹|suppletion|suppletive}}[[異幹]]、[[異幹的]] : 一個詞的變化形式來自兩個或更多不相關詞根的情況:例如,{{m|en|go}} 和 {{m|en|went}};{{m|en|be}}、{{m|en|is}} 和 {{m|en|was}}。這些形式中的一個或多個,或詞的整個[[#範式|範式]],可能被稱為異幹的。來自各種語言的例子可以從 [[:Category異幹動詞]] 找到。 ; {{anchor|表層分析|表面分析|表面詞源|surface analysis|surface etymology}}[[表層分析]]、[[表面詞源]] : 一個詞的[[明顯的]]詞源,通過基於後來時間點的語言形式中出現的成分分析,即該詞的[[#共時|共時]]構成:例如,分析 {{m|en|earth}}(地球)+ {{m|en|-en}} 為 {{m|en|earthen}}(土製的),實際上是通過中古英語從古英語繼承的,在古英語中它出現為 {{m|ang|eorþen|eorthen}}。 ; {{anchor|音節|syllable}}[[音節]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|音節}}}} : 一個被聽者解釋為單一聲音的人類語音單位。 ; {{anchor|共時|同時|synchrony|synchronic|synchronically}}[[共時]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|历时与共时}}}} : 一種語言分析的觀點,只考慮其在一個時間點(或時期)的狀態,不考慮歷史語言變化或詞源(與[[#歷時|歷時]]相對)。一個詞或短語的純粹[[共時|共時]]分析(例如來自語言說話者的直覺)可能與其真正的詞源派生不同,被稱為[[#表層分析|表層分析]]。 ; {{anchor|音節省略|syncope|syncopic|syncopation|syncopated}}[[音節省略]] : 刪除或省略詞內的聲音(不在開頭或結尾),最常見的是單個[[#元音|元音]],但有時是一個[[#子音|子音]]或一系列元音或子音。詞開頭的刪除稱為[[#詞首省略|詞首省略]],詞末的稱為[[#詞尾省略|詞尾省略]]。 ; {{anchor|同型同位|syncretism|syncretic}}[[同型同位]] : 一個詞的兩個或更多[[#屈折|屈折]]形式相同的情況。例如,{{m+|en|walked}} 既是 {{m|en|walk}} 的簡單過去時又是過去分詞,而 {{m+|grc|ἄλλο}} 是 {{m|grc|ἄλλος}} 的中性主格、賓格和呼格單數。 ; {{anchor|提喻|synecdoche|synecdochic|synecdochical|synecdochically}}[[提喻]] : 一種修辭手法,使用一物的一部分的名稱來代表整體,或使用整體來代表一部分。比較[[#轉喻|轉喻]],它在[[#指稱|指稱]]中有很大重疊。 ; {{anchor|同義詞|synonym}}[[同義詞]] : 一個詞或短語,其含義與另一個詞或短語相同或非常相似。與[[#反義詞|反義詞]]形成對比。 ==T== ; {{anchor|تَصْحِيف|音變|tashif}}{{m|ar|صحف|تَصْحِيف}} : 當抄寫者在(阿拉伯語)文字的骨架([[rasm]])上設置了錯誤的點([[i'jam|ʾiʿjām]])。 ; {{anchor|格限定複合詞|tatpurusa}}[[格限定複合詞]] : [[#限定性複合詞|限定性複合詞]]的另一個術語。與[[#所有複合詞|所有複合詞]]、[[#同格限定複合詞|同格限定複合詞]]和[[#並列複合詞|並列複合詞]]形成對比。 ; {{anchor|重複冗言|tautology}}[[重複冗言]] : 詞語的冗餘使用,一個[[多餘詞]],不必要和乏味的重複。 ; {{anchor|技術性|technical}}[[技術性]] : (1) 特別與特定學科或職業相關,要麼 (a) 專屬於此或 (b) 在該領域使用時具有較嚴格的意義;(2) 與技術相關。 ; {{anchor|終結性|有終點的|telic|telic verb}}[[終結性]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|lang=en|Telicity}}}} : 一個動詞的[[#體|體]],表示有明確終點的動作或傾向達到的目標,或者說是[[w:量化(語言學)|量化]]的動作(對該動作的表達不能同時描述該動作和該動作的較小部分);與[[#非終結性|非終結性]]形成對比。一種終結性區別可以在英語中看到,當在(簡單過去)動詞短語中指定持續時間時:終結性動詞短語採用 {{m|en|in}}(''I built a house <u>in</u> an hour.''(我在一小時內建造了一所房子。)''Did you just lose two keys <u>in</u> one day?''(你真的在一天內丟了兩把鑰匙嗎?)) ; {{anchor|時態|tense}}[[時態]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|時態}}}} : [[#動詞|動詞]]的形式之一,用於區分動作或存在狀態發生或存在的時間。許多語言中的基本時態是[[#現在時|現在時]]、[[#過去時|過去時]]、[[#未來時|未來時]]。 ; {{anchor|主題化|thematicization}}[[主題化]] : 在詞的[[詞根]]或[[詞幹]]上插入[[主題元音]],使其能夠進行多產的元音屈折變化。 ; {{anchor|第三人稱|三人稱|third person|third-person|3rd person}}[[第三人稱]]、[[3rd person]] : 一種[[#人稱|語法人稱]],表示某人或群體既非說話者自己或其所屬的群體,也非正在與說話者交談的人或群體。例子包括漢語代詞{{m|zh|[[他]]、[[她]]、[[牠]]/[[它]]、[[祂]]}},英語代詞 {{m|en|he}}、{{m|en|she}}、{{m|en|it}}、{{m|en|this||這個}}、{{m|en|that||那個}} 等。所有[[#名詞|名詞]]通常被視為第三人稱。在某些語言中(如德語、意大利語、西班牙語、葡萄牙語和匈牙利語),正式的「你」或「你們」(您)也用第三人稱變位。 ; {{anchor|切分|tmesis|diacope}}[[切分]] : 在[[#複合詞|複合詞]]的成分之間插入一個或多個詞。它可能產生[[#詞首添加|詞首添加]];例如,在 ''[[another]]''(另一個)中插入 ''[[whole]]''(整個)產生 ''[[a whole nother]]''(完全是另一回事)(切分),其中 ''[[nother#Adjective_2|nother]]''(另一個)是[[#首音添加|首音添加]]的。 ; {{anchor|聲調|tone}}[[聲調]] : 在語言中給定的音節音調,改變音調會改變詞的基本含義。例如,在漢語普通話中,讀作 /ma/(像英語 {{m|en|ma}})的詞,當用高、平調發音時意為「媽媽」,但當用升調發音時意為「麻煩」,當用降調發音時意為「罵」。 ; {{anchor|話題狀態|topic state}}[[話題狀態]] : 在盧干達語中,[[#名詞|名詞]]的形式,其中有一個[[#首元音|首元音]]。與[[#基本狀態|基本狀態]]形成對比。 ; {{anchor|地名|toponym}}[[地名]] : 一個地名,或源自地名的詞。 ; {{anchor|話題化形式|topicalized}}[[話題化形式]] : 在一些語言中,如沖繩語,一個詞的話題化形式是該詞與話題標記的縮約形式。 ; {{anchor|譯|tr.|tran.|transl.}}tr.、tran.、transl. : 譯者或譯,常用於引文。 ; {{anchor|轉義|transferability|transferred sense|transferred senses}}[[轉義]]、transf. : 一個詞或[[#短語|短語]]的(通常更寬泛的)含義,從其原始含義的[[#隱喻|隱喻]]應用發展而來(例如,''hunger''(飢餓)有「缺乏食物」、「渴望食慾」的主要和原始含義,從中發展了「任何強烈的慾望或渴求」的轉義)。 ; {{anchor|附加|transgressive}}[[附加]] : 一些波羅的海-斯拉夫語言中的動詞形式,表達同時進行或後續的動作。 ; {{anchor|及物動詞|及物|transitive verb|transitive}}[[及物動詞]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|及物性}}}} : 一個需要一個或多個[[#賓語|賓語]]的動詞(例如 ''I '''kick''' the ball''(我踢球));與[[#不及物動詞|不及物動詞]]形成對比。 ; {{anchor|翻譯樞紐|translation hub}}[[翻譯樞紐]] : 一個非慣用(各部分之和)的英語多詞條目,純粹為了託管翻譯並使從一個非英語條目到另一個非英語條目的導航成為可能而存在。例如:[[two days after tomorrow]](後天之後兩天)。參見 [[:Category:翻譯中心]] 獲取更多-{zh-hans:信息; zh-hant:資訊}-。 ; {{anchor|音譯|transliteration}}[[音譯]] : 將一種[[#文字|文字]]中的文本轉換為另一種[[#文字|文字]]中的等效文本,或這樣轉換的實例(例如,''Ševčenko'' 和 ''Shevchenko'' 是烏克蘭語 {{m|uk||Шевченко|tr=-}} 從西里爾文字到拉丁文字的音譯,根據兩種不同的系統)。音譯是逐字母進行的(與轉錄相對,後者是基於聲音轉換的)。這可以擴展到在同一文字中將[[#變音符號|變音符號]]轉換為不帶變音符號的替代形式(例如 {{m|de||Mörder}} → ''Moerder'')。 ; {{anchor|超數|transnumeral|transnumeral number}}[[超數]] : 一種[[#數|語法數]],對於是指[[#單數|單數]]還是[[#複數|複數]]含糊不清。存在於漢藏語系語言如[[漢語]]和[[日語]],以及一些南島語系語言如[[印尼語]]和[[馬來語]]。當一種語言也有複數(或其他)數時,它們通常只為了清晰或強調而使用。 ; {{anchor|動態詞|troponym}}[[動態詞]] : 一個通過替換更一般意義的動詞來更精確地表示做某事方式的動詞,例如「to boil」(煮沸)替代「to cook」(煮)。 ==U== ; {{anchor|英國|UK}}UK : 英國英語,即[[聯合王國]]的英語。 ; {{anchor|元音變音|umlaut}}[[元音變音]] : 一種[[#語音變化|語音變化]],其中一個[[#元音|元音]]被修改以更緊密地符合下一個[[#音節|音節]]中的元音。比較[[#元音交替|元音交替]]。 ; {{anchor|非適應借詞|Unadapted borrowing}}[[非適應借詞]] : 一個沒有符合目標語言的形態句法、音韻和/或音位結構規則的[[#借詞|借詞]]。例如,英語 {{cog|en|cubiculum}} 是從拉丁語 {{cog|la|cubiculum}} 借來的非適應借詞,而英語 {{cog|en|cubicle}} 是從同一拉丁語詞借來的標準借詞。非適應借詞通常是學術借詞;參見[[#學術借詞|學術借詞]]。與[[#適應借詞|適應借詞]]形成對比。 ; {{anchor|不常見|uncommon}}[[不常見]] : 一個有證據但在口語或書面語中不常用的詞或詞義,但比[[#罕用|罕用]]詞更常見。與罕用詞相比,不常見的詞在刻意搜索時可能容易找到,但在自然遇到時非常不太可能。不常見的[[#俚語|俚語]]或[[行話]]甚至可能不被相關子社群的成員或相關領域的專家使用。 ; {{anchor|不可比較|uncomparable}}不可比較 : 參見[[#不可比較|不可比較]]。 ; {{anchor|不可數|物質名詞|Uncountable|uncountable|mass_noun}}[[不可數]]、[[不可數名詞]]、[[物質名詞]] : 一個不能與數字或[[不定冠詞]]自由使用的名詞,因此通常沒有[[複數]]形式。例如,英語名詞 {{m|en|information}}(-{zh-hans:信息; zh-hant:資訊}-)是一個物質名詞,至少在其主要意義上在大多數英語變體中是不可數的。對於這些意義,我們不能說我們有 *''one information''(一條-{zh-hans:信息; zh-hant:資訊}-),也不能說我們有 *''many information''(許多-{zh-hans:信息; zh-hant:資訊}-)(或 *''many informations''(許多-{zh-hans:信息; zh-hant:資訊}-))。許多物質名詞意義通常有相應的複數[[#可數|可數]]意義,表示物質意義的「類型」、物質意義的「實例」或物質意義的「部分(份量)」。例如,{{m|en|butter}}(黃油)的主要意義是不可數意義,所以複數形式 ''butters''(黃油)很少使用,儘管它偶爾用來表示「黃油類型」(''many [[herb butter]]s contain garlic''(許多香草黃油含有大蒜))或「[一包]黃油」。也比較其他對容器和它包含的部分/份量的隱含引用(''get me a water''(給我一杯水),''order two sodas''(點兩杯蘇打水),''have a few beers''(喝幾杯啤酒))。許多語言不區分可數和不可數名詞。[[#反義詞|反義詞]]:''[[#可數|可數]]'',或 ''count noun''。 ; {{anchor|不變化|undeclinable}}不變化 : 參見[[#不變化|不變化]]。 ; {{anchor|一體化|univerbation|Univerbation}}[[一體化]] : 由幾個詞的固定表達形成的單個詞。例如,單詞 ''albeit''(雖然)來自中古英語表達 ''al be it''(雖然如此),其中 ''al'' 意思是 ''although''(雖然)。 ; {{anchor|用法說明|usage notes|usage note}}[[用法說明]] : 關於該詞在書面或口語中當前和歷史[[用法|用法]]的附加-{zh-hans:信息; zh-hant:資訊}-。 ==V== ; {{anchor|動詞|v}}''v'' : 參見[[#動詞|動詞]]。 ; {{anchor|異文|varia lectio|variae lectiones|variant reading|variant}}[[異文]]、[[異讀]]、[[變體]] : 在從複本到複本、從版本到版本、從手稿到手稿或從翻譯到翻譯,文本中給定詞或段落的讀法之一,與其他讀法不同。 ; {{anchor|變體|方言|語言變體|variety|language variety|linguistic variety}}[[變體]] : 可能特定於一個地區、子人口或其他界定的語言形式;在維基詞典對這個術語的使用中,與[[#方言|方言]]和[[方言|方言]]同義。 ; {{anchor|軟顎音|velar}}[[軟顎音]] : 一個通過舌頭接觸[[軟顎]](也稱為[[腭帆]])而發出的[[#子音|子音]]。在英語中,這些包括 {{IPAchar|/k/}}、{{IPAchar|/ɡ/}}、{{IPAchar|/ŋ/}},分別如 ''sack''、''sag'' 和 ''sang'' 中的最後一個輔音。 ; {{anchor|動詞|verbs|verb}}[[動詞]] : 表示動作、發生或存在狀態的詞。動詞的[[#屈折|屈折]]通常稱為[[#變位|變位]]。 ,表示人的動作行為或事物變化的詞。 ; {{anchor|動名詞|verbal noun}}[[動名詞]] : 一個從[[動詞]]形成的[[名詞]]。 ; {{anchor|倒裝語|verlan}}[[倒裝語]] : 一種在法語中使用的[[#倒說|倒說]]類型,其中詞的音節或聲音順序改變,通常是最後音節先出現。例子有 {{m|fr|barjot}},來自 {{m|fr|jobard}}(「瘋狂的」)和 {{m|fr|meuf}},來自 {{m|fr|femme}}(「女人」)。有時這種轉換被遞歸應用,例如 {{m|fr|beur}},是 {{m|fr|rebeu}} 的倒裝形式,而後者本身是 {{m|fr|arabe}} 的剪裁倒裝形式。 ; {{anchor|男性|virile}}[[男性]] : 在斯拉夫語言中,用於包括男性和陽性人稱名詞的群體的複數[[#性別|性別]]。 ; {{anchor|呼格|vocative|vocative case}}[[呼格]] : 一種[[#格|格]],表示有人或物被直接稱呼(被說話),通常通過名字。例如,在英語短語 ''He's dead, Jim'' 中,名字 {{m|en|Jim}} 將是呼格。 ; {{anchor|語態|voice}}[[語態]] {{nobold|{{wikipedia|語態}}}} : 一種動詞特徵(在某些語言中通過屈折表示),表示其與主語的關係。通常的語態是:[[#主動語態|主動語態]]、[[#被動語態|被動語態]]和[[#中間語態|中間語態]]。 ; {{anchor|濁音|voiced}}[[濁音]] : 一種通過[[聲帶]]振動產生的聲音;一種[[#發聲|發聲]]類型。 ; {{anchor|清音|voiceless}}[[清音]] : 一種沒有[[聲帶]]振動產生的聲音;一種[[#發聲|發聲]]類型。 ; {{anchor|發聲|voicing}}[[發聲]] : 聲音的一種特徵,表示它們是否通過[[聲帶]]振動產生。在英語中,所有[[#元音|元音]]都是濁音,所有[[#近似音|近似音]]輔音也是,但[[#塞音|塞音]]和[[#擦音|擦音]]輔音可以是濁音或清音。英語中濁音的例子有 {{IPAchar|/v/}}、{{IPAchar|/z/}}、{{IPAchar|/b/}}、{{IPAchar|/d/}},相應的清音是 {{IPAchar|/f/}}、{{IPAchar|/s/}}、{{IPAchar|/p/}}、{{IPAchar|/t/}}。耳語是一種所有聲音都發音為清音的語音產生類型。 ; {{anchor|元音|vowel}}[[元音]] : 一種聲音,由聲帶產生,口腔相對較少限制,形成[[#音節|音節]]的突出聲音。 ; {{anchor|元音和諧|vowel harmony}}[[元音和諧]] : 一種在某些語言中的音韻限制,限制彼此相鄰或在一個詞內的[[#元音|元音]],使元音必須屬於特定分類中的同一類,如前/後元音或圓/不圓元音。 ; {{anchor|粗俗|vulgar}}[[粗俗]] : 被認為是不雅、淫穢、褻瀆或不適合在禮貌或正式場合中使用的語言。 : 另見:[[#冒犯|冒犯]]、[[#貶義|貶義]]、[[褻瀆]]。 ==W== ; {{anchor|流浪詞|wanderwort|wanderword}}[[流浪詞]]或[[漂移詞]] : 一個在其語言起源之外傳播到相當大區域或許多地區的詞形,通常由於旅行和貿易導致的文化交流。流浪詞是一種[[#借詞|借詞]],但流浪詞可能是也可能不是[[#區域|區域]]詞。另見[[#文化詞|文化詞]]。與[[#層|層]]形成對比。 ; {{anchor|弱變格|weak declension}}[[弱變格]] : 幾種[[日耳曼語言]]中的形容詞和名詞的變格,原本在大多數形式中有(在某些語言中仍有)一個 ''-n-''。弱形容詞變格與[[#定|定]][[#冠詞|冠詞]]一起使用。弱名詞變格只是幾種可能的名詞變格之一,被如此命名是因為它使用與弱形容詞相同的詞尾。有關弱變格的更多-{zh-hans:信息; zh-hant:資訊}-,請參見 {{w|弱變格}} 的維基百科文章。 ; {{anchor|弱代詞|weak_pronoun}}[[弱代詞]] : 一個一音節的代詞,依賴於另一個詞,不能獨立使用;有時稱為[[#附著語素|附著語素]]。與[[#強調|強調]]或[[#強動詞|強]]形成比較。 ; {{anchor|弱動詞|weak verb}}[[弱動詞]] : 在[[日耳曼語言]]中,一個使用包含齒音輔音(''d''、''t''、''ð'' 或類似)的後綴形成過去時的動詞。這類動詞在大多數日耳曼語言中被視為「規則」的,但也有不規則的弱動詞,如英語 {{m|en|think}}、{{m|en|thought}} 和 {{m|en|have}}、{{m|en|had}}。與[[#強動詞|強動詞]]、[[#過去現在時動詞|過去現在時動詞]]形成對比。 ; {{anchor|女性語|women's speech}}[[女性語]] : 在某些語言中(例如,{{w|卡拉亞語}}),男性和女性使用或曾經使用不同的詞和屈折形式。 ==X== ==Y== ==Z== ; {{anchor|零級|zero-grade|zero grade}}[[零級]] : 在[[原始印歐語]]語言學中,一個詞根的[[元音交替]]形式,特徵是缺少基本交替[[#元音|元音]][[#音素|音素]] */e/ 和 */o/。例如,{{m|ine-pro||*bʰr̥-}} 是印歐語詞根 {{m|ine-pro|*bʰer-}}(意為「攜帶,承擔」)的[[零級]]。 mf7k46cn92kmrsk0bgsz57jd1jlrzfv lawrenciums 0 1577289 9845886 8848565 2026-07-28T18:54:08Z TongcyDai 53191 9845886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Lawrenciums}} ==法語== ===名詞=== {{head|fr|名詞變格形|g=?}} # {{plural of|fr|lawrencium}} ==瑞典語== ===名詞=== {{head|sv|名詞變格形}} # {{noun form of|sv|lawrencium||indef|gen|s}} lqza97vhq29fwqfnr3zrc80ldw9syl1 κινδύνου 0 1898252 9846006 7247759 2026-07-29T04:00:23Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 古希臘語 */ 9846006 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|κῐνδῡ́νου}} ===名詞=== {{grc-noun form|κῐνδῡ́νου}} # {{inflection of|grc|κῐ́νδῡνος||gen|s}} ==希臘語== ===名詞=== {{head|el|名詞f|g=m}} # {{infl of|el|κίνδυνος||gen|s}} mwtmjtr42dij4i8l9eqku6t802nnqsd κινδύνων 0 1898255 9846007 7247762 2026-07-29T04:00:34Z Sayonzei 40728 9846007 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|κῐνδύ¯νων}} ===名詞=== {{grc-noun form|κινδῡ́νων}} # {{inflection of|grc|κίνδῡνος||gen|p}} ==希臘語== ===名詞=== {{head|el|名詞f|g=m}} # {{infl of|el|κίνδυνος||gen|p}} n4eab7bbp7m4dap4i5nwu9da8gmphve klavír 0 1989623 9845813 9845799 2026-07-28T16:01:21Z TongcyDai 53191 9845813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|klavir}} ==捷克語== {{wp|cs:}} ===詞源=== {{ety|cs|:bor|de:Klavier|text=+|tree=1}} ===發音=== * {{cs-IPA}} * {{audio|cs|LL-Q9056 (ces)-Ghost4Man-klavír.wav}} * {{hyphenation|cs|kla|vír}} ===名詞=== {{cs-noun|m-in}} # [[鋼琴]] #: {{syn|cs|piano}} ====變格==== {{cs-ndecl|m}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|cs|klavírní|klavírista}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:cs:PSJC}} * {{R:cs:SSJC}} {{C|cs|樂器}} ==斯洛伐克語== ===詞源=== {{der+|sk|de|Klavier||鋼琴}},源自{{der|sk|la|clavis||鑰匙}}。 ===名詞=== {{sk-noun|m-in|adj=klavírny,klavírový|dim=klavírik,klavírček|aug=klavírisko}} # {{lb|sk|樂器}} [[鋼琴]] ====變格==== {{sk-ndecl|m-in}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|sk|klavirista|g=m}} * {{l|sk|klaviristka|g=f}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|sk|klaviatúra|g=f}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:sk:SDK}} l82m2045s72u1mpbm0r30lf4k0pi796 lutesium 0 1990078 9845934 7659275 2026-07-28T20:02:46Z TongcyDai 53191 9845934 wikitext text/x-wiki ==南非語== {{wp|af:}} {{chemical element box|af}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|af|lutetium||非標準}} ===名詞=== {{af-noun|-}} # [[鎦]],[[鑥]] {{C|af|鑭系元素}} ==阿塞拜疆語== {{wp|az:}} {{chemical element box|az}} ===名詞=== {{az-head-noun|u|m}} # [[鎦]],[[鑥]] ====變格==== {{az-decl-noun|u|m}} a6i19skcamet4qjilaabra0n1cx5rfn Module:Ms-pron 828 2150267 9845857 8798637 2026-07-28T17:19:41Z TongcyDai 53191 9845857 Scribunto text/plain -- Based on [[Module:es-pronunc]] by Benwing2 and [[Module:id-pron]] by Rex Aurorum. -- Original module by TagaSanPedroAko. -- Partly rewritten by TagaSanPedroAko, merging code from [[Module:es-pronunc]] -- back into this module; {{tl-pr}} restructured to take inline modifiers, -- like {{es-pr}}. -- Modified for {{ms-pr}}. local export = {} local m_acc_qual = require("Module:accent qualifier") local m_audio = require("Module:audio") local m_hmps = require("Module:homophones") local m_hyph = require("Module:hyphenation") local m_IPA = require("Module:IPA") local m_JSON = require("Module:JSON") local m_labels = require("Module:labels") local m_pron_utils = require("Module:pron utilities") local m_str_utils = require("Module:string utilities") local m_table = require("Module:table") local m_params = require("Module:parameters") local m_parse_utils = require("Module:parse utilities") local m_refs = require("Module:references") local m_rhymes = require("Module:rhymes") local m_set_utils = require("Module:set utilities") local m_utils = require("Module:utilities") local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("ms") local u = m_str_utils.char local rfind = m_str_utils.find local rsubn = m_str_utils.gsub local rsplit = m_str_utils.split local ulen = m_str_utils.len local ulower = m_str_utils.lower local unpack = unpack or table.unpack -- Lua 5.2 compatibility local unfd = mw.ustring.toNFD local unfc = mw.ustring.toNFC local AC = u(0x0301) -- acute = ́ local CFLEX = u(0x0302) -- circumflex = ̂ local GR = u(0x0300) -- grave = ̀ local TILDE = u(0x0303) -- tilde = ̃ local MAC = u(0x0304) -- macron = ̄ local BR = u(0x0306) -- breve = ˘ local DIA = u(0x0308) -- diaeresis = ̈ local BCFLEX = u(0x032D) -- circumflex below = ̭ local vowel = "aeéèëẽiɪoòuʊəɛâêîôûḙɛɔ" -- vowel local V = "[" .. vowel .. "]" local W = "[jw]" -- glide local NV = "[^" .. vowel .. "]" local accent = AC .. MAC .. BR .. GR local accent_c = "[" .. accent .. "]" local stress_c = "[" .. MAC .. BR .. "]" local ipa_stress = "ˈˌ" local ipa_stress_c = "[" .. ipa_stress .. "]" local separator = "# ." local separator_c = "[" .. separator .. "]" local C = "[^" .. vowel .. separator .. ipa_stress .. "]" local unstressed_words = m_table.listToSet({ --feel free to add more unstressed words "di", "ké", -- prepositions "dan", -- conjunctions "dia", "-ku", "-mu", "-nya", "-nye", -- pronouns. "dia" should be respelled to "di.a" for Bahasa Baku pronunciation. "nye" is for Johor pronunciation. }) -- version of rsubn() that discards all but the first return value local function rsub(term, foo, bar) local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar) return retval end -- version of rsubn() that returns a 2nd argument boolean indicating whether -- a substitution was made. local function rsubb(term, foo, bar) local retval, nsubs = rsubn(term, foo, bar) return retval, nsubs > 0 end -- apply rsub() repeatedly until no change local function rsub_repeatedly(term, foo, bar) while true do local new_term = rsub(term, foo, bar) if new_term == term then return term end term = new_term end end -- Combine two sets of qualifiers, either of which may be nil or a list of -- qualifiers. Remove duplicate qualifiers. Return value is nil or a list of -- qualifiers. local function combine_qualifiers(qual1, qual2) if not qual1 then return qual2 end if not qual2 then return qual1 end local qualifiers = m_table.deepCopy(qual1) for _, qual in ipairs(qual2) do m_table.insertIfNot(qualifiers, qual) end return qualifiers end local function decompose(text) text = unfd(text) text = rsub(text, "." .. "[" .. AC .. CFLEX .. DIA .. GR .. TILDE .. BCFLEX .. "]", { ["k" .. AC] = "ḱ", ["e" .. AC] = "é", -- /e/ ["e" .. GR] = "è", -- /ɛ/ ["o" .. GR] = "ò", -- /ɔ/ ["e" .. DIA] = "ë", -- deprecated ["a" .. CFLEX] = "â", -- /a(r)/ ["e" .. CFLEX] = "ê", -- /ə(r)/ ["i" .. CFLEX] = "î", -- /i(r)/ ["o" .. CFLEX] = "ô", -- /o(r)/ ["u" .. CFLEX] = "û", -- /u(r)/ ["e" .. BCFLEX] = "ḙ", -- /e(r)/ }) return text end local function remove_accents(str) str = decompose(str) str = rsub(str, "(.)" .. accent_c, "%1") return str end local function split_on_comma(term) if term:find(",%s") then return m_parse_utils.split_on_comma(term) else return rsplit(term, ",") end end local function parse_gloss(arg) local poses, gloss if arg:find("%^") then poses, gloss = arg:match("^(.-)%^(.*)$") if gloss == "" then gloss = nil end else gloss = arg end if poses then poses = split_on_comma(poses) local m_headword_data = mw.loadData(headword_data_module) for i, pos in ipairs(poses) do poses[i] = m_headword_data.pos_aliases[pos] or pos end end return { poses = poses, gloss = gloss, } end -- Parse a raw accent spec, which is one or more comma-separated accent -- qualifiers. local function parse_accents(arg) return m_labels.split_labels_on_comma(arg) end -- Return the number of syllables of a phonemic or phonetic representation, -- which should have syllable dividers in it but no hyphens. local function get_num_syl_from_ipa(pron) -- Maybe we should just count vowels instead of the below code. pron = rsub(pron, "|", " ") -- remove IPA foot boundaries local words = rsplit(pron, " +") for i, word in ipairs(words) do -- IPA stress marks are syllable divisions if between characters; -- otherwise just remove. word = rsub(word, "(.)[ˌˈ](.)", "%1.%2") word = rsub(word, "[ˌˈ]", "") words[i] = word end -- There should be a syllable boundary between words. pron = table.concat(words, ".") return ulen(rsub(pron, "[^.]", "")) + 1 end -- Get the rhyme by truncating everything up through the last stress mark + any -- following consonants, and remove syllable boundary markers. local function convert_phonemic_to_rhyme(phonemic) -- NOTE: This works because the phonemic vowels are just [aeiou] possibly -- with diacritics that are separate Unicode chars. phonemic = rsplit(phonemic, " ") phonemic = phonemic[#phonemic] phonemic = rsub(rsub(phonemic, ".*[ˌˈ]", ""), "^" .. NV .. "*", ""):gsub("%.", "") phonemic = rsub_repeatedly(phonemic, "^[iu](" .. V .. ")", "%1" ) return phonemic end local function split_syllabified_spelling(spelling) spelling = "#" .. spelling .. "#" spelling = rsub_repeatedly(spelling, "%.([ #])", "·%1") spelling = rsub_repeatedly(spelling, "#", "") spelling = rsplit(spelling, "%.") for key, value in ipairs(spelling) do spelling[key] = rsub_repeatedly(value, "·", ".") end return spelling end -- "Align" syllabified respelling `syllab` to original spelling `spelling` by -- matching character-by-character, allowing for extra syllable and accent -- markers in the syllabification and certain mismatches in the consonants. -- The goal is to produce the appropriately syllabified version of the original -- spelling (the pagename) by matching characters in the syllabified respelling -- to the original spelling, putting the syllable boundaries in the appropriate -- places in the original spelling. -- -- If we encounter an extra syllable marker (.), we allow and keep it. If we -- encounter an extra accent marker in the syllabification, we drop it. We allow -- for mismatches in capitalization and for certain other mismatches, e.g. extra -- glottal stops (written q), respelling of unadapted loanwords, etc. If we -- can't match, we return nil indicating the alignment failed. local function align_syllabification_to_spelling(syllab, spelling) local result = {} local function concat_result() -- Postprocess to remove dots (syllable boundaries) next to hyphens. return (unfc(table.concat(result)):gsub("%.%-", "-"):gsub("%-%.", "-")) end -- Replace glottal stop (q) from respelling with k, as found for original -- spelling. (FIXME: Diacritics should be removed , but they're currently -- removed earlier, in syllabify_from_spelling(). We should probably get -- rid of the removal there and put it here.) syllab = decompose(syllab:gsub("ː", "")):gsub("7", "q") local syll_chars = rsplit(ulower(syllab), "") local spelling_chars = rsplit(spelling, "") local i = 1 local j = 1 local function matches(uci, ucj) -- Return true if a syllabified respelling character (uci) matches the -- corresponding spelling char (ucj). -- Both uci and ucj should be lowercase. -- Sound is at the key, values are the letters sound can match local matching_chars = { ["e"] = {"e", "a"}, ["k"] = {"k", "q"}, ["s"] = {"j", "c", "x"} } return uci == ucj or ( matching_chars[uci] and m_table.contains(matching_chars[uci], ucj ) and true) or false end local function silent_spelling_letter(ucj) return ucj == "h" or ucj == "'" or ucj == "-" end local function syll_at(pos) return syll_chars[pos] or "" end local function spell_at(pos) return spelling_chars[pos] or "" end local function uspell_at(pos) local c = spelling_chars[pos] return c and ulower(c) or "" end while i <= #syll_chars or j <= #spelling_chars do local uci = syll_at(i) local cj = spell_at(j) local ucj = uspell_at(j) if uci == "g" and syll_at(i - 1) == "n" and syll_at(i + 1) == "." and matches(syll_at(i + 2), ucj) and not matches(syll_at(i + 2), uspell_at(j + 1)) then -- As a special case, before checking whether the corresponding -- characters match, we have to skip an extra g in an -ng- sequence -- in the syllabified respelling if the corresponding spelling -- character matches the next respelling character (taking into -- account the syllable boundary). i = i + 1 elseif uci == "g" and ucj == "g" and uspell_at(j + 1) == TILDE then table.insert(result, cj) table.insert(result, uspell_at(j + 1)) i = i + 1 j = j + 2 elseif matches(uci, ucj) then table.insert(result, cj) i = i + 1 j = j + 1 elseif ucj == uspell_at(j - 1) and uci == "." and ucj ~= syll_at(i + 1) then -- See below. We want to allow for a doubled letter in spelling that -- is pronounced single, and preserve the doubled letter. But it's -- tricky in the presence of syllable boundaries on both sides of -- the doubled letter as well as doubled letters pronounced double. -- Specifically, there are three possibilities, exemplified by: -- (1) syll='Ma.ka.ssar', spelling='Makassar' -> 'Ma.ka.ssar'; -- (2) syll='Ta.llo', spelling='Tallo' -> 'Ta.llo'. table.insert(result, cj) j = j + 1 elseif silent_spelling_letter(ucj) and uci == "." and ucj ~= syll_at(i + 1) and not rfind(uspell_at(j + 1), V) then -- See below for apostrophe in spelling. This condition is parallel -- to the one directly above for silent doubled letters in spelling -- and handles the case of syllab='Abdurrahmān', -- spelling='Abdurahman', which should be syllabified -- 'Ab.du.rrah.man'. But we need a check to see that the next -- spelling character isn't a vowel, because in that case we want -- the silent letter to go after the period, e.g. -- syllab='Jumu.ah', spelling='Jumu'ah' -> 'Ju.mu.ah'. table.insert(result, cj) j = j + 1 elseif uci == "." then table.insert(result, uci) i = i + 1 elseif ucj == uspell_at(j - 1) then -- A doubled letter in spelling that is pronounced single. Examples: -- * syllab='mas.sa', spelling='massa' -> 'masa' (with s) -- * syllab='Ma.kas.sar', spelling='Makassar' -> 'Ma.ka.ssar' (with s) -- * syllab='Ka.a.ba', spelling='Kaaba' -> 'Kaa.ba' (with a) -- * syllab='Tal.lo', spelling='Tallo' -> 'Tal.lo' (with l) table.insert(result, cj) j = j + 1 elseif silent_spelling_letter(ucj) then -- A silent h, apostrophe or hyphen in spelling. Examples: -- * syllab='Ramadān', spelling='Ramadhan' -> 'Ra.ma.dhan' table.insert(result, cj) j = j + 1 elseif uci == AC or uci == GR or uci == MAC or uci == BR or uci == "y" or uci == "w" then -- skip character i = i + 1 else -- non-matching character mw.log(("Syllabification alignment mismatch for pagename '%s' (position %s, character %s), syllabified respelling '%s' (position %s, character %s), aligned result so far '%s'" ):format(spelling, j, ucj, syllab, i, uci, concat_result())) return nil end end if i <= #syll_chars or j <= #spelling_chars then -- left-over characters on one side or the other mw.log(("Syllabification alignment mismatch for pagename '%s' (%s), syllabified respelling '%s' (%s), aligned result so far '%s'" ):format( spelling, j > #spelling_chars and "end of string" or ("position %s, character %s"):format(j, uspell_at(j)), syllab, i > #syll_chars and "end of string" or ("position %s, character %s"):format(i, syll_at(i)), concat_result() )) return nil end return concat_result() end local function generate_syll_obj(term) return {syllabification = term, hyph = split_syllabified_spelling(term)} end -- Word should already be decomposed. local function word_has_vowels(word) word = ulower(word) return rfind(word, V) or word:find("y") end local function any_words_have_vowels(term) local words = rsplit(decompose(term), "[ %-]") for i, word in ipairs(words) do -- Allow empty word; this occurs with prefixes and suffixes. if word_has_vowels(word) then return true end end return false end local function should_generate_rhyme_from_respelling(term) local words = rsplit(decompose(term), " +") local last_word = words[#words] local should_generate_cat = #words == 1 local should_generate_rhyme = not last_word:find("%-$") and -- no if word is a prefix not (last_word:find("^%-") and last_word:find(MAC)) and -- no if word is an unstressed suffix word_has_vowels(last_word) -- no if word has no vowels (e.g. a single letter) return should_generate_rhyme, should_generate_cat end local function should_generate_rhyme_from_ipa(ipa) local should_generate_cat = not ipa:find("%s") local should_generate_rhyme = word_has_vowels(decompose(ipa)) return should_generate_rhyme, should_generate_cat end local function should_generate_rhyme_from_termobj(termobj) if termobj.raw then return should_generate_rhyme_from_ipa(termobj.raw_phonemic or termobj.raw_phonetic) else return should_generate_rhyme_from_respelling(termobj.term) end end local function process_specified_rhymes(rhymes, sylls, parsed_respellings) local rhyme_ret = {} for _, rhyme in ipairs(rhymes) do local num_syl = rhyme.num_syl local no_num_syl = false -- If user explicitly gave the rhyme but didn't explicitly specify the -- number of syllables, try to take it from the syllabification. if not num_syl then num_syl = {} for _, syll in ipairs(sylls) do if should_generate_rhyme_from_respelling(syll.syllabification) then local this_num_syl = 1 + ulen( rsub( syll.syllabification, "[^.]", "" ) ) m_table.insertIfNot(num_syl, this_num_syl) else no_num_syl = true break end end if no_num_syl or #num_syl == 0 then num_syl = nil end end -- If that fails and term is single-word, try to take it from the -- phonemic. if not no_num_syl and not num_syl then for _, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do for _, pronun in ipairs(parsed.pronuns) do -- Check that pronun.phonemic exists (it may not if raw -- phonetic-only pronun is given), and rhyme isn't -- suppressed (which may happen if the term has a qualifier -- "colloquial", "obsolete" or the like or is an -- auto-generated "glottal stop elision" pronunciation). if pronun.phonemic and not pronun.no_rhyme then if not should_generate_rhyme_from_ipa(pronun.phonemic) then no_num_syl = true break end -- Count number of syllables by looking at syllable -- boundaries (including stress marks). local this_num_syl = get_num_syl_from_ipa(pronun.phonemic) m_table.insertIfNot(num_syl, this_num_syl) end end if no_num_syl then break end end if no_num_syl or #num_syl == 0 then num_syl = nil end end local rhymeobj = m_table.shallowCopy(rhyme) rhymeobj.num_syl = num_syl table.insert(rhyme_ret, rhymeobj) end end -- Parse a pronunciation modifier in `arg`, the argument portion in an inline -- modifier (after the prefix), which specifies a pronunciation property such as -- rhyme, syllabification, homophones or audio. The argument can itself have -- inline modifiers, e.g. <audio:Foo.ogg<a:Jakarta>>. The allowed inline -- modifiers are specified by `param_mods` (of the format expected by -- `parse_inline_modifiers()`); in addition to any modifiers specified there, -- the modifiers <q:...>, <qq:...>, <a:...> and <aa:...> are always accepted -- (and can be repeated). `generate_obj` and `parse_err` are like in -- `parse_inline_modifiers()` and specify respectively a function to generate -- the object into which modifier properties are stored given the non-modifier -- part of the argument, and a function to generate an error message (given the -- message). Normally, a comma-separated list of pronunciation properties is -- accepted and parsed, where each element in the list can have its own inline -- modifiers and where no spaces are allowed next to the commas in order for -- them to be recognized as separators. If `no_split_on_comma` is given, only a -- single pronunciation property is accepted. If `has_outer_container` is given, -- the list of pronunciation properties is embedded in the `terms` property of -- an outer container, into which other list-level modifiers can also be stored -- (by setting `overall = "true"` in the respective spec in `param_mods`). The -- return value is a list if neither `no_split_on_comma` nor -- `has_outer_container` are given, otherwise a container object (which, in the -- case of `has_outer_container`, will contain a list inside of it, in the -- `terms` property). local function parse_pron_modifier( arg, parse_err, generate_obj, param_mods, no_split_on_comma, has_outer_container ) if arg:find("<") then local insert = { store = "insert" } param_mods.q = insert param_mods.qq = insert param_mods.a = insert param_mods.aa = insert return m_parse_utils.parse_inline_modifiers(arg, { param_mods = param_mods, generate_obj = generate_obj, parse_err = parse_err, splitchar = not no_split_on_comma and "," or nil, outer_container = has_outer_container and {} or nil, }) elseif no_split_on_comma then return generate_obj(arg) else local retval = {} for _, term in ipairs(split_on_comma(arg)) do table.insert(retval, generate_obj(term)) end if has_outer_container then retval = { terms = retval, } end return retval end end local function parse_rhyme(arg, parse_err) local function generate_obj(term) return {rhyme = term} end local param_mods = { s = { item_dest = "num_syl", type = "number", sublist = true, }, } return parse_pron_modifier(arg, parse_err, generate_obj, param_mods) end local function parse_syll(arg, parse_err) local param_mods = { cap = { overall = true}, } -- We need to pass in has_outer_container because we have an overall -- property <cap:...> (the caption, defaulting to "Syllabification") -- applying to the whole set of syllabifications. return parse_pron_modifier( arg, parse_err, generate_syll_obj, param_mods, nil, "has outer container" ) end local function parse_homophone(arg, parse_err) local function generate_obj(term) return {term = term} end local param_mods = { t = { -- [[Module:links]] (called from [[Module:homophones]]) expects the -- gloss in "gloss". item_dest = "gloss", }, gloss = {}, pos = {}, alt = {}, lit = {}, id = {}, g = { -- [[Module:links]] (called from [[Module:homophones]]) expects the -- genders in "genders". item_dest = "genders", sublist = true, }, } return parse_pron_modifier(arg, parse_err, generate_obj, param_mods) end local function generate_audio_obj(arg) local file, gloss = arg:match("^(.-)%s*#%s*(.*)$") if not file then file = arg gloss = "Audio" end return {file = file, gloss = gloss} end local function parse_audio(arg, parse_err) -- None other than qualifiers local param_mods = {} -- Don't split on comma because some filenames have embedded commas not -- followed by a space (typically followed by an underscore). return parse_pron_modifier( arg, parse_err, generate_audio_obj, param_mods, "no split on comma" ) end local function syllabify_from_spelling(text, pagename) -- Auto syllabifications start -- local vowel = vowel .. "ẃý" -- vowel local V = "[" .. vowel .. "]" local NV = "[^" .. vowel .. "]" local C = "[^" .. vowel .. separator .."]" -- consonant text = decompose(text) local origtext = remove_accents(text) text = string.lower(text) text = rsub(text, "'", ".") text = rsub(text, "[.] ", "․ ") text = rsub(text, "[.]$", "․") -- put # at word beginning and end and double ## at text/foot boundary -- beginning/end text = rsub(text, " | ", "# | #") text = "##" .. rsub(text, " ", "# #") .. "##" text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([.]?)#([.]?)", "#") text = rsub(text, "bh", "β") text = rsub(text, "dh", "ð") -- text = rsub(text, "eu", "ɨ") text = rsub(text, "ng", "ŋ") text = rsub(text, "ny", "ɲ") text = rsub(text, "c", "ć") text = rsub(text, "j", "ĵ") text = rsub(text, "kh", "x") text = rsub(text, "sy", "ʃ") text = rsub(text, "ḱ", "k") text = rsub(text, "ɪ", "i") text = rsub(text, "ʔ([" .. separator .. "])", "q%1") text = rsub(text, "([" .. separator .. "])7", "%1") -- [[Qur'an]] -- Deprecated {{ms-IPA}} Johor-Riau character text = rsub(text,"â","ar") text = rsub(text,"ê","ər") text = rsub(text,"ḙ","er") text = rsub(text,"î","ir") text = rsub(text,"ô","or") text = rsub(text,"û","ur") --text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. ")(" .. accent_c .. "?)ẃ([bdfgkpt])([r" .. vowel .. separator .."])" ,"%1%2w%3%4") --text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. ")(" .. accent_c .. "?)ẃ([bfgkp])([l" .. vowel .. separator .."])" ,"%1%2w%3%4") --text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. ")(" .. accent_c .. "?)ý([bdfgkpt])([r" .. vowel .. separator .."])" ,"%1%2y%3%4") --text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. ")(" .. accent_c .. "?)ý([bfgkp])([l" .. vowel .. separator .."])" ,"%1%2y%3%4") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .. "*)(" .. C .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") -- "mb", "mp", "nd", "nk", "nt" combinations --text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(m)([bp])([^lrɟy" .. vowel .. separator .."])(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2.%3%4") --text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(n)([dk])([^lrɟy" .. vowel .. separator .. "])(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2.%3%4") --text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(n)([s])([^ɟy" .. vowel .. separator .. "])(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2.%3%4") --text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(n)([t])([^lrɟys" .. vowel .. separator .. "])(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2.%3%4") --text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(ŋ)([k])([^lrɟy" .. vowel .. separator .. "])(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2.%3%4") --text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([r])([bćdfgklmnpsʃvz])([^lrɟy" .. vowel .. separator .. "])(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2.%3%4") --text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([r])([t])([sz]?)([^lrɟysʃ" .. vowel .. separator .. "])(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2%3.%4%5") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .. "*)(" .. C .. W .. "?" .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .. "*" .. C .. ")(" .. C .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .. "*" .. C .. "+)(" .. C .. C .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. C .. ")%.s(" .. C .. ")", "%1s.%2") -- Any aeéèo, or stressed iu, should be syllabically divided from a -- following aeéèo or stressed iu. text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([aeéèo]" .. accent_c .. "*)([aeéèo])", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([aeéèo]" .. accent_c .. "*)(" .. V .. accent_c .. ")", "%1.%2") -- text = rsub(text, "([iu]" .. accent_c .. ")([aeéèo])", "%1.%2") -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([iu]" .. accent_c .. ")(" .. V .. accent_c .. ")", "%1.%2") -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "i(" .. accent_c .. "*)i", "i%1.i") -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "u(" .. accent_c .. "*)u", "u%1.u") -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "i([aeéèou])", "i.%1") -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "u([aeéèio])", "u.%1") -- correct final consonant placement before any glides -- (e.g. in [[rakyat]], [[dakwa]] [[jadwal]]) text = rsub(text,"([.])(".. C .. ")(".. W ..")(" .. V .. ")","%2%1%3%4") text = rsub(text, "β", "bh") text = rsub(text, "ć", "c") text = rsub(text, "ð", "dh") text = rsub(text, "ĵ", "j") text = rsub(text, "x", "kh") text = rsub(text, "ŋ", "ng") text = rsub(text, "ɲ", "ny") text = rsub(text, "ʃ", "sy") text = rsub(text, "q", "k") --text = rsub(text, "ɨ", "eu") text = rsub(text, "([éè])", "e") text = rsub(text, "ò", "o") text = remove_accents(text) text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([.]+)", ".") text = rsub(text, "[.]?-[.]?", "-") text = rsub(text, "[‿]([^ ])", "|%1") text = rsub(text, "[.]([^ ])", "|%1") text = rsub(text, "([|])+", "%1") -- remove # symbols at word and text boundaries text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([.]?)#([.]?)", "") text = rsub(text, "․", ".") -- Fix Capitalization -- local syllbreak = 0 for i=1, #text do if text:sub(i,i) == "|" and origtext:sub(i-syllbreak, i-syllbreak) ~= "." and origtext:sub(i-syllbreak, i-syllbreak) ~= "7" then syllbreak = syllbreak + 1 elseif origtext:sub(i-syllbreak, i-syllbreak) == text:sub(i,i):upper() then text = table.concat({text:sub(1, i-1), text:sub(i,i):upper(), text:sub(i+1)}) end end -- Fix hyphens -- -- FIXME!!! Why are we relying on looking at the pagename here? -- This should not be happening. origtext = pagename if (table.concat(rsplit(origtext, "-")) == table.concat(rsplit(table.concat(rsplit(text, "|")), "-"))) then syllbreak = 0 for i=1, #text do if text:sub(i,i) == "|" then if origtext:sub(i-syllbreak, i-syllbreak) == "-" then text = table.concat({text:sub(1, i-1), "-", text:sub(i+1)}) else syllbreak = syllbreak + 1 end end end end -- FIXME! Hack -- up above we changed periods to vertical bars. The rest of -- the code expects periods so change them back. We should clean up the code -- above to leave the periods alone. return (text:gsub("|", "%.")) end function export.syllabify_and_align(respelling, pagename) local syllabification = syllabify_from_spelling(respelling, pagename) return align_syllabification_to_spelling(syllabification, pagename) end local function css_wrap(text, classes) return ('<span class="%s">%s</span>'):format(classes, text) end local function format_glosses(glosses) if not glosses then return "" end local formatted_glosses = {} for _, glossobj in ipairs(glosses) do local gloss_parts = {} if glossobj.gloss then table.insert(gloss_parts, css_wrap( "“", "mention-gloss-double-quote" ) .. css_wrap(glossobj.gloss, "mention-gloss") .. css_wrap("”", "mention-gloss-double-quote")) end if glossobj.poses then for _, pos in ipairs(glossobj.poses) do table.insert(gloss_parts, css_wrap(pos, "ann-pos")) end end table.insert(formatted_glosses, table.concat( gloss_parts, css_wrap(",", "mention-gloss-comma") .. " " )) end return " " .. css_wrap("(", "mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren") .. table.concat(formatted_glosses, css_wrap(";", "mention-gloss-semicolon") .. " ") .. css_wrap(")", "mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren") end local function format_pronuns(pronuns) local pronunciations = {} -- Loop through each pronunciation. For each one, add the phonemic and -- phonetic versions to `pronunciations`, for formatting by [[Module:IPA]]. for j, pronun in ipairs(pronuns) do local qs = pronun.q local first_pronun = #pronunciations + 1 if not pronun.phonemic and not pronun.phonetic then error( "Internal error: Saw neither phonemic nor phonetic pronunciation" ) end if pronun.phonemic then -- missing if 'raw:[...]' given -- don't display syllable division markers in phonemic local slash_pron = "/" .. pronun.phonemic:gsub("%.", "") .. "/" table.insert(pronunciations, { pron = slash_pron, }) end if pronun.phonetic then -- missing if 'raw:/.../' given local bracket_pron = "[" .. pronun.phonetic .. "]" table.insert(pronunciations, { pron = bracket_pron, }) end local last_pronun = #pronunciations if pronun.q then pronunciations[first_pronun].q = pronun.q end if j > 1 then pronunciations[first_pronun].separator = ", " end if pronun.aa then pronunciations[last_pronun].aa = { pronun.aa } end if pronun.qq then pronunciations[last_pronun].qq = pronun.qq end if pronun.refs then pronunciations[last_pronun].refs = pronun.refs end if first_pronun ~= last_pronun then pronunciations[last_pronun].separator = " " end end return m_IPA.format_IPA_full { lang = lang, items = pronunciations, separator = "" } end local function format_pronun_line(parsed) local formatted_pronuns = format_pronuns(parsed.pronuns) local pre = is_first and parsed.pre and parsed.pre .. " " or "" local post = is_first and parsed.post and " " .. parsed.post or "" return pre .. formatted_pronuns .. format_glosses(parsed.t) .. post end local function parse_respelling(respelling, pagename, parse_err) local raw_respelling = respelling:match("^raw:(.*)$") if raw_respelling then local raw_phonemic, raw_phonetic = raw_respelling:match( "^/(.*)/ %[(.*)%]$" ) if not raw_phonemic then raw_phonemic = raw_respelling:match("^/(.*)/$") end if not raw_phonemic then raw_phonetic = raw_respelling:match("^%[(.*)%]$") end if not raw_phonemic and not raw_phonetic then parse_err(("Unable to parse raw respelling '%s', should be one of /.../, [...] or /.../ [...]") :format(raw_respelling)) end return { raw = true, raw_phonemic = raw_phonemic, raw_phonetic = raw_phonetic, } end if respelling == "+" then respelling = pagename end return { term = respelling } end function export.IPA(text, dialect) -- Convert text and return a table containing raw, phonemic, and phonetic -- keys with IPA values without the // and [] transcriptions. -- -- ĵ, ɟ and ć are used internally to represent [d͡ʒ], [j] and [t͡ʃ] -- -- Local Functions -- (1) canon_spaces -- (2) apply_stress -- -- Return: -- IPA_table = { -- ["raw"] = String -- ["phonemic"] = String: IPA phonemic without // -- ["phonetic"] = String: IPA phonetic without [] -- } local function canon_spaces(text) -- Canonicalize multiple spaces and remove leading and trailing spaces text = rsub(text, "%s+", " ") text = rsub(text, "^ ", "") text = rsub(text, " $", "") return text end local function apply_stress(word, syllables) -- Default stress rule. Words without vowels (e.g. IPA foot boundaries) -- don't get stress. -- Sources: Kassin (2000) The phonological word in Standard Malay if #syllables == 1 then if rfind(syllables[1], BR) then syllables[1] = rsub(syllables[1], "^(.*)(".. BR ..")(.*)$", "%1%3") elseif rfind(word, V) then syllables[#syllables] = "ˈ" ..syllables[#syllables] -- Monosyllabic words wity schwa don't get stress end elseif #syllables == 2 then if rfind(syllables[#syllables], "ˈ") then -- Stress already manually specified, therefore do nothing elseif rfind(word, "([ə])(".. C .."?)([.])") then syllables[#syllables] = "ˈ" .. syllables[#syllables] else syllables[#syllables - 1] = "ˈ" .. syllables[#syllables - 1] end elseif #syllables >= 3 then -- Can be millions of syllable local i = #syllables while i > 0 do if i == #syllables then i = i - 1 end if i > 2 then cur = syllables[i] prev = syllables[i - 1] next = syllables[i + 1] if rfind(cur, "([ə])(".. C .."?)") == nil then syllables[i] = "ˈ" .. cur elseif rfind(next, "([ə])(".. C .."?)") == nil then syllables[i + 1] = "ˈ" .. next i = i + 1 elseif rfind(prev, "([ə])(".. C .."?)") == nil then syllables[i - 1] = "ˈ" .. prev i = i - 1 end elseif i <= 2 and rfind(syllables[2], "([əê])(".. C .."?)") == nil and rfind(syllables[3], "ˈ") == nil then syllables[2] = "ˈ" .. syllables[2] elseif i <= 2 and rfind(syllables[1], "([əê])(".. C .."?)") == nil then syllables[1] = rsub(syllables[1], "(#+)(".. C .."?)", "%1ˈ%2") elseif i <= 2 and rfind(syllables[3], "([ˈəê])(".. C .."?)") == nil then syllables[3] = "ˈ" .. syllables[3] else if #syllables == 3 then syllables[2] = "ˈ" .. syllables[2] end end i = i - 2 end if #syllables >= 4 then if rfind(syllables[1], "ˈ") and rfind(syllables[3], "ˈ") == nil and rfind(syllables[4], "ˈ") == nil then if rfind(syllables[3], "ə") == nil then syllables[3] = "ˈ" .. syllables[3] end end -- For such cases like 'keberagaman' where the stress clashed on -- the 3rd and 4th syllables if rfind(syllables[3], "ˈ") and rfind(syllables[4], "ˈ") then syllables[3] = rsub(syllables[3], "ˈ", "") end elseif #syllables <= 3 and rfind(syllables[1], "ˈ") and rfind(syllables[3], "[ˈə]") == nil then syllables[3] = "ˈ" .. syllables[3] end end end -- Function export.IPA start ----------------------------------------------- local std_var = { Baku = true, BP = true, ["Standard Literary"] = true, SL = true, } local schwa_var = { ["Johor-Riau"] = true, JR = true, JRP = true, ["Standard Southern Peninsula"] = true, SSP = true, ["Standard Southern Peninsular Malaysia"] = true, SSPM = true, Malaysia = true, Malaysian = true, MY = true, Singapore = true, Singaporean = true, SG = true, ["Kuala Lumpur"] = true, ["Klang Valley"] = true, KL = true, } local klsg_var = { Malaysia = true, Malaysian = true, MY = true, Singapore = true, Singaporean = true, SG = true, ["Kuala Lumpur"] = true, ["Klang Valley"] = true, KL = true, } local northern_var = { NPM = true, SNP = true, SNPM = true, ["Standard Northern Peninsula"] = true, ["Standard Northern Peninsular Malaysia"] = true, } local kedah_var = { Kedah = true, Penang = true, Perlis = true, } local alveolar_t_var = { Brunei = true, BN = true, } local Baku = std_var[dialect] or false local SV = schwa_var[dialect] or false local NTHV = northern_var[dialect] or false local KLSG = klsg_var[dialect] or false local KDV = kedah_var[dialect] or false local alveolar_t = alveolar_t_var[dialect] or false local other = not (Baku or SV or KDV) local debug = {} text = ulower(text or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename) -- decompose everything text = decompose(text) -- convert commas and en/en dashes to IPA foot boundaries text = rsub(text, "%s*[,–—]%s*", " | ") -- question mark or exclamation point in the middle of a sentence -> IPA foot boundary text = rsub(text, "([^%s])%s*[!?]%s*([^%s])", "%1 | %2") text = canon_spaces(text) -- Make prefixes unstressed unless they have an explicit stress marker; also -- make certain monosyllabic words (e.g. [[di]], [[ke]], [[se-]], etc.) -- without stress marks be unstressed. local words = rsplit(text, " ") for i, word in ipairs(words) do if rfind(word, "%-$") and not rfind(word, accent_c) or unstressed_words[word] then -- add BR to the last vowel not the first one -- adding the BR after the 'u' words[i] = rsub(word, "^(.*" .. V .. ")", "%1" .. BR) end end text = table.concat(words, " ") -- Convert hyphens to spaces text = rsub(text, "%-", " ") -- canonicalize multiple spaces again, which may have been introduced by hyphens text = canon_spaces(text) -- now eliminate punctuation text = rsub(text, "[!?]", "") -- put # at word beginning and end and double ## at text/foot boundary beginning/end text = rsub(text, " | ", "# | #") text = "##" .. rsub(text, " ", "# #") .. "##" --"i" or "u" to glide (in between vowels or is part of a diphthong) text = rsub(text, "(" .. V ..")i([.#])", "%1ɟ%2") text = rsub(text, "("..V..")u([.#])", "%1w%2") -- syllable-initial X (e.g. in [[xenofobia]], [[xenon]], [[xilofon]]) text = rsub(text, "x("..V..")", "z%1") -- handle certain combinations; gh, kh, ng, ny and sy handling needs to go first text = rsub(text, "bh", "b") -- rare cases e.g. [[bharu]] text = rsub(text, "dh", "ð") -- in Arabic-derived terms e.g. [[redha]] text = rsub(text, "gh", "ɣ") text = rsub(text, "kh", "x") text = rsub(text, "ng", "ŋ") text = rsub(text, "ny", "ɲ") text = rsub(text, "sy", "ʃ") --alphabet-to-phoneme text = rsub(text, "[ceéègjòy]", --["g"]="ɡ": U+0067 LATIN SMALL LETTER G → U+0261 LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G { ["c"] = "ć", ["e"] = "ə", ["é"] = "e", ["è"] = "ɛ", ["g"] = "ɡ", ["j"] = "ĵ", ["ò"] = "ɔ", ["y"] = "j" } ) -- glottal stop. text = rsub(text, "7", "ʔ") -- Syllable-final a -> schwa in schwa varieties text = rsub(text, "a([#])", (SV and "ə" or "a") .. "%1") -- I or U in closed final syllable text = rsub(text, "i([bdghĵklmnŋprstwz])([#])", (SV and "e" or "i") .. "%1%2") text = rsub(text, "u([bdghĵklmnŋprstwz])([#])", (SV and "o" or "u") .. "%1%2") text = rsub(text, "i([bdghĵklmprstwz])([#])", (NTHV and "e" or "i") .. "%1%2") text = rsub(text, "u([bdghĵklmprstwz])([#])", (NTHV and "o" or "u") .. "%1%2") --syllable division local vowel_to_glide = { ["i"] = "j", ["u"] = "w" } -- i, o and u between vowels -> j and e.g. [[rangkaian]]) text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. "*)([iu])(" .. V .. ")", function(v1, iu, v2) return v1 .. vowel_to_glide[iu] .. v2 end ) text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .."*)(" .. C .. W .. "?" .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .."*" .. C .. ")(" .. C .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .."*" .. C .. "+)(" .. C .. C .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. C .. ")%.s(" .. C .. ")", "%1s.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .. "*)(" .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "%.'", ".ˈ") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "'%.", ".ˈ") -- reduce any remaining double consonants (e.g. [[Brunei Darussalam]], [[Hassan]]); text = rsub(text, "(" .. C .. ")%1", "%1") -- If there's no â, ê .. etc. in the respelling text = rsub(text, "ar([#.ˈ])", (SV and "â" or "ar") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "ər([#.ˈ])", (SV and "ê" or "ər") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "er([#.ˈ])", (SV and "ḙ" or "er") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "ir([#.ˈ])", (SV and "î" or "ir") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "or([#.ˈ])", (SV and "ô" or "or") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "ur([#.ˈ])", (SV and "û" or "ur") .. "%1") -- Kedah text = rsub(text, "al([#])", (KDV and "aj" or "al") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "ul([#])", (KDV and "oj" or "ul") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "il([#])", (KDV and "e" or "il") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "el([#])", (KDV and "ɛ" or "el") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "us([#])", (KDV and "ujh" or "us") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "is([#])", (KDV and "eh" or "is") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "ar([#])", (KDV and "aʕ" or "ar") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "ur([#])", (KDV and "ɔʕ" or "ur") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "ir([#])", (KDV and "i.aʕ" or "ir") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "([i])ŋ([#])", "%1" .. (KDV and "n" or "ŋ") .. "%2") table.insert(debug, text) local words = rsplit(text, " ") for j, word in ipairs(words) do local syllables = rsplit(word, "%.") -- Apply stress marker apply_stress(word, syllables) -- Reconstruct the word. words[j] = table.concat(syllables, ".") end text = table.concat(words, " ") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "ˈ(.+)ˈ", "ˌ%1ˈ") -- suppress syllable mark before IPA stress indicator text = rsub(text, "%.([ˌˈ])", "%1") table.insert(debug,text) --vowels with circumflex to vowel+(r) text = rsub(text,"â","a(r)") text = rsub(text,"ê","ə(r)") text = rsub(text,"ḙ","e(r)") text = rsub(text,"î","i(r)") text = rsub(text,"ô","o(r)") text = rsub(text,"û","u(r)") table.insert(debug, text) local IPA_table = { ["phonetic"] = text, ["phonemic"] = text, ["raw"] = text } for key, value in pairs(IPA_table) do text = IPA_table[key] --phonetic transcription if key == "phonetic" then -- Kedah ----------------------------------------------------------- text = rsub(text, "r([#])", (KDV and "ʕ" or "r")) text = rsub(text, "r", (KDV and "ʁ" or "r")) --phonemic diphthongs text = rsub(text, "([aeou])([ɟj])([#.ˈˌ])", "%1i̯%3") text = rsub(text, "([a])w([#.ˈˌ])", "%1u̯%2") --devoice B and D as coda text = rsub(text, "b([#.ˈˌ])","p%1") text = rsub(text, "d([#.ˈˌ])","t%1") --/n/ sandhi text = rsub(text,"([n])([ˈˌ#.]*[bpm])", "m%2") text = rsub(text,"([n])([ˈˌ# .]*[ćĵʃ])","ɲ%2") text = rsub(text,"([n])([ˈˌ# .]*[t])", "n̪%2") --dental T text = rsub(text, "t", (alveolar_t and "t" or "t̪")) --/p/, /t/ to applosive text = rsub(text, "p(%)?)([#.ˈˌ])","p̚%1%2") text = rsub(text, "t̪(%)?)([#.ˈˌ])","t̪̚%1%2") --final K to glottal stop (native) or unreleased stop (loanword) text = rsub(text, "k(%)?)([#.ˈˌ])","ʔ%1%2") text = rsub(text, "ḱ(%)?)([#.ˈˌ])","k̚%1%2") -- insert optional glottal stop between identical vowels -- (e.g. aa → a(ʔ)a) text = rsub(text, "([aeiouɛɔɪʊə])%.?%1", "%1.(ʔ)%1") -- epenthesized glottal stop between vowel final prefix and vowel -- initial stem -- (e.g. diangkat → diʔangkat) local prefixes = { "a.di", "di", "ke", "ĵu.ru", "paɲ.ća", "tu.na" } mw.log(text.."\n") for _, prefix in ipairs(prefixes) do if rfind(text, prefix) then text = rsubn( text, "([#])(" .. ipa_stress_c .. "?)(" .. prefix .. ")([%." .. ipa_stress .. "]+)(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2%3%4ʔ%5", 1 ) break end end -- insert glottal stop in vowel initial word -- (e.g. api → ʔapi) text = rsub( text, "([#])(" .. ipa_stress_c .. "?)(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2ʔ%3" ) elseif key == "phonemic" then -- Remove geminated phoneme before -an and -i suffixes text = rsub(text, "%((" .. C .. ")%)(%.)(%1)(.-)(#+)", function(p1, br, p2, suf, bound) if suf == "an" or suf == "i" then if p1 == p2 then return br .. p2 .. suf .. bound else return "(" .. p1 .. ")" .. br .. p2 .. suf .. bound end end end ) -- Phonemic cleanup -- Diphthongs text = rsub(text, "(" .. C .. ")j(" .. V .. ")", "%1i.%2") text = rsub(text, "(" .. C .. ")w(" .. V .. ")", "%1u.%2") -- ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ɔ -> i, u, e, o text = rsub(text, "ɪ", "i") text = rsub(text, "ʊ", "u") text = rsub(text, "ɛ", "e") text = rsub(text, "ɔ", "o") -- consonants text = rsub(text, "ḱ", "k") text = rsub(text, "ɫ", "l") -- Remove syllable breaks -- text = rsub(text, "[.]", "") end -- convert fake symbols to real ones local final_conversions = { ["ć"] = "t͡ʃ", -- fake "c" to real "c" ["ĵ"] = "d͡ʒ", -- fake "j" to real "j" ["ɟ"] = "j" -- fake "y" to real "y" } text = rsub(text, "[ćĵɟ]", final_conversions) -- remove # symbols at word and text boundaries text = rsub(text, "#", "") IPA_table[key] = unfc(text) end return IPA_table -- Function export.IPA end ------------------------------------------------- end local function respelling_to_IPA(data) return ("/%s/ [%s]"):format( export.IPA(data.respelling, "").phonemic:gsub("%.", ""), export.IPA(data.respelling, "").phonetic ) end function export.show(frame) local parent_args = frame:getParent().args return m_pron_utils.format_prons { lang = lang, respelling_to_IPA = respelling_to_IPA, raw_args = parent_args, track_module = "ms-pron", include_bullet = true, -- FIXME: temporary } end function export.show_pr(frame) -- 1. Parse the arguments. ------------------------------------------------ local params = { [1] = {list = true}, ["rhyme"] = {}, ["syll"] = {}, ["hmp"] = {}, ["audio"] = {list = true}, ["pagename"] = {}, } local parargs = frame:getParent().args local args = m_params.process(parargs, params) local pagename = args.pagename or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename local respellings = #args[1] > 0 and args[1] or {"+"} local parsed_respellings = {} local function overall_parse_err(msg, arg, val) error(msg .. ": " .. arg .. "=" .. val) end local overall_rhyme = args.rhyme and parse_rhyme(args.rhyme, function(msg) overall_parse_err(msg, "rhyme", args.rhyme) end) or nil local overall_syll = args.syll and parse_syll(args.syll, function(msg) overall_parse_err(msg, "syll", args.syll) end) or nil local overall_hmp = args.hmp and parse_homophone(args.hmp, function(msg) overall_parse_err(msg, "hmp", args.hmp) end) or nil local overall_audio if #args.audio > 0 then overall_audio = {} for _, audio in ipairs(args.audio) do local parsed_audio = parse_audio(audio, function(msg) overall_parse_err(msg, "audio", audio) end) table.insert(overall_audio, parsed_audio) end end -- Parse each respelling. Individual arguments in 1=, 2=, etc. can consist -- of one or more comma-separated respellings, each of which can have inline -- modifiers <q:...>, <qq:...>, <a:...>, <aa:...> or <ref:...>. -- In addition, the respellings as a whole of a given argument can be followed -- by various inline modifiers, such as <t:...>, <rhyme:...>, <syll:...>, etc. -- The result of parsing goes into `parsed_respellings`, which is a list of -- objects (one per numbered argument), each of which is a table of the form -- -- { -- terms = {TERM, TERM, ...}, -- audio = {AUDIO, AUDIO, ...}, -- rhyme = {RHYME, RHYME, ...}, -- syll = {SYLL, SYLL, ...}, -- hmp = {HMP, HMP, ...}, -- t = {GLOSS, GLOSS, ...}, -- pre = "PRE-TEXT" or nil, -- post = "POST-TEXT" or nil, -- bullets = NUM_BULLETS, -- accents = {"ACCENT", "ACCENT", ...}, -- } -- -- In this structure, TERM is an object that usually has the form -- -- { -- term = "RESPELLING", -- ref = {"REF-SPEC", "REF-SPEC", ...}, -- q = {"QUALIFIER", "QUALIFIER", ...}, -- qq = {"QUALIFIER", "QUALIFIER", ...}, -- } -- -- Note that in this structure, "REF-SPEC" of the form parsable by -- parse_references() in [[Module:references]]. -- -- Alternatively, if phonemic or phonetic IPA is given in place of -- a respelling, TERM will have the form -- -- { -- raw = true, -- phonemic = "PHONEMIC", -- phonetic = "PHONETIC", -- ref = {"REF-SPEC", "REF-SPEC", ...}, -- q = {"QUALIFIER", "QUALIFIER", ...}, -- qq = {"QUALIFIER", "QUALIFIER", ...}, -- } -- -- AUDIO is a table of the form -- -- { -- file = "FILE", -- gloss = "GLOSS", -- q = {"QUALIFIER", "QUALIFIER", ...}, -- qq = {"QUALIFIER", "QUALIFIER", ...}, -- a = {"ACCENT-QUALIFIER", "ACCENT-QUALIFIER", ...}, -- aa = {"ACCENT-QUALIFIER", "ACCENT-QUALIFIER", ...}, -- } -- -- RHYME is a table of the form -- -- { -- rhyme = "RHYME", -- num_syl = {NUM_SYL, NUM_SYL, ...}, -- q, qq, a, aa = (as for AUDIO), -- } -- -- SYLL is a table of the form (where `hyph` is required to be named this -- way for [[Module:hyphenation]]) -- -- { -- syllabification = "SYL.LAB.LES", -- hyph = {"SYL", "LAB", "LES"}, -- q, qq, a, aa = (as for AUDIO), -- } -- -- HMP is a table of the form -- -- { -- term = "HOMOPHONE", -- gloss = "GLOSS" or nil, -- pos = "POS" or nil, -- alt = "ALT" or nil, -- lit = "LIT" or nil, -- id = "ID" or nil, -- g = {"G", "G", ...}, -- q, qq, a, aa = (as for AUDIO), -- } -- -- GLOSS is a table of the form -- -- { -- poses = {"POS", "POS", ...} or nil, -- gloss = "GLOSS" or nil, -- } for i, respelling in ipairs(respellings) do if respelling:find("<") then local param_mods = { pre = { overall = true }, post = { overall = true }, bullets = { overall = true, type = "number", }, t = { overall = true, store = "insert", convert = parse_gloss, }, rhyme = { overall = true, store = "insert-flattened", convert = parse_rhyme, }, syll = { overall = true, -- Not `store = "insert-flattened"`. parse_syll() does not -- generates a list but a structure where the syllabifications -- are in `terms` and there's an additional overall property -- `cap` for the caption (defaulting to "Syllabification"). -- FIXME: Rethink whether we even want "insert-flattened" or -- just "insert" for the remaining pronunciation properties. convert = parse_syll, }, hmp = { overall = true, store = "insert-flattened", convert = parse_homophone, }, audio = { overall = true, store = "insert", -- not "insert-flattened" because parse_audio returns a single object convert = parse_audio, }, ref = { store = "insert" }, q = { store = "insert" }, qq = { store = "insert" }, a = { item_dest = "accents", overall = true, convert = parse_accents, }, aa = { overall = true }, } local parsed = m_parse_utils.parse_inline_modifiers(respelling, { paramname = i, param_mods = param_mods, generate_obj = function(term, parse_err) return parse_respelling(term, pagename, parse_err) end, pre_normalize_modifiers = function(data) local modtext = data.modtext modtext = modtext:match("^<(.*)>$") if not modtext then error(("Internal error: Passed-in modifier isn't surrounded by angle brackets: %s"):format( data.modtext)) end if modtext:find("%^") and not modtext:find("^t:") then modtext = "t:" .. modtext end return "<" .. modtext .. ">" end, splitchar = ",", outer_container = {}, }) if not parsed.bullets then parsed.bullets = 1 end table.insert(parsed_respellings, parsed) else local termobjs = {} local function parse_err(msg) error(msg .. ": " .. i .. "=" .. respelling) end for _, term in ipairs(split_on_comma(respelling)) do table.insert( termobjs, parse_respelling(term, pagename, parse_err) ) end table.insert(parsed_respellings, { terms = termobjs, bullets = 1, }) end end for i, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do if parsed.accents == nil then local item = table.remove(parsed_respellings, i) table.insert(parsed_respellings, 1, item) break end end local function scan_accents(parsed_respellings) local accents_KL_SG = { KL = true, SG = true } local accents_KDM = { Kedah = true, Penang = true, Perlis = true, } local found_KL_SG = false local found_KDM = false local found_raw = false for _, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do for _, term in ipairs(parsed.terms) do if term.raw then found_raw = true end end if parsed.accents then for _, accent in ipairs(parsed.accents) do if accents_KL_SG[accent] then found_KL_SG = true elseif accents_KDM[accent] then found_KDM = true end end end end return found_KL_SG, found_KDM, found_raw end local has_KL_SG, has_KDM, has_raw = scan_accents(parsed_respellings) local has_std = not(parsed_respellings[1] and parsed_respellings[1].accents) local function insert_accent(parsed_respellings, index, accents) table.insert(parsed_respellings, index, { accents = accents, bullets = 1, terms = { { term = parsed_respellings[1].terms[1].term } } }) end if has_std and not has_raw then if not has_KL_SG then insert_accent(parsed_respellings, 2, {"KL", "-", "SG"}) has_KL_SG = true end if not has_KDM then local index = has_KL_SG and 3 or 2 insert_accent(parsed_respellings, index, {"Kedah"}) has_KDM = true end end -- 2. Generate IPA, rhymes and syllabification. -------------------------- -- Used for categorization below. local syllabification_alignment_failed = false -- Canonicalize syllabifications in `sylls` by convering '+' to the default -- syllabification of the pagename, '#' to -- the pagename itself, and '-' to no syllabification (return `null_syll`). -- If '-' not seen, return `sylls`. local function canonicalize_syllabification(sylls, null_syll) for _, syll in ipairs(sylls.terms) do if syll.syllabification == "+" then syll.syllabification = syllabify_from_spelling(pagename, pagename) syll.hyph = split_syllabified_spelling(syll.syllabification) elseif syll.syllabification == "#" then syll.syllabification = pagename syll.hyph = {syll.syllabification} elseif syll.syllabification == "-" then return null_syll end end return sylls end if overall_syll then overall_syll = canonicalize_syllabification(overall_syll, {}) end local function doesnt_count_for_rhyme(list) if not list then return false end local accent_no_count = {"colloquial", "obsolete", "nonstandard"} for _, item in ipairs(list) do for _, word_no_count in ipairs(accent_no_count) do if item:find("%f[%w]" .. word_no_count .. "%f[%W]") then return true end end end return false end -- Loop over individual respellings, processing each. for _, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do -- First, sort the specified accents and default to "Baku". local default_accent = "Baku" if not parsed.accents then parsed.accents = {default_accent} end -- If more than one respelling given, then if any accent or qualifier -- has the words 'colloquial', 'obsolete' or 'nonstandard' in them, -- don't generate a rhyme or a '#-syllable word' category. local more_than_one_respelling = #parsed.terms > 1 or #parsed_respellings > 1 local is_standard = m_table.contains(parsed.accents, default_accent) and true or false local all_terms_no_rhyme = more_than_one_respelling and doesnt_count_for_rhyme(parsed.accents) parsed.pronuns = {} for i, term in ipairs(parsed.terms) do local phonemic, phonetic if term.raw then phonemic = term.raw_phonemic phonetic = term.raw_phonetic else local ret = export.IPA(term.term, parsed.accents[1]) phonemic = ret.phonemic phonetic = ret.phonetic end local refs if not term.ref then refs = nil else refs = {} for _, refspec in ipairs(term.ref) do local this_refs = m_refs.parse_references(refspec) for _, this_ref in ipairs(this_refs) do table.insert(refs, this_ref) end end end local no_rhyme, rhyme_with_cat -- Same check as above for colloquial/obsolete/relaxed -- but check the qualifiers, which are attached to -- individual respellings rather than a -- single-line set of respellings. no_rhyme = all_terms_no_rhyme or more_than_one_respelling and ( doesnt_count_for_rhyme(term.q) or doesnt_count_for_rhyme(term.qq) ) if not no_rhyme then local should_generate_rhyme, should_generate_cat = should_generate_rhyme_from_termobj(term) no_rhyme = not should_generate_rhyme rhyme_with_cat = should_generate_cat end local pronobj = { raw = term.raw, phonemic = phonemic, phonetic = phonetic, refs = refs, aa = parsed.aa, q = term.q, qq = term.qq, no_rhyme = no_rhyme, rhyme_with_cat = rhyme_with_cat, } table.insert(parsed.pronuns, pronobj) end if not parsed.syll then if not overall_syll and any_words_have_vowels(pagename) then for _, term in ipairs(parsed.terms) do if not term.raw then local syllabification = syllabify_from_spelling(term.term, pagename) local aligned_syll = align_syllabification_to_spelling(syllabification, pagename) if aligned_syll then if not parsed.syll then parsed.syll = {terms = {}} end m_table.insertIfNot(parsed.syll.terms, generate_syll_obj(aligned_syll)) else syllabification_alignment_failed = true end end end end else parsed.syll = canonicalize_syllabification(parsed.syll, nil) end if not parsed.rhyme then if overall_rhyme then parsed.rhyme = nil else -- Generate the rhymes. for _, pronun in ipairs(parsed.pronuns) do -- We should have already excluded multiword terms and terms -- without vowels from rhyme generation (see `no_auto_rhyme` -- below). But make sure to check that pronun.phonemic -- exists (it may not if raw phonetic-only pronun is given), -- and rhyme isn't suppressed (which may happen if the term -- has a qualifier "colloquial", "obsolete" or the like ). if pronun.phonemic and not pronun.no_rhyme then -- Count number of syllables by looking at syllable -- boundaries (including stress marks). local num_syl = get_num_syl_from_ipa(pronun.phonemic) -- Get the rhyme by truncating everything up through -- the last stress mark + any following consonants, -- and remove syllable boundary markers. local rhyme = convert_phonemic_to_rhyme(pronun.phonemic) -- Copying qualifiers to rhymes: -- (1) If there's only one pronunciation, displaying -- any associated qualifier on the rhyme is -- redundant, so don't do it. -- (2) If there are multiple pronunciations, then we -- generally do want to copy the qualifier(s) from -- pronunciation to rhyme, but only if a given rhyme -- either derives from a single pronunciation, or -- derives from multiple pronunciations all of which -- share the same qualifier(s). We do NOT want to -- combine two different qualifiers from two -- different pronunciations. -- (3) If there are multiple pronunciations that map to -- a single rhyme, and all pronunciations share -- qualifiers, then we might consider omitting the -- qualifiers as redundant; but this case will -- rarely happen so it might not be worth worrying -- about. -- (4) Similarly, if there are multiple pronunciations -- where some have the rhyme suppressed (see above), -- and all pronunciations share qualifiers, then we -- might consider omitting the qualifiers as redundant; -- but again, this case will rarely happen (especially -- since in almost all cases the suppressed-rhyme -- pronunciation will have distinctive qualifiers) so -- it probably isn't worth worrying about. Note that -- in the common case where the qualifiers of the -- rhyme-suppressed pronunciation differ from those -- of the rhyme-included pronunciation, we do want to -- include the qualifiers of the rhyme-included -- pronunciation (imagine e.g. there are two -- pronunciations marked "standard" and "colloquial"; -- we want to mark the rhyme as "standard"). -- (5) There are two different types of qualifiers (left -- and right); when comparing qualifiers, we need to -- compare the entire set of both qualifiers and make -- sure they both match (although it will be rare to -- have both left and right qualifiers on a single -- pronunciation). local saw_already = false if not parsed.rhyme then parsed.rhyme = {} end for _, existing in ipairs(parsed.rhyme) do if existing.rhyme == rhyme then saw_already = true -- We already saw this rhyme but possibly with a -- different number of syllables, e.g. if the -- user specified two pronunciations 'biologi' -- (4 syllables) and 'biologi' (5 syllables), -- both of which have the same rhyme /ogi/. m_table.insertIfNot(existing.num_syl, num_syl) if not m_table.deepEquals(existing.q, pronun.q) or not m_table.deepEquals(existing.qq, pronun.qq) then existing.q = nil existing.qq = nil end break end end if not saw_already then table.insert(parsed.rhyme, { rhyme = rhyme, num_syl = {num_syl}, q = #parsed.pronuns > 1 and pronun.q or nil, qq = #parsed.pronuns > 1 and pronun.qq or nil, nocat = not pronun.rhyme_with_cat, }) end end end end else local no_rhyme = false for _, rhyme in ipairs(parsed.rhyme) do if rhyme.rhyme == "-" then no_rhyme = true break end end if no_rhyme then parsed.rhyme = nil else parsed.rhyme = process_specified_rhymes( parsed.rhyme, parsed.syll and parsed.syll.terms or {}, {parsed} ) end end end if overall_rhyme then local no_overall_rhyme = false for _, orhyme in ipairs(overall_rhyme) do if orhyme.rhyme == "-" then no_overall_rhyme = true break end end if no_overall_rhyme then overall_rhyme = nil else local all_sylls if overall_syll then all_sylls = overall_syll else all_sylls = {} for _, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do if parsed.syll then for _, syll in ipairs(parsed.syll.terms) do m_table.insertIfNot(all_sylls, syll) end end end end overall_rhyme = process_specified_rhymes( overall_rhyme, all_sylls, parsed_respellings ) end end -- Determine whether all sets of pronunciations have the same value for a -- pronunciation property (rhymes, syllabifications or homophones). If so, -- we display them them only once at the bottom, otherwise beneath each set, -- indented. This function takes one argument, the name of a slot specifying -- the pronunciation property, and returns two values, a boolean indicating -- whether all values are the same and the first value seen (which will be -- the only value seen if all values are the same). local function all_sets_equal(parsed_slot) local first_set local all_sets_eq = true for j, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do if j == 1 then first_set = parsed[parsed_slot] elseif not m_table.deepEquals(first_set, parsed[parsed_slot]) then all_sets_eq = false break end end return all_sets_eq, first_set end local all_rhyme_sets_eq, first_rhyme_ret = all_sets_equal("rhyme") local all_syll_sets_eq, first_sylls = all_sets_equal("syll") local all_hmp_sets_eq, first_hmps = all_sets_equal("hmp") -- 3. Insert categories as appropriate. ----------------------------------- local categories = {} local function get_rhymes_categories(rhymes) if not rhymes then return end end get_rhymes_categories(overall_rhyme) for _, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do get_rhymes_categories(parsed.rhyme) end local function get_syll_categories(sylls) if not sylls then return end for _, syll in ipairs(sylls.terms) do local syll_no_dot = "#" .. syll.syllabification .. "#" syll_no_dot = syll.syllabification:gsub("%.([^ #])", "%1"):gsub("#", "") if syll_no_dot ~= pagename then mw.log(("For page '%s', saw syllabification '%s' not matching pagename"):format( pagename, syll.syllabification)) m_table.insertIfNot( categories, ("%s terms with syllabification not matching pagename"):format( lang:getCanonicalName() ) ) end end end get_syll_categories(overall_syll) for _, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do get_syll_categories(parsed.syll) end if syllabification_alignment_failed then table.insert( categories, ("%s terms where syllabification alignment failed"):format( lang:getCanonicalName() ) ) end -- 4. Format IPA, rhymes and syllabification for display. ------------------ local function bullet_prefix(num_bullets) return string.rep("*", num_bullets) .. " " end local function format_rhyme(rhymes) return m_rhymes.format_rhymes { lang = lang, rhymes = rhymes, force_cat = force_cat, } end local function format_syllabifications(syllobj) return m_hyph.format_hyphenations { lang = lang, hyphs = syllobj.terms, caption = syllobj.cap or "Syllabification" } end local function format_homophones(hmps) return m_hmps.format_homophones { lang = lang, homophones = hmps } end local function format_audio(audios, num_bullets) local ret = {} for i, audio in ipairs(audios) do local text = m_audio.format_audio { lang = lang, file = audio.file, caption = audio.gloss, q = audio.q, qq = audio.qq, a = audio.a, aa = audio.aa, } table.insert(ret, bullet_prefix(num_bullets) .. text) end return table.concat(ret, "\n") end -- Implement grouping by accent. If there is a run of more than one -- consecutive set of pronunciations with the same accent, the accent -- goes on its own line and the pronunciations with this accent go -- below with an extra bullet. local prev_accents local num_seen_with_these_accents for j, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do if m_table.deepEquals(prev_accents, parsed.accents) then parsed.of_several_accents = "continuation" num_seen_with_these_accents = num_seen_with_these_accents + 1 if num_seen_with_these_accents == 2 then parsed_respellings[j - 1].of_several_accents = "first" end else prev_accents = parsed.accents num_seen_with_these_accents = 1 end end -- Pull out autogenerated pronunciations and move to the next line, indented. for _, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do local saw_next_line_pronuns = false for _, pronun in ipairs(parsed.pronuns) do if pronun.move_to_next_line then saw_next_line_pronuns = true break end end if saw_next_line_pronuns then local this_line_pronuns = {} local next_line_pronuns = {} for _, pronun in ipairs(parsed.pronuns) do if pronun.move_to_next_line then table.insert(next_line_pronuns, pronun) else table.insert(this_line_pronuns, pronun) end end -- Now see if there are qualifiers shared among all elements of the -- next-line pronuns and deduplicate if so. local function deduplicate_qualifiers(field, keepfirst) local saw_nil = false for _, pronun in ipairs(next_line_pronuns) do if not pronun[field] then saw_nil = true break end end if not saw_nil then local qualifiers = {} for _, pronun in ipairs(next_line_pronuns) do table.insert( qualifiers, m_set_utils.list_to_set(pronun[field]) ) end local all_shared = m_set_utils.intersect(unpack(qualifiers)) if next(all_shared) then local first_index, last_index if keepfirst then first_index = 2 last_index = #pronun else first_index = 1 last_index = #pronun - 1 end for i = first_index, last_index do local pronun = next_line_pronuns[i] local new_qualifiers = {} for _, q in ipairs(pronun[field]) do if not all_shared[q] then table.insert(new_qualifiers, q) end end pronun[field] = new_qualifiers end end end end parsed.pronuns = this_line_pronuns parsed.next_line_pronuns = next_line_pronuns end end -- Now actually format the pronunciations. local textparts = {} local first_line = true local function ins_line(linetext, num_bullets) if not first_line then table.insert(textparts, "\n") end first_line = false table.insert(textparts, bullet_prefix(num_bullets) .. linetext) end local min_num_bullets = math.huge for j, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do if parsed.bullets < min_num_bullets then min_num_bullets = parsed.bullets end local accent_grouping_offset = 0 if parsed.of_several_accents == "first" then ins_line( m_acc_qual.format_qualifiers(lang, parsed.accents), parsed.bullets ) end local pronuns = format_pronun_line(parsed) local accent_prefix if not parsed.of_several_accents then accent_prefix = m_acc_qual.format_qualifiers(lang, parsed.accents) .. " " else accent_prefix = "" accent_grouping_offset = 1 end ins_line( accent_prefix .. pronuns, parsed.bullets + accent_grouping_offset ) if parsed.next_line_pronuns then ins_line( format_pronuns(parsed.next_line_pronuns), parsed.bullets + accent_grouping_offset + 1 ) end if parsed.audio then -- format_audio() inserts multiple lines and handles bullets by -- itself. table.insert(textparts, "\n") -- If only one pronunciation set, add the audio with the same number -- of bullets, otherwise indent audio by one more bullet. table.insert(textparts, format_audio(parsed.audio, (#parsed_respellings == 1 and parsed.bullets or parsed.bullets + 1) + accent_grouping_offset)) end if not all_rhyme_sets_eq and parsed.rhyme then ins_line(format_rhyme(parsed.rhyme), parsed.bullets + 1 + accent_grouping_offset) end if not all_syll_sets_eq and parsed.syll then ins_line(format_syllabifications(parsed.syll), parsed.bullets + 1 + accent_grouping_offset) end if not all_hmp_sets_eq and parsed.hmp then ins_line(format_homophones(parsed.hmp), parsed.bullets + 1 + accent_grouping_offset) end end if overall_audio then -- format_audio() inserts multiple lines and handles bullets by itself. table.insert(textparts, "\n") table.insert(textparts, format_audio(overall_audio, min_num_bullets)) end if all_rhyme_sets_eq and first_rhyme_ret then ins_line(format_rhyme(first_rhyme_ret), min_num_bullets) end if overall_rhyme then ins_line(format_rhyme(overall_rhyme), min_num_bullets) end if all_syll_sets_eq and first_sylls then ins_line(format_syllabifications(first_sylls), min_num_bullets) end if overall_syll then ins_line(format_syllabifications(overall_syll), min_num_bullets) end if all_hmp_sets_eq and first_hmps then ins_line(format_homophones(first_hmps), min_num_bullets) end if overall_hmp then ins_line(format_homophones(overall_hmp), min_num_bullets) end return table.concat(textparts) .. m_utils.format_categories(categories, lang, nil, nil, force_cat) end -- Meant to be called from a bot. function export.pron_json(frame) local iparams = { [1] = {list = true, required = true}, ["pagename"] = {required = true}, } local iargs = m_params.process(frame.args, iparams) local data = {} local syllabification_from_pagename = syllabify_from_spelling(iargs.pagename, iargs.pagename) for _, respelling in ipairs(iargs[1]) do local pronun = export.IPA(respelling, "") local syllabification = export.syllabify_and_align(respelling, iargs.pagename) local num_syl = get_num_syl_from_ipa(pronun.phonemic) local rhyme = convert_phonemic_to_rhyme(pronun.phonemic) table.insert(data, { respelling = respelling, phonemic = pronun.phonemic, phonetic = pronun.phonetic, syllabification = syllabification, num_syl = num_syl, rhyme = rhyme, }) end local retval = { pagename = iargs.pagename, syllabification_from_pagename = syllabification_from_pagename, data = data, } return m_JSON.toJSON(retval) end return export qm4hfof6ecmrmsu8dpmvo62q2qz6ebg 9845858 9845857 2026-07-28T17:20:10Z TongcyDai 53191 9845858 Scribunto text/plain -- Based on [[Module:es-pronunc]] by Benwing2 and [[Module:id-pron]] by Rex Aurorum. -- Original module by TagaSanPedroAko. -- Partly rewritten by TagaSanPedroAko, merging code from [[Module:es-pronunc]] -- back into this module; {{tl-pr}} restructured to take inline modifiers, -- like {{es-pr}}. -- Modified for {{ms-pr}}. local export = {} local m_acc_qual = require("Module:accent qualifier") local m_audio = require("Module:audio") local m_hmps = require("Module:homophones") local m_hyph = require("Module:hyphenation") local m_IPA = require("Module:IPA") local m_JSON = require("Module:JSON") local m_labels = require("Module:labels") local m_pron_utils = require("Module:pron utilities") local m_str_utils = require("Module:string utilities") local m_table = require("Module:table") local m_params = require("Module:parameters") local m_parse_utils = require("Module:parse utilities") local m_refs = require("Module:references") local m_rhymes = require("Module:rhymes") local m_set_utils = require("Module:set utilities") local m_utils = require("Module:utilities") local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("ms") local u = m_str_utils.char local rfind = m_str_utils.find local rsubn = m_str_utils.gsub local rsplit = m_str_utils.split local ulen = m_str_utils.len local ulower = m_str_utils.lower local unpack = unpack or table.unpack -- Lua 5.2 compatibility local unfd = mw.ustring.toNFD local unfc = mw.ustring.toNFC local AC = u(0x0301) -- acute = ́ local CFLEX = u(0x0302) -- circumflex = ̂ local GR = u(0x0300) -- grave = ̀ local TILDE = u(0x0303) -- tilde = ̃ local MAC = u(0x0304) -- macron = ̄ local BR = u(0x0306) -- breve = ˘ local DIA = u(0x0308) -- diaeresis = ̈ local BCFLEX = u(0x032D) -- circumflex below = ̭ local vowel = "aeéèëẽiɪoòuʊəɛâêîôûḙɛɔ" -- vowel local V = "[" .. vowel .. "]" local W = "[jw]" -- glide local NV = "[^" .. vowel .. "]" local accent = AC .. MAC .. BR .. GR local accent_c = "[" .. accent .. "]" local stress_c = "[" .. MAC .. BR .. "]" local ipa_stress = "ˈˌ" local ipa_stress_c = "[" .. ipa_stress .. "]" local separator = "# ." local separator_c = "[" .. separator .. "]" local C = "[^" .. vowel .. separator .. ipa_stress .. "]" local unstressed_words = m_table.listToSet({ --feel free to add more unstressed words "di", "ké", -- prepositions "dan", -- conjunctions "dia", "-ku", "-mu", "-nya", "-nye", -- pronouns. "dia" should be respelled to "di.a" for Bahasa Baku pronunciation. "nye" is for Johor pronunciation. }) -- version of rsubn() that discards all but the first return value local function rsub(term, foo, bar) local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar) return retval end -- version of rsubn() that returns a 2nd argument boolean indicating whether -- a substitution was made. local function rsubb(term, foo, bar) local retval, nsubs = rsubn(term, foo, bar) return retval, nsubs > 0 end -- apply rsub() repeatedly until no change local function rsub_repeatedly(term, foo, bar) while true do local new_term = rsub(term, foo, bar) if new_term == term then return term end term = new_term end end -- Combine two sets of qualifiers, either of which may be nil or a list of -- qualifiers. Remove duplicate qualifiers. Return value is nil or a list of -- qualifiers. local function combine_qualifiers(qual1, qual2) if not qual1 then return qual2 end if not qual2 then return qual1 end local qualifiers = m_table.deepCopy(qual1) for _, qual in ipairs(qual2) do m_table.insertIfNot(qualifiers, qual) end return qualifiers end local function decompose(text) text = unfd(text) text = rsub(text, "." .. "[" .. AC .. CFLEX .. DIA .. GR .. TILDE .. BCFLEX .. "]", { ["k" .. AC] = "ḱ", ["e" .. AC] = "é", -- /e/ ["e" .. GR] = "è", -- /ɛ/ ["o" .. GR] = "ò", -- /ɔ/ ["e" .. DIA] = "ë", -- deprecated ["a" .. CFLEX] = "â", -- /a(r)/ ["e" .. CFLEX] = "ê", -- /ə(r)/ ["i" .. CFLEX] = "î", -- /i(r)/ ["o" .. CFLEX] = "ô", -- /o(r)/ ["u" .. CFLEX] = "û", -- /u(r)/ ["e" .. BCFLEX] = "ḙ", -- /e(r)/ }) return text end local function remove_accents(str) str = decompose(str) str = rsub(str, "(.)" .. accent_c, "%1") return str end local function split_on_comma(term) if term:find(",%s") then return m_parse_utils.split_on_comma(term) else return rsplit(term, ",") end end local function parse_gloss(arg) local poses, gloss if arg:find("%^") then poses, gloss = arg:match("^(.-)%^(.*)$") if gloss == "" then gloss = nil end else gloss = arg end if poses then poses = split_on_comma(poses) local m_headword_data = mw.loadData(headword_data_module) for i, pos in ipairs(poses) do poses[i] = m_headword_data.pos_aliases[pos] or pos end end return { poses = poses, gloss = gloss, } end -- Parse a raw accent spec, which is one or more comma-separated accent -- qualifiers. local function parse_accents(arg) return m_labels.split_labels_on_comma(arg) end -- Return the number of syllables of a phonemic or phonetic representation, -- which should have syllable dividers in it but no hyphens. local function get_num_syl_from_ipa(pron) -- Maybe we should just count vowels instead of the below code. pron = rsub(pron, "|", " ") -- remove IPA foot boundaries local words = rsplit(pron, " +") for i, word in ipairs(words) do -- IPA stress marks are syllable divisions if between characters; -- otherwise just remove. word = rsub(word, "(.)[ˌˈ](.)", "%1.%2") word = rsub(word, "[ˌˈ]", "") words[i] = word end -- There should be a syllable boundary between words. pron = table.concat(words, ".") return ulen(rsub(pron, "[^.]", "")) + 1 end -- Get the rhyme by truncating everything up through the last stress mark + any -- following consonants, and remove syllable boundary markers. local function convert_phonemic_to_rhyme(phonemic) -- NOTE: This works because the phonemic vowels are just [aeiou] possibly -- with diacritics that are separate Unicode chars. phonemic = rsplit(phonemic, " ") phonemic = phonemic[#phonemic] phonemic = rsub(rsub(phonemic, ".*[ˌˈ]", ""), "^" .. NV .. "*", ""):gsub("%.", "") phonemic = rsub_repeatedly(phonemic, "^[iu](" .. V .. ")", "%1" ) return phonemic end local function split_syllabified_spelling(spelling) spelling = "#" .. spelling .. "#" spelling = rsub_repeatedly(spelling, "%.([ #])", "·%1") spelling = rsub_repeatedly(spelling, "#", "") spelling = rsplit(spelling, "%.") for key, value in ipairs(spelling) do spelling[key] = rsub_repeatedly(value, "·", ".") end return spelling end -- "Align" syllabified respelling `syllab` to original spelling `spelling` by -- matching character-by-character, allowing for extra syllable and accent -- markers in the syllabification and certain mismatches in the consonants. -- The goal is to produce the appropriately syllabified version of the original -- spelling (the pagename) by matching characters in the syllabified respelling -- to the original spelling, putting the syllable boundaries in the appropriate -- places in the original spelling. -- -- If we encounter an extra syllable marker (.), we allow and keep it. If we -- encounter an extra accent marker in the syllabification, we drop it. We allow -- for mismatches in capitalization and for certain other mismatches, e.g. extra -- glottal stops (written q), respelling of unadapted loanwords, etc. If we -- can't match, we return nil indicating the alignment failed. local function align_syllabification_to_spelling(syllab, spelling) local result = {} local function concat_result() -- Postprocess to remove dots (syllable boundaries) next to hyphens. return (unfc(table.concat(result)):gsub("%.%-", "-"):gsub("%-%.", "-")) end -- Replace glottal stop (q) from respelling with k, as found for original -- spelling. (FIXME: Diacritics should be removed , but they're currently -- removed earlier, in syllabify_from_spelling(). We should probably get -- rid of the removal there and put it here.) syllab = decompose(syllab:gsub("ː", "")):gsub("7", "q") local syll_chars = rsplit(ulower(syllab), "") local spelling_chars = rsplit(spelling, "") local i = 1 local j = 1 local function matches(uci, ucj) -- Return true if a syllabified respelling character (uci) matches the -- corresponding spelling char (ucj). -- Both uci and ucj should be lowercase. -- Sound is at the key, values are the letters sound can match local matching_chars = { ["e"] = {"e", "a"}, ["k"] = {"k", "q"}, ["s"] = {"j", "c", "x"} } return uci == ucj or ( matching_chars[uci] and m_table.contains(matching_chars[uci], ucj ) and true) or false end local function silent_spelling_letter(ucj) return ucj == "h" or ucj == "'" or ucj == "-" end local function syll_at(pos) return syll_chars[pos] or "" end local function spell_at(pos) return spelling_chars[pos] or "" end local function uspell_at(pos) local c = spelling_chars[pos] return c and ulower(c) or "" end while i <= #syll_chars or j <= #spelling_chars do local uci = syll_at(i) local cj = spell_at(j) local ucj = uspell_at(j) if uci == "g" and syll_at(i - 1) == "n" and syll_at(i + 1) == "." and matches(syll_at(i + 2), ucj) and not matches(syll_at(i + 2), uspell_at(j + 1)) then -- As a special case, before checking whether the corresponding -- characters match, we have to skip an extra g in an -ng- sequence -- in the syllabified respelling if the corresponding spelling -- character matches the next respelling character (taking into -- account the syllable boundary). i = i + 1 elseif uci == "g" and ucj == "g" and uspell_at(j + 1) == TILDE then table.insert(result, cj) table.insert(result, uspell_at(j + 1)) i = i + 1 j = j + 2 elseif matches(uci, ucj) then table.insert(result, cj) i = i + 1 j = j + 1 elseif ucj == uspell_at(j - 1) and uci == "." and ucj ~= syll_at(i + 1) then -- See below. We want to allow for a doubled letter in spelling that -- is pronounced single, and preserve the doubled letter. But it's -- tricky in the presence of syllable boundaries on both sides of -- the doubled letter as well as doubled letters pronounced double. -- Specifically, there are three possibilities, exemplified by: -- (1) syll='Ma.ka.ssar', spelling='Makassar' -> 'Ma.ka.ssar'; -- (2) syll='Ta.llo', spelling='Tallo' -> 'Ta.llo'. table.insert(result, cj) j = j + 1 elseif silent_spelling_letter(ucj) and uci == "." and ucj ~= syll_at(i + 1) and not rfind(uspell_at(j + 1), V) then -- See below for apostrophe in spelling. This condition is parallel -- to the one directly above for silent doubled letters in spelling -- and handles the case of syllab='Abdurrahmān', -- spelling='Abdurahman', which should be syllabified -- 'Ab.du.rrah.man'. But we need a check to see that the next -- spelling character isn't a vowel, because in that case we want -- the silent letter to go after the period, e.g. -- syllab='Jumu.ah', spelling='Jumu'ah' -> 'Ju.mu.ah'. table.insert(result, cj) j = j + 1 elseif uci == "." then table.insert(result, uci) i = i + 1 elseif ucj == uspell_at(j - 1) then -- A doubled letter in spelling that is pronounced single. Examples: -- * syllab='mas.sa', spelling='massa' -> 'masa' (with s) -- * syllab='Ma.kas.sar', spelling='Makassar' -> 'Ma.ka.ssar' (with s) -- * syllab='Ka.a.ba', spelling='Kaaba' -> 'Kaa.ba' (with a) -- * syllab='Tal.lo', spelling='Tallo' -> 'Tal.lo' (with l) table.insert(result, cj) j = j + 1 elseif silent_spelling_letter(ucj) then -- A silent h, apostrophe or hyphen in spelling. Examples: -- * syllab='Ramadān', spelling='Ramadhan' -> 'Ra.ma.dhan' table.insert(result, cj) j = j + 1 elseif uci == AC or uci == GR or uci == MAC or uci == BR or uci == "y" or uci == "w" then -- skip character i = i + 1 else -- non-matching character mw.log(("Syllabification alignment mismatch for pagename '%s' (position %s, character %s), syllabified respelling '%s' (position %s, character %s), aligned result so far '%s'" ):format(spelling, j, ucj, syllab, i, uci, concat_result())) return nil end end if i <= #syll_chars or j <= #spelling_chars then -- left-over characters on one side or the other mw.log(("Syllabification alignment mismatch for pagename '%s' (%s), syllabified respelling '%s' (%s), aligned result so far '%s'" ):format( spelling, j > #spelling_chars and "end of string" or ("position %s, character %s"):format(j, uspell_at(j)), syllab, i > #syll_chars and "end of string" or ("position %s, character %s"):format(i, syll_at(i)), concat_result() )) return nil end return concat_result() end local function generate_syll_obj(term) return {syllabification = term, hyph = split_syllabified_spelling(term)} end -- Word should already be decomposed. local function word_has_vowels(word) word = ulower(word) return rfind(word, V) or word:find("y") end local function any_words_have_vowels(term) local words = rsplit(decompose(term), "[ %-]") for i, word in ipairs(words) do -- Allow empty word; this occurs with prefixes and suffixes. if word_has_vowels(word) then return true end end return false end local function should_generate_rhyme_from_respelling(term) local words = rsplit(decompose(term), " +") local last_word = words[#words] local should_generate_cat = #words == 1 local should_generate_rhyme = not last_word:find("%-$") and -- no if word is a prefix not (last_word:find("^%-") and last_word:find(MAC)) and -- no if word is an unstressed suffix word_has_vowels(last_word) -- no if word has no vowels (e.g. a single letter) return should_generate_rhyme, should_generate_cat end local function should_generate_rhyme_from_ipa(ipa) local should_generate_cat = not ipa:find("%s") local should_generate_rhyme = word_has_vowels(decompose(ipa)) return should_generate_rhyme, should_generate_cat end local function should_generate_rhyme_from_termobj(termobj) if termobj.raw then return should_generate_rhyme_from_ipa(termobj.raw_phonemic or termobj.raw_phonetic) else return should_generate_rhyme_from_respelling(termobj.term) end end local function process_specified_rhymes(rhymes, sylls, parsed_respellings) local rhyme_ret = {} for _, rhyme in ipairs(rhymes) do local num_syl = rhyme.num_syl local no_num_syl = false -- If user explicitly gave the rhyme but didn't explicitly specify the -- number of syllables, try to take it from the syllabification. if not num_syl then num_syl = {} for _, syll in ipairs(sylls) do if should_generate_rhyme_from_respelling(syll.syllabification) then local this_num_syl = 1 + ulen( rsub( syll.syllabification, "[^.]", "" ) ) m_table.insertIfNot(num_syl, this_num_syl) else no_num_syl = true break end end if no_num_syl or #num_syl == 0 then num_syl = nil end end -- If that fails and term is single-word, try to take it from the -- phonemic. if not no_num_syl and not num_syl then for _, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do for _, pronun in ipairs(parsed.pronuns) do -- Check that pronun.phonemic exists (it may not if raw -- phonetic-only pronun is given), and rhyme isn't -- suppressed (which may happen if the term has a qualifier -- "colloquial", "obsolete" or the like or is an -- auto-generated "glottal stop elision" pronunciation). if pronun.phonemic and not pronun.no_rhyme then if not should_generate_rhyme_from_ipa(pronun.phonemic) then no_num_syl = true break end -- Count number of syllables by looking at syllable -- boundaries (including stress marks). local this_num_syl = get_num_syl_from_ipa(pronun.phonemic) m_table.insertIfNot(num_syl, this_num_syl) end end if no_num_syl then break end end if no_num_syl or #num_syl == 0 then num_syl = nil end end local rhymeobj = m_table.shallowCopy(rhyme) rhymeobj.num_syl = num_syl table.insert(rhyme_ret, rhymeobj) end end -- Parse a pronunciation modifier in `arg`, the argument portion in an inline -- modifier (after the prefix), which specifies a pronunciation property such as -- rhyme, syllabification, homophones or audio. The argument can itself have -- inline modifiers, e.g. <audio:Foo.ogg<a:Jakarta>>. The allowed inline -- modifiers are specified by `param_mods` (of the format expected by -- `parse_inline_modifiers()`); in addition to any modifiers specified there, -- the modifiers <q:...>, <qq:...>, <a:...> and <aa:...> are always accepted -- (and can be repeated). `generate_obj` and `parse_err` are like in -- `parse_inline_modifiers()` and specify respectively a function to generate -- the object into which modifier properties are stored given the non-modifier -- part of the argument, and a function to generate an error message (given the -- message). Normally, a comma-separated list of pronunciation properties is -- accepted and parsed, where each element in the list can have its own inline -- modifiers and where no spaces are allowed next to the commas in order for -- them to be recognized as separators. If `no_split_on_comma` is given, only a -- single pronunciation property is accepted. If `has_outer_container` is given, -- the list of pronunciation properties is embedded in the `terms` property of -- an outer container, into which other list-level modifiers can also be stored -- (by setting `overall = "true"` in the respective spec in `param_mods`). The -- return value is a list if neither `no_split_on_comma` nor -- `has_outer_container` are given, otherwise a container object (which, in the -- case of `has_outer_container`, will contain a list inside of it, in the -- `terms` property). local function parse_pron_modifier( arg, parse_err, generate_obj, param_mods, no_split_on_comma, has_outer_container ) if arg:find("<") then local insert = { store = "insert" } param_mods.q = insert param_mods.qq = insert param_mods.a = insert param_mods.aa = insert return m_parse_utils.parse_inline_modifiers(arg, { param_mods = param_mods, generate_obj = generate_obj, parse_err = parse_err, splitchar = not no_split_on_comma and "," or nil, outer_container = has_outer_container and {} or nil, }) elseif no_split_on_comma then return generate_obj(arg) else local retval = {} for _, term in ipairs(split_on_comma(arg)) do table.insert(retval, generate_obj(term)) end if has_outer_container then retval = { terms = retval, } end return retval end end local function parse_rhyme(arg, parse_err) local function generate_obj(term) return {rhyme = term} end local param_mods = { s = { item_dest = "num_syl", type = "number", sublist = true, }, } return parse_pron_modifier(arg, parse_err, generate_obj, param_mods) end local function parse_syll(arg, parse_err) local param_mods = { cap = { overall = true}, } -- We need to pass in has_outer_container because we have an overall -- property <cap:...> (the caption, defaulting to "Syllabification") -- applying to the whole set of syllabifications. return parse_pron_modifier( arg, parse_err, generate_syll_obj, param_mods, nil, "has outer container" ) end local function parse_homophone(arg, parse_err) local function generate_obj(term) return {term = term} end local param_mods = { t = { -- [[Module:links]] (called from [[Module:homophones]]) expects the -- gloss in "gloss". item_dest = "gloss", }, gloss = {}, pos = {}, alt = {}, lit = {}, id = {}, g = { -- [[Module:links]] (called from [[Module:homophones]]) expects the -- genders in "genders". item_dest = "genders", sublist = true, }, } return parse_pron_modifier(arg, parse_err, generate_obj, param_mods) end local function generate_audio_obj(arg) local file, gloss = arg:match("^(.-)%s*#%s*(.*)$") if not file then file = arg gloss = "Audio" end return {file = file, gloss = gloss} end local function parse_audio(arg, parse_err) -- None other than qualifiers local param_mods = {} -- Don't split on comma because some filenames have embedded commas not -- followed by a space (typically followed by an underscore). return parse_pron_modifier( arg, parse_err, generate_audio_obj, param_mods, "no split on comma" ) end local function syllabify_from_spelling(text, pagename) -- Auto syllabifications start -- local vowel = vowel .. "ẃý" -- vowel local V = "[" .. vowel .. "]" local NV = "[^" .. vowel .. "]" local C = "[^" .. vowel .. separator .."]" -- consonant text = decompose(text) local origtext = remove_accents(text) text = string.lower(text) text = rsub(text, "'", ".") text = rsub(text, "[.] ", "․ ") text = rsub(text, "[.]$", "․") -- put # at word beginning and end and double ## at text/foot boundary -- beginning/end text = rsub(text, " | ", "# | #") text = "##" .. rsub(text, " ", "# #") .. "##" text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([.]?)#([.]?)", "#") text = rsub(text, "bh", "β") text = rsub(text, "dh", "ð") -- text = rsub(text, "eu", "ɨ") text = rsub(text, "ng", "ŋ") text = rsub(text, "ny", "ɲ") text = rsub(text, "c", "ć") text = rsub(text, "j", "ĵ") text = rsub(text, "kh", "x") text = rsub(text, "sy", "ʃ") text = rsub(text, "ḱ", "k") text = rsub(text, "ɪ", "i") text = rsub(text, "ʔ([" .. separator .. "])", "q%1") text = rsub(text, "([" .. separator .. "])7", "%1") -- [[Qur'an]] -- Deprecated {{ms-IPA}} Johor-Riau character text = rsub(text,"â","ar") text = rsub(text,"ê","ər") text = rsub(text,"ḙ","er") text = rsub(text,"î","ir") text = rsub(text,"ô","or") text = rsub(text,"û","ur") --text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. ")(" .. accent_c .. "?)ẃ([bdfgkpt])([r" .. vowel .. separator .."])" ,"%1%2w%3%4") --text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. ")(" .. accent_c .. "?)ẃ([bfgkp])([l" .. vowel .. separator .."])" ,"%1%2w%3%4") --text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. ")(" .. accent_c .. "?)ý([bdfgkpt])([r" .. vowel .. separator .."])" ,"%1%2y%3%4") --text = rsub(text, "(" .. V .. ")(" .. accent_c .. "?)ý([bfgkp])([l" .. vowel .. separator .."])" ,"%1%2y%3%4") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .. "*)(" .. C .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") -- "mb", "mp", "nd", "nk", "nt" combinations --text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(m)([bp])([^lrɟy" .. vowel .. separator .."])(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2.%3%4") --text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(n)([dk])([^lrɟy" .. vowel .. separator .. "])(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2.%3%4") --text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(n)([s])([^ɟy" .. vowel .. separator .. "])(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2.%3%4") --text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(n)([t])([^lrɟys" .. vowel .. separator .. "])(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2.%3%4") --text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(ŋ)([k])([^lrɟy" .. vowel .. separator .. "])(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2.%3%4") --text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([r])([bćdfgklmnpsʃvz])([^lrɟy" .. vowel .. separator .. "])(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2.%3%4") --text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([r])([t])([sz]?)([^lrɟysʃ" .. vowel .. separator .. "])(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2%3.%4%5") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .. "*)(" .. C .. W .. "?" .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .. "*" .. C .. ")(" .. C .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .. "*" .. C .. "+)(" .. C .. C .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. C .. ")%.s(" .. C .. ")", "%1s.%2") -- Any aeéèo, or stressed iu, should be syllabically divided from a -- following aeéèo or stressed iu. text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([aeéèo]" .. accent_c .. "*)([aeéèo])", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([aeéèo]" .. accent_c .. "*)(" .. V .. accent_c .. ")", "%1.%2") -- text = rsub(text, "([iu]" .. accent_c .. ")([aeéèo])", "%1.%2") -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([iu]" .. accent_c .. ")(" .. V .. accent_c .. ")", "%1.%2") -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "i(" .. accent_c .. "*)i", "i%1.i") -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "u(" .. accent_c .. "*)u", "u%1.u") -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "i([aeéèou])", "i.%1") -- text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "u([aeéèio])", "u.%1") -- correct final consonant placement before any glides -- (e.g. in [[rakyat]], [[dakwa]] [[jadwal]]) text = rsub(text,"([.])(".. C .. ")(".. W ..")(" .. V .. ")","%2%1%3%4") text = rsub(text, "β", "bh") text = rsub(text, "ć", "c") text = rsub(text, "ð", "dh") text = rsub(text, "ĵ", "j") text = rsub(text, "x", "kh") text = rsub(text, "ŋ", "ng") text = rsub(text, "ɲ", "ny") text = rsub(text, "ʃ", "sy") text = rsub(text, "q", "k") --text = rsub(text, "ɨ", "eu") text = rsub(text, "([éè])", "e") text = rsub(text, "ò", "o") text = remove_accents(text) text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([.]+)", ".") text = rsub(text, "[.]?-[.]?", "-") text = rsub(text, "[‿]([^ ])", "|%1") text = rsub(text, "[.]([^ ])", "|%1") text = rsub(text, "([|])+", "%1") -- remove # symbols at word and text boundaries text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "([.]?)#([.]?)", "") text = rsub(text, "․", ".") -- Fix Capitalization -- local syllbreak = 0 for i=1, #text do if text:sub(i,i) == "|" and origtext:sub(i-syllbreak, i-syllbreak) ~= "." and origtext:sub(i-syllbreak, i-syllbreak) ~= "7" then syllbreak = syllbreak + 1 elseif origtext:sub(i-syllbreak, i-syllbreak) == text:sub(i,i):upper() then text = table.concat({text:sub(1, i-1), text:sub(i,i):upper(), text:sub(i+1)}) end end -- Fix hyphens -- -- FIXME!!! Why are we relying on looking at the pagename here? -- This should not be happening. origtext = pagename if (table.concat(rsplit(origtext, "-")) == table.concat(rsplit(table.concat(rsplit(text, "|")), "-"))) then syllbreak = 0 for i=1, #text do if text:sub(i,i) == "|" then if origtext:sub(i-syllbreak, i-syllbreak) == "-" then text = table.concat({text:sub(1, i-1), "-", text:sub(i+1)}) else syllbreak = syllbreak + 1 end end end end -- FIXME! Hack -- up above we changed periods to vertical bars. The rest of -- the code expects periods so change them back. We should clean up the code -- above to leave the periods alone. return (text:gsub("|", "%.")) end function export.syllabify_and_align(respelling, pagename) local syllabification = syllabify_from_spelling(respelling, pagename) return align_syllabification_to_spelling(syllabification, pagename) end local function css_wrap(text, classes) return ('<span class="%s">%s</span>'):format(classes, text) end local function format_glosses(glosses) if not glosses then return "" end local formatted_glosses = {} for _, glossobj in ipairs(glosses) do local gloss_parts = {} if glossobj.gloss then table.insert(gloss_parts, css_wrap( "“", "mention-gloss-double-quote" ) .. css_wrap(glossobj.gloss, "mention-gloss") .. css_wrap("”", "mention-gloss-double-quote")) end if glossobj.poses then for _, pos in ipairs(glossobj.poses) do table.insert(gloss_parts, css_wrap(pos, "ann-pos")) end end table.insert(formatted_glosses, table.concat( gloss_parts, css_wrap(",", "mention-gloss-comma") .. " " )) end return " " .. css_wrap("(", "mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren") .. table.concat(formatted_glosses, css_wrap(";", "mention-gloss-semicolon") .. " ") .. css_wrap(")", "mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren") end local function format_pronuns(pronuns) local pronunciations = {} -- Loop through each pronunciation. For each one, add the phonemic and -- phonetic versions to `pronunciations`, for formatting by [[Module:IPA]]. for j, pronun in ipairs(pronuns) do local qs = pronun.q local first_pronun = #pronunciations + 1 if not pronun.phonemic and not pronun.phonetic then error( "Internal error: Saw neither phonemic nor phonetic pronunciation" ) end if pronun.phonemic then -- missing if 'raw:[...]' given -- don't display syllable division markers in phonemic local slash_pron = "/" .. pronun.phonemic:gsub("%.", "") .. "/" table.insert(pronunciations, { pron = slash_pron, }) end if pronun.phonetic then -- missing if 'raw:/.../' given local bracket_pron = "[" .. pronun.phonetic .. "]" table.insert(pronunciations, { pron = bracket_pron, }) end local last_pronun = #pronunciations if pronun.q then pronunciations[first_pronun].q = pronun.q end if j > 1 then pronunciations[first_pronun].separator = ", " end if pronun.aa then pronunciations[last_pronun].aa = { pronun.aa } end if pronun.qq then pronunciations[last_pronun].qq = pronun.qq end if pronun.refs then pronunciations[last_pronun].refs = pronun.refs end if first_pronun ~= last_pronun then pronunciations[last_pronun].separator = " " end end return m_IPA.format_IPA_full { lang = lang, items = pronunciations, separator = "" } end local function format_pronun_line(parsed) local formatted_pronuns = format_pronuns(parsed.pronuns) local pre = is_first and parsed.pre and parsed.pre .. " " or "" local post = is_first and parsed.post and " " .. parsed.post or "" return pre .. formatted_pronuns .. format_glosses(parsed.t) .. post end local function parse_respelling(respelling, pagename, parse_err) local raw_respelling = respelling:match("^raw:(.*)$") if raw_respelling then local raw_phonemic, raw_phonetic = raw_respelling:match( "^/(.*)/ %[(.*)%]$" ) if not raw_phonemic then raw_phonemic = raw_respelling:match("^/(.*)/$") end if not raw_phonemic then raw_phonetic = raw_respelling:match("^%[(.*)%]$") end if not raw_phonemic and not raw_phonetic then parse_err(("Unable to parse raw respelling '%s', should be one of /.../, [...] or /.../ [...]") :format(raw_respelling)) end return { raw = true, raw_phonemic = raw_phonemic, raw_phonetic = raw_phonetic, } end if respelling == "+" then respelling = pagename end return { term = respelling } end function export.IPA(text, dialect) -- Convert text and return a table containing raw, phonemic, and phonetic -- keys with IPA values without the // and [] transcriptions. -- -- ĵ, ɟ and ć are used internally to represent [d͡ʒ], [j] and [t͡ʃ] -- -- Local Functions -- (1) canon_spaces -- (2) apply_stress -- -- Return: -- IPA_table = { -- ["raw"] = String -- ["phonemic"] = String: IPA phonemic without // -- ["phonetic"] = String: IPA phonetic without [] -- } local function canon_spaces(text) -- Canonicalize multiple spaces and remove leading and trailing spaces text = rsub(text, "%s+", " ") text = rsub(text, "^ ", "") text = rsub(text, " $", "") return text end local function apply_stress(word, syllables) -- Default stress rule. Words without vowels (e.g. IPA foot boundaries) -- don't get stress. -- Sources: Kassin (2000) The phonological word in Standard Malay if #syllables == 1 then if rfind(syllables[1], BR) then syllables[1] = rsub(syllables[1], "^(.*)(".. BR ..")(.*)$", "%1%3") elseif rfind(word, V) then syllables[#syllables] = "ˈ" ..syllables[#syllables] -- Monosyllabic words wity schwa don't get stress end elseif #syllables == 2 then if rfind(syllables[#syllables], "ˈ") then -- Stress already manually specified, therefore do nothing elseif rfind(word, "([ə])(".. C .."?)([.])") then syllables[#syllables] = "ˈ" .. syllables[#syllables] else syllables[#syllables - 1] = "ˈ" .. syllables[#syllables - 1] end elseif #syllables >= 3 then -- Can be millions of syllable local i = #syllables while i > 0 do if i == #syllables then i = i - 1 end if i > 2 then cur = syllables[i] prev = syllables[i - 1] next = syllables[i + 1] if rfind(cur, "([ə])(".. C .."?)") == nil then syllables[i] = "ˈ" .. cur elseif rfind(next, "([ə])(".. C .."?)") == nil then syllables[i + 1] = "ˈ" .. next i = i + 1 elseif rfind(prev, "([ə])(".. C .."?)") == nil then syllables[i - 1] = "ˈ" .. prev i = i - 1 end elseif i <= 2 and rfind(syllables[2], "([əê])(".. C .."?)") == nil and rfind(syllables[3], "ˈ") == nil then syllables[2] = "ˈ" .. syllables[2] elseif i <= 2 and rfind(syllables[1], "([əê])(".. C .."?)") == nil then syllables[1] = rsub(syllables[1], "(#+)(".. C .."?)", "%1ˈ%2") elseif i <= 2 and rfind(syllables[3], "([ˈəê])(".. C .."?)") == nil then syllables[3] = "ˈ" .. syllables[3] else if #syllables == 3 then syllables[2] = "ˈ" .. syllables[2] end end i = i - 2 end if #syllables >= 4 then if rfind(syllables[1], "ˈ") and rfind(syllables[3], "ˈ") == nil and rfind(syllables[4], "ˈ") == nil then if rfind(syllables[3], "ə") == nil then syllables[3] = "ˈ" .. syllables[3] end end -- For such cases like 'keberagaman' where the stress clashed on -- the 3rd and 4th syllables if rfind(syllables[3], "ˈ") and rfind(syllables[4], "ˈ") then syllables[3] = rsub(syllables[3], "ˈ", "") end elseif #syllables <= 3 and rfind(syllables[1], "ˈ") and rfind(syllables[3], "[ˈə]") == nil then syllables[3] = "ˈ" .. syllables[3] end end end -- Function export.IPA start ----------------------------------------------- local std_var = { Baku = true, BP = true, ["Standard Literary"] = true, SL = true, } local schwa_var = { ["Johor-Riau"] = true, JR = true, JRP = true, ["Standard Southern Peninsula"] = true, SSP = true, ["Standard Southern Peninsular Malaysia"] = true, SSPM = true, Malaysia = true, Malaysian = true, MY = true, Singapore = true, Singaporean = true, SG = true, ["Kuala Lumpur"] = true, ["Klang Valley"] = true, KL = true, } local klsg_var = { Malaysia = true, Malaysian = true, MY = true, Singapore = true, Singaporean = true, SG = true, ["Kuala Lumpur"] = true, ["Klang Valley"] = true, KL = true, } local northern_var = { NPM = true, SNP = true, SNPM = true, ["Standard Northern Peninsula"] = true, ["Standard Northern Peninsular Malaysia"] = true, } local kedah_var = { Kedah = true, Penang = true, Perlis = true, } local alveolar_t_var = { Brunei = true, BN = true, } local Baku = std_var[dialect] or false local SV = schwa_var[dialect] or false local NTHV = northern_var[dialect] or false local KLSG = klsg_var[dialect] or false local KDV = kedah_var[dialect] or false local alveolar_t = alveolar_t_var[dialect] or false local other = not (Baku or SV or KDV) local debug = {} text = ulower(text or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename) -- decompose everything text = decompose(text) -- convert commas and en/en dashes to IPA foot boundaries text = rsub(text, "%s*[,–—]%s*", " | ") -- question mark or exclamation point in the middle of a sentence -> IPA foot boundary text = rsub(text, "([^%s])%s*[!?]%s*([^%s])", "%1 | %2") text = canon_spaces(text) -- Make prefixes unstressed unless they have an explicit stress marker; also -- make certain monosyllabic words (e.g. [[di]], [[ke]], [[se-]], etc.) -- without stress marks be unstressed. local words = rsplit(text, " ") for i, word in ipairs(words) do if rfind(word, "%-$") and not rfind(word, accent_c) or unstressed_words[word] then -- add BR to the last vowel not the first one -- adding the BR after the 'u' words[i] = rsub(word, "^(.*" .. V .. ")", "%1" .. BR) end end text = table.concat(words, " ") -- Convert hyphens to spaces text = rsub(text, "%-", " ") -- canonicalize multiple spaces again, which may have been introduced by hyphens text = canon_spaces(text) -- now eliminate punctuation text = rsub(text, "[!?]", "") -- put # at word beginning and end and double ## at text/foot boundary beginning/end text = rsub(text, " | ", "# | #") text = "##" .. rsub(text, " ", "# #") .. "##" --"i" or "u" to glide (in between vowels or is part of a diphthong) text = rsub(text, "(" .. V ..")i([.#])", "%1ɟ%2") text = rsub(text, "("..V..")u([.#])", "%1w%2") -- syllable-initial X (e.g. in [[xenofobia]], [[xenon]], [[xilofon]]) text = rsub(text, "x("..V..")", "z%1") -- handle certain combinations; gh, kh, ng, ny and sy handling needs to go first text = rsub(text, "bh", "b") -- rare cases e.g. [[bharu]] text = rsub(text, "dh", "ð") -- in Arabic-derived terms e.g. [[redha]] text = rsub(text, "gh", "ɣ") text = rsub(text, "kh", "x") text = rsub(text, "ng", "ŋ") text = rsub(text, "ny", "ɲ") text = rsub(text, "sy", "ʃ") --alphabet-to-phoneme text = rsub(text, "[ceéègjòy]", --["g"]="ɡ": U+0067 LATIN SMALL LETTER G → U+0261 LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G { ["c"] = "ć", ["e"] = "ə", ["é"] = "e", ["è"] = "ɛ", ["g"] = "ɡ", ["j"] = "ĵ", ["ò"] = "ɔ", ["y"] = "j" } ) -- glottal stop. text = rsub(text, "7", "ʔ") -- Syllable-final a -> schwa in schwa varieties text = rsub(text, "a([#])", (SV and "ə" or "a") .. "%1") -- I or U in closed final syllable text = rsub(text, "i([bdghĵklmnŋprstwz])([#])", (SV and "e" or "i") .. "%1%2") text = rsub(text, "u([bdghĵklmnŋprstwz])([#])", (SV and "o" or "u") .. "%1%2") text = rsub(text, "i([bdghĵklmprstwz])([#])", (NTHV and "e" or "i") .. "%1%2") text = rsub(text, "u([bdghĵklmprstwz])([#])", (NTHV and "o" or "u") .. "%1%2") --syllable division local vowel_to_glide = { ["i"] = "j", ["u"] = "w" } -- i, o and u between vowels -> j and e.g. [[rangkaian]]) text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. "*)([iu])(" .. V .. ")", function(v1, iu, v2) return v1 .. vowel_to_glide[iu] .. v2 end ) text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .."*)(" .. C .. W .. "?" .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .."*" .. C .. ")(" .. C .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .."*" .. C .. "+)(" .. C .. C .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. C .. ")%.s(" .. C .. ")", "%1s.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "(" .. V .. accent_c .. "*)(" .. V .. ")", "%1.%2") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "%.'", ".ˈ") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "'%.", ".ˈ") -- reduce any remaining double consonants (e.g. [[Brunei Darussalam]], [[Hassan]]); text = rsub(text, "(" .. C .. ")%1", "%1") -- If there's no â, ê .. etc. in the respelling text = rsub(text, "ar([#.ˈ])", (SV and "â" or "ar") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "ər([#.ˈ])", (SV and "ê" or "ər") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "er([#.ˈ])", (SV and "ḙ" or "er") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "ir([#.ˈ])", (SV and "î" or "ir") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "or([#.ˈ])", (SV and "ô" or "or") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "ur([#.ˈ])", (SV and "û" or "ur") .. "%1") -- Kedah text = rsub(text, "al([#])", (KDV and "aj" or "al") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "ul([#])", (KDV and "oj" or "ul") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "il([#])", (KDV and "e" or "il") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "el([#])", (KDV and "ɛ" or "el") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "us([#])", (KDV and "ujh" or "us") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "is([#])", (KDV and "eh" or "is") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "ar([#])", (KDV and "aʕ" or "ar") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "ur([#])", (KDV and "ɔʕ" or "ur") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "ir([#])", (KDV and "i.aʕ" or "ir") .. "%1") text = rsub(text, "([i])ŋ([#])", "%1" .. (KDV and "n" or "ŋ") .. "%2") table.insert(debug, text) local words = rsplit(text, " ") for j, word in ipairs(words) do local syllables = rsplit(word, "%.") -- Apply stress marker apply_stress(word, syllables) -- Reconstruct the word. words[j] = table.concat(syllables, ".") end text = table.concat(words, " ") text = rsub_repeatedly(text, "ˈ(.+)ˈ", "ˌ%1ˈ") -- suppress syllable mark before IPA stress indicator text = rsub(text, "%.([ˌˈ])", "%1") table.insert(debug,text) --vowels with circumflex to vowel+(r) text = rsub(text,"â","a(r)") text = rsub(text,"ê","ə(r)") text = rsub(text,"ḙ","e(r)") text = rsub(text,"î","i(r)") text = rsub(text,"ô","o(r)") text = rsub(text,"û","u(r)") table.insert(debug, text) local IPA_table = { ["phonetic"] = text, ["phonemic"] = text, ["raw"] = text } for key, value in pairs(IPA_table) do text = IPA_table[key] --phonetic transcription if key == "phonetic" then -- Kedah ----------------------------------------------------------- text = rsub(text, "r([#])", (KDV and "ʕ" or "r")) text = rsub(text, "r", (KDV and "ʁ" or "r")) --phonemic diphthongs text = rsub(text, "([aeou])([ɟj])([#.ˈˌ])", "%1i̯%3") text = rsub(text, "([a])w([#.ˈˌ])", "%1u̯%2") --devoice B and D as coda text = rsub(text, "b([#.ˈˌ])","p%1") text = rsub(text, "d([#.ˈˌ])","t%1") --/n/ sandhi text = rsub(text,"([n])([ˈˌ#.]*[bpm])", "m%2") text = rsub(text,"([n])([ˈˌ# .]*[ćĵʃ])","ɲ%2") text = rsub(text,"([n])([ˈˌ# .]*[t])", "n̪%2") --dental T text = rsub(text, "t", (alveolar_t and "t" or "t̪")) --/p/, /t/ to applosive text = rsub(text, "p(%)?)([#.ˈˌ])","p̚%1%2") text = rsub(text, "t̪(%)?)([#.ˈˌ])","t̪̚%1%2") --final K to glottal stop (native) or unreleased stop (loanword) text = rsub(text, "k(%)?)([#.ˈˌ])","ʔ%1%2") text = rsub(text, "ḱ(%)?)([#.ˈˌ])","k̚%1%2") -- insert optional glottal stop between identical vowels -- (e.g. aa → a(ʔ)a) text = rsub(text, "([aeiouɛɔɪʊə])%.?%1", "%1.(ʔ)%1") -- epenthesized glottal stop between vowel final prefix and vowel -- initial stem -- (e.g. diangkat → diʔangkat) local prefixes = { "a.di", "di", "ke", "ĵu.ru", "paɲ.ća", "tu.na" } mw.log(text.."\n") for _, prefix in ipairs(prefixes) do if rfind(text, prefix) then text = rsubn( text, "([#])(" .. ipa_stress_c .. "?)(" .. prefix .. ")([%." .. ipa_stress .. "]+)(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2%3%4ʔ%5", 1 ) break end end -- insert glottal stop in vowel initial word -- (e.g. api → ʔapi) text = rsub( text, "([#])(" .. ipa_stress_c .. "?)(" .. V .. ")", "%1%2ʔ%3" ) elseif key == "phonemic" then -- Remove geminated phoneme before -an and -i suffixes text = rsub(text, "%((" .. C .. ")%)(%.)(%1)(.-)(#+)", function(p1, br, p2, suf, bound) if suf == "an" or suf == "i" then if p1 == p2 then return br .. p2 .. suf .. bound else return "(" .. p1 .. ")" .. br .. p2 .. suf .. bound end end end ) -- Phonemic cleanup -- Diphthongs text = rsub(text, "(" .. C .. ")j(" .. V .. ")", "%1i.%2") text = rsub(text, "(" .. C .. ")w(" .. V .. ")", "%1u.%2") -- ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ɔ -> i, u, e, o text = rsub(text, "ɪ", "i") text = rsub(text, "ʊ", "u") text = rsub(text, "ɛ", "e") text = rsub(text, "ɔ", "o") -- consonants text = rsub(text, "ḱ", "k") text = rsub(text, "ɫ", "l") -- Remove syllable breaks -- text = rsub(text, "[.]", "") end -- convert fake symbols to real ones local final_conversions = { ["ć"] = "t͡ʃ", -- fake "c" to real "c" ["ĵ"] = "d͡ʒ", -- fake "j" to real "j" ["ɟ"] = "j" -- fake "y" to real "y" } text = rsub(text, "[ćĵɟ]", final_conversions) -- remove # symbols at word and text boundaries text = rsub(text, "#", "") IPA_table[key] = unfc(text) end return IPA_table -- Function export.IPA end ------------------------------------------------- end local function respelling_to_IPA(data) return ("/%s/ [%s]"):format( export.IPA(data.respelling, "").phonemic:gsub("%.", ""), export.IPA(data.respelling, "").phonetic ) end function export.show(frame) local parent_args = frame:getParent().args return m_pron_utils.format_prons { lang = lang, respelling_to_IPA = respelling_to_IPA, raw_args = parent_args, track_module = "ms-pron", include_bullet = true, -- FIXME: temporary } end function export.show_pr(frame) -- 1. Parse the arguments. ------------------------------------------------ local params = { [1] = {list = true}, ["rhyme"] = {}, ["syll"] = {}, ["hmp"] = {}, ["audio"] = {list = true}, ["pagename"] = {}, } local parargs = frame:getParent().args local args = m_params.process(parargs, params) local pagename = args.pagename or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename local respellings = #args[1] > 0 and args[1] or {"+"} local parsed_respellings = {} local function overall_parse_err(msg, arg, val) error(msg .. ": " .. arg .. "=" .. val) end local overall_rhyme = args.rhyme and parse_rhyme(args.rhyme, function(msg) overall_parse_err(msg, "rhyme", args.rhyme) end) or nil local overall_syll = args.syll and parse_syll(args.syll, function(msg) overall_parse_err(msg, "syll", args.syll) end) or nil local overall_hmp = args.hmp and parse_homophone(args.hmp, function(msg) overall_parse_err(msg, "hmp", args.hmp) end) or nil local overall_audio if #args.audio > 0 then overall_audio = {} for _, audio in ipairs(args.audio) do local parsed_audio = parse_audio(audio, function(msg) overall_parse_err(msg, "audio", audio) end) table.insert(overall_audio, parsed_audio) end end -- Parse each respelling. Individual arguments in 1=, 2=, etc. can consist -- of one or more comma-separated respellings, each of which can have inline -- modifiers <q:...>, <qq:...>, <a:...>, <aa:...> or <ref:...>. -- In addition, the respellings as a whole of a given argument can be followed -- by various inline modifiers, such as <t:...>, <rhyme:...>, <syll:...>, etc. -- The result of parsing goes into `parsed_respellings`, which is a list of -- objects (one per numbered argument), each of which is a table of the form -- -- { -- terms = {TERM, TERM, ...}, -- audio = {AUDIO, AUDIO, ...}, -- rhyme = {RHYME, RHYME, ...}, -- syll = {SYLL, SYLL, ...}, -- hmp = {HMP, HMP, ...}, -- t = {GLOSS, GLOSS, ...}, -- pre = "PRE-TEXT" or nil, -- post = "POST-TEXT" or nil, -- bullets = NUM_BULLETS, -- accents = {"ACCENT", "ACCENT", ...}, -- } -- -- In this structure, TERM is an object that usually has the form -- -- { -- term = "RESPELLING", -- ref = {"REF-SPEC", "REF-SPEC", ...}, -- q = {"QUALIFIER", "QUALIFIER", ...}, -- qq = {"QUALIFIER", "QUALIFIER", ...}, -- } -- -- Note that in this structure, "REF-SPEC" of the form parsable by -- parse_references() in [[Module:references]]. -- -- Alternatively, if phonemic or phonetic IPA is given in place of -- a respelling, TERM will have the form -- -- { -- raw = true, -- phonemic = "PHONEMIC", -- phonetic = "PHONETIC", -- ref = {"REF-SPEC", "REF-SPEC", ...}, -- q = {"QUALIFIER", "QUALIFIER", ...}, -- qq = {"QUALIFIER", "QUALIFIER", ...}, -- } -- -- AUDIO is a table of the form -- -- { -- file = "FILE", -- gloss = "GLOSS", -- q = {"QUALIFIER", "QUALIFIER", ...}, -- qq = {"QUALIFIER", "QUALIFIER", ...}, -- a = {"ACCENT-QUALIFIER", "ACCENT-QUALIFIER", ...}, -- aa = {"ACCENT-QUALIFIER", "ACCENT-QUALIFIER", ...}, -- } -- -- RHYME is a table of the form -- -- { -- rhyme = "RHYME", -- num_syl = {NUM_SYL, NUM_SYL, ...}, -- q, qq, a, aa = (as for AUDIO), -- } -- -- SYLL is a table of the form (where `hyph` is required to be named this -- way for [[Module:hyphenation]]) -- -- { -- syllabification = "SYL.LAB.LES", -- hyph = {"SYL", "LAB", "LES"}, -- q, qq, a, aa = (as for AUDIO), -- } -- -- HMP is a table of the form -- -- { -- term = "HOMOPHONE", -- gloss = "GLOSS" or nil, -- pos = "POS" or nil, -- alt = "ALT" or nil, -- lit = "LIT" or nil, -- id = "ID" or nil, -- g = {"G", "G", ...}, -- q, qq, a, aa = (as for AUDIO), -- } -- -- GLOSS is a table of the form -- -- { -- poses = {"POS", "POS", ...} or nil, -- gloss = "GLOSS" or nil, -- } for i, respelling in ipairs(respellings) do if respelling:find("<") then local param_mods = { pre = { overall = true }, post = { overall = true }, bullets = { overall = true, type = "number", }, t = { overall = true, store = "insert", convert = parse_gloss, }, rhyme = { overall = true, store = "insert-flattened", convert = parse_rhyme, }, syll = { overall = true, -- Not `store = "insert-flattened"`. parse_syll() does not -- generates a list but a structure where the syllabifications -- are in `terms` and there's an additional overall property -- `cap` for the caption (defaulting to "Syllabification"). -- FIXME: Rethink whether we even want "insert-flattened" or -- just "insert" for the remaining pronunciation properties. convert = parse_syll, }, hmp = { overall = true, store = "insert-flattened", convert = parse_homophone, }, audio = { overall = true, store = "insert", -- not "insert-flattened" because parse_audio returns a single object convert = parse_audio, }, ref = { store = "insert" }, q = { store = "insert" }, qq = { store = "insert" }, a = { item_dest = "accents", overall = true, convert = parse_accents, }, aa = { overall = true }, } local parsed = m_parse_utils.parse_inline_modifiers(respelling, { paramname = i, param_mods = param_mods, generate_obj = function(term, parse_err) return parse_respelling(term, pagename, parse_err) end, pre_normalize_modifiers = function(data) local modtext = data.modtext modtext = modtext:match("^<(.*)>$") if not modtext then error(("Internal error: Passed-in modifier isn't surrounded by angle brackets: %s"):format( data.modtext)) end if modtext:find("%^") and not modtext:find("^t:") then modtext = "t:" .. modtext end return "<" .. modtext .. ">" end, splitchar = ",", outer_container = {}, }) if not parsed.bullets then parsed.bullets = 1 end table.insert(parsed_respellings, parsed) else local termobjs = {} local function parse_err(msg) error(msg .. ": " .. i .. "=" .. respelling) end for _, term in ipairs(split_on_comma(respelling)) do table.insert( termobjs, parse_respelling(term, pagename, parse_err) ) end table.insert(parsed_respellings, { terms = termobjs, bullets = 1, }) end end for i, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do if parsed.accents == nil then local item = table.remove(parsed_respellings, i) table.insert(parsed_respellings, 1, item) break end end local function scan_accents(parsed_respellings) local accents_KL_SG = { KL = true, SG = true } local accents_KDM = { Kedah = true, Penang = true, Perlis = true, } local found_KL_SG = false local found_KDM = false local found_raw = false for _, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do for _, term in ipairs(parsed.terms) do if term.raw then found_raw = true end end if parsed.accents then for _, accent in ipairs(parsed.accents) do if accents_KL_SG[accent] then found_KL_SG = true elseif accents_KDM[accent] then found_KDM = true end end end end return found_KL_SG, found_KDM, found_raw end local has_KL_SG, has_KDM, has_raw = scan_accents(parsed_respellings) local has_std = not(parsed_respellings[1] and parsed_respellings[1].accents) local function insert_accent(parsed_respellings, index, accents) table.insert(parsed_respellings, index, { accents = accents, bullets = 1, terms = { { term = parsed_respellings[1].terms[1].term } } }) end if has_std and not has_raw then if not has_KL_SG then insert_accent(parsed_respellings, 2, {"KL", "-", "SG"}) has_KL_SG = true end if not has_KDM then local index = has_KL_SG and 3 or 2 insert_accent(parsed_respellings, index, {"Kedah"}) has_KDM = true end end -- 2. Generate IPA, rhymes and syllabification. -------------------------- -- Used for categorization below. local syllabification_alignment_failed = false -- Canonicalize syllabifications in `sylls` by convering '+' to the default -- syllabification of the pagename, '#' to -- the pagename itself, and '-' to no syllabification (return `null_syll`). -- If '-' not seen, return `sylls`. local function canonicalize_syllabification(sylls, null_syll) for _, syll in ipairs(sylls.terms) do if syll.syllabification == "+" then syll.syllabification = syllabify_from_spelling(pagename, pagename) syll.hyph = split_syllabified_spelling(syll.syllabification) elseif syll.syllabification == "#" then syll.syllabification = pagename syll.hyph = {syll.syllabification} elseif syll.syllabification == "-" then return null_syll end end return sylls end if overall_syll then overall_syll = canonicalize_syllabification(overall_syll, {}) end local function doesnt_count_for_rhyme(list) if not list then return false end local accent_no_count = {"colloquial", "obsolete", "nonstandard"} for _, item in ipairs(list) do for _, word_no_count in ipairs(accent_no_count) do if item:find("%f[%w]" .. word_no_count .. "%f[%W]") then return true end end end return false end -- Loop over individual respellings, processing each. for _, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do -- First, sort the specified accents and default to "Baku". local default_accent = "Baku" if not parsed.accents then parsed.accents = {default_accent} end -- If more than one respelling given, then if any accent or qualifier -- has the words 'colloquial', 'obsolete' or 'nonstandard' in them, -- don't generate a rhyme or a '#-syllable word' category. local more_than_one_respelling = #parsed.terms > 1 or #parsed_respellings > 1 local is_standard = m_table.contains(parsed.accents, default_accent) and true or false local all_terms_no_rhyme = more_than_one_respelling and doesnt_count_for_rhyme(parsed.accents) parsed.pronuns = {} for i, term in ipairs(parsed.terms) do local phonemic, phonetic if term.raw then phonemic = term.raw_phonemic phonetic = term.raw_phonetic else local ret = export.IPA(term.term, parsed.accents[1]) phonemic = ret.phonemic phonetic = ret.phonetic end local refs if not term.ref then refs = nil else refs = {} for _, refspec in ipairs(term.ref) do local this_refs = m_refs.parse_references(refspec) for _, this_ref in ipairs(this_refs) do table.insert(refs, this_ref) end end end local no_rhyme, rhyme_with_cat -- Same check as above for colloquial/obsolete/relaxed -- but check the qualifiers, which are attached to -- individual respellings rather than a -- single-line set of respellings. no_rhyme = all_terms_no_rhyme or more_than_one_respelling and ( doesnt_count_for_rhyme(term.q) or doesnt_count_for_rhyme(term.qq) ) if not no_rhyme then local should_generate_rhyme, should_generate_cat = should_generate_rhyme_from_termobj(term) no_rhyme = not should_generate_rhyme rhyme_with_cat = should_generate_cat end local pronobj = { raw = term.raw, phonemic = phonemic, phonetic = phonetic, refs = refs, aa = parsed.aa, q = term.q, qq = term.qq, no_rhyme = no_rhyme, rhyme_with_cat = rhyme_with_cat, } table.insert(parsed.pronuns, pronobj) end if not parsed.syll then if not overall_syll and any_words_have_vowels(pagename) then for _, term in ipairs(parsed.terms) do if not term.raw then local syllabification = syllabify_from_spelling(term.term, pagename) local aligned_syll = align_syllabification_to_spelling(syllabification, pagename) if aligned_syll then if not parsed.syll then parsed.syll = {terms = {}} end m_table.insertIfNot(parsed.syll.terms, generate_syll_obj(aligned_syll)) else syllabification_alignment_failed = true end end end end else parsed.syll = canonicalize_syllabification(parsed.syll, nil) end if not parsed.rhyme then if overall_rhyme then parsed.rhyme = nil else -- Generate the rhymes. for _, pronun in ipairs(parsed.pronuns) do -- We should have already excluded multiword terms and terms -- without vowels from rhyme generation (see `no_auto_rhyme` -- below). But make sure to check that pronun.phonemic -- exists (it may not if raw phonetic-only pronun is given), -- and rhyme isn't suppressed (which may happen if the term -- has a qualifier "colloquial", "obsolete" or the like ). if pronun.phonemic and not pronun.no_rhyme then -- Count number of syllables by looking at syllable -- boundaries (including stress marks). local num_syl = get_num_syl_from_ipa(pronun.phonemic) -- Get the rhyme by truncating everything up through -- the last stress mark + any following consonants, -- and remove syllable boundary markers. local rhyme = convert_phonemic_to_rhyme(pronun.phonemic) -- Copying qualifiers to rhymes: -- (1) If there's only one pronunciation, displaying -- any associated qualifier on the rhyme is -- redundant, so don't do it. -- (2) If there are multiple pronunciations, then we -- generally do want to copy the qualifier(s) from -- pronunciation to rhyme, but only if a given rhyme -- either derives from a single pronunciation, or -- derives from multiple pronunciations all of which -- share the same qualifier(s). We do NOT want to -- combine two different qualifiers from two -- different pronunciations. -- (3) If there are multiple pronunciations that map to -- a single rhyme, and all pronunciations share -- qualifiers, then we might consider omitting the -- qualifiers as redundant; but this case will -- rarely happen so it might not be worth worrying -- about. -- (4) Similarly, if there are multiple pronunciations -- where some have the rhyme suppressed (see above), -- and all pronunciations share qualifiers, then we -- might consider omitting the qualifiers as redundant; -- but again, this case will rarely happen (especially -- since in almost all cases the suppressed-rhyme -- pronunciation will have distinctive qualifiers) so -- it probably isn't worth worrying about. Note that -- in the common case where the qualifiers of the -- rhyme-suppressed pronunciation differ from those -- of the rhyme-included pronunciation, we do want to -- include the qualifiers of the rhyme-included -- pronunciation (imagine e.g. there are two -- pronunciations marked "standard" and "colloquial"; -- we want to mark the rhyme as "standard"). -- (5) There are two different types of qualifiers (left -- and right); when comparing qualifiers, we need to -- compare the entire set of both qualifiers and make -- sure they both match (although it will be rare to -- have both left and right qualifiers on a single -- pronunciation). local saw_already = false if not parsed.rhyme then parsed.rhyme = {} end for _, existing in ipairs(parsed.rhyme) do if existing.rhyme == rhyme then saw_already = true -- We already saw this rhyme but possibly with a -- different number of syllables, e.g. if the -- user specified two pronunciations 'biologi' -- (4 syllables) and 'biologi' (5 syllables), -- both of which have the same rhyme /ogi/. m_table.insertIfNot(existing.num_syl, num_syl) if not m_table.deepEquals(existing.q, pronun.q) or not m_table.deepEquals(existing.qq, pronun.qq) then existing.q = nil existing.qq = nil end break end end if not saw_already then table.insert(parsed.rhyme, { rhyme = rhyme, num_syl = {num_syl}, q = #parsed.pronuns > 1 and pronun.q or nil, qq = #parsed.pronuns > 1 and pronun.qq or nil, nocat = not pronun.rhyme_with_cat, }) end end end end else local no_rhyme = false for _, rhyme in ipairs(parsed.rhyme) do if rhyme.rhyme == "-" then no_rhyme = true break end end if no_rhyme then parsed.rhyme = nil else parsed.rhyme = process_specified_rhymes( parsed.rhyme, parsed.syll and parsed.syll.terms or {}, {parsed} ) end end end if overall_rhyme then local no_overall_rhyme = false for _, orhyme in ipairs(overall_rhyme) do if orhyme.rhyme == "-" then no_overall_rhyme = true break end end if no_overall_rhyme then overall_rhyme = nil else local all_sylls if overall_syll then all_sylls = overall_syll else all_sylls = {} for _, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do if parsed.syll then for _, syll in ipairs(parsed.syll.terms) do m_table.insertIfNot(all_sylls, syll) end end end end overall_rhyme = process_specified_rhymes( overall_rhyme, all_sylls, parsed_respellings ) end end -- Determine whether all sets of pronunciations have the same value for a -- pronunciation property (rhymes, syllabifications or homophones). If so, -- we display them them only once at the bottom, otherwise beneath each set, -- indented. This function takes one argument, the name of a slot specifying -- the pronunciation property, and returns two values, a boolean indicating -- whether all values are the same and the first value seen (which will be -- the only value seen if all values are the same). local function all_sets_equal(parsed_slot) local first_set local all_sets_eq = true for j, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do if j == 1 then first_set = parsed[parsed_slot] elseif not m_table.deepEquals(first_set, parsed[parsed_slot]) then all_sets_eq = false break end end return all_sets_eq, first_set end local all_rhyme_sets_eq, first_rhyme_ret = all_sets_equal("rhyme") local all_syll_sets_eq, first_sylls = all_sets_equal("syll") local all_hmp_sets_eq, first_hmps = all_sets_equal("hmp") -- 3. Insert categories as appropriate. ----------------------------------- local categories = {} local function get_rhymes_categories(rhymes) if not rhymes then return end end get_rhymes_categories(overall_rhyme) for _, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do get_rhymes_categories(parsed.rhyme) end local function get_syll_categories(sylls) if not sylls then return end for _, syll in ipairs(sylls.terms) do local syll_no_dot = "#" .. syll.syllabification .. "#" syll_no_dot = syll.syllabification:gsub("%.([^ #])", "%1"):gsub("#", "") if syll_no_dot ~= pagename then mw.log(("For page '%s', saw syllabification '%s' not matching pagename"):format( pagename, syll.syllabification)) m_table.insertIfNot( categories, ("%s terms with syllabification not matching pagename"):format( lang:getCanonicalName() ) ) end end end get_syll_categories(overall_syll) for _, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do get_syll_categories(parsed.syll) end if syllabification_alignment_failed then table.insert( categories, ("%s terms where syllabification alignment failed"):format( lang:getCanonicalName() ) ) end -- 4. Format IPA, rhymes and syllabification for display. ------------------ local function bullet_prefix(num_bullets) return string.rep("*", num_bullets) .. " " end local function format_rhyme(rhymes) return m_rhymes.format_rhymes { lang = lang, rhymes = rhymes, force_cat = force_cat, } end local function format_syllabifications(syllobj) return m_hyph.format_hyphenations { lang = lang, hyphs = syllobj.terms, caption = syllobj.cap or "音節化" } end local function format_homophones(hmps) return m_hmps.format_homophones { lang = lang, homophones = hmps } end local function format_audio(audios, num_bullets) local ret = {} for i, audio in ipairs(audios) do local text = m_audio.format_audio { lang = lang, file = audio.file, caption = audio.gloss, q = audio.q, qq = audio.qq, a = audio.a, aa = audio.aa, } table.insert(ret, bullet_prefix(num_bullets) .. text) end return table.concat(ret, "\n") end -- Implement grouping by accent. If there is a run of more than one -- consecutive set of pronunciations with the same accent, the accent -- goes on its own line and the pronunciations with this accent go -- below with an extra bullet. local prev_accents local num_seen_with_these_accents for j, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do if m_table.deepEquals(prev_accents, parsed.accents) then parsed.of_several_accents = "continuation" num_seen_with_these_accents = num_seen_with_these_accents + 1 if num_seen_with_these_accents == 2 then parsed_respellings[j - 1].of_several_accents = "first" end else prev_accents = parsed.accents num_seen_with_these_accents = 1 end end -- Pull out autogenerated pronunciations and move to the next line, indented. for _, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do local saw_next_line_pronuns = false for _, pronun in ipairs(parsed.pronuns) do if pronun.move_to_next_line then saw_next_line_pronuns = true break end end if saw_next_line_pronuns then local this_line_pronuns = {} local next_line_pronuns = {} for _, pronun in ipairs(parsed.pronuns) do if pronun.move_to_next_line then table.insert(next_line_pronuns, pronun) else table.insert(this_line_pronuns, pronun) end end -- Now see if there are qualifiers shared among all elements of the -- next-line pronuns and deduplicate if so. local function deduplicate_qualifiers(field, keepfirst) local saw_nil = false for _, pronun in ipairs(next_line_pronuns) do if not pronun[field] then saw_nil = true break end end if not saw_nil then local qualifiers = {} for _, pronun in ipairs(next_line_pronuns) do table.insert( qualifiers, m_set_utils.list_to_set(pronun[field]) ) end local all_shared = m_set_utils.intersect(unpack(qualifiers)) if next(all_shared) then local first_index, last_index if keepfirst then first_index = 2 last_index = #pronun else first_index = 1 last_index = #pronun - 1 end for i = first_index, last_index do local pronun = next_line_pronuns[i] local new_qualifiers = {} for _, q in ipairs(pronun[field]) do if not all_shared[q] then table.insert(new_qualifiers, q) end end pronun[field] = new_qualifiers end end end end parsed.pronuns = this_line_pronuns parsed.next_line_pronuns = next_line_pronuns end end -- Now actually format the pronunciations. local textparts = {} local first_line = true local function ins_line(linetext, num_bullets) if not first_line then table.insert(textparts, "\n") end first_line = false table.insert(textparts, bullet_prefix(num_bullets) .. linetext) end local min_num_bullets = math.huge for j, parsed in ipairs(parsed_respellings) do if parsed.bullets < min_num_bullets then min_num_bullets = parsed.bullets end local accent_grouping_offset = 0 if parsed.of_several_accents == "first" then ins_line( m_acc_qual.format_qualifiers(lang, parsed.accents), parsed.bullets ) end local pronuns = format_pronun_line(parsed) local accent_prefix if not parsed.of_several_accents then accent_prefix = m_acc_qual.format_qualifiers(lang, parsed.accents) .. " " else accent_prefix = "" accent_grouping_offset = 1 end ins_line( accent_prefix .. pronuns, parsed.bullets + accent_grouping_offset ) if parsed.next_line_pronuns then ins_line( format_pronuns(parsed.next_line_pronuns), parsed.bullets + accent_grouping_offset + 1 ) end if parsed.audio then -- format_audio() inserts multiple lines and handles bullets by -- itself. table.insert(textparts, "\n") -- If only one pronunciation set, add the audio with the same number -- of bullets, otherwise indent audio by one more bullet. table.insert(textparts, format_audio(parsed.audio, (#parsed_respellings == 1 and parsed.bullets or parsed.bullets + 1) + accent_grouping_offset)) end if not all_rhyme_sets_eq and parsed.rhyme then ins_line(format_rhyme(parsed.rhyme), parsed.bullets + 1 + accent_grouping_offset) end if not all_syll_sets_eq and parsed.syll then ins_line(format_syllabifications(parsed.syll), parsed.bullets + 1 + accent_grouping_offset) end if not all_hmp_sets_eq and parsed.hmp then ins_line(format_homophones(parsed.hmp), parsed.bullets + 1 + accent_grouping_offset) end end if overall_audio then -- format_audio() inserts multiple lines and handles bullets by itself. table.insert(textparts, "\n") table.insert(textparts, format_audio(overall_audio, min_num_bullets)) end if all_rhyme_sets_eq and first_rhyme_ret then ins_line(format_rhyme(first_rhyme_ret), min_num_bullets) end if overall_rhyme then ins_line(format_rhyme(overall_rhyme), min_num_bullets) end if all_syll_sets_eq and first_sylls then ins_line(format_syllabifications(first_sylls), min_num_bullets) end if overall_syll then ins_line(format_syllabifications(overall_syll), min_num_bullets) end if all_hmp_sets_eq and first_hmps then ins_line(format_homophones(first_hmps), min_num_bullets) end if overall_hmp then ins_line(format_homophones(overall_hmp), min_num_bullets) end return table.concat(textparts) .. m_utils.format_categories(categories, lang, nil, nil, force_cat) end -- Meant to be called from a bot. function export.pron_json(frame) local iparams = { [1] = {list = true, required = true}, ["pagename"] = {required = true}, } local iargs = m_params.process(frame.args, iparams) local data = {} local syllabification_from_pagename = syllabify_from_spelling(iargs.pagename, iargs.pagename) for _, respelling in ipairs(iargs[1]) do local pronun = export.IPA(respelling, "") local syllabification = export.syllabify_and_align(respelling, iargs.pagename) local num_syl = get_num_syl_from_ipa(pronun.phonemic) local rhyme = convert_phonemic_to_rhyme(pronun.phonemic) table.insert(data, { respelling = respelling, phonemic = pronun.phonemic, phonetic = pronun.phonetic, syllabification = syllabification, num_syl = num_syl, rhyme = rhyme, }) end local retval = { pagename = iargs.pagename, syllabification_from_pagename = syllabification_from_pagename, data = data, } return m_JSON.toJSON(retval) end return export sz33ir2pvz2ulr4b7mdmtnj9qk7u33f 𮷛 0 2240225 9845980 7874813 2026-07-28T23:18:25Z Fglffer 55252 9845980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=159|rad=车|as=08|sn=12|four=|canj=|ids=⿱车⿰车车}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|uh=2EDDB}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|轟|ns}} tgf7q1ao2vexlfv53gfxieic2jw02rs 𮷝 0 2240227 9845960 7874815 2026-07-28T22:38:21Z Fglffer 55252 9845960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=159|rad=车|as=10|sn=14|four=|canj=|ids=⿰车舀}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|uh=2EDDD}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|轁}} 4v2135cdudyy98oe7tpalguf12otcj1 Module:Labels/data/lang/ms 828 2499894 9845872 8456459 2026-07-28T17:56:29Z TongcyDai 53191 9845872 Scribunto text/plain local labels = {} -- Dialects with ISO 639-3 codes (FIX ME) -------------------------------------------------------- labels["汶萊"] = { aliases = {"Brunei", "Brunei Malay", "BN", "文萊"}, Wikipedia = "en:Brunei Malay", regional_categories = true, } labels["巴達維亞"] = { aliases = {"Batavia", "Batavian", "Betawi"}, display = "巴達維亞馬來語", Wikipedia = "巴達維語", regional_categories = true, } labels["米南佳保"] = { aliases = {"Minangkabau"}, display = "米南佳保馬來語", Wikipedia = "米南佳保語", regional_categories = true, } labels["北大年"] = { aliases = {"Pattani", "Pattani Malay"}, Wikipedia = "亞維語", regional_categories = true, } labels["吉蘭丹"] = { aliases = {"Kelantan", "Kelantan Malay"}, Wikipedia = "亞維語", regional_categories = true, } labels["吉蘭丹-北大年"] = { aliases = {"Kelantan-Pattani", "Kota Bharu", "Kelantan-Pattani Malay", "KPM"}, Wikipedia = "亞維語", regional_categories = true, } labels["吉打"] = { aliases = {"Kedah", "Syburi", "Sai Buri", "Setul", "Satun"}, Wikipedia = "en:Kedah Malay", regional_categories = true, } labels["檳城"] = { aliases = {"Penang"}, Wikipedia = "en:Kedah Malay", regional_categories = true, } labels["玻璃市"] = { aliases = {"Perlis"}, Wikipedia = "en:Kedah Malay", regional_categories = true, } labels["森美蘭"] = { aliases = {"Negeri Sembilan", "Negeri Sembilan Malay", "N9"}, Wikipedia = "en:Negeri Sembilan Malay", regional_categories = true, } labels["沙巴"] = { aliases = {"Sabah"}, Wikipedia = "en:Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Sabah_Malay", regional_categories = true, } -- Dialects without ISO 639-3 codes -------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- To consider: -- (1) Mardijker Malay: Should this be considered a variant of Malay or a local Portuguese creole? -- (2) Sri Lankan Malay creole -- Reasoning: It already exists as separated language in Wiktionary under the 'sci' code, but -- can be included under the general Malay umbrella. labels["亞沙漢"] = { aliases = {"Asahan"}, Wikipedia = "亞沙漢縣", regional_categories = true, } labels["勿里洞"] = { aliases = {"Belitung"}, Wikipedia = "en:Belitung Malay", regional_categories = true, } labels["開普馬來"] = { aliases = {"Cape Malay", "Cape"}, Wikipedia = "開普馬來人", regional_categories = true, } labels["日里"] = { aliases = {"Deli"}, Wikipedia = "日里雪冷縣", regional_categories = true, } labels["下彭亨"] = { aliases = {"Hilir Pahang", "以列"}, regional_categories = true, } labels["上彭亨"] = { aliases = {"Hulu Pahang", "烏魯"}, regional_categories = true, } labels["爪哇"] = { aliases = {"Java", "Jawa", "Java Malay"}, display = "爪哇馬來語", Wikipedia = "爪哇島", regional_categories = true, } labels["柔佛"] = { aliases = {"Johor"}, Wikipedia = "en:Johor Malay", regional_categories = true, } -- Temp labels["甘巴"] = { aliases = {"Kampar"}, Wikipedia = "en:Kampar language", regional_categories = true, } labels["道房"] = { aliases = {"Ketapang"}, Wikipedia = "道房縣", regional_categories = true, } labels["吉隆坡"] = { aliases = {"Kuala Lumpur", "Klang Valley", "KL"}, Wikipedia = "大吉隆坡", regional_categories = true, } labels["西哥打瓦林因"] = { aliases = {"Kotawaringin"}, Wikipedia = "西哥打瓦林因縣", regional_categories = true, } labels["瓜魯"] = { aliases = {"Kualuh"}, Wikipedia = "en:Kualuh", regional_categories = true, } -- Temp labels["關丹"] = { aliases = {"Kuantan"}, Wikipedia = "en:Kuantan language", regional_categories = true, } labels["萬那"] = { aliases = {"Landak"}, Wikipedia = "萬那縣", regional_categories = true, } labels["冷吉"] = { aliases = {"Langkat"}, Wikipedia = "冷吉縣", regional_categories = true, } labels["馬來西亞"] = { aliases = {"Malaysia", "Malaysian", "MY"}, Wikipedia = "馬來西亞語", regional_categories = true, } labels["緬甸"] = { aliases = {"Myanmar", "Myanmarese", "Burma", "Burmese"}, Wikipedia = "en:Myanmar English", regional_categories = true, } labels["馬六甲"] = { aliases = {"Malacca", "Malaccan Malay", "Melaka"}, Wikipedia = "en:Malaccan Malay", regional_categories = true, } labels["棉蘭"] = { aliases = {"Medan"}, Wikipedia = "棉蘭", regional_categories = true, } labels["美拉維"] = { aliases = {"Melawi"}, Wikipedia = "美拉維縣", regional_categories = true, } labels["彭亨"] = { aliases = {"Pahang"}, Wikipedia = "en:Pahang Malay", regional_categories = true, } labels["巴奈"] = { aliases = {"Panai"}, Wikipedia = "en:Panai", regional_categories = true, } labels["巴西彭加拉延"] = { aliases = {"Pasir Pangaraian"}, Wikipedia = "en:Pasir Pengaraian", regional_categories = true, } labels["霹靂"] = { aliases = {"Perak", "Perak Malay"}, Wikipedia = "en:Perak Malay", regional_categories = true, } labels["坤甸"] = { aliases = {"Pontianak"}, Wikipedia = "en:Pontianak Malay", regional_categories = true, } labels["廖內"] = { aliases = {"Riau"}, Wikipedia = "en:Riau Malay language", regional_categories = true, } labels["廖內群島"] = { aliases = {"Riau Islands", "Kepri"}, Wikipedia = "廖內群島", regional_categories = true, } labels["下羅干"] = { aliases = {"Rokan Hilir", "上羅干"}, Wikipedia = "下羅干縣", regional_categories = true, } labels["三發"] = { aliases = {"Sambas"}, Wikipedia = "三發縣", regional_categories = true, } labels["上侯"] = { aliases = {"Sanggau"}, Wikipedia = "上侯縣", regional_categories = true, } labels["砂拉越"] = { aliases = {"Sarawak", "沙撈越"}, Wikipedia = "en:Sarawak Malay", regional_categories = true, } labels["沙登"] = { aliases = {"Serdang"}, Wikipedia = "en:Serdang Bedagai Regency", regional_categories = true, } labels["錫亞"] = { aliases = {"Siak"}, Wikipedia = "錫亞縣", regional_categories = true, } labels["新加坡"] = { aliases = {"Singapore", "Singaporean", "SG"}, Wikipedia = "新加坡馬來人", regional_categories = true, } labels["新當"] = { aliases = {"Sintang"}, Wikipedia = "新當縣", regional_categories = true, } labels["塔米昂"] = { aliases = {"Tamiang"}, Wikipedia = "亞齊塔米昂縣", regional_categories = true, } labels["登嘉樓"] = { aliases = {"Terengganu"}, Wikipedia = "en:Terengganu Malay", regional_categories = true, } labels["淡美拉漢"] = { aliases = {"Tembilahan"}, Wikipedia = "en:Tembilahan", regional_categories = true, } labels["西加里曼丹"] = { aliases = {"West Kalimantan", "Kalbar"}, Wikipedia = "西加里曼丹省", regional_categories = true, } labels["荷蘭"] = { aliases = {"Netherlands"}, Wikipedia = "荷蘭", regional_categories = true, } -- Chronolects ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- labels["英屬馬來亞"] = { aliases = {"British Malaya", "BEI", "Malaya"}, Wikipedia = "英屬馬來亞", plain_categories = "英屬馬來亞馬來語", } labels["荷屬東印度"] = { aliases = {"Dutch East Indies", "DEI", "VOC"}, Wikipedia = "荷屬東印度", plain_categories = "荷屬東印度馬來語", } -- Sociolects ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ labels["皇室馬來語"] = { aliases = {"Palace Malay", "palace", "royal"}, Wikipedia = "en:Bahasa Istana", plain_categories = "馬來語皇室用語", } -- Spelling systems ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- -- To consider: -- (1) Van Ophuijsen Spelling System -- Reasoning: The Van Ophuijsen Spelling System was used throughout Dutch East Indies before -- the birth of Indonesian language in 1928. labels["1924-1972"] = { aliases = {"Zaaba spelling", "Zaaba orthography", "pre-1972 standard", "pre-1972"}, Wikipedia = "en:Za'aba Spelling", plain_categories = "馬來語1924–1972年形式", } -- Accent qualifiers ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- FIXME, the following may partly be duplicative. labels["標準書面音"] = { aliases = {"Literary Standard", "Baku", "BP", "SL", "Standard Literary", "LS"}, Wikipedia = "en:Malay phonology", } labels["西馬南部標準音"] = { aliases = {"Southern Peninsular Malaysia Standard", "Johor-Riau", "JR", "JRP", "SSP", "Standard Southern Peninsula", "SPMS"}, Wikipedia = "en:Malay phonology", } labels["西馬北部標準音"] = { aliases = {"Northern Peninsular Malaysia Standard", "NPM", "SNP", "Standard Northern Peninsula", "NPMS"}, Wikipedia = "en:Malay phonology", } labels["汶萊標準音"] = { aliases = {"Brunei Standard", "Standard Brunei", "BS"}, Wikipedia = "en:Brunei Malay", } labels["新加坡標準音"] = { aliases = {"Singapore Standard", "SSG", "Standard Singapore", "SS"}, Wikipedia = "en:Malay phonology", } -- *-variety not merged with the standard pronunciation for flexibility purposes. -- Due to Asmah classifying the prestigious Johor-Riau accent of Peninsular Malaysia as -- schwa-variety while leaving out the Indonesian counterpart, and grouping the divergent -- Northern Peninsula, Sarawak, and Sabah as /a/-variety, it has bring a lot of trouble of -- sorting the pronunciation of Malay entries in Wiktionary. -- -- The above standard pronunciation is specifically used for Standard Bruneian, Malaysian, and -- Singaporean pronunciation, while *-variety can be used to include nonstandard pronunciation -- across Malay speaking location from South Africa to Papua. -- e.g. The accents of Ketapang, Riau Islands, etc. are part of schwa-variety Malay although it -- isn't included by Asmah. -- -- To consider: -- (1) /o/-variety which is used in inland Riau, Jambi, Negeri Sembilan, etc. Jambi, Negeri -- Sembilan has it's own dedicated section in Wiktionary and generally shouldn't be -- included in Malay section. -- (2) /e/-variety such as Betawi, Sambas, etc. Betawi has it's own dedicated section in Wiktionary -- and generally shouldn't be included in Malay section. labels["/a/ 變體"] = { aliases = {"/a/-variety", "AV", "AVP"}, Wikipedia = "en:Malay phonology", } labels["中央元音變體"] = { aliases = {"schwa-variety", "SV", "SVP"}, Wikipedia = "en:Malay phonology", } labels["基於拼寫"] = { aliases = {"spelling-based", "SB"}, plain_categories = "發音基於拼寫的馬來語詞", } -- Distinguished from "Baku" pronunciations as these spelling-based pronunciations -- can be used in schwa-variety pronunciation as well. -- E.g. "selipar" in its "English-based" pronunciation is pronounced as [sə.li.pə(r)] -- while in its "spelling-based" pronunciation is pronounced as [sə.li.par] in Baku -- pronunciation but as [sə.li.pa(r)] in schwa-variety pronunciation. labels["基於英語"] = { aliases = {"English-based", "EB"}, plain_categories = "發音基於英語的馬來語詞", } labels["基於阿拉伯語"] = { aliases = {"Arabic-based", "AB"}, plain_categories = "發音基於阿拉伯語的馬來語詞", } -- Other labels go down here --------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- Labels listed down here will be sorted accordingly. ----Not included mui: Palembang Malay, pse: Bengkulu Malay, jax: Jambi Malay, mfb: Bangka Malay, bve: Berau Malay, Kutai Malay (mqg, vkt), mhp: Loloan Malay return require("Module:labels").finalize_data(labels) pwxsnbfu239nofcu5123rh0ef14500t Wiktionary:統計/相鄰語言版本比較存檔/2026年 4 3360350 9846027 9802219 2026-07-29T08:35:31Z TongcyDai 53191 9846027 wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ===法語、馬拉加斯語、中文、泰語、希臘語=== {{autoStat | 2026-01-01 | fr 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0 3504158 9846024 9843162 2026-07-29T07:24:37Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 詞源 */ 9846024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|ᡝᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ}} ==錫伯語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|sjo|mnc|ᡝᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ}}。 ===形容詞=== {{head|sjo|adj|tr=elgiyen}} # [[豐]] #* {{quote-journal|sjo |text=ᠴᠠᠪᠴᠠᠯ ᠰᡞᠶᠠᠨ ᠨᡞᡢᡤᡝ [[ᡠᠰᡞᠨ ᠨᠠ]] ‍ᡞ '''ᡝᠯᡤᡞᠶᡝᠨ''' [[ᠪᠠᠷᡤᡞᠶᠠᠷᠠ]] ᠪᡝ ᡣᠠᠷᠮᠠᡥᠠᠪᡞ |tr=cabcal siyan ningge usin na -i '''elgiyen''' bargiyara be karmahabi |t=守護察布查爾縣田地的'''豐'''收 |date=2026-7-24|journal={{w|察布查尔报}}|issue=6066|page=2 }} ntmw8odqd8ungoogj9kpnbg26xippxa Weissenberg 0 3506371 9845808 2026-07-28T15:53:59Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==德語== ===專有名詞=== {{de-proper noun|n}} # {{archaic spelling of|de|Weißenberg}} # {{standard spelling of|de|from=SLDE|Weißenberg}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|de|Weißenberger}} {{cln|de|姓氏}}」的新頁面 9845808 wikitext text/x-wiki ==德語== ===專有名詞=== {{de-proper noun|n}} # {{archaic spelling of|de|Weißenberg}} # {{standard spelling of|de|from=SLDE|Weißenberg}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|de|Weißenberger}} {{cln|de|姓氏}} 30ahr9iicqa54mo1f9ghsq0c2psuju8 9845809 9845808 2026-07-28T15:55:32Z TongcyDai 53191 9845809 wikitext text/x-wiki ==德語== ===專有名詞=== {{de-proper noun|n}} # {{archaic spelling of|de|Weißenberg}} # {{standard spelling of|de|from=SLDE|Weißenberg}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|de|Weißenberger}} ====變格==== 地名: {{de-ndecl|toponym}} 姓氏: {{de-ndecl|surname}} {{cln|de|姓氏}} 5ar5sbjstlaeu868sw742ugou4pgy7v Weißenberg 0 3506372 9845810 2026-07-28T15:57:38Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==德語== {{wp|de:}} ===其他形式=== * {{alter|de|Weissenberg||}} ===詞源=== {{ety|de|:af|weiß|-en-|Berg}} 源自 {{af|de|weiß|-en-|Berg}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|de|/ˈvaɪ̯sn̩ˌbɛʁk/}} * {{audio|de|De-Weißenberg.ogg|a=柏林}} * {{hyph|de|Wei|ßen|berg}} ===專有名詞=== {{de-proper noun|toponym}} # {{place|de|town|dist/[[w:包岑县|包岑]]|adr/上盧薩蒂亞|s/薩克森|c/德國}} # {{place|de|<<c/德國>>、<<c/奧…」的新頁面 9845810 wikitext text/x-wiki ==德語== {{wp|de:}} ===其他形式=== * {{alter|de|Weissenberg||}} ===詞源=== {{ety|de|:af|weiß|-en-|Berg}} 源自 {{af|de|weiß|-en-|Berg}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|de|/ˈvaɪ̯sn̩ˌbɛʁk/}} * {{audio|de|De-Weißenberg.ogg|a=柏林}} * {{hyph|de|Wei|ßen|berg}} ===專有名詞=== {{de-proper noun|toponym}} # {{place|de|town|dist/[[w:包岑县|包岑]]|adr/上盧薩蒂亞|s/薩克森|c/德國}} # {{place|de|<<c/德國>>、<<c/奧地利>>及其他歐洲國家的多個<<地點>>}} ====變格==== {{de-ndecl|toponym}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|de|Weißenberger}} ** {{l|de|Weißenbergerin}} * {{l|de|weißenbergisch}} ===專有名詞=== {{de-proper noun|surname}} {{wp|de:+ (Begriffsklärung)}} # {{surname|de|from=}} ====變格==== {{de-ndecl|surname}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|de|Weißenbach}}、{{l|de|Weißenborn}}、{{l|de|Weißenburg}}、{{l|de|Weißenfels}}、{{l|de|Weißenfeld}}、{{l|de|Weißmüller}}、{{l|de|Weißkopf}}、{{l|de|Weißenstadt}} * {{l|de|Heisenberg}}、{{l|de|Hohenberg}}、{{l|de|Langenberg}}、{{l|de|Lichtenberg}}、{{l|de|Schönberg}}、{{l|de|Steinberg}}、{{l|de|Schwarzenberg}}、{{l|de|Tannenberg}} {{cln|de|含有後綴-berg的詞}} 7y9dkeryq41k90iuhiogicms1e503fq Category:含有後綴-berg的德語詞 14 3506373 9845811 2026-07-28T15:57:46Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx klavírový 0 3506374 9845814 2026-07-28T16:08:41Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==斯洛伐克語== ===詞源=== {{ety|sk|:af|klavír|-ový|text=+|tree=1}} ===發音=== * {{sk-IPA}} ===形容詞=== {{sk-adj|-|adv=-}} # {{lb|sk|relational}} [[鋼琴]]的 ====變格==== {{sk-adecl}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:sk:SDK}}」的新頁面 9845814 wikitext text/x-wiki ==斯洛伐克語== ===詞源=== {{ety|sk|:af|klavír|-ový|text=+|tree=1}} ===發音=== * {{sk-IPA}} ===形容詞=== {{sk-adj|-|adv=-}} # {{lb|sk|relational}} [[鋼琴]]的 ====變格==== {{sk-adecl}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:sk:SDK}} taia1v4jpaseq8fbjfha53p9adtudpy ngeru 0 3506375 9845817 2026-07-28T16:30:17Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==毛利語== [[Image:Топа_7.jpg|thumb|He [[ngeru]].]] ===詞源=== {{m|mi|ngerungeru||光滑的、柔軟的}} 的名詞化。 ===發音=== * {{mi-IPA|ngeru|stress='-}} ===名詞=== {{head|mi|名詞}} # [[貓]]{{gloss|{{taxlink|Felis silvestris catus|subspecies}}}} #: {{synonyms|mi|poti|tori}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|mi|punua ngeru||小貓,幼貓}} {{C|mi|貓}}」的新頁面 9845817 wikitext text/x-wiki ==毛利語== [[Image:Топа_7.jpg|thumb|He [[ngeru]].]] ===詞源=== {{m|mi|ngerungeru||光滑的、柔軟的}} 的名詞化。 ===發音=== * {{mi-IPA|ngeru|stress='-}} ===名詞=== {{head|mi|名詞}} # [[貓]]{{gloss|{{taxlink|Felis silvestris catus|subspecies}}}} #: {{synonyms|mi|poti|tori}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|mi|punua ngeru||小貓,幼貓}} {{C|mi|貓}} 46qv6tn0tgp3ltbknp66g0wnx38xxqq Category:毛利語 貓 14 3506376 9845818 2026-07-28T16:30:24Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:毛利語 貓科動物 14 3506377 9845819 2026-07-28T16:30:30Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:毛利語 肉食性動物 14 3506378 9845820 2026-07-28T16:30:37Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx rrezikshëm 0 3506379 9845821 2026-07-28T16:33:42Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==阿爾巴尼亞語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|sq|/rɛzikʃəm/}} ===形容詞=== {{sq-adj-3|rrezikshme|rrezikshëm|rrezikshme}} # [[危險]]的」的新頁面 9845821 wikitext text/x-wiki ==阿爾巴尼亞語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|sq|/rɛzikʃəm/}} ===形容詞=== {{sq-adj-3|rrezikshme|rrezikshëm|rrezikshme}} # [[危險]]的 110huidado64cg3geuenli3ua0ocgh0 아닐린 0 3506380 9845822 2026-07-28T16:40:19Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== 源自{{bor|ko|de|Anilin}},並透過{{bor|ko|ja|アニリン}} 借入。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun}} # {{lb|ko|有機化合物}} [[苯胺]]」的新頁面 9845822 wikitext text/x-wiki ==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== 源自{{bor|ko|de|Anilin}},並透過{{bor|ko|ja|アニリン}} 借入。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun}} # {{lb|ko|有機化合物}} [[苯胺]] bi5vg3xn5s7i7qtyonkwdv34eljrpqu chiocciola 0 3506381 9845823 2026-07-28T16:42:53Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== {{wp|it:}} ===詞源=== 源自假設的{{inh|it|la-vul||*clociola}},為 {{m|la|*clocea}} 的指小詞,後者又源自{{inh|it|la|cochlea||蝸牛}} 的音位變換,借自{{der|it|grc|κοχλίας}},和 {{m|grc|κόχλος||貝類}} 同源。對照{{cog|sc|còciola}} 以及{{cog|scn|còzzula}}。 ===發音=== {{it-pr|chiòcciola}} * {{audio|it|LL-Q652 (ita)-LangPao-chiocciola.wav}} ===名詞=== {{it-noun|f}} # {{…」的新頁面 9845823 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== {{wp|it:}} ===詞源=== 源自假設的{{inh|it|la-vul||*clociola}},為 {{m|la|*clocea}} 的指小詞,後者又源自{{inh|it|la|cochlea||蝸牛}} 的音位變換,借自{{der|it|grc|κοχλίας}},和 {{m|grc|κόχλος||貝類}} 同源。對照{{cog|sc|còciola}} 以及{{cog|scn|còzzula}}。 ===發音=== {{it-pr|chiòcciola}} * {{audio|it|LL-Q652 (ita)-LangPao-chiocciola.wav}} ===名詞=== {{it-noun|f}} # {{lb|it|動物學}} [[蝸牛]] #: {{syn|it|lumaca}} # {{lb|it|字體排印|計算機}} 符號「[[@]]」;[[at]],[[艾特]],[[小老鼠]] #: {{syn|it|a commerciale|chiocciolina}} # {{lb|it|culinary|in the plural}} [[貝殼麵]] ====參見==== * {{l|it|coclea}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=accchiiloo|chioccolai}} {{C|it|腹足綱|麵食}} 7rp9g0d6o9hed0yg0jhsjd842nfh6rr Category:Rhymes:意大利語/ɔttʃola 14 3506382 9845824 2026-07-28T16:43:03Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:Rhymes:意大利語/ɔttʃola/3音節 14 3506383 9845825 2026-07-28T16:43:16Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:意大利語 腹足綱 14 3506384 9845826 2026-07-28T16:43:23Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx microschool 0 3506385 9845827 2026-07-28T16:47:49Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|micro-school}} ==英語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|en|micro-school}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|en|micro-|school}}。 ===名詞=== {{en-noun}} # [[微型]][[學校]]{{gl|班級規模異常小的學校}} #* {{quote-web|en|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/08/are-learning-pods-solution-parents-woes/615175/|title=I Run a Tutoring Company. I Get Dozens of Calls a Day About Learning Pods.|work=w:en:The Atlantic|date=20…」的新頁面 9845827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|micro-school}} ==英語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|en|micro-school}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|en|micro-|school}}。 ===名詞=== {{en-noun}} # [[微型]][[學校]]{{gl|班級規模異常小的學校}} #* {{quote-web|en|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/08/are-learning-pods-solution-parents-woes/615175/|title=I Run a Tutoring Company. I Get Dozens of Calls a Day About Learning Pods.|work=w:en:The Atlantic|date=2020-08-12|author=Brian Platzer|passage=Pod has become a magic word, even though its meaning is not always clear. Some public schools are “podding” their students into smaller groups. Private companies are popping up with “'''microschools'''.”|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/zwqrX|archivedate=2020-08-12|t=「學習艙」(pod)已經成了一個有魔力的詞,儘管其含義並不總是明確。一些公立學校正在將學生「分艙」成更小的群組。而開設「'''微型學校'''」的私營公司也正不斷湧現。}} #* {{quote-web|en|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/02/americas-educational-system-becoming-more-pluralistic/617941/|title=Is America’s Educational System Becoming More Pluralistic?|work=w:en:The Atlantic|date=2021-02-08|author=Reihan Salam|passage=Though not all of the families that have been forced to embrace “pandemic pods” to educate their children are thrilled about it, at least some of them will decide that '''micro-schools''' are a better option than traditional district schools after the pandemic subsides.|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/jDhPl|archivedate=2021-02-09|t=儘管並非所有被迫採用「疫情學習艙」來教育孩子的家庭都對此感到滿意,但至少其中一些家庭會認為,在疫情平息後,'''微型學校'''會是比傳統學區學校更好的選擇。}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{pedia|lang=en}} {{c|en|學校}} ifwrvalxjoaktxs5qmrlazy33uizym6 micro-school 0 3506386 9845828 2026-07-28T16:48:06Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|microschool}} ==英語== ===名詞=== {{en-noun}} # {{alternative spelling of|en|microschool}}」的新頁面 9845828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|microschool}} ==英語== ===名詞=== {{en-noun}} # {{alternative spelling of|en|microschool}} ovgd28g4n8v8qk5hcq5k98tdsh55qxk microschools 0 3506387 9845829 2026-07-28T16:48:09Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|micro-schools}} ==英語== ===名詞=== {{head|en|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|en|microschool}}」的新頁面 9845829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|micro-schools}} ==英語== ===名詞=== {{head|en|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|en|microschool}} cbv45fd16c61ps91bdnbfiznkditq7m micro-schools 0 3506388 9845830 2026-07-28T16:48:15Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|microschools}} ==英語== ===名詞=== {{head|en|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|en|micro-school}}」的新頁面 9845830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|microschools}} ==英語== ===名詞=== {{head|en|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|en|micro-school}} nitwaoe7tnitrnbykc4vwf0f2ww5qu3 κίνδυνος 0 3506389 9845831 2026-07-28T16:53:52Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==古希臘語== ===詞源=== 將本詞與 {{m|grc|κίνδαξ|t=快速的,敏捷的}} 、 {{m|grc|ὀνοκίνδιος|t=趕驢人}} 聯繫起來,在形式上很有吸引力。在語義上,普雷爾維茨(Prellwitz)和旺德里耶斯(Vendryes)將其與{{cog|la|sollicitus|t=激動的,不安的}} 進行了比較,後者源自 {{m|la|sollus|t=完整的,全部的}} + {{m|la|cieō|t=移動,攪動,搖動}} 。應該放棄…」的新頁面 9845831 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===詞源=== 將本詞與 {{m|grc|κίνδαξ|t=快速的,敏捷的}} 、 {{m|grc|ὀνοκίνδιος|t=趕驢人}} 聯繫起來,在形式上很有吸引力。在語義上,普雷爾維茨(Prellwitz)和旺德里耶斯(Vendryes)將其與{{cog|la|sollicitus|t=激動的,不安的}} 進行了比較,後者源自 {{m|la|sollus|t=完整的,全部的}} + {{m|la|cieō|t=移動,攪動,搖動}} 。應該放棄為其尋找[[印歐語系]]詞源的嘗試。考慮到後綴 ''-ῡν-'',其為{{der|grc|qsb-grc|-}} 的特徵非常明顯。<ref>{{R:grc:Beekes|699-700|κίνδυνος}}</ref> ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|κί˘νδῡνος}} ===名詞=== {{grc-noun|κῐ́νδῡνος|κῐνδῡ́νου|m|second}} {{tlb|grc|Epic|Attic|Doric|Koine}} # [[危險]],[[風險]],[[危害]] # [[考驗]],[[冒險]] # [[戰鬥]] ====變格==== {{grc-decl|κῐ́νδῡνος|ου|DS=κῐνδῡ́νῳ, κῐ́νδῡνῐ}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col4|grc|ἀκῐ́νδῡνος|ἐπῐκῐ́νδῡνος|κῐνδῡ́νευμᾰ|κῐνδῡνευτής|κῐνδῡνευτῐκός|κῐνδῡνεύω|κῐνδῡνώδης|ῥῑψοκῐ́νδῡνος|ὑποκῐ́νδῡνος|φῐλοκῐ́νδῡνος}} ===參考資料=== <references /> ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:grc:LSJ}} * {{R:grc:Middle Liddell}} * {{R:grc:Bailly}} * {{R:grc:BDAG}} * {{R:grc:Slater}} * {{R:Strong's|G|2794}} * {{R:grc:Woodhouse}} ==希臘語== ===詞源=== {{bor|el|grc|κῐ́νδῡνος}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|el|/ˈcinðinos/}} * {{hyphenation|el|κίν|δυ|νος}} ===名詞=== {{el-noun|m|κίνδυνοι}} # [[危險]] ====變格==== {{el-nM-ος-οι-3b|κίνδυν|κινδύν}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|el|title=派生詞 |ακίνδυνος<t:無害的> |επικίνδυνος<t:危險的,不安全的> |επικινδυνότητα<g:f><t:危險性> |ριψοκίνδυνος<t:危險的,冒險的> }} {{col|el|title=派生短語 |δημόσιος κίνδυνος |έξοδος κινδύνου<g:f><t:緊急出口> |κώδωνας κινδύνου }} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|el|κινδυνεύω|t=處於危險中}} 及其派生詞彙 * {{l|el|κινδυνολογώ|t=}} ====延伸閱讀==== * {{pedia|lang=el}} 2w6spbxyay1x453isub6ye69pswizzd whataboutism 0 3506390 9845832 2026-07-28T17:01:44Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|Whataboutism}} ==英語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|en|what about|t1=那……呢|-ism|t2=主義}}。首次使用大約在1978年的《{{w|lang=en|The Guardian|衛報}}》中。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˌwə.təˈbaʊ.tɪ.zəm/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-whataboutism.wav|a=Southern England}} * {{rhymes|en|aʊtɪzəm|s=3}} * {{hyph|en|what|about|ism}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|~}} # {{lb|en|logical fallacy}} {{w|「那又…」的新頁面 9845832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Whataboutism}} ==英語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|en|what about|t1=那……呢|-ism|t2=主義}}。首次使用大約在1978年的《{{w|lang=en|The Guardian|衛報}}》中。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˌwə.təˈbaʊ.tɪ.zəm/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-whataboutism.wav|a=Southern England}} * {{rhymes|en|aʊtɪzəm|s=3}} * {{hyph|en|what|about|ism}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|~}} # {{lb|en|logical fallacy}} {{w|「那又怎麼說」論}}{{gl|面對指控時,提出與己方無關的[[批評]]來轉移批評的作法或[[邏輯謬誤]]}} #: {{syn|en|tu quoque|whataboutery<q:UK>}} #* {{quote-book|en|year=1994|chapter=The obdurate and the obstinate|author=Joe Austin|editors=Tony Parker|title=May the Lord in His Mercy be Kind to Belfast|publisher=Henry Holt & Co|isbn=978-0805030532|page=136 |passage=And I'd no time at all for ''''What aboutism'''' - you know, people who said 'Yes, but what about what's been done to us? ... That had nothing to do with it, and if you got into it you were defending the indefensible.|t=我根本沒時間去理會那些'''「那你們又怎麼說」論'''——你知道的,就是那些說「是啊,但是我們受到的對待又怎麼說?」的人……這和事情毫無關聯,如果你被捲進去了,你就是在為無可辯護的事情辯護。}} #* {{RQ:Economist|en|date=2008-01-31|author=Edward Lucas|title=Whataboutism - Come again, Comrade?|url=http://www.economist.com/node/10598774 |passage=Soviet propagandists during the cold war were trained in a tactic that their western interlocutors nicknamed ''''whataboutism''''.|t=冷戰時期的蘇聯宣傳人員受過一種策略訓練,西方對話者將其戲稱為'''「那又怎麼說」論'''。}} #* {{quote-journal|en|date= 11 December 2008|author=w:en:Staff writer|newspaper=w:en:European Voice|title=The West is in danger of losing its moral authority|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/the-west-is-in-danger-of-losing-its-moral-authority/|accessdate= 3 July 2017 |passage=''''Whataboutism'''' was a favourite tactic of Soviet propagandists during the old Cold War. Any criticism of the Soviet Union’s internal aggression or external repression was met with a 'what about?' some crime of the West, from slavery to the Monroe doctrine.|t='''「那又怎麼說」論'''是舊冷戰時期蘇聯宣傳人員最喜歡的策略。任何對蘇聯內部侵略或外部鎮壓的批評,都會遇到「那……又怎麼說?」——也就是西方的一些罪行,從奴隸制到門羅主義。}} #* {{quote-web|en|date=2016-08-24|author=Jill Dougherty|title=Olympic doping ban unleashes fury in Moscow|work=w:en:CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/24/opinions/russia-olympic-fury/index.html |passage=There's another attitude ... that many Russians seem to share, what used to be called in the Soviet Union ''''whataboutism''',' in other words, 'who are you to call the kettle black?'|t=許多俄羅斯人似乎都有另一種態度……這在蘇聯曾被稱為'''「那又怎麼說」論''',換句話說就是「五十步笑百步」。}} #* {{quote-journal|en|year=2017|author=w:en:Andreas Umland|title=The Ukrainian Government's Memory Institute Against the West|journal=IndraStra Global|volume=3|issue=3|page=7|url=http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/50988|issn=2381-3652|accessdate=4 July 2017 |passage=what was known during Soviet times, as ''''whataboutism''''|t=在蘇聯時期被稱為'''「那又怎麼說」論'''的做法}} #* {{quote-journal|en|date=2017-03-17|author=Danielle Kurtzleben|title=Trump Embraces One Of Russia's Favorite Propaganda Tactics — Whataboutism|newspaper=w:en:NPR|url=http://www.npr.org/2017/03/17/520435073/trump-embraces-one-of-russias-favorite-propaganda-tactics-whataboutism|accessdate=20 May 2017 |passage=This particular brand of changing the subject is called ''''whataboutism'''' — a simple rhetorical tactic heavily used by the Soviet Union and, later, Russia.|t=這種轉移話題的特定方式被稱為'''「那又怎麼說」論'''——這是一種被蘇聯、以及後來的俄羅斯大量使用的簡單修辭策略。}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|en|whataboutist}} ====參見==== {{col|en|whataboutery|bothsidesism|whateverism}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:MWO}} * {{R:Lexico}} * {{cite-web|title=whataboutism|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001/m_en_gb1008515|accessdate=23 July 2017|year=2010|editor=Stevenson, Angus|publisher=[[w:en:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199571123|work=[[w:en:Oxford Dictionary of English|Oxford Dictionary of English: Third Edition]]|passage=Origin - 1990s: from the way in which counter-accusations may take the form of questions introduced by 'What about —?'|t=起源 - 20世紀90年代:源自反控訴可能採取以「那……又怎麼說?」(What about —?)開頭的提問形式。}} * {{cite-web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/whataboutism|title=whataboutism|work=[[w:en:Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford Living Dictionary]]|year=2017|accessdate=21 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309142742/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/whataboutism|archivedate=9 March 2017|publisher=[[w:en:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]|passage=Origin - 1990s: from the way in which counter-accusations may take the form of questions introduced by ‘What about —?’.|t=起源 - 20世紀90年代:源自反控訴可能採取以「那……又怎麼說?」(What about —?)開頭的提問形式。|series=Oxford Dictionaries}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{pedia|lang=en}} 7hxzxh8ahw1wr2kprzl1o86hnitv8iv 9845833 9845832 2026-07-28T17:01:55Z TongcyDai 53191 9845833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Whataboutism}} ==英語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|en|what about|t1=那……呢|-ism|t2=主義}}。首次使用大約在1978年的《{{w|衛報}}》中。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˌwə.təˈbaʊ.tɪ.zəm/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-whataboutism.wav|a=Southern England}} * {{rhymes|en|aʊtɪzəm|s=3}} * {{hyph|en|what|about|ism}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|~}} # {{lb|en|logical fallacy}} {{w|「那又怎麼說」論}}{{gl|面對指控時,提出與己方無關的[[批評]]來轉移批評的作法或[[邏輯謬誤]]}} #: {{syn|en|tu quoque|whataboutery<q:UK>}} #* {{quote-book|en|year=1994|chapter=The obdurate and the obstinate|author=Joe Austin|editors=Tony Parker|title=May the Lord in His Mercy be Kind to Belfast|publisher=Henry Holt & Co|isbn=978-0805030532|page=136 |passage=And I'd no time at all for ''''What aboutism'''' - you know, people who said 'Yes, but what about what's been done to us? ... That had nothing to do with it, and if you got into it you were defending the indefensible.|t=我根本沒時間去理會那些'''「那你們又怎麼說」論'''——你知道的,就是那些說「是啊,但是我們受到的對待又怎麼說?」的人……這和事情毫無關聯,如果你被捲進去了,你就是在為無可辯護的事情辯護。}} #* {{RQ:Economist|en|date=2008-01-31|author=Edward Lucas|title=Whataboutism - Come again, Comrade?|url=http://www.economist.com/node/10598774 |passage=Soviet propagandists during the cold war were trained in a tactic that their western interlocutors nicknamed ''''whataboutism''''.|t=冷戰時期的蘇聯宣傳人員受過一種策略訓練,西方對話者將其戲稱為'''「那又怎麼說」論'''。}} #* {{quote-journal|en|date= 11 December 2008|author=w:en:Staff writer|newspaper=w:en:European Voice|title=The West is in danger of losing its moral authority|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/the-west-is-in-danger-of-losing-its-moral-authority/|accessdate= 3 July 2017 |passage=''''Whataboutism'''' was a favourite tactic of Soviet propagandists during the old Cold War. Any criticism of the Soviet Union’s internal aggression or external repression was met with a 'what about?' some crime of the West, from slavery to the Monroe doctrine.|t='''「那又怎麼說」論'''是舊冷戰時期蘇聯宣傳人員最喜歡的策略。任何對蘇聯內部侵略或外部鎮壓的批評,都會遇到「那……又怎麼說?」——也就是西方的一些罪行,從奴隸制到門羅主義。}} #* {{quote-web|en|date=2016-08-24|author=Jill Dougherty|title=Olympic doping ban unleashes fury in Moscow|work=w:en:CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/24/opinions/russia-olympic-fury/index.html |passage=There's another attitude ... that many Russians seem to share, what used to be called in the Soviet Union ''''whataboutism''',' in other words, 'who are you to call the kettle black?'|t=許多俄羅斯人似乎都有另一種態度……這在蘇聯曾被稱為'''「那又怎麼說」論''',換句話說就是「五十步笑百步」。}} #* {{quote-journal|en|year=2017|author=w:en:Andreas Umland|title=The Ukrainian Government's Memory Institute Against the West|journal=IndraStra Global|volume=3|issue=3|page=7|url=http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/50988|issn=2381-3652|accessdate=4 July 2017 |passage=what was known during Soviet times, as ''''whataboutism''''|t=在蘇聯時期被稱為'''「那又怎麼說」論'''的做法}} #* {{quote-journal|en|date=2017-03-17|author=Danielle Kurtzleben|title=Trump Embraces One Of Russia's Favorite Propaganda Tactics — Whataboutism|newspaper=w:en:NPR|url=http://www.npr.org/2017/03/17/520435073/trump-embraces-one-of-russias-favorite-propaganda-tactics-whataboutism|accessdate=20 May 2017 |passage=This particular brand of changing the subject is called ''''whataboutism'''' — a simple rhetorical tactic heavily used by the Soviet Union and, later, Russia.|t=這種轉移話題的特定方式被稱為'''「那又怎麼說」論'''——這是一種被蘇聯、以及後來的俄羅斯大量使用的簡單修辭策略。}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|en|whataboutist}} ====參見==== {{col|en|whataboutery|bothsidesism|whateverism}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:MWO}} * {{R:Lexico}} * {{cite-web|title=whataboutism|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001/m_en_gb1008515|accessdate=23 July 2017|year=2010|editor=Stevenson, Angus|publisher=[[w:en:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199571123|work=[[w:en:Oxford Dictionary of English|Oxford Dictionary of English: Third Edition]]|passage=Origin - 1990s: from the way in which counter-accusations may take the form of questions introduced by 'What about —?'|t=起源 - 20世紀90年代:源自反控訴可能採取以「那……又怎麼說?」(What about —?)開頭的提問形式。}} * {{cite-web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/whataboutism|title=whataboutism|work=[[w:en:Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford Living Dictionary]]|year=2017|accessdate=21 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309142742/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/whataboutism|archivedate=9 March 2017|publisher=[[w:en:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]|passage=Origin - 1990s: from the way in which counter-accusations may take the form of questions introduced by ‘What about —?’.|t=起源 - 20世紀90年代:源自反控訴可能採取以「那……又怎麼說?」(What about —?)開頭的提問形式。|series=Oxford Dictionaries}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{pedia|lang=en}} h2bovpn53xtndp36essbnk0kaf2n2hy 9845834 9845833 2026-07-28T17:02:06Z TongcyDai 53191 9845834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Whataboutism}} ==英語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|en|what about|t1=那……呢|-ism|t2=主義}}。首次使用大約在1978年的《{{w|衛報}}》中。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˌwə.təˈbaʊ.tɪ.zəm/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-whataboutism.wav|a=Southern England}} * {{rhymes|en|aʊtɪzəm|s=3}} * {{hyph|en|what|about|ism}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|~}} # {{lb|en|logical fallacy}} {{w|「那又怎麼說」論}}{{gl|面對指控時,提出與己方無關的[[批評]]來轉移批評的作法或[[邏輯謬誤]]}} #: {{syn|en|tu quoque|whataboutery<q:英國>}} #* {{quote-book|en|year=1994|chapter=The obdurate and the obstinate|author=Joe Austin|editors=Tony Parker|title=May the Lord in His Mercy be Kind to Belfast|publisher=Henry Holt & Co|isbn=978-0805030532|page=136 |passage=And I'd no time at all for ''''What aboutism'''' - you know, people who said 'Yes, but what about what's been done to us? ... That had nothing to do with it, and if you got into it you were defending the indefensible.|t=我根本沒時間去理會那些'''「那你們又怎麼說」論'''——你知道的,就是那些說「是啊,但是我們受到的對待又怎麼說?」的人……這和事情毫無關聯,如果你被捲進去了,你就是在為無可辯護的事情辯護。}} #* {{RQ:Economist|en|date=2008-01-31|author=Edward Lucas|title=Whataboutism - Come again, Comrade?|url=http://www.economist.com/node/10598774 |passage=Soviet propagandists during the cold war were trained in a tactic that their western interlocutors nicknamed ''''whataboutism''''.|t=冷戰時期的蘇聯宣傳人員受過一種策略訓練,西方對話者將其戲稱為'''「那又怎麼說」論'''。}} #* {{quote-journal|en|date= 11 December 2008|author=w:en:Staff writer|newspaper=w:en:European Voice|title=The West is in danger of losing its moral authority|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/the-west-is-in-danger-of-losing-its-moral-authority/|accessdate= 3 July 2017 |passage=''''Whataboutism'''' was a favourite tactic of Soviet propagandists during the old Cold War. Any criticism of the Soviet Union’s internal aggression or external repression was met with a 'what about?' some crime of the West, from slavery to the Monroe doctrine.|t='''「那又怎麼說」論'''是舊冷戰時期蘇聯宣傳人員最喜歡的策略。任何對蘇聯內部侵略或外部鎮壓的批評,都會遇到「那……又怎麼說?」——也就是西方的一些罪行,從奴隸制到門羅主義。}} #* {{quote-web|en|date=2016-08-24|author=Jill Dougherty|title=Olympic doping ban unleashes fury in Moscow|work=w:en:CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/24/opinions/russia-olympic-fury/index.html |passage=There's another attitude ... that many Russians seem to share, what used to be called in the Soviet Union ''''whataboutism''',' in other words, 'who are you to call the kettle black?'|t=許多俄羅斯人似乎都有另一種態度……這在蘇聯曾被稱為'''「那又怎麼說」論''',換句話說就是「五十步笑百步」。}} #* {{quote-journal|en|year=2017|author=w:en:Andreas Umland|title=The Ukrainian Government's Memory Institute Against the West|journal=IndraStra Global|volume=3|issue=3|page=7|url=http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/50988|issn=2381-3652|accessdate=4 July 2017 |passage=what was known during Soviet times, as ''''whataboutism''''|t=在蘇聯時期被稱為'''「那又怎麼說」論'''的做法}} #* {{quote-journal|en|date=2017-03-17|author=Danielle Kurtzleben|title=Trump Embraces One Of Russia's Favorite Propaganda Tactics — Whataboutism|newspaper=w:en:NPR|url=http://www.npr.org/2017/03/17/520435073/trump-embraces-one-of-russias-favorite-propaganda-tactics-whataboutism|accessdate=20 May 2017 |passage=This particular brand of changing the subject is called ''''whataboutism'''' — a simple rhetorical tactic heavily used by the Soviet Union and, later, Russia.|t=這種轉移話題的特定方式被稱為'''「那又怎麼說」論'''——這是一種被蘇聯、以及後來的俄羅斯大量使用的簡單修辭策略。}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|en|whataboutist}} ====參見==== {{col|en|whataboutery|bothsidesism|whateverism}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:MWO}} * {{R:Lexico}} * {{cite-web|title=whataboutism|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001/m_en_gb1008515|accessdate=23 July 2017|year=2010|editor=Stevenson, Angus|publisher=[[w:en:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199571123|work=[[w:en:Oxford Dictionary of English|Oxford Dictionary of English: Third Edition]]|passage=Origin - 1990s: from the way in which counter-accusations may take the form of questions introduced by 'What about —?'|t=起源 - 20世紀90年代:源自反控訴可能採取以「那……又怎麼說?」(What about —?)開頭的提問形式。}} * {{cite-web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/whataboutism|title=whataboutism|work=[[w:en:Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford Living Dictionary]]|year=2017|accessdate=21 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309142742/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/whataboutism|archivedate=9 March 2017|publisher=[[w:en:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]|passage=Origin - 1990s: from the way in which counter-accusations may take the form of questions introduced by ‘What about —?’.|t=起源 - 20世紀90年代:源自反控訴可能採取以「那……又怎麼說?」(What about —?)開頭的提問形式。|series=Oxford Dictionaries}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{pedia|lang=en}} 3rlegrpmqvsp6j7c5xk2bwnioxu880s whataboutisms 0 3506391 9845835 2026-07-28T17:02:11Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==英語== ===名詞=== {{head|en|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|en|whataboutism}}」的新頁面 9845835 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===名詞=== {{head|en|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|en|whataboutism}} quxui6nxc4w1fo27kf0e4vuvb47y1lm Template:RQ:Economist 10 3506392 9845836 2026-07-28T17:02:26Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:quote|call_quote_template |template=quote-journal |en |title = {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{1|}}} | {{#invoke:string/templates|replace|{{#invoke:string/templates|replace|{{{title|{{{1|}}}}}}|'|’}}|’’|''}} | {{maintenance line|please specify the article title}} }} |series = {{#if:{{{section|}}} | {{ucfirst:{{{section}}}}} section }} |journal = w:The Economist |archiveurl = {{#ifeq:{{{arch…」的新頁面 9845836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_quote_template |template=quote-journal |en |title = {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{1|}}} | {{#invoke:string/templates|replace|{{#invoke:string/templates|replace|{{{title|{{{1|}}}}}}|'|’}}|’’|''}} | {{maintenance line|please specify the article title}} }} |series = {{#if:{{{section|}}} | {{ucfirst:{{{section}}}}} section }} |journal = w:The Economist |archiveurl = {{#ifeq:{{{archiveurl|}}}|-||{{{archiveurl|}}}}} |location = London |publisher = w:The Economist Group |date = {{{date|{{{2|}}}}}} |issn = 0013-0613 |oclc = 1081684 |textparam = 3 |footer = {{#if:{{{footer|}}}|{{small|{{{footer}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{url|}}}{{{titleurl|}}}|{{#if:{{{archiveurl|}}}||{{#ifeq:{{{archiveurl|}}}|-||{{#if:{{{footer|}}}|.&#32;}}{{maintenance line|Can we [[Wiktionary:Quotations/Resources#How to archive sites|archive]] this [[URL]]?}}}}}}}} |propagateparams = author,author2,author3,author4,author5,authorlink,authorlink2,authorlink3,authorlink4,authorlink5,quotee,url,archivedate,month,year,volume,issue,column,columns,page,pages,pageurl |allowparams = title,1,archiveurl,section,date,2 |propagateparams = t,translation }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 78qatzgq6uso16hw8ipn4aj7txcyx9g 9845837 9845836 2026-07-28T17:03:16Z TongcyDai 53191 9845837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_quote_template |template=quote-journal |en |title = {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{1|}}} | {{#invoke:string/templates|replace|{{#invoke:string/templates|replace|{{{title|{{{1|}}}}}}|'|’}}|’’|''}} | {{maintenance line|please specify the article title}} }} |series = {{#if:{{{section|}}} | {{ucfirst:{{{section}}}}} section }} |journal = w:經濟學人 |archiveurl = {{#ifeq:{{{archiveurl|}}}|-||{{{archiveurl|}}}}} |location = 倫敦 |publisher = w:經濟學人集團 |date = {{{date|{{{2|}}}}}} |issn = 0013-0613 |oclc = 1081684 |textparam = 3 |footer = {{#if:{{{footer|}}}|{{small|{{{footer}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{url|}}}{{{titleurl|}}}|{{#if:{{{archiveurl|}}}||{{#ifeq:{{{archiveurl|}}}|-||{{#if:{{{footer|}}}|.&#32;}}{{maintenance line|Can we [[Wiktionary:Quotations/Resources#How to archive sites|archive]] this [[URL]]?}}}}}}}} |propagateparams = author,author2,author3,author4,author5,authorlink,authorlink2,authorlink3,authorlink4,authorlink5,quotee,url,archivedate,month,year,volume,issue,column,columns,page,pages,pageurl,t,translation |allowparams = title,1,archiveurl,section,date,2 }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> h5b2vbux5tlgsswqg2umkhugbafo4uy 9845838 9845837 2026-07-28T17:03:26Z TongcyDai 53191 // Edit via Wikiplus 9845838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_quote_template |template=quote-journal |en |title = {{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{1|}}} | {{#invoke:string/templates|replace|{{#invoke:string/templates|replace|{{{title|{{{1|}}}}}}|'|’}}|’’|''}} | {{maintenance line|please specify the article title}} }} |series = {{#if:{{{section|}}} | {{ucfirst:{{{section}}}}} section }} |journal = w:經濟學人 |archiveurl = {{#ifeq:{{{archiveurl|}}}|-||{{{archiveurl|}}}}} |location = 倫敦 |publisher = w:經濟學人集團 |date = {{{date|{{{2|}}}}}} |issn = 0013-0613 |oclc = 1081684 |textparam = 3 |footer = {{#if:{{{footer|}}}|{{small|{{{footer}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{url|}}}{{{titleurl|}}}|{{#if:{{{archiveurl|}}}||{{#ifeq:{{{archiveurl|}}}|-||{{#if:{{{footer|}}}|.&#32;}}{{maintenance line|Can we [[Wiktionary:Quotations/Resources#How to archive sites|archive]] this [[URL]]?}}}}}}}} |propagateparams = author,author2,author3,author4,author5,authorlink,authorlink2,authorlink3,authorlink4,authorlink5,quotee,url,archivedate,month,year,volume,issue,column,columns,page,pages,pageurl,t,translation |allowparams = title,1,archiveurl,section,date,2 }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}{{quotecat|en}}</noinclude> 47ep2paglnrwjs1jjly5vfz0s4yzrqw Category:Rhymes:英語/aʊtɪzəm 14 3506393 9845839 2026-07-28T17:03:39Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:Rhymes:英語/aʊtɪzəm/3音節 14 3506394 9845840 2026-07-28T17:03:46Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx doomscrolling 0 3506395 9845841 2026-07-28T17:08:11Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==英語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|en|doom-scrolling|doom scrolling}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|en|doom|t1=厄運|scrolling|t2=滾動螢幕}},源於在電腦或行動裝置上滾動瀏覽動態消息和新聞源的做法;最初用於對當前社會政治狀況和新聞頭條感到不滿的語境下。此詞在{{w|2019冠狀病毒病疫情|COVID-19疫情}}期間普及起來並迅速傳播。<ref>{{R:GNV|doomscrolling,doomscroll|startye…」的新頁面 9845841 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|en|doom-scrolling|doom scrolling}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|en|doom|t1=厄運|scrolling|t2=滾動螢幕}},源於在電腦或行動裝置上滾動瀏覽動態消息和新聞源的做法;最初用於對當前社會政治狀況和新聞頭條感到不滿的語境下。此詞在{{w|2019冠狀病毒病疫情|COVID-19疫情}}期間普及起來並迅速傳播。<ref>{{R:GNV|doomscrolling,doomscroll|startyear=2000|corpus=en}}</ref> ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˈdumˌskɹolɪŋ/|/ˈdumˌskɹoʊlɪŋ/|a=GA}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-doomscrolling.wav|a=Southern England}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|-}} # {{lb|en|非正式|neologism}} [[不斷]][[閱讀]]有關[[災難]]性[[事件]]的[[網路]][[新聞]]的做法 #: {{syn|en|doomsurfing}} #: {{ant|en|bloomscrolling}} #* {{quote-web |en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/15/technology/personaltech/youre-doomscrolling-again-heres-how-to-snap-out-of-it.html |work=New York Times |title=You’re Doomscrolling Again. Here’s How to Snap Out of It. |date=2020-07-15 |author=Brian X. Chen |passage=Step 1 is to acknowledge the burden that '''doomscrolling''' creates for our health, Dr. Gazzaley said. “You have to realize you don’t want to live your life in a hamster wheel of complete news consumption,” he said.|t=加扎利博士說,第一步是認識到'''末日狂滑'''給我們健康帶來的負擔。「你必須意識到,你不希望自己的生活就像在倉鼠輪裡一樣,完全被新聞消費所佔據,」他說。}} #* {{quote-book|en|year=2020|author=Tanya Goodin|title=My Brain Has Too Many Tabs Open: How to Untangle Our Relationship with Tech|page=167|text=I assured them that while '''doomscrolling''' was a difficult online pitfall, it wasn't one they needed to fall in to{{sic}}.|t=我向他們保證,雖然'''末日狂滑'''是一個很難避開的網路陷阱,但這並不是他們必然會掉進去的陷阱。}} #* {{quote-web|en|date=January 24, 2021|work=Tallie Proud|author=Tallie Proud|title=Twitter accounts to follow to break up the doomscrolling|url=https://tallieproud.com/twitter-accounts-to-follow-to-break-up-the-doomscrolling/|text=It would be easy enough to say just stop doing it, but with everything happening in the world right now, it’s impossible to completely avoid '''doomscrolling'''.|t=說只要停止這麼做就夠了這很容易,但由於世界上現在發生的這一切,想要完全避免'''末日狂滑'''是不可能的。|accessdate=20 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520031309/https://tallieproud.com/twitter-accounts-to-follow-to-break-up-the-doomscrolling/|archivedate=20 May 2021}} #* {{quote-web|en|date=2021-07-30|title=Editorial: Welcome to the 2021 Pandemic Games: Thrills, spills and COVID|work=Boston Herald|url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2021/07/30/editorial-welcome-to-the-2021-pandemic-games-thrills-spills-and-covid/|text=But this is 2021 and after a year and a half of COVID-19, of racial and socioeconomic unrest, viewers may be tuning in for a respite from '''doomscrolling''' daily news.|t=但現在是2021年,在經歷了一年半的COVID-19、種族和社會經濟動盪之後,觀眾可能會為了從每日新聞的'''末日狂滑'''中喘口氣而收看節目。}} #* {{quote-web|en|author=James Tapper|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/mar/06/obsessed-frightened-wakeful-war-in-ukraine-sparks-return-of-doomscrolling|title=Obsessed? Frightened? Wakeful? War in Ukraine sparks return of doomscrolling|date=2022-03-06|work=The Guardian|passage=Now '''doomscrolling''' is back in ways not seen since the beginning of the Covid pandemic.|t=現在,'''末日狂滑'''又以自新冠疫情爆發之初未曾見過的方式回歸了。}} #* {{quote-web|en|title=Mike Johnson: I Am Tuning Out the News Cycle to Focus on Self-Care|author=Alexandra Petri|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/2025/11/mike-johnson-tuning-out-news-cycle/684811/|date=November 4, 2025|passage=There is only so much negativity you can absorb before you have to take a deep breath and ask yourself, ''Do I really need to spend all day '''doomscrolling'''? Where is my joy?''|t=你所能吸收的負面情緒是有限的,超過這個限度,你就必須深吸一口氣,問問自己:「我真的需要一整天都在'''末日狂滑'''嗎?我的快樂在哪裡?」}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col2|en|doomjobbing|doomscroll|doomscroller|bloomscrolling}} ===動詞=== {{head|en|動詞變位形式}} # {{infl of|en|doomscroll||ing-form}} ===參考資料=== <references/> {{C|en|COVID-19}} ecigt3s91cl262sn0nkp5gwa17fnmgw word salad 0 3506396 9845842 2026-07-28T17:08:45Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==英語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|en|word-salad}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{com|en|word|t1=單詞|salad|t2=沙拉}},基於沙拉雖然體積較大,但無法提供持久營養的概念。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˈwɜː(ɹ)d ˈsæləd/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-word salad.wav|a=Southern England}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-word salad.wav|a=GA}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|-|s}} # {…」的新頁面 9845842 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|en|word-salad}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{com|en|word|t1=單詞|salad|t2=沙拉}},基於沙拉雖然體積較大,但無法提供持久營養的概念。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˈwɜː(ɹ)d ˈsæləd/}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-word salad.wav|a=Southern England}} * {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-word salad.wav|a=GA}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun|-|s}} # {{lb|en|精神病學}} [[無意義]]的[[字詞]][[組合]],為[[精神分裂症]]、[[韋尼克失語症]]及其他一些精神疾病的典型症狀 #* {{quote-book|en|year=2018|author=Bob Bertolino, PhD|title=Effective Counseling and Psychotherapy: An Evidence-Based Approach|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=9780826141132|pageurl=https://books.google.de/books?id=cbxJDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA120&dq=%22word%20salad%22&pg=PA120#v=onepage&q=%22word%20salad%22&f=false|page=120 |passage=All of his other verbal offerings were continuous '''word-salad'''—a mixture of made-up sounds, syllables, words, and incomplete phrases.|t=他其他的言語表達全都是連續的'''詞語沙拉'''——一種由編造的發音、音節、詞彙和不完整短語組成的混合物。}} # 由[[電腦]]生成的[[無意義]][[文本]] #* {{quote-book|en|year=2003|author=Bjørnar Tessem|title=Eighth Scandinavian Conference on Artificial Intelligence: SCAI'03|publisher=IOS Press|isbn=9781586033903|pageurl=https://books.google.de/books?id=gGKi7H_wiHMC&lpg=PA107&dq=%22word%20salad%22&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q=%22word%20salad%22&f=false|page=107 |passage=Results will be shown for recognition, prediction, and separation of regular input from '''word salad''' (random sequences of words).|t=結果將顯示識別、預測和分離常規輸入與'''詞語沙拉'''(隨機的詞語序列)的情況。}} # [[刻意]]為之的[[無意義]]且[[冗長]]的[[陳述]] #* {{quote-text|en|year=2021|author=Jeremy Newberger|url=https://twitter.com/jeremynewberger/status/1381247989847588864|title=Twitter |passage=Chris Wallace asked @GovAbbott why he didn't complain about migrant abuse when Trump was President and he launched into '''word salad''', with no real answer.|t=克里斯·華萊士問阿博特州長,為什麼他在川普擔任總統時沒有抱怨移民受虐的問題,結果他開始大段發表'''詞語沙拉''',沒有給出任何實質性的回答。}} ====反義詞==== * {{l|en|wordsmithing#Noun}} ===參見=== * {{l|en|word vomit}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{pedia|lang=en}} i5fct209tqbwumw2firr92t8snn7xy8 基卜拉 0 3506397 9845843 2026-07-28T17:13:24Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{subst:zh-new|n|{{lb|zh|伊斯蘭教}} [[穆斯林]]在[[禮拜]]期間[[禱告]]時所需要朝向的[[方向]],即[[麥加]][[天房]]([[克爾白]])所在之方位|gloss=-}} ====翻譯==== {{trans-top|穆斯林的禱告方向}} * 阿拉伯語:{{t+|ar|قِبْلَة|f}} *: 漢志阿拉伯語:{{t|acw|قِبْلة|f|tr=gibla}} * 阿塞拜疆語:{{t|az|qiblə}} * 巴什基爾語:{{t|ba|ҡибла}} * 白俄羅斯語:{{t|be|к…」的新頁面 9845843 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|gloss=-}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=jībǔlā |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # {{lb|zh|伊斯蘭教}} [[穆斯林]]在[[禮拜]]期間[[禱告]]時所需要朝向的[[方向]],即[[麥加]][[天房]]([[克爾白]])所在之方位 ====翻譯==== {{trans-top|穆斯林的禱告方向}} * 阿拉伯語:{{t+|ar|قِبْلَة|f}} *: 漢志阿拉伯語:{{t|acw|قِبْلة|f|tr=gibla}} * 阿塞拜疆語:{{t|az|qiblə}} * 巴什基爾語:{{t|ba|ҡибла}} * 白俄羅斯語:{{t|be|кі́бла|f}} * 孟加拉語:{{t|bn|ক্বিবলা|tr=kibla}} * 保加利亞語:{{t|bg|ки́бла|f}} * 加泰羅尼亞語:{{t+|ca|alquibla|f}} * 克里米亞韃靼語:{{t|crh|qıbla}} * 英語:{{t+|en|qibla}} * 世界語:{{t|eo|kiblo}}、{{t|eo|Kiblo}} * 法語:{{t+|fr|qibla|f}}、{{t+|fr|kibla|f}}、{{t+|fr|kiblat|f}}、{{t+|fr|kiblet|f}} * 格魯吉亞語:{{t|ka|ქიბლა}} * 德語:{{t|de|Qibla|f}} * 古吉拉特語:{{t|gu|કિબ્લા}} * 印地語:{{t+|hi|किबला|m}}、{{t|hi|क़िबला|m}}、{{t|hi|क़िबलाह|m}} * 印尼語:{{t+|id|kiblat}} * 意大利語:{{t|it|qibla|f}} * 日語:{{t+|ja|キブラ|tr=kibura}} * 哈薩克語:{{t|kk|құбыла}} * 朝鮮語:{{t|ko|키블라}} * 庫爾德語: *: 北庫爾德語:{{t+|kmr|qible}} * 吉爾吉斯語:{{t|ky|кыбыла}} * 馬來語:{{t|ms|kiblat}} * 普什圖語:{{t+|ps|قبله|f|tr=qebla}} * 波斯語: *: 古典波斯語:{{t|fa-cls|قِبْلَه}} *: 伊朗波斯語:{{t|fa-ira|قِبْلِه}} * 波蘭語:{{t|pl|kibla|f}} * 葡萄牙語:{{t|pt|quibla|f}}、{{t|pt|alquibla|f}} * 俄語:{{t+|ru|ки́бла|f}}、{{t+|ru|кы́бла|f}} {{qualifier|rare}} * 塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語: *: 西里爾字母:{{t|sh|ки́бла|f}} *: 拉丁字母:{{t+|sh|kíbla|f}} * 西班牙語:{{t+|es|alquibla|f}} * 斯瓦希里語:{{t|sw|kibla}} * 塔吉克語:{{t|tg|қибла}} * 韃靼語:{{t+|tt|кыйбла}} * 土耳其語:{{t+|tr|kıble}} *: 鄂圖曼土耳其語:{{t|ota|قبله|tr=kıble}} * 土庫曼語:{{t|tk|kybla}} * 烏克蘭語:{{t|uk|кі́бла}} * 烏爾都語:{{t|ur|قِبْلَہ|m}} * 維吾爾語:{{t|ug|قىبلە}} * 烏茲別克語:{{t+|uz|qibla}} {{trans-bottom}} 34fwum5kakb10ba1qbble8cg3t3rrkg 9845845 9845843 2026-07-28T17:14:03Z TongcyDai 53191 9845845 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{wp}} {{zh-forms|gloss=-}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=jībǔlā |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # {{lb|zh|伊斯蘭教}} [[穆斯林]]在[[禮拜]]期間[[禱告]]時所需要朝向的[[方向]],即[[麥加]][[天房]]([[克爾白]])所在之方位 ====翻譯==== {{trans-top|穆斯林的禱告方向}} * 阿拉伯語:{{t+|ar|قِبْلَة|f}} *: 漢志阿拉伯語:{{t|acw|قِبْلة|f|tr=gibla}} * 阿塞拜疆語:{{t|az|qiblə}} * 巴什基爾語:{{t|ba|ҡибла}} * 白俄羅斯語:{{t|be|кі́бла|f}} * 孟加拉語:{{t|bn|ক্বিবলা|tr=kibla}} * 保加利亞語:{{t|bg|ки́бла|f}} * 加泰羅尼亞語:{{t+|ca|alquibla|f}} * 克里米亞韃靼語:{{t|crh|qıbla}} * 英語:{{t+|en|qibla}} * 世界語:{{t|eo|kiblo}}、{{t|eo|Kiblo}} * 法語:{{t+|fr|qibla|f}}、{{t+|fr|kibla|f}}、{{t+|fr|kiblat|f}}、{{t+|fr|kiblet|f}} * 格魯吉亞語:{{t|ka|ქიბლა}} * 德語:{{t|de|Qibla|f}} * 古吉拉特語:{{t|gu|કિબ્લા}} * 印地語:{{t+|hi|किबला|m}}、{{t|hi|क़िबला|m}}、{{t|hi|क़िबलाह|m}} * 印尼語:{{t+|id|kiblat}} * 意大利語:{{t|it|qibla|f}} * 日語:{{t+|ja|キブラ|tr=kibura}} * 哈薩克語:{{t|kk|құбыла}} * 朝鮮語:{{t|ko|키블라}} * 庫爾德語: *: 北庫爾德語:{{t+|kmr|qible}} * 吉爾吉斯語:{{t|ky|кыбыла}} * 馬來語:{{t|ms|kiblat}} * 普什圖語:{{t+|ps|قبله|f|tr=qebla}} * 波斯語: *: 古典波斯語:{{t|fa-cls|قِبْلَه}} *: 伊朗波斯語:{{t|fa-ira|قِبْلِه}} * 波蘭語:{{t|pl|kibla|f}} * 葡萄牙語:{{t|pt|quibla|f}}、{{t|pt|alquibla|f}} * 俄語:{{t+|ru|ки́бла|f}}、{{t+|ru|кы́бла|f}} {{qualifier|rare}} * 塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語: *: 西里爾字母:{{t|sh|ки́бла|f}} *: 拉丁字母:{{t+|sh|kíbla|f}} * 西班牙語:{{t+|es|alquibla|f}} * 斯瓦希里語:{{t|sw|kibla}} * 塔吉克語:{{t|tg|қибла}} * 韃靼語:{{t+|tt|кыйбла}} * 土耳其語:{{t+|tr|kıble}} *: 鄂圖曼土耳其語:{{t|ota|قبله|tr=kıble}} * 土庫曼語:{{t|tk|kybla}} * 烏克蘭語:{{t|uk|кі́бла}} * 烏爾都語:{{t|ur|قِبْلَہ|m}} * 維吾爾語:{{t|ug|قىبلە}} * 烏茲別克語:{{t+|uz|qibla}} {{trans-bottom}} tk2v7w5tfrrsup0gq90i0n7opcyg5aq 9846012 9845845 2026-07-29T04:01:34Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 翻譯 */ 9846012 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{wp}} {{zh-forms|gloss=-}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=jībǔlā |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # {{lb|zh|伊斯蘭教}} [[穆斯林]]在[[禮拜]]期間[[禱告]]時所需要朝向的[[方向]],即[[麥加]][[天房]]([[克爾白]])所在之方位 ====翻譯==== {{trans-top|穆斯林的禱告方向}} * 阿拉伯語:{{t+|ar|قِبْلَة|f}} *: 漢志阿拉伯語:{{t|acw|قِبْلة|f|tr=gibla}} * 阿塞拜疆語:{{t|az|qiblə}} * 巴什基爾語:{{t|ba|ҡибла}} * 白俄羅斯語:{{t|be|кі́бла|f}} * 孟加拉語:{{t|bn|ক্বিবলা|tr=kibla}} * 保加利亞語:{{t|bg|ки́бла|f}} * 加泰羅尼亞語:{{t+|ca|alquibla|f}} * 克里米亞韃靼語:{{t|crh|qıbla}} * 英語:{{t+|en|qibla}} * 世界語:{{t|eo|kiblo}}、{{t|eo|Kiblo}} * 法語:{{t+|fr|qibla|f}}、{{t+|fr|kibla|f}}、{{t+|fr|kiblat|f}}、{{t+|fr|kiblet|f}} * 格魯吉亞語:{{t|ka|ქიბლა}} * 德語:{{t|de|Qibla|f}} * 古吉拉特語:{{t|gu|કિબ્લા}} * 印地語:{{t+|hi|किबला|m}}、{{t|hi|क़िबला|m}}、{{t|hi|क़िबलाह|m}} * 印尼語:{{t+|id|kiblat}} * 意大利語:{{t|it|qibla|f}} * 日語:{{t+|ja|キブラ|tr=kibura}} * 哈薩克語:{{t|kk|құбыла}} * 朝鮮語:{{t|ko|키블라}} * 庫爾德語: *: 北庫爾德語:{{t+|kmr|qible}} * 吉爾吉斯語:{{t|ky|кыбыла}} * 馬來語:{{t|ms|kiblat}} * 普什圖語:{{t+|ps|قبله|f|tr=qebla}} * 波斯語: *: 古典波斯語:{{t|fa-cls|قِبْلَه}} *: 伊朗波斯語:{{t|fa-ira|قِبْلِه}} * 波蘭語:{{t|pl|kibla|f}} * 葡萄牙語:{{t|pt|quibla|f}}、{{t|pt|alquibla|f}} * 俄語:{{t+|ru|ки́бла|f}}、{{t+|ru|кы́бла|f}} {{qualifier|罕用}} * 塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語: *: 西里爾字母:{{t|sh|ки́бла|f}} *: 拉丁字母:{{t+|sh|kíbla|f}} * 西班牙語:{{t+|es|alquibla|f}} * 斯瓦希里語:{{t|sw|kibla}} * 塔吉克語:{{t|tg|қибла}} * 韃靼語:{{t+|tt|кыйбла}} * 土耳其語:{{t+|tr|kıble}} *: 鄂圖曼土耳其語:{{t|ota|قبله|tr=kıble}} * 土庫曼語:{{t|tk|kybla}} * 烏克蘭語:{{t|uk|кі́бла}} * 烏爾都語:{{t|ur|قِبْلَہ|m}} * 維吾爾語:{{t|ug|قىبلە}} * 烏茲別克語:{{t+|uz|qibla}} {{trans-bottom}} kk8fzm8txqzgifkd7czp66twq6r5znk lqebla 0 3506398 9845844 2026-07-28T17:13:47Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==卡拜爾語== {{was fwotd|kab|2026|7月|29日}} {{kab-rootbox|q-b-l}} ===詞源=== {{root|kab|ar|ق ب ل}} {{bor+|kab|arq|قبلة|tr=qabla}},源自{{der|kab|ar|قِبْلة}}。 ===發音=== * {{kab-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{kab-noun|f|pl=-}} # [[基卜拉]]{{gl|[[穆斯林]]在[[禮拜]]期間[[禱告]]時所需要朝向的[[方向]]}} # {{lb|kab|引申}} [[東方]],[[東邊]] #: {{syn|kab|ccerq}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:kab:Amawal…」的新頁面 9845844 wikitext text/x-wiki ==卡拜爾語== {{was fwotd|kab|2026|7月|29日}} {{kab-rootbox|q-b-l}} ===詞源=== {{root|kab|ar|ق ب ل}} {{bor+|kab|arq|قبلة|tr=qabla}},源自{{der|kab|ar|قِبْلة}}。 ===發音=== * {{kab-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{kab-noun|f|pl=-}} # [[基卜拉]]{{gl|[[穆斯林]]在[[禮拜]]期間[[禱告]]時所需要朝向的[[方向]]}} # {{lb|kab|引申}} [[東方]],[[東邊]] #: {{syn|kab|ccerq}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:kab:Amawal}} * {{R:kab:Dallet:1982}} 7040x6dqxkxm966txqvpbusll21fmk4 Wiktionary:外語每日一詞/2026年/7月29日 4 3506399 9845846 2026-07-28T17:14:32Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{FWOTD|kab|lqebla|名詞|2026|7月|29日| # [[基卜拉]]{{gl|[[穆斯林]]在[[禮拜]]期間[[禱告]]時所需要朝向的[[方向]]}} # {{lb|kab|引申}} [[東方]],[[東邊]] }}」的新頁面 9845846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{FWOTD|kab|lqebla|名詞|2026|7月|29日| # [[基卜拉]]{{gl|[[穆斯林]]在[[禮拜]]期間[[禱告]]時所需要朝向的[[方向]]}} # {{lb|kab|引申}} [[東方]],[[東邊]] }} 0tplppor5j8742bu31fbo9f0rssznkp Category:來自阿拉伯語詞根ق ب ل的卡拜爾語詞 14 3506400 9845847 2026-07-28T17:14:36Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:來自阿拉伯語詞根ق ب ل的詞 14 3506401 9845848 2026-07-28T17:14:41Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:依阿拉伯語詞根分類的卡拜爾語詞 14 3506402 9845849 2026-07-28T17:14:48Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:卡拜爾語外語每日一詞 14 3506403 9845850 2026-07-28T17:14:59Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:卡拜爾語外語每日一詞/2026年 14 3506404 9845851 2026-07-28T17:15:06Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:詞根為q-b-l的卡拜爾語詞 14 3506405 9845852 2026-07-28T17:15:15Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx قبلة 0 3506406 9845854 2026-07-28T17:17:44Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|قبله|قبلہ|فيلة|قتلة}} ==阿拉伯語== ===詞源1=== {{ar-rootbox|ق ب ل}} 對照{{m|ar|قَبِلَ|t=熱情接待}}。 ====名詞==== {{ar-noun|قُبْلَة|f|pl=قُبُلَات,+,قُبَل}} # [[吻]],[[親吻]] #: {{syn|ar|بَوْسَة}} #: {{uxa|ar|'''قُبْلَةُ''' الْفَجْرِ تُضِئِينَ بِهَا حَيَاتِي كَشَمْسٍ تَشْرُقُ فِي أُوْلَى سَاعَ…」的新頁面 9845854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|قبله|قبلہ|فيلة|قتلة}} ==阿拉伯語== ===詞源1=== {{ar-rootbox|ق ب ل}} 對照{{m|ar|قَبِلَ|t=熱情接待}}。 ====名詞==== {{ar-noun|قُبْلَة|f|pl=قُبُلَات,+,قُبَل}} # [[吻]],[[親吻]] #: {{syn|ar|بَوْسَة}} #: {{uxa|ar|'''قُبْلَةُ''' الْفَجْرِ تُضِئِينَ بِهَا حَيَاتِي كَشَمْسٍ تَشْرُقُ فِي أُوْلَى سَاعَاتِ الصَّبَاحِ|t=你的晨'''吻'''點亮了我的生命,如同黎明時分升起的太陽。}} =====變格===== {{ar-decl-noun|قُبْلَة|pl=قُبُلَات|pl2=قُبْلَات|pl3=قُبَل}} =====參考資料===== * {{R:ar:Steingass}} ===詞源2=== {{rfe|ar}} ====名詞==== {{ar-noun|قِبْلَة|f}} # [[方向]],[[趨勢]],[[動向]] #: {{uxa|ar|مَكَّةُ قِبْلَةُ الْحُجَّاجِ|t=麥加,朝聖者的方向}} # {{lb|ar|加定冠詞作 {{m|ar|اَلْقِبْلَة}}}} [[基卜拉]]{{gl|[[穆斯林]]在[[禮拜]]期間[[禱告]]時所需要朝向的[[方向]]}} # {{lb|ar|引申}} 人們所追求的[[事物]]或[[地方]] #: {{syn|ar|كَعْبَة}} #: {{uxa|ar|قِبْلَةُ الْأَحْرَارِ|t=自由的基卜拉}} =====變格===== {{ar-decl-noun|قِبْلَة}} =====派生詞彙===== * {{l|ar|القِبْلَتَان|t=兩個基卜拉(指麥加和耶路撒冷)}} =====派生語彙===== * {{desc|afb|جبلة|tr=jibla|قبلة|tr2=qibla}} * {{desc|acw|قبلة|tr=gibla}} * {{desc|ary|قبلة|tr=qabla}} * {{desc|az|qiblə|bor=1}} * {{desc|ba|ҡибла|bor=1}} * {{desc|ca|alquibla|bor=1}} * {{desc|chg|قبله|bor=1}} ** {{desc|ug|قىبلە}} ** {{desc|uz|qibla}} * {{desc|en|qibla|bor=1}} * {{desc|kk|құбыла|bor=1}} * {{desc|klj|qıblə|bor=1}} * {{desc|ota|قبله|bor=1}} ** {{desc|tr|kıble}} * {{desc|fa|قبله|bor=1|tr=qeble}} {{see desc}} * {{desc|es|alquibla|bor=1}} * {{desc|sw|kibla|bor=1}} * {{desc|tk|kybla|bor=1}} {{C|ar|伊斯蘭教}} ==漢志阿拉伯語== {{acw-root|ق ب ل}} ===詞源=== {{ety|acw|:inh|ar:قِبْلَة|text=+|tree=1}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|acw|/ɡib.la/|/ɡɪb.la/}} ===名詞=== {{acw-noun|g=f|head=قِبْلة|tr=gibla|d=قِبْلَتين|dtr=giblatēn|cons=قِبْلَةْ|constr=giblat|pl=قِبْلات|pltr=giblāt}} # [[基卜拉]]{{gl|[[穆斯林]]在[[禮拜]]期間[[禱告]]時所需要朝向的[[方向]]}} 8lybor33xz0njpn55eotvepocbkjs7y Category:詞根為ق ب ل的漢志阿拉伯語詞 14 3506407 9845855 2026-07-28T17:17:58Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Template:Ms-pr 10 3506408 9845856 2026-07-28T17:19:00Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「<includeonly>{{#invoke:ms-pron|show_pr}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{tcat}}</noinclude>」的新頁面 9845856 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:ms-pron|show_pr}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{tcat}}</noinclude> qqolkaf48qvlctkeo3yebopzdtl07ws Wiktionary:外語每日一詞/2026年/7月30日 4 3506409 9845861 2026-07-28T17:23:25Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{FWOTD|ms|raja sehari|名詞|2026|7月|30日|image=Pakaian_pengantin_Melayu_Deli_zaman_kini_dengan_kain_songket_corak_daun_inai_1.jpg| # [[新娘]]與[[新郎]]({{lit|一日國王}}) }}」的新頁面 9845861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{FWOTD|ms|raja sehari|名詞|2026|7月|30日|image=Pakaian_pengantin_Melayu_Deli_zaman_kini_dengan_kain_songket_corak_daun_inai_1.jpg| # [[新娘]]與[[新郎]]({{lit|一日國王}}) }} 7g4fmivdqq6wt8bx1cdz4dvaeqsi3r4 Template:Quote-mailing list 10 3506410 9845863 2026-07-28T17:32:16Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「<includeonly>{{#invoke:quote|quote_t | author = {{{author|}}}{{#if:{{{email|}}}|&#32;&lt;''{{{email}}}''&gt;}} | title = <kbd>{{{group|{{{list|}}}}}}</kbd> [[w:Electronic mailing list|mailing list]] | section = {{#if:{{{id|}}}|message-ID &lt;{{{id}}}&gt;}} | url = {{{url|{{#if:{{{googleid|}}}|http://groups.google.com/group/{{{group|{{{newsgroup|{{{5|}}}}}}}}}/browse_thread/thread/{{{googleid}}}}}}}} | alias…」的新頁面 9845863 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:quote|quote_t | author = {{{author|}}}{{#if:{{{email|}}}|&#32;&lt;''{{{email}}}''&gt;}} | title = <kbd>{{{group|{{{list|}}}}}}</kbd> [[w:Electronic mailing list|mailing list]] | section = {{#if:{{{id|}}}|message-ID &lt;{{{id}}}&gt;}} | url = {{{url|{{#if:{{{googleid|}}}|http://groups.google.com/group/{{{group|{{{newsgroup|{{{5|}}}}}}}}}/browse_thread/thread/{{{googleid}}}}}}}} | alias = chapter: title; trans-chapter: trans-title; chapterurl: titleurl; chapter_series: title_series; chapter_seriesvolume: title_seriesvolume; chapter_number: title_number; chapter_plain: title_plain; | ignore = id,googleid,group,newsgroup,list,email }}</includeonly><!-- --><noinclude>{{quote-mailing list|en|author=John Naylor|title=Re: [Steam-Scholars] Hello again and a query|list=steam-scholars|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/steam-scholars/bdMTIoChWyQ/pz5TAUpNxcYJ|date=24 September 2010|passage=It is extremely rare that you speak to someone who says "I want to be an ...." This would suggest that for the vast majority of '''steampunks''' their choice of outfit (at least intitially) is less a conscious attempt at portrayal and more of a spontaneous and potentially subconscious growth of an idea.}}<!-- -->{{documentation}}[[Category:引用模板]]</noinclude> t6tfrnjxytzv30tylcvyo6pyyllchxi Scymraeg 0 3506411 9845864 2026-07-28T17:32:34Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==英語== ===詞源=== {{ubor|en|cy|Scymraeg}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/skʌmˈraɪɡ/}} ===專有名詞=== {{en-proper noun}} {{tlb|en|非正式|貶義}} # 寫得不好或不符合[[語法]]的[[威爾士語]],通常由[[機器翻譯]]生成 #: {{syn|en|scummy Welsh}} #* {{quote-web|en|author=Rory Cellan-Jones|authorlink=Rory Cellan-Jones|title=Google Translate serves up 'scummy Welsh' translations|work=w:en:BBC News|date=2018-07-3…」的新頁面 9845864 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===詞源=== {{ubor|en|cy|Scymraeg}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/skʌmˈraɪɡ/}} ===專有名詞=== {{en-proper noun}} {{tlb|en|非正式|貶義}} # 寫得不好或不符合[[語法]]的[[威爾士語]],通常由[[機器翻譯]]生成 #: {{syn|en|scummy Welsh}} #* {{quote-web|en|author=Rory Cellan-Jones|authorlink=Rory Cellan-Jones|title=Google Translate serves up 'scummy Welsh' translations|work=w:en:BBC News|date=2018-07-31|accessdate=2025-12-01|text=Soon the term '''Scymraeg''', or scummy Welsh, was born and it has really caught on - it is part of Gary's stand-up routine, and examples are posted via a Twitter hashtag and in a Flickr group.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417180413/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-45012357|t=很快,「'''Scymraeg'''」(即糟糕的威爾士語)一詞應運而生,而且它真的流行了起來——它成了加里單口喜劇的段子,推特話題標籤和 Flickr 群組裡也發佈了相關的例子。}} #* {{quote-web|en|author=Stephen Harrison|title=Welsh Wikipedia Gives Me Hope|work=[[w:en:Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=2019-08-07|accessdate=2025-12-01|text=And Google Translate—infamous since 2009 for its '''Scymraeg''', or scummy Welsh—has, according to the BBC, recently taken a great leap forward in terms of the accuracy and quality of its Welsh translations.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202083839/https://slate.com/technology/2019/08/welsh-wikipedia-google-translate.html|t=據BBC報導,自2009年以來因其「'''Scymraeg'''」(即糟糕的威爾士語)而聲名狼藉的Google翻譯,最近在威爾士語翻譯的準確性和質量方面取得了巨大的進步。}} #* {{quote-web|en|author=Lane Greene|title=Fighting the scourge of “Scum Welsh”|work=w:en:1843 Magazine|url=https://www.economist.com/1843/2020/02/18/fighting-the-scourge-of-scum-welsh|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/QVr8I|archivedate=2024-12-31|publisher=w:en:The Economist|date=2020-02-18|accessdate=2025-12-01|text=“Witcher Welsh” and '''Scymraeg''' share the same problem: well-meaning people trying to use Welsh without taking it seriously.|t=「獵魔人威爾士語」和 '''Scymraeg''' 都有著同樣的問題:好心人試圖使用威爾士語,卻沒有認真對待它。}} #* {{quote-web|en|author=Nic Dafies|work=Tŵt Cymru|url=https://toot.wales/@nic/114262140849702505|publisher=[[w:en:Mastodon (social network)|Mastodon]]|date=2025-04-01|text=I’m pissing in the wind here, obviously, but this isn’t some funny “'''Scymraeg'''” scenario, this is public money being spent on a bilingual website that only works in English.|t=顯然我這是在白費口舌,但這不是什麼有趣的「'''Scymraeg'''」場景,這是把公帑花在一個只能用英語運作的雙語網站上。}} ==威爾士語== {{was fwotd|cy|2026|7月|31日}} {{examples|title=示例|width=45%|example=遊樂場設施上塗有以下文字: : 原文:“Ffordd yma i [[marchogaeth|farchogaeth]]” : 預期含義:「這邊是(遊樂設施)搭乘路線」 : 實際含義:「這邊走去騎馬」}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|cy|Sgymraeg}} ===詞源=== {{blend|cy|scym|Cymraeg|t1=垃圾,渣滓}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|cy|/sɡəmˈraːi̯ɡ/|[skəmˈraːi̯ɡ]|a=cy-N}} * {{IPA|cy|/sɡəmˈrai̯ɡ/|[skəmˈrai̯ɡ]|a=cy-S}} ===專有名詞=== {{cy-proper noun}} {{tlb|cy|非正式|貶義}} # {{l|en|Scymraeg}}{{gl|寫得不好或不符合[[語法]]的[[威爾士語]],通常由[[機器翻譯]]生成}} #* {{quote-web|cy|author=Carl Morris|title=Scymraeg a diwylliant cydweithredol|work=Y Twll|date=2011-12-23|accessdate=2025-12-01|text=Mae gwreiddiau y syniad '''Scymraeg''' yn debyg: ‘diwylliant y we’ a chyfryngau cymdeithasol.|t='''Scymraeg''' 這一概念的根源與此類似:「網路文化」和社群媒體。|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321131749/https://ytwll.cymru/2011/12/scymraeg-sgymraeg/}} #* {{quote-mailing list|cy|author=Sion Rees Williams|title=Re: Cyfieithiadau Gwael - Morrosons{{sic}}|trans-title=Re: 糟糕的翻譯 - Morrosons{{sic}}|list=welsh-termau-cymraeg@jiscmail.ac.uk|url=https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=WELSH-TERMAU-CYMRAEG;ab94f606.1203|date=2012-03-27|accessdate=2025-12-01|text=Mae'n debyg bod llawer yn y grwp yn gwybod hefyd bod llyfr wedi ei gyhoeddi gan y Lolfa (ers y Nadolig y llynedd) gydag enghreifftiau o '''Scymraeg''' hefyd - ond credaf mai llyfryn ysgafn yw yn hytrach na dadansoddiad 'difrifol, academaidd.'|t=群組裡的許多人可能也知道 Y Lolfa 出版了一本書(去年聖誕節出版的),裡面也有 '''Scymraeg''' 的例子——但我認為這是一本輕鬆的讀物,而不是「嚴肅、學術」的分析。}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|en|Scymraeg|bor=1}} gtadinthvtnhvt2snfe7uwxvjtq03a1 9845867 9845864 2026-07-28T17:32:54Z TongcyDai 53191 9845867 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===詞源=== {{ubor|en|cy|Scymraeg}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/skʌmˈraɪɡ/}} ===專有名詞=== {{en-proper noun}} {{tlb|en|非正式|貶義}} # 寫得不好或不符合[[語法]]的[[威爾士語]]/[[威爾斯語]],通常由[[機器翻譯]]生成 #: {{syn|en|scummy Welsh}} #* {{quote-web|en|author=Rory Cellan-Jones|authorlink=Rory Cellan-Jones|title=Google Translate serves up 'scummy Welsh' translations|work=w:en:BBC News|date=2018-07-31|accessdate=2025-12-01|text=Soon the term '''Scymraeg''', or scummy Welsh, was born and it has really caught on - it is part of Gary's stand-up routine, and examples are posted via a Twitter hashtag and in a Flickr group.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417180413/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-45012357|t=很快,「'''Scymraeg'''」(即糟糕的威爾士語)一詞應運而生,而且它真的流行了起來——它成了加里單口喜劇的段子,推特話題標籤和 Flickr 群組裡也發佈了相關的例子。}} #* {{quote-web|en|author=Stephen Harrison|title=Welsh Wikipedia Gives Me Hope|work=[[w:en:Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=2019-08-07|accessdate=2025-12-01|text=And Google Translate—infamous since 2009 for its '''Scymraeg''', or scummy Welsh—has, according to the BBC, recently taken a great leap forward in terms of the accuracy and quality of its Welsh translations.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202083839/https://slate.com/technology/2019/08/welsh-wikipedia-google-translate.html|t=據BBC報導,自2009年以來因其「'''Scymraeg'''」(即糟糕的威爾士語)而聲名狼藉的Google翻譯,最近在威爾士語翻譯的準確性和質量方面取得了巨大的進步。}} #* {{quote-web|en|author=Lane Greene|title=Fighting the scourge of “Scum Welsh”|work=w:en:1843 Magazine|url=https://www.economist.com/1843/2020/02/18/fighting-the-scourge-of-scum-welsh|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/QVr8I|archivedate=2024-12-31|publisher=w:en:The Economist|date=2020-02-18|accessdate=2025-12-01|text=“Witcher Welsh” and '''Scymraeg''' share the same problem: well-meaning people trying to use Welsh without taking it seriously.|t=「獵魔人威爾士語」和 '''Scymraeg''' 都有著同樣的問題:好心人試圖使用威爾士語,卻沒有認真對待它。}} #* {{quote-web|en|author=Nic Dafies|work=Tŵt Cymru|url=https://toot.wales/@nic/114262140849702505|publisher=[[w:en:Mastodon (social network)|Mastodon]]|date=2025-04-01|text=I’m pissing in the wind here, obviously, but this isn’t some funny “'''Scymraeg'''” scenario, this is public money being spent on a bilingual website that only works in English.|t=顯然我這是在白費口舌,但這不是什麼有趣的「'''Scymraeg'''」場景,這是把公帑花在一個只能用英語運作的雙語網站上。}} ==威爾士語== {{was fwotd|cy|2026|7月|31日}} {{examples|title=示例|width=45%|example=遊樂場設施上塗有以下文字: : 原文:“Ffordd yma i [[marchogaeth|farchogaeth]]” : 預期含義:「這邊是(遊樂設施)搭乘路線」 : 實際含義:「這邊走去騎馬」}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|cy|Sgymraeg}} ===詞源=== {{blend|cy|scym|Cymraeg|t1=垃圾,渣滓}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|cy|/sɡəmˈraːi̯ɡ/|[skəmˈraːi̯ɡ]|a=cy-N}} * {{IPA|cy|/sɡəmˈrai̯ɡ/|[skəmˈrai̯ɡ]|a=cy-S}} ===專有名詞=== {{cy-proper noun}} {{tlb|cy|非正式|貶義}} # {{l|en|Scymraeg}}{{gl|寫得不好或不符合[[語法]]的[[威爾士語]]/[[威爾斯語]],通常由[[機器翻譯]]生成}} #* {{quote-web|cy|author=Carl Morris|title=Scymraeg a diwylliant cydweithredol|work=Y Twll|date=2011-12-23|accessdate=2025-12-01|text=Mae gwreiddiau y syniad '''Scymraeg''' yn debyg: ‘diwylliant y we’ a chyfryngau cymdeithasol.|t='''Scymraeg''' 這一概念的根源與此類似:「網路文化」和社群媒體。|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321131749/https://ytwll.cymru/2011/12/scymraeg-sgymraeg/}} #* {{quote-mailing list|cy|author=Sion Rees Williams|title=Re: Cyfieithiadau Gwael - Morrosons{{sic}}|trans-title=Re: 糟糕的翻譯 - Morrosons{{sic}}|list=welsh-termau-cymraeg@jiscmail.ac.uk|url=https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=WELSH-TERMAU-CYMRAEG;ab94f606.1203|date=2012-03-27|accessdate=2025-12-01|text=Mae'n debyg bod llawer yn y grwp yn gwybod hefyd bod llyfr wedi ei gyhoeddi gan y Lolfa (ers y Nadolig y llynedd) gydag enghreifftiau o '''Scymraeg''' hefyd - ond credaf mai llyfryn ysgafn yw yn hytrach na dadansoddiad 'difrifol, academaidd.'|t=群組裡的許多人可能也知道 Y Lolfa 出版了一本書(去年聖誕節出版的),裡面也有 '''Scymraeg''' 的例子——但我認為這是一本輕鬆的讀物,而不是「嚴肅、學術」的分析。}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|en|Scymraeg|bor=1}} 6xo770ndwdoa1ehc5tejzl7az5jr3it 9845868 9845867 2026-07-28T17:33:05Z TongcyDai 53191 9845868 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===詞源=== {{ubor|en|cy|Scymraeg}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/skʌmˈraɪɡ/}} ===專有名詞=== {{en-proper noun}} {{tlb|en|非正式|貶義}} # 寫得不好或不符合[[語法]]的[[威爾士語]]/[[威爾斯語]],通常由[[機器翻譯]]生成 #: {{syn|en|scummy Welsh}} #* {{quote-web|en|author=Rory Cellan-Jones|authorlink=Rory Cellan-Jones|title=Google Translate serves up 'scummy Welsh' translations|work=w:en:BBC News|date=2018-07-31|accessdate=2025-12-01|text=Soon the term '''Scymraeg''', or scummy Welsh, was born and it has really caught on - it is part of Gary's stand-up routine, and examples are posted via a Twitter hashtag and in a Flickr group.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417180413/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-45012357|t=很快,「'''Scymraeg'''」(即糟糕的威爾士語)一詞應運而生,而且它真的流行了起來——它成了加里單口喜劇的段子,推特話題標籤和 Flickr 群組裡也發佈了相關的例子。}} #* {{quote-web|en|author=Stephen Harrison|title=Welsh Wikipedia Gives Me Hope|work=[[w:en:Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=2019-08-07|accessdate=2025-12-01|text=And Google Translate—infamous since 2009 for its '''Scymraeg''', or scummy Welsh—has, according to the BBC, recently taken a great leap forward in terms of the accuracy and quality of its Welsh translations.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202083839/https://slate.com/technology/2019/08/welsh-wikipedia-google-translate.html|t=據BBC報導,自2009年以來因其「'''Scymraeg'''」(即糟糕的威爾士語)而聲名狼藉的Google翻譯,最近在威爾士語翻譯的準確性和質量方面取得了巨大的進步。}} #* {{quote-web|en|author=Lane Greene|title=Fighting the scourge of “Scum Welsh”|work=w:en:1843 Magazine|url=https://www.economist.com/1843/2020/02/18/fighting-the-scourge-of-scum-welsh|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/QVr8I|archivedate=2024-12-31|publisher=w:en:The Economist|date=2020-02-18|accessdate=2025-12-01|text=“Witcher Welsh” and '''Scymraeg''' share the same problem: well-meaning people trying to use Welsh without taking it seriously.|t=「獵魔人威爾士語」和 '''Scymraeg''' 都有著同樣的問題:好心人試圖使用威爾士語,卻沒有認真對待它。}} #* {{quote-web|en|author=Nic Dafies|work=Tŵt Cymru|url=https://toot.wales/@nic/114262140849702505|publisher=[[w:en:Mastodon (social network)|Mastodon]]|date=2025-04-01|text=I’m pissing in the wind here, obviously, but this isn’t some funny “'''Scymraeg'''” scenario, this is public money being spent on a bilingual website that only works in English.|t=顯然我這是在白費口舌,但這不是什麼有趣的「'''Scymraeg'''」場景,這是把公帑花在一個只能用英語運作的雙語網站上。}} ==威爾士語== {{was fwotd|cy|2026|7月|31日}} {{examples|title=示例|width=45%|example=遊樂場設施上塗有以下文字: : 原文:“Ffordd yma i [[marchogaeth|farchogaeth]]” : 預期含義:「這邊是(遊樂設施)搭乘路線」 : 實際含義:「這邊走去騎馬」}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|cy|Sgymraeg}} ===詞源=== {{blend|cy|scym|Cymraeg|t1=垃圾,渣滓}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|cy|/sɡəmˈraːi̯ɡ/|[skəmˈraːi̯ɡ]|a=cy-N}} * {{IPA|cy|/sɡəmˈrai̯ɡ/|[skəmˈrai̯ɡ]|a=cy-S}} ===專有名詞=== {{cy-proper noun}} {{tlb|cy|非正式|貶義}} # 寫得不好或不符合[[語法]]的[[威爾士語]]/[[威爾斯語]],通常由[[機器翻譯]]生成 #* {{quote-web|cy|author=Carl Morris|title=Scymraeg a diwylliant cydweithredol|work=Y Twll|date=2011-12-23|accessdate=2025-12-01|text=Mae gwreiddiau y syniad '''Scymraeg''' yn debyg: ‘diwylliant y we’ a chyfryngau cymdeithasol.|t='''Scymraeg''' 這一概念的根源與此類似:「網路文化」和社群媒體。|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321131749/https://ytwll.cymru/2011/12/scymraeg-sgymraeg/}} #* {{quote-mailing list|cy|author=Sion Rees Williams|title=Re: Cyfieithiadau Gwael - Morrosons{{sic}}|trans-title=Re: 糟糕的翻譯 - Morrosons{{sic}}|list=welsh-termau-cymraeg@jiscmail.ac.uk|url=https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=WELSH-TERMAU-CYMRAEG;ab94f606.1203|date=2012-03-27|accessdate=2025-12-01|text=Mae'n debyg bod llawer yn y grwp yn gwybod hefyd bod llyfr wedi ei gyhoeddi gan y Lolfa (ers y Nadolig y llynedd) gydag enghreifftiau o '''Scymraeg''' hefyd - ond credaf mai llyfryn ysgafn yw yn hytrach na dadansoddiad 'difrifol, academaidd.'|t=群組裡的許多人可能也知道 Y Lolfa 出版了一本書(去年聖誕節出版的),裡面也有 '''Scymraeg''' 的例子——但我認為這是一本輕鬆的讀物,而不是「嚴肅、學術」的分析。}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|en|Scymraeg|bor=1}} is53hcau4fsehzu3swfeo13haftbb7j Category:源自威爾士語的英語非同化借詞 14 3506412 9845865 2026-07-28T17:32:41Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:源自威爾士語的非同化借詞 14 3506413 9845866 2026-07-28T17:32:46Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Wiktionary:外語每日一詞/2026年/7月31日 4 3506414 9845869 2026-07-28T17:33:21Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{FWOTD|cy|Scymraeg|名詞|2026|7月|31日| # 寫得不好或不符合[[語法]]的[[威爾士語]]/[[威爾斯語]],通常由[[機器翻譯]]生成 }}」的新頁面 9845869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{FWOTD|cy|Scymraeg|名詞|2026|7月|31日| # 寫得不好或不符合[[語法]]的[[威爾士語]]/[[威爾斯語]],通常由[[機器翻譯]]生成 }} 113z3ealogg9nl5di31gem2a11igjd1 marchogaeth 0 3506415 9845870 2026-07-28T17:34:09Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==威爾士語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|cy|marchog|t1=騎馬者|-aeth}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|cy|/marˈχɔɡaɨ̯θ/|a=cy-N,standard,colloquial}} ** {{IPA|cy|/marˈχɔɡɛθ/|a=cy-N,colloquial}} * {{IPA|cy|/marˈχoːɡai̯θ/|/marˈχɔɡai̯θ/|a=cy-S,standard}} ** {{IPA|cy|/marˈχoːɡɛθ/|/marˈχɔɡɛθ/|a=cy-S,colloquial}} ===動詞=== {{cy-verb|marchog}} # [[騎]],[[騎馬]] #: {{syn|cy|marchocáu|reidio|q2=語意上更…」的新頁面 9845870 wikitext text/x-wiki ==威爾士語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|cy|marchog|t1=騎馬者|-aeth}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|cy|/marˈχɔɡaɨ̯θ/|a=cy-N,standard,colloquial}} ** {{IPA|cy|/marˈχɔɡɛθ/|a=cy-N,colloquial}} * {{IPA|cy|/marˈχoːɡai̯θ/|/marˈχɔɡai̯θ/|a=cy-S,standard}} ** {{IPA|cy|/marˈχoːɡɛθ/|/marˈχɔɡɛθ/|a=cy-S,colloquial}} ===動詞=== {{cy-verb|marchog}} # [[騎]],[[騎馬]] #: {{syn|cy|marchocáu|reidio|q2=語意上更一般}} ====變位==== {{cy-conj-cons|marchog|3=marchyg|imp=-}} {{cy-conj-colloquial|marchog}} ===詞首音變=== {{cy-mut}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:cy:GyrA|2=ride}} * {{R:cy:Gweiadur}} * {{R:cy:GPC}} 4nef29t11db1eydrhxfw9evaaafxltg Template:R:cy:GyrA 10 3506416 9845871 2026-07-28T17:34:29Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-book |title=Geiriadur yr Academi: The Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary |first=Bruce|last=Griffiths |first2=Dafydd|last2=Glyn Jones |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |year=1995 |pageparam=1 |entry={{{2|}}} |url=https://geiriaduracademi.org/?lang=en 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2026-07-28T20:06:54Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:阿塞拜疆語 鑭系元素 14 3506479 9845941 2026-07-28T20:07:01Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9845941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx ごうちん 0 3506480 9845984 2026-07-28T23:25:44Z Fglffer 55252 新詞條 9845984 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|轟沈}} hahhdahb7c2dm6d2vokfi0yh7eem2ju κίνδυνο 0 3506481 9846008 2026-07-29T04:00:46Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==希臘語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|el|/ˈcin.ði.no/}} * {{hyphenation|el|κίν|δυ|νο}} ===名詞=== {{head|el|名詞f|g=m}} # {{infl of|el|κίνδυνος||acc|s}}」的新頁面 9846008 wikitext text/x-wiki ==希臘語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|el|/ˈcin.ði.no/}} * {{hyphenation|el|κίν|δυ|νο}} ===名詞=== {{head|el|名詞f|g=m}} # {{infl of|el|κίνδυνος||acc|s}} 8hodbzgnk3ug0jhwofmu5qmekq1wblx κίνδυνε 0 3506482 9846009 2026-07-29T04:00:48Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==希臘語== ===名詞=== {{head|el|名詞f|g=m}} # {{infl of|el|κίνδυνος||voc|s}}」的新頁面 9846009 wikitext text/x-wiki ==希臘語== ===名詞=== {{head|el|名詞f|g=m}} # {{infl of|el|κίνδυνος||voc|s}} 08pt8cg0aqedjm4drcmb3u8wlzz45c1 κίνδυνοι 0 3506483 9846010 2026-07-29T04:00:50Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|κῐ́νδῡνοι}} ===名詞=== {{grc-noun form|κῐ́νδῡνοι}} # {{infl of|grc|κῐ́νδῡνος||nom//voc|p}} ==希臘語== ===名詞=== {{head|el|名詞f|g=m}} # {{infl of|el|κίνδυνος||nom//voc|p}}」的新頁面 9846010 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|κῐ́νδῡνοι}} ===名詞=== {{grc-noun form|κῐ́νδῡνοι}} # {{infl of|grc|κῐ́νδῡνος||nom//voc|p}} ==希臘語== ===名詞=== {{head|el|名詞f|g=m}} # {{infl of|el|κίνδυνος||nom//voc|p}} t1q9nbgl4p3wjyusypgv38a2pcr1e40 κινδύνους 0 3506484 9846011 2026-07-29T04:00:55Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|κῐνδῡ́νους}} ===名詞=== {{grc-noun form|κῐνδῡ́νους}} # {{infl of|grc|κῐ́νδῡνος||acc|p}} ==希臘語== ===名詞=== {{head|el|名詞f|g=m}} # {{infl of|el|κίνδυνος||acc|p}}」的新頁面 9846011 wikitext text/x-wiki ==古希臘語== ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|κῐνδῡ́νους}} ===名詞=== {{grc-noun form|κῐνδῡ́νους}} # {{infl of|grc|κῐ́νδῡνος||acc|p}} ==希臘語== ===名詞=== {{head|el|名詞f|g=m}} # {{infl of|el|κίνδυνος||acc|p}} 2gk841qyt1cs1jw1b2tzyf5mp6bjs29 ytterbiums 0 3506485 9846014 2026-07-29T04:04:42Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|Ytterbiums}} ==英語== ===名詞=== {{head|en|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|en|ytterbium}}」的新頁面 9846014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Ytterbiums}} ==英語== ===名詞=== {{head|en|名詞變格形}} # {{plural of|en|ytterbium}} 2phgrqeukuk281crtk55gw7e1fadnke Module talk:Zh-forms 829 3506486 9846019 2026-07-29T05:07:34Z Public class 107487 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{subst:提出代為編輯請求 |章節標題 = 編輯請求 2026-07-29 |請求內容 = <!-- 請在此行下方更新您建議的更改(不要寫在這一行),最好是“将X改成Y”格式,其他編輯者需要知道您想要添加或刪除的內容,空白的修改請求將被拒絕 --> 最后几行中的<code><nowiki>-{}-</nowiki></code>可以去掉了,目前代碼會導致新版解析器(Parsoid)顯示錯誤。第468-4…」的新頁面 9846019 wikitext text/x-wiki ==編輯請求 2026-07-29== {{Editprotected}} 最后几行中的<code><nowiki>-{}-</nowiki></code>可以去掉了,目前代碼會導致新版解析器(Parsoid)顯示錯誤。第468-485行: <syntaxhighlight lang=lua> (var_fmt(t1_len) .. '[[簡體]]與[[正體]]/[[繁體]]<br>' .. form_fmt(t, t1_len, 'both') .. char_fmt(char_set['trad'], t1_len, 'both')) or var_fmt(t1_len) .. '[[正體]]/[[繁體]] ' .. form_fmt(t, t1_len, 'trad') .. char_fmt(char_set['trad'], t1_len, 'trad') .. (var_fmt(t1_len) .. '[[簡體]] ' .. simp_note .. form_fmt(#s == 0 and t or s, t1_len, 'simp') .. char_fmt(char_set['simp'], t1_len, 'simp')) </syntaxhighlight> <code>char_set</code> 中已經包含<code><nowiki>-{}-</nowiki></code>了。--[[User:Public class|Public class]]([[User talk:Public class|留言]]) 2026年7月29日 (三) 05:07 (UTC) rc2pi4jmuavfwkuc0lbtfb4tmk72s5t ᠶᠠᠷᡤᡞᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡞ 0 3506487 9846022 2026-07-29T06:55:40Z 内存溢出的猫 85038 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ}} ==锡伯语== ===词源=== 来自{{compound|sjo|ᠶᠠᠷᡤᡞᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡞ|ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡞ|t1=落实|t2=进行,施行,推行,执行,开展}}。比较{{cog|mnc|ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ|t=实践}}. ===动词=== {{head|sjo|verb|tr=yargiyalame yabumbi}} # [[实施]] #* {{quote-journal|sjo |text=ᠰᡞᠨᡪᡞᠶᠠᡢ ᠨᡞ…」的新頁面 9846022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ}} ==锡伯语== ===词源=== 来自{{compound|sjo|ᠶᠠᠷᡤᡞᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡞ|ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡞ|t1=落实|t2=进行,施行,推行,执行,开展}}。比较{{cog|mnc|ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ|t=实践}}. ===动词=== {{head|sjo|verb|tr=yargiyalame yabumbi}} # [[实施]] #* {{quote-journal|sjo |text=ᠰᡞᠨᡪᡞᠶᠠᡢ ᠨᡞᡢᡤᡝ ᡝᠷᡝ ᠠᠨᡞᠶᠠ ᠪᠣᡩᠣᠮᡞᠯᡝᡥᡝ ᡩᡝ 523 ᠣᠶᠣᡢᡤᠣ ᡥᠠᠴᡞᠨ ᠮᡝᠶᡝᠨ ᠪᡝ '''ᠶᠠᠷᡤᡞᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡞ''' |tr=sinjiyang ningge ere aniya bodomilehe de 523 oyonggo hacin meyen be '''yargiyalame yabubumbi''' |t=今年新疆计划'''实施'''重点项目523个 |date=2026-7-29|journal={{w|察布查尔报}}<f:sjo:ᠴᠠᠪᠴᠠᠯ ᠰᡝᠷᡣᡞᠨ>|issue=6067|page=1 }} ehh9vhokqe47tujh3d70z1gbbkd0tj8 9846025 9846022 2026-07-29T07:24:40Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 词源 */ 9846025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ}} ==锡伯语== ===词源=== 来自{{compound|sjo|ᠶᠠᠷᡤᡞᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡞ|ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡞ|t1=落实|t2=进行,施行,推行,执行,开展}}。比较{{cog|mnc|ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ|t=实践}}。 ===动词=== {{head|sjo|verb|tr=yargiyalame yabumbi}} # [[实施]] #* {{quote-journal|sjo |text=ᠰᡞᠨᡪᡞᠶᠠᡢ ᠨᡞᡢᡤᡝ ᡝᠷᡝ ᠠᠨᡞᠶᠠ ᠪᠣᡩᠣᠮᡞᠯᡝᡥᡝ ᡩᡝ 523 ᠣᠶᠣᡢᡤᠣ ᡥᠠᠴᡞᠨ ᠮᡝᠶᡝᠨ ᠪᡝ '''ᠶᠠᠷᡤᡞᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡞ''' |tr=sinjiyang ningge ere aniya bodomilehe de 523 oyonggo hacin meyen be '''yargiyalame yabubumbi''' |t=今年新疆计划'''实施'''重点项目523个 |date=2026-7-29|journal={{w|察布查尔报}}<f:sjo:ᠴᠠᠪᠴᠠᠯ ᠰᡝᠷᡣᡞᠨ>|issue=6067|page=1 }} 1qwx05g24cqan1murtr0iq10fl67t5c 9846031 9846025 2026-07-29T09:07:48Z TongcyDai 53191 9846031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ}} ==锡伯语== ===词源=== 来自{{compound|sjo|ᠶᠠᠷᡤᡞᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡞ|ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡞ|t1=落实|t2=进行,施行,推行,执行,开展}}。比较{{cog|mnc|ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ|t=实践}}。 ===动词=== {{head|sjo|動詞|tr=yargiyalame yabumbi}} # [[实施]] #* {{quote-journal|sjo |text=ᠰᡞᠨᡪᡞᠶᠠᡢ ᠨᡞᡢᡤᡝ ᡝᠷᡝ ᠠᠨᡞᠶᠠ ᠪᠣᡩᠣᠮᡞᠯᡝᡥᡝ ᡩᡝ 523 ᠣᠶᠣᡢᡤᠣ ᡥᠠᠴᡞᠨ ᠮᡝᠶᡝᠨ ᠪᡝ '''ᠶᠠᠷᡤᡞᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡞ''' |tr=sinjiyang ningge ere aniya bodomilehe de 523 oyonggo hacin meyen be '''yargiyalame yabubumbi''' |t=今年新疆计划'''实施'''重点项目523个 |date=2026-7-29|journal={{w|察布查尔报}}<f:sjo:ᠴᠠᠪᠴᠠᠯ ᠰᡝᠷᡣᡞᠨ>|issue=6067|page=1 }} otr0qgh1mvkpvxvn09vpridaag7mjxz Category:錫伯語動詞 14 3506488 9846023 2026-07-29T06:56:18Z 内存溢出的猫 85038 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{autocat}}」的新頁面 9846023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{autocat}} slf0sbtwkqpj1yctqc9wbjjf1tuf7jr Category:寫作「轟」讀作「ごう」的日語詞 14 3506489 9846033 2026-07-29T09:36:23Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|kan'yōon}} sjwsr6nx7ob2tnchjq60dd3e20p028v 'chi 0 3506490 9846056 2026-07-29T11:14:04Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|Appendix:"chi"的變體}} ==威爾士語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|cy|'ddchi}} ===詞源=== {{contraction|cy|[[gwybod|wyddoch]] [[chi]]?|t=你知道嗎?}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|cy|/χiː/|/χɪ/|a=cy-N}} * {{IPA|cy|/χiː/|a=cy-S}} * {{rhymes|cy|iː}} * {{hmp|cy|chi}} ===感嘆詞=== {{head|cy|感嘆詞|head=’chi}} # {{lb|cy|口語|chiefly|北威爾士}} [[那個]]……,[[就是]]……,你知道的 {{qualifier|對…」的新頁面 9846056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Appendix:"chi"的變體}} ==威爾士語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|cy|'ddchi}} ===詞源=== {{contraction|cy|[[gwybod|wyddoch]] [[chi]]?|t=你知道嗎?}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|cy|/χiː/|/χɪ/|a=cy-N}} * {{IPA|cy|/χiː/|a=cy-S}} * {{rhymes|cy|iː}} * {{hmp|cy|chi}} ===感嘆詞=== {{head|cy|感嘆詞|head=’chi}} # {{lb|cy|口語|chiefly|北威爾士}} [[那個]]……,[[就是]]……,你知道的 {{qualifier|對話[[填補詞]];複數或敬稱}} ====近義詞==== * {{qualifier|南威爾士}} {{l|cy|chimod}}、{{l|cy|ch'mod}} ====同類詞彙==== * {{l|cy|'sti}} {{qualifier|單數非正式}} 8sl86osr7ujzdj4tl24b1x1dmbevh8d 'ddchi 0 3506491 9846057 2026-07-29T11:15:17Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==威爾士語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|cy|'chi}} ===詞源=== {{contraction|cy|[[gwybod|wyddoch]] [[chi]]?|t=你知道嗎?}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|cy|/χiː/|/χɪ/|a=cy-N}} * {{IPA|cy|/χiː/|a=cy-S}} * {{rhymes|cy|iː}} * {{hmp|cy|chi}} ===感嘆詞=== {{head|cy|感嘆詞|head='ddchi}} # {{lb|cy|口語|chiefly|North Wales}} [[那個]]……,[[就是]]……,你知道的 {{qualifier|對話[[填補詞]];複數或敬稱}}…」的新頁面 9846057 wikitext text/x-wiki ==威爾士語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|cy|'chi}} ===詞源=== {{contraction|cy|[[gwybod|wyddoch]] [[chi]]?|t=你知道嗎?}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|cy|/χiː/|/χɪ/|a=cy-N}} * {{IPA|cy|/χiː/|a=cy-S}} * {{rhymes|cy|iː}} * {{hmp|cy|chi}} ===感嘆詞=== {{head|cy|感嘆詞|head='ddchi}} # {{lb|cy|口語|chiefly|North Wales}} [[那個]]……,[[就是]]……,你知道的 {{qualifier|對話[[填補詞]];複數或敬稱}} ====近義詞==== * {{qualifier|南威爾士}} {{l|cy|chimod}}、{{l|cy|ch'mod}} ====同類詞彙==== * {{l|cy|'sti}} {{qualifier|單數非正式}} 9ryyetvh338tk0olt3nq3w9dz3l9hro ’chi 0 3506492 9846060 2026-07-29T11:26:31Z TongcyDai 53191 重定向页面至[['chi]] 9846060 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [['chi]] kry7wvx73ku3zsjink0pgca79ynyytr Logudoro 0 3506493 9846062 2026-07-29T11:28:33Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== {{wp|it:}} ===詞源=== 源自{{der|it|sc|-}},意為「黃金之地」,與{{m+|it|logu|t=地方}}({{cog|it|luogo}})+ {{m|it|d'oro|t=黃金}} 相對應。 ===專有名詞=== {{it-proper noun}} # {{place|it|region|北部|ar/撒丁}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|it|logudorese}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:it:Treccani}}」的新頁面 9846062 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== {{wp|it:}} ===詞源=== 源自{{der|it|sc|-}},意為「黃金之地」,與{{m+|it|logu|t=地方}}({{cog|it|luogo}})+ {{m|it|d'oro|t=黃金}} 相對應。 ===專有名詞=== {{it-proper noun}} # {{place|it|region|北部|ar/撒丁}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|it|logudorese}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:it:Treccani}} a7lbtafl4bskw1ib8yk8ung5brrxgv7 sweeper 0 3506494 9846069 2026-07-29T11:37:34Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==英語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|en|enm|swepere,swepare}},等價於 {{suf|en|sweep|er|id2=施事名詞}}。和{{cog|gml|swēpære}}、{{m|gml|swēper|t=掃碎屑的掃帚|lit=清掃者}}同源。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˈswipɚ/|a=GA}} * {{audio|en|en-au-sweeper.ogg|a=AU}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun}} # [[清潔工]]{{gl|[[打掃]]的人;以打掃為[[職業]]的人}} #* {{quote-book|en|year=1960|author=w:en:J. E. Macdonnell|title=Don't G…」的新頁面 9846069 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|en|enm|swepere,swepare}},等價於 {{suf|en|sweep|er|id2=施事名詞}}。和{{cog|gml|swēpære}}、{{m|gml|swēper|t=掃碎屑的掃帚|lit=清掃者}}同源。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˈswipɚ/|a=GA}} * {{audio|en|en-au-sweeper.ogg|a=AU}} ===名詞=== {{en-noun}} # [[清潔工]]{{gl|[[打掃]]的人;以打掃為[[職業]]的人}} #* {{quote-book|en|year=1960|author=w:en:J. E. Macdonnell|title=Don't Gimme the Ships|location=Melbourne|publisher=Horwitz Publications|page=97|passage=‘I was [...] the '''sweeper''' of the seaboat. I had the job for two years. I know all about keeping boats tiddley.’|t=「我曾是……海船的'''清潔工'''。我做了兩年這份工作。對於怎麼把船保持得整潔漂亮,我一清二楚。」}} # [[清掃]][[地板]]或[[煙囪]]的人 # [[地雷]][[探測器]] # 任何屬於擬金眼鯛科({{taxlink|Pempheridae|family}})的小型熱帶海洋[[鱸形目]][[魚類]],通常身體扁平、有明顯的[[龍骨突]]且眼睛很大 # {{lb|en|soccer}} [[清道夫]],[[自由人]]{{gl|[[守門員]]前最後一道防線的[[後衛]]}} #: {{syn|en|libero}} # {{lb|en|冰壺}} [[刷冰員]]{{gl|在比賽中於冰壺前方刷冰的人}} # {{lb|en|板球}} 打出[[掃擊]]的[[擊球手]] # {{lb|en|板球}} 沿著[[邊界]]的[[防守]][[位置]];在該位置上的[[防守員]] # 倒在河上且樹枝伸入水中的[[樹木]] #* '''2007''', [http://books.google.com/books?id=SARJuH-I2IUC&pg=PA62&dq=canoe+sweeper&sig=S74o8nDN10SrvZIA8p1ZuATqapc ''Basic Essentials Canoe Paddling'', 3rd - Page 62] #*: {{quote|en|{{...}} tree will be hanging over the water about canoe level (a '''sweeper''') {{...}}|t=……樹木會懸掛在水面上,大約與獨木舟齊平(即'''倒伏樹''')……}} #* '''1975''', Verne Huser, [http://books.google.com/books?id=QdvwN-7qtYoC&pg=PA102&dq=canoe+sweeper&sig=AEA4TylK_B3lnoXcKJCVqevatEk ''River Running: Canoeing, Kayaking, Rowing, Rafting'' - Page 102] #*: {{quote|en|So named because they can sweep passengers from a boat, they can also capsize a canoe, especially when paddlers lean too far away from the '''sweeper'''{{...}}|t=之所以如此命名,是因為它們能將乘客從船上「掃」下來,也能弄翻獨木舟,特別是當划槳者身體過於遠離'''倒伏樹'''時……}} # [[地毯]][[清掃機]] # {{lb|en|regional|including|Ohio|Indiana|and|Western Pennsylvania English}} [[吸塵器]] # {{lb|en|regional|including|Cebu}} 放學後被指派打掃[[教室]]的一組[[學生]] # {{lb|en|健行}} 在[[遠足]][[隊伍]]中負責[[殿後]],確保沒有成員與隊伍走散的人 # {{lb|en|電子遊戲}} 設計用來或有能力連續擊倒多個敵人的角色,通常是因為結合了高攻擊力和高速度 # {{lb|en|動力競賽|俚語}} 賽車道上的大半徑或中高速彎道,因人們可以用手臂做出「橫掃」的動作來描繪該彎道的輪廓而得名 ====派生詞彙==== {{col|en|carpetsweeper|Skysweeper|sweeperess|carpet sweeper|chimney sweeper|trench sweeper|crossing-sweeper|minesweeper|street sweeper|sweeper-keeper}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|en|a=eeeprsw|resweep|weepers}} {{C|en|清潔|人|鱸總科}} 6348viu7iiokfxxy2asnqw7kvi6cs54 Category:俄亥俄英語 14 3506495 9846070 2026-07-29T11:37:55Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{auto cat|lect=1}}」的新頁面 9846070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|lect=1}} ertee7cys9kcm61xm19ibbz6xr74sxz Category:西賓夕法尼亞英語 14 3506496 9846071 2026-07-29T11:37:58Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{auto cat|lect=1}}」的新頁面 9846071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|lect=1}} ertee7cys9kcm61xm19ibbz6xr74sxz Category:印第安納英語 14 3506497 9846072 2026-07-29T11:37:56Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{auto cat|lect=1}}」的新頁面 9846072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|lect=1}} ertee7cys9kcm61xm19ibbz6xr74sxz Category:宿霧英語 14 3506498 9846073 2026-07-29T11:38:00Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{auto cat|lect=1}}」的新頁面 9846073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|lect=1}} ertee7cys9kcm61xm19ibbz6xr74sxz Category:美國中部英語 14 3506499 9846075 2026-07-29T11:38:42Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{auto cat|lect=1}}」的新頁面 9846075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|lect=1}} ertee7cys9kcm61xm19ibbz6xr74sxz Category:美國中西部英語 14 3506500 9846076 2026-07-29T11:38:44Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{auto cat|lect=1}}」的新頁面 9846076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|lect=1}} ertee7cys9kcm61xm19ibbz6xr74sxz Category:賓夕法尼亞英語 14 3506501 9846077 2026-07-29T11:38:53Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{auto cat|lect=1}}」的新頁面 9846077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|lect=1}} ertee7cys9kcm61xm19ibbz6xr74sxz arnab 0 3506502 9846079 2026-07-29T11:41:34Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|Arnab}} ==汶萊馬來語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|kxd|ar|أَرْنَب}},源自{{der|kxd|sem-pro|*ʔarnab-|}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|kxd|/ar.nap/}} ===名詞=== {{head|kxd|名詞}} # [[兔]],[[兔子]]{{gloss|哺乳動物}} {{C|kxd|哺乳動物}} ==朱巴阿拉伯語== ===詞源=== {{ety|pga|:bor|ar:أَرْنَب|text=+|tree=1}} ===發音=== {{pga-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{head|pga|名詞}} # [[兔]],[[兔子]]{{gloss|哺…」的新頁面 9846079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Arnab}} ==汶萊馬來語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|kxd|ar|أَرْنَب}},源自{{der|kxd|sem-pro|*ʔarnab-|}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|kxd|/ar.nap/}} ===名詞=== {{head|kxd|名詞}} # [[兔]],[[兔子]]{{gloss|哺乳動物}} {{C|kxd|哺乳動物}} ==朱巴阿拉伯語== ===詞源=== {{ety|pga|:bor|ar:أَرْنَب|text=+|tree=1}} ===發音=== {{pga-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{head|pga|名詞}} # [[兔]],[[兔子]]{{gloss|哺乳動物}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:pga:Smith-Ama|page=122}} {{C|pga|哺乳動物}} ==弄巴灣語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|lnd|ms|arnab}},源自{{der|lnd|ar|أَرْنَب}},源自{{der|lnd|sem-pro|-}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|lnd|名詞}} # [[兔]],[[兔子]]{{gloss|哺乳動物}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:lnd:Lundayeh|page=22}} {{C|lnd|哺乳動物}} ==馬來語== {{wp|ms:}} [[File:HI3A0028.jpg|Seekor '''arnab'''.|thumb]] ===詞源=== {{bor+|ms|ar|أَرْنَب}},源自{{der|ms|sem-pro|-}}。 ===發音=== {{ms-IPA|ânab|a=SV,AV}} * {{ms-IPA|a=Baku}} * {{rhymes|ms|nap|ap}} * {{hyph|ms|ar|nab}} ===名詞=== {{ms-noun|j=ارنب}} # [[兔]],[[兔子]]{{gloss|哺乳動物}} #: {{syn|ms|kelinci|kucing belanda|kucing tapai|kuilu|tapai|terwelu}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|id|inh=1|arnab}} * {{desc|lnd|bor=1|arnab}} * {{desc|tsg|bor=1|alnab}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:PRPM}} {{C|ms|哺乳動物}} 74tk7tmxocdrv6wh0mokyw383symdlm Category:Rhymes:馬來語/nap 14 3506503 9846080 2026-07-29T11:41:45Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:弄巴灣語 哺乳動物 14 3506504 9846081 2026-07-29T11:41:52Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:弄巴灣語 脊椎動物 14 3506505 9846082 2026-07-29T11:41:58Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:弄巴灣語 脊索動物 14 3506506 9846083 2026-07-29T11:42:04Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:弄巴灣語 動物 14 3506507 9846084 2026-07-29T11:42:10Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:弄巴灣語 生命形式 14 3506508 9846085 2026-07-29T11:42:16Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:弄巴灣語 生命 14 3506509 9846086 2026-07-29T11:42:27Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:弄巴灣語 自然 14 3506510 9846087 2026-07-29T11:42:34Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:弄巴灣語 集合分類列表 14 3506511 9846088 2026-07-29T11:42:40Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:有etymon的朱巴阿拉伯語詞條 14 3506512 9846089 2026-07-29T11:42:54Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:有詞源文字的朱巴阿拉伯語詞條 14 3506513 9846090 2026-07-29T11:43:00Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:朱巴阿拉伯語 哺乳動物 14 3506514 9846091 2026-07-29T11:43:06Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:朱巴阿拉伯語 脊椎動物 14 3506515 9846092 2026-07-29T11:43:12Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:朱巴阿拉伯語 脊索動物 14 3506516 9846093 2026-07-29T11:43:17Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:朱巴阿拉伯語 動物 14 3506517 9846094 2026-07-29T11:43:23Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:朱巴阿拉伯語 生命形式 14 3506518 9846095 2026-07-29T11:43:29Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:朱巴阿拉伯語 生命 14 3506519 9846096 2026-07-29T11:43:34Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:朱巴阿拉伯語 集合分類列表 14 3506520 9846097 2026-07-29T11:43:40Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:汶萊馬來語 哺乳動物 14 3506521 9846098 2026-07-29T11:43:51Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自原始閃米特語的弄巴灣語詞 14 3506522 9846099 2026-07-29T11:43:58Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自閃米特語族的弄巴灣語詞 14 3506523 9846100 2026-07-29T11:44:03Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自亞非語系的弄巴灣語詞 14 3506524 9846101 2026-07-29T11:44:08Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:弄巴灣語派生詞 14 3506525 9846102 2026-07-29T11:44:14Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自原始閃米特語的汶萊馬來語詞 14 3506526 9846103 2026-07-29T11:44:22Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自阿拉伯語的弄巴灣語詞 14 3506527 9846104 2026-07-29T11:44:28Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自阿拉伯語支的弄巴灣語詞 14 3506528 9846105 2026-07-29T11:44:34Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自中閃米特語支的弄巴灣語詞 14 3506529 9846106 2026-07-29T11:44:40Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自西閃米特語支的弄巴灣語詞 14 3506530 9846107 2026-07-29T11:44:45Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自阿拉伯語的朱巴阿拉伯語詞 14 3506531 9846108 2026-07-29T11:44:53Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自馬來語的弄巴灣語詞 14 3506532 9846109 2026-07-29T11:45:00Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自馬來語群的弄巴灣語詞 14 3506533 9846110 2026-07-29T11:45:06Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自馬來-占語群的弄巴灣語詞 14 3506534 9846111 2026-07-29T11:45:11Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自馬來-松巴哇語群的弄巴灣語詞 14 3506535 9846112 2026-07-29T11:45:17Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自馬來-波利尼西亞語族的弄巴灣語詞 14 3506536 9846113 2026-07-29T11:45:22Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:派生自南島語系的弄巴灣語詞 14 3506537 9846114 2026-07-29T11:45:27Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:源自阿拉伯語的朱巴阿拉伯語借詞 14 3506538 9846115 2026-07-29T11:45:36Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:朱巴阿拉伯語借詞 14 3506539 9846117 2026-07-29T11:45:43Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:源自阿拉伯語的汶萊馬來語借詞 14 3506540 9846118 2026-07-29T11:45:49Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:源自馬來語的弄巴灣語借詞 14 3506541 9846119 2026-07-29T11:45:55Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx Category:弄巴灣語借詞 14 3506542 9846120 2026-07-29T11:46:01Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9846120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx