Wiktionary zhwiktionary https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 case-sensitive Media Special Talk User User talk Wiktionary Wiktionary talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Appendix Appendix talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Rhymes Rhymes talk Thesaurus Thesaurus talk Citations Citations talk Reconstruction Reconstruction talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 1718 9944390 9943707 2026-10-15T06:41:33Z TongcyBot 83009 機器人：更新每日統計數據（2026-10-15） 9944390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Interwiki}} {{shortcut|WT:STAT}} ==基本資料== {| class="wikitable" ! 項目 !! 資料 |- ! MediaWiki版本 | {{CURRENTVERSION}} |- ! 詞條數量 | [[Special:Statistics|'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''']] |- ! 總頁面數 | {{NUMBEROFPAGES}} |- ! 已編碼的語言數量 | {{#invoke:list of languages|count}} |- ! 檔案數量 | {{NUMBEROFFILES}} |- ! 註冊用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} |- ! 活躍用戶數 | {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} |- ! 管理員數量 | {{NUMBEROFADMINS}} |- ! 全站頁面編輯次數 | {{NUMBEROFEDITS}} |} 其他資料請參考[[Special:Statistics]]。 ==頁面== 本表是中文维基詞典詞條数依日期到達的里程碑，以每一万个词条为单位计数。<!-- 以下內容已不再更新 * 近期統計圖表（區分機器人與一般用戶，選擇zhwiktionary_p，每日自動更新）：[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0001.php 編輯次數]{{·}}[https://tools.wmflabs.org/wmcharts/wmchart0002.php 新增詞條數量]--> * 目前的詞條數：'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''（{{重新整理|更新}}）。 {{Milestone}} ==与相邻语言版本的比较== 中文维基词典词条收录量为'''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}'''，在所有语言版本的詞典中[[meta:Wiktionary#List of Wiktionaries|'''位列第4''']]。 {{autoStat | 2026-10-01 | fr | mg | zh | th | el | 7019522 | 6071464 | 2392934 | 2207248 | 1677499 | 7019915 | 6074591 | 2393234 | 2207248 | 1677514 | 7020418 | 6075819 | 2393498 | 2207269 | 1677536 | 7020745 | 6076647 | 2393734 | 2207269 | 1678556 | 7021263 | 6078363 | 2394334 | 2207269 | 1694705 | 7021761 | 6079669 | 2394797 | 2207270 | 1694715 | 7022135 | 6081374 | 2395131 | 2207285 | 1694735 | 7022421 | 6082822 | 2395395 | 2207286 | 1694742 | 7022749 | 6084244 | 2395809 | 2207307 | 1694754 | 7023029 | 6085469 | 2396125 | 2207307 | 1694767 | 7023176 | 6085681 | 2396558 | 2207307 | 1694773 | 7023317 | 6085877 | 2397255 | 2207308 | 1699333 | 7023900 | 6086291 | 2397602 | 2207309 | 1699342 | 7024328 | 6086724 | 2398044 | 2207321 | 1702334 | 7024750 | 6087335 | 2398530 | 2207321 | 1710491 | 7025173 | 6087492 | 2398878 | 2207329 | 1712609 }} * 来源：[https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/display.php?t=wt Wikistats] 统计的具体时间为当日1时（UTC）左右，近似表示前一天的数据 * 关于里程碑，参见[[Wiktionary:宣告]] ==页面访问统计== 历史数据参见：[[Wiktionary:统计/存档]] ===总页面浏览量=== {{Collapse2|header=最近一年中文維基詞典的存取量|float=right |{{Graph:PageViews| 365 | _ |scale=sqrt}} }} {{Chart | chart = ZhWiktionary_Monthly_Pageviews_Since_2016.chart | align = center | title = 中文維基詞典歷年瀏覽量 }} 数据来源：[https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wiktionary.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|table|1-year|~total|monthly Total page views] ===热词=== 页面浏览量最高的词条： {{Wiktionary:統計/熱詞 |year=2024 |month=6 |t1=尛 |cat1=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v1=5,385 |m1=82.8 |t2=。 |cat2=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v2=5,355 |m2=94.4 |t3=! |cat3=[[:Category:標點符號|標點符號]] |v3=3,407 |m3=74.2 |t4=凪 |cat4=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]]|v4=3,120 |m4=62.0 |t5=雫 |cat5=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v5= 3,114 |m5=64.6 |t6=又双叒叕 |cat6=[[:Category:漢語副詞|漢語副詞]] |v6=2,528 |m6=73.4 |t7=你好 |cat7=[[:Category:漢語感嘆詞|漢語感嘆詞]] |v7=2,513 |m7=41.1 |t8=昶 |cat8=[[:Category:漢字|漢字]] |v8=2,412 |m8=56.7 |t9=肉便器 |cat9=[[:Category:漢語名詞|漢語名詞]] |v9=2,345 |m9=78.4 |t10=辻 |cat10=[[:Category:和製漢字|和製漢字]] |v10=2,150 |m10=71.8 }} 数据来源：[https://pageviews.toolforge.org/topviews/?project=zh.wiktionary.org&platform=all-access&date={{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}&excludes= Topviews Analysis - Most viewed pages of a project] ==收录词条== {{also|Wiktionary:统计/各语言词条}} ==参看== *[[Special:Statistics|基本统计]] [[Category:維基詞典統計]] 5ke6pydm3p5l8eb43zflow249megs28 0 27722 9944356 7509115 2026-10-15T00:31:01Z Chihunglu83 87715 9944356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{minitoc}} ==阿斯圖里亞斯語== ===限定詞=== {{head|ast|限定詞變格形|g=f}} # {{feminine singular of|ast|tou}}{{-fj-}} 鸡 og2xz7z7djqdb7nkcbuwfk8bj855s8m 0 40468 9944371 6551727 2026-10-15T03:38:10Z Chihunglu83 87715 9944371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Bulk}} ==英語== ===發音=== * {{enPR|bŭlk}}, {{IPA|en|/bʌlk/}} * {{audio|en|en-us-bulk.ogg|音頻（美式）}} * {{rhymes|en|ʌlk}} 容积 * -{[[正體]]: '''大量'''[自由軟體]}- * -{[[简体]]: '''整体；大量'''[自由软体]}- * -{[[正體]]: '''大量；成批'''[電子計算機]}- [[Category:自由軟體專有名詞]] [[Category:電子計算機專有名詞]] [[Category:英语名词]] [[Category:英语动词]] [[Category:待分類的英語詞]] [[Category:英語]] [[分类:拉丁文字]] imkn276ijunvnyr5h47ja5n16ue3dos 0 54489 9944107 8440707 2026-10-14T13:37:28Z Chihunglu83 87715 9944107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Room|rõõm}} ==英语== ===發音=== * {{a|en|RP}} {{IPA|en|/ɹuːm/}} * {{a|en|GA}} {{IPA|en|/ɹum/}} * {{a|en|UK|新英格兰|滨海地区}} {{IPA|en|/ɹʊm/}} * {{audio|en|en-us-room.ogg|音頻（美式/u/音）}} * {{audio|en|En-uk-room.ogg|音頻（英式/ʊ/音）}} * {{rhymes|en|uːm|ʊm}} * {{homophones|en|rheum}} ===名词=== {{en-1名| 一格单数='''room''' |一格复数=''[[rooms|room'''s''']]'' |二格单数=''[[room's|room'''-{'}-s''']]'' |二格复数=''[[rooms'|room'''s'''']]'' }} #[[室]] #[[房间]] * -{[[正體]]: '''房室'''[電子計算機]}- [[Category:小型条目]] [[Category:拉丁文字]] [[Category:英语名词]] [[Category:電子計算機專有名詞]] [[Category:英语动词]] hlv1daocd8hsdsdyw5ara7ktb30atyi 0 83559 9944400 8443172 2026-10-15T08:07:34Z Chihunglu83 87715 9944400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|VAST|väst|-vast}} ==英語== ===發音=== * {{a|en|UK}} {{enPR|väst}}, {{IPA|en|/vɑːst/}} * {{a|en|US}} {{IPA|en|/væst/}} * {{audio|en|en-us-vast.ogg|音頻（美式）}} * {{rhymes|en|ɑːst}} :'''vast''' #[[巨大的]] #[[广大的]] #[[钜大的]] #[[非常的]] #[[浩瀚]] #[[大量的]] #[[泛]] #[[广大]] #[[广阔]] #[[辽阔]] #[[茫]] #[[项]] #[[漭]] #[[昊]] #[[穹]] [[Category:英语名词]] [[Category:待分類的英語詞]] [[Category:英語]] [[分类:拉丁文字]] 3c72upebkdzsnb6z42kdcf9474qgqqd 0 114951 9944358 8455805 2026-10-15T01:40:05Z Chihunglu83 87715 9944358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|slow̓|slow.|słow.|słów}} ==英語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/sləʊ/|a=UK}} * {{IPA|en|/sloʊ/|a=US}} * {{audio|en|en-us-slow.ogg|音頻（美式）}} * {{audio|en|En-uk-slow.ogg|音頻（英式）}} * {{rhymes|en|əʊ}} #[[緩慢]] [[Category:英语动词]] [[Category:待分類的英語詞]] [[Category:英語]] [[分类:拉丁文字]] r2xa7mwsmscgjuc9eknrvab7c5xrmlm 0 124852 9944462 6654178 2026-10-15T11:25:11Z Apisite 85347 /* 英語 */ 更新發音 9944462 wikitext text/x-wiki ==英語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|en|/ˌpjuːsɪlˈænɪməs/|/ˌpjuːsəlˈænəməs/}} * {{audio|en|en-us-pusillanimous.ogg|a=US}} * {{rhymes|en|ænɪməs|s=5}} :'''pusillanimous''' #[[无气力的]] #[[胆怯的]] #[[优柔寡断的]] [[Category:待分類的英語詞]] [[Category:英語]] [[分类:拉丁文字]] sdnhtecm0n4mnb25dovqtc7s3nkpfei 0 137432 9944376 9786996 2026-10-15T05:04:17Z YeBoy371 43905 /* 名詞 */ 9944376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|⼈|入|𠆢|ㅅ|亻}} {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{stroke order|strokes=2}} {{stroke order|type=animate}} ===替代寫法=== * {{ll|mul|亻}} {{qualifier|左邊部首部件}} * {{ll|mul|𠂉}} {{qualifier|上方部首部件}} ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=9|rad=人|as=00|sn=2|four=80000|canj=O|ids=⿸丿㇏}} # {{mul-kangxi radical-def}} ====衍生字==== * [[Appendix:部首索引/人]] * {{l|mul|[[认]], [[㕥]], [[汄]], [[队]], [[㫃]], [[㽗]], [[𬖌]], [[龪]], [[𨤿]], [[閄]]([[𬮘]]), [[䖋]], [[飤]]([[𬲦]]), [[魜]]([[𬶁]]), [[㞤]], [[閃]]([[闪]])}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0091.010|dkj=00344|dj=0190.010|ch=0000800002.010|sbgy=0102.230|hdz=10101.100|uh=4EBA}} {{說文}} ==漢語== {{zh-wp}} ===字源=== {{Han etyl|人}} {{liushu|p}} – 站立的人其中一邊，強調手臂與腿部。對照{{zh-l|*大}}。 更詳細的字源解釋{{see derivation subpage|字源}} ===詞源1=== {{zh-forms|alt=亻-部件,𠆢-部件,⺈-部件,儿-部件,𠂉-部件,几,𠔽,𤯔,𦉫}} {{zh-ref|Sagart (1999)}} 將其與{{cog|bo|ཉེན||親戚}} 聯繫起來，其組成為 {{m|bo|ཉེ||接近，靠近}} + 名詞化後綴 ''-n''；若該說法屬實，則本詞的源頭是{{inh|zh|sit-pro|*s-naːj ~ s-nej||接近，靠近}}。 {{zh-ref|Schuessler (2007)}} 給出兩種說法： * 與{{och-l|仁|寬厚善良}}有相同的來源，來自{{inh|zh|sit-pro|*s/k-niŋ||心臟；腦；內心}}。「{{lang|zh|仁}}」與「{{lang|zh|人}}」在語義上產生聯繫，要晚至孟子所處的戰國時期；此後「{{lang|zh|仁}}」亦表「人，一般人」之義。 ** 若該說法屬實，則在語義上與{{noncog|bo|སེམས་ཅན||生物；人；動物|lit=心靈的擁有者}}平行；亦對比{{noncog|la|animalis||活著的，有生命的}} ← {{m|la|anima||靈魂}}。 * 與{{cog|mkh-pro|*ɲaʔ ~ *ɲah||人}}（帶名詞化後綴後綴 ''-n''）有關，來自一可能說{{w|南亞語系}}的{{w|岳石文化|東夷}}部落的自稱，說漢語族的{{w|商朝}}稱之為{{och-l|人方|id=1,1}}。 ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=rén |m-s=ren2 |dg=жын1 |c=jan4,jan4-2,jan4-1 |c-t=ngin3 |g=nyin4/liin4 |g_note=nyin4 - 白讀; liin4 - 文讀 |h=pfs=ngìn;gd=ngin2 |j=reng1 |mb=nêng |md=ìng |mn=zz,kh:jîn/xm,qz,jj,tp,sg:lîn |mn-t=ring5/rêng5 |mn-t_note=rêng5 - 揭陽; ring5 - 其他地方 |w=sh:6gnin;sh:6zen;sz,hn,sj,hy,cz,sx,jx,hz,cm,nb,tx:2gnin;sz,hy,jx,sj,cz,hz,hn,tx,cm:2zen;sx:2zeen;nb:2zyun |w_note=3nyin - 白讀; 3zen - 文讀 |x=ren2 |ma=y |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n,a,m:pron,pn }} ====釋義==== {{head|zh|漢字}} # 生物分類法中的一[[科]]或一[[屬]]，亦有專指[[智人]] #: {{zh-x|人類|}} #: {{zh-x|那 人 是 誰？|}} #: {{zh-x|嗰個 人{jan4-2} 係 邊個 嚟 㗎？|那個'''人'''是誰？|C}} #: {{zh-x|有人 敲門 了。|}} #* {{zh-x|無論 過{kòe}去 抑{ia̍h} 如{jû}今　無論 海水 有{ū} 外 深　我 的 身邊 總{chóng} 有{ū} 天 地 人{jîn}|無論是過去還是如今，無論海水有多深，我的身邊總有天空、大地和'''人'''|TW|ref='''2021'''年，{{lw|zh|袁小迪}}，[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pafr6OA62bU {{lang|zh|天地人}}]}} # 指擁有特定[[身份]]、[[特徵]]的人 #: {{zh-x|主持人}} #: {{zh-x|^北京人}} #: {{zh-x|香港人||C}} # 人的[[身體]] #: {{zh-x|人 在 心 不 在|'''身體'''在，但思緒不在}} #: {{zh-x|這 兩 天 人 不大 舒服。|最近幾天'''身體'''不太舒服。}} #: {{zh-x|今天 上午 你 人 在 哪？|}} # [[每人]] #: {{zh-x|人手.一冊|'''每個人'''都擁有一冊}} #: {{zh-x|人所共知|'''所有人'''都知道}} # [[別人]]，[[他人]] #: {{zh-x|人云.亦云|從眾|lit='''別人'''說什麼，自己也跟著說什麼}} #: {{zh-x|害人害己|禍害'''別人'''，也傷到了自己}} #* {{zh-x|仁者 愛 人，有禮 者 敬 人。|仁慈的人愛'''別人'''，有禮貌的人尊敬'''別人'''。|ref=Mencius}} # 指人[[身體]]、[[心理]]、[[道德]]上的[[品質]]、[[狀態]]，或人的[[品格]]和[[性情]] #: {{zh-x|就我所知，他 人 不錯。|}} #: {{zh-x|我 不 知道 他 是 什麼 人。|}} #: {{zh-x|佢 到底 係 咩 人 嚟 㗎？|他究竟是什麼'''人'''？|C}} # [[人手]]，[[做事]]的人 #: {{zh-x|我們 公司 正 缺 人。|我們公司正缺乏'''人手'''。}} # [[人才]]，有[[出色]][[才能]]的人 # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[百姓]]，[[普通人]] #* {{zh-x|皇天 上帝，后土 神祇，眷顧 降命，屬 ^秀 黎元，為{wéi} 人 父母，^秀 不敢 當。||ref=Houhanshu}} # [[成人]]，[[大人]] #: {{zh-x|長大 成人|}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[性交]] #: {{zh-x|人道|性交}} #: {{zh-x|人事|性交}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[伴侶]]，[[夥伴]] # [[人為]]的 #: {{zh-x|人禍|'''人為製造的'''災禍}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[人情]][[事理]] # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[塵世]]，[[凡間]] # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[果核]]中的[[種子]]；{{zh-alt-form|仁}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[寬厚]][[善良]]、[[仁愛]]；{{zh-alt-form|仁}} # {{lb|zh|北京話}} {{n-g-lite|{{zh-l|人家|rénjia}}的軟音化。}} #: {{zh-x|別 磨蹭{ceng} 啦，人 在{zǎi} 外頭{tou} 等 著[着]{zhe} 我們 呢！||M-BJ}} #: {{zh-x|哎呀，人 孩子{zi} 考上{shang} ^哈佛 ^大學 啦，多 出息{xi} 呀！||M-BJ}} # {{lb|zh|台山話}} [[祖母]] # {{surname|zh}} =====同義詞===== {{zh-dial|人}} {{zh-dial|祖母}} ====組詞==== * {{see derivation subpage|人 (1)}} ====派生詞==== {{CJKV|人|にん|j2=じん|인|nhân}} ===詞源2=== {{zh-forms|alt=儂,𠆧}} {{zh-wp|nan:lâng|cdo:Nè̤ng}} 閩語本土詞彙；用於代替{{zh-l|儂|tr=-}}。中華民國教育部[http://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_new/iongji/pdf/annesia325pdf.pdf 推薦]使用「{{lang|zh|人}}」一字。 ====發音1==== {{zh-pron |md=nè̤ng |mn=ml,jj,na,ha,yc,zp,ct,ly,tw,sg,pn,ph:lâng |mna=Taiwanese-The_Consonant_l.ogg |mn-t=nang5 |dial=n |cat=n }} =====釋義===== {{head|zh|漢字}} {{tlb|zh|沿海|_|閩語}} # 人；[[人類]] {{zh-mw|mn:個|md:隻}} # 指擁有特定[[身份]]、[[特徵]]的人 #: {{zh-x|臺灣人||MN}} # 指人[[身體]]、[[心理]]、[[道德]]上的[[品質]]、[[狀態]] #: {{zh-x|伊 人 𣍐{bē}䆀{bái}。|這人（心地）不壞。|MN}} =====組詞===== * {{see derivation subpage|人 (2)}} ====發音2==== {{zh-pron |md=nè̤ng |mn=xm,zz:lāng/qz:lǎng/tw,sg:lâng |mn-t=nang7 |dial=n |cat=n,pron }} =====釋義===== {{head|zh|漢字}} {{tlb|zh|沿海|_|閩語}} # [[其他]]人，[[別人]] #* {{zh-x|人 講 三百 六十五 行{hâng} 會當 行{hâng}行{hâng}.出.狀元。|'''別人'''說各行各業，都能做得出眾優異。|ref={{lang|zh|黃一飛}}，[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZxwEl9d5LQ {{lang|zh|你苦無我苦}}]|MN}} # [[我]] ===來源=== * {{R:yue:Hanzi}} * {{R:twedu|A00068}} * {{thcwd|52}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} {{C|zh|人科動物|人}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji}} ====讀音==== {{ja-readings |goon=にん |kanon=じん |kun=ひと-, り- |nanori=きよ, さね, じ, たみ, と, ね, ひこ, ひとし, ふと, ふみ, むと, め }} ====複合詞==== {{der-top3|特殊讀音的複合詞}} {{ja-r/multi|data= * {{ja-r/args|海人|あま}} * {{ja-r/args|大人|うし}} * {{ja-r/args|大人|おとな}} * {{ja-r/args|防人|さきもり}} * {{ja-r/args|舎人|とねり}} * {{ja-r/args|海人草|マグリ}} * {{ja-r/args|人和|レンホー}} }} {{der-bottom}} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=k|ひと}} {{IPAfont|⟨pi₁to₂⟩}} → {{IPAfont|*/pʲitə/}} → {{IPAfont|/fito/}} → {{IPAfont|/hito/}} → {{IPAfont|/çito/}} {{inh+|ja|ojp|-}}，{{inh+|ja|jpx-pro|*pitə}}。 首次記錄於712年的《{{w|古事紀}}》。<ref>{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Concise}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|ひと|acc=0|dev=1|acc_ref=NHK,SMK5,DJR}} ====名詞==== {{wikipedia|lang=ja}} {{ja-noun|ひと|count=人|ヒト}} # [[人#漢語|人]] # [[個人]]，[[個別]]的人 #: {{syn|ja|個人|tr=kojin}} # [[人類]] #: {{syn|ja|人類|tr=jinrui|人間|tr2=ningen}} # [[人格]] #: {{syn|ja|人格|tr=jinkaku|人柄|tr2=hitogara}} # [[世人]]，[[眾人]] #: {{syn|ja|世人|tr=sejin, yohito}} # {{lb|ja|法律}} [[法律主體]] # {{rfdef|ja}} #: {{syn|ja|方|tr=kata|者|tr2=mono}} # [[成人]] #: {{syn|ja|大人|tr=otona|成人|tr2=seijin}} # [[他人]]，[[別人]]，自己以外的人 #: {{ja-usex|'''人'''の物を盗む|'''ひと''' の もの をぬすむ|盜竊'''他人'''物品}} =====用法說明===== * 生物學或分類學上指人類時，通常會採用片假名書寫，即{{m|ja|ヒト}}。 * 從{{w|上古日語}}或{{w|中古日語}}的發展來看，''hito'' 有時會變成 ''-uto''、''-udo''、''-to''、''-tto'' 或 ''-do''。 =====派生詞彙===== {{der-top3}} {{ja-r/multi|data= * {{ja-r/args|人%人|ひと%びと|rom=-}}、{{ja-r/args|人々|ひとびと|人們}} * {{ja-r/args|人%垣|ひと%がき}} * {{ja-r/args|人%影|ひと%かげ}} * {{ja-r/args|人%柄|ひと%がら}} * {{ja-r/args|人%気|ひと%け}} * {{ja-r/args|人%心|ひと%ごころ}} * {{ja-r/args|人%質|ひと%じち}} * {{ja-r/args|人%魂|ひと%だま|鬼火，燐火}} * {{ja-r/args|人%伝|ひと%づて|傳話，捎口信；傳言，傳聞}} * {{ja-r/args|人%手|ひと%で}} ** {{ja-r/args|海星|ヒトデ|rom=-}}、{{ja-r/args|海盤車|ヒトデ}} * {{ja-r/args|人%出|ひと%で}} * {{ja-r/args|為人|ひととなり}} * {{ja-r/args|人%並|ひと%なみ|rom=-}}、{{ja-r/args|人%並み|ひと%なみ}} * {{ja-r/args|人%波|ひと%なみ|人流，人潮}} * {{ja-r/args|人の世|ひと の よ|人世}} * {{ja-r/args|人%前|ひと%まえ}} * {{ja-r/args|人%身|ひと%み}} * {{ja-r/args|商人|あきゅうど}}、{{ja-r/args|商人|あきんど}} * {{ja-r/args|弟|おとうと|弟弟}} * {{ja-r/args|首|おびと|首長，統帥者}} * {{ja-r/args|狩人|かりゅうど|rom=-}}、{{ja-r/args|猟人|かりゅうど}} * {{ja-r/args|玄人|くろうと|內行人，行家}} * {{ja-r/args|蔵人|くろうど|天皇侍從官}} * {{ja-r/args|恋%人|こい%びと}} * {{ja-r/args|妹|いもうと|妹妹}} * {{ja-r/args|舅|しゅうと|丈夫或妻子的父親；公公，岳父}} * {{ja-r/args|姑|しゅうと|丈夫或妻子的母親；婆婆，岳母}} * {{ja-r/args|素人|しろうと|外行人，新手；業餘人士}} * {{ja-r/args|旅%人|たび%びと}} * {{ja-r/args|官%人|つかさ%びと}} * {{ja-r/args|仲人|なこうど|媒人}} * {{ja-r/args|隼%人|はや%ひと}}、{{ja-r/args|隼人|はやと}} * {{ja-r/args|真%人|ま%ひと}}、{{ja-r/args|真人|まとうど}}、{{ja-r/args|真人|もうと}}：[[八色姓]]之首，賜予曾稱為公姓的氏族；貴族；誠實、正直而純樸的人 * {{ja-r/args|客人|まろうど}} * {{ja-r/args|召人|めしゅうど|囚徒}} * {{ja-r/args|囚人|めしゅうど|囚犯，囚徒}} * {{ja-r/args|寄%人|より%びと}}、{{ja-r/args|寄人|よりゅうど}} * {{ja-r/args|若人|わこうど|年輕人，青年}} }} {{der-bottom}} ====代詞==== {{ja-pos|pronoun|ひと}} # {{lb|ja|古舊}} {{n-g|[[第二人稱]][[代詞]]}}：[[你]]，[[你們]] ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|にん|y=goon}} 源自{{der|ja|ltc-ear|-|sort=にん}} {{ltc-l|人}}，為{{glink/ja|吳音}}。對照{{ncog|wuu-sha|-}} ''nyin''。 ====發音==== {{ja-pron|にん|acc=1|acc_ref=NHK,DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|にん}} # [[人]]，[[人品]] # [[角色]]，[[職務]] =====派生詞彙===== {{der-top3}} {{ja-r/multi|data= * {{ja-r/args|人%気|にん%き}} * {{ja-r/args|人%魚|にん%ぎょ}} * {{ja-r/args|人%形|にん%ぎょう|偶人，木偶}} * {{ja-r/args|人%間|にん%げん}} * {{ja-r/args|人%称|にん%しょう|rom=-}}、{{ja-r/args|人%稱|にん%しょう}} * {{ja-r/args|人%参|ニン%ジン|蘿蔔}} * {{ja-r/args|人%数|にん%ずう}} * {{ja-r/args|人%相|にん%そう}} * {{ja-r/args|人%前|にん%まえ}} * {{ja-r/args|悪%人|あく%にん}} * {{ja-r/args|官%人|かん%にん}} * {{ja-r/args|三%人|さん%にん}} * {{ja-r/args|証%人|しょう%にん}} * {{ja-r/args|商%人|しょう%にん}} * {{ja-r/args|善%人|ぜん%にん}} * {{ja-r/args|旅%人|たび%にん}} * {{ja-r/args|非%人|ひ%にん}} * {{ja-r/args|無%人|ぶ%にん}}、{{ja-r/args|無%人|む%にん}} * {{ja-r/args|浪%人|ろう%にん}} * {{ja-r/args|代%理%人|だい%り%にん}} }} {{der-bottom}} ====量詞==== {{ja-pos|counter|にん}} # {{n-g|計算人的量詞}} ====詞綴==== {{ja-pos|affix|にん}} # 人 ===詞源3=== {{ja-kanjitab|じん|y=kanon}} 源自{{der|ja|ltc-lat|-|sort=じん}} {{ltc-l|人}}，為{{glink/ja|漢音}}。對照{{cog|cmn|人|tr=rén}}。 ====發音==== {{ja-pron|じん|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR,SMK5}} ====後綴==== {{ja-pos|suffix|じん}} # 該[[群體]]中的人（加在地名後） #: {{ja-usex|[[アジア]]'''人'''、[[イギリス]]'''人'''、[[スペイン]]'''人'''、[[ドイツ]]'''人'''、[[アメリカ]]'''人'''、[[スコットランド]]'''人'''|^アジア'''じん'''、 ^イギリス'''じん'''、 ^スペイン'''じん'''、 ^ドイツ'''じん'''、 ^アメリカ'''じん'''、 ^スコットランド'''じん'''|亞洲人、英國人、西班牙人、德國人、美國人、蘇格蘭人}} # 進行某種活動的人（加在活動後） =====用法說明===== 複合時，重音落在其前方的 {{ja-r|自%立%拍|じ%りつ%はく|pos=由單一元音，或由輔音+元音組成的音拍}} 之前，例如： * {{m|ja|中国}} ({{m|ja|ちゅうごく|ちゅꜜうごく}}) + {{m|ja|人}} → {{m|ja|中国人}} ({{m|ja|ちゅうごくじん|ちゅうご'''く'''ꜜじん}}) * {{m|ja|アメリカ}} + {{m|ja|人}} → {{m|ja|アメリカ人}} ({{m|ja|アメリカじん|アメリ'''カ'''ꜜじん}}，故重音音節前移) * {{m|ja|朝鮮}} ({{m|ja|ちょうせん|ちょうせꜜん}}) + {{m|ja|人}} → {{m|ja|朝鮮人}} ({{m|ja|ちょうせんじん|ちょう'''せ'''ꜜんじん}}；{{m|ja|ん}} 是{{ja-r|特%殊%拍|とく%しゅ%はく|pos=由鼻音、促音或長音構成的音拍}}，故重音音節前移) * {{m|ja|スペイン|スペꜜイン}} + {{m|ja|人}} → {{m|ja|スペイン人}} ({{m|ja|スペインじん|スペ'''イ'''ꜜンじん}}；{{m|ja|ン}} 是{{ja-r|特%殊%拍|とく%しゅ%はく}}，故重音音節前移) * {{m|ja|ノルウェー|ノルウェꜜー}} + {{m|ja|人}} → {{m|ja|ノルウェー人}} ({{m|ja|ノルウェーじん|ノル'''ウェ'''ꜜーじん}}；{{m|ja|ー}}是{{ja-r|特%殊%拍|とく%しゅ%はく}}，故重音音節前移) 另有一個值得注意的例外： * {{m|ja|日本}} ({{m|ja|にほん|にほꜜん}}/{{m|ja|にっぽん|にっぽꜜん}}) + {{m|ja|人}} → {{m|ja|日本人}} ({{m|ja|にほんじん|にほん'''じ'''ꜜん}}/{{m|ja|にっぽんじん|にっぽん'''じ'''ꜜん}}) =====派生詞彙===== {{der-top3}} {{ja-r/multi|data= * {{ja-r/args|人%影|じん%えい}} * {{ja-r/args|人%為|じん%い}} * {{ja-r/args|人%格|じん%かく}} * {{ja-r/args|人%間|じん%かん}} * {{ja-r/args|人%語|じん%ご}} * {{ja-r/args|人%後|じん%ご}} * {{ja-r/args|人%権|じん%けん}} * {{ja-r/args|人%口|じん%こう}} * {{ja-r/args|人%工|じん%こう}} * {{ja-r/args|人%孔|じん%こう}} * {{ja-r/args|人%行|じん%こう}} <!-- * {{ja-r/args|人%皇|じん%こう}} --> * {{ja-r/args|人%材|じん%ざい}} * {{ja-r/args|人%事|じん%じ}} * {{ja-r/args|人%種|じん%しゅ}} * {{ja-r/args|人%心|じん%しん}} * {{ja-r/args|人%身|じん%しん}} * {{ja-r/args|人%生|じん%せい}} * {{ja-r/args|人%選|じん%せん}} * {{ja-r/args|人%体|じん%たい}} * {{ja-r/args|人%道|じん%どう}} * {{ja-r/args|人%徳|じん%とく}} * {{ja-r/args|人%物|じん%ぶつ}} * {{ja-r/args|人%望|じん%ぼう}} * {{ja-r/args|人%名|じん%めい}} * {{ja-r/args|人%命|じん%めい}} * {{ja-r/args|人%類|じん%るい}} * {{ja-r/args|人%和|じん%わ}} * {{ja-r/args|偉%人|い%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|異%人|い%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|歌%人|か%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|家%人|か%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|佳%人|か%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|華%人|か%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|外%人|がい%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|官%人|かん%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|漢%人|かん%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|客%人|きゃく%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|求%人|きゅう%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|旧%人|きゅう%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|狂%人|きょう%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|軍%人|ぐん%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|吾%人|ご%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|後%人|こう%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|公%人|こう%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|工%人|こう%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|詩%人|し%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|私%人|し%じん}} <!-- * {{ja-r/args|舎%人|しゃ%じん}} --> * {{ja-r/args|新%人|しん%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|成%人|せい%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|聖%人|せい%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|星%人|せい%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|前%人|ぜん%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|達%人|たつ%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|旅%人|りょ%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|党%人|とう%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|唐%人|とう%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|俳%人|はい%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|廃%人|はい%じん}} <!-- * {{ja-r/args|防%人|ぼう%じん}} --> * {{ja-r/args|閑%人|ひま%じん|rom=-}}、{{ja-r/args|暇%人|ひま%じん|閒人，無事可做之人}} * {{ja-r/args|無%人|ぶ%じん}}、{{ja-r/args|無%人|む%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|魔%人|ま%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|老%人|ろう%じん}} * {{ja-r/args|外%国%人|がい%こく%じん}} }} {{der-bottom}} ====詞綴==== {{ja-pos|affix|じん}} # 人 # {{short for|ja|人造|tr=jinzō|sort=じん}}：人造 ===詞源4=== {{ja-kanjitab|り|yomi=i}} {{inh+|ja|ojp|-}}。原始形式可能是 ''-ri'' 或 ''-tari''，參見 {{ja-r|二人|ふたり|二人}}。 ====量詞==== {{ja-pos|counter|り}} # {{n-g|計算人的量詞}} =====派生詞彙===== {{ja-r/multi|data= * {{ja-r/args|一人|ひとり}}、{{ja-r/args|独り|ひとり}} * {{ja-r/args|二人|ふたり}} * {{ja-r/args|三人|みたり}} }} <!-- * {{ja-r/args|五人|いとり}} --> ===參見=== {{ja-number-counter:人}} ===參考資料=== <references/> {{C|ja|人科動物|人}} ==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== 來自{{der|ko|ltc|sort=인|-}} {{ltc-l|人}}。 {{hanja-ety |dk={{okm-l|ᅀᅵᆫ|zìn|link=no}} |m={{okm-l|ᅀᅵᆫ|zìn}} |mh={{okm-l|사〯ᄅᆞᆷ|sǎlòm}} |ml=雜語#하02B }} ===發音=== {{ko-hanja-pron|인}} ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja-search}} {{ko-hanja|사람|인}} # {{hanja form of|인|[[人類]]；人}} ====組詞==== * {{see derivation subpage|人 (朝鮮語)}} ===來源=== * {{R:hanjadoc|133}} ==國頭語== ===漢字=== {{head|sc=Jpan|xug|漢字}} * {{ja-readings|kun=[[ちゅー]] (chū)}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|xug|/t͡ɕuː/|sort=ちゅう}} ===名詞=== {{head|sc=Jpan|xug|名詞|平假名|ちゅー|羅馬字|chū|sort=ちゅう|f2sc=Latn}} # [[#漢語|人]] # [[人類]] {{C|xug|人科動物|人|sort=ちゅう}} ==宮古語== ===漢字=== {{head|sc=Jpan|mvi|漢字}} * {{ja-readings|kun=[[ぴぃとぅ]] (psïtu)}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|mvi|/ps̩tu/|sort=ひぃとぅ''}} ===名詞=== {{head|sc=Jpan|mvi|名詞|平假名|ぴぃとぅ|羅馬字|psïtu|sort=ひぃとぅ''|f2sc=Latn}} # [[#漢語|人]] # [[人類]] {{C|mvi|人科動物|人|sort=ひぃとぅ}} ==沖繩語== ===漢字=== {{ryu-kanji}} ====讀法==== {{ryu-readings |on=にん |kun=っちゅ-, ぴとぅ-, い-, たい- }} ====組詞==== * {{ryu-r|人間|にんじん}} ===詞源1=== {{ryu-kanjitab|っちゅ|yomi=kun}} ====發音==== * {{IPA-lite|ryu|/t̚t͡ɕu/|sort=っちゅ}} ====名詞==== {{head-lite|sc=Jpan|ryu|名詞|平假名|っちゅ|羅馬字|tchu|f2sc=Latn}} # [[#漢語|人]] # [[人類]] =====衍生詞===== {{ryu-r/multi|data= * {{ryu-r/args|沖%縄%ん%人|うち%なー%ん%ちゅ}}：沖繩人 * {{ryu-r/args|八重山%ん%人|いぇーやま%ん%ちゅ}}：八重山人 * {{ryu-r/args|大%人|うふ%っちゅ}}：成人 * {{ryu-r/args|海人|んみんちゅ}} }} ===詞源2=== {{ryu-kanjitab|ぴとぅ|yomi=kun}} ====名詞==== {{head-lite|sc=Jpan|ryu|名詞|平假名|ぴとぅ|羅馬字|pitu|f2sc=Latn}} # [[人們]] # [[個人]] =====衍生詞===== * {{ryu-r|八重山%人|いぇーやま%ぴとぅ}}：八重山人 ===詞源3=== {{ryu-kanjitab|にん|yomi=on}} ====名詞==== {{head-lite|sc=Jpan|ryu|名詞|平假名|にん|羅馬字|nin|f2sc=Latn}} # [[特定]][[身分]]的人 =====衍生詞===== * {{ryu-r|官%人|くゎん%にん}}：官員，公務員 ====量詞==== {{head-lite|sc=Jpan|ryu|量詞|平假名|にん|羅馬字|-nin|f2sc=Latn}} # {{n-g-lite|[[人數]]}} =====衍生詞===== {{ryu-r/multi|data= * {{ryu-r/args|五%人|ぐ%にん}} * {{ryu-r/args|八%人|はち%にん}} * {{ryu-r/args|九%人|く%にん}} * {{ryu-r/args|十%人|じゅー%にん}} }} ===詞源4=== {{ryu-kanjitab|たい|yomi=kun}} ====量詞==== {{head-lite|sc=Jpan|ryu|量詞|平假名|い|羅馬字|-i|f2sc=Latn}} # {{n-g-lite|[[人數]]}} =====衍生詞===== {{ryu-r/multi|data= * {{ryu-r/args|一人|ちゅい}}、{{ryu-r/args|独い|ちゅい|獨自；一人}} }} ===詞源5=== {{ryu-kanjitab|い|yomi=kun}} ====量詞==== {{head-lite|sc=Jpan|ryu|量詞|平假名|たい|羅馬字|-tai|f2sc=Latn}} # {{n-g-lite|[[人數]]}} =====衍生詞===== {{ryu-r/multi|data= * {{ryu-r/args|幾%人|いく%たい}}：多少人 * {{ryu-r/args|二人|たい}} * {{ryu-r/args|四%人|ゆっ%たい}} * {{ryu-r/args|五%人|いち%たい}} * {{ryu-r/args|六%人|むっ%たい}} * {{ryu-r/args|七%人|なな%たい}} * {{ryu-r/args|八%人|やっ%たい}} }} {{C|ryu|人科動物|人|sort=っちゅ}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=人00 |hanviet=nhân-tdcntd;gdhn |phienthiet=如鄰 như lân |nom=nhơn-tdcntd;gdhn;bonet;genibrel, nhân-tdcntd;genibrel, người-tdcntd }} # {{lb|vi|northern Vietnam}} {{han tu form of|nhân|[[人類]]}} # {{lb|vi|southern Vietnam}} {{han tu form of|nhơn|[[人類]]}} ===來源=== <references/> ==八重山語== ===漢字=== {{head|sc=Jpan|rys|漢字}} * {{ja-readings|kun=[[ぴぃとぅ]] (pïtu)}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|rys|/pɨtu/|sort=ひぃとぅ''}} ===名詞=== {{head|sc=Jpan|rys|名詞|平假名|ぴぃとぅ|羅馬字|pïtu|f2sc=Latn|sort=ひぃとぅ''}} # [[#漢語|人]] # [[人類]] {{C|rys|人科動物|人|sort=ひぃとぅ}} ==與那國語== ===漢字=== {{head|sc=Jpan|yoi|漢字}} * {{ja-readings|kun=[[っとぅ]] (ttu)}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|yoi|/tˀu/}} ===名詞=== {{head|sc=Jpan|yoi|名詞|平假名|っとぅ|羅馬字|ttu|f2sc=Latn|sort=っとぅ}} # [[#漢語|人]] # [[人類]] {{C|yoi|人科動物|人|sort=っとぅ}} jz3ztzclygscy4lf98cn87eufrwq2bq 0 295829 9944146 8351702 2026-10-14T19:33:59Z TongcyDai 53191 9944146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|scheisse|Scheisse|scheiße}} ==英語== ===名詞=== {{en-noun|-}} # {{alternative form of|en|scheisse}} #* {{quote-newsgroup|en|author=pas de deux|title=Re: Occupation of Latvia|newsgroup=soc.culture.baltics|url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/soc.culture.baltics/MCER8tnbzZ8/txu0XDXTveMJ|date=2003-06-18|passage=What a nasty piece of '''Scheiße''' he is.|t=他真是個令人討厭的'''混蛋'''。}} #* {{quote-newsgroup|en|author=Steven|title=Re: Concorde tickets on sale|newsgroup=alt.airports.uk.edinburgh|url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.airports.uk.edinburgh/MTxlod5QSyI/Ld6jzdgIf18J|date=2005-03-14|passage=What a pile of '''Scheiße'''.|t=真是一堆'''狗屎'''。}} #* {{quote-newsgroup|en|author=SCI trolls ARE fatherless humiliated Homo-Sexuals|title=Re: gelukszoekers gaan naar pieter baan centrum|newsgroup=soc.culture.israel|url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/soc.culture.israel/pvuH2LK9tPo/pLsI4w5aPksJ|date=2014-11-20|passage=Your mudder and revd's rectum, heinrich, you asperger piece of '''Scheiße'''|t=你媽跟牧師的直腸，海因里希，你這個亞斯伯格'''混蛋'''。}} ==德語== {{wp|de:}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|de|Scheisse||瑞士|列支敦士登}} * {{alt|de|Sch**ße|Sch**sse||審查}} * {{alt|de|Scheiß|g=m}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|de|gmh|schīze}}，{{inh+|de|goh|*skizi}}，{{inh+|de|gmw-pro|*skiti}}，{{inh+|de|gem-pro|*skītaz}}、{{m|gem-pro|*skitiz}}，源自{{der|de|ine-pro|*skeyd-||分開}}。 日耳曼語族同源詞包括{{cog|en|shit}}、{{cog|nds|Schiet}}、{{cog|nl|schijt}}、{{cog|fy|skyt}}、{{cog|sv|skit}}。源自低地德語的標準高地德語詞彙有 {{m|de|Schiet}} 和 {{m|de|Schitte}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|de|/ˈʃaɪ̯sə/|aa=德國}} * {{IPA|de|/ˈʃaɛ̯sɛ/|aa=奧地利}} * {{audio|de|De-Scheiße.ogg|a=柏林}} * {{rhymes|de|aɪ̯sə|s=2}} ===名詞=== {{de-noun|f.sg}} # {{lb|de|粗俗}} [[屎]]，[[糞便]] #: {{syn|de|Exkrement|Kacke|Kot|Stuhl|Scheiß}} #: {{ux|de|Wo ich hintrete nur '''Scheiße'''!|我走到哪裡都是'''屎'''！}} # {{lb|de|粗俗|比喻}} 毫無[[價值]]的[[東西]]，[[狗屁]]，[[狗屎]] #: {{ux|de|Das ist doch alles '''Scheiße'''!|這全都是'''狗屁'''！}} #: {{ux|de|Was soll die '''Scheiße'''?|這到底算什麼'''狗屁'''？}} #* {{quote-journal|de|author=Amira Klute|quotee=Frank Ruch |title=Neonazis im Ordnungsdienst: Antifa allein zu Haus|work=Die Tageszeitung: taz|date=2025-04-20|url=https://taz.de/Neonazis-im-Ordnungsdienst/!6081777/|issn=0931-9085|passage=„Wenn es heißt: alle, die rechts davon stehen, bekämpfen wir. Warum soll ich gegen rechts auf die Straße gehen? Ich bin ja nicht links. Das hier“, er macht energisch Kreuze am ganz rechten Rand, „ist die braune '''Scheiße'''“.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426045855/https://taz.de/Neonazis-im-Ordnungsdienst/!6081777/|t=「如果說：凡是站在其右邊的人，我們都要反對。那我為什麼要上街反對右翼？我又不是左派。這個，」他用力在最右邊畫了叉，「才是褐色的'''狗屎'''。」}} # {{lb|de|粗俗}} 什麼都[[沒有]]，[[一無所有]]，[[屁]] ====用法說明==== 雖然德語的 {{m|de||Scheiße}} 與英語的 {{m|en|shit}} 是同源詞，但在德語中它可用作各種形式粗俗言語與髒話的統稱。 雖然在正式語言中並不適用，但 {{m|de||Scheiße}} 及相關詞彙並不如其他粗俗詞彙（例如 {{m|de|Fotze}} 以及與 {{m|de|ficken}} 相關的詞）那樣具禁忌性。 ====變格==== {{de-ndecl|f.sg}} ====引文==== * {{quote-text|de|year=2018|author=Hans-Peter Ackermann|title=Engelskinder|page=116|passage=„Verdammt, Scheiße!“, fluchte Glaubner und [...]|translation=「該死，狗屎！」格勞布納咒罵道，並且[…]}} ====相關詞彙==== {{col|de |scheiße |scheißen |* anscheißen |* bescheißen |* Scheißer |scheiß- |* scheißkalt |* Scheißtyp |scheißekalt |verscheißern }} * {{l|de|Schiet}} * {{l|de|Schiss}} ** {{l|de|Dünnschiss}} ** {{l|de|Schisser}} * {{l|de|Schitte}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:de:DWDS}} * {{R:de:UniLeipzig}} * {{R:de:Duden}} {{C|de|糞便}} bj8xfrx9l9qednszr8ta9lh4fp85q5s 0 302478 9944388 6762375 2026-10-15T06:29:47Z Fglffer 55252 9944388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=61|rad=心|as=06|sn=10|four=|canj=HERP|ids=⿱[[各]][[心]]}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0386.050|dkj=|dj=|hdz=42292.050|sbgy=506.30|uh=3929}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=kè |c=kok3 |mc=y |oc= |ma= |cat=a }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|hist-dict}} {{alt form|zh|恪}} e4z8f7ipe9j3719rgkgizcc89f5ppdf 0 303640 9944117 6763494 2026-10-14T14:42:21Z Fglffer 55252 9944117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=136|rad=舛|as=10|sn=16|canj=SFNIQ|four=|ids=⿱⿷匚炎舛}} ====衍生字==== * {{charlist|sc=Hani|𤰀𦨃𦨄𧂌}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=1008.190|hdz=20867.030|sbgy=395.19|uh=445E}} ==漢語== ===字源=== {{Han compound|ls=ic|ls2=psc|炎|匸|舛|c1=s|c2=s|c3=p}}。<ref>{{R:ja:Kanjigen}}</ref>詳情不明。 ===釋義=== {{zh-see|舜|v}} ===來源=== {{reflist}} rotlecy3ty0bewpbc7k90qvmhjw9d0b 0 305983 9944112 8546192 2026-10-14T14:34:00Z Fglffer 55252 /* 釋義 */ 9944112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=30|rad=口|as=17|sn=20|four=77601|canj=HBHGR|ids=⿱𦥯告(GHTK),⿱𦥯吿(J)}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0214.040|dkj=04586|dj=0436.310|hdz=10704.040|sbgy=460.13|ch=2940001.01|uh=56B3}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=喾|alt=俈}} {{zh-wp|zh:嚳}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{Han compound|學|告|ls=psc|c1=p|c2=s|t2=告訴}}。{{och-l|告}}也可能是聲符。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=kù |c=guk1,kuk1 |md=gók |mn=khok |mn-t=kog4 |w=sh:7khoq |mc=y |oc=y |cat=pn,v }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|historical|or|中國神話}} [[中國]][[上古]][[時代]]的[[五帝]]之一 ===組詞=== {{col3|zh|帝嚳}} ===來源=== * {{R:yue:Hanzi}} {{C|zh|神話人物}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=口17}} # 傳說的帝王 ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=こく |kanon=こく |kun=つ-げる }} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|곡}} # 傳說的帝王 ehy0howpm2lpv4gz29i6xr7kxgbeu5t 0 307444 9944387 9659535 2026-10-15T06:28:38Z Fglffer 55252 9944387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=61|rad=心|as=06|sn=9|four=97064|canj=PHER|ids=⿰忄各}} ====衍生字==== * {{charlist|sc=Hani|𠸧𩹕𥯚}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0385.120|dkj=10592|dj=0717.010|hdz=42298.030|ch=5300003.01|sbgy=506.29|uh=606A}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=㤩,愘,愙}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} {{Han compound|心|alt1=忄|各|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=kè,què,2nb=中國大陸非標準、台灣異讀 |c=kok3 |mc=y |oc=y |cat=a,pn }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|literary}} [[謹慎]][[誠敬]] # {{lb|zh|literary}} [[嚴肅]]，[[認真]] # {{surname|zh}} ===組詞=== {{col3|zh|恪守成憲|恪敏|恪遵|恪守成式|恪守|恪固|恪慎|三恪|虔恪}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=心06}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=心06}} ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |on=かく |kun=つつしむ |nanori=つとむ }} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|각}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=心06}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=心06|reading=khác}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=心06}} 762chqibtydokvkn6h9w5ebwnntomey 0 307555 9944389 9659591 2026-10-15T06:32:01Z Fglffer 55252 9944389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=61|rad=心|as=09|sn=12|four=|canj=JHRP|ids=⿱客心}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0395.100|dkj=10944|dj=0731.200|hdz=42325.050|sbgy=506.31|ch=5400001.01|uh=6119}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=kè |c=kok3 |mc=y |oc=y |ma= |cat=a }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|hist-dict}} {{alt form|zh|恪}} ====來源==== * (粵語) [http://www.iso10646hk.net/jp/document/download.jsp 粵拼資料庫 (iso10646hk.net) - 漢字粵語拼音表 (第二部分), p. 109] ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=心09}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=心09}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=かく|kun=つつし-む}} 3e6jjg7jgseeeh0jd4l12yaslt20g61 0 309090 9944118 6731539 2026-10-14T14:43:13Z Fglffer 55252 9944118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=75|rad=木|as=12|sn=16|four=|canj=DBBQ|ids=⿰木舜}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0553.160|dkj=15540|dj=0942.030|hdz=21294.050|uh=6A53}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|蕣|v}} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|순}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=木12}} cls2kvovrxzi04x3bqi83ppkyriskta 0 312739 9944111 9661826 2026-10-14T14:32:08Z Fglffer 55252 9944111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=136|rad=舛|as=06|sn=12|four=20252|canj=BBNQ|ids=⿳爫冖舛}} ====衍生字==== * {{charlist|sc=Hani|僢䢬橓瞬䑟䴄蕣}} {{col-top|1|額外衍生字}} * {{charlist|𫫰𡡞𰔦𣊬𬋊𤩥𬧓𤯷𦨁𲹻}} {{col-bottom}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=1008.100|dkj=30339|dj=1465.130|hdz=32035.020|ch=11160005.02|sbgy=395.18|uh=821C}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=䑞,𡐼,𡐩,𡳈,𡳉}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} 由篆體{{zh-l|*䑞}}演變而來。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=shùn |ma=y |c=seon3 |h=pfs=sun;gd=sun4 |md=sóng |mn=ml,jj,tw:sùn |mn-t=sung3 |px=pt:song4/xy:suong4 |w=sh,sz,cs,dq,hn,hy,jd,jx,ks,sj,tx,xs:5sen;sx:5seen;cx:1sen;cm:3sen;<!--jj:5shiuen;-->hz,yx:5shiun;sx:5soen;zs:5son;cz:5suen;nb:5syun |w-j=5shiun |mc=y |oc=y |cat=pn,n }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{w|舜}}，[[中國]][[上古]][[時代]]的[[五帝]]之一 # {{zh-alt-lb|蕣}} [[木槿]]（{{taxfmt|Hibiscus syriacus|species}}） # {{surname|zh}} ===組詞=== {{col3|zh|堯舜|堯天舜日|女中堯舜|大舜|禹行舜趨|祖舜宗堯|舜華|虞舜|舜弦|舜日堯天|舜日堯年|舜英|堯年舜日|堯趨舜步|熱熟堯舜|舜犬|舜琴|舜禹|舜跖|舜韶|舜顏|舜陵}} {{C|zh|個人}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=舛06}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=舛06}} ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |on=しゅん |kun=むくげ-, ひるがお, さとい |nanori= }} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|순}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=舛06}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=thuấn|rs=舛06}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=舛06}} lvr5nocih09gz7s2e5ax10pq6yio69i 0 312965 9944383 9661915 2026-10-15T06:23:17Z Fglffer 55252 9944383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=08|sn=14|four=44413|canj=TNAI|ids=⿱艹兔}} ====衍生字==== * {{charlist|sc=Hani|𧈋𪆆}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1038.180|dkj=31189|dj=1496.190|hdz=53237.080|ch=11430002.01|uh=83DF}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=莵}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===詞源1=== ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=tù |c=tou3 |mc=2 |oc=1 |cat= }} ====釋義==== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{zh-used in|菟葵}} # {{zh-used in|菟裘}} # {{zh-used in|菟絲||菟絲子}} ===詞源2=== {{inh+|zh|sit-pro|*k-la}}，來自{{der|zh|mkh-pro|*klaʔ}} ({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}})。與{{och-l|虎}}同源。 ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=tú |c=tou4 |mc=1 |oc=2 |cat= }} ====釋義==== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|Old Chu}} {{zh-only|*於菟|[[老虎]]|tr=wūtú}} ===來源=== * {{R:yue:mfccd}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=艸08}} # [[菟絲]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=つ, ず<づ |kanon=と |kun=うさぎ- |nanori=う }} ====組詞==== {{col|ja|title=衍生詞 |{{ja-r|菟裘|ときゅう}} |{{ja-r|菟糸子|としし}} |{{ja-r|菟道|とどう}} |{{ja-r|於菟|おと}} |{{ja-r|菟砥%川|^うと%かわ}} |{{ja-r|菟%原|^う%はら}} |{{ja-r|菟%本|^う%もと}} |{{ja-r|菟田|^うた}}、{{ja-r|菟田|^うだ}} |{{ja-r|菟葵|イソギンチャク}} |{{ja-r|木菟|つく}}、{{ja-r|木菟|ずく}} |{{ja-r|木菟|ミミズク}} }} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|도}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=艸08}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tho|rs=艸08}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=艸08}} h4cmfkuhk64yrpe0wpval9fmk01mpif 9944384 9944383 2026-10-15T06:23:58Z Fglffer 55252 /* 釋義 */ 9944384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=08|sn=14|four=44413|canj=TNAI|ids=⿱艹兔}} ====衍生字==== * {{charlist|sc=Hani|𧈋𪆆}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1038.180|dkj=31189|dj=1496.190|hdz=53237.080|ch=11430002.01|uh=83DF}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=莵}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===詞源1=== ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=tù |c=tou3 |mc=2 |oc=1 |cat= }} ====釋義==== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{zh-used in|菟葵}} # {{zh-used in|菟裘}} # {{zh-used in|菟絲||菟絲子}} ===詞源2=== {{inh+|zh|sit-pro|*k-la}}，來自{{der|zh|mkh-pro|*klaʔ}} ({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}})。與{{och-l|虎}}同源。 ====發音==== {{zh-pron |m=tú |c=tou4 |mc=1 |oc=2 |cat= }} ====釋義==== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|obsolete|春秋時期楚國人}} {{zh-only|*於菟|[[老虎]]|tr=wūtú}} ===來源=== * {{R:yue:mfccd}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=艸08}} # [[菟絲]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=つ, ず<づ |kanon=と |kun=うさぎ- |nanori=う }} ====組詞==== {{col|ja|title=衍生詞 |{{ja-r|菟裘|ときゅう}} |{{ja-r|菟糸子|としし}} |{{ja-r|菟道|とどう}} |{{ja-r|於菟|おと}} |{{ja-r|菟砥%川|^うと%かわ}} |{{ja-r|菟%原|^う%はら}} |{{ja-r|菟%本|^う%もと}} |{{ja-r|菟田|^うた}}、{{ja-r|菟田|^うだ}} |{{ja-r|菟葵|イソギンチャク}} |{{ja-r|木菟|つく}}、{{ja-r|木菟|ずく}} |{{ja-r|木菟|ミミズク}} }} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|도}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=艸08}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=tho|rs=艸08}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=艸08}} pqe0mr05kws3vcrz9idhc0kgii60iol 0 313145 9944116 9661998 2026-10-14T14:40:12Z Fglffer 55252 9944116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=12|sn=18|four=44252|canj=TBBQ|ids=⿱艹舜}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1058.310|dkj=31991|dj=1521.170|hdz=53294.020|ch=11680005.02|sbgy=395.20|uh=8563}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=橓,𧂌}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=shùn |c=seon3 |mc=y |oc=y |ma= |cat=n }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{zh-alt-lb|舜}} [[木槿]]（{{taxfmt|Hibiscus syriacus|species}}） ===組詞=== {{col3|zh|蕣華|蕣榮}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=艸12}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=艸12}} ====讀法==== * {{ja-readings|on=しゅん|kun=むくげ, あさがお}} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|순}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=艸12}} 568b83y737o4sl1hy8s9yjfrlwvq34i 0 313572 9944381 9662140 2026-10-15T06:18:57Z Fglffer 55252 9944381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=145|rad=衣|as=05|sn=11|canj=LHA|four=36202|ids=⿰衤白}} ===來源=== {{Han ref|kx=1114.210|dkj=34196|dj=1580.080|hdz=53083.100|ch=12120004.05|uh=8899}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===字源=== {{Han etym}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=pà |cat=n }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{zh-alt-lb|帊|帕}} [[帳]]；[[頭巾]] ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=衣05}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=衣05}} ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=へ,みゃく |kanon=は,ばつ |kun=あこめ }} ===詞源=== {{ja-kanjitab|あこめ|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|衵}} ===來源=== * {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0005701800|^▲袙}} ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanja-search}} ===發音1=== {{ko-hanja-pron|파}} ====漢字==== {{ko-hanja|휘장|파}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=衣05}} ===發音2=== {{ko-hanja-pron|맥}} ====漢字==== {{ko-hanja|속옷|맥}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=衣05}} ===發音3=== {{ko-hanja-pron|말}} ====漢字==== {{ko-hanja|머리띠|말}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=衣05}} ===來源=== * {{Hanja ref|nav=4b92a8a1101e47288d9ef1c382d7bdb5}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=mặc|rs=衣05}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=衣05}} ak569n8hl3nkvdi5630g53m5c9z2vg4 9944382 9944381 2026-10-15T06:19:15Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ 9944382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=145|rad=衣|as=05|sn=11|canj=LHA|four=36202|ids=⿰衤白}} ===來源=== {{Han ref|kx=1114.210|dkj=34196|dj=1580.080|hdz=53083.100|ch=12120004.05|uh=8899}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=pà |cat=n }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{zh-alt-lb|帊|帕}} [[帳]]；[[頭巾]] ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=衣05}} # {{rfdef|ja|sort=衣05}} ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=へ,みゃく |kanon=は,ばつ |kun=あこめ }} ===詞源=== {{ja-kanjitab|あこめ|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|衵}} ===來源=== * {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0005701800|^▲袙}} ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanja-search}} ===發音1=== {{ko-hanja-pron|파}} ====漢字==== {{ko-hanja|휘장|파}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=衣05}} ===發音2=== {{ko-hanja-pron|맥}} ====漢字==== {{ko-hanja|속옷|맥}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=衣05}} ===發音3=== {{ko-hanja-pron|말}} ====漢字==== {{ko-hanja|머리띠|말}} # {{rfdef|ko|sort=衣05}} ===來源=== * {{Hanja ref|nav=4b92a8a1101e47288d9ef1c382d7bdb5}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|reading=mặc|rs=衣05}} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=衣05}} r2e1350vse05aqvu6es924p69mm3h0n 0 619629 9944134 9136302 2026-10-14T19:04:02Z Fglffer 55252 9944134 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===詞源=== 有中國古代文獻記載用例；現代義項「事物的某一部分」，是借用自{{bor|zh|ja|-}} {{ja-r|方面|ほうめん}}。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=fāngmiàn,tl=y,er=y |ma=y |c=fong1 min6 |ca=LL-Q9186-Luilui6666-方面.wav |h=pfs=fông-mien;hrs=h:fongˋ mienˇ;gd=fong1 miên4 |mn=hong-bīn/ml,twv:hong-biān |mn-t=huang1 ming7 |px=pt,xy:horng1 meng4 |w=sh:1faon mi |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # [[事物]]的某一[[部分]]{{zh-mw|m:個}} #: {{zh-x|您 覺{jué}得{de} 我們 應{yīng}該 從 哪 方面 入手 呢？}} # {{lb|zh|archaic}} [[方向]] # {{lb|zh|archaic}} 其中一個[[方位]] # {{lb|zh|archaic}} [[四周]]；[[周圍]] # {{lb|zh|archaic}} [[獨當一面]]的[[職務]]；[[官方]][[職位]] ====使用說明==== * 「方面」無論是否搭配量詞使用皆可，可與「{{zh-l|這}}」或「{{zh-l|那}}」搭配使用。 ====同義詞==== * {{s|某一部分}} {{syn-saurus|zh|方面}} ====衍生詞==== {{col3|zh|單方面|一方面|另一方面}} {{zh-cat|Beginning}} ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ほう|めん|yomi=on}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ほうめん|acc=3|acc_ref=DJR}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|ほうめん}} # [[方向]] # [[地區]]，[[區域]] # [[領域]]，[[分界]] ====同義詞==== * {{sense|方向}} {{ja-r|方向|ほうこう}}、{{ja-r|方針|ほうしん}} * {{sense|區域}} {{ja-r|地域|ち.いき}} * {{sense|領域}} {{ja-r|分野|ぶんや}}、{{ja-r|領域|りょういき}} ===來源=== {{reflist}} * {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0006336300}} * {{R:Shogakukan}} ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hj|hangeul=방면}} # {{hanja form of|방면}} ==越南語== {{vi-hantutab}} ===名詞=== {{vi-noun|sc=Hani}} # {{vi-Han form of|phương diện}} cbk5l8bse4vqpcy4pynwmgxjyyslpgr 0 620807 9944130 6684626 2026-10-14T18:21:32Z Fglffer 55252 9944130 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=fàngmiǎn |cat=v }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # [[給予]][[自由]] # [[豁免]]，[[免除]] ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ほう|めん|yomi=o}} ===發音1=== {{ja-pron|ほうめん|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|ほうめん}} # [[豁免]]，[[免除]] ====動詞==== {{ja-verb-suru|ほうめん}} # [[釋放]]，[[解放]] =====活用===== {{ja-suru|ほうめん}} ===發音2=== {{ja-kanjitab|ほう|べん|yomi=o}} {{ja-pron|ほうべん}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|ほうべん}} # [[豁免]]，[[免除]] ====動詞==== {{ja-verb-suru|ほうべん}} # [[釋放]]，[[赦免]] =====活用===== {{ja-suru|ほうべん}} ===來源=== {{reflist}} * {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0006360000}} ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hangeul=방면}} # {{hanja form of|방면}} k9llywyix7214024k5fr50ygy5z13tu 9944363 9944130 2026-10-15T03:17:15Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 日語 */ 9944363 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=fàngmiǎn |cat=v }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # [[給予]][[自由]] # [[豁免]]，[[免除]] ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ほう|めん|yomi=o}} ===發音1=== {{ja-pron|ほうめん|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|ほうめん|hhira=はうめん}} # [[豁免]]，[[免除]] ====動詞==== {{ja-verb-suru|tr=trans|ほうめん|hhira=はうめん}} # [[釋放]]，[[解放]] =====活用===== {{ja-suru|ほうめん}} ===發音2=== {{ja-kanjitab|ほう|べん|yomi=o}} {{ja-pron|ほうべん}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|ほうべん|hhira=はうべん}} # [[豁免]]，[[免除]] ====動詞==== {{ja-verb-suru|tr=trans|ほうべん|hhira=はうべん}} # [[釋放]]，[[赦免]] =====活用===== {{ja-suru|ほうべん}} ===來源=== {{reflist}} * {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0006360000}} ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun|hangeul=방면}} # {{hanja form of|방면}} qq95x1yblpr3aietymdbbpjdmnz9ws0 0 624447 9944281 9901039 2026-10-14T20:28:44Z TongcyDai 53191 9944281 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{was wotd|2026|9月|21日}} {{zh-forms|s=幞头|t2=幞頭}} {{wp|zh:}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=襆tóu |c=buk6 tau4 |mc=2,1 |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # {{lb|zh|historical}} 古代男子用的一種[[頭巾]]，流行於[[唐代]]。以一整幅[[絲帛]]裁成，附有四條長帶，兩帶繫於腦後下垂，兩帶反繫於頭頂。 #* {{zh-x|故事，用 全幅 皁 而 向後 襆 髮，俗人 謂 之 襆頭。||CL|ref=《[[s:隋書/卷12|隋書·禮儀志七]]》}} #* {{zh-x|襆頭 起 於 ^後--^周，便 武事 者 也。||CL|ref=《[[s:新唐書/卷024|新唐書·車服志]]》}} #* {{zh-x|作 @^九龍.^殿，刻 沉香 為{wéi} 八 龍，飾 以 金寶，長 十 餘 丈，抱 柱 相{xiāng}向；w:馬希範\^希範 居 其中，自 為{wéi} 一 龍，其 襆頭 腳 長 丈 餘，以 象 龍角。||CL|ref=宋·{{w|司馬光}}《[[s:資治通鑑/卷283|資治通鑑·後晉齊王天福八年]]》}} #* {{zh-x|^應天 府尹 大人 戴 著[着]{zhe} 襆頭，穿 著[着]{zhe} 蟒袍，行 過 了 禮，立-起 身 來，把 兩 把 遮陽 遮 著[着]{zhe} 臉。||WVC|ref=清·{{w|吳敬梓}}《[[s:儒林外史/第42回|儒林外史·第四十二回]]》}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col3|zh|襆頭象簡|狼吃襆頭}} ====近義詞==== * {{zh-l|折上巾}} * {{zh-l|四腳}} * {{zh-l|福巾}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:zh:cbgycdxdb|26520}} * {{R:zh:HYDCD}} {{C|zh|頭飾}} ex5qpexdoq5d8yx5g73euvdsvdnfd38 0 643645 9944109 6836355 2026-10-14T14:18:44Z Fglffer 55252 9944109 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|type=12}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=kōngjiàzi |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # {{lb|zh|比喻}} [[徒具]][[形式]]，而沒有[[實質]][[內容]]的[[事物]] bskocm0b1fdn70n9yypil4pb0l3qajq 0 656099 9944302 8173145 2026-10-14T20:46:11Z TongcyDai 53191 9944302 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=狼虫虎豹}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=lángchónghǔbào |cat=cy }} ===俗語=== {{head|zh|俗語}} # 泛指[[兇猛]][[殘暴]]的[[野獸]] #* {{zh-x|轉 過 這 山坡，一 簇 榆林，黑洞洞 的，不知 裏面 藏 著[着]{zhe} 甚麼 狼蟲虎豹。||WVC|ref=明·{{w|賈仲名}}《[[s:荊楚臣重對玉梳記#第三折|對玉梳·第三折]]》}} # {{lb|zh|比喻}} [[兇殘]][[狠毒]]的[[惡人]]、[[歹徒]] #* {{zh-x|縣長{zhǎng} 財主，狼蟲虎豹。|ref={{w|賀敬之}}、{{w|丁毅 (劇作家)|丁毅}}等《白毛女·第一幕》}} dun3gztve2brd6h5qmm1ahibm11ooc0 9944303 9944302 2026-10-14T20:46:46Z TongcyDai 53191 9944303 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{was wotd|2026|11月|15日}} {{zh-forms|s=狼虫虎豹}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=lángchónghǔbào |cat=cy }} ===成語=== {{head|zh|成語}} # 泛指[[兇猛]][[殘暴]]的[[野獸]] #* {{zh-x|轉 過 這 山坡，一 簇 榆林，黑洞洞 的，不知 裏面 藏 著[着]{zhe} 甚麼 狼蟲虎豹。||WVC|ref=明·{{w|賈仲名}}《[[s:荊楚臣重對玉梳記#第三折|對玉梳·第三折]]》}} # {{lb|zh|比喻}} [[兇殘]][[狠毒]]的[[惡人]]、[[歹徒]] #* {{zh-x|縣長{zhǎng} 財主，狼蟲虎豹。|ref={{w|賀敬之}}、{{w|丁毅 (劇作家)|丁毅}}等《白毛女·第一幕》}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:zh:HYDCD}} d59gw8z4p0iyln0v4unl1s9mv8a64vd 0 720715 9944377 7750012 2026-10-15T05:16:17Z Chihunglu83 87715 9944377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Käki|käki|Kaki|kāki|kākī|kaķi|kaķī}} {{minitoc}} ==马来语== 脚，根基 [[Category:马来语]] [[Category:英语名词]] <br /><br /> ---- {{-mnc-}} 暴烈 ==印尼語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|id|[ˈkaki]}} * {{hyphenation|id|ka|ki}} ===名詞=== {{id-noun}} # [[足]]，[[腳]] ====派生詞==== {{der4|id| | berkaki | mengaki |}} {{der4|id| | kaki belalang | kaki celana | kaki gajah | kaki gunung | kaki hutan | kaki jantang | kaki jenjang | kaki katak | kaki kuning | kaki langit | kaki lima | kaki mantra | kaki meja | kaki naga | kaki sajak | kaki salah | kaki sebelah dalam | kaki seribu | kaki surat | kaki tangan | kaki telanjang | kaki tiga |}} ===拓展閲讀=== * {{R:KBBI Daring}} e0oc1ikjqgk15eocpae217xu9s47pkf 0 938373 9944375 9730126 2026-10-15T04:26:47Z Chihunglu83 87715 9944375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{minitoc}} ==跨語言== ===符號=== {{mul-symbol}} # {{ISO 639|3}} ===參見=== * {{langcat}} ==冰島語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|is|/ˈaːjɪ/}} * {{rhymes|is|aːjɪ|s=2}} 纪律，限制 [[Category:待分類的冰島語詞]] [[分類:拉丁文字]] [[Category:冰島語]] 4nwndr29mwsq1zu0qtedu3i2voz4mc5 0 975049 9944430 5023153 2026-10-15T09:46:45Z Sayonzei 40728 9944430 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{it-noun|f}} # [[舞厅]] tv5p3dspkr0g2rcnkulxwf4dwjzzcex 0 975055 9944429 5023156 2026-10-15T09:46:24Z Sayonzei 40728 9944429 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===名詞=== {{it-noun|f}} # {{lb|it|外科學}} [[手术室]] sh3slrnkyo687j576tl2qsgahx6l9p7 0 975320 9944403 5024095 2026-10-15T09:26:52Z Sayonzei 40728 9944403 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{unc|it}}。<ref>{{R:it:Trec}}</ref> ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===動詞=== {{it-verb|a/ì-}} # {{lb|it|及物}} [[瞇]]起眼仔細[[審視]]；[[打量]] # {{lb|it|及物}} [[斜視]]，[[瞥]] ====變位==== {{it-conj|a/ì-}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|it|bircio}} * {{l|it|sbirciata}} * {{l|it|sbircio}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=abceiirrs|sbircerai|sbriciare}} 5qi7b2lp5pwpfa2dydycymd16l679a5 0 975335 9944409 5024103 2026-10-15T09:31:58Z Sayonzei 40728 9944409 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|s-|brogliare}} 源自 {{af|it|s-|brogliare}}。 ===發音=== {{it-pr|sbrogliàre}} ===動詞=== {{it-verb|a/ò}} # {{lb|it|及物}} [[解開]]，使不再[[纏結]]一起 # {{lb|it|及物|航海}} [[展開]]（帆） # {{lb|it|及物}} [[解決]]，[[處理]]（复杂棘手的问题） ====變位==== {{it-conj|a/ò}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|it |sbrogliamento |sbrogliarsi |sbrogliatura}} ====相關詞彙==== {{col|it |imbrogliare }} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=abegilorrs|sbroglierà}} q4klab4u7egdbdn77ytqy5m4y14zd4i 0 975344 9944457 5024109 2026-10-15T10:05:34Z Sayonzei 40728 9944457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Appendix:"sc"的變體}} ==跨語言== ===符號=== {{mul-symbol}} # {{ISO 639|1}} ==英語== ===名詞=== {{en-noun|?}} # {{initialism of|en|softcover}}。 # {{lb|en|proofreading}} {{initialism of|en|small caps|t=小型大写字母}}。 # {{lb|en|鉤針編織}} {{initialism of|en|single crochet|t=单钩针}}。 # {{lb|en|網際網路}} {{initialism of|en|screen capture|t=屏幕截图}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|en|a=cs|C's|CS|CS.|Cs|C♭s|C♯s|c's|cs|μCs}} ==科西嘉語== ===發音=== * {{qualifier|音素}} {{IPA|co|/ʃ/}} ===字母=== {{head|co|字母|大寫|Sc}} # {{Latn-def|co|letter|21|esci}} ===參見=== {{list:Latin script letters/co}} ==貝拉庫拉語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|blc|/sç/}} ===形容詞=== {{head|blc|形容詞}} # [[壞]]的 ===參考資料=== * 2007. [http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/BLC/blc.html The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive]. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics. * {{R:blc:Nater:2022|page=173}} * {{R:blc:Nater:2026|page=7}} {{cln|blc|words spelled without vowels}} 8tzy82z73kpvg38o1m7bgheguquvsw1 0 975370 9944431 5024126 2026-10-15T09:52:44Z Sayonzei 40728 9944431 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{ety|it|:af|scaglione|-are}} 源自 {{af|it|scaglione|-are}}。 ===動詞=== {{it-verb|a/ó}} {{tlb|it|及物}} # 把……[[排列]]成[[梯隊]] # 使按适当的时间[[间隔]]发生；使[[分期]] ====變位==== {{it-conj|a/ó}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|it|scaglionamento}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:it:Treccani}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacegilnors|scagionarle|scaglionerà}} 5u91mieextvston7udz2w0ifqcuw5m9 0 975436 9944438 5024218 2026-10-15T09:56:13Z Sayonzei 40728 9944438 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{prefix|it|s|pos1=加强前缀}} {{m|it|cansare}}（源自{{cog|la|campso|campsāre|绕着某个地方转圈或航行}}，與{{cog|grc|κάμπτω||轉動}}有關）。 ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===動詞=== {{it-verb|a/à}} {{tlb|it|及物}} # [[挪開]]，[[拉開]] #: {{uxi|it|'''scansare''' il divano dal muro|将沙发从墙上'''拉开'''}} # [[躲避]]，[[躲開]]；[[避免]] #: {{uxi|it|'''scansare''' il pericolo|'''避免'''危险}} #: {{uxi|it|'''scansare''' il nemico|'''躲避'''敌人}} #: {{ux|it|abbiamo '''scansato''' la nostra sorte sventurata|我们'''躲过了'''那不幸的命运}} ====變位==== {{it-conj|a/à}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|it|scansamento}} * {{l|it|scansarsi}} * {{l|it|scansatore}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacenrss|scanserà}} 4c8l8w7rjpvmgtbyfiih1e3997i4s6z 0 975466 9944446 5024238 2026-10-15T09:59:25Z Sayonzei 40728 9944446 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{it-verb|a/ò}} # {{lb|it|及物}} 亂[[塗]]，亂[[寫]] # {{lb|it|及物|引申}} [[草草]][[寫作]]，寫得[[馬虎]] ====變位==== {{it-conj|a/ò}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|it|scarabocchio}} * {{l|it|scarabocchiatore}} * {{l|it|scarabocchiatura}} * {{l|it|scarabocchione}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aaabcccehiorrs|scarabocchierà}} b5ge97xzls0fl0medvvb2r7j8v4a7z8 0 975468 9944450 5024239 2026-10-15T10:01:36Z Sayonzei 40728 9944450 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|scarabocchiare}} 1ac59pt4mrghq2rqq8nahhkw0eac0e5 0 975470 9944452 5024240 2026-10-15T10:02:47Z Sayonzei 40728 9944452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|scarabocchiò}} ==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr|scarabòcchio}} ===詞源1=== 類似於 {{m|it|scarabeo||甲蟲}}。 ====名詞==== {{it-noun|m}} # [[潦草]]的[[筆跡]] ===詞源2=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|scarabocchiare||1|s|pres|indc}} mtg9qatlq0b14pxrfx813qs3cmubu9z 0 1011593 9944395 7791825 2026-10-15T07:20:38Z Chihunglu83 87715 9944395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|NaLu|Nalu}} ==布魯語 (新幾內亞)== ===名詞=== {{head|bjl|noun}} # [[水]] <br /><br /> {{-mnc-}} 生菜 5040qd40hceaqki1tzrghd1ho38egwz 0 1031300 9944320 5632787 2026-10-14T20:58:42Z TongcyDai 53191 9944320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=136|rad=舛|as=17|sn=23|four=|canj=|ids=⿰某舞}} ====參考資料==== {{Han ref|kx=1008.211|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=26A02}} ==越南語== ===字源=== {{Han compound|lang=vi|某|舞|ls=psc|tr={{vi-l|múa}}|c1=p|tr1={{vi-l|mỗ}}|c2=s|t2=[[跳舞]]}}。 ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=舛17|nom=múa-tdcndg}} # {{vi-Nom form of|múa|透過身體與四肢的動作，跳[[宗教]]性或[[藝術]]性的[[舞蹈]]}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} {{C|vi|舞}} prtmleog8avde3jsam6t9wzj9ae0eq5 0 1034576 9944374 9944043 2026-10-15T04:13:37Z YeBoy371 43905 /* 名詞 */ 9944374 wikitext text/x-wiki ==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== {{com|ko|휴대(携帶)|폰|t2=電話}}。 ===發音=== {{ko-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{ko-noun}} # {{lb|ko|口語}} [[移動電話]]，[[手機]] #: {{uxi|ko|새 '''휴대폰'''을 장만했다.|我買了一部新'''手機'''。}} ====近義詞==== {{col|ko|sort=0 |휴대전화(携帶電話) |핸드폰<q:口語> |모바일폰 |셀룰러폰 |셀폰 |{{l|ko|손전화(電話)|q=朝鮮}}，{{l|ko|손전화기(電話機)}} }} {{c|ko|行動電話}} 3bkx12i1b4j13tvbu6qpfwx4amy3pem 0 1066880 9944360 8545724 2026-10-15T02:53:48Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 同義詞 */ 9944360 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=四脚蛇|alt=四跤蛇-閩南}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=sìjiǎoshé |m-s=si4juo2se2 |c=sei3 goek3 se4 |c-t=lhei1 giak1 sie3* |mn=xm,zz,jj,tn:sì-kha-chôa |w=sh,sz:5sy ciaq zo |x=si4 jio6 sha2/si4 jio6 she2 |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # [[蜥蜴]]；[[壁虎]] ====同義詞==== {{zh-dial|蜥蜴}} {{zh-dial|壁虎}} {{c|zh|蜥蜴}} knepq00k118koynu4wub0t7aiemien9 0 1104545 9944114 9922347 2026-10-14T14:35:34Z Fglffer 55252 /* 專有名詞 */ 9944114 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Wǔdì |c=ng5 dai3 |h=pfs=Ńg-ti |md=Ngū-dá̤ |mn=qz:Gó͘-tè/tw,xm,zz:Ngó͘-tè |px=pt,xy:gou3 de4 |cat=propn }} ===專有名詞=== {{zh-proper noun}} # [[上古]][[傳說]]中的五位[[帝王]]：[[黃帝]]、[[顓頊]]、[[帝嚳]]、[[堯]]、[[舜]] # {{lb|zh|中國神話}} [[青帝]]、[[赤帝]]、[[黃帝]]、[[白帝]]、[[黑帝]] # {{lb|zh|閩東語|莆仙語}} [[五福大帝]] ====衍生詞==== {{col3|zh|三皇五帝}} ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|ご|てい|yomi=o}} ===發音=== {{ja-pron|ごてい|acc=1|acc2=0|acc_ref=DJR|acc2_ref=DJR}} ===專有名詞=== {{ja-pos|proper|ごてい}} # 中國[[上古]][[傳說]]中的五位[[帝王]] ====相關詞==== * {{ja-r|三皇 五%帝|^さんこう ^ご%てい}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} ==朝鮮語== {{ko-hanjatab}} ===專有名詞=== {{ko-pos|proper|hangeul=오제}} # {{hanja form of|^오제}} lp63fkmg1qv0hbke7uwnra3473d1w1a 0 1106417 9944126 8130067 2026-10-14T15:51:42Z Fglffer 55252 9944126 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=冶艳|t2=冶艷}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=yěyàn |cat=a }} ===形容詞=== {{head|zh|形容詞}} # [[格外]][[美麗]] 7e5km4vq9t06ez7hz0kty8rp59rm9du 0 1114776 9944127 8210913 2026-10-14T15:53:35Z Fglffer 55252 9944127 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=鲜艳|t2=鮮艷}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=xiānyàn |ma=Zh-xianyàn.ogg |c=sin1 jim6 |mn=ml:sian-iām |mn-t=cin1 iam7 |cat=a }} ===形容詞=== {{head|zh|形容詞}} # {{lb|zh|顏色}} [[鮮明]][[亮麗]] ====同義詞==== * {{zh-l|燦爛}} * {{zh-l|鮮亮}} * {{zh-l|鮮明}} * {{qual|書面}} {{zh-l|顯明}} ====反義詞==== * {{zh-l|暗淡}} {{zh-cat|Intermediate}} ej1tk8qc19drdtlzhlmo6oxmc4eccby 0 1114857 9944128 6945169 2026-10-14T15:54:07Z Fglffer 55252 9944128 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-see|鮮豔|v}} 6omv0pql3zby9qcohzgbld026y4y2j1 0 1117333 9944115 8511730 2026-10-14T14:37:01Z Fglffer 55252 9944115 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=颛顼}} {{zh-wp}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Zhuānxū,Zhuānxù,1nb=中國大陸,2nb=臺灣 |c=zyun1 juk1 |mn=ml:Choan-hiok/tw:Chhoan-hiok |mc=1,2 |oc=n,1;1,2 |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{head|zh|專有名詞}} # {{lb|zh|Chinese mythology}} [[中國]][[上古]][[時代]]的[[五帝]]之一 ====近義詞==== * {{zh-l|高陽}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col3|zh|顓頊曆}} {{zh-cat|個人}} ej1c7pckrccg1v7womx5cp76o78b90b 0 1151350 9944355 9929457 2026-10-14T23:59:32Z Fglffer 55252 /* 漢語 */ 9944355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|⽝|大|太}} {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{stroke order|type=animate}} ===其他寫法=== * {{l|mul|犭}}（部首形式） ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=94|rad=犬|as=00|sn=4|four=43030|canj=IK|ids=⿺大丶}} # {{mul-kangxi radical-def}} ====衍生詞==== * [[Appendix:部首索引/犬]] * {{lang|mul|sc=Hani|[[伏]], [[吠]], [[㧋]], [[汱]], [[迖]], [[枤]], [[㺴]], [[肰]], [[畎]], [[紎]], [[䣭]], [[䭾]], [[默]], [[鼣]], [[宊]], [[哭]], [[厌]], [[戾]], [[倏]]}} {{col-top|1|額外衍生字}} * {{lang|mul|sc=Hani|[[𡉩]], [[𫰋]], [[𢗗]], [[𣅤]], [[𤘲]], [[𤯂]], [[𮉿]], [[𦨚]], [[𡌤]], [[𧿡]], [[𤱶]], [[𮡧]], [[𮣺]], [[𭪝]], [[𩎓]], [[𩖮]], [[𬙠]], [[𩫈]], [[𩵥]], [[𩿁]], [[𫜤]]}} * {{lang|mul|sc=Hani|[[𩿛]], [[𩡷]], [[𦬫]], [[𦊅]], [[突]]}}、{{lang|mul|sc=Jpan|[[类]]}}、{{lang|mul|sc=Hani|[[𥬇]], [[臭]], [[𦬦]], [[𩬇]], [[𧱾]], [[𤴻]], [[𪊏]], [[𬮇]]([[𬮝]])}} {{col-bottom}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0705.270|dkj=20234|dj=1118.140|hdz=21331.010|sbgy=290.15|ch=8730001.05|uh=72AC|ud=29356|bh=A4FC|bd=42236}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} {{zh-wp}} [[Image:Yakutian laika (white background).jpg|thumb|]] ===字源=== {{Han etyl}} {{liushu|p}} – 狗的側視圖。 ===詞源=== {{inh+|zh|sit-pro|*d-kʷəj-n||狗}}；與{{cog|bo|ཁྱི||狗}}、{{cog|my|ခွေး||狗}}等同源。 這個漢藏通用詞在除閩東以外的大多數語言變體都被{{och-l|狗}}取代，例如福州話 ''kēng''。在其他方言詞中，這個詞主要出現在複合詞中，不單獨使用。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=quǎn |m-s=quan3 |dg= |c=hyun2 |ca=LL-Q9186-Luilui6666-犬.wav |c-t=hun2 |g=qyon3 |h=pfs=khién;hrs=h:kienˊ;gd=kian3 |j=qye1 |mb=kṳǐng |md=kēng |mn=ml,jj,tw:khián |mn-t=kiêng2/kiang2 |mn-t_note=kiêng2 - 潮州；kiang2 - 汕頭 |px=pt,jk,nr,yy:koeng3/xy:kyoeng3/ft:kieng3 |w=sh:5chioe |x=qye3 |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # {{lb|zh|formal|or|用於組詞|or|Eastern Min|Waxiang|吳語方言}} 動物名，即[[狗]]，古代指[[體型]]大的狗 #: {{zh-x|警犬}} #: {{zh-x|獵犬}} #: {{zh-x|狂犬病}} #: {{zh-x|導盲犬}} #* {{zh-x|躍躍 毚兔，遇 犬 獲 之。|跳躍的狡兔，遇到獵'''犬'''而被捕獲。|CL|ref=《詩·小雅·巧言》}} #* {{zh-x|效 馬 效 羊 者 右 牽 之；效 犬 者 左 牽 之。|牽馬或牽羊的人應該用右手牽行。牽'''狗'''的人應該用左手牽行。|ref=Liji}} #* {{zh-x|邑居 不 聞 夜 吠 之 犬，牧人 不 睹 晨 飲 之 羊。||CL|ref=南朝·梁·沈約《齊故安陸昭王碑文》}} #* {{zh-x|雨後 有人 耕 綠野，月明 無 犬 吠 花村。||WVC|ref=元·關漢卿《救風塵》第四摺}} # 對他人的[[謙稱]]或[[蔑稱]] #: {{zh-x|小犬|稱自己兒子}} ====同義詞==== {{zh-dial|狗}} ===組詞=== {{col3|zh|鬆獅犬|狂犬病|警犬|鷹犬|獵犬|牧羊犬|黃犬音|犬齒|犬牙|大犬星座|土雞瓦犬|德國狼犬|惡犬|嚮導犬|悲犬咸陽|反犬旁兒|喪家之犬|小犬|北極犬|名犬|犬馬之力|犬彘之食|犬牙差互|狼犬|犬儒學派|桀犬吠堯|放鷹逐犬|東門黃犬|犬牙盤石|犬吠之警|犬馬之報|畫虎成犬|犬馬齒窮|犬馬齒索|犬不夜吠|犬馬之命|犬馬齒殲|盧犬|犬馬戀主|犬馬之心|犬馬之勞|畫虎類犬|獒犬|犬馬之疾|犬馬之年|犬馬|犬牙鷹爪|犬牙相錯|犬彘|犬吠之盜|犬兔俱斃|犬牙相臨|犬馬之養|犬戎|烹犬藏弓|犬子|獵犬座|犬馬之戀|犬牙交錯|犬牙相制|淮南雞犬|越犬吠雪|雞犬不寧|蜀犬吠日|鬥犬|雞犬升天|豚犬|跖犬吠堯|雞犬不留|雞犬桑麻|雞犬相聞|蝴蝶犬|臺灣犬|聲色犬馬|驢鳴犬吠|粵犬吠雪|飛鷹走犬|義犬|雞犬皆仙|野犬|邑犬群吠|雞鳴犬吠|雞犬俱升|雞犬不驚|豚兒犬子|顧犬補牢|陶犬瓦雞|軍犬|見兔顧犬|反犬旁|犬母|尋回犬|柴犬|哮天犬|使犬|雪橇犬}} ===派生詞=== * [[白語]]: *qʰuaŋ² ===來源=== * {{R:yue:Hanzi}} * {{R:cpx:PHDB|entry=犬|pp=230}} ===延伸閱讀=== * Victor Mair, "[https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=36996 Of dogs and Old Sinitic reconstructions]" on ''Language Log'' (March 7, 2018) {{zh-cat|Advanced}} {{C|zh|犬科動物}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji}} # [[狗]] # 部首名，犬部（{{l|ja|いぬ}}） ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=けん<けん<くゑん |kanon=けん<けん<くゑん |kun=いぬ- }} ====組詞==== {{col|ja |{{ja-r|一%犬|いっ%けん}} |{{ja-r|雌%犬|めす%いぬ}} |{{ja-r|雄%犬|お%いぬ}}、{{ja-r|牡%犬|お%いぬ}} |{{ja-r|家%犬|いえ%いぬ}} |{{ja-r|野%犬|や%けん}} |{{ja-r|子%犬|こ%いぬ}}、{{ja-r|小%犬|こ%いぬ}}、{{ja-r|仔%犬|こ%いぬ}} |{{ja-r|愛%犬|あい%けん}} |{{ja-r|犬ちゃん|いぬ-ちゃん}} |{{ja-r|秋%田 犬|^あき%た いぬ}}、{{ja-r|秋%田 犬|^あき%た けん}} |{{ja-r|土佐 犬|^とさ いぬ}}、{{ja-r|土佐 犬|^とさ いぬ}} |{{ja-r|柴 犬|^しば いぬ}}、{{ja-r|柴犬|^しば けん}} |{{ja-r|橇 犬|そり いぬ}} |{{ja-r|猟%犬|りょう%けん}} |{{ja-r|狛%犬|こま%いぬ}} |{{ja-r|狩%猟%犬|しゅ%りょう%けん}} |{{ja-r|警%察%犬|けい%さつ%けん}} |{{ja-r|攻%撃%犬|こう%げき%けん}} |{{ja-r|三%頭%犬|さん%とう%けん}} |{{ja-r|犬%張%子|いぬ%はり%こ}} |{{ja-r|老%犬|ろう%けん}} |{{ja-r|豚%犬|とん%けん}} |{{ja-r|犬%吠|けん%ばい}} |{{ja-r|駄%犬|だ%けん}} |{{ja-r|雑%犬|ざっ%けん}} |{{ja-r|番%犬|ばん%けん}} |{{ja-r|警%備%犬|けい%び%けん}} |{{ja-r|探%知%犬|たん%ち%けん}} |{{ja-r|救%助%犬|きゅう%じょ%けん}} |{{ja-r|死%体%犬|し%たい%けん}} |{{ja-r|麻%薬%犬|ま%やく%けん}} |{{ja-r|放%火%犬|ほう%か%けん}} |{{ja-r|盲%導%犬|もう%どう%けん}} |{{ja-r|聴%導%犬|ちょう%どう%けん}} |{{ja-r|介%助%犬|かい%じょ%けん}} |{{ja-r|犬猿の仲|けんえん の なか}} |{{ja-r|犬%神|いぬ%がみ}} |{{ja-r|山%犬|やま%いぬ}} |{{ja-r|鬣%犬|たてがみ%.いぬ|鬣狗}} |{{ja-r|犬%歯|けん%し}} }} ===詞源=== <div style="float:right;"> {{wikipedia|イヌ|lang=ja}} [[File:Coat_types_3.jpg|thumb|250px|{{lang|ja|犬}} (''inu'')]] </div> {{ja-kanjitab|いぬ|yomi=k|alt=狗}} {{inh+|ja|ojp|-}}，來自{{inh|ja|jpx-pro|*enu}}。來源不明。有多種說法，包括源自古代動詞{{m|ja|往ぬ|tr=inu||離開}}，意思是主人不在家時，狗會看守房子；來自{{m|ja|家|tr=ie||房子，家}} + {{m|ja|寝|tr=nu||睡覺|pos=現代形式{{m|ja|寝る}} ''neru''的古代單音節形式}}的組詞；來自古日語 {{m|ja|狗|tr=enu < wenu||小狗，幼犬；狗}}，本身的引申不確定；或借用自其他未知語言。 ===發音=== {{ja-pron|いぬ|acc=2|acc_ref=DJR,NHK|a=Ja-inu-anglonative.oga}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|count=匹|いぬ|イヌ}} # [[狗]] #: {{ja-usex|'''犬'''に毎%日%餌を上げて下さい。|'''いぬ''' に まい%にち% えさ を あげて ください。|請每天都要餵'''狗'''。}} # [[僕人]] #: {{ja-usex|会%長の'''犬'''|かい%ちょう の '''いぬ'''|會長的'''走狗'''}} # [[間諜]] #: {{ja-usex|敵%軍の'''犬'''|てき%ぐん の '''いぬ'''|敵軍'''間諜'''}} ====使用說明==== * {{U:ja:biology|イヌ}} ====同義詞==== * {{sense|僕人，間諜}} {{ja-r|走%狗|そう%く}}、{{ja-r|手%先|て%さき}} ====派生詞==== * {{desc|tao|ino|bor=1}} ===來源=== {{reflist}} {{C|ja|犬科動物}} ==朝鮮語== ===詞源=== 來自{{der|ko|ltc|sort=견|-}} {{ltc-l|犬}}。 {{hanja-ety |dk={{okm-l|ᄏᆑᆫ〯|khyyěn|link=no}} |m={{okm-l|견〯|kyěn}} |mh={{okm-l|가히〮|kàhí}} |ml=獸畜#상19B }} ===發音=== {{ko-hanja-pron|견}} ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja-search}} {{ko-hanja|개|견}} # {{hanja form of|견|[[狗]]|名詞；綴詞}} ====衍生詞==== {{col|ko|title=組詞 |견공(犬公) |견마(犬馬) |견원(犬猿) |견유(犬儒) |군견(軍犬) |맹견(猛犬) |애견(愛犬) |충견(忠犬) |투견(鬪犬) }} ===來源=== * {{R:hanjadoc|7099}} ==宮古語== ===漢字=== {{mvi-kanji}} ===詞源=== 與{{cog|ja|犬|tr=inu}}同源。 ===名詞=== {{mvi-head|noun|いん}} # [[狗]] {{C|mvi|犬科動物}} ==北奄美大島語== ===漢字=== {{ryn-kanji}} ===詞源=== 與{{cog|ja|犬|tr=inu}}同源。 ===名詞=== {{ryn-head|noun|いん}} # [[狗]] {{C|ryn|犬科動物}} ==沖繩語== ===漢字=== {{ryu-kanji}} ====讀法==== {{ryu-readings |kun=いん- }} ===詞源=== {{ryu-kanjitab|いん|yomi=k}} 與{{cog|ja|犬|tr=inu}}同源。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|ryu|[ʔiŋ̍]}} ===名詞=== {{ryu-head|noun|いん}} # [[狗]] ====組詞==== {{col|ryu |{{ryu-r|犬%子|いん%ぐゎー|幼犬}} }} ===來源=== * {{R:JLect|いん【犬】|65|in}} {{C|ryu|犬科動物}} ==南奄美大島語== ===漢字=== {{ams-kanji}} ===詞源=== 與{{cog|ja|犬|tr=inu}}同源。 ===名詞=== {{ams-head|noun|いん}} # [[狗]] {{C|ams|犬科動物}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=犬00 |hanviet=khuyển-tdcntd;gdhn |phienthiet= |nom=khuyển-tdcntd;bonet;genibrel, chó-gdhn }} # {{vi-Nom form of|chó|[[狗]]}} ===來源=== {{reflist}} sssjlb3heck84dxufyi06v6o3kln91a 0 1151398 9944354 9733998 2026-10-14T23:53:21Z Fglffer 55252 9944354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{stroke order|strokes=8}} {{stroke order|type=animate}} ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=94|rad=犬|as=05|sn=8|four=47220|canj=KHPR|ids=⿰犭句}} ====衍生字==== * {{charlist|sc=Hani|𭲉𬍉𬍌𮏛𤟳}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0709.120|dkj=20345|dj=1121.220|hdz=21341.050|ch=8740006.03|sbgy=326.18|uh=72D7}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=豿,㺃}} [[Image:YellowLabradorLooking_new.jpg|thumb|<math display="block"></math>]] ===字源=== {{Han etyl}} {{Han compound|犬|句|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 ===詞源=== 源自某種現代{{cog|hmx}}祖語，來自{{der|zh|hmx-pro|*qluwˣ||狗}}，可能來自{{der|zh|map-pro|*(u-)(ŋ)kuɣkuɣ||狗}} ({{zh-ref|Norman, 1988}}；{{zh-ref|Benedict, 1996}})。 另一個說法，STEDT溯源至{{inh|zh|sit-pro|*d-kʷəj-n||狗}}，{{och-l|犬}}也經由此衍生。 較不常見的是，它可能與{{och-l|駒|幼馬}}、{{och-l|羔|羔羊}}、{{och-l|𤘽|小狗}}有關 ({{zh-ref|Wang, 1982}})。出土的戰國及秦代文獻中可見{{zh-l|狗子|小狗}}、{{zh-l|虎狗}}；在《{{w|嶽麓秦簡}}》中，後者因賞賜較低而與成年老虎有所區別。這表明「{{m|zh|狗}}」一字，如同其異體字「{{m|zh|豿}}」一般，亦可指代幼獸或幼崽。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=gǒu |ma=LL-Q9192 (cmn)-雲角-狗.wav |m-s=gou3 |m-x=gòu |m-nj=gǒu |c=gau2 |ca=LL-Q9186-Justinrleung-狗.wav |c-dg=gaau2 |c-t=geu2 |g=gieu3 |h=pfs=kiéu;hrs=h:gieuˊ;gd=gêu3;ct=geu3 |j=gou2 |mb=ě/gě |mb_note=ě - 白讀; gě - 文讀 |md=gēu |mn=ml,tw,jj,yc,ph,sg:káu/xm,zz,tw:kó͘/qz:kió |mn_note=káu - 白讀; kó͘/kió - 文讀 |mna=LL-Q36495 (nan)-Akamycoco-káu.wav |mn-t=gao2 |mn-l=gao2 |px=pt,xy:gao3/pt,xy:gieo3 |px_note=gao3 - 白讀; gieo3 - 文讀 |sp=gau2 |w=sh:5keu;sz,cm,cs,hn,hz,jj,nb,sj,sx,tx,yx:3keu;hy,jx,ks:3ke;cz,hz,zs:3kei;nb:3ki;zs:3kien;cx:1kieu;xs:3kio;fy:3kiou;dq,jd:3koe;jd:5koe |w_note=Hangzhou: 3kei - 普遍; 3keu - 老年說話者 Jiading: 3koe - 普遍; 5koe - 部分都市口音 Ningbo: 3keu - 普遍; 3ki - 殘存兒化 Zhoushan: 3kei - 普遍; 3kien - 用於小黃狗 |w-j=3kieu |x=gou3 |x-l=jieu3 |x-h=gou3 |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n,a,m:v,pn }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # [[犬]]的[[通稱]]{{zh-mw|m,c,mn:隻|m:條}} #: {{zh-co|餵 狗}} #: {{zh-co|累{lèi} 成 狗}} # [[十二生肖]]之一 # {{lb|zh|derogatory}} [[令人]][[不愉快]]的某人、某事 #: {{zh-co|的士 狗|混帳計程車司機|tr=dīshì '''gǒu'''}} #* {{zh-x|你 是 條 狗，是 王八{ba} 養 的！||ref='''2001'''年，{{w|瓊瑤}}《{{w|情深深雨濛濛}}》第39集 (中國大陸版)}} ## {{n-g|用作定語。}} ##: {{zh-co|狗 男女}} ##: {{zh-co|狗官}} ##: {{zh-x|看 老娘 錘 爆 你 的 狗 頭！}} ## {{lb|zh|neologism|self-deprecatory}} 悲慘、可憐的人（{{n-g|用於組詞}}） ##: {{zh-co|單身狗}} ## {{lb|zh|neologism|self-deprecatory}} [[聽話]]或[[過勞]]的[[員工]]；[[社畜]] ##: {{syn|zh|社畜}} ##: {{zh-co|公司 的 狗}} ##: {{zh-co|IT 狗}} ## {{lb|zh|Hong Kong|neologism|derogatory}} [[警察]] ##* {{zh-x|完 咗 跟 大隊 去 狗屋|之後跟我們去狗窩（{{=}}{{w|香港警察總部|警察總部}}）|C|ref='''2019'''年，[https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/realtime/article/20190626/59757975]}} ##* {{zh-x|撚{lan2} 狗 行{hang4}動|戲弄警察行動||C|ref='''2019'''年，[https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/realtime/article/20190621/59740269]}} # {{lb|zh|chiefly|Beijing}} [[奉承]] # {{lb|zh|Cantonese}} [[狡猾]] # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[幼獸]]；[[年幼]]的[[熊]]或[[虎]] # {{surname|zh}} ====同義詞==== * {{sense|狗}} {{zh-dial}} * {{sense|生肖}} {{zh-dial|狗-2}} * {{sense|香港：警察}} {{zh-l|警犬}} ====同類詞彙==== {{list:Chinese zodiac signs/zh}} ===組詞=== {{col3|zh|狗寶|狗吃屎|狗膽包天|狗苟蠅營|狗急跳牆|狗命|狗拿耗子|狗刨|狗刨兒|狗皮膏藥|狗屁|狗屁不通|狗肉|狗屎堆|狗頭軍師|狗腿子|狗窩|狗熊|狗血噴頭|狗咬|狗崽子|狗子|狗仔|狗嘴裡吐不出象牙|狗仗人勢|看家狗|獵狗|落水狗|魚狗|母狗|狗牌|偷雞摸狗|哈巴狗|天狗吃月|功人功狗|人模狗樣|偷狗戲雞|弄狗相咬|引狗入寨|兔盡狗烹|喪家狗|國狗|兔死狗烹|塞狗洞|天狗螺|幫狗吃食|屠狗|屠狗之輩|巴兒狗|天狗|偷雞盜狗|北京狗|偷貓遞狗|嫁狗隨狗|天狗食月|天狗吞月|大丹狗|土龍芻狗|土狗|喪家之狗|咬人狗|功狗功人|功狗|偷雞吊狗|天狗熱|狗豆子|狗盜|指豬罵狗|狗監|打人罵狗|捉雞罵狗|狗竇大開|狼狗|狗續貂尾|狗彘|死狗|狗蚤|癩皮狗|替狗奪食|狗氣|狗竇|攬狗屎|狗屎|狗偷鼠竊|狗彘不食|狗皮倒灶|流浪狗|狗尾續貂|狗毛|狗心狗行|瘋狗|狗官|畫虎成狗|拖狗皮|狗吠之警|狗氣殺|狗食|打狗|狗彘不若|瘈狗|畫虎類狗|指雞罵狗|狗骨頭|狗顛屁股|狗站|狗洞|狗馬聲色|狗血淋頭|狗屋|獾狗|狐朋狗友|狐狸狗|狐鳴狗盜|泥豬瓦狗|獅子狗|白雲蒼狗|狗探湯|白衣蒼狗|瘋狗潮|瘋狗浪|狗仗官勢|狗賊|狗兔聽提|狼心狗行|狼心狗肺|狼心狗幸|狗黨狐群|狗馬之心|狗馬|狗雜種|狗追耗子|狗血噴臉|狗蝨|狗苟|狗矢|狗爪子|狗烹錡釜|狗材|狗才|狗屁倒灶|狗尾草|狗套頭|狗吠非主|狗吠之驚|狗吃熱屎|狐朋狗黨|狗盜鼠竊|牛黃狗寶|狗行狼心|熱狗|摸雞偷狗|狗腿|狗屠|狗肺狼心|狗顛兒|狗盜雞鳴|殺狗勸夫|殺狗記|狗彘不如|海狗|打落水狗|狐群狗黨|狗屠角牴|耍狗熊|見兔呼狗|行同狗豨|芻狗|跖狗吠堯|莠狗尾草|走狗烹|聲色狗馬|雞飛狗走|雞飛狗跳|踹狗尾|雞零狗碎|豬狗不如|蠅營狗苟|鼠竊狗偷|飛鷹走狗|羊頭狗肉|黑狗子|踏狗尾|遛狗|鬥雞走狗|笨狗|行同狗彘|豬朋狗友|豬兄狗弟|行若狗彘|鼠竊狗盜|雞鳴狗吠|阿狗阿貓|阿貓阿狗|阿豬阿狗|驢心狗肺|鑽狗洞|耍死狗|雞鳴狗盜|跑狗場|臘腸狗|賣狗懸羊|赤狗日|鬣狗|走狗|小奶狗|跟尾狗|耷尾狗|落狗屎|餓狗搶屎|落閘放狗|狗瘦主人羞|狗眼看人低|狗改不了吃屎|無聲狗咬死人|掛羊頭賣狗肉|唔食狗肉撈狗汁|天落饅頭狗造化|關門打狗，無路可走|阿崩叫狗，越叫越走|阿崩咬狗虱，唔死有排慌|nan:豬毋大，大對狗去<tr:ti m̄ tōa, tōa tùi káu khì>|肉包子打狗|痟狗湧<tr:siáu-káu-éng>|痟狗舂墓壙<tr:siáu káu cheng bōng-khòng>|狗嘴裡還有象牙|羊肉落在狗嘴裡|狗口裡吐不出象牙|狗血|人急懸梁，狗急跳牆|一塊羊肉落在狗口裡|哈巴狗咬虼蚤|鳥不生蛋，狗不拉屎|嫁雞隨雞，嫁狗隨狗|寧塞城門，不填狗洞|咬人的狗兒不露齒|懸羊頭賣狗肉|掛羊頭煮狗肉|狗咬呂洞賓|狗咬狗|狗咬狗骨|狗咬呂洞賓——不識好人心|狗獾|狗嘴長不出象牙|烏狗吃食，白狗當災|落水狗上岸|落水狗上岸——窮抖|狗臉生六月之霜|金窩銀窩不如自己的狗窩|狗子夾尾巴|狗攬三堆屎|狡兔死，良狗烹|狗長尾巴尖兒|狗頭上生角|舔狗|狗衝}} ===派生語彙=== {{cjkv||||cẩu}} '''其他'''： * {{desc|wuh|gek}} ===來源=== * {{R:yue:Hanzi}} * {{thcwd|4345}} * {{R:hak:Zhou 2023|pp=227}} {{zh-cat|Elementary}} {{C|zh|狗|執法}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=uc|rs=犬05}} # [[小狗]]，狗 # [[哨兵]] # [[窺探]]者或[[間諜]] # [[無用]]，[[沒用]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=く |kanon=こう |kun=いぬ-, えぬ-<ゑぬ- }} ====組詞==== {{col|ja |{{ja-r|狗%鷲|いぬ%わし}} |{{ja-r|狗%肉|く%にく}} |{{ja-r|狗%吠|く%はい}} |{{ja-r|天%狗|てん%ぐ}} }} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|いぬ|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|犬}} ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|えぬ|yomi=k}} 首次記載於西元9345年成書的《{{w|和名類聚抄}}》。<ref name="KDJ2">{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2|狗}}</ref> Martin則提出一種縮約形式，相當於古日語{{com|ojp|小|犬|tr1=wo-|tr2=inu|pos1=指小前綴|t2=狗}}。<ref>{{R:ja:Martin 1987||393}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|えぬ}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えぬ|hist=ゑぬ}} # {{lb|ja|obsolete}} [[小狗]]，狗 =====使用說明===== 棄用。大多數字典中未收錄。 ===來源=== <references/> :* {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0001657000|^▲狗}} {{C|ja|狗|sort=いぬ}} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|개|구}} # {{hanja form of|구|狗}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=犬05 |hanviet=cẩu-tdcntd;gdhn;bonet;genibrel |phienthiet=舉后 cử hậu |nom=cẩu-tdcntd;bonet;taberd }} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=犬05}} ====組詞==== {{col|vi |{{vi-l|海狗|hải cẩu}} }} ===來源=== <references/> gw0hfaz58b1cop0k5hl6dd2ozb7fy9x 9944369 9944354 2026-10-15T03:22:38Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 詞源2 */ 穿越未來 9944369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{stroke order|strokes=8}} {{stroke order|type=animate}} ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=94|rad=犬|as=05|sn=8|four=47220|canj=KHPR|ids=⿰犭句}} ====衍生字==== * {{charlist|sc=Hani|𭲉𬍉𬍌𮏛𤟳}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0709.120|dkj=20345|dj=1121.220|hdz=21341.050|ch=8740006.03|sbgy=326.18|uh=72D7}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=豿,㺃}} [[Image:YellowLabradorLooking_new.jpg|thumb|<math display="block"></math>]] ===字源=== {{Han etyl}} {{Han compound|犬|句|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 ===詞源=== 源自某種現代{{cog|hmx}}祖語，來自{{der|zh|hmx-pro|*qluwˣ||狗}}，可能來自{{der|zh|map-pro|*(u-)(ŋ)kuɣkuɣ||狗}} ({{zh-ref|Norman, 1988}}；{{zh-ref|Benedict, 1996}})。 另一個說法，STEDT溯源至{{inh|zh|sit-pro|*d-kʷəj-n||狗}}，{{och-l|犬}}也經由此衍生。 較不常見的是，它可能與{{och-l|駒|幼馬}}、{{och-l|羔|羔羊}}、{{och-l|𤘽|小狗}}有關 ({{zh-ref|Wang, 1982}})。出土的戰國及秦代文獻中可見{{zh-l|狗子|小狗}}、{{zh-l|虎狗}}；在《{{w|嶽麓秦簡}}》中，後者因賞賜較低而與成年老虎有所區別。這表明「{{m|zh|狗}}」一字，如同其異體字「{{m|zh|豿}}」一般，亦可指代幼獸或幼崽。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=gǒu |ma=LL-Q9192 (cmn)-雲角-狗.wav |m-s=gou3 |m-x=gòu |m-nj=gǒu |c=gau2 |ca=LL-Q9186-Justinrleung-狗.wav |c-dg=gaau2 |c-t=geu2 |g=gieu3 |h=pfs=kiéu;hrs=h:gieuˊ;gd=gêu3;ct=geu3 |j=gou2 |mb=ě/gě |mb_note=ě - 白讀; gě - 文讀 |md=gēu |mn=ml,tw,jj,yc,ph,sg:káu/xm,zz,tw:kó͘/qz:kió |mn_note=káu - 白讀; kó͘/kió - 文讀 |mna=LL-Q36495 (nan)-Akamycoco-káu.wav |mn-t=gao2 |mn-l=gao2 |px=pt,xy:gao3/pt,xy:gieo3 |px_note=gao3 - 白讀; gieo3 - 文讀 |sp=gau2 |w=sh:5keu;sz,cm,cs,hn,hz,jj,nb,sj,sx,tx,yx:3keu;hy,jx,ks:3ke;cz,hz,zs:3kei;nb:3ki;zs:3kien;cx:1kieu;xs:3kio;fy:3kiou;dq,jd:3koe;jd:5koe |w_note=Hangzhou: 3kei - 普遍; 3keu - 老年說話者 Jiading: 3koe - 普遍; 5koe - 部分都市口音 Ningbo: 3keu - 普遍; 3ki - 殘存兒化 Zhoushan: 3kei - 普遍; 3kien - 用於小黃狗 |w-j=3kieu |x=gou3 |x-l=jieu3 |x-h=gou3 |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n,a,m:v,pn }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # [[犬]]的[[通稱]]{{zh-mw|m,c,mn:隻|m:條}} #: {{zh-co|餵 狗}} #: {{zh-co|累{lèi} 成 狗}} # [[十二生肖]]之一 # {{lb|zh|derogatory}} [[令人]][[不愉快]]的某人、某事 #: {{zh-co|的士 狗|混帳計程車司機|tr=dīshì '''gǒu'''}} #* {{zh-x|你 是 條 狗，是 王八{ba} 養 的！||ref='''2001'''年，{{w|瓊瑤}}《{{w|情深深雨濛濛}}》第39集 (中國大陸版)}} ## {{n-g|用作定語。}} ##: {{zh-co|狗 男女}} ##: {{zh-co|狗官}} ##: {{zh-x|看 老娘 錘 爆 你 的 狗 頭！}} ## {{lb|zh|neologism|self-deprecatory}} 悲慘、可憐的人（{{n-g|用於組詞}}） ##: {{zh-co|單身狗}} ## {{lb|zh|neologism|self-deprecatory}} [[聽話]]或[[過勞]]的[[員工]]；[[社畜]] ##: {{syn|zh|社畜}} ##: {{zh-co|公司 的 狗}} ##: {{zh-co|IT 狗}} ## {{lb|zh|Hong Kong|neologism|derogatory}} [[警察]] ##* {{zh-x|完 咗 跟 大隊 去 狗屋|之後跟我們去狗窩（{{=}}{{w|香港警察總部|警察總部}}）|C|ref='''2019'''年，[https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/realtime/article/20190626/59757975]}} ##* {{zh-x|撚{lan2} 狗 行{hang4}動|戲弄警察行動||C|ref='''2019'''年，[https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/realtime/article/20190621/59740269]}} # {{lb|zh|chiefly|Beijing}} [[奉承]] # {{lb|zh|Cantonese}} [[狡猾]] # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[幼獸]]；[[年幼]]的[[熊]]或[[虎]] # {{surname|zh}} ====同義詞==== * {{sense|狗}} {{zh-dial}} * {{sense|生肖}} {{zh-dial|狗-2}} * {{sense|香港：警察}} {{zh-l|警犬}} ====同類詞彙==== {{list:Chinese zodiac signs/zh}} ===組詞=== {{col3|zh|狗寶|狗吃屎|狗膽包天|狗苟蠅營|狗急跳牆|狗命|狗拿耗子|狗刨|狗刨兒|狗皮膏藥|狗屁|狗屁不通|狗肉|狗屎堆|狗頭軍師|狗腿子|狗窩|狗熊|狗血噴頭|狗咬|狗崽子|狗子|狗仔|狗嘴裡吐不出象牙|狗仗人勢|看家狗|獵狗|落水狗|魚狗|母狗|狗牌|偷雞摸狗|哈巴狗|天狗吃月|功人功狗|人模狗樣|偷狗戲雞|弄狗相咬|引狗入寨|兔盡狗烹|喪家狗|國狗|兔死狗烹|塞狗洞|天狗螺|幫狗吃食|屠狗|屠狗之輩|巴兒狗|天狗|偷雞盜狗|北京狗|偷貓遞狗|嫁狗隨狗|天狗食月|天狗吞月|大丹狗|土龍芻狗|土狗|喪家之狗|咬人狗|功狗功人|功狗|偷雞吊狗|天狗熱|狗豆子|狗盜|指豬罵狗|狗監|打人罵狗|捉雞罵狗|狗竇大開|狼狗|狗續貂尾|狗彘|死狗|狗蚤|癩皮狗|替狗奪食|狗氣|狗竇|攬狗屎|狗屎|狗偷鼠竊|狗彘不食|狗皮倒灶|流浪狗|狗尾續貂|狗毛|狗心狗行|瘋狗|狗官|畫虎成狗|拖狗皮|狗吠之警|狗氣殺|狗食|打狗|狗彘不若|瘈狗|畫虎類狗|指雞罵狗|狗骨頭|狗顛屁股|狗站|狗洞|狗馬聲色|狗血淋頭|狗屋|獾狗|狐朋狗友|狐狸狗|狐鳴狗盜|泥豬瓦狗|獅子狗|白雲蒼狗|狗探湯|白衣蒼狗|瘋狗潮|瘋狗浪|狗仗官勢|狗賊|狗兔聽提|狼心狗行|狼心狗肺|狼心狗幸|狗黨狐群|狗馬之心|狗馬|狗雜種|狗追耗子|狗血噴臉|狗蝨|狗苟|狗矢|狗爪子|狗烹錡釜|狗材|狗才|狗屁倒灶|狗尾草|狗套頭|狗吠非主|狗吠之驚|狗吃熱屎|狐朋狗黨|狗盜鼠竊|牛黃狗寶|狗行狼心|熱狗|摸雞偷狗|狗腿|狗屠|狗肺狼心|狗顛兒|狗盜雞鳴|殺狗勸夫|殺狗記|狗彘不如|海狗|打落水狗|狐群狗黨|狗屠角牴|耍狗熊|見兔呼狗|行同狗豨|芻狗|跖狗吠堯|莠狗尾草|走狗烹|聲色狗馬|雞飛狗走|雞飛狗跳|踹狗尾|雞零狗碎|豬狗不如|蠅營狗苟|鼠竊狗偷|飛鷹走狗|羊頭狗肉|黑狗子|踏狗尾|遛狗|鬥雞走狗|笨狗|行同狗彘|豬朋狗友|豬兄狗弟|行若狗彘|鼠竊狗盜|雞鳴狗吠|阿狗阿貓|阿貓阿狗|阿豬阿狗|驢心狗肺|鑽狗洞|耍死狗|雞鳴狗盜|跑狗場|臘腸狗|賣狗懸羊|赤狗日|鬣狗|走狗|小奶狗|跟尾狗|耷尾狗|落狗屎|餓狗搶屎|落閘放狗|狗瘦主人羞|狗眼看人低|狗改不了吃屎|無聲狗咬死人|掛羊頭賣狗肉|唔食狗肉撈狗汁|天落饅頭狗造化|關門打狗，無路可走|阿崩叫狗，越叫越走|阿崩咬狗虱，唔死有排慌|nan:豬毋大，大對狗去<tr:ti m̄ tōa, tōa tùi káu khì>|肉包子打狗|痟狗湧<tr:siáu-káu-éng>|痟狗舂墓壙<tr:siáu káu cheng bōng-khòng>|狗嘴裡還有象牙|羊肉落在狗嘴裡|狗口裡吐不出象牙|狗血|人急懸梁，狗急跳牆|一塊羊肉落在狗口裡|哈巴狗咬虼蚤|鳥不生蛋，狗不拉屎|嫁雞隨雞，嫁狗隨狗|寧塞城門，不填狗洞|咬人的狗兒不露齒|懸羊頭賣狗肉|掛羊頭煮狗肉|狗咬呂洞賓|狗咬狗|狗咬狗骨|狗咬呂洞賓——不識好人心|狗獾|狗嘴長不出象牙|烏狗吃食，白狗當災|落水狗上岸|落水狗上岸——窮抖|狗臉生六月之霜|金窩銀窩不如自己的狗窩|狗子夾尾巴|狗攬三堆屎|狡兔死，良狗烹|狗長尾巴尖兒|狗頭上生角|舔狗|狗衝}} ===派生語彙=== {{cjkv||||cẩu}} '''其他'''： * {{desc|wuh|gek}} ===來源=== * {{R:yue:Hanzi}} * {{thcwd|4345}} * {{R:hak:Zhou 2023|pp=227}} {{zh-cat|Elementary}} {{C|zh|狗|執法}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=uc|rs=犬05}} # [[小狗]]，狗 # [[哨兵]] # [[窺探]]者或[[間諜]] # [[無用]]，[[沒用]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=く |kanon=こう |kun=いぬ-, えぬ-<ゑぬ- }} ====組詞==== {{col|ja |{{ja-r|狗%鷲|いぬ%わし}} |{{ja-r|狗%肉|く%にく}} |{{ja-r|狗%吠|く%はい}} |{{ja-r|天%狗|てん%ぐ}} }} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|いぬ|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|犬}} ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|えぬ|yomi=k}} 首次記載於西元934年成書的《{{w|和名類聚抄}}》。<ref name="KDJ2">{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2|狗}}</ref> Martin則提出一種縮約形式，相當於古日語{{com|ojp|小|犬|tr1=wo-|tr2=inu|pos1=指小前綴|t2=狗}}。<ref>{{R:ja:Martin 1987||393}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|えぬ}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えぬ|hist=ゑぬ}} # {{lb|ja|obsolete}} [[小狗]]，狗 =====使用說明===== 棄用。大多數字典中未收錄。 ===來源=== <references/> :* {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0001657000|^▲狗}} {{C|ja|狗|sort=いぬ}} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|개|구}} # {{hanja form of|구|狗}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=犬05 |hanviet=cẩu-tdcntd;gdhn;bonet;genibrel |phienthiet=舉后 cử hậu |nom=cẩu-tdcntd;bonet;taberd }} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=犬05}} ====組詞==== {{col|vi |{{vi-l|海狗|hải cẩu}} }} ===來源=== <references/> 309w6q5ztap2j3t6vgcgdvxwbrdemiw 9944370 9944369 2026-10-15T03:37:00Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 同類詞彙 */ 9944370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{stroke order|strokes=8}} {{stroke order|type=animate}} ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=94|rad=犬|as=05|sn=8|four=47220|canj=KHPR|ids=⿰犭句}} ====衍生字==== * {{charlist|sc=Hani|𭲉𬍉𬍌𮏛𤟳}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0709.120|dkj=20345|dj=1121.220|hdz=21341.050|ch=8740006.03|sbgy=326.18|uh=72D7}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=豿,㺃}} [[Image:YellowLabradorLooking_new.jpg|thumb|<math display="block"></math>]] ===字源=== {{Han etyl}} {{Han compound|犬|句|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 ===詞源=== 源自某種現代{{cog|hmx}}祖語，來自{{der|zh|hmx-pro|*qluwˣ||狗}}，可能來自{{der|zh|map-pro|*(u-)(ŋ)kuɣkuɣ||狗}} ({{zh-ref|Norman, 1988}}；{{zh-ref|Benedict, 1996}})。 另一個說法，STEDT溯源至{{inh|zh|sit-pro|*d-kʷəj-n||狗}}，{{och-l|犬}}也經由此衍生。 較不常見的是，它可能與{{och-l|駒|幼馬}}、{{och-l|羔|羔羊}}、{{och-l|𤘽|小狗}}有關 ({{zh-ref|Wang, 1982}})。出土的戰國及秦代文獻中可見{{zh-l|狗子|小狗}}、{{zh-l|虎狗}}；在《{{w|嶽麓秦簡}}》中，後者因賞賜較低而與成年老虎有所區別。這表明「{{m|zh|狗}}」一字，如同其異體字「{{m|zh|豿}}」一般，亦可指代幼獸或幼崽。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=gǒu |ma=LL-Q9192 (cmn)-雲角-狗.wav |m-s=gou3 |m-x=gòu |m-nj=gǒu |c=gau2 |ca=LL-Q9186-Justinrleung-狗.wav |c-dg=gaau2 |c-t=geu2 |g=gieu3 |h=pfs=kiéu;hrs=h:gieuˊ;gd=gêu3;ct=geu3 |j=gou2 |mb=ě/gě |mb_note=ě - 白讀; gě - 文讀 |md=gēu |mn=ml,tw,jj,yc,ph,sg:káu/xm,zz,tw:kó͘/qz:kió |mn_note=káu - 白讀; kó͘/kió - 文讀 |mna=LL-Q36495 (nan)-Akamycoco-káu.wav |mn-t=gao2 |mn-l=gao2 |px=pt,xy:gao3/pt,xy:gieo3 |px_note=gao3 - 白讀; gieo3 - 文讀 |sp=gau2 |w=sh:5keu;sz,cm,cs,hn,hz,jj,nb,sj,sx,tx,yx:3keu;hy,jx,ks:3ke;cz,hz,zs:3kei;nb:3ki;zs:3kien;cx:1kieu;xs:3kio;fy:3kiou;dq,jd:3koe;jd:5koe |w_note=Hangzhou: 3kei - 普遍; 3keu - 老年說話者 Jiading: 3koe - 普遍; 5koe - 部分都市口音 Ningbo: 3keu - 普遍; 3ki - 殘存兒化 Zhoushan: 3kei - 普遍; 3kien - 用於小黃狗 |w-j=3kieu |x=gou3 |x-l=jieu3 |x-h=gou3 |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n,a,m:v,pn }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # [[犬]]的[[通稱]]{{zh-mw|m,c,mn:隻|m:條}} #: {{zh-co|餵 狗}} #: {{zh-co|累{lèi} 成 狗}} # [[十二生肖]]之一 # {{lb|zh|derogatory}} [[令人]][[不愉快]]的某人、某事 #: {{zh-co|的士 狗|混帳計程車司機|tr=dīshì '''gǒu'''}} #* {{zh-x|你 是 條 狗，是 王八{ba} 養 的！||ref='''2001'''年，{{w|瓊瑤}}《{{w|情深深雨濛濛}}》第39集 (中國大陸版)}} ## {{n-g|用作定語。}} ##: {{zh-co|狗 男女}} ##: {{zh-co|狗官}} ##: {{zh-x|看 老娘 錘 爆 你 的 狗 頭！}} ## {{lb|zh|neologism|self-deprecatory}} 悲慘、可憐的人（{{n-g|用於組詞}}） ##: {{zh-co|單身狗}} ## {{lb|zh|neologism|self-deprecatory}} [[聽話]]或[[過勞]]的[[員工]]；[[社畜]] ##: {{syn|zh|社畜}} ##: {{zh-co|公司 的 狗}} ##: {{zh-co|IT 狗}} ## {{lb|zh|Hong Kong|neologism|derogatory}} [[警察]] ##* {{zh-x|完 咗 跟 大隊 去 狗屋|之後跟我們去狗窩（{{=}}{{w|香港警察總部|警察總部}}）|C|ref='''2019'''年，[https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/realtime/article/20190626/59757975]}} ##* {{zh-x|撚{lan2} 狗 行{hang4}動|戲弄警察行動||C|ref='''2019'''年，[https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/realtime/article/20190621/59740269]}} # {{lb|zh|chiefly|Beijing}} [[奉承]] # {{lb|zh|Cantonese}} [[狡猾]] # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[幼獸]]；[[年幼]]的[[熊]]或[[虎]] # {{surname|zh}} ====同義詞==== * {{sense|狗}} {{zh-dial}} * {{sense|生肖}} {{zh-dial|狗-2}} * {{sense|香港：警察}} {{zh-l|警犬}} ====同類詞彙==== {{list:Chinese zodiac signs/zh}} ====翻譯==== {{trans-top|犬科動物}} * 阿薩語：{{t|aas|wa-t}} * 阿包語：{{t|aau|nwoh}} * 阿巴扎語：{{t|abq|ла}} * 阿貝納基語：{{t|abe|adia}}、{{t|abe|alemos}} * 阿布哈茲語：{{t|ab|ала}} * 亞齊語：{{t|ace|asèë}} * 阿法爾語：{{t|aa|kuta}} * 南非語：{{t+|af|hond}}、{{t+|af|honde|p}} * 阿古爾語：{{t|agx|гъуй}} * 阿埃塔語： *: 卡西古蘭杜馬加特阿埃塔語：{{t|dgc|aso}} * 阿洪姆語：{{t|aho|𑜉𑜡}} * 阿特納語：{{t|aht|łicʼae}} * 阿伊努語：{{t|ain|セタ|tr=seta}}、{{t|ain|レエㇷ゚|tr=reep}} * 艾通語：{{t|aio|မႃ|tr=mā}} * 阿日厄語：{{t|aji|lova|tr=lova}} * 阿坎語：{{t|ak|kraman}} * 阿赫瓦赫語：{{t|akv|хве}} {{qualifier|南部}}、{{t|akv|хвай}} {{qualifier|北部}} * 阿卡德語：{{t|akk|𒌨|m|tr=kalbu, UR}} * 阿克蘭語：{{t|akl|ayam}} * 亞拉巴馬語：{{t|akz|ifa}} * 阿爾巴尼亞語：{{t+|sq|qen|m}} * 阿留申語：{{t|ale|sabaakax}} * 阿爾泰語： *: 南阿爾泰語：{{t|alt|ийт}} * 阿魯尼語：{{t|alp|asu}} * 阿留特語：{{t|alr|г'ытг'ын|tr=ʕətʕən}} * 阿爾維里-維達里語：{{t|avd|اسبه|tr=asbe}} {{qualifier|維達里語}} * 阿瑪語：{{t|amm|aluwou}} * 奄美大島語群： *: 北奄美大島語：{{t|ryn|犬|tr=いん, in}} *: 南奄美大島語：{{t|ams|犬|tr=いん, in}} * 美國手語：{{t|ase|Kop@Inside-PalmForward 1o@Inside}} * 阿姆哈拉語：{{t|am|ውሻ}}、{{t|am|ከልብ}}、{{t|am|ዉሻ}} * 阿美語：{{t|ami|wacu}} * 阿穆茲戈語： *: 格雷羅阿穆茲戈語：{{t|amu|kítzë'}} * 安迪語：{{t|ani|хой}} * 安戈爾語：{{t|agg|yaforɨ}} * 阿帕契語： *: 希卡里亞語：{{t|apj|chíníí}} *: 西阿帕契語：{{t|apw|góshé}}、{{t|apw|łichánee}} * 阿拉伯語：{{t+|ar|كَلْب|m}} *: 乍得阿拉伯語：{{t|shu|كلب|m|tr=kalib}} *: 塞浦路斯阿拉伯語：{{t|acy|κήλπ|tr=kilp}} *: 埃及阿拉伯語：{{t|arz|كلب|m|tr=kalb}} *: 海灣阿拉伯語：{{t|afb|چلب|tr=čalb}} *: 漢志阿拉伯語：{{t|acw|كَلْب|m|tr=kalb}} *: 美索不達米亞阿拉伯語：{{t|acm|چلب|m|tr=čalb}} *: 朱巴阿拉伯語：{{t|pga|kelib}} *: 摩洛哥阿拉伯語：{{t|ary|كلب|m|tr=kalb}} *: 南黎凡特阿拉伯語：{{t|ajp|كلب|m|tr=kalb}} *: 蘇丹阿拉伯語：{{t|apd|كلب|m|tr=kalib}} * 阿拉貢語：{{t|an|gos}}、{{t|an|chin}} * 亞拉姆語： *: 亞述新亞拉姆語：{{t|aii|ܟܲܠܒ݂ܵܐ|m|tr=kalwa}}、{{t|aii|ܟܲܠܒܬܵܐ|f|tr=kalbta}} *: 古典敘利亞語：{{t|syc|ܟܠܒܐ|m|tr=kalbā}}、{{t|syc|ܟܠܒܬܐ|f|tr=kalbəṯā}} *: 猶太巴比倫亞拉姆語：{{t|arc|כַּלְבָּא|m|tr=kalbā}}、{{t|arc|כַּלְבְּתָא|f|tr=kalbəṯā}} * 阿拉帕霍語：{{t|arp|he3}} * 阿爾戈巴語：{{t|agj|ውሻ|tr=wǝša}} * 亞美尼亞語：{{t+|hy|շուն}} * 阿羅馬尼亞語：{{t|rup|cãni|m}}、{{t+|rup|cãne|m}} * 阿蘭達語： *: 東阿蘭達語：{{t|aer|akngwelye}} * 亞夏尼加語：{{t|cni|otsitzi}} * 阿薩姆語：{{t|as|কুকুৰ}} * 阿西內本語：{{t|asb|šunga}} * 阿斯圖里亞斯語：{{t+|ast|perru|m}}、{{t+|ast|can}}、{{t+|ast|cusu}} * 阿通語 (印度)：{{t|aot|kyiʼ}} * 澳洲克里奧爾語：{{t|rop|dog}} * 阿瓦爾語：{{t|av|гьой}} * 阿維斯陀語：{{t|ae|𐬯𐬞𐬁}} * 阿瓦德語：{{t|awa|कूकर}} * 艾馬拉語：{{t+|ay|anu}} * 阿塞拜疆語：{{t+|az|it}}、{{t+|az|köpək}} * 巴克特里亞語：{{t|xbc|κοδο}} * 巴格瓦拉爾語：{{t|kva|гьвай}} * 巴拿語：{{t|bdq|kŏ}} * 巴瑤語： *: 西海岸巴瑤語：{{t|bdr|owa'}}、{{t|bdr|oa'}} * 巴庫語：{{t-check|xkl|acuʼ}} * 巴厘語：{{t|ban|cicing}}、{{t|ban|asu}} * 俾路支語：{{t|bal|کچک|tr=kucak}} * 班巴拉語：{{t|bm|wùlù}} * 班達語：{{t|bnd|asu}} * 邦蓋語：{{t|bgz|asu}} * 邦吉語：{{t|bni|mbwa}} * 班查語：{{t+|bjn|hadupan}} * 巴什基爾語：{{t|ba|эт}} * 巴斯克語：{{t+|eu|txakur}}、{{t|eu|etxe-txakur}} * 巴塔克語支： *: 托巴巴塔克語：{{t|bbc|asu}}、{{t|bbc|biang}} * 巴茨語：{{t|bbl|ფჰ̡უ}} * 貝扎語：{{t|bej|yaas}} * 白俄羅斯語：{{t+|be|саба́ка|m|f}}、{{t|be|пёс|m}} * 本巴語：{{t|bem|imbwa}} * 孟加拉語：{{t+|bn|কুকুর}}、{{t+|bn|কুত্তা}} * 伯拉萬語：{{t|lod|acew}} {{qualifier|Central}} * 別日塔語：{{t|kap|во}} * 博杰普爾語：{{t|bho|कुकुर}} * 比達友語： *: 查格依語：{{t|sne|kosuong}} * 大納姆巴斯語：{{t|nmb|lip'ah}} * 比科爾語： *: 中比科爾語：{{t+|bcl|ayam}}、{{t+|bcl|dayo}}、{{t+|bcl|ido}} *: 伊里加比科拉諾語：{{t|bto|ayam}} * 比爾巴語：{{t|bpz|asu}} * 民都魯語：{{t|bny|asou}}、{{t|bny|asew}} * 比塞尼語：{{t|ije|ebiri}} * 比斯拉馬語：{{t|bi|dog}} * 黑腳語：{{t|bla|imitáá}} * 博羅基語：{{t|bkt|mbwá}} * 邦托克語： *: 中邦托克語：{{t|lbk|aso}} * 博羅洛語：{{t|bor|arigao}} * 博特利赫語：{{t|bph|хай}} * 布依語：{{t|pcc|duezmal}}、{{t|pcc|mal}} * 布列塔尼語：{{t+|br|ki|m}}、{{t+|br|kiez|f}} *: 中古布列塔尼語：{{t|xbm|ci|m}} * 汶萊米沙鄢語：{{t|bsb|asu}} * 布都赫語：{{t|bdk|хор}}、{{t|bdk|тІартІа}} * 布吉語：{{t|bug|asu}}、{{t|bug|ᨕᨔᨘ}} * 保加利亞語：{{t+|bg|ку́че|n}}、{{t+|bg|пес|m}} {{qualifier|口語}}、{{t+|bg|псе|n}} {{qualifier|口語}} * 布農語：{{t|bnn|asu}} * 緬甸語：{{t+|my|ခွေး}} * 布里亞特語：{{t|bua|нохой}} * 卡克語：{{t|msq|cawek}} * 喀多語：{{t|cad|díˀṣi}} * 卡維拉語：{{t|chl|'áwal}} * 卡拉米-塔格巴努瓦語：{{t|tbk|ohu}} * 盧森尼亞語：{{t|rue|пес|m}}、{{t-check|rue|котюга|m}} * 達凱爾語：{{t|crx|ɫi}} * 加泰羅尼亞語：{{t+|ca|gos}}、{{t+|ca|ca|m}}、{{t+|ca|gossa|f}}、{{t|ca|cutxu}} {{qualifier|阿爾蓋洛}} * 卡托巴語：{{t|chc|tansi}} * 卡尤加語：{{t|cay|só꞉wa꞉s}} * 宿霧語：{{t|ceb|iro}}、{{t|ceb|ayam}} * 中阿特拉斯柏柏爾語：{{t|tzm|ⴰⵢⴷⵉ|m}} * 查克馬語：{{t|ccp|𑄇𑄪𑄉𑄪𑄢𑄴|tr=kugur}} * 占語： *: 東占語：{{t|cjm|asau}} *: 西占語：{{t|cja|sau}} * 查馬拉爾語：{{t|cji|хва̅й}} * 查米庫羅語：{{t|ccc|ma'nali}} * 查莫羅語：{{t|ch|ga'lagu}} * 車臣語：{{t|ce|жӏаьла}} * 切彭語：{{t|cdm|कुयः}} * 切羅基語：{{t+|chr|ᎩᏟ}}、{{t+|chr|ᎩᎵ}} * 夏延語：{{t|chy|oeškeso}} * 齊切瓦語：{{t|ny|galú|1a}} * 奇卡索語：{{t|cic|ofi'}} * 欽語： *: 法蘭欽語：{{t|cfm|uico}} *: 庫米欽語：{{t|cnk|ui}} *: 梯頂語：{{t|ctd|ui}} * 喬克托語：{{t|cho|ofi}} * 喬爾蒂語：{{t|caa|c'i'}} * 朱魯語：{{t|cje|əsɣu}} * 楚科奇語：{{t|ckt|ыʼттъын|tr=yʼttʺyn}}、{{t|ckt|ыʼттъыт|p|tr=yʼttʺyt}}、{{t|ckt|вытэԓгын|tr=vytėḷgyn}} {{qualifier|灰色的}} * 楚克語：{{t|chk|konak}} * 楚瓦什語：{{t|cv|йытӑ}} * 吉阿吉阿語：{{t|cia|아우}} * 切爾克斯語族： *: 東切爾克斯語：{{t+|kbd|хьэ}} *: 西切爾克斯語：{{t|ady|хьэ}} * 科曼奇語：{{t|com|sarii}} * 科摩羅語支： *: 大科摩羅語：{{t|zdj|mɓwa}} * 科普特語：{{t|cop|ⲟⲩϩⲟⲣ|m}} * 科拉語：{{t|crn|ẓʌ'ʌ}} * 康沃爾語：{{t|kw|ki}} * 科西嘉語：{{t+|co|cane|m}}、{{t+|co|ghjacaru|m}} * 克里語：{{t|cr|ᐊᑎᒼ}} *: 阿提卡米克語：{{t|atj|atimw}} *: 蒙大拿語：{{t|moe|atimᵘ}} * 克里克語：{{t|mus|éfv}} * 克里米亞韃靼語：{{t|crh|köpek}}、{{t|crh|it}}、{{t|crh|boşuq}} * 捷克語：{{t+|cs|pes|m}}、{{t+|cs|fena|f}} * 達爾馬提亞語：{{t|dlm|cun|m}}、{{t|dlm|kun|m}}、{{t|dlm|cuon|m}}、{{t|dlm|kuon|m}} * 丹麥語：{{t+|da|hund|c}} * 達爾金語：{{t|dar|хя}} * 達金容語：{{t|xda|mirri}} * 德法卡語：{{t|afn|ebere}} * 德格馬語：{{t|deg|ạ́ḅụ́ạ̄}} * 代那安那語：{{t|tfn|łikʼa}} * 迪維希語：{{t|dv|ބަޅު}}、{{t+|dv|ކުއްތާ}} * 迪埃里語：{{t|dif|kinthala}} * 多格里布語：{{t|dgr|tłı̨}} * 多爾干語：{{t|dlg|ыт}} * 獨龍語：{{t|duu|dvgeui}} * 杜斯內爾語：{{t|dsn|nap}} * 杜順語： *: 中部杜順語：{{t|dtp|tasu}} * 荷蘭語：{{t+|nl|hond|m}} *: 中古荷蘭語：{{t|dum|hont|m}} * 迪爾巴爾語：{{t-check|dbl|guda}} {{qualifier|II類名詞}}、{{t-check|dbl|gudaɖaran}} {{qual|雙數}}、{{t-check|dbl|gudaguda|p}} * 宗喀語：{{t|dz|ཁྱི}} * 埃德語支： *: 伊費語：{{t|ife|adzá}} * 埃多語：{{t|bin|àwá}} * 埃加語：{{t|ega|ʊ̀vɛ}} * 埃及語：{{t-egy|ṯzm|m|h=T:z-m-E14}} * 埃爾夫達利安語：{{t|ovd|rakke|m}} * 艾米利亞語：{{t|egl|can}} * 恩根尼語：{{t|enn|ạ́ḅụạ}} * 英語：{{t+|en|dog}}、{{t+|en|canine}} * 伊皮耶語：{{t|epi|aḅụ́ā}} * 埃里泰語：{{t|ert|asu}} * 埃爾齊亞語：{{t|myv|киска}}、{{t|myv|пине}} * 埃斯特哈爾迪語：{{t|esh|اسپ|m|alt=اِسپَ|tr=espa}}、{{t|esh|ماچیه|f|alt=ماچیَه|tr=mâĉiya}}、{{t|esh|کوت|alt=کوتَ|tr=kōta or kōtiyak: WHELP}} * 世界語：{{t+|eo|hundo}}、{{t+|eo|hundino}} {{qualifier|雌性}} * 愛沙尼亞語：{{t+|et|koer}}、{{t+|et|peni}} * 鄂溫語：{{t|eve|ҥин}} * 鄂溫克語：{{t|evn|ӈинакин}} * 埃維語：{{t|ee|avu}} * 法羅語：{{t+|fo|hundur|m}} * 斐濟語：{{t+|fj|koli}} * 芬蘭語：{{t+|fi|koira}} * 豐語：{{t|fon|agla}}、{{t|fon|avun}} * 法蘭克-普羅旺斯語：{{t|frp|chin}} * 法語：{{t+|fr|chien|m}} *: 中古法語：{{t|frm|chien|m}} *: 古法語：{{t|fro|chien|m}} * 弗里斯蘭語組： *: 北弗里斯蘭語：{{t|frr|hün|m}} {{qualifier|博京哈德}}、{{t|frr|hünj|m}} {{qualifier|弗爾-阿姆魯姆}} *: 古弗里斯蘭語：{{t|ofs|hund}} *: 薩特弗里斯蘭語：{{t|stq|Huund}} *: 西弗里斯蘭語：{{t+|fy|hûn|c}} * 弗留利語：{{t|fur|cjan}} {{qualifier|標準正字法}}、{{t|fur|čhan}} * 富拉語： *: 阿德拉姆文：{{t|ff|𞤦𞤢𞤪𞤫𞥅𞤪𞤵}}、{{t|ff|𞤪𞤢𞤱𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤵}} *: 拉丁字母：{{t|ff|bareeru}}、{{t|ff|rawaandu}} * 加德當語：{{t|gad|atu}} * 加告茲語：{{t|gag|köpek}} * 加利西亞語：{{t+|gl|can|m}}、{{t+|gl|cadela|f}}、{{t+|gl|cuzo|m}}、{{t+|gl|cuza|f}} * 加盧拉語：{{t|sdn|cani}} * 卡米拉瑞語：{{t-check|kld|buruma}} {{qualifier|馴化}} , {{t|kld|marayin}} {{qualifier|野生}}、{{t|kld|mirri}} {{qualifier|野生}}、{{t|kld|ngurran}} {{qualifier|野生}} * 高盧語：{{t|cel-gau|cuna}} * 加約語：{{t|gay|asu}} * 吉茲語：{{t|gez|ከልብ}} * 格魯吉亞語：{{t+|ka|ძაღლი}} * 德語：{{t+|de|Hund|m}}、{{t+|de|Hündin|f}} *: 阿勒曼尼語：{{t|gsw|Hund|m}} *: 巴伐利亞語：{{t|bar|Hund}} *: 中古高地德語：{{t|gmh|hunt|m}} *: 古高地德語：{{t|goh|hunt|m}} * 戈多貝里語：{{t|gdo|хвайи}} * 岡德語：{{t|gon|నెయ్|tr=ney}} * 哥特語：{{t|got|𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃|m}} * 希臘語：{{t+|el|σκύλος|m}}、{{t+|el|σκυλί|n}} *: 古希臘語：{{t|grc|κύων|m|f}}、{{t|grc|σκύλαξ|m}}、{{t|grc|σκύλλος|m}} * 格陵蘭語：{{t+|kl|qimmeq}} * 瓜拉尼語支： *: 姆比亞瓜拉尼語：{{t|gun|jagua}} *: 巴拉圭瓜拉尼語：{{t-check|gug|jagua}} * 戈戈貝拉語：{{t|kkp|kutéw}} * 圭亞那克里奧爾語：{{t|gcr|chyen}} * 古吉拉特語：{{t+|gu|કુતરો|m}}、{{t+|gu|કુતરી|f}} * 古林吉語：{{t|gue|guru}}、{{t|gue|wangani}}、{{t|gue|warlagu}} * 古古伊米吉爾語：{{t|kky|gudaa}} * 哈德拉毛語：{{t|xhd|𐩫𐩡𐩨}} * 海達語：{{t|hai|x̌a}}、{{t|hai|x̲a}} * 海地克里奧爾語：{{t|ht|chen}}、{{t|ht|chyen}} * 哈爾魁梅林語：{{t|hur|sqwemá:y}} * 汗語：{{t|haa|łąyy}} {{qualifier|阿拉斯加}} * 豪薩語：{{t+|ha|kàrē}} * 哈瓦蘇佩-瓦拉派-亞瓦派語：{{t|yuf|had}} * 夏威夷語：{{t|haw|ʻīlio}} * 希伯來語：{{t+|he|כֶּלֶב|m|tr=kélev}} * 希高農語：{{t|mba|asu}} * 希利蓋農語：{{t|hil|ido}} * 印地語：{{t+|hi|कुत्ता|m}}、{{t+|hi|कुत्ती|f}}、{{t+|hi|श्वान|m}}、{{t+|hi|कुक्कुर|m}}、{{t|hi|कुक्कुरी|f}}、{{t+|hi|कुर्कुर|m}}、{{t|hi|कूकुर|m}}、{{t+|hi|कुकुरी|f}}、{{t+|hi|कुतिया|f}}、{{t+|hi|कूकर|m}}、{{t+|hi|कुकुर|m}} * 希努赫語：{{t|gin|гъвве}}、{{t|gin|кача}} * 希里摩圖語：{{t|ho|sisia}} * 赫梯語：{{t|hit|𒆪𒉿𒀸|ts=kuwas}}、{{t|hit|ts=suwana}} * 苗語： *: 白苗語：{{t|mww|dev}}、{{t|mww|aub}} * 霍皮語：{{t|hop|pòoko}} * 匈牙利語：{{t+|hu|kutya}}、{{t+|hu|eb}} * 漢斯立克語：{{t|hrx|Hund|m}} * 洪濟布語：{{t|huz|ве}} * 伊班語：{{t|iba|asu}}、{{t|iba|ukui}} * 伊巴納格語：{{t|ibg|kitu}} * 伊巴尼語：{{t|iby|obiri}} * 冰島語：{{t+|is|hundur|m}} * 伊多語：{{t+|io|hundo}}、{{t+|io|hundino}} {{qualifier|雌性}} * 伊加拉語：{{t|igl|ábíá}} * 伊博語：{{t|ig|nkịtā}} * 伊洛卡諾語：{{t|ilo|aso}} * 印尼語：{{t+|id|anjing}}、{{t+|id|asu}} * 英格里亞語：{{t|izh|koira}} * 印古什語：{{t|inh|жӏали}} * 因特語：{{t+|ia|can}} * 因紐特語：{{t|iu|ᕿᒻᒥᖅ}} * 伊拉努語：{{t|ill|asu}} * 愛爾蘭語：{{t+|ga|madra|m}}、{{t+|ga|gadhar|m}}、{{t+|ga|madadh|m}} *: 中古愛爾蘭語：{{t|mga|cú|m}}、{{t|mga|matad|m}} *: 古愛爾蘭語：{{t|sga|cú|m}} * 伊魯拉語：{{t|iru|நாய்|tr=nāy}} * 伊斯納格語：{{t|isd|ato}} * 伊索科語：{{t|iso|arakọ}}、{{t|iso|ẹbọ}} * 伊斯特拉語：{{t|ist|can}} * 意大利語：{{t+|it|cane|m}} * 伊捷爾緬語：{{t|itl|ӄосҳ}}、{{t|itl|ӄсҳай}}、{{t|itl|ӄсҳa’н}} {{qualifier|複數}} * 勉語：{{t|ium|juv}} * 伊萬特語：{{t|ivv|chito}} * 日語：{{t+|ja|犬|tr=いぬ, inu}}、{{t+|ja|狗|tr=いぬ, inu}} * 嘉萊語：{{t|jra|asâo}} * 爪哇語：{{t+|jv|ꦲꦱꦸ}}、{{t|jv|sagawon}}、{{t+|jv|baung}}、{{t+|jv|cemera}}、{{t+|jv|sona}} *: 古爪哇語：{{t|kaw|asu}} * 濟州語：{{t|jje|개}} * 景頗語：{{t|kac|guì}} * 佛得角克里奧爾語：{{t|kea|katxor}} * 卡拜爾語：{{t|kab|aydi}} * 卡達山語： *: 海岸卡達山語：{{t|kzj|tasu}} * 坎剛語：{{t|kgp|kasor}} * 凱塔格語：{{t|xdq|хвя}} * 卡爾梅克衛拉特語：{{t|xal|ноха}} * 侗語： *: 南侗語：{{t|kmc|nguap}} * 坎卡奈語：{{t|kne|aso}} * 卡納達語：{{t+|kn|ನಾಯಿ}} * 卡片片甘語：{{t|pam|asu}} * 喀克其奎語：{{t|cak|tzʼiʼ}} * 卡拉恰伊-巴爾卡爾語：{{t|krc|ит}} * 卡拉卡爾帕克語：{{t+|kaa|iyt}} * 卡拉塔語：{{t|kpt|хвай}} * 卡累利阿語：{{t|krl|koira}} * 克倫語支： *: 斯高克倫語：{{t|ksw|ထွံၣ်}} * 克什米爾語：{{t+|ks|ہوٗن}} * 卡舒比語：{{t|csb|tósz}}、{{t|csb|pies}} * 考爾納語：{{t|zku|wirka}}、{{t|zku|putyita}}、{{t|zku|kadli}} {{qualifier|澳洲野犬}} * 哈薩克語：{{t|kk|ит}} * 克當語：{{t|ksx|au}} * 克馬克語：{{t|kem|asu}} * 凱特語：{{t|ket|тип|tr=tīb}} * 哈卡斯語：{{t|kjh|адай}} * 漢特語組： *: 北漢特語：{{t-check|kca-nor|амп}} * 卡西語：{{t|kha|ksew}} * 奇納魯格語：{{t|kjj|пхра}} * 高棉語：{{t+|km|ឆ្កែ}} * 科伊科伊語：{{t|naq|arib|m}} * 基卡普語：{{t|kic|ə́nɛ̏mwə̏}} * 基馬拉岡語：{{t|kqr|tasu}} * 金邦杜語：{{t|kmb|imbua}} * 基那來阿語：{{t|krj|ayam}} * 基里克語：{{t|okr|obirí}} * 克拉勒姆語：{{t|clm|sqáx̣əʔ}}、{{t|clm|sqməy̕}} * 克拉馬斯語：{{t|kla|wac'aak}} * 格賀語：{{t|kpm|so}} * 古古-貝拉語：{{t|kkp|kutéw}} * 孔比奧語：{{t|xbi|nimpua}} * 科米語支： *: 彼爾姆科米語：{{t|koi|пон}} *: 茲梁科米語：{{t|kpv|пон}} * 剛果語：{{t|kg|mbwa}} * 孔卡尼語：{{t|kok|सूणे}} * 朝鮮語：{{t+|ko|개}}、{{t+|ko|견(犬)}}、{{t+|ko|구(狗)}}、{{t+|ko|강아지}} *: 中古朝鮮語：{{t|okm|가히〮|tr=kàhí}}、{{t|okm|개〯|tr=kǎy}} * 科里亞克語：{{t|kpy|гʼытгʼын|tr=ʁətʁən}}、{{t|kpy|гʼытгʼу|tr=ʁətʁu}} {{qualifier|複數}} * 伊薩卡語：{{t|ksi|duwe}} * 庫梅克語：{{t|kum|ит}} * 庫那語：{{t|cuk|achu}} * 庫爾德語： *: 中庫爾德語：{{t+|ckb|سەگ}} *: 北庫爾德語：{{t+|kmr|se}}、{{t+|kmr|kûçik}} * 庫爾特賈爾語：{{t|gdj|ruaak}} * 寬亞瑪語：{{t|kj|ombwa}} * 吉爾吉斯語：{{t+|ky|ит}} * 拉登語：{{t|lld|cian}} * 拉蒂諾語：{{t|lad|פירו|m|tr=pero}} * 拉克語：{{t|lbe|ккаччи}} * 拉科塔語：{{t|lkt|šúŋka}} * 阿比-楠榜語：{{t|ljp|asu}} * 老撾語：{{t+|lo|ໝາ}} * 拉特加萊語：{{t|ltg|suņs|m}} * 拉丁語：{{t+|la|canis|m|f}} * 拉脫維亞語：{{t+|lv|suns|m}}、{{t+|lv|kuce|f}} * 拉茲語：{{t|lzz|ლაკი}} * 勒蒂語：{{t|lti|asu}} * 列茲金語：{{t|lez|кицӏ}} * 利古里亞語：{{t|lij|càn|m}}、{{t|lij|càgna|f}} * 林堡語：{{t+|li|hóndj}} * 林加拉語：{{t|ln|mbwá}}、{{t|ln|mbwa}} * 立陶宛語：{{t+|lt|šuo|m}}、{{t+|lt|šuva|m}} {{qualifier|口語}}、{{t|lt|kalė|f}} * 里茨里茨語：{{t|lzl|libakh}} * 立窩尼亞語：{{t|liv|piņ}} * 倫巴底語：{{t+|lmo|can}}、{{t+|lmo|cà}} * 路易斯安那克里奧爾法語：{{t|lou|shin}}、{{t|lou|shyin}} * 低地德語： *: 德國低地薩克森語：{{t+|nds-de|Hund|m}}、{{t+|nds-de|Köter|m}} {{qualifier|口語}}、{{t|nds-de|Keuter|m}} {{qualifier|口語}}、{{t|nds-de|Teev|f}} {{qualifier|雌性}}、{{t|nds-de|Tääv|f}} {{qualifier|雌性}}、{{t|nds-de|Tiff|f}} {{qualifier|雌性}} *: 中古低地德語：{{t|gml|hund|m}} * 傣仂語：{{t|khb|ᦖᦱ}} * 盧庫米語：{{t|luq|jidá}}、{{t|luq|guá guá}} * 盧希亞語：{{t|luy|imbwa}} * 勞圖欽語：{{t|clt|uv}} * 盧森堡語：{{t+|lb|Hond|m}}、{{t+|lb|Mupp|m}}、{{t|lb|Mudder|f}} * 馬賽語：{{t|mas|oldia}} * 馬其頓語：{{t+|mk|куче|n}}、{{t|mk|пес|m}} * 馬都拉語：{{t|mad|pateʔ}} * 馬京達瑙語：{{t|mdh|asu}} * 望加錫語：{{t|mak|kongkong}} * 馬拉加斯語：{{t+|mg|alika}} * 馬來語： *: 汶萊馬來語：{{t|kxd|kuyuk}}、{{t|kxd|anjing}} *: 阿拉伯字母：{{t+|ms|انجيڠ}}、{{t+|ms|اسو}}、{{t|ms|کويوق}} *: 北大年馬來語：{{t|mfa|anjing}} *: 拉丁字母：{{t+|ms|anjing}}、{{t+|ms|asu}}、{{t+|ms|kuyuk}} * 馬拉雅拉姆語：{{t+|ml|നായ}}、{{t+|ml|പട്ടി}} * 馬里希特-帕薩瑪奎迪語：{{t|pqm|olomuss|s}}、{{t|pqm|olomussok|p}}、{{t|pqm|'tolomussomol}} {{qualifier|表示所有狀態}}、{{t|pqm|olomussis}} {{qualifier|指小}} * 馬爾他語：{{t+|mt|kelb|m}}、{{t|mt|kelba|f}} * 曼拜語：{{t|mgm|ausa}} * 滿語：{{t|mnc|ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ}} * 曼達爾語：{{t|mdr|asu}} * 曼丁哥語： *: 西曼丁哥語：{{t|mlq|wulu}} * 馬諾博語支： *: 西布基農-馬諾博語：{{t|mbb|asu}} * 曼薩卡語：{{t|msk|ido}} * 曼西語組： *: 北曼西語：{{t-check|mns-nor|а̄мп}} * 曼島語：{{t+|gv|moddey}}、{{t|gv|coo}} * 毛利語：{{t+|mi|kurī}} * 馬普切語：{{t|arn|xewa}} * 馬拉瑙語：{{t|mrw|aso}} * 馬拉地語：{{t+|mr|कुत्रा}} * 馬里語： *: 東馬里語：{{t|mhr|пий}} *: 西馬里語：{{t|mrj|пи}} * 馬里科帕語：{{t|mrc|xat}}、{{t|mrc|hat}} * 馬紹爾語：{{t|mh|kidu}} * 毛里求斯克里奧爾語：{{t|mfe|lisien}} * 梅布拉特語：{{t|ayz|mtah}} * 馬約語：{{t|mfy|čū’u}} * 姆巴巴拉姆語：{{t|vmb|dog}} * 米底語支： *: 上古米底語：{{t|xme-old|σπάκα}} * 梅戈來諾-羅馬尼亞語：{{t|ruq|cǫini}} * 邁赫拉語：{{t|gdq|kawb}} * 馬蘭諾語： *: 中馬蘭諾語：{{t|mel|asou}} * 門德語：{{t|men|ngílà}} * 邁阿密-伊利諾伊語：{{t-check|mia|alemwa}} * 中古英語：{{t|enm|dogge}}、{{t|enm|hound}} * 密克馬克語：{{t|mic|lmu'j|an}}、{{t|mic|nmu'j|an}} * 米南佳保語：{{t+|min|anjiang}} * 明戈語：{{t|iro-min|tsíyæ|s}}、{{t|iro-min|tsiyæshö'ö|p}} * 米蘭德斯語：{{t|mwl|can}}、{{t|mwl|perro}} * 米斯基托語：{{t|miq|yul}} * 米沃克語： *: 中部山地米沃克語：{{t|csm|čukú·-}} * 米斯特克語支： *: 南普埃布拉米斯特克語：{{t|mit|tsi'ína|tr=aydi}} * 宮古語：{{t|mvi|犬|tr=いん, in}} * 米佐語：{{t|lus|ui}} * 默切諾語：{{t|mhn|hunt|m}} * 莫霍克語：{{t|moh|é꞉rhar}}、{{t|moh|érhar}} * 莫克沙語：{{t|mdf|пине}} * 孟語：{{t+|mnw|ကၠဵု}} * 蒙古語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t+|mn|нохой}} *: 蒙古字母：{{t|mn|ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ}} * 蒙大拿薩利希語：{{t-check|fla|ʔn̩qʷqʷ̕osǝ́ˀmí}} * 莫圖語：{{t|meu|sisia}} * 蒙達里語：{{t|unr|सेत|tr=seta}} * 門西語：{{t|umu|mwaakaneew}} * 芒語：{{t|mtq|chỏ}} * 毛律語： *: 根地咬毛律語：{{t|kxi|asu}} *: 塔戈爾語：{{t|mvv|asu}}、{{t|mvv|uku'}} * 姆瓦尼語：{{t|wmw|umbwa}} * 那加語： *: 坎紐昂那加語：{{t|kix|jī}} * 那加克里奧爾語：{{t|nag|kukur}} * 納瓦特爾語： *: 中瓦斯特卡納瓦特爾語：{{t|nch|chichi}} *: 中納瓦特爾語：{{t|nhn|chichi}}、{{t|nhn|itzcuintli}} *: 古典納瓦特爾語：{{t|nci|chichi}}、{{t|nci|itzcuintli}} * 赫哲語：{{t|gld|инда}} * 瑙魯語：{{t+|na|robar}} * 納瓦霍語：{{t|nv|łééchąąʼí}} * 那不勒斯語：{{t|nap|ccane}} * 涅吉達爾語：{{t|neg|ӈи̇нахи̇н}}、{{t|neg|ни̇нахи̇н}} * 涅涅茨語組： *: 凍原涅涅茨語：{{t|yrk-tun|вэʼ|tr=vė}}、{{t|yrk-tun|вэʼн|tr=vėn}}、{{t|yrk-tun|вэнеко|tr=vėneko}} * 尼泊爾語：{{t+|ne|कुकुर|m}}、{{t|ne|कुकुरनी|f}} * 尼瓦爾語：{{t|new|खिचा|m}}、{{t|new|खिचानी|f}} * 恩加納桑語：{{t|nio|баӈ|tr=bang}} * 恩加林杰里語：{{t|nay|keli}} * 恩吉亞姆巴語：{{t|wyb|mirri}} * 尼亞斯語：{{t+|nia|asu}} * 尼科巴語族： *: 卡爾尼科巴語：{{t|caq|am}} * 尼日利亞皮欽語：{{t|pcm|dọg}} * 尼伊語：{{t|nii|awu}} * 尼夫赫語：{{t|niv|ӄан}} * 諾蓋語：{{t|nog|ийт}} * 諾曼語：{{t|nrf|tchian|m}} {{qualifier|根西|澤西}} * 挪威語： *: 書面挪威語：{{t+|nb|hund|m}}、{{t+|nb|bikkje|m|f}} {{qualifier|雌性}} *: 新挪威語：{{t+|nn|hund|m}}、{{t|nn|bikkje|f}} {{qualifier|雌性}} * 努埃爾語：{{t|nus|jiök}} * 彝語：{{t|ii|ꈌ}} * 貝拉庫拉語：{{t|blc|watsʼ}} * 奧克語：{{t+|oc|gos}}、{{t+|oc|can}} * 奧利亞語：{{t+|or|କୁକୁର}} * 奧龍尼語： *: 北奧龍尼語：{{t|cst|hutcekniš}} * 奧吉布瓦語：{{t|oj|ᐊᓂᒧᔥ|tr=[[animosh]]}}、{{t|oj|ᐊᓂᒧᔕᒃ|p|tr=[[animoshag]]}} *: 馬尼托巴索爾托語：{{t|ojw|animohš}} * 沖繩語：{{t|ryu|犬|tr=いん, in}}、{{t|ryu|ちーちゃー|tr=chīchā}} {{qualifier|兒語}} * 歐科迪亞語：{{t|okd|ebiri}} * 古教會斯拉夫語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t|cu|пьсъ|m}} *: 格拉哥里字母：{{t|cu|ⱂⱐⱄⱏ|m}} * 古東斯拉夫語：{{t|orv|пьсъ|m}}、{{t|orv|песъ|m}} * 古英語：{{t+|ang|hund|m}} * 古葡萄牙語：{{t|roa-opt|can|m}} * 古諾爾斯語：{{t|non|hundr|m}}、{{t|non|grey|n}}、{{t|non|bikkja|f}} * 古普魯士語：{{t|prg|Sunis}} * 古撒克遜語：{{t|osx|hund|m}} * 奧盧庫米語：{{t|ulb|ázá}} * 歐罕語：{{t|ood|gogs}} * 奧羅奇語：{{t|oac|инаки}} * 鄂羅克語：{{t|oaa|ӈинда}} * 奧羅莫語：{{t+|om|saree}} * 鄂倫春語：{{t|orh|ŋinaɣɪn}} * 奧沙格語：{{t|osa|šóᴺke}} * 奧塞梯語：{{t|os|куыдз}} * 排灣語：{{t|pwn|vatu}} * 帕勞語：{{t|pau|bilis}} * 巴利語：{{t|pi|soṇa|m}}、{{t|pi|sunakha|m}}、{{t|pi|सुनख|m}} {{qualifier|天城文}}、{{t|pi|သုနခ|m}} {{qualifier|緬甸文}}、{{t|pi|สุนะขะ|m}} {{qualifier|泰文}} * 帕莫納語：{{t|pmf|asu}} * 班詩蘭語：{{t|pag|aso}} * 帕皮阿門托語：{{t|pap|kachó}} * 普什圖語：{{t|ps|سپۍ|tr=spëy}}、{{t+|ps|سپی|m}} * 保洛希語：{{t|plh|asu}} * 波尼語：{{t|paw|asaaki}} * 波拉語：{{t|bxd|kʰui³⁵}} * 波斯語： *: 達利波斯語：{{t|prs|سَگ}} *: 伊朗波斯語：{{t|fa-ira|سَگ}} *: 中古波斯語：{{t|pal|𐭪𐭫𐭡𐭠}} * 腓尼基語：{{t|phn|𐤊𐤋𐤁}} * 弗里吉亞語：{{t|xpg|tr=kunes}} * 皮埃蒙特語：{{t|pms|can}} * 皮京語：{{t|pis|dog}} * 皮皮爾語：{{t|ppl|pēlu}}、{{t|ppl|itzkwinti}} * 皮拉罕語：{{t|myp|giopaí}} * 皮詹加加拉語：{{t|pjt|papa}} * 門諾低地德語：{{t|pdt|Hunt|m}} * 波納佩語：{{t|pon|kidi}} * 波拉布語： *: Draweno-波拉布語：{{t|pox|pjas|m}} *: 現代波拉布語：{{t|pox|ṕås|m}} *: 古波拉布語：{{t|pox|pjôs}} * 波蘭語：{{t+|pl|pies|m}}、{{t+|pl|suka|f}} * 葡萄牙語：{{t+|pt|cão|m}}、{{t+|pt|cachorro|m}} * 珀塔瓦托米語：{{t|pot|nëmosh}}、{{t|pot|nëmoshêk|p}} * 波瓦坦語：{{t|pim|atemos}} * 旁遮普語：{{t+|pa|ਕੁੱਤਾ}} * 普雷佩查語：{{t|pua|uíchu}} * 卑南語：{{t|pyu|soan}} * 夸保語：{{t|qua|šǫ́ke}} * 克丘亞語：{{t|qu|alkho}}、{{t|qu|allqu}}、{{t|qu|allgo}} * 奎魯特語：{{t|qui|kadí·do}} * 埃地語：{{t|rad|asâo}} * 拉帕努伊語：{{t|rap|paihéŋa}} * 倫迪勒語：{{t|rel|kar}} * 盧敖語：{{t|ren|cho}} * 留尼旺克里奧爾法語：{{t|rcf|sien}}、{{t|rcf|syin}} * 羅興亞語：{{t|rhg|kutta}}、{{t|rhg|kuñir}} * 羅馬涅語：{{t|rgn|can}}、{{t|rgn|cã|m}} {{qualifier|拉溫那}}、{{t|rgn|chën|m}} {{qualifier|里米尼}}、{{t|rgn|chên|m}} {{qualifier|卡托利卡}} * 羅姆語：{{t|rom|ʒukel|m}}、{{t|rom|ʒukli|f}} * 羅馬尼亞語：{{t+|ro|câine}} {{qualifier|現行正字法}}、{{t+|ro|cîine}} {{qualifier|1950年代正字法}}、{{t+|ro|cățea|f}} * 羅曼什語：{{t|rm|chaun}}、{{t|rm|tgaun}} * 俄語：{{t+|ru|соба́ка|f}}、{{t+|ru|пёс|m}}、{{t+|ru|пси́на|f}} {{qualifier|口語}} * 魯圖爾語：{{t|rut|тыла}} * 盧旺達語：{{t|rw|bwa}} * 薩尼奇語：{{t|str|SḴAXE¸}} * 賽伯伊語：{{t|xsa|𐩫𐩡𐩨}} * 石語：{{t|skb|หม่า|tr=m̀ā}} * 薩霍語：{{t|ssy|kare}} * 薩米語： *: 伊納里薩米語：{{t|smn|peenuv}} *: 基爾丁薩米語：{{t|sjd|пе̄ннэ}} *: 北薩米語：{{t|se|beana}} *: 斯科爾特薩米語：{{t|sms|piânnai}} *: 南薩米語：{{t|sma|bïenje}} *: 特爾薩米語：{{t|sjt|pienɨj}}、{{t|sjt|pienne}} * 薩摩亞語：{{t|sm|maile}}、{{t|sm|'ulī}} * 桑格語：{{t|sxn|asu}} * 桑戈語：{{t+|sg|mbo}} * 梵語：{{t+|sa|श्वन्|m}}、{{t+|sa|शुनक|m}}、{{t+|sa|भषक|m}}、{{t+|sa|कुर्कुर|m}} * 桑塔利語：{{t|sat|ᱥᱮᱛᱚ}} * 撒丁語：{{t|sc|cani}}、{{t|sc|cane}}、{{t|sc|perru}}、{{t|sc|catteddu}}、{{t|sc|giagaru}} *: 坎皮達諾方言：{{t|sc|cani}} * 薩薩克語：{{t|sas|asu}} * 薩薩里語：{{t|sdc|cani}} * 低地蘇格蘭語：{{t|sco|dug}} * 蘇格蘭蓋爾語：{{t+|gd|cù|m}}、{{t|gd|madadh|m}} * 塞波普語：{{t|sib|acuʼ}} * 塞訥卡語：{{t|see|ji꞉yäh}} * 塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t+|sh|пас|m}}、{{t|sh|псић|f}} {{qualifier|指小}}、{{t|sh|кучка|f}}、{{t|sh|куче|m}}、{{t|sh|куца|f}} {{qualifier|指小}}、{{t|sh|џукела|f}} {{qualifier|貶義}} *: 拉丁語：{{t+|sh|pas|m}}、{{t|sh|psić|f}} {{qualifier|指小}}、{{t+|sh|kučka|f}}、{{t+|sh|kuče|m}}、{{t+|sh|kuca|f}} {{qualifier|指小}}、{{t+|sh|džukela|f}} {{qualifier|貶義}} * 瑟里語：{{t|sei|ʔɑχʃ}} * 撣語：{{t+|shn|မႃ}} * 歇爾布羅語：{{t|bun|thumɔɛ}} * 夏爾巴語：{{t|xsr|कि}}、{{t|xsr|ཀྱི}} * 修納語：{{t|sn|imbwá}} * 紹爾語：{{t|cjs|адай|tr=aday}} * 休休尼語：{{t|shh|sadee’}} * 西西里語：{{t+|scn|cani|m}} * 希達摩語：{{t|sid|woshichcho|m}} * 錫默盧語：{{t|smr|asu}} * 信德語：{{t+|sd|ڪتو|tr=kuto}} * 僧加羅語：{{t+|si|බල්ලා}}、{{t+|si|සුනඛයා}}、{{t+|si|බැල්ලී|f}}、{{t+|si|බැල්ලී|f}}、{{t+|si|සුනඛයා}} * 西拉雅語：{{t|fos|asu}} * 斯洛伐克語：{{t+|sk|pes|m}}、{{t+|sk|suka|f}} * 斯洛文尼亞語：{{t+|sl|pes|m}}、{{t+|sl|psica|f}} * 索馬里語：{{t+|so|eey}}、{{t|so|ey}} * 索布語： *: 下索布語：{{t|dsb|pjas|m}} *: 上索布語：{{t+|hsb|pos|m}}、{{t|hsb|psyk|m}} * 塞索托語：{{t+|st|ntja}}、{{t|st|dinjta|p}} * 西班牙語：{{t+|es|perro|m}}、{{t+|es|can|m}} {{qualifier|正式}}、{{t+|es|tuso|m}}、{{t+|es|pichicho|m}} {{qualifier|小型犬|南美洲}} * 蘇里南湯加語：{{t|srn|dagu}} * 松巴哇語：{{t|smw|asu}} * 蘇美爾語：{{t|sux|𒌨|tr=UR}} * 巽他語：{{t+|su|anjing}}、{{t|su|guguk}} * 斯凡語：{{t|sva|ჟეღ}} * 斯瓦希里語：{{t+check|sw|mbwa|c9|c10}} * 史瓦濟語：{{t+|ss|înjá}} * 瑞典語：{{t+|sv|hund|c}}、{{t+|sv|hynda|c}} {{qualifier|雌性}} * 塔巴魯語：{{t|tby|kaso}} * 塔巴薩蘭語：{{t|tab|ху}} * 塔埃語：{{t|rob|asu}} * 他加祿語：{{t+|tl|aso}} * 大溪地語：{{t|ty|ʻurī}}、{{t|ty|ʻūrī}} * 傣黯語：{{t|blt|ꪢꪱ|tr=ma}} * 傣納語：{{t|tdd|ᥛᥣᥴ|tr=máa}} * 塔吉克語：{{t+|tg|саг}}、{{t+|tg|кучук}} * 塔利什語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t|tly|сыпә}} *: 拉丁字母：{{t|tly|sıpə}} * 泰米爾語：{{t+|ta|நாய்}}、{{t+|ta|ஞமலி}}、{{t+|ta|ஞாளி}} * 陶斯語：{{t|twf|cùloʼóna}} * 里菲安語：{{t|rif|aydi|m}}、{{t|rif|aqzin|m}}、{{t|rif|aheggar|m}} * 賽德克語：{{t-check|trv|huling}} * 施盧赫語：{{t|shi|aydi|m}}、{{t|shi|ⴰⵢⴷⵉ|m}} * 塔特語：{{t|ttt|сэг}} * 韃靼語：{{t+|tt|эт}} * 陶蘇格語：{{t|tsg|iru'}} * 特波里語：{{t|tbl|ohu}} * 泰盧固語：{{t+|te|కుక్క}}、{{t+|te|శునకము}} * 特爾納特語：{{t|tft|kaso}} * 泰語：{{t+|th|หมา}}、{{t+|th|สุนัข}} *: 北部泰語：{{t|nod|ᩉ᩠ᨾᩣ}} * 藏語：{{t|bo|ཁྱི}} * 蒂多雷語：{{t|tvo|kaso}} * 提格雷語：{{t|tig|ከልብ}} * 提格里尼亞語：{{t+|ti|ከልቢ}} * 廷迪語：{{t|tin|хва}} * 泰雷諾語：{{t|tiv|iwa}} * 提維語：{{t|tiw|kitarringani|m}}、{{t|tiw|kitarringaka|f}}、{{t|tiw|wankini|m}}、{{t|tiw|wanka|f}}、{{t|tiw|pulangumwani|m}}、{{t|tiw|pulangumwaka|f}} * 特林吉特語：{{t|tli|keitl}} * 吐火羅語A：{{t|xto|ku}} * 吐火羅語B：{{t|txb|ku}} * 托克皮辛語：{{t|tpi|dok}} * 通加語 (馬拉維)：{{t|tog|garu|1a}} * 通加語 (贊比亞)：{{t|toi|munkala|c1}} * 湯加語：{{t|to|kulī}} * 通卡瓦語：{{t|tqw|ˀɛkʷʌn}} * 通騰博安語：{{t|tnt|asu}} * 查庫爾語：{{t|tkr|хваа}} * 采茲語：{{t|ddo|гъІвай}}、{{t|ddo|бахІри}} * 聰加語：{{t-check|ts|mbyana|c9|c10}} * 茨瓦納語：{{t+|tn|ntša|c9|c10}} * 圖陸語：{{t+|tcy|ನಾಯಿ}} * 通布卡語：{{t|tum|nchewe|9}} * 圖皮南巴語：{{t|tpn|îagûara}} * 土耳其語：{{t+|tr|köpek}}、{{t+|tr|it}} *: 鄂圖曼土耳其語：{{t|ota|كوپك|tr=köpek}}、{{t|ota|ایت|tr=it}} * 土庫曼語：{{t+|tk|it}}、{{t|tk|köpek}} * 圖瓦盧語：{{t|tvl|kuli}} * 圖瓦語：{{t|tyv|ыт}} * 楚圖希爾語：{{t|tzj|tz’i’}} * 瓦布梅托語：{{t|aoz|asu}} * 烏迪語：{{t|udi|хаъ}} * 烏德蓋語：{{t|ude|инʼаи}} * 烏得穆爾特語：{{t|udm|пуны}} * 烏加里特語：{{t|uga|𐎋𐎍𐎁}} * 烏克蘭語：{{t+|uk|соба́ка|m|f}}、{{t+|uk|пес|m}} * 烏爾奇語：{{t|ulc|и̇ӈда}} * 姆班杜語：{{t|umb|ombwa}} * 摩羅博蘭語：{{t|umg|alinhim}} * 烏納米語：{{t|unm|mwekane}} * 烏爾都語：{{t+|ur|کُتّا|m}}、{{t+|ur|سَگ|m}} * 維吾爾語：{{t+|ug|ئىت}} *: 西里爾字母：{{t|ug|ит}} * 烏茲別克語：{{t+|uz|it}} * 文達語：{{t-check|ve|mmbwa}} * 威尼斯語：{{t+|vec|can|m}} * 維普斯語：{{t|vep|koir}} * 越南語：{{t+|vi|chó}}、{{t+|vi|cẩu}} {{qualifier|非正式}}、{{t+|vi|khuyển}} {{qualifier|非正式}} * 維拉莫維安語：{{t|wym|hund}} * 維利語：{{t|vif|mbwa}} * 沃拉普克語：{{t+|vo|dog}}、{{t+|vo|jidog}} {{qualifier|雌性}}, {{t+|vo|jodog}} {{qualifier|已被閹割的雌性}} * 佛羅語：{{t|vro|pini}} * 沃特語：{{t|vot|koirõ}} * 瓦隆語：{{t+|wa|tchén}}、{{t+|wa|lexhe|m}} * 瓦瑞瓦瑞語：{{t|war|ayam}}、{{t|war|idó}} * 瓦爾達曼語：{{t|wrr|minini}} {{qualifier|馴化}} * 瓦爾皮瑞語：{{t|wbp|maliki}} * 威爾士語：{{t+|cy|ci|m}} *: 中古威爾士語：{{t|wlm|ki|m}} * 西部裕固語：{{t|ybe|əʂt}} * 西馬基安語：{{t|mqs|aso}} * 威奇塔語：{{t|wic|kicíyeeh}} * 沃伊伍龍語：{{t|wyi|yirrangin}} * 沃萊塔語：{{t|wal|kanaa}} * 沃洛夫語：{{t+|wo|xaj}} * 五屯話：{{t|wuh|gek}}、{{t|wuh|haba}} * 科薩語：{{t|xh|inja}} * 亞坎語：{{t|yka|asu}} * 雅庫特語：{{t|sah|ыт}} * 雅加語：{{t|yag|yaSala}} * 延德納語：{{t|jmd|asu}} * 達悟語：{{t|tao|ino}} * 南古語：{{t|jay|wuŋgan}} * 雅浦語：{{t|yap|pilis}} * 雅威尤哈語：{{t|yby|ula}} * 意第緒語：{{t+|yi|הונט|m}} * 依蒂尼語：{{t|yii|gudaga}} * 尤加德語：{{t|yog|atu}} * 約魯巴語：{{t|yo|ajá}} * 尤卡坦瑪雅語：{{t|yua|peek’}} * 尤奇語：{{t|yuc|tsɛnɔ̣}} * 尤卡吉爾語系： *: 北尤卡吉爾語：{{t|ykg|лаамэ}} *: 南尤卡吉爾語：{{t|yux|тоуко}} * 中阿拉斯加尤皮克語：{{t|esu|qimugta|s}}、{{t|esu|qimugtak}} {{qualifier|雙數}}、{{t|esu|qimugtat|p}} * 尤羅克語：{{t|yur|ch'eeshah}}、{{t|yur|megokw}} * 扎巴拉語：{{t|zro|ariawko}} * 薩波特克語： *: 地峽薩波特克語：{{t|zai|biʼcuʼ}} * 扎扎其語：{{t|zza|kutık m}}、{{t+|zza|kırte}}、{{t|zza|kutte}}、{{t|zza|kutuk|m}} * 澤蘭語：{{t|zea|'ond|m}} * 壯語：{{t|za|ma}} * 祖魯語：{{t+|zu|inja|c9|c10}} * 祖尼語：{{t|zun|wattsida}} {{trans-bottom}} ===組詞=== {{col3|zh|狗寶|狗吃屎|狗膽包天|狗苟蠅營|狗急跳牆|狗命|狗拿耗子|狗刨|狗刨兒|狗皮膏藥|狗屁|狗屁不通|狗肉|狗屎堆|狗頭軍師|狗腿子|狗窩|狗熊|狗血噴頭|狗咬|狗崽子|狗子|狗仔|狗嘴裡吐不出象牙|狗仗人勢|看家狗|獵狗|落水狗|魚狗|母狗|狗牌|偷雞摸狗|哈巴狗|天狗吃月|功人功狗|人模狗樣|偷狗戲雞|弄狗相咬|引狗入寨|兔盡狗烹|喪家狗|國狗|兔死狗烹|塞狗洞|天狗螺|幫狗吃食|屠狗|屠狗之輩|巴兒狗|天狗|偷雞盜狗|北京狗|偷貓遞狗|嫁狗隨狗|天狗食月|天狗吞月|大丹狗|土龍芻狗|土狗|喪家之狗|咬人狗|功狗功人|功狗|偷雞吊狗|天狗熱|狗豆子|狗盜|指豬罵狗|狗監|打人罵狗|捉雞罵狗|狗竇大開|狼狗|狗續貂尾|狗彘|死狗|狗蚤|癩皮狗|替狗奪食|狗氣|狗竇|攬狗屎|狗屎|狗偷鼠竊|狗彘不食|狗皮倒灶|流浪狗|狗尾續貂|狗毛|狗心狗行|瘋狗|狗官|畫虎成狗|拖狗皮|狗吠之警|狗氣殺|狗食|打狗|狗彘不若|瘈狗|畫虎類狗|指雞罵狗|狗骨頭|狗顛屁股|狗站|狗洞|狗馬聲色|狗血淋頭|狗屋|獾狗|狐朋狗友|狐狸狗|狐鳴狗盜|泥豬瓦狗|獅子狗|白雲蒼狗|狗探湯|白衣蒼狗|瘋狗潮|瘋狗浪|狗仗官勢|狗賊|狗兔聽提|狼心狗行|狼心狗肺|狼心狗幸|狗黨狐群|狗馬之心|狗馬|狗雜種|狗追耗子|狗血噴臉|狗蝨|狗苟|狗矢|狗爪子|狗烹錡釜|狗材|狗才|狗屁倒灶|狗尾草|狗套頭|狗吠非主|狗吠之驚|狗吃熱屎|狐朋狗黨|狗盜鼠竊|牛黃狗寶|狗行狼心|熱狗|摸雞偷狗|狗腿|狗屠|狗肺狼心|狗顛兒|狗盜雞鳴|殺狗勸夫|殺狗記|狗彘不如|海狗|打落水狗|狐群狗黨|狗屠角牴|耍狗熊|見兔呼狗|行同狗豨|芻狗|跖狗吠堯|莠狗尾草|走狗烹|聲色狗馬|雞飛狗走|雞飛狗跳|踹狗尾|雞零狗碎|豬狗不如|蠅營狗苟|鼠竊狗偷|飛鷹走狗|羊頭狗肉|黑狗子|踏狗尾|遛狗|鬥雞走狗|笨狗|行同狗彘|豬朋狗友|豬兄狗弟|行若狗彘|鼠竊狗盜|雞鳴狗吠|阿狗阿貓|阿貓阿狗|阿豬阿狗|驢心狗肺|鑽狗洞|耍死狗|雞鳴狗盜|跑狗場|臘腸狗|賣狗懸羊|赤狗日|鬣狗|走狗|小奶狗|跟尾狗|耷尾狗|落狗屎|餓狗搶屎|落閘放狗|狗瘦主人羞|狗眼看人低|狗改不了吃屎|無聲狗咬死人|掛羊頭賣狗肉|唔食狗肉撈狗汁|天落饅頭狗造化|關門打狗，無路可走|阿崩叫狗，越叫越走|阿崩咬狗虱，唔死有排慌|nan:豬毋大，大對狗去<tr:ti m̄ tōa, tōa tùi káu khì>|肉包子打狗|痟狗湧<tr:siáu-káu-éng>|痟狗舂墓壙<tr:siáu káu cheng bōng-khòng>|狗嘴裡還有象牙|羊肉落在狗嘴裡|狗口裡吐不出象牙|狗血|人急懸梁，狗急跳牆|一塊羊肉落在狗口裡|哈巴狗咬虼蚤|鳥不生蛋，狗不拉屎|嫁雞隨雞，嫁狗隨狗|寧塞城門，不填狗洞|咬人的狗兒不露齒|懸羊頭賣狗肉|掛羊頭煮狗肉|狗咬呂洞賓|狗咬狗|狗咬狗骨|狗咬呂洞賓——不識好人心|狗獾|狗嘴長不出象牙|烏狗吃食，白狗當災|落水狗上岸|落水狗上岸——窮抖|狗臉生六月之霜|金窩銀窩不如自己的狗窩|狗子夾尾巴|狗攬三堆屎|狡兔死，良狗烹|狗長尾巴尖兒|狗頭上生角|舔狗|狗衝}} ===派生語彙=== {{cjkv||||cẩu}} '''其他'''： * {{desc|wuh|gek}} ===來源=== * {{R:yue:Hanzi}} * {{thcwd|4345}} * {{R:hak:Zhou 2023|pp=227}} {{zh-cat|Elementary}} {{C|zh|狗|執法}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=uc|rs=犬05}} # [[小狗]]，狗 # [[哨兵]] # [[窺探]]者或[[間諜]] # [[無用]]，[[沒用]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=く |kanon=こう |kun=いぬ-, えぬ-<ゑぬ- }} ====組詞==== {{col|ja |{{ja-r|狗%鷲|いぬ%わし}} |{{ja-r|狗%肉|く%にく}} |{{ja-r|狗%吠|く%はい}} |{{ja-r|天%狗|てん%ぐ}} }} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|いぬ|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|犬}} ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|えぬ|yomi=k}} 首次記載於西元934年成書的《{{w|和名類聚抄}}》。<ref name="KDJ2">{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2|狗}}</ref> Martin則提出一種縮約形式，相當於古日語{{com|ojp|小|犬|tr1=wo-|tr2=inu|pos1=指小前綴|t2=狗}}。<ref>{{R:ja:Martin 1987||393}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|えぬ}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えぬ|hist=ゑぬ}} # {{lb|ja|obsolete}} [[小狗]]，狗 =====使用說明===== 棄用。大多數字典中未收錄。 ===來源=== <references/> :* {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0001657000|^▲狗}} {{C|ja|狗|sort=いぬ}} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|개|구}} # {{hanja form of|구|狗}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=犬05 |hanviet=cẩu-tdcntd;gdhn;bonet;genibrel |phienthiet=舉后 cử hậu |nom=cẩu-tdcntd;bonet;taberd }} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=犬05}} ====組詞==== {{col|vi |{{vi-l|海狗|hải cẩu}} }} ===來源=== <references/> cj5pr11olww53ntyzt8455n99uwjspe 9944372 9944370 2026-10-15T03:38:31Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 釋義 */ 好像有點循環解釋了 9944372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== {{stroke order|strokes=8}} {{stroke order|type=animate}} ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=94|rad=犬|as=05|sn=8|four=47220|canj=KHPR|ids=⿰犭句}} ====衍生字==== * {{charlist|sc=Hani|𭲉𬍉𬍌𮏛𤟳}} ====來源==== {{Han ref|kx=0709.120|dkj=20345|dj=1121.220|hdz=21341.050|ch=8740006.03|sbgy=326.18|uh=72D7}} ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=豿,㺃}} [[Image:YellowLabradorLooking_new.jpg|thumb|<math display="block"></math>]] ===字源=== {{Han etyl}} {{Han compound|犬|句|ls=psc|c1=s|c2=p}}。 ===詞源=== 源自某種現代{{cog|hmx}}祖語，來自{{der|zh|hmx-pro|*qluwˣ||狗}}，可能來自{{der|zh|map-pro|*(u-)(ŋ)kuɣkuɣ||狗}} ({{zh-ref|Norman, 1988}}；{{zh-ref|Benedict, 1996}})。 另一個說法，STEDT溯源至{{inh|zh|sit-pro|*d-kʷəj-n||狗}}，{{och-l|犬}}也經由此衍生。 較不常見的是，它可能與{{och-l|駒|幼馬}}、{{och-l|羔|羔羊}}、{{och-l|𤘽|小狗}}有關 ({{zh-ref|Wang, 1982}})。出土的戰國及秦代文獻中可見{{zh-l|狗子|小狗}}、{{zh-l|虎狗}}；在《{{w|嶽麓秦簡}}》中，後者因賞賜較低而與成年老虎有所區別。這表明「{{m|zh|狗}}」一字，如同其異體字「{{m|zh|豿}}」一般，亦可指代幼獸或幼崽。 ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=gǒu |ma=LL-Q9192 (cmn)-雲角-狗.wav |m-s=gou3 |m-x=gòu |m-nj=gǒu |c=gau2 |ca=LL-Q9186-Justinrleung-狗.wav |c-dg=gaau2 |c-t=geu2 |g=gieu3 |h=pfs=kiéu;hrs=h:gieuˊ;gd=gêu3;ct=geu3 |j=gou2 |mb=ě/gě |mb_note=ě - 白讀; gě - 文讀 |md=gēu |mn=ml,tw,jj,yc,ph,sg:káu/xm,zz,tw:kó͘/qz:kió |mn_note=káu - 白讀; kó͘/kió - 文讀 |mna=LL-Q36495 (nan)-Akamycoco-káu.wav |mn-t=gao2 |mn-l=gao2 |px=pt,xy:gao3/pt,xy:gieo3 |px_note=gao3 - 白讀; gieo3 - 文讀 |sp=gau2 |w=sh:5keu;sz,cm,cs,hn,hz,jj,nb,sj,sx,tx,yx:3keu;hy,jx,ks:3ke;cz,hz,zs:3kei;nb:3ki;zs:3kien;cx:1kieu;xs:3kio;fy:3kiou;dq,jd:3koe;jd:5koe |w_note=Hangzhou: 3kei - 普遍; 3keu - 老年說話者 Jiading: 3koe - 普遍; 5koe - 部分都市口音 Ningbo: 3keu - 普遍; 3ki - 殘存兒化 Zhoushan: 3kei - 普遍; 3kien - 用於小黃狗 |w-j=3kieu |x=gou3 |x-l=jieu3 |x-h=gou3 |mc=y |oc=y |cat=n,a,m:v,pn }} ===釋義=== {{head|zh|漢字}} # [[犬科]][[哺乳動物]][[犬]]（{{taxfmt|Canis lupus familiaris|subspecies}}）的[[通稱]]{{zh-mw|m,c,mn:隻|m:條}} #: {{zh-co|餵 狗}} #: {{zh-co|累{lèi} 成 狗}} # [[十二生肖]]之一 # {{lb|zh|derogatory}} [[令人]][[不愉快]]的某人、某事 #: {{zh-co|的士 狗|混帳計程車司機|tr=dīshì '''gǒu'''}} #* {{zh-x|你 是 條 狗，是 王八{ba} 養 的！||ref='''2001'''年，{{w|瓊瑤}}《{{w|情深深雨濛濛}}》第39集 (中國大陸版)}} ## {{n-g|用作定語。}} ##: {{zh-co|狗 男女}} ##: {{zh-co|狗官}} ##: {{zh-x|看 老娘 錘 爆 你 的 狗 頭！}} ## {{lb|zh|neologism|self-deprecatory}} 悲慘、可憐的人（{{n-g|用於組詞}}） ##: {{zh-co|單身狗}} ## {{lb|zh|neologism|self-deprecatory}} [[聽話]]或[[過勞]]的[[員工]]；[[社畜]] ##: {{syn|zh|社畜}} ##: {{zh-co|公司 的 狗}} ##: {{zh-co|IT 狗}} ## {{lb|zh|Hong Kong|neologism|derogatory}} [[警察]] ##* {{zh-x|完 咗 跟 大隊 去 狗屋|之後跟我們去狗窩（{{=}}{{w|香港警察總部|警察總部}}）|C|ref='''2019'''年，[https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/realtime/article/20190626/59757975]}} ##* {{zh-x|撚{lan2} 狗 行{hang4}動|戲弄警察行動||C|ref='''2019'''年，[https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/realtime/article/20190621/59740269]}} # {{lb|zh|chiefly|Beijing}} [[奉承]] # {{lb|zh|Cantonese}} [[狡猾]] # {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[幼獸]]；[[年幼]]的[[熊]]或[[虎]] # {{surname|zh}} ====同義詞==== * {{sense|狗}} {{zh-dial}} * {{sense|生肖}} {{zh-dial|狗-2}} * {{sense|香港：警察}} {{zh-l|警犬}} ====同類詞彙==== {{list:Chinese zodiac signs/zh}} ====翻譯==== {{trans-top|犬科動物}} * 阿薩語：{{t|aas|wa-t}} * 阿包語：{{t|aau|nwoh}} * 阿巴扎語：{{t|abq|ла}} * 阿貝納基語：{{t|abe|adia}}、{{t|abe|alemos}} * 阿布哈茲語：{{t|ab|ала}} * 亞齊語：{{t|ace|asèë}} * 阿法爾語：{{t|aa|kuta}} * 南非語：{{t+|af|hond}}、{{t+|af|honde|p}} * 阿古爾語：{{t|agx|гъуй}} * 阿埃塔語： *: 卡西古蘭杜馬加特阿埃塔語：{{t|dgc|aso}} * 阿洪姆語：{{t|aho|𑜉𑜡}} * 阿特納語：{{t|aht|łicʼae}} * 阿伊努語：{{t|ain|セタ|tr=seta}}、{{t|ain|レエㇷ゚|tr=reep}} * 艾通語：{{t|aio|မႃ|tr=mā}} * 阿日厄語：{{t|aji|lova|tr=lova}} * 阿坎語：{{t|ak|kraman}} * 阿赫瓦赫語：{{t|akv|хве}} {{qualifier|南部}}、{{t|akv|хвай}} {{qualifier|北部}} * 阿卡德語：{{t|akk|𒌨|m|tr=kalbu, UR}} * 阿克蘭語：{{t|akl|ayam}} * 亞拉巴馬語：{{t|akz|ifa}} * 阿爾巴尼亞語：{{t+|sq|qen|m}} * 阿留申語：{{t|ale|sabaakax}} * 阿爾泰語： *: 南阿爾泰語：{{t|alt|ийт}} * 阿魯尼語：{{t|alp|asu}} * 阿留特語：{{t|alr|г'ытг'ын|tr=ʕətʕən}} * 阿爾維里-維達里語：{{t|avd|اسبه|tr=asbe}} {{qualifier|維達里語}} * 阿瑪語：{{t|amm|aluwou}} * 奄美大島語群： *: 北奄美大島語：{{t|ryn|犬|tr=いん, in}} *: 南奄美大島語：{{t|ams|犬|tr=いん, in}} * 美國手語：{{t|ase|Kop@Inside-PalmForward 1o@Inside}} * 阿姆哈拉語：{{t|am|ውሻ}}、{{t|am|ከልብ}}、{{t|am|ዉሻ}} * 阿美語：{{t|ami|wacu}} * 阿穆茲戈語： *: 格雷羅阿穆茲戈語：{{t|amu|kítzë'}} * 安迪語：{{t|ani|хой}} * 安戈爾語：{{t|agg|yaforɨ}} * 阿帕契語： *: 希卡里亞語：{{t|apj|chíníí}} *: 西阿帕契語：{{t|apw|góshé}}、{{t|apw|łichánee}} * 阿拉伯語：{{t+|ar|كَلْب|m}} *: 乍得阿拉伯語：{{t|shu|كلب|m|tr=kalib}} *: 塞浦路斯阿拉伯語：{{t|acy|κήλπ|tr=kilp}} *: 埃及阿拉伯語：{{t|arz|كلب|m|tr=kalb}} *: 海灣阿拉伯語：{{t|afb|چلب|tr=čalb}} *: 漢志阿拉伯語：{{t|acw|كَلْب|m|tr=kalb}} *: 美索不達米亞阿拉伯語：{{t|acm|چلب|m|tr=čalb}} *: 朱巴阿拉伯語：{{t|pga|kelib}} *: 摩洛哥阿拉伯語：{{t|ary|كلب|m|tr=kalb}} *: 南黎凡特阿拉伯語：{{t|ajp|كلب|m|tr=kalb}} *: 蘇丹阿拉伯語：{{t|apd|كلب|m|tr=kalib}} * 阿拉貢語：{{t|an|gos}}、{{t|an|chin}} * 亞拉姆語： *: 亞述新亞拉姆語：{{t|aii|ܟܲܠܒ݂ܵܐ|m|tr=kalwa}}、{{t|aii|ܟܲܠܒܬܵܐ|f|tr=kalbta}} *: 古典敘利亞語：{{t|syc|ܟܠܒܐ|m|tr=kalbā}}、{{t|syc|ܟܠܒܬܐ|f|tr=kalbəṯā}} *: 猶太巴比倫亞拉姆語：{{t|arc|כַּלְבָּא|m|tr=kalbā}}、{{t|arc|כַּלְבְּתָא|f|tr=kalbəṯā}} * 阿拉帕霍語：{{t|arp|he3}} * 阿爾戈巴語：{{t|agj|ውሻ|tr=wǝša}} * 亞美尼亞語：{{t+|hy|շուն}} * 阿羅馬尼亞語：{{t|rup|cãni|m}}、{{t+|rup|cãne|m}} * 阿蘭達語： *: 東阿蘭達語：{{t|aer|akngwelye}} * 亞夏尼加語：{{t|cni|otsitzi}} * 阿薩姆語：{{t|as|কুকুৰ}} * 阿西內本語：{{t|asb|šunga}} * 阿斯圖里亞斯語：{{t+|ast|perru|m}}、{{t+|ast|can}}、{{t+|ast|cusu}} * 阿通語 (印度)：{{t|aot|kyiʼ}} * 澳洲克里奧爾語：{{t|rop|dog}} * 阿瓦爾語：{{t|av|гьой}} * 阿維斯陀語：{{t|ae|𐬯𐬞𐬁}} * 阿瓦德語：{{t|awa|कूकर}} * 艾馬拉語：{{t+|ay|anu}} * 阿塞拜疆語：{{t+|az|it}}、{{t+|az|köpək}} * 巴克特里亞語：{{t|xbc|κοδο}} * 巴格瓦拉爾語：{{t|kva|гьвай}} * 巴拿語：{{t|bdq|kŏ}} * 巴瑤語： *: 西海岸巴瑤語：{{t|bdr|owa'}}、{{t|bdr|oa'}} * 巴庫語：{{t-check|xkl|acuʼ}} * 巴厘語：{{t|ban|cicing}}、{{t|ban|asu}} * 俾路支語：{{t|bal|کچک|tr=kucak}} * 班巴拉語：{{t|bm|wùlù}} * 班達語：{{t|bnd|asu}} * 邦蓋語：{{t|bgz|asu}} * 邦吉語：{{t|bni|mbwa}} * 班查語：{{t+|bjn|hadupan}} * 巴什基爾語：{{t|ba|эт}} * 巴斯克語：{{t+|eu|txakur}}、{{t|eu|etxe-txakur}} * 巴塔克語支： *: 托巴巴塔克語：{{t|bbc|asu}}、{{t|bbc|biang}} * 巴茨語：{{t|bbl|ფჰ̡უ}} * 貝扎語：{{t|bej|yaas}} * 白俄羅斯語：{{t+|be|саба́ка|m|f}}、{{t|be|пёс|m}} * 本巴語：{{t|bem|imbwa}} * 孟加拉語：{{t+|bn|কুকুর}}、{{t+|bn|কুত্তা}} * 伯拉萬語：{{t|lod|acew}} {{qualifier|Central}} * 別日塔語：{{t|kap|во}} * 博杰普爾語：{{t|bho|कुकुर}} * 比達友語： *: 查格依語：{{t|sne|kosuong}} * 大納姆巴斯語：{{t|nmb|lip'ah}} * 比科爾語： *: 中比科爾語：{{t+|bcl|ayam}}、{{t+|bcl|dayo}}、{{t+|bcl|ido}} *: 伊里加比科拉諾語：{{t|bto|ayam}} * 比爾巴語：{{t|bpz|asu}} * 民都魯語：{{t|bny|asou}}、{{t|bny|asew}} * 比塞尼語：{{t|ije|ebiri}} * 比斯拉馬語：{{t|bi|dog}} * 黑腳語：{{t|bla|imitáá}} * 博羅基語：{{t|bkt|mbwá}} * 邦托克語： *: 中邦托克語：{{t|lbk|aso}} * 博羅洛語：{{t|bor|arigao}} * 博特利赫語：{{t|bph|хай}} * 布依語：{{t|pcc|duezmal}}、{{t|pcc|mal}} * 布列塔尼語：{{t+|br|ki|m}}、{{t+|br|kiez|f}} *: 中古布列塔尼語：{{t|xbm|ci|m}} * 汶萊米沙鄢語：{{t|bsb|asu}} * 布都赫語：{{t|bdk|хор}}、{{t|bdk|тІартІа}} * 布吉語：{{t|bug|asu}}、{{t|bug|ᨕᨔᨘ}} * 保加利亞語：{{t+|bg|ку́че|n}}、{{t+|bg|пес|m}} {{qualifier|口語}}、{{t+|bg|псе|n}} {{qualifier|口語}} * 布農語：{{t|bnn|asu}} * 緬甸語：{{t+|my|ခွေး}} * 布里亞特語：{{t|bua|нохой}} * 卡克語：{{t|msq|cawek}} * 喀多語：{{t|cad|díˀṣi}} * 卡維拉語：{{t|chl|'áwal}} * 卡拉米-塔格巴努瓦語：{{t|tbk|ohu}} * 盧森尼亞語：{{t|rue|пес|m}}、{{t-check|rue|котюга|m}} * 達凱爾語：{{t|crx|ɫi}} * 加泰羅尼亞語：{{t+|ca|gos}}、{{t+|ca|ca|m}}、{{t+|ca|gossa|f}}、{{t|ca|cutxu}} {{qualifier|阿爾蓋洛}} * 卡托巴語：{{t|chc|tansi}} * 卡尤加語：{{t|cay|só꞉wa꞉s}} * 宿霧語：{{t|ceb|iro}}、{{t|ceb|ayam}} * 中阿特拉斯柏柏爾語：{{t|tzm|ⴰⵢⴷⵉ|m}} * 查克馬語：{{t|ccp|𑄇𑄪𑄉𑄪𑄢𑄴|tr=kugur}} * 占語： *: 東占語：{{t|cjm|asau}} *: 西占語：{{t|cja|sau}} * 查馬拉爾語：{{t|cji|хва̅й}} * 查米庫羅語：{{t|ccc|ma'nali}} * 查莫羅語：{{t|ch|ga'lagu}} * 車臣語：{{t|ce|жӏаьла}} * 切彭語：{{t|cdm|कुयः}} * 切羅基語：{{t+|chr|ᎩᏟ}}、{{t+|chr|ᎩᎵ}} * 夏延語：{{t|chy|oeškeso}} * 齊切瓦語：{{t|ny|galú|1a}} * 奇卡索語：{{t|cic|ofi'}} * 欽語： *: 法蘭欽語：{{t|cfm|uico}} *: 庫米欽語：{{t|cnk|ui}} *: 梯頂語：{{t|ctd|ui}} * 喬克托語：{{t|cho|ofi}} * 喬爾蒂語：{{t|caa|c'i'}} * 朱魯語：{{t|cje|əsɣu}} * 楚科奇語：{{t|ckt|ыʼттъын|tr=yʼttʺyn}}、{{t|ckt|ыʼттъыт|p|tr=yʼttʺyt}}、{{t|ckt|вытэԓгын|tr=vytėḷgyn}} {{qualifier|灰色的}} * 楚克語：{{t|chk|konak}} * 楚瓦什語：{{t|cv|йытӑ}} * 吉阿吉阿語：{{t|cia|아우}} * 切爾克斯語族： *: 東切爾克斯語：{{t+|kbd|хьэ}} *: 西切爾克斯語：{{t|ady|хьэ}} * 科曼奇語：{{t|com|sarii}} * 科摩羅語支： *: 大科摩羅語：{{t|zdj|mɓwa}} * 科普特語：{{t|cop|ⲟⲩϩⲟⲣ|m}} * 科拉語：{{t|crn|ẓʌ'ʌ}} * 康沃爾語：{{t|kw|ki}} * 科西嘉語：{{t+|co|cane|m}}、{{t+|co|ghjacaru|m}} * 克里語：{{t|cr|ᐊᑎᒼ}} *: 阿提卡米克語：{{t|atj|atimw}} *: 蒙大拿語：{{t|moe|atimᵘ}} * 克里克語：{{t|mus|éfv}} * 克里米亞韃靼語：{{t|crh|köpek}}、{{t|crh|it}}、{{t|crh|boşuq}} * 捷克語：{{t+|cs|pes|m}}、{{t+|cs|fena|f}} * 達爾馬提亞語：{{t|dlm|cun|m}}、{{t|dlm|kun|m}}、{{t|dlm|cuon|m}}、{{t|dlm|kuon|m}} * 丹麥語：{{t+|da|hund|c}} * 達爾金語：{{t|dar|хя}} * 達金容語：{{t|xda|mirri}} * 德法卡語：{{t|afn|ebere}} * 德格馬語：{{t|deg|ạ́ḅụ́ạ̄}} * 代那安那語：{{t|tfn|łikʼa}} * 迪維希語：{{t|dv|ބަޅު}}、{{t+|dv|ކުއްތާ}} * 迪埃里語：{{t|dif|kinthala}} * 多格里布語：{{t|dgr|tłı̨}} * 多爾干語：{{t|dlg|ыт}} * 獨龍語：{{t|duu|dvgeui}} * 杜斯內爾語：{{t|dsn|nap}} * 杜順語： *: 中部杜順語：{{t|dtp|tasu}} * 荷蘭語：{{t+|nl|hond|m}} *: 中古荷蘭語：{{t|dum|hont|m}} * 迪爾巴爾語：{{t-check|dbl|guda}} {{qualifier|II類名詞}}、{{t-check|dbl|gudaɖaran}} {{qual|雙數}}、{{t-check|dbl|gudaguda|p}} * 宗喀語：{{t|dz|ཁྱི}} * 埃德語支： *: 伊費語：{{t|ife|adzá}} * 埃多語：{{t|bin|àwá}} * 埃加語：{{t|ega|ʊ̀vɛ}} * 埃及語：{{t-egy|ṯzm|m|h=T:z-m-E14}} * 埃爾夫達利安語：{{t|ovd|rakke|m}} * 艾米利亞語：{{t|egl|can}} * 恩根尼語：{{t|enn|ạ́ḅụạ}} * 英語：{{t+|en|dog}}、{{t+|en|canine}} * 伊皮耶語：{{t|epi|aḅụ́ā}} * 埃里泰語：{{t|ert|asu}} * 埃爾齊亞語：{{t|myv|киска}}、{{t|myv|пине}} * 埃斯特哈爾迪語：{{t|esh|اسپ|m|alt=اِسپَ|tr=espa}}、{{t|esh|ماچیه|f|alt=ماچیَه|tr=mâĉiya}}、{{t|esh|کوت|alt=کوتَ|tr=kōta or kōtiyak: WHELP}} * 世界語：{{t+|eo|hundo}}、{{t+|eo|hundino}} {{qualifier|雌性}} * 愛沙尼亞語：{{t+|et|koer}}、{{t+|et|peni}} * 鄂溫語：{{t|eve|ҥин}} * 鄂溫克語：{{t|evn|ӈинакин}} * 埃維語：{{t|ee|avu}} * 法羅語：{{t+|fo|hundur|m}} * 斐濟語：{{t+|fj|koli}} * 芬蘭語：{{t+|fi|koira}} * 豐語：{{t|fon|agla}}、{{t|fon|avun}} * 法蘭克-普羅旺斯語：{{t|frp|chin}} * 法語：{{t+|fr|chien|m}} *: 中古法語：{{t|frm|chien|m}} *: 古法語：{{t|fro|chien|m}} * 弗里斯蘭語組： *: 北弗里斯蘭語：{{t|frr|hün|m}} {{qualifier|博京哈德}}、{{t|frr|hünj|m}} {{qualifier|弗爾-阿姆魯姆}} *: 古弗里斯蘭語：{{t|ofs|hund}} *: 薩特弗里斯蘭語：{{t|stq|Huund}} *: 西弗里斯蘭語：{{t+|fy|hûn|c}} * 弗留利語：{{t|fur|cjan}} {{qualifier|標準正字法}}、{{t|fur|čhan}} * 富拉語： *: 阿德拉姆文：{{t|ff|𞤦𞤢𞤪𞤫𞥅𞤪𞤵}}、{{t|ff|𞤪𞤢𞤱𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤵}} *: 拉丁字母：{{t|ff|bareeru}}、{{t|ff|rawaandu}} * 加德當語：{{t|gad|atu}} * 加告茲語：{{t|gag|köpek}} * 加利西亞語：{{t+|gl|can|m}}、{{t+|gl|cadela|f}}、{{t+|gl|cuzo|m}}、{{t+|gl|cuza|f}} * 加盧拉語：{{t|sdn|cani}} * 卡米拉瑞語：{{t-check|kld|buruma}} {{qualifier|馴化}} , {{t|kld|marayin}} {{qualifier|野生}}、{{t|kld|mirri}} {{qualifier|野生}}、{{t|kld|ngurran}} {{qualifier|野生}} * 高盧語：{{t|cel-gau|cuna}} * 加約語：{{t|gay|asu}} * 吉茲語：{{t|gez|ከልብ}} * 格魯吉亞語：{{t+|ka|ძაღლი}} * 德語：{{t+|de|Hund|m}}、{{t+|de|Hündin|f}} *: 阿勒曼尼語：{{t|gsw|Hund|m}} *: 巴伐利亞語：{{t|bar|Hund}} *: 中古高地德語：{{t|gmh|hunt|m}} *: 古高地德語：{{t|goh|hunt|m}} * 戈多貝里語：{{t|gdo|хвайи}} * 岡德語：{{t|gon|నెయ్|tr=ney}} * 哥特語：{{t|got|𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃|m}} * 希臘語：{{t+|el|σκύλος|m}}、{{t+|el|σκυλί|n}} *: 古希臘語：{{t|grc|κύων|m|f}}、{{t|grc|σκύλαξ|m}}、{{t|grc|σκύλλος|m}} * 格陵蘭語：{{t+|kl|qimmeq}} * 瓜拉尼語支： *: 姆比亞瓜拉尼語：{{t|gun|jagua}} *: 巴拉圭瓜拉尼語：{{t-check|gug|jagua}} * 戈戈貝拉語：{{t|kkp|kutéw}} * 圭亞那克里奧爾語：{{t|gcr|chyen}} * 古吉拉特語：{{t+|gu|કુતરો|m}}、{{t+|gu|કુતરી|f}} * 古林吉語：{{t|gue|guru}}、{{t|gue|wangani}}、{{t|gue|warlagu}} * 古古伊米吉爾語：{{t|kky|gudaa}} * 哈德拉毛語：{{t|xhd|𐩫𐩡𐩨}} * 海達語：{{t|hai|x̌a}}、{{t|hai|x̲a}} * 海地克里奧爾語：{{t|ht|chen}}、{{t|ht|chyen}} * 哈爾魁梅林語：{{t|hur|sqwemá:y}} * 汗語：{{t|haa|łąyy}} {{qualifier|阿拉斯加}} * 豪薩語：{{t+|ha|kàrē}} * 哈瓦蘇佩-瓦拉派-亞瓦派語：{{t|yuf|had}} * 夏威夷語：{{t|haw|ʻīlio}} * 希伯來語：{{t+|he|כֶּלֶב|m|tr=kélev}} * 希高農語：{{t|mba|asu}} * 希利蓋農語：{{t|hil|ido}} * 印地語：{{t+|hi|कुत्ता|m}}、{{t+|hi|कुत्ती|f}}、{{t+|hi|श्वान|m}}、{{t+|hi|कुक्कुर|m}}、{{t|hi|कुक्कुरी|f}}、{{t+|hi|कुर्कुर|m}}、{{t|hi|कूकुर|m}}、{{t+|hi|कुकुरी|f}}、{{t+|hi|कुतिया|f}}、{{t+|hi|कूकर|m}}、{{t+|hi|कुकुर|m}} * 希努赫語：{{t|gin|гъвве}}、{{t|gin|кача}} * 希里摩圖語：{{t|ho|sisia}} * 赫梯語：{{t|hit|𒆪𒉿𒀸|ts=kuwas}}、{{t|hit|ts=suwana}} * 苗語： *: 白苗語：{{t|mww|dev}}、{{t|mww|aub}} * 霍皮語：{{t|hop|pòoko}} * 匈牙利語：{{t+|hu|kutya}}、{{t+|hu|eb}} * 漢斯立克語：{{t|hrx|Hund|m}} * 洪濟布語：{{t|huz|ве}} * 伊班語：{{t|iba|asu}}、{{t|iba|ukui}} * 伊巴納格語：{{t|ibg|kitu}} * 伊巴尼語：{{t|iby|obiri}} * 冰島語：{{t+|is|hundur|m}} * 伊多語：{{t+|io|hundo}}、{{t+|io|hundino}} {{qualifier|雌性}} * 伊加拉語：{{t|igl|ábíá}} * 伊博語：{{t|ig|nkịtā}} * 伊洛卡諾語：{{t|ilo|aso}} * 印尼語：{{t+|id|anjing}}、{{t+|id|asu}} * 英格里亞語：{{t|izh|koira}} * 印古什語：{{t|inh|жӏали}} * 因特語：{{t+|ia|can}} * 因紐特語：{{t|iu|ᕿᒻᒥᖅ}} * 伊拉努語：{{t|ill|asu}} * 愛爾蘭語：{{t+|ga|madra|m}}、{{t+|ga|gadhar|m}}、{{t+|ga|madadh|m}} *: 中古愛爾蘭語：{{t|mga|cú|m}}、{{t|mga|matad|m}} *: 古愛爾蘭語：{{t|sga|cú|m}} * 伊魯拉語：{{t|iru|நாய்|tr=nāy}} * 伊斯納格語：{{t|isd|ato}} * 伊索科語：{{t|iso|arakọ}}、{{t|iso|ẹbọ}} * 伊斯特拉語：{{t|ist|can}} * 意大利語：{{t+|it|cane|m}} * 伊捷爾緬語：{{t|itl|ӄосҳ}}、{{t|itl|ӄсҳай}}、{{t|itl|ӄсҳa’н}} {{qualifier|複數}} * 勉語：{{t|ium|juv}} * 伊萬特語：{{t|ivv|chito}} * 日語：{{t+|ja|犬|tr=いぬ, inu}}、{{t+|ja|狗|tr=いぬ, inu}} * 嘉萊語：{{t|jra|asâo}} * 爪哇語：{{t+|jv|ꦲꦱꦸ}}、{{t|jv|sagawon}}、{{t+|jv|baung}}、{{t+|jv|cemera}}、{{t+|jv|sona}} *: 古爪哇語：{{t|kaw|asu}} * 濟州語：{{t|jje|개}} * 景頗語：{{t|kac|guì}} * 佛得角克里奧爾語：{{t|kea|katxor}} * 卡拜爾語：{{t|kab|aydi}} * 卡達山語： *: 海岸卡達山語：{{t|kzj|tasu}} * 坎剛語：{{t|kgp|kasor}} * 凱塔格語：{{t|xdq|хвя}} * 卡爾梅克衛拉特語：{{t|xal|ноха}} * 侗語： *: 南侗語：{{t|kmc|nguap}} * 坎卡奈語：{{t|kne|aso}} * 卡納達語：{{t+|kn|ನಾಯಿ}} * 卡片片甘語：{{t|pam|asu}} * 喀克其奎語：{{t|cak|tzʼiʼ}} * 卡拉恰伊-巴爾卡爾語：{{t|krc|ит}} * 卡拉卡爾帕克語：{{t+|kaa|iyt}} * 卡拉塔語：{{t|kpt|хвай}} * 卡累利阿語：{{t|krl|koira}} * 克倫語支： *: 斯高克倫語：{{t|ksw|ထွံၣ်}} * 克什米爾語：{{t+|ks|ہوٗن}} * 卡舒比語：{{t|csb|tósz}}、{{t|csb|pies}} * 考爾納語：{{t|zku|wirka}}、{{t|zku|putyita}}、{{t|zku|kadli}} {{qualifier|澳洲野犬}} * 哈薩克語：{{t|kk|ит}} * 克當語：{{t|ksx|au}} * 克馬克語：{{t|kem|asu}} * 凱特語：{{t|ket|тип|tr=tīb}} * 哈卡斯語：{{t|kjh|адай}} * 漢特語組： *: 北漢特語：{{t-check|kca-nor|амп}} * 卡西語：{{t|kha|ksew}} * 奇納魯格語：{{t|kjj|пхра}} * 高棉語：{{t+|km|ឆ្កែ}} * 科伊科伊語：{{t|naq|arib|m}} * 基卡普語：{{t|kic|ə́nɛ̏mwə̏}} * 基馬拉岡語：{{t|kqr|tasu}} * 金邦杜語：{{t|kmb|imbua}} * 基那來阿語：{{t|krj|ayam}} * 基里克語：{{t|okr|obirí}} * 克拉勒姆語：{{t|clm|sqáx̣əʔ}}、{{t|clm|sqməy̕}} * 克拉馬斯語：{{t|kla|wac'aak}} * 格賀語：{{t|kpm|so}} * 古古-貝拉語：{{t|kkp|kutéw}} * 孔比奧語：{{t|xbi|nimpua}} * 科米語支： *: 彼爾姆科米語：{{t|koi|пон}} *: 茲梁科米語：{{t|kpv|пон}} * 剛果語：{{t|kg|mbwa}} * 孔卡尼語：{{t|kok|सूणे}} * 朝鮮語：{{t+|ko|개}}、{{t+|ko|견(犬)}}、{{t+|ko|구(狗)}}、{{t+|ko|강아지}} *: 中古朝鮮語：{{t|okm|가히〮|tr=kàhí}}、{{t|okm|개〯|tr=kǎy}} * 科里亞克語：{{t|kpy|гʼытгʼын|tr=ʁətʁən}}、{{t|kpy|гʼытгʼу|tr=ʁətʁu}} {{qualifier|複數}} * 伊薩卡語：{{t|ksi|duwe}} * 庫梅克語：{{t|kum|ит}} * 庫那語：{{t|cuk|achu}} * 庫爾德語： *: 中庫爾德語：{{t+|ckb|سەگ}} *: 北庫爾德語：{{t+|kmr|se}}、{{t+|kmr|kûçik}} * 庫爾特賈爾語：{{t|gdj|ruaak}} * 寬亞瑪語：{{t|kj|ombwa}} * 吉爾吉斯語：{{t+|ky|ит}} * 拉登語：{{t|lld|cian}} * 拉蒂諾語：{{t|lad|פירו|m|tr=pero}} * 拉克語：{{t|lbe|ккаччи}} * 拉科塔語：{{t|lkt|šúŋka}} * 阿比-楠榜語：{{t|ljp|asu}} * 老撾語：{{t+|lo|ໝາ}} * 拉特加萊語：{{t|ltg|suņs|m}} * 拉丁語：{{t+|la|canis|m|f}} * 拉脫維亞語：{{t+|lv|suns|m}}、{{t+|lv|kuce|f}} * 拉茲語：{{t|lzz|ლაკი}} * 勒蒂語：{{t|lti|asu}} * 列茲金語：{{t|lez|кицӏ}} * 利古里亞語：{{t|lij|càn|m}}、{{t|lij|càgna|f}} * 林堡語：{{t+|li|hóndj}} * 林加拉語：{{t|ln|mbwá}}、{{t|ln|mbwa}} * 立陶宛語：{{t+|lt|šuo|m}}、{{t+|lt|šuva|m}} {{qualifier|口語}}、{{t|lt|kalė|f}} * 里茨里茨語：{{t|lzl|libakh}} * 立窩尼亞語：{{t|liv|piņ}} * 倫巴底語：{{t+|lmo|can}}、{{t+|lmo|cà}} * 路易斯安那克里奧爾法語：{{t|lou|shin}}、{{t|lou|shyin}} * 低地德語： *: 德國低地薩克森語：{{t+|nds-de|Hund|m}}、{{t+|nds-de|Köter|m}} {{qualifier|口語}}、{{t|nds-de|Keuter|m}} {{qualifier|口語}}、{{t|nds-de|Teev|f}} {{qualifier|雌性}}、{{t|nds-de|Tääv|f}} {{qualifier|雌性}}、{{t|nds-de|Tiff|f}} {{qualifier|雌性}} *: 中古低地德語：{{t|gml|hund|m}} * 傣仂語：{{t|khb|ᦖᦱ}} * 盧庫米語：{{t|luq|jidá}}、{{t|luq|guá guá}} * 盧希亞語：{{t|luy|imbwa}} * 勞圖欽語：{{t|clt|uv}} * 盧森堡語：{{t+|lb|Hond|m}}、{{t+|lb|Mupp|m}}、{{t|lb|Mudder|f}} * 馬賽語：{{t|mas|oldia}} * 馬其頓語：{{t+|mk|куче|n}}、{{t|mk|пес|m}} * 馬都拉語：{{t|mad|pateʔ}} * 馬京達瑙語：{{t|mdh|asu}} * 望加錫語：{{t|mak|kongkong}} * 馬拉加斯語：{{t+|mg|alika}} * 馬來語： *: 汶萊馬來語：{{t|kxd|kuyuk}}、{{t|kxd|anjing}} *: 阿拉伯字母：{{t+|ms|انجيڠ}}、{{t+|ms|اسو}}、{{t|ms|کويوق}} *: 北大年馬來語：{{t|mfa|anjing}} *: 拉丁字母：{{t+|ms|anjing}}、{{t+|ms|asu}}、{{t+|ms|kuyuk}} * 馬拉雅拉姆語：{{t+|ml|നായ}}、{{t+|ml|പട്ടി}} * 馬里希特-帕薩瑪奎迪語：{{t|pqm|olomuss|s}}、{{t|pqm|olomussok|p}}、{{t|pqm|'tolomussomol}} {{qualifier|表示所有狀態}}、{{t|pqm|olomussis}} {{qualifier|指小}} * 馬爾他語：{{t+|mt|kelb|m}}、{{t|mt|kelba|f}} * 曼拜語：{{t|mgm|ausa}} * 滿語：{{t|mnc|ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ}} * 曼達爾語：{{t|mdr|asu}} * 曼丁哥語： *: 西曼丁哥語：{{t|mlq|wulu}} * 馬諾博語支： *: 西布基農-馬諾博語：{{t|mbb|asu}} * 曼薩卡語：{{t|msk|ido}} * 曼西語組： *: 北曼西語：{{t-check|mns-nor|а̄мп}} * 曼島語：{{t+|gv|moddey}}、{{t|gv|coo}} * 毛利語：{{t+|mi|kurī}} * 馬普切語：{{t|arn|xewa}} * 馬拉瑙語：{{t|mrw|aso}} * 馬拉地語：{{t+|mr|कुत्रा}} * 馬里語： *: 東馬里語：{{t|mhr|пий}} *: 西馬里語：{{t|mrj|пи}} * 馬里科帕語：{{t|mrc|xat}}、{{t|mrc|hat}} * 馬紹爾語：{{t|mh|kidu}} * 毛里求斯克里奧爾語：{{t|mfe|lisien}} * 梅布拉特語：{{t|ayz|mtah}} * 馬約語：{{t|mfy|čū’u}} * 姆巴巴拉姆語：{{t|vmb|dog}} * 米底語支： *: 上古米底語：{{t|xme-old|σπάκα}} * 梅戈來諾-羅馬尼亞語：{{t|ruq|cǫini}} * 邁赫拉語：{{t|gdq|kawb}} * 馬蘭諾語： *: 中馬蘭諾語：{{t|mel|asou}} * 門德語：{{t|men|ngílà}} * 邁阿密-伊利諾伊語：{{t-check|mia|alemwa}} * 中古英語：{{t|enm|dogge}}、{{t|enm|hound}} * 密克馬克語：{{t|mic|lmu'j|an}}、{{t|mic|nmu'j|an}} * 米南佳保語：{{t+|min|anjiang}} * 明戈語：{{t|iro-min|tsíyæ|s}}、{{t|iro-min|tsiyæshö'ö|p}} * 米蘭德斯語：{{t|mwl|can}}、{{t|mwl|perro}} * 米斯基托語：{{t|miq|yul}} * 米沃克語： *: 中部山地米沃克語：{{t|csm|čukú·-}} * 米斯特克語支： *: 南普埃布拉米斯特克語：{{t|mit|tsi'ína|tr=aydi}} * 宮古語：{{t|mvi|犬|tr=いん, in}} * 米佐語：{{t|lus|ui}} * 默切諾語：{{t|mhn|hunt|m}} * 莫霍克語：{{t|moh|é꞉rhar}}、{{t|moh|érhar}} * 莫克沙語：{{t|mdf|пине}} * 孟語：{{t+|mnw|ကၠဵု}} * 蒙古語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t+|mn|нохой}} *: 蒙古字母：{{t|mn|ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ}} * 蒙大拿薩利希語：{{t-check|fla|ʔn̩qʷqʷ̕osǝ́ˀmí}} * 莫圖語：{{t|meu|sisia}} * 蒙達里語：{{t|unr|सेत|tr=seta}} * 門西語：{{t|umu|mwaakaneew}} * 芒語：{{t|mtq|chỏ}} * 毛律語： *: 根地咬毛律語：{{t|kxi|asu}} *: 塔戈爾語：{{t|mvv|asu}}、{{t|mvv|uku'}} * 姆瓦尼語：{{t|wmw|umbwa}} * 那加語： *: 坎紐昂那加語：{{t|kix|jī}} * 那加克里奧爾語：{{t|nag|kukur}} * 納瓦特爾語： *: 中瓦斯特卡納瓦特爾語：{{t|nch|chichi}} *: 中納瓦特爾語：{{t|nhn|chichi}}、{{t|nhn|itzcuintli}} *: 古典納瓦特爾語：{{t|nci|chichi}}、{{t|nci|itzcuintli}} * 赫哲語：{{t|gld|инда}} * 瑙魯語：{{t+|na|robar}} * 納瓦霍語：{{t|nv|łééchąąʼí}} * 那不勒斯語：{{t|nap|ccane}} * 涅吉達爾語：{{t|neg|ӈи̇нахи̇н}}、{{t|neg|ни̇нахи̇н}} * 涅涅茨語組： *: 凍原涅涅茨語：{{t|yrk-tun|вэʼ|tr=vė}}、{{t|yrk-tun|вэʼн|tr=vėn}}、{{t|yrk-tun|вэнеко|tr=vėneko}} * 尼泊爾語：{{t+|ne|कुकुर|m}}、{{t|ne|कुकुरनी|f}} * 尼瓦爾語：{{t|new|खिचा|m}}、{{t|new|खिचानी|f}} * 恩加納桑語：{{t|nio|баӈ|tr=bang}} * 恩加林杰里語：{{t|nay|keli}} * 恩吉亞姆巴語：{{t|wyb|mirri}} * 尼亞斯語：{{t+|nia|asu}} * 尼科巴語族： *: 卡爾尼科巴語：{{t|caq|am}} * 尼日利亞皮欽語：{{t|pcm|dọg}} * 尼伊語：{{t|nii|awu}} * 尼夫赫語：{{t|niv|ӄан}} * 諾蓋語：{{t|nog|ийт}} * 諾曼語：{{t|nrf|tchian|m}} {{qualifier|根西|澤西}} * 挪威語： *: 書面挪威語：{{t+|nb|hund|m}}、{{t+|nb|bikkje|m|f}} {{qualifier|雌性}} *: 新挪威語：{{t+|nn|hund|m}}、{{t|nn|bikkje|f}} {{qualifier|雌性}} * 努埃爾語：{{t|nus|jiök}} * 彝語：{{t|ii|ꈌ}} * 貝拉庫拉語：{{t|blc|watsʼ}} * 奧克語：{{t+|oc|gos}}、{{t+|oc|can}} * 奧利亞語：{{t+|or|କୁକୁର}} * 奧龍尼語： *: 北奧龍尼語：{{t|cst|hutcekniš}} * 奧吉布瓦語：{{t|oj|ᐊᓂᒧᔥ|tr=[[animosh]]}}、{{t|oj|ᐊᓂᒧᔕᒃ|p|tr=[[animoshag]]}} *: 馬尼托巴索爾托語：{{t|ojw|animohš}} * 沖繩語：{{t|ryu|犬|tr=いん, in}}、{{t|ryu|ちーちゃー|tr=chīchā}} {{qualifier|兒語}} * 歐科迪亞語：{{t|okd|ebiri}} * 古教會斯拉夫語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t|cu|пьсъ|m}} *: 格拉哥里字母：{{t|cu|ⱂⱐⱄⱏ|m}} * 古東斯拉夫語：{{t|orv|пьсъ|m}}、{{t|orv|песъ|m}} * 古英語：{{t+|ang|hund|m}} * 古葡萄牙語：{{t|roa-opt|can|m}} * 古諾爾斯語：{{t|non|hundr|m}}、{{t|non|grey|n}}、{{t|non|bikkja|f}} * 古普魯士語：{{t|prg|Sunis}} * 古撒克遜語：{{t|osx|hund|m}} * 奧盧庫米語：{{t|ulb|ázá}} * 歐罕語：{{t|ood|gogs}} * 奧羅奇語：{{t|oac|инаки}} * 鄂羅克語：{{t|oaa|ӈинда}} * 奧羅莫語：{{t+|om|saree}} * 鄂倫春語：{{t|orh|ŋinaɣɪn}} * 奧沙格語：{{t|osa|šóᴺke}} * 奧塞梯語：{{t|os|куыдз}} * 排灣語：{{t|pwn|vatu}} * 帕勞語：{{t|pau|bilis}} * 巴利語：{{t|pi|soṇa|m}}、{{t|pi|sunakha|m}}、{{t|pi|सुनख|m}} {{qualifier|天城文}}、{{t|pi|သုနခ|m}} {{qualifier|緬甸文}}、{{t|pi|สุนะขะ|m}} {{qualifier|泰文}} * 帕莫納語：{{t|pmf|asu}} * 班詩蘭語：{{t|pag|aso}} * 帕皮阿門托語：{{t|pap|kachó}} * 普什圖語：{{t|ps|سپۍ|tr=spëy}}、{{t+|ps|سپی|m}} * 保洛希語：{{t|plh|asu}} * 波尼語：{{t|paw|asaaki}} * 波拉語：{{t|bxd|kʰui³⁵}} * 波斯語： *: 達利波斯語：{{t|prs|سَگ}} *: 伊朗波斯語：{{t|fa-ira|سَگ}} *: 中古波斯語：{{t|pal|𐭪𐭫𐭡𐭠}} * 腓尼基語：{{t|phn|𐤊𐤋𐤁}} * 弗里吉亞語：{{t|xpg|tr=kunes}} * 皮埃蒙特語：{{t|pms|can}} * 皮京語：{{t|pis|dog}} * 皮皮爾語：{{t|ppl|pēlu}}、{{t|ppl|itzkwinti}} * 皮拉罕語：{{t|myp|giopaí}} * 皮詹加加拉語：{{t|pjt|papa}} * 門諾低地德語：{{t|pdt|Hunt|m}} * 波納佩語：{{t|pon|kidi}} * 波拉布語： *: Draweno-波拉布語：{{t|pox|pjas|m}} *: 現代波拉布語：{{t|pox|ṕås|m}} *: 古波拉布語：{{t|pox|pjôs}} * 波蘭語：{{t+|pl|pies|m}}、{{t+|pl|suka|f}} * 葡萄牙語：{{t+|pt|cão|m}}、{{t+|pt|cachorro|m}} * 珀塔瓦托米語：{{t|pot|nëmosh}}、{{t|pot|nëmoshêk|p}} * 波瓦坦語：{{t|pim|atemos}} * 旁遮普語：{{t+|pa|ਕੁੱਤਾ}} * 普雷佩查語：{{t|pua|uíchu}} * 卑南語：{{t|pyu|soan}} * 夸保語：{{t|qua|šǫ́ke}} * 克丘亞語：{{t|qu|alkho}}、{{t|qu|allqu}}、{{t|qu|allgo}} * 奎魯特語：{{t|qui|kadí·do}} * 埃地語：{{t|rad|asâo}} * 拉帕努伊語：{{t|rap|paihéŋa}} * 倫迪勒語：{{t|rel|kar}} * 盧敖語：{{t|ren|cho}} * 留尼旺克里奧爾法語：{{t|rcf|sien}}、{{t|rcf|syin}} * 羅興亞語：{{t|rhg|kutta}}、{{t|rhg|kuñir}} * 羅馬涅語：{{t|rgn|can}}、{{t|rgn|cã|m}} {{qualifier|拉溫那}}、{{t|rgn|chën|m}} {{qualifier|里米尼}}、{{t|rgn|chên|m}} {{qualifier|卡托利卡}} * 羅姆語：{{t|rom|ʒukel|m}}、{{t|rom|ʒukli|f}} * 羅馬尼亞語：{{t+|ro|câine}} {{qualifier|現行正字法}}、{{t+|ro|cîine}} {{qualifier|1950年代正字法}}、{{t+|ro|cățea|f}} * 羅曼什語：{{t|rm|chaun}}、{{t|rm|tgaun}} * 俄語：{{t+|ru|соба́ка|f}}、{{t+|ru|пёс|m}}、{{t+|ru|пси́на|f}} {{qualifier|口語}} * 魯圖爾語：{{t|rut|тыла}} * 盧旺達語：{{t|rw|bwa}} * 薩尼奇語：{{t|str|SḴAXE¸}} * 賽伯伊語：{{t|xsa|𐩫𐩡𐩨}} * 石語：{{t|skb|หม่า|tr=m̀ā}} * 薩霍語：{{t|ssy|kare}} * 薩米語： *: 伊納里薩米語：{{t|smn|peenuv}} *: 基爾丁薩米語：{{t|sjd|пе̄ннэ}} *: 北薩米語：{{t|se|beana}} *: 斯科爾特薩米語：{{t|sms|piânnai}} *: 南薩米語：{{t|sma|bïenje}} *: 特爾薩米語：{{t|sjt|pienɨj}}、{{t|sjt|pienne}} * 薩摩亞語：{{t|sm|maile}}、{{t|sm|'ulī}} * 桑格語：{{t|sxn|asu}} * 桑戈語：{{t+|sg|mbo}} * 梵語：{{t+|sa|श्वन्|m}}、{{t+|sa|शुनक|m}}、{{t+|sa|भषक|m}}、{{t+|sa|कुर्कुर|m}} * 桑塔利語：{{t|sat|ᱥᱮᱛᱚ}} * 撒丁語：{{t|sc|cani}}、{{t|sc|cane}}、{{t|sc|perru}}、{{t|sc|catteddu}}、{{t|sc|giagaru}} *: 坎皮達諾方言：{{t|sc|cani}} * 薩薩克語：{{t|sas|asu}} * 薩薩里語：{{t|sdc|cani}} * 低地蘇格蘭語：{{t|sco|dug}} * 蘇格蘭蓋爾語：{{t+|gd|cù|m}}、{{t|gd|madadh|m}} * 塞波普語：{{t|sib|acuʼ}} * 塞訥卡語：{{t|see|ji꞉yäh}} * 塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t+|sh|пас|m}}、{{t|sh|псић|f}} {{qualifier|指小}}、{{t|sh|кучка|f}}、{{t|sh|куче|m}}、{{t|sh|куца|f}} {{qualifier|指小}}、{{t|sh|џукела|f}} {{qualifier|貶義}} *: 拉丁語：{{t+|sh|pas|m}}、{{t|sh|psić|f}} {{qualifier|指小}}、{{t+|sh|kučka|f}}、{{t+|sh|kuče|m}}、{{t+|sh|kuca|f}} {{qualifier|指小}}、{{t+|sh|džukela|f}} {{qualifier|貶義}} * 瑟里語：{{t|sei|ʔɑχʃ}} * 撣語：{{t+|shn|မႃ}} * 歇爾布羅語：{{t|bun|thumɔɛ}} * 夏爾巴語：{{t|xsr|कि}}、{{t|xsr|ཀྱི}} * 修納語：{{t|sn|imbwá}} * 紹爾語：{{t|cjs|адай|tr=aday}} * 休休尼語：{{t|shh|sadee’}} * 西西里語：{{t+|scn|cani|m}} * 希達摩語：{{t|sid|woshichcho|m}} * 錫默盧語：{{t|smr|asu}} * 信德語：{{t+|sd|ڪتو|tr=kuto}} * 僧加羅語：{{t+|si|බල්ලා}}、{{t+|si|සුනඛයා}}、{{t+|si|බැල්ලී|f}}、{{t+|si|බැල්ලී|f}}、{{t+|si|සුනඛයා}} * 西拉雅語：{{t|fos|asu}} * 斯洛伐克語：{{t+|sk|pes|m}}、{{t+|sk|suka|f}} * 斯洛文尼亞語：{{t+|sl|pes|m}}、{{t+|sl|psica|f}} * 索馬里語：{{t+|so|eey}}、{{t|so|ey}} * 索布語： *: 下索布語：{{t|dsb|pjas|m}} *: 上索布語：{{t+|hsb|pos|m}}、{{t|hsb|psyk|m}} * 塞索托語：{{t+|st|ntja}}、{{t|st|dinjta|p}} * 西班牙語：{{t+|es|perro|m}}、{{t+|es|can|m}} {{qualifier|正式}}、{{t+|es|tuso|m}}、{{t+|es|pichicho|m}} {{qualifier|小型犬|南美洲}} * 蘇里南湯加語：{{t|srn|dagu}} * 松巴哇語：{{t|smw|asu}} * 蘇美爾語：{{t|sux|𒌨|tr=UR}} * 巽他語：{{t+|su|anjing}}、{{t|su|guguk}} * 斯凡語：{{t|sva|ჟეღ}} * 斯瓦希里語：{{t+check|sw|mbwa|c9|c10}} * 史瓦濟語：{{t+|ss|înjá}} * 瑞典語：{{t+|sv|hund|c}}、{{t+|sv|hynda|c}} {{qualifier|雌性}} * 塔巴魯語：{{t|tby|kaso}} * 塔巴薩蘭語：{{t|tab|ху}} * 塔埃語：{{t|rob|asu}} * 他加祿語：{{t+|tl|aso}} * 大溪地語：{{t|ty|ʻurī}}、{{t|ty|ʻūrī}} * 傣黯語：{{t|blt|ꪢꪱ|tr=ma}} * 傣納語：{{t|tdd|ᥛᥣᥴ|tr=máa}} * 塔吉克語：{{t+|tg|саг}}、{{t+|tg|кучук}} * 塔利什語： *: 西里爾字母：{{t|tly|сыпә}} *: 拉丁字母：{{t|tly|sıpə}} * 泰米爾語：{{t+|ta|நாய்}}、{{t+|ta|ஞமலி}}、{{t+|ta|ஞாளி}} * 陶斯語：{{t|twf|cùloʼóna}} * 里菲安語：{{t|rif|aydi|m}}、{{t|rif|aqzin|m}}、{{t|rif|aheggar|m}} * 賽德克語：{{t-check|trv|huling}} * 施盧赫語：{{t|shi|aydi|m}}、{{t|shi|ⴰⵢⴷⵉ|m}} * 塔特語：{{t|ttt|сэг}} * 韃靼語：{{t+|tt|эт}} * 陶蘇格語：{{t|tsg|iru'}} * 特波里語：{{t|tbl|ohu}} * 泰盧固語：{{t+|te|కుక్క}}、{{t+|te|శునకము}} * 特爾納特語：{{t|tft|kaso}} * 泰語：{{t+|th|หมา}}、{{t+|th|สุนัข}} *: 北部泰語：{{t|nod|ᩉ᩠ᨾᩣ}} * 藏語：{{t|bo|ཁྱི}} * 蒂多雷語：{{t|tvo|kaso}} * 提格雷語：{{t|tig|ከልብ}} * 提格里尼亞語：{{t+|ti|ከልቢ}} * 廷迪語：{{t|tin|хва}} * 泰雷諾語：{{t|tiv|iwa}} * 提維語：{{t|tiw|kitarringani|m}}、{{t|tiw|kitarringaka|f}}、{{t|tiw|wankini|m}}、{{t|tiw|wanka|f}}、{{t|tiw|pulangumwani|m}}、{{t|tiw|pulangumwaka|f}} * 特林吉特語：{{t|tli|keitl}} * 吐火羅語A：{{t|xto|ku}} * 吐火羅語B：{{t|txb|ku}} * 托克皮辛語：{{t|tpi|dok}} * 通加語 (馬拉維)：{{t|tog|garu|1a}} * 通加語 (贊比亞)：{{t|toi|munkala|c1}} * 湯加語：{{t|to|kulī}} * 通卡瓦語：{{t|tqw|ˀɛkʷʌn}} * 通騰博安語：{{t|tnt|asu}} * 查庫爾語：{{t|tkr|хваа}} * 采茲語：{{t|ddo|гъІвай}}、{{t|ddo|бахІри}} * 聰加語：{{t-check|ts|mbyana|c9|c10}} * 茨瓦納語：{{t+|tn|ntša|c9|c10}} * 圖陸語：{{t+|tcy|ನಾಯಿ}} * 通布卡語：{{t|tum|nchewe|9}} * 圖皮南巴語：{{t|tpn|îagûara}} * 土耳其語：{{t+|tr|köpek}}、{{t+|tr|it}} *: 鄂圖曼土耳其語：{{t|ota|كوپك|tr=köpek}}、{{t|ota|ایت|tr=it}} * 土庫曼語：{{t+|tk|it}}、{{t|tk|köpek}} * 圖瓦盧語：{{t|tvl|kuli}} * 圖瓦語：{{t|tyv|ыт}} * 楚圖希爾語：{{t|tzj|tz’i’}} * 瓦布梅托語：{{t|aoz|asu}} * 烏迪語：{{t|udi|хаъ}} * 烏德蓋語：{{t|ude|инʼаи}} * 烏得穆爾特語：{{t|udm|пуны}} * 烏加里特語：{{t|uga|𐎋𐎍𐎁}} * 烏克蘭語：{{t+|uk|соба́ка|m|f}}、{{t+|uk|пес|m}} * 烏爾奇語：{{t|ulc|и̇ӈда}} * 姆班杜語：{{t|umb|ombwa}} * 摩羅博蘭語：{{t|umg|alinhim}} * 烏納米語：{{t|unm|mwekane}} * 烏爾都語：{{t+|ur|کُتّا|m}}、{{t+|ur|سَگ|m}} * 維吾爾語：{{t+|ug|ئىت}} *: 西里爾字母：{{t|ug|ит}} * 烏茲別克語：{{t+|uz|it}} * 文達語：{{t-check|ve|mmbwa}} * 威尼斯語：{{t+|vec|can|m}} * 維普斯語：{{t|vep|koir}} * 越南語：{{t+|vi|chó}}、{{t+|vi|cẩu}} {{qualifier|非正式}}、{{t+|vi|khuyển}} {{qualifier|非正式}} * 維拉莫維安語：{{t|wym|hund}} * 維利語：{{t|vif|mbwa}} * 沃拉普克語：{{t+|vo|dog}}、{{t+|vo|jidog}} {{qualifier|雌性}}, {{t+|vo|jodog}} {{qualifier|已被閹割的雌性}} * 佛羅語：{{t|vro|pini}} * 沃特語：{{t|vot|koirõ}} * 瓦隆語：{{t+|wa|tchén}}、{{t+|wa|lexhe|m}} * 瓦瑞瓦瑞語：{{t|war|ayam}}、{{t|war|idó}} * 瓦爾達曼語：{{t|wrr|minini}} {{qualifier|馴化}} * 瓦爾皮瑞語：{{t|wbp|maliki}} * 威爾士語：{{t+|cy|ci|m}} *: 中古威爾士語：{{t|wlm|ki|m}} * 西部裕固語：{{t|ybe|əʂt}} * 西馬基安語：{{t|mqs|aso}} * 威奇塔語：{{t|wic|kicíyeeh}} * 沃伊伍龍語：{{t|wyi|yirrangin}} * 沃萊塔語：{{t|wal|kanaa}} * 沃洛夫語：{{t+|wo|xaj}} * 五屯話：{{t|wuh|gek}}、{{t|wuh|haba}} * 科薩語：{{t|xh|inja}} * 亞坎語：{{t|yka|asu}} * 雅庫特語：{{t|sah|ыт}} * 雅加語：{{t|yag|yaSala}} * 延德納語：{{t|jmd|asu}} * 達悟語：{{t|tao|ino}} * 南古語：{{t|jay|wuŋgan}} * 雅浦語：{{t|yap|pilis}} * 雅威尤哈語：{{t|yby|ula}} * 意第緒語：{{t+|yi|הונט|m}} * 依蒂尼語：{{t|yii|gudaga}} * 尤加德語：{{t|yog|atu}} * 約魯巴語：{{t|yo|ajá}} * 尤卡坦瑪雅語：{{t|yua|peek’}} * 尤奇語：{{t|yuc|tsɛnɔ̣}} * 尤卡吉爾語系： *: 北尤卡吉爾語：{{t|ykg|лаамэ}} *: 南尤卡吉爾語：{{t|yux|тоуко}} * 中阿拉斯加尤皮克語：{{t|esu|qimugta|s}}、{{t|esu|qimugtak}} {{qualifier|雙數}}、{{t|esu|qimugtat|p}} * 尤羅克語：{{t|yur|ch'eeshah}}、{{t|yur|megokw}} * 扎巴拉語：{{t|zro|ariawko}} * 薩波特克語： *: 地峽薩波特克語：{{t|zai|biʼcuʼ}} * 扎扎其語：{{t|zza|kutık m}}、{{t+|zza|kırte}}、{{t|zza|kutte}}、{{t|zza|kutuk|m}} * 澤蘭語：{{t|zea|'ond|m}} * 壯語：{{t|za|ma}} * 祖魯語：{{t+|zu|inja|c9|c10}} * 祖尼語：{{t|zun|wattsida}} {{trans-bottom}} ===組詞=== {{col3|zh|狗寶|狗吃屎|狗膽包天|狗苟蠅營|狗急跳牆|狗命|狗拿耗子|狗刨|狗刨兒|狗皮膏藥|狗屁|狗屁不通|狗肉|狗屎堆|狗頭軍師|狗腿子|狗窩|狗熊|狗血噴頭|狗咬|狗崽子|狗子|狗仔|狗嘴裡吐不出象牙|狗仗人勢|看家狗|獵狗|落水狗|魚狗|母狗|狗牌|偷雞摸狗|哈巴狗|天狗吃月|功人功狗|人模狗樣|偷狗戲雞|弄狗相咬|引狗入寨|兔盡狗烹|喪家狗|國狗|兔死狗烹|塞狗洞|天狗螺|幫狗吃食|屠狗|屠狗之輩|巴兒狗|天狗|偷雞盜狗|北京狗|偷貓遞狗|嫁狗隨狗|天狗食月|天狗吞月|大丹狗|土龍芻狗|土狗|喪家之狗|咬人狗|功狗功人|功狗|偷雞吊狗|天狗熱|狗豆子|狗盜|指豬罵狗|狗監|打人罵狗|捉雞罵狗|狗竇大開|狼狗|狗續貂尾|狗彘|死狗|狗蚤|癩皮狗|替狗奪食|狗氣|狗竇|攬狗屎|狗屎|狗偷鼠竊|狗彘不食|狗皮倒灶|流浪狗|狗尾續貂|狗毛|狗心狗行|瘋狗|狗官|畫虎成狗|拖狗皮|狗吠之警|狗氣殺|狗食|打狗|狗彘不若|瘈狗|畫虎類狗|指雞罵狗|狗骨頭|狗顛屁股|狗站|狗洞|狗馬聲色|狗血淋頭|狗屋|獾狗|狐朋狗友|狐狸狗|狐鳴狗盜|泥豬瓦狗|獅子狗|白雲蒼狗|狗探湯|白衣蒼狗|瘋狗潮|瘋狗浪|狗仗官勢|狗賊|狗兔聽提|狼心狗行|狼心狗肺|狼心狗幸|狗黨狐群|狗馬之心|狗馬|狗雜種|狗追耗子|狗血噴臉|狗蝨|狗苟|狗矢|狗爪子|狗烹錡釜|狗材|狗才|狗屁倒灶|狗尾草|狗套頭|狗吠非主|狗吠之驚|狗吃熱屎|狐朋狗黨|狗盜鼠竊|牛黃狗寶|狗行狼心|熱狗|摸雞偷狗|狗腿|狗屠|狗肺狼心|狗顛兒|狗盜雞鳴|殺狗勸夫|殺狗記|狗彘不如|海狗|打落水狗|狐群狗黨|狗屠角牴|耍狗熊|見兔呼狗|行同狗豨|芻狗|跖狗吠堯|莠狗尾草|走狗烹|聲色狗馬|雞飛狗走|雞飛狗跳|踹狗尾|雞零狗碎|豬狗不如|蠅營狗苟|鼠竊狗偷|飛鷹走狗|羊頭狗肉|黑狗子|踏狗尾|遛狗|鬥雞走狗|笨狗|行同狗彘|豬朋狗友|豬兄狗弟|行若狗彘|鼠竊狗盜|雞鳴狗吠|阿狗阿貓|阿貓阿狗|阿豬阿狗|驢心狗肺|鑽狗洞|耍死狗|雞鳴狗盜|跑狗場|臘腸狗|賣狗懸羊|赤狗日|鬣狗|走狗|小奶狗|跟尾狗|耷尾狗|落狗屎|餓狗搶屎|落閘放狗|狗瘦主人羞|狗眼看人低|狗改不了吃屎|無聲狗咬死人|掛羊頭賣狗肉|唔食狗肉撈狗汁|天落饅頭狗造化|關門打狗，無路可走|阿崩叫狗，越叫越走|阿崩咬狗虱，唔死有排慌|nan:豬毋大，大對狗去<tr:ti m̄ tōa, tōa tùi káu khì>|肉包子打狗|痟狗湧<tr:siáu-káu-éng>|痟狗舂墓壙<tr:siáu káu cheng bōng-khòng>|狗嘴裡還有象牙|羊肉落在狗嘴裡|狗口裡吐不出象牙|狗血|人急懸梁，狗急跳牆|一塊羊肉落在狗口裡|哈巴狗咬虼蚤|鳥不生蛋，狗不拉屎|嫁雞隨雞，嫁狗隨狗|寧塞城門，不填狗洞|咬人的狗兒不露齒|懸羊頭賣狗肉|掛羊頭煮狗肉|狗咬呂洞賓|狗咬狗|狗咬狗骨|狗咬呂洞賓——不識好人心|狗獾|狗嘴長不出象牙|烏狗吃食，白狗當災|落水狗上岸|落水狗上岸——窮抖|狗臉生六月之霜|金窩銀窩不如自己的狗窩|狗子夾尾巴|狗攬三堆屎|狡兔死，良狗烹|狗長尾巴尖兒|狗頭上生角|舔狗|狗衝}} ===派生語彙=== {{cjkv||||cẩu}} '''其他'''： * {{desc|wuh|gek}} ===來源=== * {{R:yue:Hanzi}} * {{thcwd|4345}} * {{R:hak:Zhou 2023|pp=227}} {{zh-cat|Elementary}} {{C|zh|狗|執法}} ==日語== ===漢字=== {{ja-kanji|grade=uc|rs=犬05}} # [[小狗]]，狗 # [[哨兵]] # [[窺探]]者或[[間諜]] # [[無用]]，[[沒用]] ====讀法==== {{ja-readings |goon=く |kanon=こう |kun=いぬ-, えぬ-<ゑぬ- }} ====組詞==== {{col|ja |{{ja-r|狗%鷲|いぬ%わし}} |{{ja-r|狗%肉|く%にく}} |{{ja-r|狗%吠|く%はい}} |{{ja-r|天%狗|てん%ぐ}} }} ===詞源1=== {{ja-kanjitab|いぬ|yomi=k}} {{ja-see|犬}} ===詞源2=== {{ja-kanjitab|えぬ|yomi=k}} 首次記載於西元934年成書的《{{w|和名類聚抄}}》。<ref name="KDJ2">{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2|狗}}</ref> Martin則提出一種縮約形式，相當於古日語{{com|ojp|小|犬|tr1=wo-|tr2=inu|pos1=指小前綴|t2=狗}}。<ref>{{R:ja:Martin 1987||393}}</ref> ====發音==== {{ja-pron|えぬ}} ====名詞==== {{ja-noun|えぬ|hist=ゑぬ}} # {{lb|ja|obsolete}} [[小狗]]，狗 =====使用說明===== 棄用。大多數字典中未收錄。 ===來源=== <references/> :* {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0001657000|^▲狗}} {{C|ja|狗|sort=いぬ}} ==朝鮮語== ===漢字=== {{ko-hanja|개|구}} # {{hanja form of|구|狗}} ==越南語== ===漢字=== {{vi-readings|rs=犬05 |hanviet=cẩu-tdcntd;gdhn;bonet;genibrel |phienthiet=舉后 cử hậu |nom=cẩu-tdcntd;bonet;taberd }} # {{rfdef|vi|sort=犬05}} ====組詞==== {{col|vi |{{vi-l|海狗|hải cẩu}} }} ===來源=== <references/> p9mtnx9i3ygn59i1of3t0jlp65pzaqe 0 1180689 9944122 8021912 2026-10-14T14:54:03Z Fglffer 55252 9944122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=32|rad=土|as=12|sn=15|four=|canj=|ids=⿳⿴𠂊⺀炎土}} ====參考資料==== * {{Han ref|kx=0239.210|dkj=|dj=|hdz=10488.180|uh=21429}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|舜|a}} 0n905efiqstf9ma9rr21jxjv5j855wp 0 1180723 9944121 5654678 2026-10-14T14:53:19Z Fglffer 55252 9944121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=32|rad=土|as=12|sn=15|four=|canj=|ids=⿱爫烾}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0239.241|dkj=|dj=|hdz=|uh=2143C}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|舜|a}} hb3coxt7c4v7mk9oc6e3dhtayrr5eg9 0 1184776 9944123 5661661 2026-10-14T14:58:28Z Fglffer 55252 9944123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=44|rad=尸|as=11|sn=14|four=|canj=|ids=⿸尸烾}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0303.380|dkj=|dj=|hdz=20979.220|uh=21CC8}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|舜|a}} bgnyx7y4pnbp55zrd7iw83w6gdr3eqm 0 1184778 9944124 5661664 2026-10-14T14:59:27Z Fglffer 55252 9944124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=44|rad=尸|as=11|sn=14|four=|canj=|ids=⿸尸⿱炎夂}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=0303.390|dkj=|dj=|hdz=20979.230|uh=21CC9}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|舜|a}} 53p1x0wnf9a5wkvf7auxtn57qhmww51 0 1187322 9944113 7041047 2026-10-14T14:34:43Z Fglffer 55252 9944113 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=帝喾}} {{zh-wp}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=Dìkù |c=dai3 guk1 |mn=ml:Tè-khok |cat=pn }} ===專有名詞=== {{zh-proper noun}} # {{lb|zh|中國神話}} {{w|嚳}}，[[中國]][[上古]][[時代]]的[[五帝]]之一 {{zh-cat|神話人物}} cs0u57fpzea64xccidqgcu234424avi 0 1203635 9944308 5658107 2026-10-14T20:57:03Z TongcyDai 53191 9944308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=100|rad=生|as=16|sn=21|four=|canj=|ids=⿰䑞𤯓}} ====參考資料==== {{Han ref|kx=0755.230|dkj=|dj=|hdz=42579.120|uh=24C00}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|𤯷|a}} r78l4ldkieve25n7bml4c1rx1i6fse1 0 1218725 9944119 5671729 2026-10-14T14:46:02Z Fglffer 55252 9944119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{character info}} ==跨語言== ===漢字=== {{Han char|rn=140|rad=艸|as=16|sn=20|four=|canj=|ids=⿱艹䑞}} ====來源==== * {{Han ref|kx=1068.040|dkj=|dj=|hdz=53324.170|uh=2708C}} ==漢語== {{zh-see|蕣|v}} esufrb78waq0n31srunz1fppq1w6eoq 0 1361491 9944301 9296897 2026-10-14T20:44:42Z TongcyBot 83009 希伯來語分類改用中文名稱（[[Category:複數詞尾為־יים的希伯來語名詞]]） 9944301 wikitext text/x-wiki ==希伯來語== ===詞源=== {{he-rootbox|מ־י־ם}} {{inh+|he|sem-pro|*māy-}}。對照{{cog|arc|מַיָּא|tr=mayyā}}、{{cog|ar|مَاء}}。{{dbt|he|מ״ם|t1=מ}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|he|/majim/|a=hbo}} ===名詞=== {{he-noun|g=m-p|tr=máyim|wv=מַיִם|pausalwv=מָיִם|plcons=מֵי}} # {{lb|he|pluralonly|uncountable}} [[水]] ====使用說明==== * 也會出現構成形式{{m|he|מימי|מֵימֵי־}}。 ====衍生詞==== * {{l|he|בּוֹר מַיִם|tr=bor máyim}} * {{l|he|כַּדּוּרְמַיִם|tr=kadurmáyim}} * {{l|he|מַפַּל מַיִם}} * {{l|he|מֵי גְּבִינָה}} * {{l|he|מֵי חַטָּאת|tr=mé chatát}} * {{l|he|מֵי חַמְצָן|tr=mé chamtsán}} * {{l|he|מֵימִי|tr=meymí}} * {{l|he|מֵי נִדָּה|tr=mé nidá}} * {{l|he|מֵי פֶּה|tr=mé pé}} * {{l|he|מֵי רַגְלַיִם|tr=mé ragláyim}} ====派生詞==== * {{desc|yi|מים|tr=mayem|bor=1}} ** {{desc|nl|majem|bor=1}} ===來源=== * {{R:Strong's|H|4325}} * {{R:Hebrew Terms Database}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{pedia|lang=he}} {{cln|he|複數詞尾為־יים的名詞}} ==意第緒語== ===詞源1=== {{bor+|yi|en|meme}}。 ====發音==== * {{IPA|yi|/mim/}} ====名詞==== {{yi-noun|g=m|pl=en}} # {{lb|yi|neologism|Internet}} [[迷因]] ====參見==== * {{sense|迷因}} {{l|yi|מעמע|g=f}} ====來源==== * {{R:yi:CEYD|meme (internet)}} ===詞源2=== {{bor+|yi|he|מים|tr=máyim}}。 ====發音==== * {{IPA|yi|/ˈmajɪm/|/ˈmaɪ̯əm/}} ====名詞==== {{yi-noun|g=n|tr=mayim, mayem}} # [[水]] #: {{syn|yi|וואַסער}} ====來源==== * {{R:yi:CYED}} kazyctzkyd0aiir4m0zln7yzo6psdll 0 1378307 9944392 5566898 2026-10-15T06:55:41Z स्वर्ण 131372 已新增同義詞 9944392 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印地語== ===專有名詞=== {{head|hi|專有名詞}} # [[阿爾及利亞]] #: {{syn|hi|अल-जज़ाइर|q=罕見}} [[Category:印地語 國家]] j5wkoi83yfej3giif8l20t85hk9wz0l 0 1381592 9944191 9308196 2026-10-14T20:14:08Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|कुवैत|कैवत}} ==印地語== ===詞源=== 借自{{bor|hi|sa|कविता}}。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{head|hi|名詞|g=f|烏爾都語寫法|کوتا}} # [[詩]]，[[詩歌]] #: {{ux|hi|मैंने एक '''कविता''' लिखी है, क्या तुम्हें सुननी है?|我寫了首'''詩'''，你想聽聽嗎？}} #: {{syn|hi|शायरी|काव्य}} # ''女子名''。 ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<F>}} {{分類|印地語女子名}} ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== 借自{{bor|mr|sa|कविता}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|mr|/kə.ʋi.t̪aː/}} ===名詞=== {{head|mr|名詞|g=f}} # [[詩]] # [[詩歌]]（總稱） ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<F>}} ====參見==== * {{l|mr|काव्य}} 6es4yq7x028zkh5tf1qxhi4z4idtm2o 0 1382007 9944394 7818541 2026-10-15T07:17:17Z स्वर्ण 131372 9944394 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印地語== {{wikipedia|lang=hi}} ===詞源=== 借自{{bor|hi|en|Cyprus}} ← {{der|hi|la|Cyprus}} ← {{der|hi|grc|Κύπρος}}。 ===專有名詞=== {{head|hi|專有名詞}} # [[塞浦路斯]] #: {{syn|hi|क़िबरिस}} {{分類|印地語 國家}} q16ammh51oku0k6111byfbeehao4898 0 1382020 9944393 9787601 2026-10-15T07:13:16Z स्वर्ण 131372 9944393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|सोपान|सपना}} ==印地語== {{wp|hi:}} {{Wiktionary:圖片詞典/hi:map/Europe}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|hi|en|Spain}}。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===專有名詞=== {{hi-proper noun|m|ur=سپین}} # {{tcl|hi|西班牙|id=Q29}} #: {{syn|hi|हिस्पानिया|q1=舊式}} ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<M.sg>}} 1bideowu7v0wnca2bk2uqszz8ydeidc 0 1382505 9944232 9892501 2026-10-14T20:17:28Z TongcyDai 53191 9944232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|democratie|democrație}} ==法語== ===詞源=== {{ety|fr|:inh|frm:democratie}} {{inh+|fr|frm|democratie}}，源自{{der|fr|la-med|dēmocratia}}，源自{{der|fr|grc|δημοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱ}}。 ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA|démocracie}} * {{audio|fr|Fr-Paris--démocratie.ogg|a=Paris}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Fhala.K-démocratie.wav}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-DenisdeShawi-démocratie.wav|a=沙威尼根}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-démocratie.wav|a=巴黎}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Poslovitch-démocratie.wav|a=孚日}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-démocratie.wav|a=孚日}} * {{rhymes|fr|i|s=4}} * {{homophones|fr|démocraties}} * {{hyphenation|fr|dé|mo|cra|tie}} ===名詞=== {{fr-noun|f}} # [[民主]] ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|fr|démocratie participative}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|fr|démocrate}} * {{l|fr|démocratique}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|ht|demokrasi}} * {{desc|da|demokrati|g=n|bor=1}} * {{desctree|nl|democratie|g=f|bor=1}} * {{desc|de|Demokratie|g=f|bor=1}} * {{desc|he|דֵּמוֹקְרַטְיָה|g=f|bor=1}} * {{desc|fa|دموکراسی|tr=demokrâsi|bor=1}} * {{desc|ro|democrație|g=f|bor=1}} * {{desc|tr|demokrasi|bor=1}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:fr:TLFi}} {{C|fr|政府體制}} ==諾曼語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|nrf|frm|democratie}}，源自{{der|nrf|la-med|dēmocratia}}，源自{{der|nrf|grc|δημοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱ}}。 ===名詞=== {{nrf-noun|f}} # {{lb|nrf|澤西}} [[民主]] {{c|nrf|政府體制}} ag20e965md97yh5xv4sqlunm83yzdx7 0 1382507 9944238 9912241 2026-10-14T20:18:13Z TongcyDai 53191 9944238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|démocratie|democrație}} ==荷蘭語== ===其他形式=== * {{qualifier|1996年以前}} {{l|nl|demokratie}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|nl|fr|démocratie}}，源自{{der|nl|la|dēmocratia}}，源自{{der|nl|grc|δημοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱ}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|nl|/ˌdeː.moː.kraːˈ(t)si/}} * {{audio|nl|Nl-democratie.ogg|音頻}} * {{hyphenation|nl|de|mo|cra|tie}} * {{rhymes|nl|i|s=4}} ===名詞=== {{nl-noun|f|-en|+}} # {{lb|nl|不可數}} [[民主]] # {{lb|nl|可數}} 民主[[國家]]，民主[[政府]] #: {{ux|nl|Aan de basis van elke '''democratie''' ligt die vrijheid, die in de loop der tijden is bevochten, zei Hare Majesteit de koningin.|t=女王陛下说，每个'''民主国家'''的基础都是自由，这种自由是在时间的长河中获得的。}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|nl|basisdemocratie}} * {{l|nl|consensusdemocratie}} * {{l|nl|dramademocratie}} * {{l|nl|massademocratie}} * {{l|nl|participatiedemocratie}} * {{l|nl|penduledemocratie}} * {{l|nl|sorrydemocratie}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|nl|democraat}} * {{l|nl|democratisch}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|af|demokrasie}} * {{desc|id|bor=1|demokrasi|alt=démokrasi}} * {{desc|pea|bor=1|democratie}} {{c|nl|政府體制}} ==中古法語== ===詞源=== {{ety|frm|:lbor|grc:δημοκρατία}} 目前已知本詞最早出現於1370-1372年成書的 ''Les Ethiques en françois''，為尼科爾·奧雷姆翻譯亞里士多德的著作，{{bor+|frm|grc|δημοκρατία}}<ref>{{R:fr:TLFi|démocratie|etym=1}}</ref>。 ===名詞=== {{frm-noun|f}} # [[民主]] ====派生語彙==== * {{desctree|fr|démocratie}} * {{desc|nrf|démocratie|bor=1}} * {{desc|cs|demokracie|bor=1}} * {{desctree|en|democracy|bor=1}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} ==峇峇娘惹印尼語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|pea|nl|democratie|t=民主}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|pea|名詞}} # [[民主]] #: {{uxi|pea|Sabegitoe djaoe jang saia taoe toean Yap Soei Tjiang di Semarang jang pertama sebagi orang Tionghoa moelai bergerak dalem ini djoeroesan dengen ambil bagian dalem sala-satoe vereeniging social '''democratie''' Olanda.|t=|ref=<ref>{{cite-book|pea|author=Kwee Hing Tjiat|title=Doea Kapala Batoe|trans-title=兩個頑固的人|page=64|passage=|year=1921|publisher=Nauer & Dimmick}}</ref>}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} jgdefibbe6hqau6ncb1qjtkd4ufoxs7 0 1397565 9944219 8342653 2026-10-14T20:16:28Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944219 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{PIE root|mr|mon}} 源自{{inh|mr|omr|𑘦𑘰𑘜𑘳𑘭}}, {{l|omr|𑘦𑘰𑘡𑘳𑘭}} ← {{inh|mr|pra-mah|𑀫𑀡𑀼𑀲𑁆𑀲}}（對比{{l|pra-mah|𑀫𑀸𑀡𑀼𑀲}}），源自{{inh|mr|sa|मनुष्य}}（對比{{l|sa|मानुष}}），源自{{inh|mr|inc-pro|*manuṣyás}} ← {{inh|mr|iir-pro|*manušyás}} ← {{der|mr|ine-pro|*mon-||人}}。對比{{cog|kok|मनीस|tr=manīs}}, {{cog|gu|માણસ}}, {{cog|pa|ਮਨੁੱਖ}} / {{l|pa|مَنُکّھ}}, {{cog|ne|मानिस}}, {{cog|bn|মানুষ}}, {{cog|as|মানুহ}}, {{l|as|মুনিহ}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|mr|名詞|g=n}} # [[人]] # [[男人]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Date}} * {{R:CDIAL|māˊnuṣa|10049}} h2otpfn4nhi36pn5a1eznsa7g8mr0jt 0 1408287 9944461 9504952 2026-10-15T11:09:14Z स्वर्ण 131372 /* 印地語 */ 9944461 wikitext text/x-wiki ==博杰普爾語== ===詞源=== 借自{{bor|bho|ar|دُنْيَا}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|bho|名詞|g=f}} # 世界 ==印地語== ===詞源=== 借自{{bor|hi|ar|دُنْيَا}}。 ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|f|ur=دنیا|pl=दुनन}} # [[世界]] # [[王國]] ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|((<F.iyā>,<F>))}} ===參見=== * {{l|hi|जग}} ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== 借自{{bor|mr|ar|دُنْيَا}}。 ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|tr=duniyā|g=f}} # [[世界]] ===參見=== * {{l|mr|जग}} 0xbjd532ecev1axrw1x9vqb3z1uj0k8 828 1413010 9944179 7454764 2026-10-14T19:51:46Z TongcyDai 53191 9944179 Scribunto text/plain -- Transliteration for Marathi (in progress) local export = {} local m_str_utils = require("Module:string utilities") local gmatch = m_str_utils.gmatch local gsub = m_str_utils.gsub local match = m_str_utils.match local reverse = m_str_utils.reverse local toNFC = mw.ustring.toNFC local conv = { -- consonants ['क'] = 'k', ['ख'] = 'kh', ['ग'] = 'g', ['घ'] = 'gh', ['ङ'] = 'ṅ', ['च'] = 'c', ['छ'] = 'ch', ['ज'] = 'j', ['झ'] = 'jh', ['ञ'] = 'ñ', ['ट'] = 'ṭ', ['ठ'] = 'ṭh', ['ड'] = 'ḍ', ['ढ'] = 'ḍh', ['ण'] = 'ṇ', ['त'] = 't', ['थ'] = 'th', ['द'] = 'd', ['ध'] = 'dh', ['न'] = 'n', ['प'] = 'p', ['फ'] = 'ph', ['ब'] = 'b', ['भ'] = 'bh', ['म'] = 'm', ['य'] = 'y', ['र'] = 'r', ['ल'] = 'l', ['व'] = 'v', ['ळ'] = 'ḷ', ['श'] = 'ś', ['ष'] = 'ṣ', ['स'] = 's', ['ह'] = 'h', ['ऱ'] = 'r', -- ['ज्ञ'] = 'jñ', -- not for page titles ['ज़'] = 'j̈', ['झ़'] = 'j̈h', ['च़'] = 'ċ', -- vowel diacritics ['ि'] = 'i', ['ु'] = 'u', ['े'] = 'e', ['ो'] = 'o', ['ा'] = 'ā', ['ी'] = 'ī', ['ू'] = 'ū', ['ृ'] = 'ru', ['ै'] = 'ai', ['ौ'] = 'au', ['ॉ'] = 'ŏ', ['ॅ'] = 'ĕ', -- vowel signs ['अ'] = 'a', ['इ'] = 'i', ['उ'] = 'u', ['ए'] = 'e', ['ओ'] = 'o', ['आ'] = 'ā', ['ई'] = 'ī', ['ऊ'] = 'ū', ['ऋ'] = 'ru', ['ऐ'] = 'ai', ['औ'] = 'au', ['ऑ'] = 'ŏ', ['ॲ'] = 'ĕ', ['ऍ'] = 'ĕ', ['ॐ'] = 'om', -- chandrabindu ['ँ'] = '̃', -- anusvara ['ं'] = 'ṁ', -- visarga ['ः'] = 'ḥ', -- virama ['्'] = '', -- numerals ['०'] = '0', ['१'] = '1', ['२'] = '2', ['३'] = '3', ['४'] = '4', ['५'] = '5', ['६'] = '6', ['७'] = '7', ['८'] = '8', ['९'] = '9', -- punctuation ['।'] = '.', -- danda ['॥'] = '.', -- double danda ['+'] = '', -- compound separator -- abbreviation sign ['॰'] = '.', } local nasal_assim = { ['क'] = 'ङ', ['ख'] = 'ङ', ['ग'] = 'ङ', ['घ'] = 'ङ', ['च़'] = 'न', ['ज़'] = 'न', ['झ़'] = 'न', ['च'] = 'ञ', ['छ'] = 'ञ', ['ज'] = 'ञ', ['झ'] = 'ञ', ['ट'] = 'ण', ['ठ'] = 'ण', ['ड'] = 'ण', ['ढ'] = 'ण', ['प'] = 'म', ['फ'] = 'म', ['ब'] = 'म', ['भ'] = 'म', ['म'] = 'म', ['य'] = 'इ', ['र'] = 'उ', ['ल'] = 'ल', ['व'] = 'उ', ['श'] = 'उ', ['ष'] = 'उ', ['स'] = 'उ', ['ह'] = 'उ', } local perm_cl = { ['म्ल'] = true, ['व्ल'] = true, ['न्ल'] = true, } local all_cons, special_cons = 'कखगघङचछजझञटठडढतथदधपफबभशषसयरलवहणनमळ', 'दतयरलवहनम' local vowel, vowel_sign = '%*aिुृेोाीूैौॉॅ', 'अइउएओआईऊऋऐऔऑॲऍ' local syncope_pattern = '([' .. vowel .. vowel_sign .. '])(़?[' .. all_cons .. '])a(़?[' .. all_cons .. '])([ंँ]?[' .. vowel .. vowel_sign .. '])' function export.tr(text, lang, sc) text = gsub(text, 'ाँ', 'ॉ' .. 'ं') text = gsub(text, 'ँ', 'ॅ' .. 'ं') text = gsub(text, '([^' .. vowel .. vowel_sign .. '])ं ', '%1अ ') text = gsub(text, '([^' .. vowel .. vowel_sign .. '])ं$', '%1अ') text = gsub(text, '([' .. all_cons .. ']़?)([' .. vowel .. '्]?)', function(c, d) return c .. (d == "" and 'a' or d) end) for word in gmatch(text, "[ऀ-ॿa]+") do local orig_word = word word = reverse(word) word = gsub(word, '^a(़?[' .. all_cons .. '][' .. vowel .. vowel_sign .. '])', '%1') while match(word, syncope_pattern) do word = gsub(word, syncope_pattern, '%1%2%3%4') end word = gsub(word, '(़?.?)ं(.)', function(succ, prev) return succ .. (succ..prev == "a" and "्म" or (succ == "" and match(prev, '[' .. vowel .. ']') and "̃" or nasal_assim[succ] or "n")) .. prev end) text = gsub(text, orig_word, reverse(word)) end text = gsub(text, '.़?', conv) text = gsub(text, 'ñjñ', 'ndny') text = gsub(text, 'jñ', 'dny') text = gsub(text, 'a([iu])̃', 'a͠%1') text = gsub(text, 'aa', 'a') return toNFC(text) end return export bfzgpzh2zjapsl8r679i952vfi4ls34 828 1426246 9944137 9943111 2026-10-14T19:23:17Z TongcyDai 53191 9944137 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} local pos_functions = {} local force_cat = false -- for testing; if true, categories appear in non-mainspace pages local check_missing = false -- whether to check for missing forms local require_when_needed = require("Module:utilities/require when needed") local m_table = require("Module:table") local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("fr") local langname = lang:getCanonicalName() local en_utilities_module = "Module:en-utilities" local headword_utilities_module = "Module:headword utilities" local romut_module = "Module:romance utilities" local m_en_utilities = require_when_needed(en_utilities_module) local m_headword_utilities = require_when_needed(headword_utilities_module) local glossary_link = require_when_needed(headword_utilities_module, "glossary_link") local boolean_param = {type = "boolean"} local list_param = {list = true, disallow_holes = true} local concat = table.concat local insert = table.insert local remove = table.remove local sort = table.sort local u = mw.ustring.char local nnbsp = u(0x202F) -- NNBSP = narrow non-breaking space, used before ? and ! in French local prepositions = { "à ", "aux? ", "d[eu] ", "d['’]", "des ", "en ", "sous ", "sur ", "avec ", "pour ", "par ", "dans ", "contre ", "sans ", "comme ", "jusqu['’]", -- We could list others but you get diminishing returns } local no_split_apostrophe_words = { ["c'est"] = true, ["quelqu'un"] = true, ["aujourd'hui"] = true, } local function track(page) require("Module:debug").track("fr-headword/" .. page) return true end ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Utility functions -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function replace_hash_with_lemma(term, lemma) -- If there is a % sign in the lemma, we have to replace it with %% so it doesn't get interpreted as a capture replace -- expression. lemma = lemma:gsub("%%", "%%%%") -- Assign to a variable to discard second return value. term = term:gsub("#", lemma) return term end -- Parse and insert an inflection not requiring additional processing into `data.inflections`. The raw arguments come -- from `args[field]`, which is parsed for inline modifiers. `label` is the label that the inflections are given; -- `accel` is the accelerator form, or nil. local function parse_and_insert_inflection(data, args, field, label, accel) m_headword_utilities.parse_and_insert_inflection { headdata = data, forms = args[field], paramname = field, splitchar = ",", label = label, accel = accel and {form = accel} or nil, } end local function make_plural(form, special) local retval = require(romut_module).handle_multiword(form, special, make_plural, prepositions) if retval then if #retval > 1 then error("Internal error: Got multiple plurals from handle_multiword(): " .. concat(retval)) end return retval[1] end if form:match("[sxz]$") then return form elseif form:match("au$") then return form .. "x" elseif form:match("al$") then return form:gsub("al$", "aux") end return form .. "s" end local function make_feminine(form, special) local retval = require(romut_module).handle_multiword(form, special, make_feminine, prepositions) if retval then if #retval > 1 then error("Internal error: Got multiple feminines from handle_multiword(): " .. concat(retval)) end return retval[1] end if form:match("e$") then return form elseif form:match("en$") then return form .. "ne" elseif form:match("er$") then return form:gsub("er$", "ère") elseif form:match("el$") then return form .. "le" elseif form:match("et$") then return form .. "te" elseif form:match("on$") then return form .. "ne" elseif form:match("ieur$") then return form .. "e" elseif form:match("teur$") then return form:gsub("teur$", "trice") elseif form:match("eu[rx]$") then return form:gsub("eu[rx]$", "euse") elseif form:match("if$") then return form:gsub("if$", "ive") elseif form:match("c$") then return form:gsub("c$", "que") elseif form:match("eau$") then return form:gsub("eau$", "elle") else return form .. "e" end end -- For bot use function export.make_feminine(frame) local masc = frame.args[1] or error("Masculine in 1= is required.") local special = frame.args[2] return make_feminine(masc, special) end -- Handle generation of feminine or plural inflections when "+" is encountered. `list` is the existing base forms -- (strings or form objects) that need to be inflected. `defobj` is the form object whose `term` field is "+"; any -- decorations from that form object will be combined with those of the base form. `inflfun` is the function to do the -- inflection, which is passed two arguments, the base form value (a string) and the `special` value specified for -- handling multiword expressions (or nil if no value specified). Returns the new list of inflected form objects. local function make_inflection(list, defobj, inflfun, special) local newlist = {} for _, form in ipairs(list) do if type(form) == "string" then form = {term = form} end local infl = inflfun(form.term, special) local formobj = m_table.shallowCopy(form) formobj.term = infl m_headword_utilities.combine_termobj_decorations(formobj, defobj) insert(newlist, formobj) end return newlist end ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main entry point -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The main entry point. -- This is the only function that can be invoked from a template. function export.show(frame) local poscat = frame.args[1] or error("Part of speech has not been specified. Please pass parameter 1 to the module invocation.") local params = { ["head"] = list_param, ["id"] = true, ["json"] = boolean_param, ["splithyph"] = boolean_param, ["nolink"] = boolean_param, ["nolinkhead"] = {type = "boolean", alias_of = "nolink"}, ["abbr"] = list_param, ["pagename"] = true, -- for testing } if pos_functions[poscat] then for key, val in pairs(pos_functions[poscat].params) do params[key] = val end end local parargs = frame:getParent().args local args = require("Module:parameters").process(parargs, params) local pagename = args.pagename or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename local user_specified_heads = args.head local heads = user_specified_heads if args.nolink then if not heads[1] then heads = {pagename} end else local romut = require(romut_module) local auto_linked_head = romut.add_links_to_multiword_term(pagename, args.splithyph, no_split_apostrophe_words) if not heads[1] then heads = {auto_linked_head} else for i, head in ipairs(heads) do if head:find("^~") then head = romut.apply_link_modifiers(auto_linked_head, head:sub(2)) heads[i] = head elseif head:find("^[!?]$") then -- If explicit head= just consists of ! or ?, add it to the end of the default head after a -- NNBSP (thin non-breaking space). head = auto_linked_head .. nnbsp .. head heads[i] = head end if head == auto_linked_head then track("redundant-head") end end end end local data = { lang = lang, pos_category = pos_functions[poscat] and pos_functions[poscat].pos_category or poscat, categories = {}, heads = heads, user_specified_heads = user_specified_heads, no_redundant_head_cat = not user_specified_heads[1], genders = {}, inflections = {}, pagename = pagename, id = args.id, checkredlinks = check_missing and (pos_functions[poscat] and pos_functions[poscat].redlink_pos or true) or false, } if pagename:find("^%-") and poscat ~= "後綴形式" then data.is_suffix = true data.pos_category = "後綴" data.checkredlinks = check_missing local singular_poscat = poscat:gsub("s$", "") insert(data.categories, langname .. "構成" .. singular_poscat .. "的後綴") insert(data.inflections, {label = "構成" .. singular_poscat .. "的後綴"}) end if pos_functions[poscat] then pos_functions[poscat].func(args, data) end parse_and_insert_inflection(data, args, "abbr", "縮寫") if args.json then return require("Module:JSON").toJSON(data) end return require("Module:headword").full_headword(data) end ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Nouns -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local allowed_genders = m_table.listToSet { "m", "f", "mf", "mfbysense", "mfequiv", "gneut", "m-p", "f-p", "mf-p", "mfbysense-p", "mfequiv-p", "gneut-p", "?", "?-p", } local additional_allowed_pronoun_genders = m_table.listToSet { "m-s", "f-s", "mf-s", "p", -- mf-p doesn't make sense for e.g. [[iels]]/[[ielles]] "n", -- e.g. [[ceci]]/[[cela]] } local function validate_genders(genders, is_pronoun) for _, g in ipairs(genders) do if type(g) == "table" then g = g.spec end if not allowed_genders[g] and (not is_pronoun or not additional_allowed_pronoun_genders[g]) then error("Unrecognized gender: " .. g) end end end local function make_qual_replaced_by(replacement) return {list = true, allow_holes = true, replaced_by = false, instead = ("use an inline modifier on |%s= such as <q:...>, <qq:...>, <l:...> or <ll:...>"):format(replacement) } end local function make_alias_replaced_by(replacement, reason) return {list = true, disallow_holes = true, replaced_by = replacement, reason = reason or "for consistency with the corresponding parameter in other Romance-language headword templates" } end local function get_noun_params(is_proper) return { [1] = {list = "g", disallow_holes = true, required = not is_proper, default = "?", type = "genders", flatten = true}, -- gender(s) ["g"] = {replaced_by = 1, reason = "for consistency"}, [2] = list_param, --plural override(s) ["pqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("2"), ["f"] = list_param, --feminine form(s) ["fqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("f"), ["m"] = list_param, --masculine form(s) ["fqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("m"), ["dim"] = list_param, --diminutive(s) ["dimqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("dim"), ["aug"] = list_param, --diminutive(s) ["pej"] = list_param, --pejorative(s) ["dem"] = list_param, --demonym(s) ["fdem"] = list_param, --female demonym(s) } end local function do_noun(args, data, pos, is_proper) local is_plurale_tantum = false local has_singular = false if pos == "基數名詞" then pos = "數詞" insert(data.categories, 1, langname .. "基數詞") end if data.is_suffix then pos = "後綴" end local plpos = pos validate_genders(args[1]) data.genders = args[1] -- Check for specific genders and pluralia tantum. for _, g in ipairs(args[1]) do if type(g) == "table" then g = g.spec end if g:find("-p$") then is_plurale_tantum = true else has_singular = true end end local lemma = data.pagename -- Plural local plurals = {} local function insert_noun_inflection(terms, label, accel) m_headword_utilities.insert_inflection { headdata = data, terms = terms, label = label, accel = accel and {form = accel} or nil, } end if is_plurale_tantum and not has_singular then if args[2][1] then error("Can't specify plurals of plurale tantum " .. pos) end insert(data.inflections, {label = "唯複"}) else plurals = m_headword_utilities.parse_term_list_with_modifiers { paramname = {2, "pl"}, forms = args[2], splitchar = ",", } -- Check for special plural signals local mode = nil local pl1 = plurals[1] if pl1 and #pl1.term == 1 then mode = pl1.term if mode == "?" or mode == "!" or mode == "-" or mode == "~" then pl1.term = nil if m_headword_utilities.termobj_has_decorations(pl1) then error(("Can't specify inline modifiers with plural code '%s'"):format(mode)) end table.remove(plurals, 1) -- Remove the mode parameter elseif mode ~= "+" and mode ~= "#" and not mode:find("[a-zA-Z]") then error(("Unexpected plural code '%s'"):format(mode)) end end if is_plurale_tantum then -- both singular and plural insert(data.inflections, {label = "有時" .. glossary_link("唯複") .. "，存在變體"}) end if mode == "?" then -- Plural is unknown insert(data.categories, langname .. "有未知或不確定複數的" .. plpos) elseif mode == "!" then -- Plural is not attested insert(data.inflections, {label = "複數無紀錄"}) insert(data.categories, langname .. "有無紀錄複數的" .. plpos) if plurals[1] then error("Can't specify any plurals along with unattested plural code '!'") end elseif mode == "-" then -- Uncountable noun; may occasionally have a plural insert(data.categories, langname .. "不可數" .. plpos) -- If plural forms were given explicitly, then show "usually" if plurals[1] then insert(data.inflections, {label = "通常" .. glossary_link("不可數")}) insert(data.categories, langname .. "可數" .. plpos) else insert(data.inflections, {label = glossary_link("不可數")}) end else -- Countable or mixed countable/uncountable if not plurals[1] and not is_proper then plurals[1] = {term = "+"} end if mode == "~" then -- Mixed countable/uncountable noun, always has a plural insert(data.inflections, {label = glossary_link("可數") .. "和" .. glossary_link("不可數")}) insert(data.categories, langname .. "不可數" .. plpos) insert(data.categories, langname .. "可數" .. plpos) elseif plurals[1] then -- Countable nouns insert(data.categories, langname .. "可數" .. plpos) else -- Uncountable nouns insert(data.categories, langname .. "不可數" .. plpos) end end -- Gather plurals, handling requests for default plurals. for _, pl in ipairs(plurals) do if pl.term == "+" then pl.term = make_plural(lemma) elseif pl.term:find("^%+") then pl.term = require(romut_module).get_special_indicator(pl.term) pl.term = make_plural(lemma, pl.term) elseif pl.term == "s" or pl.term == "x" then -- FIXME, convert to #s or #x pl.term = lemma .. pl.term else pl.term = replace_hash_with_lemma(pl.term, lemma) end end local pl1 = plurals[1] if pl1 and not plurals[2] and pl1.term == lemma then insert(data.inflections, {label = glossary_link("無屈折"), q = pl1.q, qq = pl1.qq, l = pl1.l, ll = pl1.ll, refs = pl1.refs }) insert(data.categories, langname .. "無屈折" .. plpos) else insert_noun_inflection(plurals, "複數", "p") end if plurals[2] then insert(data.categories, langname .. "有多個複數的" .. plpos) end end -- Gather masculines/feminines. For each one, generate the corresponding plural. `field` is the name of the field -- containing the masculine or feminine forms (normally "m" or "f"); and `inflect` is a function of one or two -- arguments to generate the default masculine or feminine from the lemma (the arguments are the lemma and -- optionally a "special" flag to indicate how to handle multiword expressions (or nil if no value specified). Returns the new list -- of inflected form objects. local function handle_mf(field, inflect, default_plurals) local function call_inflect(special) if inflect then -- Generate default feminine. return inflect(lemma, special) else -- FIXME error("Can't generate default masculine currently") end end local mfs = m_headword_utilities.parse_term_list_with_modifiers { paramname = field, forms = args[field], splitchar = ",", frob = function(term) if term == "+" then -- Generate default masculine/feminine. term = call_inflect() elseif term == "e" and field == "f" then -- FIXME: remove this special case term = lemma .. "e" else term = replace_hash_with_lemma(term, lemma) end local special = require(romut_module).get_special_indicator(term) if special then term = call_inflect(special) end return term end } return mfs end local feminines = handle_mf("f", make_feminine) local masculine_plurals = {} local masculines = handle_mf("m", nil) local function parse_and_insert_noun_inflection(field, label, accel) parse_and_insert_inflection(data, args, field, label, accel) end insert_noun_inflection(feminines, "陰性", "f") insert_noun_inflection(masculines, "陽性") parse_and_insert_noun_inflection("dim", "指小詞") parse_and_insert_noun_inflection("aug", "指大詞") parse_and_insert_noun_inflection("pej", "貶義詞") parse_and_insert_noun_inflection("dem", "居民稱謂詞") parse_and_insert_noun_inflection("fdem", "女性居民稱謂詞") end pos_functions["名詞"] = { params = get_noun_params(), func = function(args, data) do_noun(args, data, "名詞") end, } pos_functions["專有名詞"] = { params = get_noun_params("is proper"), func = function(args, data) do_noun(args, data, "專有名詞", "is proper") end, } pos_functions["基數名詞"] = { params = get_noun_params(), func = function(args, data) do_noun(args, data, "基數名詞") end, pos_category = "數詞", } local function get_pronoun_pos(pos) return { params = { [1] = {list = "g", disallow_holes = true, required = true, default = "?", type = "genders", flatten = true}, -- gender(s) ["g"] = {replaced_by = 1, reason = "for consistency"}, ["f"] = list_param, ["fqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("f"), ["m"] = list_param, ["mqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("m"), ["mv"] = list_param, ["mvqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("mv"), ["fpl"] = list_param, ["fp"] = make_alias_replaced_by("fpl"), ["fpqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("fpl"), ["mpl"] = list_param, ["mp"] = make_alias_replaced_by("mpl"), ["mpqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("mpl"), ["pl"] = list_param, ["p"] = make_alias_replaced_by("pl"), ["pqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("pl"), ["type"] = list_param, }, func = function(args, data) -- Validate and add genders. validate_genders(args[1], "is pronoun") data.genders = args[1] local plpos = pos local function parse_and_insert_pronoun_inflection(field, label, accel) parse_and_insert_inflection(data, args, field, label, accel) end -- Parse and insert all inflections. parse_and_insert_pronoun_inflection("m", "陽性") parse_and_insert_pronoun_inflection("mv", "元音前陽性單數") parse_and_insert_pronoun_inflection("f", "陰性") parse_and_insert_pronoun_inflection("mpl", "陽性複數") parse_and_insert_pronoun_inflection("fpl", "陰性複數") parse_and_insert_pronoun_inflection("pl", "複數") -- Categorize by "type" for _, ty in ipairs(args.type) do local category if ty == "indefinite" then category = "不定" elseif ty == "interrogative" then category = "疑問" elseif ty == "personal" then category = "人稱" elseif ty == "possessive" then category = "所有格" elseif ty == "reflexive" then category = "反身" elseif ty == "relative" then category = "關係" end if category then if type(category) == "table" then for _, cat in ipairs(category) do insert(data.categories, langname .. cat .. pos) end else insert(data.categories, langname .. category .. pos) end end end end } end pos_functions["代詞"] = get_pronoun_pos("代詞") pos_functions["限定詞"] = get_pronoun_pos("限定詞") local function get_misc_pos() return { params = { [1] = {replaced_by = "head", reason = "for consistency with other French headword templates"}, }, func = function(args, data) end } end pos_functions["副詞"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["介詞"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["短語"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["介詞短語"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["諺語"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["標點符號"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["附加符號"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["感嘆詞"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["前綴"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["縮寫"] = get_misc_pos() local function do_adjective(pos) return { params = { [1] = true, ["inv"] = boolean_param, ["sp"] = true, -- special indicator: "first", "first-last", etc. ["onlyg"] = true, ["m"] = list_param, ["mqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("m"), ["mv"] = list_param, ["mvqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("mv"), ["f"] = list_param, ["fqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("f"), ["mpl"] = list_param, ["mp"] = make_alias_replaced_by("mpl"), ["mpqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("mpl"), ["fpl"] = list_param, ["fp"] = make_alias_replaced_by("fpl"), ["fpqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("fpl"), ["pl"] = list_param, ["p"] = make_alias_replaced_by("pl"), ["pqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("pl"), ["base"] = list_param, ["current"] = make_alias_replaced_by("base", "because the old name was obscure and did not clarify the purpose of the parameter"), ["comp"] = list_param, ["compqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("comp"), ["sup"] = list_param, ["supqual"] = make_qual_replaced_by("sup"), ["intr"] = boolean_param, }, pos_category = pos == "基數形容詞" and "數詞" or nil, redlink_pos = pos == "分詞" and "分詞" or nil, func = function(args, data) local is_numeral = false if pos == "基數形容詞" then pos = "數詞" is_numeral = true insert(data.categories, 1, langname .. "基數詞") end if data.is_suffix then pos = "後綴" end local plpos = pos if not is_numeral then if args.onlyg == "p" or args.onlyg == "m-p" or args.onlyg == "f-p" then insert(data.categories, langname .. "唯複數詞") end if args.onlyg == "s" or args.onlyg == "f-s" or args.onlyg == "f-s" then insert(data.categories, langname .. "唯單數詞") end if args.onlyg then insert(data.categories, langname .. "不完全變化" .. plpos) end end local lemma = data.pagename local function insert_inflection(terms, label, accel) m_headword_utilities.insert_inflection { headdata = data, terms = terms, label = label, accel = accel and {form = accel} or nil, } end local function process_inflection(label, arg, accel, get_default, explicit_default_only) local orig_infls = m_headword_utilities.parse_term_list_with_modifiers { paramname = arg, forms = args[arg], splitchar = ",", } if not orig_infls[1] then if explicit_default_only or not get_default then orig_infls = {} else orig_infls = {{term = "+"}} end end local infls = {} if orig_infls[1] then for _, infl in ipairs(orig_infls) do if infl.term == "+" then local defs if get_default then defs = get_default(infl) else error("Can't use '+' with " .. arg .. "=; no default available") end for _, def in ipairs(defs) do insert(infls, def) end elseif infl.term == "e" or infl.term == "s" or infl.term == "x" then -- FIXME: delete this in favor of #e, #s, #x infl.term = lemma .. infl.term insert(infls, infl) else infl.term = replace_hash_with_lemma(infl.term, lemma) insert(infls, infl) end end insert_inflection(infls, label, accel) end return infls end if args.sp and not require(romut_module).allowed_special_indicators[args.sp] then local indicators = {} for indic, _ in pairs(require(romut_module).allowed_special_indicators) do insert(indicators, "'" .. indic .. "'") end sort(indicators) error("Special inflection indicator beginning can only be " .. mw.text.listToText(indicators) .. ": " .. args.sp) end local function get_base() return args.base[1] and args.base or {lemma} end if args.onlyg == "p" then insert(data.inflections, {label = "唯複"}) if args[1] ~= "mf" then -- Handle feminine plurals process_inflection("陰性複數", "fpl", "f|p") end elseif args.onlyg == "s" then insert(data.inflections, {label = "唯單"}) if not (args[1] == "mf" or not args.f[1] and lemma:match("e$")) then -- Handle feminines process_inflection("陰性單數", "f", "f", function(defobj) return make_inflection(get_base(), defobj, make_feminine, args.sp) end) end elseif args.onlyg == "m" then insert(data.genders, "m") insert(data.inflections, {label = "僅陽性"}) -- Handle masculine plurals process_inflection("陽性複數", "mpl", "m|p", function(defobj) return make_inflection(get_base(), defobj, make_plural, args.sp) end) elseif args.onlyg == "f" then insert(data.genders, "f") insert(data.inflections, {label = "僅陰性"}) -- Handle feminine plurals process_inflection("陰性複數", "fpl", "f|p", function(defobj) return make_inflection(get_base(), defobj, make_plural, args.sp) end) elseif args.onlyg then insert(data.genders, args.onlyg) insert(data.inflections, {label = "不完全變化"}) else -- Gather genders local gender = args[1] -- Default to mf if base form ends in -e and no feminine, -- feminine plural or gender specified if not gender and not args.f[1] and not args.fpl[1] and lemma:match("e$") and not lemma:find(" ", nil, true) then gender = "mf" end if args.intr then insert(data.inflections, {label = glossary_link("不及物")}) insert(data.inflections, {label = "因此" .. glossary_link("無屈折")}) args.inv = true elseif args.inv then insert(data.inflections, {label = glossary_link("無屈折")}) end -- Handle plurals of mf adjectives if not args.inv and gender == "mf" then process_inflection("複數", "pl", "p", function(defobj) return make_inflection(get_base(), defobj, make_plural, args.sp) end) end if not args.inv and gender ~= "mf" then -- Handle masculine form if not same as lemma; e.g. [[sûr de soi]] with m=+, m2=sûr de lui process_inflection("陽性單數", "m", "m|s", function(defobj) defobj = m_table.shallowCopy(defobj) defobj.term = lemma return {defobj} end, "explicit default only") -- Handle case of special masculine singular before vowel process_inflection("元音前陽性單數", "mv", "m|s") -- Handle feminines local feminines = process_inflection("陰性", "f", "f|s", function(defobj) return make_inflection(get_base(), defobj, make_feminine, args.sp) end) -- Handle masculine plurals process_inflection("陽性複數", "mpl", "m|p", function(defobj) return make_inflection(get_base(), defobj, make_plural, args.sp) end) -- Handle feminine plurals process_inflection("陰性複數", "fpl", "f|p", function(defobj) return make_inflection(feminines, defobj, make_plural, args.sp) end) end end -- Handle comparatives process_inflection("比較級", "comp", "comparative") -- Handle superlatives process_inflection("最高級", "sup", "superlative") end } end pos_functions["形容詞"] = do_adjective("形容詞") pos_functions["過去分詞"] = do_adjective("分詞") pos_functions["基數形容詞"] = do_adjective("基數形容詞") pos_functions["動詞"] = { params = { ["type"] = list_param, }, func = function(args, data) local pos = "動詞" for _, ty in ipairs(args.type) do local category, label if ty == "auxiliary" then category = "助" elseif ty == "defective" then category = "不完全變化" label = glossary_link("不完全變化") elseif ty == "impersonal" then category = "無人稱" label = glossary_link("無人稱") elseif ty == "modal" then category = "情態" elseif ty == "reflexive" then category = "自反" elseif ty == "transitive" then label = glossary_link("及物") category = "及物" elseif ty == "intransitive" then label = glossary_link("不及物") category = "不及物" elseif ty == "ambitransitive" or ty == "ambi" then category = {"及物", "不及物"} label = glossary_link("及物") .. "和" .. glossary_link("不及物") end if category then if type(category) == "table" then for _, cat in ipairs(category) do insert(data.categories, langname .. cat .. pos) end else insert(data.categories, langname .. category .. pos) end end if label then insert(data.inflections, {label = label}) end end end } pos_functions["cardinal invariable"] = { params = {}, func = function(args, data) data.pos_category = "數詞" insert(data.categories, langname .. "基數詞") insert(data.categories, langname .. "無屈折數詞") insert(data.inflections, {label = glossary_link("無屈折")}) end } ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Suffix forms -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pos_functions["後綴變格形"] = { params = { [1] = {required = true, list = true, disallow_holes = true}, ["g"] = {list = true, disallow_holes = true, type = "genders", flatten = true}, }, func = function(args, data) validate_genders(args.g) data.genders = args.g local suffix_type = {} for _, typ in ipairs(args[1]) do insert(suffix_type, "構成" .. typ .. "的後綴") end insert(data.inflections, {label = m_table.serialCommaJoin(suffix_type, {conj = "or"}) .. "的非詞元形式"}) end, } return export 6doihvpistsx330ds2m90o6c6e6qhpk 828 1427014 9944285 9611546 2026-10-14T20:42:03Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 91654533）：新增 apply_wv_to_link_data()、move_nikud_before_geresh()（[[Module:He-headword]] 新版需要） 9944285 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} local concat = table.concat local insert = table.insert local u = mw.ustring.char local ugsub = mw.ustring.gsub local usub = mw.ustring.sub local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("he") local nikud_regex = "[" .. u(0x5B0) .. "-" .. u(0x5BC) .. u(0x5BF) .. u(0x5C1) .. u(0x5C2) .. u(0x5C7) .. "]" -- A nil-safe, Hebrew-specific diacritic remover. function export.remove_nikud(formwv) return formwv and lang:stripDiacritics(formwv) or nil end local function fix_nikud_subber(x) local ret = {} -- Shin dots (U+05C1 & U+05C2). for s in x:gmatch("\215[\129\130]") do insert(ret, s) end -- Dagesh (U+05BC & U+05BF). for d in x:gmatch("\214[\188\191]") do insert(ret, d) end -- Vowels (U+05B0-U+05BB & U+05C7). for v in x:gmatch("[\214\215][\176-\187\135]") do -- any false-positives won't be picked up by the original gsub insert(ret, v) end return concat(ret) end function export.fix_nikud(x) return ugsub(x, nikud_regex .. nikud_regex .. "+", fix_nikud_subber) end -- Moves nikud after geresh/gershayim to the preceding letter, e.g. ג׳ֻ -> גֻ׳. function export.move_nikud_before_geresh(x) return (ugsub(x, "([א-ת]" .. nikud_regex .. "*)([׳״])(" .. nikud_regex .. "+)", "%1%3%2")) end function export.end_with_makaf(str) if str and #str > 0 and usub(str, -1) ~= "־" then str = str .. "־" end return str end -- This should only be used by modules that auto-generate words, otherwise use gen_link function export.process_wv_triad(form, formwv, formdwv) if form then return form, formwv, formdwv elseif formwv then return export.remove_nikud(formwv), formwv, formdwv end return export.remove_nikud(formdwv), formdwv, nil end function export.gen_link(form, formwv, formdwv) form, formwv, formdwv = export.process_wv_triad(form, formwv, formdwv) if not form then error("Can't make a link out of nothing.") elseif formdwv then return "[[" .. form .. "|" .. (formwv or form) .. " / " .. formdwv .. "]]" end return "[[" .. form .. "|" .. (formwv or form) .. "]]" end -- Like gen_link for construct forms appends a makaf if one doesn't already exist function export.gen_link_ending_with_makaf(form, formwv, formdwv) form, formwv, formdwv = export.process_wv_triad(form, formwv, formdwv) if not form then error("Can't make a link out of nothing.") elseif formdwv then return "[[" .. form .. "|" .. (export.end_with_makaf(formwv) or form) .. " / " .. export.end_with_makaf(formdwv) .. "]]" end return "[[" .. form .. "|" .. export.end_with_makaf(formwv or form) .. "]]" end -- Given a link-data object to be passed to [[Module:links]].full_link(), process Hebrew -- wv/dwv fields into the corresponding term/alt fields. The unvocalized form remains -- the link target, while wv/dwv control the displayed form. function export.apply_wv_to_link_data(data) if data.alt and (data.wv or data.dwv) then error("Specify either alt or wv/dwv, not both") end local term, wv, dwv = export.process_wv_triad(data.term, data.wv, data.dwv) if not term then error("Can't make a link out of nothing.") end data.term = term if dwv then data.alt = (wv or term) .. " / " .. dwv elseif wv then data.alt = wv end data.wv = nil data.dwv = nil return data end return export op1ol5tr4p0vfw9lmkxr29u1mc2c7ox 828 1443565 9944351 9611630 2026-10-14T21:03:23Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 91771659）並本地化：改用 [[Module:Inflection-table]]；修正 {{he-rootbox}} 表格連結（分類名缺「詞」、sense 重複）與表頭「詞根s」；詞根頁詞類改為「詞根」；報錯訊息依 enwikt 原文 9944351 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} local m_str_utils = require("Module:string utilities") local codepoint = m_str_utils.codepoint local gsub = m_str_utils.gsub local u = m_str_utils.char local export = {} local sc = require("Module:scripts").getByCode("Hebr") local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("he") local m_utilities = require("Module:utilities") local m_links = require("Module:links") local m_headword = require("Module:headword") local m_inflection_table = require("Module:inflection-table") local rsplit = mw.text.split -- A wrapper function allowing the contents of this module to be called from -- templates. For example, '{{#invoke:he-utilities|main|otSofit|כ}}' produces -- 'ך', as does '{{#invoke:he-utilities|main|letters|kafSofit}}'. function export.main(frame) if type(export[frame.args[1]]) == 'function' then return export[frame.args[1]](frame.args[2]) else return export[frame.args[1]][frame.args[2]] end end -- A mapping from strings containing letter-names, e.g. "alef", to strings -- containing letters, e.g. "\215\144". (The latter is a UTF-8-encoded string -- containing the single Unicode character U+05D0 HEBREW LETTER ALEF.) export.letters = {} for i, name in ipairs({ 'alef', 'bet', 'gimel', 'dalet', 'hei', 'vav', 'zayen', 'khet', 'tet', 'yud', 'kafSofit', 'kaf', 'lamed', 'memSofit', 'mem', 'nunSofit', 'nun', 'samekh', 'ayin', 'peiSofit', 'pei', 'tsadiSofit', 'tsadi', 'kuf', 'resh', 'shin', 'tav' }) do export.letters[name] = u(0x05D0 + i - 1) end export.letters.sin = export.letters.shin -- Same as previous, but for vowels instead of letters. (It also includes a few -- marks and diacritics that aren't quite "vowels", but are in the same sequence -- of Unicode characters.) export.vowels = {} for i, name in ipairs({ 'shva', 'khatafSegol', 'khatafPatakh', 'khatafKamats', 'khirik', 'tseirei', 'segol', 'patakh', 'kamats', 'kholam', 'ignoreMe', 'kubuts', 'dagesh', 'meteg', 'makaf', 'rafe', 'pasek', 'shinDot', 'sinDot', 'sofPasuk', 'upperDot' }) do export.vowels[name] = u(0x05B0 + i - 1) end export.vowels.ignoreMe = nil export.vowels.mapik = export.vowels.dagesh -- If letter is kaf, mem, nun, pei, or tsadi, returns kaf sofit, mem sofit, -- etc., respectively; otherwise, just returns letter. function export.otSofit(letter) if letter == export.letters.kaf or letter == export.letters.mem or letter == export.letters.nun or letter == export.letters.pei or letter == export.letters.tsadi then return u(codepoint(letter) - 1) else return letter end end -- Same as previous, except that if letter is kaf or kaf sofit, also tacks on -- a sh'va (since kaf sofit is written with a sh'va when it has no other vowel). function export.otSofitShva(letter) letter = export.otSofit(letter) if letter == export.letters.kafSofit then return letter .. export.vowels.shva else return letter end end -- If letter is kaf sofit, mem sofit, etc., returns kaf, mem, etc.; otherwise, -- just returns letter. function export.otLoSofit(letter) if letter == export.letters.kafSofit or letter == export.letters.memSofit or letter == export.letters.nunSofit or letter == export.letters.peiSofit or letter == export.letters.tsadiSofit then return u(codepoint(letter) + 1) else return letter end end -- If letter is bet, gimel, dalet, kaf, pei, or tav, returns letter plus a -- dagesh; otherwise, just returns letter. function export.dageshKal(letter) if letter == export.letters.bet or letter == export.letters.gimel or letter == export.letters.dalet or letter == export.letters.kaf or letter == export.letters.pei or letter == export.letters.tav then return letter .. export.vowels.dagesh else return letter end end -- If letter is shin plus a shin or sin dot, returns shin (without the dot); -- otherwise, just returns letter. function export.dotlessShin(letter) if letter == export.letters.shin .. export.letters.shinDot or letter == export.letters.sin .. export.letters.sinDot then return export.letters.shin else return letter end end local letters = "[א-ת]" local modifiers = "[ּׁׂׄ]?" local separators = "[-־ %.,!|]?" local regex = "(" .. letters .. modifiers .. ")" .. separators local medial_radicals = { ["א"] = true, ["ב"] = true, ["ג"] = true, ["ד"] = true, ["ה"] = true, ["הּ"] = false, ["ו"] = true, ["ז"] = true, ["ח"] = true, ["ט"] = true, ["י"] = true, ["כ"] = true, ["ל"] = true, ["מ"] = true, ["נ"] = true, ["ס"] = true, ["ע"] = true, ["פ"] = true, ["צ"] = true, ["ק"] = true, ["ר"] = true, ["שׁ"] = true, ["שׂ"] = true, ["ת"] = true, } local initial_radicals = medial_radicals local final_radicals = { ["א"] = true, ["ב"] = true, ["ג"] = true, ["ד"] = true, ["ה"] = true, ["הּ"] = true, ["ו"] = false, ["ז"] = true, ["ח"] = true, ["ט"] = true, ["י"] = false, ["ך"] = true, ["ל"] = true, ["ם"] = true, ["ן"] = true, ["ס"] = true, ["ע"] = true, ["ף"] = true, ["ץ"] = true, ["ק"] = true, ["ר"] = true, ["שׁ"] = true, ["שׂ"] = true, ["ת"] = true, } local radical_romanizations = { ["א"] = "ʾ", ["ב"] = "b", ["ג"] = "g", ["ד"] = "d", ["ה"] = "h", ["ו"] = "w", ["ז"] = "z", ["ח"] = "kh", ["ט"] = "ṭ", ["י"] = "y", ["[כך]"] = "k", ["ל"] = "l", ["[מם]"] = "m", ["[נן]"] = "n", ["ס"] = "s", ["ע"] = "ʿ", ["[פף]"] = "p", ["[ץצ]"] = "ts", ["ק"] = "q", ["ר"] = "r", ["שׁ"] = "sh", ["שׂ"] = "s", ["ת"] = "t", } local function transliterate_root(root_string) local romanized_root = root_string:gsub("־", "-") for k, v in pairs(radical_romanizations) do romanized_root = gsub(romanized_root, k, v) end return romanized_root end function export.plain_root(frame) local radicals = {} local len = 0 local subber = function(radical) table.insert(radicals, radical) len = len + 1 return "" end local scraps = gsub(frame.args[1], regex, subber) if scraps ~= "" then error("Unrecognized characters in root.") end if len < 2 then error("Root must have at least two radicals separated by ־.") end for i, radical in ipairs(radicals) do if i == 1 then -- initial if not initial_radicals[radical] then error("Unrecognized initial radical " .. radical .. ".") end elseif i == len then -- final if not final_radicals[radical] then error("Unrecognized final radical " .. radical .. ".") end else -- medial if not medial_radicals[radical] then error("Unrecognized medial radical " .. radical .. ".") end end end return table.concat(radicals, "־") end function export.romanized_root(frame) local root = export.plain_root(frame) return transliterate_root(root) end local function link(term, alt, tr, id) if term == "" or term == "&mdash;" then return term else return m_links.full_link({ term = term, alt = alt, tr = tr, lang = lang, id = id, }) end end local function validateRoot(rootTable, joined_root) if type(rootTable) ~= "table" then error("rootTable is not a table", 2) end local len = #rootTable if len < 2 then error("Root must have at least two radicals separated by ־.") end for i, radical in ipairs(rootTable) do if i == 1 then -- initial if not initial_radicals[radical] then error("Unrecognized initial radical " .. radical .. " in " .. joined_root) end elseif i == #rootTable then -- final if not final_radicals[radical] then error("Unrecognized final radical " .. radical .. " in " .. joined_root) end else -- medial if not medial_radicals[radical] then error("Unrecognized medial radical " .. radical .. " in " .. joined_root) end end end end function export.root(frame) local output = {} local categories = {} local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText local params = { [1] = { list = true }, head = true, nocat = { type = "boolean" }, plain = { type = "boolean" }, notext = { type = "boolean" }, sense = true, pagename = true, } local args = require("Module:parameters").process(frame:getParent().args, params) local pagename = args.pagename or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename local rootLetters = {} local roots = args[1] local plain = args["plain"] if frame.args["plain"] then plain = true end local head = frame.args["head"] local langCode = lang:getCode() local separator = "־" local roots_len = #roots if #roots == 0 and not args.pagename and namespace == "Template" then -- FIXME: There should be support for a list of arguments as the template_default table.insert(rootLetters, rsplit("כ־ת־ב", separator)) elseif #roots ~= 0 then for _, root in ipairs(roots) do table.insert(rootLetters, rsplit(root, separator)) end else if args["head"] ~= nil and pagename ~= lang:stripDiacritics(args["head"]) then error("Root is different from the pagename.") end if head and args["head"] ~= nil then pagename = args["head"] end table.insert(rootLetters, rsplit(pagename, separator)) end local joined_roots = {} for i, rootLetter in ipairs(rootLetters) do table.insert(joined_roots, table.concat(rootLetter, separator)) validateRoot(rootLetter, joined_roots[i]) end local sense = args["sense"] local sense_formatted = "" if sense ~= nil then sense_formatted = " (" .. sense .. ") " end if pagename == joined_roots[1] then if roots_len > 1 then error("There should be only one root.") end table.insert(output, m_headword.full_headword({ lang = lang, pos_category = "詞根", categories = {}, heads = { pagename }, translits = {transliterate_root(pagename) }, nomultiwordcat = true })) if args["nocat"] then return table.concat(output) else return table.concat(output) .. table.concat(categories) end else local link_texts = {} local term_counts = {} for i, joined_root in ipairs(joined_roots) do local link_text = joined_root table.insert(link_texts, link(link_text, joined_root .. sense_formatted, transliterate_root(joined_root), sense)) table.insert( categories, m_utilities.format_categories( { "詞根為" .. joined_root .. sense_formatted .. "的" .. lang:getCanonicalName() .. "詞" }, lang) ) table.insert(term_counts, mw.site.stats.pagesInCategory( "詞根為" .. joined_root .. sense_formatted .. "的" .. lang:getCanonicalName() .. "詞", "pages") ) end if args["nocat"] or plain then if args["nocat"] then return table.concat(link_texts, ", ") else return table.concat(link_texts, ", ") .. table.concat(categories) end else local link_text_output = "" for i, link_text in ipairs(link_texts) do link_text_output = link_text_output .. "\n|-\n| " .. link_text .. "\n|-\n| [[:Category:" .. "詞根為" .. joined_roots[i] .. sense_formatted .. "的" .. lang:getCanonicalName() .. "詞" .. "|" .. term_counts[i] .. "個詞" .. "]]\n" end local wikicode = m_inflection_table.make_top{ title = "-", palette = "grey", class = "floatright tr-alongside" } wikicode = wikicode .. [=[ ! [[w:en:Semitic root|詞根]]]=] wikicode = wikicode .. link_text_output wikicode = wikicode .. m_inflection_table.make_bottom{} return wikicode .. table.concat(categories) end end end return export dyegjgyxb76nnybol84oosagxrfh6od 828 1443574 9944286 9690773 2026-10-14T20:42:12Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 92924994）並本地化：屈折形式支援行內修飾語（<wv:...>、<dwv:...>、<tr:...> 等）、head2=/wv2=/dwv2= 等多個詞頭、性別參數檢查、kamats katan／khataf kamats 等分類；恢復舊版註解掉的分類並譯為中文，修正「詞尾為־ה的陽性名詞」誤作陰性；限定詞、代詞改用中文詞類鍵；本地修正：「-」不作為 headword utilities 模式符號（enwikt 現行版 {{he-adj-auto|f=-}} 會報錯） 9944286 Scribunto text/plain local m_headword = require("Module:headword") local m_headword_utilities = require("Module:headword utilities") local com = require("Module:he-common") local export = {} local pos_functions = {} local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("he") local function get_params_list(args, argprefix) local export = {} i = 1 term = argprefix while args[term] ~= nil and args[term] ~= "" do table.insert(export, term) i = i + 1 term = argprefix .. i end return export end local function make_params_array(args, params) local export = {} for _, param in ipairs(params) do table.insert(export, args[param]) end return export end -- extensions to what parse_term_with_modifiers() enables by default local inflection_inline_mods = { "tr", {"wv", {}}, {"dwv", {}}, } local function object_has_property_other_than(obj, excluded) for key in pairs(obj) do if key ~= excluded then return true end end return false end local function parse_form(value, param) if value == nil then return nil end local obj = m_headword_utilities.parse_term_with_modifiers { val = value, paramname = param, include_mods = inflection_inline_mods, -- l10n: 「-」等值由本模組自行處理，不作為 [[Module:headword utilities]] 的模式符號（否則 {{he-adj-auto|f=-}} 會報錯） disable_special_modes = true, } -- For modifier-only values such as <wv:bar>, the parser returns term="". -- Normalize it to nil so the unvocalized link target can be derived from wv/dwv. if obj.term == "" then obj.term = nil end if obj.term == "-" and object_has_property_other_than(obj, "term") then error(("Parameter |%s= uses the sentinel - with inline modifiers; use bare - instead") :format(param)) end return obj end local function parse_form_slot(args, param) local legacy = { wv = args[param .. "wv"], dwv = args[param .. "dwv"], } local obj = parse_form(args[param], param) if not obj then if legacy.wv == nil and legacy.dwv == nil then return nil end obj = {} end -- Legacy companions remain plain strings. Inline syntax belongs only on the -- main form value, but the old companions can still provide wv/dwv displays. for _, kind in ipairs({"wv", "dwv"}) do local value = legacy[kind] if value ~= nil then if obj[kind] ~= nil then error(("Can't specify both |%s%s= and inline <%s:...> in |%s=") :format(param, kind, kind, param)) end obj[kind] = value end end return obj end local function normalize_inflection_obj(obj, is_construct, param) if is_construct then -- Resolve a target before adding display-only makaf. In particular, if -- only wv/dwv was supplied, deriving the target afterwards would wrongly -- include the newly added makaf in the target. obj.term, obj.wv, obj.dwv = com.process_wv_triad(obj.term, obj.wv, obj.dwv) obj.wv = com.end_with_makaf(obj.wv or obj.term) obj.dwv = com.end_with_makaf(obj.dwv) end if obj.wv or obj.dwv then return com.apply_wv_to_link_data(obj) end if not obj.term or obj.term == "" then error(("Parameter |%s= has no term or vocalization; specify a term, <wv:...>, or <dwv:...>") :format(param)) end return obj end local function format_head(head, wv, dwv) if head then return head end wv = wv or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename -- not really an inflection table but for the black links return dwv and wv .. " / " .. '<span class="inflection-table">' .. "[[" .. dwv .. "]]" .. "</span>" or wv end local function format_preview_warnings(warnings) if not warnings[1] then return "" end return ' <span class="error previewonly">' .. table.concat(warnings, "<br />") .. "</span>" end local function maybe_get_inflection(args, name, params, list, accel, is_construct) if list then -- Preserving existing behavior: scan consecutive form parameters (e.g. |pl=, -- |pl2=, ...), without treating |plNwv= or |plNdwv= as forms by themselves. -- TODO: Add tracking and warnings for ignored, etc. params = get_params_list(args, params) end local tbl = {} if type(params) ~= "table" then params = {params} end for _, param in ipairs(params) do local obj = parse_form_slot(args, param) if obj then tbl.label = name tbl.accel = accel table.insert(tbl, normalize_inflection_obj(obj, is_construct, param)) end if args[param] == "" or args[param .. "wv"] == "" or args[param .. "dwv"] == "" then require('Module:debug').track("he-noun/empty-form-param") elseif args[param] ~= nil and args[param .. "wv"] ~= nil then require('Module:debug').track("he-noun/param-and-paramwv") end end return next(tbl) and tbl end -- The main entry point. -- This is the only function that can be invoked from a template. function export.show(frame) local preview_warnings = {} local args = {} for k, v in pairs(frame:getParent().args) do if v ~= "" then args[k] = v end end local poscat = frame.args[1] or error("Part of speech has not been specified. Please pass parameter 1 to the module invocation.") if frame.args["auto"] and (args["auto"] == "" or not args["auto"]) then args["auto"] = frame.args["auto"] end local data = {lang = lang, pos_category = poscat, categories = {}, heads = {}, translits = make_params_array(args, get_params_list(args, "tr")), genders = {}, inflections = {}} data.sort_key = args["sort"]; if data.sort_key == "" then data.sort_key = nil end if data.sort_key then data.sort_key = data.sort_key .. "a" .. mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename end local wv = args["wv"] or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename if not args["head"] then data.no_redundant_head_cat = true end -- headword forms local i = 1 repeat local suffix = i == 1 and "" or i local this_head = args["head" .. suffix] local this_wv = args["wv" .. suffix] local this_dwv = args["dwv" .. suffix] data.heads[i] = format_head(this_head, this_wv, this_dwv) if this_head and (this_wv or this_dwv) then table.insert(preview_warnings, "Warning: <code>|head" .. suffix .. "=</code> overrides <code>|wv" .. suffix .. "=</code>/<code>|dwv" .. suffix .. "=</code>.") end if this_dwv and mw.ustring.match(this_dwv, "%[%[") then require('Module:debug').track("he-noun/link-in-dwv") end i = i + 1 until not (args["head" .. i] or args["wv" .. i] or args["dwv" .. i]) if not (args["wv"] or args["dwv"] or args["head"]) then require('Module:debug').track("he-noun/no-nikud") end local character_categories = { {"׳", "帶「׳」的希伯來語詞"}, {"״", "帶「״」的希伯來語詞"}, {"ׇ", "帶kamats katan的希伯來語詞"}, {"ֳ", "帶khataf kamats的希伯來語詞"}, } for _, category_spec in ipairs(character_categories) do for _, head in ipairs(data.heads) do -- check dwv/wv or head if mw.ustring.match(head, category_spec[1]) then table.insert(data.categories, category_spec[2]) break end end end local begedkefet = "בגדכפת" local vowels = "ְֱֲֳִֵֶַָֹֻ" local begedkefet_regex = "[" .. begedkefet .. "]" local vowels_with_mater_lectionis_regex = "[" .. vowels .. "וא" .. "]" local fixed_nikud = com.fix_nikud(args["dwv"] or args["wv"] or "") if args["unchangeablebegedkefet"] == "1" or mw.ustring.match(fixed_nikud, "^" .. begedkefet_regex .. vowels_with_mater_lectionis_regex) then table.insert(data.categories, "以不變begedkefet字母開頭的希伯來語詞") end local pattern_link = "" if args["pat"] and args["pat"] ~= "" and poscat ~= "動詞" then table.insert(data.categories, "類型為" .. args["pat"] .. "的希伯來語詞") local patfmt = require("Module:links").full_link({lang = lang, alt = args["pat"], tr = "-"}) pattern_link = " <small>[[Appendix:希伯來語類型/" .. args["pat"] .. "|[類型: " .. patfmt .. "] ]]</small>" end if pos_functions[poscat] then pos_functions[poscat](args, data, wv) end table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "聖經希伯來語[[w:en:Pausa|停頓形]]", "pausal", false)) return (m_headword.full_headword(data)) .. pattern_link .. format_preview_warnings(preview_warnings) end local final_to_nonfinal = { ["ך"]="כ", ["ם"]="מ", ["ן"]="נ", ["ף"]="פ", ["ץ"]="צ", } local function stemify_helper(letter, rest) return (final_to_nonfinal[letter] or letter) .. rest end local function stemify(x) if x then x = mw.ustring.gsub(x, "ְ([^א-תﭏ]*)$", "%1") x = mw.ustring.gsub(x, "([ךםןףץ])([^א-תﭏ]*)$", stemify_helper) end return x end local function gen_fem_t(stemwv) local stub, vowel, final, dagesh = mw.ustring.match(com.fix_nikud(stemwv), "^(.*)([ְֲִָ])([א-ת][ׁׂ]?)(ּ?)$") if not stub then error("Error attaching feminine ת suffix, please check vocalization.") end if final == "י" then if vowel ~= "ִ" or dagesh ~= "ּ" then error("Error attaching feminine ת suffix, please check vocalization.") end return stub .. vowel .. final .. "ת" end if vowel == "ִ" or dagesh ~= "" then error("Error attaching feminine ת suffix, please check vocalization.") end if final == "א" then return stub .. "ֵ" .. final .. "ת" end if final == "ה" or final == "ח" or final == "ע" then return stub .. "ַ" .. final .. "ַ" .. "ת" end return stub .. "ֶ" .. final .. "ֶ" .. "ת" end pos_functions["形容詞"] = function(args, data) -- table.insert(genders, "m") if args["auto"] == nil or args["auto"] == "" then -- Use only provided inflections table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陰性", {"f", "f2"}, false)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陽性複數", {"mp", "mp2"}, false)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陰性複數", "fp", true)) else require("Module:debug").track("he-adj/auto") -- Parse explicit rendered overrides before doing any morphology. Stem -- parameters are generation inputs, not rendered forms, and stay raw. local function prepare_objects(primary, secondary) local objects = {} local primary_obj = parse_form_slot(args, primary) table.insert(objects, {form = primary_obj or {}, param = primary}) if secondary then local secondary_obj = parse_form_slot(args, secondary) if secondary_obj then table.insert(objects, {form = secondary_obj, param = secondary}) end end return objects end local feminine = prepare_objects("f", "f2") local masculine_plural = prepare_objects("mp", "mp2") local feminine_plural = prepare_objects("fp") -- Automatically generate inflections. local stem = args["stem"] local stemwv = args["stemwv"] local stemdwv = args["stemdwv"] local e = false if not stem then if stemwv then stem = com.remove_nikud(stemwv) else stem = stemify(mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename) if not stemdwv then stemwv = stemify(args["wv"]) stemdwv = stemify(args["dwv"]) end local fstemwv = stemwv and com.fix_nikud(stemwv) local fstemdwv = stemdwv and com.fix_nikud(stemdwv) if (fstemwv or fstemdwv) and (stem ~= nil or stem:match("ה$")) and (fstemwv == nil or fstemwv:match("ֶה$")) and (fstemdwv == nil or fstemdwv:match("ֶה$")) then e = true stem = stem and stem:gsub("ה$", "") stemwv = fstemwv and fstemwv:gsub("ֶה$", "") stemdwv = fstemdwv and fstemdwv:gsub("ֶה$", "") end end end stem, stemwv, stemdwv = com.process_wv_triad(stem, stemwv, stemdwv) local function insert_generated_inflection(label, objects, generate) for _, item in ipairs(objects) do local obj = item.form obj.term, obj.wv, obj.dwv = com.process_wv_triad(obj.term, obj.wv, obj.dwv) end -- Preserve the established primary bare-hyphen suppression behavior. if objects[1].form.term == "-" then return end local forms = {label = label} for _, item in ipairs(objects) do generate(item.form) table.insert(forms, normalize_inflection_obj(item.form, false, item.param)) end table.insert(data.inflections, forms) end insert_generated_inflection("陰性", feminine, function(obj) if not (obj.term or obj.wv or obj.dwv) then obj.term = stem and (stem .. "ה") obj.wv = stemwv and (stemwv .. "ָה") obj.dwv = stemdwv and (stemdwv .. "ָה") elseif obj.term == "ת" and not (obj.wv or obj.dwv) then obj.term = stem and (stem .. (e and "ית" or "ת")) obj.wv = stemwv and (e and (stemwv .. "ֵית") or gen_fem_t(stemwv)) obj.dwv = stemdwv and (e and (stemdwv .. "ֵית") or gen_fem_t(stemdwv)) end end) insert_generated_inflection("陽性複數", masculine_plural, function(obj) if not (obj.term or obj.wv or obj.dwv) then obj.term = stem and (stem .. "ים") obj.wv = stemwv and (stemwv .. "ִים") obj.dwv = stemdwv and (stemdwv .. "ִים") end end) insert_generated_inflection("陰性複數", feminine_plural, function(obj) if not (obj.term or obj.wv or obj.dwv) then obj.term = stem and (stem .. "ות") obj.wv = stemwv and (stemwv .. "וֹת") obj.dwv = stemdwv and (stemdwv .. "וֹת") end end) end end pos_functions["限定詞"] = function(args, data, wv) if args["g"] == "m" or args["g"] == "m-p" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陰性等價詞", "f", true)) elseif args["g"] == "f" or args["g"] == "f-p" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陽性等價詞", "m", false)) end end local function validate_gender(gender, param) if not ( gender == "" or gender == nil or gender == "m" or gender == "f" or gender == "m-d" or gender == "f-d" or gender == "m-p" or gender == "f-p" or gender == "-" -- for אַל "naught" ) then if gender:find "m" and gender:find "f" then error("To indicate two genders, use |g2=; for instance, for masculine or feminine, |g=m|g2=f") else error("Gender in |" .. param .. "=" .. gender .. " is invalid; choose from m, f, m-d, f-d, m-p, f-p") end end end pos_functions["名詞"] = function(args, data, wv) validate_gender(args["g"], "g") validate_gender(args["g2"], "g2") if args["g2"] ~= nil and args["g2"] ~= "" and not (args["g"] ~= nil and args["g"] ~= "") then error("|g= parameter required if |g2= is present") end if args["g"] == "m" or args["g"] == "f" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) if args["sg"] ~= nil then require('Module:debug').track("he-noun/sg-for-head") end elseif args["g"] == "m-d" or args["g"] == "f-d" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語唯雙名詞") table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "不定單數", "sg", false)) elseif args["g"] == "m-p" or args["g"] == "f-p" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語唯複名詞") table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "不定單數", "sg", false)) elseif args["g"] == "" or args["g"] == nil then table.insert(data.genders, "?") table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語詞條性別請求") end -- Dual forms rare enough that there's no need for without/missing categoristion table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "不定雙數", "dual", true)) -- Compound words such as בית קברות should be ignored when filling up categories like -- Category:Hebrew masculine nouns with plurals ending in ־ות is_compound_word = mw.ustring.find(wv, "[ ־]") ~= nil if args["pl"] == "-" then table.insert(data.inflections, {label = "無複數"}) table.insert(data.categories, "缺少複數形式的希伯來語名詞") elseif args["pl"] == "" or args["pl"] == nil then table.insert(data.categories, "缺少複數形式的希伯來語名詞條目") else local plural = maybe_get_inflection(args, "不定複數", "pl", true, {form = "p", lemma = wv}) table.insert(data.inflections, plural) local plural_term = plural[1].term if args["g"] == "m" and mw.ustring.sub(com.remove_nikud(plural_term), -2, -1) == "ות" and not is_compound_word then table.insert(data.categories, "複數詞尾為־ות的希伯來語陽性名詞") elseif args["g"] == "f" and mw.ustring.sub(com.remove_nikud(plural_term), -2, -1) == "ים" and not is_compound_word then table.insert(data.categories, "複數詞尾為־ים的希伯來語陰性名詞") end if mw.ustring.sub(com.remove_nikud(plural_term), -3, -1) == "יים" and mw.ustring.sub(mw.ustring.gsub(com.remove_nikud(wv), "[%[%]]", ""), -1, -1) ~= "י" then table.insert(data.categories, "複數詞尾為־יים的希伯來語名詞") end end if args["cons"] == "-" then table.insert(data.inflections, {label = "無結構態"}) table.insert(data.categories, "缺少附屬形的希伯來語名詞") else if args["cons"] == "" or args["cons"] == nil then table.insert(data.categories, "缺少單數附屬形的希伯來語名詞條目") else table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "單數結構態", "cons", true, {form = "s|cons", lemma = wv}, true)) end table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "雙數結構態", "dualcons", true , nil, true)) if (args["plcons"] == "" or args["plcons"] == nil) and args["pl"] ~= "-" then table.insert(data.categories, "缺少複數附屬形的希伯來語名詞條目") else table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "複數結構態", "plcons", true, {form = "p|cons", lemma = wv}, true)) end end table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陽性等價詞", "m", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陰性等價詞", "f", true)) if args["g"] == "m" and mw.ustring.sub((com.remove_nikud(args["wv"] or args["dwv"] or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename)), -1) == "ת" then table.insert(data.categories, "詞尾為־ת的希伯來語陽性名詞") elseif args["g"] == "m" and mw.ustring.sub((com.remove_nikud(args["wv"] or args["dwv"] or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename)), -1) == "ה" then table.insert(data.categories, "詞尾為־ה的希伯來語陽性名詞") elseif args["g"] == "m" then table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語陽性名詞") elseif args["g"] == "f" then table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語陰性名詞") end end pos_functions["數詞"] = function(args, data) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "結構態", "cons", true, nil, true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "雙數", "dual", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "複數", "pl", true)) local f = maybe_get_inflection(args, "陰性", "f", true) table.insert(data.inflections, f) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陰性結構態", "fcons", true, nil, true)) table.insert(data.genders, "m") if not f then table.insert(data.genders, "f") end end pos_functions["代詞"] = function(args, data) if args["g"] == "m" or args["g"] == "f" or args["g"] == "m-p" or args["g"] == "f-p" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) elseif args["n"] then require('Module:debug').track("he-pron/param-n") end end pos_functions["專有名詞"] = function(args, data, wv) if args["pl"] and args["pl"] ~= "-" and args["pl"] ~= "" then local plural = maybe_get_inflection(args, "不定複數", "pl", true, {form = "p", lemma = wv}) table.insert(data.inflections, plural) local plural_term = plural[1].term if args["g"] == "m" and mw.ustring.sub(com.remove_nikud(plural_term), -2, -1) == "ות" then table.insert(data.categories, "複數詞尾為־ות的希伯來語陽性名詞") elseif args["g"] == "f" and mw.ustring.sub(com.remove_nikud(plural_term), -2, -1) == "ים" then table.insert(data.categories, "複數詞尾為־ים的希伯來語陰性名詞") end if mw.ustring.sub(com.remove_nikud(plural_term), -3, -1) == "יים" and mw.ustring.sub(mw.ustring.gsub(com.remove_nikud(wv), "[%[%]]", ""), -1, -1) ~= "י" then table.insert(data.categories, "複數詞尾為־יים的希伯來語名詞") end end if args["g"] == "m" or args["g"] == "f" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) elseif args["g"] == "m-d" or args["g"] == "f-d" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語唯雙名詞") elseif args["g"] == "m-p" or args["g"] == "f-p" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語唯複名詞") elseif args["g"] == "" or args["g"] == nil then table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語詞條性別請求") elseif args["g"] == "-" then --surnames don't really have gender table.insert(data.categories, "無性別的希伯來語專有名詞") else table.insert(data.genders, "?") end end local binyanim = { ["pa"] = "pa'al", ["pi"] = "pi'el", ["hif"] = "hif'il", ["hit"] = "hitpa'el", ["huf"] = "huf'al", ["pu"] = "pu'al", ["nif"] = "nif'al", ["hitpu'al"] = "hitpu'al", -- should this be included? } local weakroots = { ["פ"] = { ["א"] = true, ["ה"] = true, ["ח"] = true, ["י"] = true, ["ל"] = true, ["נ"] = true, ["ע"] = true, }, ["ע"] = { ["א"] = true, ["ה"] = true, ["ו"] = true, ["ח"] = true, ["י"] = true, ["ע"] = true, ["ר"] = true, }, ["ל"] = { ["א"] = true, ["ה"] = true, ["ח"] = true, ["נ"] = true, ["ע"] = true, }, } local function maybe_get_weakcat(args, pos, binyan) if weakroots[pos][args[pos]] then if binyan then return "希伯來語" .. pos .. "״" .. args[pos] .. " " .. binyan .. "動詞" else return "希伯來語" .. pos .. "״" .. args[pos] .. "動詞" end else return nil -- perhaps track error if args[pos] ~= "" end end pos_functions["動詞"] = function(args, data) local binyan = binyanim[args[1]] if binyan then table.insert(data.inflections, { label="[[Appendix:希伯來語動詞|" .. binyan .. "結構]]" }) table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語" .. binyanim[args[1]] .. "動詞") elseif args[1] ~= "-" then table.insert(data.categories, "缺少binyan的希伯來語動詞") end table.insert(data.categories, maybe_get_weakcat(args, "פ", binyan)) table.insert(data.categories, maybe_get_weakcat(args, "ע", binyan)) table.insert(data.categories, maybe_get_weakcat(args, "ל", binyan)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "不定式", "inf", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "現在時", "pres", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "將來時", "fut", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "命令式", "imp", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "被動分詞", "passp", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "被動形", "pass", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "主動形", "act", true)) end return export 5o5my2weatecqdygb8ush2em5ata0so 9944318 9944286 2026-10-14T20:58:18Z TongcyDai 53191 分類名稱的 entry 統一譯為「詞條」（缺少複數形式／單數附屬形／複數附屬形的希伯來語名詞詞條） 9944318 Scribunto text/plain local m_headword = require("Module:headword") local m_headword_utilities = require("Module:headword utilities") local com = require("Module:he-common") local export = {} local pos_functions = {} local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("he") local function get_params_list(args, argprefix) local export = {} i = 1 term = argprefix while args[term] ~= nil and args[term] ~= "" do table.insert(export, term) i = i + 1 term = argprefix .. i end return export end local function make_params_array(args, params) local export = {} for _, param in ipairs(params) do table.insert(export, args[param]) end return export end -- extensions to what parse_term_with_modifiers() enables by default local inflection_inline_mods = { "tr", {"wv", {}}, {"dwv", {}}, } local function object_has_property_other_than(obj, excluded) for key in pairs(obj) do if key ~= excluded then return true end end return false end local function parse_form(value, param) if value == nil then return nil end local obj = m_headword_utilities.parse_term_with_modifiers { val = value, paramname = param, include_mods = inflection_inline_mods, -- l10n: 「-」等值由本模組自行處理，不作為 [[Module:headword utilities]] 的模式符號（否則 {{he-adj-auto|f=-}} 會報錯） disable_special_modes = true, } -- For modifier-only values such as <wv:bar>, the parser returns term="". -- Normalize it to nil so the unvocalized link target can be derived from wv/dwv. if obj.term == "" then obj.term = nil end if obj.term == "-" and object_has_property_other_than(obj, "term") then error(("Parameter |%s= uses the sentinel - with inline modifiers; use bare - instead") :format(param)) end return obj end local function parse_form_slot(args, param) local legacy = { wv = args[param .. "wv"], dwv = args[param .. "dwv"], } local obj = parse_form(args[param], param) if not obj then if legacy.wv == nil and legacy.dwv == nil then return nil end obj = {} end -- Legacy companions remain plain strings. Inline syntax belongs only on the -- main form value, but the old companions can still provide wv/dwv displays. for _, kind in ipairs({"wv", "dwv"}) do local value = legacy[kind] if value ~= nil then if obj[kind] ~= nil then error(("Can't specify both |%s%s= and inline <%s:...> in |%s=") :format(param, kind, kind, param)) end obj[kind] = value end end return obj end local function normalize_inflection_obj(obj, is_construct, param) if is_construct then -- Resolve a target before adding display-only makaf. In particular, if -- only wv/dwv was supplied, deriving the target afterwards would wrongly -- include the newly added makaf in the target. obj.term, obj.wv, obj.dwv = com.process_wv_triad(obj.term, obj.wv, obj.dwv) obj.wv = com.end_with_makaf(obj.wv or obj.term) obj.dwv = com.end_with_makaf(obj.dwv) end if obj.wv or obj.dwv then return com.apply_wv_to_link_data(obj) end if not obj.term or obj.term == "" then error(("Parameter |%s= has no term or vocalization; specify a term, <wv:...>, or <dwv:...>") :format(param)) end return obj end local function format_head(head, wv, dwv) if head then return head end wv = wv or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename -- not really an inflection table but for the black links return dwv and wv .. " / " .. '<span class="inflection-table">' .. "[[" .. dwv .. "]]" .. "</span>" or wv end local function format_preview_warnings(warnings) if not warnings[1] then return "" end return ' <span class="error previewonly">' .. table.concat(warnings, "<br />") .. "</span>" end local function maybe_get_inflection(args, name, params, list, accel, is_construct) if list then -- Preserving existing behavior: scan consecutive form parameters (e.g. |pl=, -- |pl2=, ...), without treating |plNwv= or |plNdwv= as forms by themselves. -- TODO: Add tracking and warnings for ignored, etc. params = get_params_list(args, params) end local tbl = {} if type(params) ~= "table" then params = {params} end for _, param in ipairs(params) do local obj = parse_form_slot(args, param) if obj then tbl.label = name tbl.accel = accel table.insert(tbl, normalize_inflection_obj(obj, is_construct, param)) end if args[param] == "" or args[param .. "wv"] == "" or args[param .. "dwv"] == "" then require('Module:debug').track("he-noun/empty-form-param") elseif args[param] ~= nil and args[param .. "wv"] ~= nil then require('Module:debug').track("he-noun/param-and-paramwv") end end return next(tbl) and tbl end -- The main entry point. -- This is the only function that can be invoked from a template. function export.show(frame) local preview_warnings = {} local args = {} for k, v in pairs(frame:getParent().args) do if v ~= "" then args[k] = v end end local poscat = frame.args[1] or error("Part of speech has not been specified. Please pass parameter 1 to the module invocation.") if frame.args["auto"] and (args["auto"] == "" or not args["auto"]) then args["auto"] = frame.args["auto"] end local data = {lang = lang, pos_category = poscat, categories = {}, heads = {}, translits = make_params_array(args, get_params_list(args, "tr")), genders = {}, inflections = {}} data.sort_key = args["sort"]; if data.sort_key == "" then data.sort_key = nil end if data.sort_key then data.sort_key = data.sort_key .. "a" .. mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename end local wv = args["wv"] or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename if not args["head"] then data.no_redundant_head_cat = true end -- headword forms local i = 1 repeat local suffix = i == 1 and "" or i local this_head = args["head" .. suffix] local this_wv = args["wv" .. suffix] local this_dwv = args["dwv" .. suffix] data.heads[i] = format_head(this_head, this_wv, this_dwv) if this_head and (this_wv or this_dwv) then table.insert(preview_warnings, "Warning: <code>|head" .. suffix .. "=</code> overrides <code>|wv" .. suffix .. "=</code>/<code>|dwv" .. suffix .. "=</code>.") end if this_dwv and mw.ustring.match(this_dwv, "%[%[") then require('Module:debug').track("he-noun/link-in-dwv") end i = i + 1 until not (args["head" .. i] or args["wv" .. i] or args["dwv" .. i]) if not (args["wv"] or args["dwv"] or args["head"]) then require('Module:debug').track("he-noun/no-nikud") end local character_categories = { {"׳", "帶「׳」的希伯來語詞"}, {"״", "帶「״」的希伯來語詞"}, {"ׇ", "帶kamats katan的希伯來語詞"}, {"ֳ", "帶khataf kamats的希伯來語詞"}, } for _, category_spec in ipairs(character_categories) do for _, head in ipairs(data.heads) do -- check dwv/wv or head if mw.ustring.match(head, category_spec[1]) then table.insert(data.categories, category_spec[2]) break end end end local begedkefet = "בגדכפת" local vowels = "ְֱֲֳִֵֶַָֹֻ" local begedkefet_regex = "[" .. begedkefet .. "]" local vowels_with_mater_lectionis_regex = "[" .. vowels .. "וא" .. "]" local fixed_nikud = com.fix_nikud(args["dwv"] or args["wv"] or "") if args["unchangeablebegedkefet"] == "1" or mw.ustring.match(fixed_nikud, "^" .. begedkefet_regex .. vowels_with_mater_lectionis_regex) then table.insert(data.categories, "以不變begedkefet字母開頭的希伯來語詞") end local pattern_link = "" if args["pat"] and args["pat"] ~= "" and poscat ~= "動詞" then table.insert(data.categories, "類型為" .. args["pat"] .. "的希伯來語詞") local patfmt = require("Module:links").full_link({lang = lang, alt = args["pat"], tr = "-"}) pattern_link = " <small>[[Appendix:希伯來語類型/" .. args["pat"] .. "|[類型: " .. patfmt .. "] ]]</small>" end if pos_functions[poscat] then pos_functions[poscat](args, data, wv) end table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "聖經希伯來語[[w:en:Pausa|停頓形]]", "pausal", false)) return (m_headword.full_headword(data)) .. pattern_link .. format_preview_warnings(preview_warnings) end local final_to_nonfinal = { ["ך"]="כ", ["ם"]="מ", ["ן"]="נ", ["ף"]="פ", ["ץ"]="צ", } local function stemify_helper(letter, rest) return (final_to_nonfinal[letter] or letter) .. rest end local function stemify(x) if x then x = mw.ustring.gsub(x, "ְ([^א-תﭏ]*)$", "%1") x = mw.ustring.gsub(x, "([ךםןףץ])([^א-תﭏ]*)$", stemify_helper) end return x end local function gen_fem_t(stemwv) local stub, vowel, final, dagesh = mw.ustring.match(com.fix_nikud(stemwv), "^(.*)([ְֲִָ])([א-ת][ׁׂ]?)(ּ?)$") if not stub then error("Error attaching feminine ת suffix, please check vocalization.") end if final == "י" then if vowel ~= "ִ" or dagesh ~= "ּ" then error("Error attaching feminine ת suffix, please check vocalization.") end return stub .. vowel .. final .. "ת" end if vowel == "ִ" or dagesh ~= "" then error("Error attaching feminine ת suffix, please check vocalization.") end if final == "א" then return stub .. "ֵ" .. final .. "ת" end if final == "ה" or final == "ח" or final == "ע" then return stub .. "ַ" .. final .. "ַ" .. "ת" end return stub .. "ֶ" .. final .. "ֶ" .. "ת" end pos_functions["形容詞"] = function(args, data) -- table.insert(genders, "m") if args["auto"] == nil or args["auto"] == "" then -- Use only provided inflections table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陰性", {"f", "f2"}, false)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陽性複數", {"mp", "mp2"}, false)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陰性複數", "fp", true)) else require("Module:debug").track("he-adj/auto") -- Parse explicit rendered overrides before doing any morphology. Stem -- parameters are generation inputs, not rendered forms, and stay raw. local function prepare_objects(primary, secondary) local objects = {} local primary_obj = parse_form_slot(args, primary) table.insert(objects, {form = primary_obj or {}, param = primary}) if secondary then local secondary_obj = parse_form_slot(args, secondary) if secondary_obj then table.insert(objects, {form = secondary_obj, param = secondary}) end end return objects end local feminine = prepare_objects("f", "f2") local masculine_plural = prepare_objects("mp", "mp2") local feminine_plural = prepare_objects("fp") -- Automatically generate inflections. local stem = args["stem"] local stemwv = args["stemwv"] local stemdwv = args["stemdwv"] local e = false if not stem then if stemwv then stem = com.remove_nikud(stemwv) else stem = stemify(mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename) if not stemdwv then stemwv = stemify(args["wv"]) stemdwv = stemify(args["dwv"]) end local fstemwv = stemwv and com.fix_nikud(stemwv) local fstemdwv = stemdwv and com.fix_nikud(stemdwv) if (fstemwv or fstemdwv) and (stem ~= nil or stem:match("ה$")) and (fstemwv == nil or fstemwv:match("ֶה$")) and (fstemdwv == nil or fstemdwv:match("ֶה$")) then e = true stem = stem and stem:gsub("ה$", "") stemwv = fstemwv and fstemwv:gsub("ֶה$", "") stemdwv = fstemdwv and fstemdwv:gsub("ֶה$", "") end end end stem, stemwv, stemdwv = com.process_wv_triad(stem, stemwv, stemdwv) local function insert_generated_inflection(label, objects, generate) for _, item in ipairs(objects) do local obj = item.form obj.term, obj.wv, obj.dwv = com.process_wv_triad(obj.term, obj.wv, obj.dwv) end -- Preserve the established primary bare-hyphen suppression behavior. if objects[1].form.term == "-" then return end local forms = {label = label} for _, item in ipairs(objects) do generate(item.form) table.insert(forms, normalize_inflection_obj(item.form, false, item.param)) end table.insert(data.inflections, forms) end insert_generated_inflection("陰性", feminine, function(obj) if not (obj.term or obj.wv or obj.dwv) then obj.term = stem and (stem .. "ה") obj.wv = stemwv and (stemwv .. "ָה") obj.dwv = stemdwv and (stemdwv .. "ָה") elseif obj.term == "ת" and not (obj.wv or obj.dwv) then obj.term = stem and (stem .. (e and "ית" or "ת")) obj.wv = stemwv and (e and (stemwv .. "ֵית") or gen_fem_t(stemwv)) obj.dwv = stemdwv and (e and (stemdwv .. "ֵית") or gen_fem_t(stemdwv)) end end) insert_generated_inflection("陽性複數", masculine_plural, function(obj) if not (obj.term or obj.wv or obj.dwv) then obj.term = stem and (stem .. "ים") obj.wv = stemwv and (stemwv .. "ִים") obj.dwv = stemdwv and (stemdwv .. "ִים") end end) insert_generated_inflection("陰性複數", feminine_plural, function(obj) if not (obj.term or obj.wv or obj.dwv) then obj.term = stem and (stem .. "ות") obj.wv = stemwv and (stemwv .. "וֹת") obj.dwv = stemdwv and (stemdwv .. "וֹת") end end) end end pos_functions["限定詞"] = function(args, data, wv) if args["g"] == "m" or args["g"] == "m-p" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陰性等價詞", "f", true)) elseif args["g"] == "f" or args["g"] == "f-p" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陽性等價詞", "m", false)) end end local function validate_gender(gender, param) if not ( gender == "" or gender == nil or gender == "m" or gender == "f" or gender == "m-d" or gender == "f-d" or gender == "m-p" or gender == "f-p" or gender == "-" -- for אַל "naught" ) then if gender:find "m" and gender:find "f" then error("To indicate two genders, use |g2=; for instance, for masculine or feminine, |g=m|g2=f") else error("Gender in |" .. param .. "=" .. gender .. " is invalid; choose from m, f, m-d, f-d, m-p, f-p") end end end pos_functions["名詞"] = function(args, data, wv) validate_gender(args["g"], "g") validate_gender(args["g2"], "g2") if args["g2"] ~= nil and args["g2"] ~= "" and not (args["g"] ~= nil and args["g"] ~= "") then error("|g= parameter required if |g2= is present") end if args["g"] == "m" or args["g"] == "f" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) if args["sg"] ~= nil then require('Module:debug').track("he-noun/sg-for-head") end elseif args["g"] == "m-d" or args["g"] == "f-d" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語唯雙名詞") table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "不定單數", "sg", false)) elseif args["g"] == "m-p" or args["g"] == "f-p" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語唯複名詞") table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "不定單數", "sg", false)) elseif args["g"] == "" or args["g"] == nil then table.insert(data.genders, "?") table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語詞條性別請求") end -- Dual forms rare enough that there's no need for without/missing categoristion table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "不定雙數", "dual", true)) -- Compound words such as בית קברות should be ignored when filling up categories like -- Category:Hebrew masculine nouns with plurals ending in ־ות is_compound_word = mw.ustring.find(wv, "[ ־]") ~= nil if args["pl"] == "-" then table.insert(data.inflections, {label = "無複數"}) table.insert(data.categories, "缺少複數形式的希伯來語名詞") elseif args["pl"] == "" or args["pl"] == nil then table.insert(data.categories, "缺少複數形式的希伯來語名詞詞條") else local plural = maybe_get_inflection(args, "不定複數", "pl", true, {form = "p", lemma = wv}) table.insert(data.inflections, plural) local plural_term = plural[1].term if args["g"] == "m" and mw.ustring.sub(com.remove_nikud(plural_term), -2, -1) == "ות" and not is_compound_word then table.insert(data.categories, "複數詞尾為־ות的希伯來語陽性名詞") elseif args["g"] == "f" and mw.ustring.sub(com.remove_nikud(plural_term), -2, -1) == "ים" and not is_compound_word then table.insert(data.categories, "複數詞尾為־ים的希伯來語陰性名詞") end if mw.ustring.sub(com.remove_nikud(plural_term), -3, -1) == "יים" and mw.ustring.sub(mw.ustring.gsub(com.remove_nikud(wv), "[%[%]]", ""), -1, -1) ~= "י" then table.insert(data.categories, "複數詞尾為־יים的希伯來語名詞") end end if args["cons"] == "-" then table.insert(data.inflections, {label = "無結構態"}) table.insert(data.categories, "缺少附屬形的希伯來語名詞") else if args["cons"] == "" or args["cons"] == nil then table.insert(data.categories, "缺少單數附屬形的希伯來語名詞詞條") else table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "單數結構態", "cons", true, {form = "s|cons", lemma = wv}, true)) end table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "雙數結構態", "dualcons", true , nil, true)) if (args["plcons"] == "" or args["plcons"] == nil) and args["pl"] ~= "-" then table.insert(data.categories, "缺少複數附屬形的希伯來語名詞詞條") else table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "複數結構態", "plcons", true, {form = "p|cons", lemma = wv}, true)) end end table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陽性等價詞", "m", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陰性等價詞", "f", true)) if args["g"] == "m" and mw.ustring.sub((com.remove_nikud(args["wv"] or args["dwv"] or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename)), -1) == "ת" then table.insert(data.categories, "詞尾為־ת的希伯來語陽性名詞") elseif args["g"] == "m" and mw.ustring.sub((com.remove_nikud(args["wv"] or args["dwv"] or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename)), -1) == "ה" then table.insert(data.categories, "詞尾為־ה的希伯來語陽性名詞") elseif args["g"] == "m" then table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語陽性名詞") elseif args["g"] == "f" then table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語陰性名詞") end end pos_functions["數詞"] = function(args, data) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "結構態", "cons", true, nil, true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "雙數", "dual", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "複數", "pl", true)) local f = maybe_get_inflection(args, "陰性", "f", true) table.insert(data.inflections, f) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "陰性結構態", "fcons", true, nil, true)) table.insert(data.genders, "m") if not f then table.insert(data.genders, "f") end end pos_functions["代詞"] = function(args, data) if args["g"] == "m" or args["g"] == "f" or args["g"] == "m-p" or args["g"] == "f-p" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) elseif args["n"] then require('Module:debug').track("he-pron/param-n") end end pos_functions["專有名詞"] = function(args, data, wv) if args["pl"] and args["pl"] ~= "-" and args["pl"] ~= "" then local plural = maybe_get_inflection(args, "不定複數", "pl", true, {form = "p", lemma = wv}) table.insert(data.inflections, plural) local plural_term = plural[1].term if args["g"] == "m" and mw.ustring.sub(com.remove_nikud(plural_term), -2, -1) == "ות" then table.insert(data.categories, "複數詞尾為־ות的希伯來語陽性名詞") elseif args["g"] == "f" and mw.ustring.sub(com.remove_nikud(plural_term), -2, -1) == "ים" then table.insert(data.categories, "複數詞尾為־ים的希伯來語陰性名詞") end if mw.ustring.sub(com.remove_nikud(plural_term), -3, -1) == "יים" and mw.ustring.sub(mw.ustring.gsub(com.remove_nikud(wv), "[%[%]]", ""), -1, -1) ~= "י" then table.insert(data.categories, "複數詞尾為־יים的希伯來語名詞") end end if args["g"] == "m" or args["g"] == "f" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) elseif args["g"] == "m-d" or args["g"] == "f-d" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語唯雙名詞") elseif args["g"] == "m-p" or args["g"] == "f-p" then table.insert(data.genders, args["g"]) table.insert(data.genders, args["g2"]) table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語唯複名詞") elseif args["g"] == "" or args["g"] == nil then table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語詞條性別請求") elseif args["g"] == "-" then --surnames don't really have gender table.insert(data.categories, "無性別的希伯來語專有名詞") else table.insert(data.genders, "?") end end local binyanim = { ["pa"] = "pa'al", ["pi"] = "pi'el", ["hif"] = "hif'il", ["hit"] = "hitpa'el", ["huf"] = "huf'al", ["pu"] = "pu'al", ["nif"] = "nif'al", ["hitpu'al"] = "hitpu'al", -- should this be included? } local weakroots = { ["פ"] = { ["א"] = true, ["ה"] = true, ["ח"] = true, ["י"] = true, ["ל"] = true, ["נ"] = true, ["ע"] = true, }, ["ע"] = { ["א"] = true, ["ה"] = true, ["ו"] = true, ["ח"] = true, ["י"] = true, ["ע"] = true, ["ר"] = true, }, ["ל"] = { ["א"] = true, ["ה"] = true, ["ח"] = true, ["נ"] = true, ["ע"] = true, }, } local function maybe_get_weakcat(args, pos, binyan) if weakroots[pos][args[pos]] then if binyan then return "希伯來語" .. pos .. "״" .. args[pos] .. " " .. binyan .. "動詞" else return "希伯來語" .. pos .. "״" .. args[pos] .. "動詞" end else return nil -- perhaps track error if args[pos] ~= "" end end pos_functions["動詞"] = function(args, data) local binyan = binyanim[args[1]] if binyan then table.insert(data.inflections, { label="[[Appendix:希伯來語動詞|" .. binyan .. "結構]]" }) table.insert(data.categories, "希伯來語" .. binyanim[args[1]] .. "動詞") elseif args[1] ~= "-" then table.insert(data.categories, "缺少binyan的希伯來語動詞") end table.insert(data.categories, maybe_get_weakcat(args, "פ", binyan)) table.insert(data.categories, maybe_get_weakcat(args, "ע", binyan)) table.insert(data.categories, maybe_get_weakcat(args, "ל", binyan)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "不定式", "inf", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "現在時", "pres", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "將來時", "fut", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "命令式", "imp", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "被動分詞", "passp", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "被動形", "pass", true)) table.insert(data.inflections, maybe_get_inflection(args, "主動形", "act", true)) end return export kcyf0xk8g3lugrbqsrdsqrntvu949rv 0 1496734 9944378 9505027 2026-10-15T05:39:48Z स्वर्ण 131372 已為該詞添加同義詞 9944378 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印地語== ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|f|ur=اکادمی}} # [[學會]] #: {{syn|hi|विद्यापीठ|विद्यालय}} 61rf5sur9fr72jj2468p3hh9ukwtxpc 0 1496877 9944185 9918546 2026-10-14T20:13:32Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944185 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印地語== {{wikipedia|lang=hi}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|hi|id=天空|:bor|sa:आकाश<id:天空>}} {{bor+|hi|sa|आकाश}}。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|m|ur=آکاش}} # [[天空]] #: {{syn|hi|आसमान|अम्बर|गगन|q3=較不常見}} #: {{uxa|hi|'''आकाश''' में बादल इकट्ठे हो रहे हैं।|'''天空'''聚集著雲朵。}} #: {{uxa|hi|बरसात के बाद '''आकाश''' खुला था।|雨後'''天空'''放晴。}} # [[太空]]，[[宇宙]] ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{m|hi|आकाश-कुसुम|t=不可能或幻想的事}} * {{m|hi|आकाशगंगा|t=銀河系}} * {{m|hi|आकाश-वचन}} ====參考資料==== * {{R:hi:McGregor}} * {{R:Bahri}} * {{R:Chaturvedi}} ==孔卡尼語== ===詞源=== {{etymon|kok|id=天空|:bor|sa:आकाश<id:天空>}} {{lbor|kok|sa|आकाश}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|kok|[ɑːkɑːʃ]}} ===名詞=== {{kok-pos|n|g=m|akash|ಆಕಾಶ್}} # [[天空]] #: {{syn|kok|मळब|अंबर}} ====變格==== {{kok-decl-noun-a-m|आकाश|ākāś}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:IndoWordNet}} ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|mr|id=天空|:bor|sa:आकाश<id:天空>}} {{bor+|mr|sa|आकाश}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n|g2=m}} # [[天空]] #: {{syn|mr|Thesaurus:आभाळ}} # {{lb|mr|印度教}} [[w:en:Pancha Bhuta|五大元素]]之一 ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ===專有名詞=== {{mr-proper noun|g=m}} # {{given name|mr|男性|from=梵語|xlit=Akash}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Vaze}} ==尼泊爾語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|ne|अकास|आकास|अकाश}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|ne|id=天空|:bor|sa:आकाश<id:天空>}} {{bor+|ne|sa|आकाश}}。 ===發音=== * {{ne-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{ne-noun}} # [[天空]] #: {{syn|ne|अस्मान|गगन}} # [[空氣]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:ne:NepalAcademy}} * {{R:ne:Schmidt}} ==梵語== ===其他文字=== {{sa-alt}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|sa|id=天空|:af|आ<id:朝向>|काश<id:閃亮的>|tree=1}} {{com+|sa|आ|tr1=ā́|t1=向，朝|काश|t2=閃亮的}}，源自詞根 {{m|sa|काश्|t=閃亮，發光}}。<ref>{{R:sa:EWAia|vol=1|page=158|head=ākāśá-}}</ref> ===發音=== {{sa-IPA|a=1}} ===名詞=== {{sa-noun|tr=ā́kāśa|g=m}} # [[天空]] ====變格==== {{sa-decl-noun-m|ā́kāśa}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|sa|आकाशधातु}} ====派生語彙==== {{col-top|2|desc}} * {{desc|pi|ākāsa}} * {{desc|pra|𑀆𑀓𑀸𑀲}} ** {{desc|kn|ಆಗಸ|bor=1}} ** {{desc|te|bor=1|ఆకసము}} * {{desc|bn|আকাশ|bor=1}} * {{desc|en|akasa|bor=1}} * {{desc|gu|આકાશ|bor=1}} * {{desc|hi|आकाश|bor=1}} * {{desc|kfr|આકાશ|bor=1}} * {{desc|kn|ಆಕಾಶ|bor=1}} * {{desc|lo|ອາກາດ|bor=1}} * {{desc|ms|angkasa|bor=1}} ** {{desc|id|angkasa}} * {{desc|ml|ആകാശം|bor=1}} * {{desc|mr|आकाश|bor=1}} * {{desc|ne|आकाश|bor=1}} * {{desc|pi|ākāsa}} ** {{desc|my|အာကာသ|bor=1}} ** {{desc|km|អាកាស|bor=1}} * {{desc|pa|ਆਕਾਸ਼}} / {{l|pa|آکاش|tr=ākāś}} * {{desc|si|අහස|bor=1}} * {{desc|si|ආකාශය|bor=1}} * {{desc|ta|ஆகாசம்|bor=1}} * {{desc|te|ఆకాశము|bor=1}} * {{desc|th|อากาศ|bor=1}} * {{desc|txb|akāśe|bor=1}} * {{desc|ur|آکاش|tr=ākāś|bor=1}} {{col-bottom}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:sa:MW|126|col=3}} * {{R:sa:MW|127|col=1}} * {{R:CDIAL|akasa|page=45}} 57lv6c4040dizn6qkia0sk553ys4dxv 0 1497113 9944189 9505209 2026-10-14T20:13:57Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944189 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印地語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|hi|sa|एकवचन}}。可以分析為{{com|hi|एक|वचन|t1=一，單一|t2=語法數}}。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA|एक्वचन}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|m|tr=ekvacan}} # {{lb|hi|語法}} [[單數]]；單數的形式 #: {{ant|hi|बहुवचन}} ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|//एक्वचन<M>}} ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|mr|sa|एकवचन}}。{{surf|mr|एक|वचन|t1=一，單一|t2=語法數}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n|tr=ēkavacana}} # {{lb|mr|語法}} [[單數]]；單數的形式 #: {{ant|mr|बहुवचन}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} 958xqtztsi9cwqzc17j913nebtcdncs 0 1501601 9944229 9507526 2026-10-14T20:17:14Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|लिखी|लिख|लिखा|लिखो|लेख|लिखे}} ==印地語== ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===詞源1=== {{number box|hi|100000}} {{inh+|hi|sa|लक्ष}}。 ====數詞==== {{hi-num-card|m}} # [[十萬]]，[[拉克]] =====變格===== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} =====派生語彙===== * {{desc|prs|لک|tr=lak|bor=1}} * {{desc|en|lakh|bor=1}} ===詞源2=== {{inh+|hi|sa|लाक्षा}}。 ====名詞==== {{hi-noun}} # [[蟲漆]]，[[蟲膠]]，[[火漆]]，[[封蠟]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:hi:Bahri}} * {{R:hi:Caturvedi}} * {{R:hi:Collins}} * {{R:hi:Dasa}} * {{R:hi:McGregor}} * {{R:inc-hnd:Platts}} * {{R:CDIAL|lakṣá|10881}} ==馬拉地語== {{number box|mr|100000}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|omr|लख}}、{{m|omr|लाख}}，{{inh+|mr|pra-mah|𑀮𑀓𑁆𑀔}}，源自{{der|mr|sa|लक्ष}}。 ===發音=== * {{audio|mr|LL-Q1571 (mar)-नंदिनी रानडे-लाख.wav|音頻}} {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{head|mr|數詞|g=m}} # {{cln|mr|基數詞}} [[十萬]]，[[拉克]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:omr:Tulpule}} * {{R:CDIAL|lakṣá|10881}} ==尼泊爾語== {{number box|ne|100000}} ===發音=== * {{ne-IPA}} ===數詞=== {{ne-numeral}} # {{cln|ne|基數詞}} [[十萬]] ccjjwixm3z7n814jshj2zpnq87uxo3x 0 1671831 9944361 8304709 2026-10-15T02:54:31Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 漢語 */ 9944361 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|alt=山狗螮}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |h=pfs=sân-kiéu-thai |cat=n }} ===名詞=== {{head|zh|名詞}} # {{lb|zh|臺灣客家語}} [[蜥蜴]]，特別指{{w|黃口攀蜥}} ({{taxlink|Diploderma polygonatum xanthostomum|subspecies}}) ====同義詞==== {{zh-dial|蜥蜴}} {{c|zh|蜥蜴}} j2ba3c2e5icjh310ww1t6e9zfm514gg 4 1705276 9944391 9939972 2026-10-15T06:55:13Z Cewbot 61744 [[User:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|生成議題列表：10個議題]] 9944391 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- 本頁面由機器人自動更新。若要改進，請聯繫機器人操作者。 --> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:left;" |- ! data-sort-type="number" style="font-weight: normal;" | <small>#</small> !! 💭 話題 !! <span title="發言數/發言人次 (實際上為計算簽名數)">💬</span> !! <span title="參與討論人數/發言人數">👥</span> !! 🙋 最新發言 !! data-sort-type="isoDate" | <span title="最後更新">🕒 <small>(UTC+8)</small></span> |- | style="text-align: right;" | 1 | style="max-width: 24em" | <small>[[:Wiktionary:啤酒馆#Subscribe_to_the_This_Month_in_Education_newsletter_-_learn_from_others_and_share_your_stories|Subscribe to the This Month in Education newsletter - learn from others and share your stories]]</small> | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 0 | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 0 | style="background-color: #ffd;" | | style="background-color: #ffd;" | |- | style="text-align: right;" | 2 | style="max-width: 24em" | <small>[[:Wiktionary:啤酒馆#Do_you_use_Wikidata_in_Wikimedia_sibling_projects?_Tell_us_about_your_experiences|Do you use Wikidata in Wikimedia sibling projects? Tell us about your experiences]]</small> | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 0 | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 0 | style="background-color: #ffd;" | | style="background-color: #ffd;" | |- | style="text-align: right;" | 3 | [[:Wiktionary:啤酒馆#Lua错误|Lua错误]] | style="text-align: right;" | 2 | style="text-align: right;" | 2 | style="background-color: #bbb;" | [[User:TongcyDai|TongcyDai]] | style="background-color: #bbb;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-08-26T17:30:00.000Z" | 2026-08-27 <span style="color: blue;">01:30</span> |- | style="text-align: right;" | 4 | [[:Wiktionary:啤酒馆#台灣分會2026年8月對話時間|台灣分會2026年8月對話時間]] | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 1 | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 1 | style="background-color: #bbb;" | [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">MediaWiki message delivery</small>]] | style="background-color: #bbb;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-08-28T11:03:00.000Z" | 2026-08-28 <span style="color: blue;">19:03</span> |- | style="text-align: right;" | 5 | [[:Wiktionary:啤酒馆#Template:reflist|Template:reflist]] | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 1 | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 1 | style="background-color: #bbb;" | [[User:TongcyDai|TongcyDai]] | style="background-color: #bbb;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-08-29T06:50:00.000Z" | 2026-08-29 <span style="color: blue;">14:50</span> |- | style="text-align: right;" | 6 | [[:Wiktionary:啤酒馆#台灣分會2026年9月對話時間|台灣分會2026年9月對話時間]] | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 1 | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 1 | style="background-color: #bbb;" | [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">MediaWiki message delivery</small>]] | style="background-color: #bbb;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-09-15T04:39:00.000Z" | 2026-09-15 <span style="color: blue;">12:39</span> |- | style="text-align: right;" | 7 | [[:Wiktionary:啤酒馆#伺服器切換_-_本wiki即將短暫進入唯讀模式|伺服器切換 - 本wiki即將短暫進入唯讀模式]] | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 1 | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 1 | style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] | style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-09-15T12:58:00.000Z" | 2026-09-15 <span style="color: blue;">20:58</span> |- | style="text-align: right;" | 8 | style="max-width: 24em" | <small>[[:Wiktionary:啤酒馆#Your_feedback_wanted:_Remove_(Language_link_added:)_and_similar_edits_from_Special:RecentChanges|Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges]]</small> | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 1 | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 1 | style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">Danny Benjafield (WMDE)</small>]] | style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-09-25T12:48:00.000Z" | 2026-09-25 <span style="color: blue;">20:48</span> |- | style="text-align: right;" | 9 | [[:Wiktionary:啤酒馆#"syn",_"ant"_模板不顯示簡體字|&quot;syn&quot;, &quot;ant&quot; 模板不顯示簡體字]] | style="text-align: right;" | 3 | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 1 | style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:Public class|Public class]] | style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-09-30T12:48:00.000Z" | 2026-09-30 <span style="color: blue;">20:48</span> |- | style="text-align: right;" | 10 | style="max-width: 24em" | <small>[[:Wiktionary:啤酒馆#Wikidata_Sitelink_changes_in_Recent_Changes_and_Watchlist|Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist]]</small> | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 1 | style="text-align: right;background-color: #fcc;" | 1 | style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">MediaWiki message delivery</small>]] | style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-10-01T12:43:00.000Z" | 2026-10-01 <span style="color: blue;">20:43</span> |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float: left; margin-left: .5em;;{{#if:{{{no_time_legend|}}}|display:none;|}}" ! title="From the latest bot edit" | 發言更新圖例 |- | style="background-color: #efe;" | * 最近一小時內 |- | style="background-color: #eef;" | * 最近一日內 |- | | * 一週內 |- | style="background-color: #ddd;" | * 一個月內 |- | style="background-color: #bbb;" | * 逾一個月 |- ! 特殊狀態 |- | style="text-decoration: line-through" | 已移動至其他頁面<br />或完成討論之議題 |- ! 手動設定 |- | style="max-width: 12em;" | <small>當列表出現異常時，<br />請先檢查[[User:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|設定]]是否有誤</small> |- |} {{Clear}} sc7ppqdjo5tdfhtkofzw5f7hpy1ztnp 10 1709414 9944352 7367124 2026-10-14T21:03:27Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 91776216）並本地化：參數檢查、pat=、mp2=only；分類改為「含有後綴־י (構成形容詞)的希伯來語詞」 9944352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:checkparams|error}}<!-- Validate template parameters -->{{#if:{{{head|}}}<!-- -->|{{#if:{{{dwv|}}}|{{he-adj|unchangeablebegedkefet={{{unchangeablebegedkefet|}}}|head={{{head}}}|tr={{{tr|}}}|pat={{{pat|}}}|f={{pagename}}ת|fdwv={{{dwv}}}ת|mp={{pagename}}{{#ifeq:{{{mp2|}}}|only|ים|ם}}|mpdwv={{{dwv}}}{{#ifeq:{{{mp2|}}}|only|ִּים|ם}}|mp2={{#if:{{{mp2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{mp2}}}|only||{{pagename}}ים}}}}|mp2dwv={{#if:{{{mp2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{mp2}}}|only||{{{dwv}}}ִּים}}}}|fp={{pagename}}ות|fpdwv={{{dwv}}}ּוֹת}}|{{#if:{{{wv|}}}|{{he-adj|unchangeablebegedkefet={{{unchangeablebegedkefet|}}}|head={{{head}}}|tr={{{tr|}}}|pat={{{pat|}}}|f={{pagename}}ת|fwv={{{wv|}}}ת|mp={{pagename}}{{#ifeq:{{{mp2|}}}|only|ים|ם}}|mpwv={{{wv|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{mp2|}}}|only|ִּים|ם}}|mp2={{#if:{{{mp2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{mp2}}}|only||{{pagename}}ים}}}}|mp2wv={{#if:{{{mp2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{mp2}}}|only||{{{wv}}}ִּים}}}}|fp={{pagename}}ות|fpwv={{{wv|}}}ּוֹת}}|{{he-adj|unchangeablebegedkefet={{{unchangeablebegedkefet|}}}|head={{{head}}}|tr={{{tr|}}}|pat={{{pat|}}}|f={{pagename}}ת|mp={{pagename}}{{#ifeq:{{{mp2|}}}|only|ים|ם}}|mp2={{#if:{{{mp2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{mp2}}}|only||{{pagename}}ים}}}}|fp={{pagename}}ות}}}}}}<!-- -->|{{#if:{{{dwv|}}}|{{he-adj|unchangeablebegedkefet={{{unchangeablebegedkefet|}}}|tr={{{tr|}}}|pat={{{pat|}}}|dwv={{{dwv}}}|f={{pagename}}ת|fdwv={{{dwv}}}ת|mp={{pagename}}{{#ifeq:{{{mp2|}}}|only|ים|ם}}|mpdwv={{{dwv}}}{{#ifeq:{{{mp2|}}}|only|ִּים|ם}}|mp2={{#if:{{{mp2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{mp2}}}|only||{{pagename}}ים}}}}|mp2dwv={{#if:{{{mp2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{mp2}}}|only||{{{dwv}}}ִּים}}}}|fp={{pagename}}ות|fpdwv={{{dwv}}}ּוֹת}}|{{#if:{{{wv|}}}|{{he-adj|unchangeablebegedkefet={{{unchangeablebegedkefet|}}}|tr={{{tr|}}}|pat={{{pat|}}}|wv={{{wv}}}|f={{pagename}}ת|fwv={{{wv}}}ת|mp={{pagename}}{{#ifeq:{{{mp2|}}}|only|ים|ם}}|mpwv={{{wv}}}{{#ifeq:{{{mp2|}}}|only|ִּים|ם}}|mp2={{#if:{{{mp2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{mp2}}}|only||{{pagename}}ים}}}}|mp2wv={{#if:{{{mp2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{mp2}}}|only||{{{wv}}}ִּים}}}}|fp={{pagename}}ות|fpwv={{{wv}}}ּוֹת}}|{{he-adj|unchangeablebegedkefet={{{unchangeablebegedkefet|}}}|tr={{{tr|}}}|pat={{{pat|}}}|f={{pagename}}ת|mp={{pagename}}{{#ifeq:{{{mp2|}}}|only|ים|ם}}|mp2={{#if:{{{mp2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{mp2}}}|only||{{pagename}}ים}}}}|fp={{pagename}}ות}}}}}}}}<includeonly>{{cln|he|含有後綴־י (構成形容詞)的詞}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}[[Category:希伯來語標題行模板|adj-i]]</noinclude> rvry2ah0jatm68mpzhhlzuv56dsgupj 828 1824706 9944136 9943116 2026-10-14T19:23:04Z TongcyDai 53191 9944136 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} --[==[ FIXME: 1. Implement ? = unknown or uncertain. There should be no label by default but it should be configurable. The default category should be "{plpos} with unknown or uncertain plurals" for nouns/proper nouns. It should be an error to specify values along with this. [DONE] 2. Implement ! = unattested. The default label should be "{label} not attested". The default category should be "{plpos} with unattested plurals" for nouns/proper nouns. It should be an error to specify values along with this. [DONE] 3. Implement +- = sometimes has a value, e.g. "countable and uncountable" for plurals. [DONE] 4. Implement ~ standing for the pagename in heads and inflections. [DONE] 5. Implement abbr= for abbreviations. [DONE] 6. Split insert_inflection into process_for_insertion() (which implements the logic for handling special mode signals) and insert_processed_inflection() (which implements the labels and categories for mode signals) so that we can handle mode signals correctly. [DONE] 7. Support no_label for booleans. 8. Document the various types of parts of speech and implement pos_category per part of speech definition. [DONE] 9. Implement apply_link_modifiers() for head=~~... 10. Correctly handle var=both. [DONE] 11. Implement checkredlinks and port simplify_pos to [[Module:headword]]. [CHECKREDLINKS SET; SIMPLIFY_POS NOT PORTED YET.] 12. Fix longstanding accelerator bug: if embedded links in inflection, don't make it green. [DONE] 13. Implement process_terms() callback after process_for_insertion. [DONE] 14. Implement validate_and_canonicalize() callback. [NOT DONE; INSTEAD HAVE A SEPARATE CANONICALIZE CALLBACK] 15. Document new methods. 16. Implement process_one_term() callback after process_for_insertion. [DONE] 17. Implement process() at a stage to happen universally when there is no argument to parse. [DONE] 18. Skip mode signals during validation and canonicalization. [DONE] 19. Implement inflsuf= with special handling and special inflectional categories. [DONE] 20. Add support for "boolean or string" type. 21. Support invocation-specified or user-specified languages. [DONE] ]==] local require_when_needed = require("Module:utilities/require when needed") local affix_module = "Module:affix" local debug_track_module = "Module:debug/track" local decorations_module = "Module:decorations" local en_utilities_module = "Module:en-utilities" local fun_is_callable_module = "Module:fun/isCallable" local headword_module = "Module:headword" local headword_data_module = "Module:headword/data" local languages_module = "Module:languages" local links_module = "Module:links" local parameters_module = "Module:parameters" local parse_interface_module = "Module:parse interface" local parse_utilities_module = "Module:parse utilities" local string_pattern_escape_module = "Module:string/patternEscape" local string_replacement_escape_module = "Module:string/replacementEscape" local string_utilities_module = "Module:string utilities" local table_module = "Module:table" local dump = mw.dumpObject local unpack = unpack or table.unpack -- Lua 5.2 compatibility local insert = table.insert local concat = table.concat local remove = table.remove local sort = table.sort local contains = require_when_needed(table_module, "contains") local deep_equals = require_when_needed(table_module, "deepEquals") local extend = require_when_needed(table_module, "extend") local insert_if_not = require_when_needed(table_module, "insertIfNot") local is_array = require_when_needed(table_module, "isArray") local list_to_set = require_when_needed(table_module, "listToSet") local serial_comma_join = require_when_needed(table_module, "serialCommaJoin") local shallow_copy = require_when_needed(table_module, "shallowCopy") local split = require_when_needed(string_utilities_module, "split") local ugsub = require_when_needed(string_utilities_module, "gsub") local umatch = require_when_needed(string_utilities_module, "match") local pattern_escape = require_when_needed(string_pattern_escape_module) local replacement_escape = require_when_needed(string_replacement_escape_module) local escape_wikicode = require_when_needed(parse_utilities_module, "escape_wikicode") local parse_inline_modifiers = require_when_needed(parse_utilities_module, "parse_inline_modifiers") local term_contains_top_level_html = require_when_needed(parse_utilities_module, "term_contains_top_level_html") local get_lang_by_code = require_when_needed(languages_module, "getByCode") local is_callable = require_when_needed(fun_is_callable_module) local format_decorations = require_when_needed(decorations_module, "format_decorations") local singularize = require_when_needed(en_utilities_module, "singularize") local canonicalize_pos = require_when_needed(headword_module, "canonicalize_pos") local pluralize_pos = require_when_needed(headword_module, "pluralize_pos") --[==[ intro: This module contains utilities for constructing language-specific headword modules. [fill in] ===About parts of speech=== There are several versions of the part of speech (POS) of a given term: * The ''primary categorizing POS'' is the basic part of speech to which a term belongs. The primary POS determines whether the term is a lemma or non-lemma form, and in its plural form, it is used to categorize the terms (unless it is a variant term), along with caetegorizing into a ''lemmas'' or ''non-lemma forms'' category. (Variant terms, typically marked by {{para|var|1}}, are categorized into ''variant lemmas'' or ''variant non-lemma forms'' and are not categorized into a primary POS category.) * The ''raw {{tl|head}} POS'' is parameter {{para|2}} to {{tl|head}}. This is used to determine the primary categorizing POS by a process of canonicalization, because this parameter may contain abbreviations (e.g. ''a'' or ''adj'' for an adjective) and may be (and usually is) given in its singular form. * The ''template-indicated POS'' is the part of speech indicated by a headword template such as {{tl|nl-noun}} or {{tl|mn-head}}. It is either inherent to the template (in a case like {{tl|nl-noun}}), in which case it is specified by the template code and should always be in canonical, plural form; or it is specified by the user in the template call (in a case like {{tl|mn-head}} or other generic POS template, usually ending in `-head`), in which case it may be given in raw form, like for the raw {{tl|head}} POS, and is canonicalized using the same code that canonicalizes raw {{tl|head}} parts of speech. The template-indicate POS may not be a valid primary categorizing POS. For example, Dutch has a template-indicated POS ''diminutiva tantum nouns'', specified through the template {{tl|nl-dim-tant}}, but there is no such primary categorizing POS (that POS would be `nouns`). Similarly, Arabic has a template-indicated POS ''collective nouns'', whose primary categorizing POS is also `nouns`. As a result, the template-indicated POS may need to be converted to a primary categorizing POS through a ''normalization'' process (which uses a `pos_category` field attached to the `pos_functions` structure for the template-indicated POS). Note that the template-indicated POS comes in several variants: *# It may be ''head-raw'', meaning that it uses the literal string `head` in place of the user-specified POS in a generic POS template like {{tl|mn-head}}; it may be ''non-head'', meaning that it uses the actual user-specified POS in such a case; or it may be ''head-augmented'', meaning that in the case of a generic POS template it is of the form e.g. `head.nouns`, contanining both the literal `head` and the user-specified POS. *# It may be ''suffix-raw'', meaning that it uses the primary categorizing POS `suffixes` in place of the template-indicated POS when the term is a suffix, or it may be ''non-suffix'', meaning that it uses the template-indicated POS in such a case. The headword for a suffix uses the template corresponding to whatever POS the suffix forms, e.g. {{nl-noun}} for Dutch noun-forming suffixes. *# The ''indexing POS'' is the variant of the template-indicated POS that is used to index into the `pos_functions` table. Normally it is head-raw and non-suffix, but it will be head-augmented if the corresponding head-augmented entry exists in `pos_functions`. *# The ''unnormalized categorizing POS'' is the variant of the template-indicated POS that is potentially usable as the primary categorizing POS (see above). It is non-head and suffix-raw, i.e. it uses the actual template-specified or user-specified form of the template-indicated POS except when the term is a suffix, in which case it has the value `suffixes`. In most circumstances this can be used directly as the primary categorizing POS, but in some cases this POS is not a valid primary categorizing POS and needs to be normalized to get the actual primary categorizing POS, as mentioned above under the description for the template-indicated POS. * Finally, there is a ''simplified categorizing POS''. This collapses variations of primary categorizing parts of speech together for use in red-link and similar categories. For example, the POS `proper nouns` is collapsed into `nouns`, and all types of participles are collapsed into `participles`. There are two variants of the simplification process, ''lemma-status-preserving'' and ''non-lemma-status-preserving''. The latter is the default and is simpler, in that e.g. it means any part of speech ending in `nouns` to `nouns`, even if this causes non-lemma forms to become lemmas, as with `diminutive nouns` and `verbal nouns` (which are non-lemma forms) and likewise with `comparative adjectives` and `superlative adjectives` (which are again non-lemma forms). The former, ''lemma-status-preserving'', keeps lemmas as lemmas and (more important) non-lemmas as non-lemmas by converting e.g. `diminutive nouns` and `verbal nouns` to `noun forms` rather than `nouns`. The reason two variants exist in that they have different use cases. The default, non-lemma-status-preserving, type is used for tracking categories such as red-link and request categories, where completeness is more important than clutter. The lemma-status-preserving variant is used for informative categories such as ` ``lang`` masculine nouns`, which should only have lemmas in them to avoid clutter. (For the same reason, variant terms specified using {{para|var|1}} aren't normally categorized into informative categories but are placed in tracking categories.) ===About properties and data objects=== [fill in] ]==] -- l10n: 標籤與分類名稱中文化；語言名不在分類開頭時，以 {L} 標示語言名的位置 local inflection_to_cats_and_label = { ["複數"] = { filter_pos = function(posvars) -- plurals also occur with determiners, adjectives etc. and we don't want to generate categories like -- 'countable determiners', 'countable adjectives', etc. Note that the passed-in `simp_plpos` has -- `proper nouns` converted to `nouns`. return posvars.simp_plpos == "名詞" end, cats = {"可數名詞"}, no_cats = {"不可數名詞"}, fixed_adj_label = "<<可數>>", fixed_adj_no_label = "<<不可數>>", sometimes_label = "<<可數>>和<<不可數>>", unattested_cats = "有無紀錄複數的{L}名詞", unknown_cats = "有未知或不確定複數的{L}名詞", }, ["比較級"] = { cats = {"有比較級{simp_plpos}"}, no_cats = {"無比較級{simp_plpos}"}, fixed_adj_label = "有<<比較級>>", -- l10n: 中文的否定無法只在 fixed_adj_label 前加一個字，另行指定 fixed_adj_no_label = "無<<比較級>>", }, ["陰性等價詞"] = { cats = {"有其他性別等價詞的{L}{simp_plpos}"}, }, ["陽性等價詞"] = { cats = {"有其他性別等價詞的{L}{simp_plpos}"}, }, } local param_mods = { alt = {}, -- always allow so e.g. - can be specified as a suffix form id = {}, -- disabled when `is_head = true` q = {type = "qualifier"}, qq = {type = "qualifier"}, l = {type = "labels"}, ll = {type = "labels"}, -- [[Module:headword]] expects part references in `.refs`. ref = {item_dest = "refs", type = "references", store = "insert-flattened"}, } local optional_param_mods = { g = {item_dest = "genders", type = "genders"}, lang = {type = "language"}, sc = {type = "script"}, t = {item_dest = "gloss"}, gloss = {}, pos = {}, ng = {}, lit = {}, tr = {}, ts = {}, face = {}, nolinkinfl = {type = "boolean"}, } local optional_headword_param_mods = { sc = {type = "script"}, tr = {}, ts = {}, } local function split_on_comma(val) if val:find(",") then return require(parse_interface_module).split_on_comma(val) else return {val} end end local function ine(val) if not val then return nil end val = mw.text.trim(val) return val ~= "" and val or nil end --[=[ Add decorations to a term. `termobj` is the object describing the term, which should optionally contain: * left qualifiers in `q`, an array of strings; * right qualifiers in `qq`, an array of strings; * left labels in `l`, an array of strings; * right labels in `ll`, an array of strings; * references in `refs`, an array either of strings (formatted reference text) or objects containing fields `text` (formatted reference text) and optionally `name` and/or `group`; `text` is the text of the term itself, and `lang` is the language object. ]=] local function add_decorations(text, termobj, lang) local function field_non_empty(field) local list = termobj[field] if not list then return nil end if type(list) ~= "table" then error(("Internal error: Wrong type for `termobj.%s`=%s, should be \"table\""):format( field, mw.dumpObject(list))) end return list[1] end if field_non_empty("q") or field_non_empty("qq") or field_non_empty("l") or field_non_empty("ll") or field_non_empty("refs") then text = format_decorations { lang = lang, text = text, q = termobj.q, qq = termobj.qq, l = termobj.l, ll = termobj.ll, refs = termobj.refs, } end return text end --[==[ Parse a single inflection or headword form or list of such forms. In either case, inline modifiers may be attached. `data` is an object with the following fields: * `val`: The raw value to parse. Required. * `paramname`: The name of the parameter from which the value was taken; used in error messages. Required. * `is_head`: We are parsing a headword parameter (a value which goes into the `heads` field of `data`). This changes the allowed modifiers, disabling the `id` modifier and only allowing a subset of optional modifiers. * `frob`: An optional function of one value to apply to the form after inline modifiers have been removed (i.e. to apply to the `.term` field of the returned object). * `include_mods`: List of extra inline modifiers to include, besides the default ones (see below). Each list item is either a string specifying a recognized extra inline modifier (see `optional_param_mods` in the code), or a two-item list of modifier name and modifier spec, where the spec should follow the syntax for modifier specs in `parse_inline_modifiers` in [[Module:parse utilities]]. * `exclude_mods`: List of default inline modifiers to not include. * `splitchar`: If specified, the value in `val` can be a list of forms to parse, separated by the value of `splitchar` (which is a Lua pattern, as in `parse_inline_modifiers` in [[Module:parse utilities]]). Most commonly, `splitchar` is a single comma and the values are comma-separated (in this case, splitting will not happen if a space follows the comma). * `parse_lang_prefix`: If specified, allow a language prefix to precede a form, and if found, store into the `.lang` field of the returned object. * `disable_special_modes`: If specified, don't recognize and treat specially the special mode signals (e.g. '-' for no inflection, '?' for unknown, etc.). * `preserve_splitchar`, `delimiter_key`, `escape_fun`, `unescape_fun`, `pre_normalize_modifiers`: As in `parse_inline_modifiers` in [[Module:parse utilities]]. Returns an object suitable for storing as one element of one of the lists in `headdata.inflections`, where `headdata` is the structure passed to [[Module:headword]]. If `splitchar` is specified, howeve, the return value is a list of such objects. The following default inline modifiers are currently recognized: * `q`: Left qualifier. * `qq`: Right qualifier. * `l`: Comma-separated list of left labels. No space should follow the comma. * `ll`: Comma-separated list of right labels. No space should follow the comma. * `ref`: Reference or references. See {{tl|IPA}} for the syntax. * `id`: Sense ID, in case there are multiple senses. See {{tl|l}}. The following are the recognized additional inline modifiers: * `g`: Comma-separated list of genders. * `alt`: Display text. * `lang`: Language code of language of the form, if different from the language of the headword. * `sc`: Script code of script of the form. Almost never needed. * `t`: Gloss for the form. * `gloss`: Gloss for the form (alias for `t`). * `pos`: Part of speech of the form. * `lit`: Literal meaning of the form. * `tr`: Manual transliteration of the form. * `ts`: Transcription of the form, for languages where the transliteration differs markedly from the pronunciation. * `face`: Face to display the form in, e.g. {"hypothetical"} for a hypothetical form (unlinkable and displayed in italics). * `nolinkinfl`: Make the form unlinkable. ]==] function export.parse_term_with_modifiers(data) local paramname, val, frob = data.paramname, data.val, data.frob local function generate_obj(term, parse_err) if not data.disable_special_modes and export.special_modes[term] then return { term = term, _is_mode = true } end if frob then term = frob(term, parse_err) end if data.parse_lang_prefix and term:find(":") then return require(parse_utilities_module).generate_obj_maybe_parsing_lang_prefix { term = term, paramname = paramname, parse_lang_prefix = true, parse_err = parse_err, } else return {term = term} end end -- Check for inline modifier, e.g. מרים<tr:Miryem>. But exclude top-level HTML entry with <span ...>, -- <sup> or similar in it. if (val:find("<", nil, true) or data.splitchar) and not term_contains_top_level_html(val) and -- don't parse inline modifiers if is_head and the value begins with a ~ (link modifier syntax) (not data.is_head or not val:find("^~")) then local param_mods = param_mods if data.is_head then param_mods = shallow_copy(param_mods) param_mods.id = nil end if data.include_mods or data.exclude_mods then if not data.is_head then -- already copied when data.is_head param_mods = shallow_copy(param_mods) end if data.include_mods then local optional_mods = data.is_head and optional_headword_param_mods or optional_param_mods for _, mod in ipairs(data.include_mods) do if type(mod) == "table" then if #mod ~= 2 then error(("Internal error: Modifier spec %s in `include_mods` should be of length 2"):format( dump(mod))) end local modkey, modvalue = unpack(mod) param_mods[modkey] = modvalue elseif not optional_mods[mod] then error(("Internal error: Unrecognized modifier spec %s in `include_mods`"):format( dump(mod))) else param_mods[mod] = optional_mods[mod] end end end if data.exclude_mods then for _, mod in ipairs(data.exclude_mods) do if not param_mods[mod] then error(("Internal error: Modifier spec %s in `exclude_mods` not found among existing modifiers" ):format(dump(mod))) else param_mods[mod] = nil end end end end return parse_inline_modifiers(val, { paramname = paramname, param_mods = param_mods, generate_obj = generate_obj, splitchar = data.splitchar, preserve_splitchar = data.preserve_splitchar, delimiter_key = data.delimiter_key, escape_fun = data.escape_fun, unescape_fun = data.unescape_fun, pre_normalize_modifiers = data.pre_normalize_modifiers, }) else local retval = generate_obj(val) if data.splitchar then retval = {retval} end return retval end end --[==[ Parse a list of inflection forms that may have inline modifiers attached. `data` is an object with the following fields: * `forms`: The list of raw values to parse. Required. * `paramname`: The name of the first parameter from which the value was taken; used in error messages. If this is a two-element list, the first element is the first parameter and the second element is the prefix of the remaining parameters. Parameter names that are numbers are handled correctly, as are those with \1 in it marking where the parameter index goes. Required. * `qualifiers`: If specified, a possibly gappy list of left qualifiers to add to the parsed terms (for compatibility purposes). * `splitchar`: As in `parse_term_with_modifiers()`. The resulting per-term lists will be flattened. * `frob`, `include_mods`, `exclude_mods`, `is_head`, `preserve_splitchar`, `parse_lang_prefix`, `delimiter_key`, `escape_fun`, `unescape_fun`, `pre_normalize_modifiers`: As in `parse_term_with_modifiers()`. Returns a list of objects, suitable for storing as one of the lists in `headdata.inflections` (once a label is added), where `headdata` is the structure passed to [[Module:headword]]. ]==] function export.parse_term_list_with_modifiers(data) local paramname, forms = data.paramname, data.forms local qualifiers = data.qualifiers local first, restpref if type(paramname) == "table" then first = paramname[1] restpref = paramname[2] else first = paramname restpref = paramname end local terms = {} data = shallow_copy(data) for i, val in ipairs(forms) do data.paramname = i == 1 and first or type(restpref) == "number" and restpref + i - 1 or restpref:find("\1", nil, true) and restpref:gsub("\1", tostring(i)) or restpref .. i data.val = val local parsed = export.parse_term_with_modifiers(data) if qualifiers and qualifiers[i] then if data.splitchar then for _, term in ipairs(parsed) do term.q = {qualifiers[i]} end else parsed.q = {qualifiers[i]} end end if data.splitchar then extend(terms, parsed) else terms[i] = parsed end end return terms end --[==[ Construct a link to [[Appendix:Glossary]] for `entry`. If `text` is specified, it is the display text; otherwise, `entry` is used. ]==] function export.glossary_link(entry, text) text = text or entry return "[[Appendix:Glossary#" .. entry .. "|" .. text .. "]]" end function export.replace_glossary_links_in_label(label) if label:find("<<", nil, true) then label = label:gsub("<<(.-)|(.-)>>", export.glossary_link):gsub("<<(.-)>>", export.glossary_link) end return label end -- If a part of speech ends with one of these, either pluralized or followed by ' forms', chop off whatever precedes. -- Also, if a part of speech is of the form `BASIC_POS FOO forms` e.g. `noun construct forms`, remove the `FOO` -- portion. Note that "phrase" is *NOT* listed here because 'prepositional phrase' and 'postpositional phrase' are not -- types of 'phrase' per the definition of these parts of speech in Wiktionary. -- l10n: 詞類名稱中文化 local basic_poses = { "形容詞", "副詞", "縮約形", "專有名詞", -- may be converted to noun "名詞", "分詞", "代詞", "符號", "動詞", } -- l10n: 這些中文詞類名稱以基本詞類結尾，但對應的英語名稱並非如此（converbs、punctuation marks、diacritical -- marks、iteration marks），和原版一樣不簡化 local not_simplified_poses = { ["動副詞"] = true, ["標點符號"] = true, ["附加符號"] = true, ["疊字符號"] = true, } -- l10n: 中文的詞形類以「變格形」、「變位形式」或「形式」結尾（相當於英語的 ' forms'）；傳回去掉結尾後的部分， -- 不是詞形類則傳回 nil local function get_form_type(pos) return pos:match("^(.+)變格形$") or pos:match("^(.+)變位形式$") or pos:match("^(.+)形式$") end -- l10n: 相當於英語的 basic_pos .. " forms"；詞形類統一作「變格形」，動詞另作「變位形式」 local function forms_of_basic_pos(basic_pos) return basic_pos == "動詞" and "動詞變位形式" or basic_pos .. "變格形" end --[==[ Canonicalize and then simplify a qualified part of speech (e.g. ''comparative adjectives'', ''past participles'', ''pronoun possessive forms'') to its unqualified equivalent (e.g. ''adjectives'', ''participles'', ''pronoun forms'''). This is used for categorization, since generally the simplified part of speech is used in categories other than the one for the part of speech itself. (For example, comparative adjectives are normally categorized as adjectives in categories such as `Requests for inflections in ``lang`` adjective entries`, and proper nouns are, sometimes at least, categorized under ` ``lang`` nouns with ...` rather than ` ``lang`` proper nouns with ...`.) There are two cases where simplification does not happen: phrases and (optionally) proper nouns. In Wiktionary, ''phrase'' really means a clause or similar constituent (or occasionally non-constituent), so `prepositional phrases` are not types of `phrases` and are not simplified. Proper nouns are simplified to nouns for some categories but left as-is in other category names; by default, this function simplifies `proper nouns` to `nouns`, but if the parameter `preserve_proper_nouns` is given, `proper nouns` is left as-is. If `preserve_lemma_status` is given, the function attempts to return a part of speech that has the same lemma status (lemma or non-lemma form) as the original part of speech; thus, `comparative adjectives` becomes `adjective forms` and `diminutive nouns` becomes `noun forms` because both are non-lemma forms. If `preserve_lemma_status` is not given, the function simply chops off the qualifiers, converting e.g. `comparative adjectives` to `adjectives` even though this changes the lemma status of the part of speech. The part of speech can be given singular or plural on input, but is always returned in plural form. ]==] function export.simplify_pos(pos, preserve_proper_nouns, preserve_lemma_status) -- This allows for both singular and plural parts of speech in 'pos'. local plpos = canonicalize_pos(pos) -- l10n: 以下依中文詞類名稱改寫。中文詞類名稱沒有空格與複數，限定成分可能在基本詞類之前（「過去分詞」） -- 或之後（「形容詞比較級」、「名詞複數形式」），因此先比對以基本詞類結尾者，再比對以基本詞類開頭者 if not_simplified_poses[plpos] then return plpos end local form_type = get_form_type(plpos) local function simplified_basic_pos(basic_pos) if preserve_lemma_status then local lemma_status = require(headword_module).pos_lemma_or_nonlemma(plpos) if lemma_status == "非詞元形式" then return forms_of_basic_pos(basic_pos) end end return basic_pos end for _, basic_pos in ipairs(basic_poses) do if basic_pos ~= "專有名詞" or preserve_proper_nouns then if form_type then if form_type == basic_pos then -- So 'proper noun forms' doesn't get converted to 'noun forms' in the next round return plpos end if form_type:sub(-#basic_pos) == basic_pos then return forms_of_basic_pos(basic_pos) end else if plpos == basic_pos then -- So 'proper nouns' doesn't get converted to 'nouns' in the next round return plpos end if plpos:sub(-#basic_pos) == basic_pos then return simplified_basic_pos(basic_pos) end end end end for _, basic_pos in ipairs(basic_poses) do if basic_pos ~= "專有名詞" or preserve_proper_nouns then if form_type then if form_type:sub(1, #basic_pos) == basic_pos then return forms_of_basic_pos(basic_pos) end elseif plpos == basic_pos .. "比較級" or plpos == basic_pos .. "最高級" then return simplified_basic_pos(basic_pos) end end end return plpos end function export.get_pos_variants(pos) local retval = {} retval.origpos = pos retval.plpos = canonicalize_pos(pos) retval.sgpos = singularize(retval.plpos) retval.simp_plpos = export.simplify_pos(retval.plpos) retval.simp_sgpos = singularize(retval.simp_plpos) retval.simp_with_propn_plpos = export.simplify_pos(retval.plpos, "preserve_proper_nouns") retval.simp_with_propn_sgpos = singularize(retval.simp_with_propn_plpos) return retval end --[==[ Canonicalize a single term or term-like object or a list of either into a list of term-like objects. `abterms` is the term or list to canonicalize, and `field` is the name of the field holding the term (defaulting to {"term"}). This does the minimal work necessary, meaning that the return value may partly or completely share memory with the value passed in. As a special case, if `abterms` is {nil}, {nil} is returned. If `origin` or `originating_term` are specified, add fields `_origin` and/or `_originating_term` containing the specified value(s) to each resulting term-like object (in this case, the object will be copied a necessary to avoid side-effecting the passed-in objects). `origin` is intended to be a string indicating where the term originated from (e.g. {"default"} if a default value, {"resolve_special"} if originating from a shortcut value such as {"+"}) and `originating_term` is the shortcut term itself, if any. (There is generally no such term for default values.) If `termobj_for_string_terms` is specified, any terms in `abterms` specified as strings will have all their properties other than `field` taken from `termobj_for_string_terms`. ]==] function export.canonicalize_termobj_list(abterms, field, origin, originating_term, termobj_for_string_terms) if abterms == nil then return nil end local function make_termobj_from_string_term(term) local retval if termobj_for_string_terms then retval = shallow_copy(termobj_for_string_terms) else retval = {} end retval[field] = term retval._origin = origin retval._originating_term = originating_term return retval end local function shallow_copy_and_add_origin(termobj) termobj = shallow_copy(termobj) termobj._origin = origin termobj._originating_term = originating_term return termobj end field = field or "term" if type(abterms) == "string" then return {make_termobj_from_string_term(abterms)} elseif not abterms[1] then if origin ~= nil or originating_term ~= nil then abterms = shallow_copy_and_add_origin(abterms) end return {abterms} else -- Check if already in full list term and return directly if so (unless `origin_val` is given, in which case we -- need to shallow-copy both the list and each term in it). local must_convert = false for _, term in ipairs(abterms) do if type(term) == "string" then must_convert = true break end end if not must_convert then if origin ~= nil or originating_term ~= nil then abterms = shallow_copy(abterms) for i, abterm in ipairs(abterms) do abterms[i] = shallow_copy_and_add_origin(abterm) end end return abterms end end local retval = {} for _, term in ipairs(abterms) do if type(term) == "string" then insert(retval, make_termobj_from_string_term(term)) else if origin ~= nil or originating_term ~= nil then term = shallow_copy_and_add_origin(term) end insert(retval, term) end end return retval end function export.canonicalize_category_list(abcats) -- FIXME: We should allow category objects in `headdata.categories` and not just strings. This seems to require -- changes to [[Module:headword]]. if abcats == nil then return nil end if abcats == false then return {} end if type(abcats) == "string" then abcats = {abcats} end return abcats end --[==[ Insert a fixed inflection (a label not associated with any inflection values) into an `inflections` field. The `inflections` field will be initialized if needed. `data` is an object with the following fields: * `headdata`: The headword structure passed to [[Module:headword]]. Required. * `inflobj`: The object whose `inflections` field the terms are inserted into. Defaults to `headdata`. Only needs to be set for nested inflections, which are specified for an inflection object rather than the headword data structure as a whole. * `label`: The label that the inflections are given; any parts of the label surrounded in `<<...>>` are linked to the glossary. (If the contents of `<<...>>` contain a `|` in them, they are a two-part link.) Required. * `originating_term`: The term object from which this label is derived. If specified, decorations will be taken from this object. ]==] function export.insert_fixed_inflection(data) local headdata, origterm, label = data.headdata, data.originating_term, data.label local inflobj = data.inflobj or headdata inflobj.inflections = inflobj.inflections or {} if not origterm then insert(inflobj.inflections, { label = export.replace_glossary_links_in_label(label) }) else if origterm.id then error(("It doesn't make sense to pass in an ID '%s' for label '%s' in conjunction with a term value '%s'" ):format(origterm.id, label, origterm.term)) end origterm = shallow_copy(origterm) -- Preserve decorations origterm.term = nil origterm.label = export.replace_glossary_links_in_label(label) insert(inflobj.inflections, origterm) end end local function yes_and_no_cats(props) if props.cats and props.no_cats then local yes_cats = export.canonicalize_category_list(props.cats) local no_cats = export.canonicalize_category_list(props.no_cats) local cats = shallow_copy(yes_cats) extend(cats, no_cats) return cats end end local function sometimes_or_yes_and_no_cats(props) local sometimes_cats = export.canonicalize_category_list(props.sometimes_cats) if sometimes_cats then return sometimes_cats else return yes_and_no_cats(props) end end -- l10n: 以下各標籤中文化 local function no_value_fallback_label(props) if props.fixed_adj_no_label then return props.fixed_adj_no_label end if props.fixed_adj_label then return "不" .. props.fixed_adj_label end return "無" .. (props.label_for_cats_and_modes or props.label) end local function with_value_fallback_label(props) if props.fixed_adj_label then return props.fixed_adj_label end -- FIXME, should this say 'with a plural/diminutive' etc. or is 'with plural/diminutive' enough? return "有" .. (props.label_for_cats_and_modes or props.label) end --[==[ var: Table describing how to handle the "mode" signals at the beginning of an inflection, generally indicating whether the inflection exists and to what extent. The key is the mode signal itself, and the value is table with the following keys: * `exists`: The value to return in the `exists` field of the object returned by `process_for_insertion`. This is currently used in calling code simply to check for different modes; it is an easier-to-read equivalent of the mode signal itself. * `prefix`: The prefix used to directly specify the label and category/categories associated with the mode in calling code. For example, the mode `--+` (which also arises when `-` is used with a following term) has prefix `usually_no_`, which means that to directly specify its label, use `usually_no_label` and to directly specify its categories, use `usually_no_cats`. If these fields don't exist, the functions in `fallback_label` and `fallback_cats` are used to generate the label and categories. * `fallback_label`: This is a function of one argument, `props` (the properties passed in by the caller), which should generate the label if the user didn't directly specify a label (see `prefix` above). * `fallback_cats`: This is a function of one argument, `props` (the properties passed in by the caller), which should generate the categories if the user didn't directly specify them (see `prefix` above). * `add_default`: If true, the code will attempt to add a default value if the user specifies this mode without giving additional terms. This depends on the caller passing in a `mode_default` property (which can be a string, a term object, a list of either, or a function generating any of those values). In many cases the `mode_default` property may simply have a value such as {"+"}, which is processed later by resolve_special(). * `disallow_additional`: If true, no additional terms are allowed after the mode signal; if present, an error is thrown. ]==] -- l10n: 以下各標籤中文化 export.special_modes = { ["-"] = {exists = "no", prefix = "no_", fallback_label = no_value_fallback_label, }, -- converted to "--+" if a term follows ["--+"] = {exists = "usually no", prefix = "usually_no_", add_default = true, fallback_label = function(props) if props.no_label then return "通常" .. props.no_label end return "通常" .. no_value_fallback_label(props) end, fallback_cats = sometimes_or_yes_and_no_cats, }, ["+-"] = {exists = "sometimes", prefix = "sometimes_", add_default = true, fallback_label = function(props) return "有時" .. with_value_fallback_label(props) end, fallback_cats = yes_and_no_cats, }, ["++-"] = {exists = "usually", prefix = "usually_", add_default = true, fallback_label = function(props) return "有時" .. with_value_fallback_label(props) end, fallback_cats = sometimes_or_yes_and_no_cats, }, ["!"] = {exists = "unattested", prefix = "unattested_", disallow_additional = true, fallback_label = function(props) return (props.label_for_cats_and_modes or props.label) .. "無紀錄" end, -- No default cats; provided for plurals in inflection_to_cats_and_label. }, ["?"] = {exists = "unknown", prefix = "unknown_", disallow_additional = true, -- No default label as people have preferred not to see 'plural unknown or uncertain' -- written out. No default cats; provided for plurals in inflection_to_cats_and_label. }, } function export.process_for_insertion(data) local terms, mode_default, headdata = data.terms, data.mode_default, data.headdata local retval = { headdata = data.headdata, } if terms and terms[1] then local mode = terms[1].term local modespec = export.special_modes[mode] if modespec then terms = shallow_copy(terms) retval.mode_term = terms[1] remove(terms, 1) if mode == "-" and terms[1] then mode = "--+" end if terms[1] and modespec.disallow_additional then error(("It doesn't make sense to specify explicit terms along with mode signal %s (%s)"):format( mode, modespec.exists)) elseif not terms[1] and modespec.add_default and mode_default then if type(mode_default) == "function" then mode_default = mode_default(headdata, retval.mode_term) end if mode_default then terms = export.canonicalize_termobj_list(mode_default, "term", "mode_default", retval.mode_term) end end retval.numterms = #terms retval.terms = terms retval.mode = mode retval.exists = modespec.exists retval.prefix = modespec.prefix else retval.numterms = #terms retval.terms = terms retval.exists = "yes" retval.prefix = "" end else retval.numterms = 0 retval.terms = {} -- retval.exists = nil retval.request = data.request end return retval end --[==[ Insert previously-parsed terms into an `inflections` field. The `inflections` field will be initialized if needed. `data` is an object with the following fields: * `headdata`: The headword structure passed to [[Module:headword]]. Required. * `inflobj`: The object whose `inflections` field the terms are inserted into. Defaults to `headdata`. Only needs to be set for nested inflections, which are specified for an inflection object rather than the headword data structure as a whole. * `terms`: The list of parsed terms. If {nil} or omitted, nothing happens unless `request` is set. * `label`: The label that the inflections are given; any parts of the label surrounded in `<<...>>` are linked to the glossary. (If the contents of `<<...>>` contain a `|` in them, they are a two-part link.) Required. * `fixed_adj_label`: If specified, an adjective used to construct the defaults for the fixed labels specified by `no_label`, `usually_no_label` and `sometimes_label`. Examples are "comparable" for a comparative and "countable" for a plural. * `no_label`: If the term is {"-"} and there are no other terms, insert a fixed label with this value. If `fixed_adj_label` is given, defaults to {"not "} plus the adjective, else {"no "} plus the label. * `usually_no_label`: If the term is {"-"} and there are other terms, insert a fixed label with this value. Defaults to {"usually "} plus the value of `no_label`. * `sometimes_label`: If the term is {"+-"}, insert a fixed label with this value. If `fixed_adj_label` is given, defaults to {"sometimes "} plus the adjective, else {"sometimes with a(n) "} plus the label. * `cats`: List of categories to insert when terms are given that are not {"-"}. Each category is a string naming a full category to insert (including the appropriate language name prefixed). * `no_cats`: List of categories to insert when a term is given as {"-"}. * `usually_no_cats`: List of categories to insert when a term is given as {"-"} and additional terms are specified as well (representing, e.g. for the inflection {"plural"}, a term which usually has no plural but does under some circumstances). If omitted, both the categories in `cats` and `no_cats` are inserted. * `sometimes_cats`: List of categories to insert when a term is given as {"+-"} (indicating that the inflection sometimes exists and sometimes does not, normally depending on the precise sense involved). If omitted, both the categories in `cats` and `no_cats` are inserted (same default as for `usually_no_cats`). * `accel`: If specified, a full accelerator object to add to the inflections. * `request`: If specified and no terms are given, insert a label with a request for inflections to be given. * `enable_auto_translit`: If specified and terms are given, display automatic transliteration of the terms. The return value indicates whether the inflection exists and how many terms are in it. It is an object with the following fields: * `exists`: {"yes"} if one or more terms were specified; {"no"} if the value was given as {"-"}; {"usually no"} if the first value was given as {"-"} but additional terms were supplied; otherwise {nil}, indicating that the status is unspecified. * `numterms`: Number of terms in the inflection. Will be 0 unless `exists` has the value {"yes"} or {"usually no"}. * `terms`: The terms that were inserted. If there are no terms, this is an empty list. * `request`: True if no terms were specified but a term request was inserted into the inflection (because `data.request` was specified). Otherwise {nil}. ]==] function export.insert_processed_inflection(data) local headdata, processed, label = data.headdata, data.processed, data.label local inflobj = data.inflobj or headdata local accel = data.accel if data.accel_form then if accel then error("Internal error: can't specify both data.accel and data.accel_form") end if headdata.heads then local lemmas = {} local lemma_translits = {} for i, headobj in ipairs(headdata.heads) do lemmas[i] = headobj.term if lemmas[i] == "+" then error("Internal error: If you use data.accel_form, you should have resolved all occurrences of + in heads appropriately") end lemma_translits[i] = headobj.tr end accel = { lemma = lemmas, lemma_translit = lemma_translits, form = data.accel_form, } else accel = { form = data.accel_form, } end end local function insert_cats(cats) for _, cat in ipairs(cats) do insert(headdata.categories, cat) end end -- Handle the fixed label (if any) and cats (if any) associated with a mode. if processed.mode then local modespec = export.special_modes[processed.mode] local mode_prefix = modespec.prefix local fixed_label = data[mode_prefix .. "label"] if not fixed_label and modespec.fallback_label then fixed_label = modespec.fallback_label(data) end if fixed_label then export.insert_fixed_inflection { headdata = headdata, inflobj = inflobj, originating_term = processed.mode_term, label = fixed_label, } end local mode_cats = data[mode_prefix .. "cats"] if not mode_cats and modespec.fallback_cats then mode_cats = modespec.fallback_cats(data) end mode_cats = export.canonicalize_category_list(mode_cats) if mode_cats then insert_cats(mode_cats) end elseif processed.terms[1] and data.cats then -- If no mode, no fixed label but there may be categories. insert_cats(data.cats) end local terms = processed.terms if terms[1] then -- FIXME, if there's a mode we shallow_copy() twice. terms = shallow_copy(terms) terms.label = export.replace_glossary_links_in_label(label) if accel then terms.accel = accel end terms.enable_auto_translit = data.enable_auto_translit inflobj.inflections = inflobj.inflections or {} insert(inflobj.inflections, terms) elseif processed.request then inflobj.inflections = inflobj.inflections or {} insert(inflobj.inflections, { label = export.replace_glossary_links_in_label(label), request = true, }) end end --[==[ Insert previously-parsed terms into an `inflections` field. The `inflections` field will be initialized if needed. `data` is an object with the following fields: * `headdata`: The headword structure passed to [[Module:headword]]. Required. * `inflobj`: The object whose `inflections` field the terms are inserted into. Defaults to `headdata`. Only needs to be set for nested inflections, which are specified for an inflection object rather than the headword data structure as a whole. * `terms`: The list of parsed terms. If {nil} or omitted, nothing happens unless `request` is set. * `label`: The label that the inflections are given; any parts of the label surrounded in `<<...>>` are linked to the glossary. (If the contents of `<<...>>` contain a `|` in them, they are a two-part link.) Required. * `fixed_adj_label`: If specified, an adjective used to construct the defaults for the fixed labels specified by `no_label`, `usually_no_label` and `sometimes_label`. Examples are "comparable" for a comparative and "countable" for a plural. * `no_label`: If the term is {"-"} and there are no other terms, insert a fixed label with this value. If `fixed_adj_label` is given, defaults to {"not "} plus the adjective, else {"no "} plus the label. * `usually_no_label`: If the term is {"-"} and there are other terms, insert a fixed label with this value. Defaults to {"usually "} plus the value of `no_label`. * `sometimes_label`: If the term is {"+-"}, insert a fixed label with this value. If `fixed_adj_label` is given, defaults to {"sometimes "} plus the adjective, else {"sometimes with a(n) "} plus the label. * `cats`: List of categories to insert when terms are given that are not {"-"}. Each category is a string naming a full category to insert (including the appropriate language name prefixed). * `no_cats`: List of categories to insert when a term is given as {"-"}. * `usually_no_cats`: List of categories to insert when a term is given as {"-"} and additional terms are specified as well (representing, e.g. for the inflection {"plural"}, a term which usually has no plural but does under some circumstances). If omitted, both the categories in `cats` and `no_cats` are inserted. * `sometimes_cats`: List of categories to insert when a term is given as {"+-"} (indicating that the inflection sometimes exists and sometimes does not, normally depending on the precise sense involved). If omitted, both the categories in `cats` and `no_cats` are inserted (same default as for `usually_no_cats`). * `accel`: If specified, a full accelerator object to add to the inflections. * `request`: If specified and no terms are given, insert a label with a request for inflections to be given. * `enable_auto_translit`: If specified and terms are given, display automatic transliteration of the terms. The return value indicates whether the inflection exists and how many terms are in it. It is an object with the following fields: * `exists`: {"yes"} if one or more terms were specified; {"no"} if the value was given as {"-"}; {"usually no"} if the first value was given as {"-"} but additional terms were supplied; otherwise {nil}, indicating that the status is unspecified. * `numterms`: Number of terms in the inflection. Will be 0 unless `exists` has the value {"yes"} or {"usually no"}. * `terms`: The terms that were inserted. If there are no terms, this is an empty list. * `request`: True if no terms were specified but a term request was inserted into the inflection (because `data.request` was specified). Otherwise {nil}. ]==] function export.insert_inflection(data) local headdata, terms, mode_default = data.headdata, data.terms, data.mode_default local processed = export.process_for_insertion { headdata = headdata, terms = terms, mode_default = mode_default, } data = shallow_copy(data) data.processed = processed export.insert_processed_inflection(data) return processed end --[==[ Parse raw arguments from `forms` for inline modifiers, and insert the resulting terms (which should not require significant additional processing) into `headdata.inflections`. `data` is an object with the following fields: * `forms`: The list of raw values to parse. If {nil} or omitted, nothing happens. * `headdata`: The headword structure passed to [[Module:headword]]. Required. * `paramname`: As in `parse_term_list_with_modifiers()`. Required. * `label`: As in `insert_inflection()`. Required. * `qualifiers`, `frob`, `include_mods`, `exclude_mods`, `is_head`, `splitchar`, `preserve_splitchar`, `delimiter_key`, `escape_fun`, `unescape_fun`, `pre_normalize_modifiers`: As in `parse_term_list_with_modifiers()`. * `accel`: As in `insert_inflection()`. Return value is as in `insert_inflection()`. ]==] function export.parse_and_insert_inflection(data) local forms = data.forms if forms and forms[1] then data = shallow_copy(data) data.forms = forms data.terms = export.parse_term_list_with_modifiers(data) return export.insert_inflection(data) end return { numterms = 0 } end --[==[ Combine two sets of decorations. If either is {nil}, just return the other, and if both are {nil}, return {nil}. ]==] function export.combine_decorations(decs1, decs2) if not decs1 and not decs2 then return nil end if not decs1 then return decs2 end if not decs2 then return decs1 end local combined = shallow_copy(decs1) for _, dec in ipairs(decs2) do insert_if_not(combined, dec) end return combined end function export.combine_qualifiers_or_labels(...) -- FIXME: Added 2026-09-17. Remove after a month. error("Use combine_decorations instead") end --[==[ Combine the decorations (qualifiers, labels, references) and ID's of two term objects. `destobj` is the "destination term object" into which the combined properties are written, and `srcobj` is the "source object" into which the properties are merged. `destobj` is side-effected (but the lists inside of `destobj` are not); if this is undesirable, make sure to shallow-copy `destobj` first. If both objects have values for a given decoration, the values of `destobj` come first. If both objects have a value for `id`, the values must match or an error is thrown; otherwise, the resulting value of `id` comes from whichever one is defined. '''NOTE:''' This may not be the correct behavior when deduplicating a list of term objects. See `insert_termobj_combining_duplicates` for a different approach. ]==] function export.combine_termobj_decorations(destobj, srcobj) destobj.q = export.combine_decorations(destobj.q, srcobj.q) destobj.qq = export.combine_decorations(destobj.qq, srcobj.qq) destobj.l = export.combine_decorations(destobj.l, srcobj.l) destobj.ll = export.combine_decorations(destobj.ll, srcobj.ll) destobj.refs = export.combine_decorations(destobj.refs, srcobj.refs) if destobj.id and srcobj.id and destobj.id ~= srcobj.id then -- FIXME: We probably want to pass in an error function error(("Can't specify two different ID's %s and %s when combining objects"):format(srcobj.id, destobj.id)) end destobj.id = destobj.id or srcobj.id return destobj end function export.combine_termobj_qualifiers_labels(...) -- FIXME: Added 2026-09-17. Remove after a month. error("Use combine_termobj_decorations instead") end function export.termobj_has_decorations(obj) return obj.q and obj.q[1] or obj.qq and obj.qq[1] or obj.l and obj.l[1] or obj.ll and obj.ll[1] or obj.refs and obj.refs[1] end function export.termobj_has_qualifiers_or_labels(...) -- FIXME: Added 2026-09-17. Remove after a month. error("Use termobj_has_decorations instead") end local function one_decoration_equal(prop1, prop2) local prop1_is_nil = not prop1 or not prop1[1] local prop2_is_nil = not prop2 or not prop2[1] if prop1_is_nil and prop2_is_nil then return true end if prop1_is_nil or prop2_is_nil then return false end return deep_equals(prop1, prop2) end function export.termobj_decorations_equal(obj1, obj2) return one_decoration_equal(obj1.q, obj2.q) and one_decoration_equal(obj1.qq, obj2.qq) and one_decoration_equal(obj1.l, obj2.l) and one_decoration_equal(obj1.ll, obj2.ll) and one_decoration_equal(obj1.refs, obj2.refs) and obj1.id == obj2.id end function export.termobj_ancillary_properties_equal(...) -- FIXME: Added 2026-09-17. Remove after a month. error("Use termobj_decorations_equal instead") end function export.convert_termobj_to_formobj(termobj) local formobj = { form = termobj.term, translit = termobj.tr, } local footnotes local function mods_to_footnote(mod_prefix, mod_vals) if mod_vals and mod_vals[1] then footnotes = footnotes or {} for _, val in ipairs(mod_vals) do insert(footnotes, "[" .. mod_prefix .. ":" .. val .. "]") end end end mods_to_footnote("q", termobj.q) mods_to_footnote("qq", termobj.qq) mods_to_footnote("l", termobj.l) mods_to_footnote("ll", termobj.ll) mods_to_footnote("ref", termobj.refs) mods_to_footnote("id", termobj.id and {termobj.id} or nil) formobj.footnotes = footnotes return formobj end local recognized_multi_mods = { q = "q", qq = "qq", l = "l", ll = "ll", ref = "refs", } local recognized_single_mods = { id = "id", } function export.add_footnote_to_termobj(termobj, footnote) local stripped_footnote = footnote:match("^%[(.*)%]$") if not stripped_footnote then error("Internal error: Footnote should be surrounded by brackets at this stage: " .. footnote) end local prefix, rest = stripped_footnote:match("^([a-z]+):(.+)$") local field, is_multi if prefix then if recognized_multi_mods[prefix] then field = recognized_multi_mods[prefix] is_multi = true elseif recognized_single_mods[prefix] then field = recognized_single_mods[prefix] is_multi = false end end if not field then rest = stripped_footnote field = "l" is_multi = true end if is_multi then if not termobj[field] then termobj[field] = {} end insert(termobj[field], rest) else if termobj[field] and termobj[field] ~= rest then error(("Can't set two values for '%s': '%s' and '%s'"):format(field, termobj[field], rest)) end termobj[field] = rest end end function export.convert_formobj_to_termobj(formobj) local termobj = { term = formobj.form, tr = formobj.translit, } if formobj.footnotes then for _, footnote in ipairs(formobj.footnotes) do export.add_footnote_to_termobj(termobj, footnote) end end return termobj end local function extract_termobj_field_modifiers(fieldval) return fieldval:match("^([*+]?)(.*)$") end function export.remove_termobj_field_modifiers(termobj) local function remove_field_modifiers(field) if termobj[field] and termobj[field][1] then local any_field_modifiers = false for _, val in ipairs(termobj[field]) do local field_mods, _ = extract_termobj_field_modifiers(val) if field_mods ~= "" then any_field_modifiers = true break end end local new_field = {} if any_field_modifiers then for _, val in ipairs(termobj[field]) do local _, field_without_mods = extract_termobj_field_modifiers(val) insert_if_not(new_field, field_without_mods) end termobj[field] = new_field end end end remove_field_modifiers("q") remove_field_modifiers("qq") remove_field_modifiers("l") remove_field_modifiers("ll") remove_field_modifiers("refs") end function export.insert_termobj_combining_duplicates(destobjs, termobj) for _, destobj in ipairs(destobjs) do if destobj.term == termobj.term and destobj.tr == termobj.tr then -- Form already present; maybe combine footnotes. local function combine_field_values(field) if termobj[field] and termobj[field][1] then -- Check to see if there are existing values with *; if so, remove them. if destobj[field] and destobj[field][1] then local any_values_with_asterisk = false for _, val in ipairs(destobj[field]) do local field_mods, _ = extract_termobj_field_modifiers(val) if field_mods:find("%*") then any_values_with_asterisk = true break end end if any_values_with_asterisk then local filtered_values = {} for _, val in ipairs(destobj[field]) do local field_mods, _ = extract_termobj_field_modifiers(val) if not field_mods:find("%*") then insert(filtered_values, val) end end if filtered_values[1] then destobj[field] = filtered_values else destobj[field] = nil end end end local any_footnotes_with_plus = false for _, val in ipairs(termobj[field]) do local field_mods, _ = extract_termobj_field_modifiers(val) if field_mods:find("%+") then any_footnotes_with_plus = true break end end if any_footnotes_with_plus then if not destobj[field] then destobj[field] = {} else destobj[field] = shallow_copy(destobj[field]) end for _, val in ipairs(termobj[field]) do local already_seen = false local field_mods, field_without_mods = extract_termobj_field_modifiers(val) if field_mods:find("%+") then for _, existing_val in ipairs(destobj[field]) do local _, existing_field_without_mods = extract_termobj_field_modifiers(existing_val) if existing_field_without_mods == field_without_mods then already_seen = true break end end if not already_seen then insert(destobj[field], val) end end end end end end combine_field_values("q") combine_field_values("qq") combine_field_values("l") combine_field_values("ll") combine_field_values("refs") if destobj.id and termobj.id and destobj.id ~= termobj.id then -- FIXME: We probably want to pass in an error function error(("Can't specify two different ID's %s and %s when combining objects"):format(termobj.id, destobj.id)) end destobj.id = destobj.id or termobj.id return end end insert(destobjs, termobj) end export.allowed_special_indicators = { ["first"] = true, ["first-second"] = true, ["first-last"] = true, ["second"] = true, ["last"] = true, ["each"] = true, ["+"] = true, -- requests the default behavior with preposition handling } --[==[ Check for special indicators (values such as {"+first"} or {"+first-last"} that are used in a `pl`, `f`, etc. argument and indicate how to inflect a multiword term). If `form` is such an indicator, the return value is `form` minus the initial `+` sign; otherwise, if form begins with a `+` sign, an error is thrown; otherwise the return value is nil. ]==] function export.get_special_indicator(form, noerror) if form:find("^%+") then form = form:gsub("^%+", "") if not export.allowed_special_indicators[form] then if noerror then return nil end local indicators = {} for indic, _ in pairs(export.allowed_special_indicators) do insert(indicators, "+" .. indic) end sort(indicators) error("Special inflection indicator beginning with '+' can only be " .. mw.text.listToText(indicators) .. ": +" .. form) end return form end return nil end local function add_endings(bases, endings) local retval = {} if type(bases) ~= "table" then bases = {bases} end if type(endings) ~= "table" then endings = {endings} end for _, base in ipairs(bases) do for _, ending in ipairs(endings) do insert(retval, base .. ending) end end return retval end --[==[ Inflect a possibly multiword or hyphenated term `form` using the function `inflect`, which is a function of one argument that is called on a single word to inflect and should return either the inflected word or a list of inflected words. `special` indicates how to inflect the multiword term and should be e.g. {"first"} to inflect only the first word, {"first-last"} to inflect the first and last words, {"each"} to inflect each word, etc. See `allowed_special_indicators` above for the possibilities. If `special` is `+`, or is omitted and the term is multiword (i.e. containing a space character), and `prepositions` is supplied, the function checks for multiword or hyphenated terms containing the prepositions in `prepositions`, e.g. Italian [[senso di marcia]] or [[medaglia d'oro]] or Portuguese [[tartaruga-do-mar]]. If such a term is found, only the first word is inflected. Otherwise, the default is {"first-last"}. `prepositions` is a list of Lua patterns matching prepositions. The patterns will automatically have the separator character (space or hyphen) added to the left side but not the right side, so they should contain a space character (which will automatically be converted to the appropriate separator) on the right side unless the preposition is joined on the right side with an apostrophe. Examples of preposition patterns for Italian are {"di "}, {"sull'"} and {"d?all[oae] "} (which matches {"dallo "}, {"dalle "}, {"alla "}, etc.). The return value is always either a list of inflected multiword or hyphenated terms, or nil if `special` is omitted and `form` is not multiword. (If `special` is specified and `form` is not multiword or hyphenated, an error results.) ]==] function export.handle_multiword(form, special, inflect, prepositions, sep) sep = sep or form:find(" ") and " " or "%-" local raw_sep = sep == " " and " " or "-" -- Used to add regex version of separator in the replacement portion of ugsub() or :gsub() local sep_replacement = sep == " " and " " or "%%-" -- Given a Lua pattern, replace space with the appropriate separator. local function hack_re(re) if sep == " " then return re end return (re:gsub(" ", sep_replacement)) end if special == "first" then local first, rest = form:match(hack_re("^(.-)( .*)$")) if not first then error("Special indicator 'first' can only be used with a multiword term: " .. form) end return add_endings(inflect(first), rest) elseif special == "second" then local first, second, rest = form:match(hack_re("^([^ ]+ )([^ ]+)( .*)$")) if not first then error("Special indicator 'second' can only be used with a term with three or more words: " .. form) end return add_endings(add_endings({first}, inflect(second)), rest) elseif special == "first-second" then local first, space, second, rest = form:match(hack_re("^([^ ]+)( )([^ ]+)( .*)$")) if not first then error("Special indicator 'first-second' can only be used with a term with three or more words: " .. form) end return add_endings(add_endings(add_endings(inflect(first), space), inflect(second)), rest) elseif special == "each" then local terms = split(form, sep) if #terms < 2 then error("Special indicator 'each' can only be used with a multiword term: " .. form) end for i, term in ipairs(terms) do terms[i] = inflect(term) if i > 1 then terms[i] = add_endings(raw_sep, terms[i]) end end local result = "" for _, term in ipairs(terms) do result = add_endings(result, term) end return result elseif special == "first-last" then local first, middle, last = form:match(hack_re("^(.-)( .* )(.-)$")) if not first then first, middle, last = form:match(hack_re("^(.-)( )(.*)$")) end if not first then error("Special indicator 'first-last' can only be used with a multiword term: " .. form) end return add_endings(add_endings(inflect(first), middle), inflect(last)) elseif special == "last" then local rest, last = form:match(hack_re("^(.* )(.-)$")) if not rest then error("Special indicator 'last' can only be used with a multiword term: " .. form) end return add_endings(rest, inflect(last)) elseif special and special ~= "+" then error("Unrecognized special=" .. special) end -- Only do default behavior if special indicator '+' explicitly given or separator is space; otherwise we will -- break existing behavior with hyphenated words. if (special == "+" or sep == " ") and form:find(sep) then if prepositions then -- check for prepositions in the middle of the word; do it this way so we can handle -- more than one word before the preposition (and usually inflect each word) for _, prep in ipairs(prepositions) do local first, space_prep_rest = umatch(form, hack_re("^(.-)( " .. prep .. ".*)$")) if first then return add_endings(inflect(first), space_prep_rest) end end end -- multiword or hyphenated expressions default to first-last; we need to pass in the separator to avoid -- problems with multiword terms containing hyphens in the individual words return export.handle_multiword(form, "first-last", inflect, prepositions, sep) end return nil end local function link_hyphen_split_component(word, data) if data.link_hyphen_split_component then return data.link_hyphen_split_component(word) else return "[[" .. word .. "]]" end end -- Default function to split a word on apostrophes. Don't split apostrophes at the beginning or end of a word (e.g. -- [['ndrangheta]] or [[po']]). Handle multiple apostrophes correctly, e.g. [[l'altr'ieri]] -> [[l']][altr']][[ieri]]. function export.default_split_apostrophe(word, data) local apostrophe_parts = split(word, "'", true, true) local linked_apostrophe_parts = {} local apostrophes_at_beginning = "" local i = 1 -- Apostrophes at beginning get attached to the first word after (which will always exist but may -- be blank if the word consists only of apostrophes). while i < #apostrophe_parts do -- <, not <=, in case the word consists only of apostrophes local apostrophe_part = apostrophe_parts[i] i = i + 1 if apostrophe_part == "" then apostrophes_at_beginning = apostrophes_at_beginning .. "'" else break end end apostrophe_parts[i] = apostrophes_at_beginning .. apostrophe_parts[i] -- Now, do the remaining parts. A blank part indicates more than one apostrophe in a row; we join -- all of them to the preceding word. while i <= #apostrophe_parts do local apostrophe_part = apostrophe_parts[i] if apostrophe_part == "" then linked_apostrophe_parts[#linked_apostrophe_parts] = linked_apostrophe_parts[#linked_apostrophe_parts] .. "'" elseif i == #apostrophe_parts then insert(linked_apostrophe_parts, apostrophe_part) else insert(linked_apostrophe_parts, apostrophe_part .. "'") end i = i + 1 end for j, tolink in ipairs(linked_apostrophe_parts) do linked_apostrophe_parts[j] = link_hyphen_split_component(tolink, data) end return concat(linked_apostrophe_parts) end --[=[ Auto-add links to a word that should not have spaces but may have hyphens and/or apostrophes. We split off final punctuation, then split on hyphens if `data.split_hyphen` is given, and also split on apostrophes if `data.split_apostrophe` is given. We only split on hyphens if they are in the middle of the word, not at the beginning or end (hyphens at the beginning or end indicate suffixes or prefixes, respectively). `include_hyphen_prefixes`, if given, is a set of prefixes (not including the final hyphen) where we should include the final hyphen in the prefix. Hence, e.g. if "anti" is in the set, a Portuguese word like [[anti-herói]] "anti-hero" will be split [[anti-]][[herói]] (whereas a word like [[código-fonte]] "source code" will be split as [[código]]-[[fonte]]). If `data.split_apostrophe` is specified, we split on apostrophes unless `data.no_split_apostrophe_words` is given and the word is in the specified set, such as French [[c'est]] and [[quelqu'un]]. If `data.split_apostrophe` is true, the default algorithm applies, which splits on all apostrophes except those at the beginning and end of a word (as in Italian [['ndrangheta]] or [[po']]), and includes the apostrophe in the link to its left (so we auto-split French [[l'eau]] as [[l']][[eau]] and [[l'altr'ieri]] as [[l']][altr']][[ieri]]). If `data.split_apostrophe` is specified but not `true`, it should be a function of one argument that does custom apostrophe-splitting. The argument is the word to split, and the return value should be the split and linked word. ]=] local function add_single_word_links(space_word, data, term_has_spaces) local space_word_no_punct, punct local punct_pattern = data.punctuation if punct_pattern and is_callable(punct_pattern) then space_word_no_punct, punct = punct_pattern(space_word) else if punct_pattern == nil then punct_pattern = "[,;:?!]" end space_word_no_punct, punct = umatch(space_word, "^(.*)(" .. punct_pattern .. ")$") end space_word_no_punct = space_word_no_punct or space_word punct = punct or "" local words if space_word_no_punct:sub(1, 1) == "-" or space_word_no_punct:sub(-1) == "-" then -- don't split prefixes and suffixes words = {space_word_no_punct} else local splitter if term_has_spaces then splitter = data.split_hyphen_when_space else splitter = data.split_hyphen_when_no_space end if is_callable(splitter) then words = splitter(space_word_no_punct) if type(words) == "string" then return words .. punct end end end if not words then local split_hyphen if term_has_spaces then split_hyphen = data.split_hyphen_when_space else split_hyphen = data.split_hyphen_when_no_space if split_hyphen == nil then -- default to true; use `false` to avoid this split_hyphen = true end end if split_hyphen then words = split(space_word_no_punct, "-", true, true) else words = {space_word_no_punct} end end local linked_words = {} for j, word in ipairs(words) do if j < #words and data.include_hyphen_prefixes and data.include_hyphen_prefixes[word] then word = "[[" .. word .. "-]]" elseif j > 1 and data.include_hyphen_suffixes and data.include_hyphen_suffixes[word] then word = "[[-" .. word .. "]]" else -- Don't split on apostrophes if the word is in `no_split_apostrophe_words`. if (not data.no_split_apostrophe_words or not data.no_split_apostrophe_words[word]) and data.split_apostrophe and word:find("'", nil, true) then if data.split_apostrophe == true then word = export.default_split_apostrophe(word, data) else -- custom apostrophe splitter/linker word = data.split_apostrophe(word) end elseif word ~= "" then -- avoid -[[]]- (e.g. f--k) word = link_hyphen_split_component(word, data) end if j < #words then word = word .. "-" end end insert(linked_words, word) end return concat(linked_words) .. punct end --[=[ Auto-add links to a multiword term. `data` contains fields customizing how to do this. By default we proceed as follows: (1) If the term already has embedded links in it, they are left unchanged. (2) Otherwise, if there are spaces present, we split on spaces and link each word separately. (3) If a given space-separated component ends in punctuation (defaulting to [,;:?!]), it is separated off, the remainder of the algorithm run, and the punctuation pasted back on. (4) If there are hyphens in a given space-separated component, we may link each hyphenated term separately depending on the settings in `data`. Normally the hyphens are not included in the linked terms, but this can be overridden for specific prefixes and/or suffixes. By default, if there are spaces in the multiword term, we do not link hyphenated components (because of cases like "boire du petit-lait" where "petit-lait" should be linked as a whole), but do so otherwise (e.g. for "avant-avant-hier"); this can overridden for cases like "croyez-le ou non". Cases where only some of the hyphens should be split can always be handled by explicitly specifying the head (e.g. "Nord-Pas-de-Calais" given as head=[[Nord]]-[[Pas-de-Calais]]). (5) If there are apostrophes in a given component, we may link each apostrophe-separated term separately depending on the settings in `data`, including the apostrophe in the link to its left (so we split "de l'eau" as "[[de]] [[l']][[eau]]"). The settings in `data` are as follows: `split_hyphen_when_no_space`: Whether to split on hyphens when the term has no spaces. Defaults to true if set to `nil`. This can be a function of one argument, to implement a custom splitting algorithm for hyphen-separated terms. If this returns [FIXME: FINISH ME ...] If `data.split_apostrophe` is specified, we split on apostrophes unless `data.no_split_apostrophe_words` is given and the word is in the specified set, such as French [[c'est]] and [[quelqu'un]]. If `data.split_apostrophe` is true, the default algorithm applies, which splits on all apostrophes except those at the beginning and end of a word (as in Italian [['ndrangheta]] or [[po']]), and includes the apostrophe in the link to its left (so we auto-split French [[l'eau]] as [[l']][[eau]] and [[l'altr'ieri]] as [[l']][altr']][[ieri]]). If `data.split_apostrophe` is specified but not `true`, it should be a function of one argument that does custom apostrophe-splitting. The argument is the word to split, and the return value should be the split and linked word. We don't always split on hyphens because of cases like "boire du petit-lait" where "petit-lait" should be linked as a whole, but provide the option to do it for cases like "croyez-le ou non". If there's no space, however, then it makes sense to split on hyphens by `no_split_apostrophe_words` and `include_hyphen_prefixes` allow for special-case handling of particular words and are as described in the comment above add_single_word_links(). ]=] function export.add_links_to_multiword_term(term, data) if term:match("[%[%]]") then return term end local words = split(term, " ", true, true) local term_has_spaces = #words > 1 local linked_words = {} for _, word in ipairs(words) do insert(linked_words, add_single_word_links(word, data, term_has_spaces)) end local retval = concat(linked_words, " ") -- If we ended up with a single link consisting of the entire term, -- remove the link. return retval:match("^%[%[([^%[%]]*)%]%]$") or retval end local function canonicalize_begin_end_spec(spec) local from, to = spec:match("^(.-):(.*)$") if not from then from = spec to = "" end return from, to end --[==[ Given a `linked_term` that is the output of add_links_to_multiword_term(), apply modifications as given in `modifier_spec` to change the link destination of subterms (normally single-word non-lemma forms; sometimes collections of adjacent words). This is usually used to link non-lemma forms to their corresponding lemma, but can also be used to replace a span of adjacent separately-linked words to a single multiword lemma. The format of `modifier_spec` is one or more semicolon-separated subterm specs, where each such spec is of the form SUBTERM:DEST, where SUBTERM is one or more words in the `linked_term` but without brackets in them, and DEST is the corresponding link destination to link the subterm to. Any occurrence of ~ in DEST is replaced with SUBTERM. Alternatively, a single modifier spec can be of the form BEGIN[FROM:TO], which is equivalent to writing BEGINFROM:BEGINTO (see example below). For example, given the source phrase [[il bue che dice cornuto all'asino]] "the pot calling the kettle black" (literally "the ox that calls the donkey horned/cuckolded"), the result of calling add_links_to_multiword_term() is [[il]] [[bue]] [[che]] [[dice]] [[cornuto]] [[all']][[asino]]. With a modifier_spec of 'dice:dire', the result is [[il]] [[bue]] [[che]] [[dire|dice]] [[cornuto]] [[all']][[asino]]. Here, based on the modifier spec, the non-lemma form [[dice]] is replaced with the two-part link [[dire|dice]]. Another example: given the source phrase [[chi semina vento raccoglie tempesta]] "sow the wind, reap the whirlwind" (literally (he) who sows wind gathers [the] tempest"). The result of calling add_links_to_multiword_term() is [[chi]] [[semina]] [[vento]] [[raccoglie]] [[tempesta]], and with a modifier_spec of 'semina:~re; raccoglie:~re', the result is [[chi]] [[seminare|semina]] [[vento]] [[raccogliere|raccoglie]] [[tempesta]]. Here we use the ~ notation to stand for the non-lemma form in the destination link. A more complex example is [[se non hai altri moccoli puoi andare a letto al buio]], which becomes [[se]] [[non]] [[hai]] [[altri]] [[moccoli]] [[puoi]] [[andare]] [[a]] [[letto]] [[al]] [[buio]] after calling add_links_to_multiword_term(). With the following modifier_spec: 'hai:avere; altr[i:o]; moccol[i:o]; puoi: potere; andare a letto:~; al buio:~', the result of applying the spec is [[se]] [[non]] [[avere|hai]] [[altro|altri]] [[moccolo|moccoli]] [[potere|puoi]] [[andare a letto]] [[al buio]]. Here, we rely on the alternative notation mentioned above for e.g. 'altr[i:o]', which is equivalent to 'altri:altro', and link multiword subterms using e.g. 'andare a letto:~'. (The code knows how to handle multiword subexpressions properly, and if the link text and destination are the same, only a single-part link is formed.) ]==] function export.apply_link_modifiers(linked_term, modifier_spec, lang) local split_modspecs = split(modifier_spec, "%s*;%s*") for j, modspec in ipairs(split_modspecs) do local id if modspec:find("<") then local rest rest, id = modspec:match("^(.*)<id:(.-)>$") if rest then modspec = rest end end local subterm, dest, otherlang local begin_spec, rest, end_spec = modspec:match("^%[(.-)%]([^:]*)%[(.-)%]$") if begin_spec then local begin_from, begin_to = canonicalize_begin_end_spec(begin_spec) local end_from, end_to = canonicalize_begin_end_spec(end_spec) subterm = begin_from .. rest .. end_from dest = begin_to .. rest .. end_to end if not subterm then rest, end_spec = modspec:match("^([^:]*)%[(.-)%]$") if rest then local end_from, end_to = canonicalize_begin_end_spec(end_spec) subterm = rest .. end_from dest = rest .. end_to end end if not subterm then begin_spec, rest = modspec:match("^%[(.-)%]([^:]*)$") if begin_spec then local begin_from, begin_to = canonicalize_begin_end_spec(begin_spec) subterm = begin_from .. rest dest = begin_to .. rest end end if not subterm then subterm, dest = modspec:match("^(.-)%s*:%s*(.*)$") if subterm and subterm ~= "^" and subterm ~= "$" then local langdest -- Parse off an initial language code (e.g. 'en:Higgs', 'la:minūtia' or 'grc:σκατός'). Also handle -- Wikipedia prefixes ('w:Abatemarco' or 'w:it:Colle Val d'Elsa'). otherlang, langdest = dest:match("^([A-Za-z0-9._-]+):([^ ].*)$") if otherlang == "w" then local foreign_wikipedia, foreign_term = langdest:match("^([A-Za-z0-9._-]+):([^ ].*)$") if foreign_wikipedia then otherlang = otherlang .. ":" .. foreign_wikipedia langdest = foreign_term end dest = ("%s:%s"):format(otherlang, langdest) otherlang = nil elseif otherlang then otherlang = get_lang_by_code(otherlang, true, "allow etym") dest = langdest end end end if not subterm then if modspec == "?" or modspec == "!" then subterm = "$" dest = modspec elseif modspec == "..." or modspec == "...?" then subterm = "$" dest = " " .. modspec elseif modspec:find("^[A-Z]$") then -- X, Y, etc. by themselves are unlinked, to help with snowclones subterm = modspec dest = "_" else subterm = modspec dest = "~" end end if subterm == "^" then linked_term = dest:gsub("_", " ") .. linked_term elseif subterm == "$" then linked_term = linked_term .. dest:gsub("_", " ") else if subterm:find("[", nil, true) then error(("Subterm '%s' in modifier spec '%s' cannot have brackets in it"):format( escape_wikicode(subterm), escape_wikicode(modspec))) end local escaped_subterm = pattern_escape(subterm) local subterm_re = "%[%[" .. escaped_subterm:gsub("(%%?[ ',%-])", "%%]*%1%%[*") .. "%]%]" local expanded_dest if dest:find("~", nil, true) then expanded_dest = dest:gsub("~", replacement_escape(subterm)) else expanded_dest = dest end if otherlang then expanded_dest = expanded_dest .. "#" .. otherlang:getCanonicalName() end local subterm_replacement if expanded_dest == "_" then subterm_replacement = subterm if id then error("Can't supply <id:...> with an unlinked subterm") end if otherlang then error("Can't supply prefixed language with an unlinked subterm") end elseif id or otherlang then if id and expanded_dest:find("[", nil, true) then error("Can't supply <id:...> with destination with embedded brackets") end subterm_replacement = require(links_module).language_link { lang = otherlang or lang, term = expanded_dest, alt = subterm, id = id, } elseif expanded_dest:find("[", nil, true) then -- Use the destination directly if it has brackets in it (e.g. to put brackets around parts of a word). subterm_replacement = expanded_dest elseif expanded_dest == subterm then subterm_replacement = "[[" .. subterm .. "]]" else subterm_replacement = "[[" .. expanded_dest .. "|" .. subterm .. "]]" end local escaped_subterm_replacement = replacement_escape(subterm_replacement) local replaced_linked_term = ugsub(linked_term, subterm_re, escaped_subterm_replacement) if replaced_linked_term == linked_term then mw.log(("Attempted to replace %s with %s in %s"):format(subterm_re, escaped_subterm_replacement, linked_term)) error(("Subterm '%s' could not be located in %slinked expression %s, or replacement same as subterm"):format( subterm, j > 1 and "intermediate " or "", escape_wikicode(linked_term))) else linked_term = replaced_linked_term end end end return linked_term end function export.format_validation_error_list(data) local valid_list, valid_set, canonicalize = data.valid_list, data.valid_set, data.canonicalize if not valid_list then valid_list = {} for valid_item, value in pairs(valid_set) do if canonicalize then if valid_item == value then insert(valid_list, valid_item) else insert(valid_list, ("%s (mapped to %s)"):format(valid_item, value)) end else insert(valid_list, valid_item) end end table.sort(valid_list) end return mw.text.listToText(valid_list, nil, " or ") end function export.validation_error(data) local item_type, item, valid_list, valid_set, canonicalize = data.item_type, data.item, data.valid_list, data.valid_set, data.canonicalize if not valid_list then valid_list = {} for valid_item, value in pairs(valid_set) do if canonicalize then if valid_item == value then insert(valid_list, valid_item) else insert(valid_list, ("%s (mapped to %s)"):format(valid_item, value)) end else insert(valid_list, valid_item) end end table.sort(valid_list) end error(("Invalid %s: %s; expected one of %s"):format(item_type, item, export.format_validation_error_list { valid_list = valid_list, valid_set = valid_set, canonicalize = canonicalize, } )) end --[=[ Validate the items in `items` against the list or set of valid items in `valid_items`. If `field` is given, fetch the item to check from that-named field of each object in `items`; otherwise use the items in `items` directly. If an error occurs, `item_type` specifies the type of item to mention in the error message, which will also list the allowed items (either taken directly from `valid_items` if a list, or from the sorted keys if a set). If `canonicalize`, `valid_items` must be a set mapping items to their canonical equivalents, and the items in `items` will be canonicalized accordingly and returned. ]=] local function validate_items(data, canonicalize) local items, field, valid_items, item_type = data.items, data.field, data.valid_items, data.item_type local valid_list, valid_set if not canonicalize and valid_items[1] and is_array(valid_items) then valid_list = valid_items valid_set = list_to_set(valid_items) else valid_set = valid_items end for _, item in ipairs(items) do if field then item = item[field] end if not item._is_mode and not valid_set[item] then export.validation_error { item_type = item_type, item = item, valid_list = valid_list, valid_set = not valid_list and valid_set or nil, canonicalize = canonicalize, } end end end function export.validate_genders(data) local genders, valid_genders, gender_type, no_augment, canonicalize = data.genders, data.valid_genders, data.gender_type, data.no_augment, data.canonicalize if not genders then return genders end gender_type = gender_type or "headword" local valid_gender_set if not data.canonicalize and valid_genders[1] and is_array(valid_genders) then valid_gender_set = list_to_set(valid_genders) else valid_gender_set = valid_genders end local augmented_gender_set if no_augment then augmented_gender_set = valid_gender_set else augmented_gender_set = {} for g, gval in pairs(valid_gender_set) do augmented_gender_set[g] = gval if g:find("^m") and not g:find("^mf") and valid_gender_set[g:gsub("^m", "f")] then augmented_gender_set[g:gsub("^m", "mf")] = type(gval) == "string" and (gval:gsub("^m", "mf")) or gval augmented_gender_set[g:gsub("^m", "mfbysense")] = type(gval) == "string" and (gval:gsub("^m", "mfbysense")) or gval augmented_gender_set[g:gsub("^m", "mfequiv")] = type(gval) == "string" and (gval:gsub("^m", "mfequiv")) or gval end end end return validate_items { items = genders, field = "spec", valid_items = augmented_gender_set, item_type = ("%s gender"):format(gender_type), canonicalize = canonicalize, } end function export.has_plural_gender(genders) local saw_p, saw_non_p for _, val in ipairs(genders) do local g = val.spec if g:find("p$") then saw_p = true elseif g ~= "?" then saw_non_p = true end end return saw_p, saw_non_p end function export.is_plurale_tantum(genders) local saw_p, saw_non_p = export.has_plural_gender(genders) return saw_p and not saw_non_p end local Headdata = {} function Headdata:resolve_prop(prop, ...) if type(prop) == "function" then prop = prop(self, ...) end return prop end function Headdata:get_pos_variants() if self.process_props.pos_variants == nil then self.process_props.pos_variants = export.get_pos_variants(self.pos_category) end return self.process_props.pos_variants end --[==[ Canonicalize a category. The category string will have the full language name (i.e. the name of the L2 language under which an entry is inserted, which may a parent language if the language in question is an etymology-only language) prepended to it, and any occurrences of `{plpos}` in the string replaced with the actual plural part of speech (with some canonicalization; specifically, `proper nouns` is converted to `nouns` when replacing `{plpos}`). To specify a full category and not have the language name prepended to it, precede it with {"Category:"}, which will be removed. ]==] function Headdata:canonicalize_category(category) -- l10n: 中文分類的語言名不一定在開頭；分類中有 {L} 時以語言名取代之，否則語言名直接接在開頭（不加空格） local has_langname = category:find("{L}", nil, true) if has_langname then category = category:gsub("{L}", replacement_escape(self.langfullname)) end if category:find("{") then category = require(string_utilities_module).format(category, self:get_pos_variants()) end if category:find("^Category:") then return (category:gsub("^Category:", "")) elseif has_langname then return category else return self.langfullname .. category end end --[==[ Canonicalize a list of categories according to the process described in `Headdata:canonicalize_category`. This simply loops over each category in `categories` and calls `Headdata:canonicalize_category` on each one. ]==] function Headdata:canonicalize_categories(categories) if not categories then return categories end categories = export.canonicalize_category_list(categories) local canon_cats = {} for _, cat in ipairs(categories) do insert(canon_cats, self:canonicalize_category(cat)) end return canon_cats end --[==[ Insert a category into the `categories` list in the headword `data` structure. `category` is normally a string naming the category, which will have the full language name prepended to it and any occurrences of `{plpos}` in the string replaced with the actual plural part of speech (with some canonicalization; specifically, `proper nouns` is converted to `nouns` when replacing `{plpos}`). To specify a full category and not have the language name prepended to it, precede it with {"Category:"}. ]==] function Headdata:insert_category(category) insert(self.categories, self:canonicalize_category(category)) end --[==[ Validate the genders in `genders` (a list of gender spec objects, as produced by {type = "genders"} in [[Module:parameters]] and accepted by [[Module:gender and number]]), checking that all specified genders are in the list or set given in `valid_genders`. Optional `props` controls how the validation happens. In particular, unless `props.no_augment` is given, then for any gender beginning with `m`, if a corresponding gender beginning with `f` occurs, analogous genders beginning with `mf`, `mfbysense` and `mfequiv` are also allowed. For example, if `m-d` (masculine dual) and `f-d` (feminine dual) both occur, genders `mf-d`, `mfbysense-d` and `mfequiv-d` are also allowed. If a disallowed gender is given, an error occurs, giving the disallowed gender along with the list of all allowed genders. ]==] function Headdata:validate_genders(genders, valid_genders, props) -- FIXME: This has no dependency on self. Uses should be converted to call export.validate_genders() directly. if not genders then return end props = props or {} local gender_type, no_augment = props.gender_type, props.no_augment export.validate_genders { genders = genders, valid_genders = valid_genders, gender_type = gender_type, no_augment = no_augment, } end --[==[ Parse an inflection specified in `field`, the name of a parameter holding an inflection. If the parameter is numeric, the field should be given as a number (as with the `params` structure passed to [[Module:parameters]]), not a string containing the representation of a number. The field can specify multiple comma-separated terms, and each term can have associated inline modifiers that will be parsed (unless there is top-level HTML in the parameter, i.e. HTML not contained inside an inline modifier, e.g. as may be generated by using {{tl|l}} or similar template inside a parameter). This is a wrapper around the top-level `parse_term_with_modifiers()` function. `props` is an optional structure containing additional properties, including all additional properties documented for the top-level `parse_term_with_modifiers()` function. If the parameter in `field` is unspecified, the return value of this function will be an empty list, not {nil}, so it is always safe to iterate over the return value. By default, the allowed modifiers are the same as for `parse_term_with_modifiers()`, except that (normally) the `<tr:...>` modifier will be allowed if `include_tr` was specified in the original call to `process_headword()`; likewise for the `<ts:...>` modifier if `include_ts` was specified and the `<sc:...>` modifier if `include_sc` was specified. If If you pass in your own `include_mods` list of additional allowed modifiers, it will (normally) automatically be augmented with {"tr"}, {"ts"} and/or {"sc"} if `include_tr`, `include_ts` and/or `include_sc` was specified when calling `process_headword()`. To disable automatic augmentation of these modifiers (whether or not you specify an `include_mods` property), specify {no_augment_include_mods = true} in `props`. ]==] function Headdata:parse_inflection(field, props) local val = self.process_props.args[field] if not val then return {} end props = props and shallow_copy(props) or {} local include_mods = props.include_mods local calldata = self.process_props.calldata if not props.no_augment_include_mods and (calldata.include_tr or calldata.include_ts or calldata.include_sc) then include_mods = include_mods and shallow_copy(include_mods) or {} if calldata.include_tr then insert_if_not(include_mods, "tr") end if calldata.include_ts then insert_if_not(include_mods, "ts") end if calldata.include_sc then insert_if_not(include_mods, "sc") end end props.val = val props.paramname = field props.splitchar = props.splitchar or "," props.include_mods = include_mods local orig_frob = props.frob local function convert_tilde_to_pagename(term) if orig_frob then term = orig_frob(term) end if not term:find("~", nil, true) then return term end term = term:gsub("\\~", "\1"):gsub("~", replacement_escape(self.pagename)):gsub("\1", "~") return term end props.frob = convert_tilde_to_pagename return export.parse_term_with_modifiers(props) or {} end function Headdata:process_for_insertion(terms, props) props = props and shallow_copy(props) or {} props.headdata = self props.terms = terms return export.process_for_insertion(props) end --[==[ Insert previously-parsed terms into the `inflections` of the headword `data` structure. This is a wrapper around the top-level `insert_inflection()` function. `terms` is the list of parsed terms. (If {nil}, nothing happens unless `request` is set in `props`.) `label` is the the label that the inflections are given; any parts of the label surrounded in `<<...>>` are linked to the glossary. (If the contents of `<<...>>` contain a `|` in them, they are a two-part link.) `props` is an optional structure containing additional properties, including all additional properties documented for the top-level `insert_inflection()` function. Unless `no_auto_cats` is given in `props`, certain labels automatically trigger the insertion of additional categories in specific circumstances. This is controlled by the `inflection_to_cats_and_label` structure in [[Module:headword utilities]]. For example, if the part of speech is {"nouns"} or {"proper nouns"} and the label (after removing any links and `<<...>>` glossary specs) is {"plural"}, an additional category <code><var>lang</var> countable nouns</code> will be added if a plural value is given (i.e. the value is not {"-"}). If the value is {"-"} (which indicates that there is no plural and triggers the insertion of the fixed inflection label {"no plural"}), <code><var>lang</var> uncountable nouns</code> will be inserted instead, and if both {"-"} and a value are given (which triggers the insertion of the {"usually no plural"} fixed inflection label), both categories are added. Similar categories are inserted when a comparative is given (with a label {"comparative"}), and if the label is {"female equivalent"} or {"male equivalent"} and the value is not {"-"}, a category such as <code><var>lang</var> nouns with other-gender equivalents</code> is inserted. ]==] function Headdata:insert_processed_inflection(processed, label, props) props = props and shallow_copy(props) or {} if not props.no_auto_cats then local bare_label = props.label_for_cats_and_modes or label if bare_label:find("[[", nil, true) then bare_label = require(links_module).remove_links(bare_label) end if bare_label:find("<<", nil, true) then bare_label = bare_label:gsub("<<.-|(.-)>>", "%1"):gsub("<<(.-)>>", "%1") end local spec = inflection_to_cats_and_label[bare_label] if spec and (not spec.filter_pos or spec.filter_pos(self:get_pos_variants())) then -- Copy the properties other than filter_pos into `props`, but don't overwrite any existing values. for specprop, specval in pairs(spec) do if specprop ~= "filter_pos" and props[specprop] == nil then props[specprop] = specval end end end end -- Now resolve and canonicalize the properties. local canon_props = {} for prop, val in pairs(props) do if prop ~= "no_auto_cats" and (prop == "cats" or prop:find("_cats$")) then val = self:canonicalize_categories(self:resolve_prop(val)) elseif prop:find("_label$") then val = self:resolve_prop(val) end canon_props[prop] = val end canon_props.headdata = self canon_props.processed = processed canon_props.label = label export.insert_processed_inflection(canon_props) return processed end --[==[ Insert previously-parsed terms into the `inflections` of the headword `data` structure. This is a wrapper around the top-level `insert_inflection()` function. `terms` is the list of parsed terms. (If {nil}, nothing happens unless `request` is set in `props`.) `label` is the the label that the inflections are given; any parts of the label surrounded in `<<...>>` are linked to the glossary. (If the contents of `<<...>>` contain a `|` in them, they are a two-part link.) `props` is an optional structure containing additional properties, including all additional properties documented for the top-level `insert_inflection()` function. Unless `no_auto_cats` is given in `props`, certain labels automatically trigger the insertion of additional categories in specific circumstances. This is controlled by the `inflection_to_cats_and_label` structure in [[Module:headword utilities]]. For example, if the part of speech is {"nouns"} or {"proper nouns"} and the label (after removing any links and `<<...>>` glossary specs) is {"plural"}, an additional category <code><var>lang</var> countable nouns</code> will be added if a plural value is given (i.e. the value is not {"-"}). If the value is {"-"} (which indicates that there is no plural and triggers the insertion of the fixed inflection label {"no plural"}), <code><var>lang</var> uncountable nouns</code> will be inserted instead, and if both {"-"} and a value are given (which triggers the insertion of the {"usually no plural"} fixed inflection label), both categories are added. Similar categories are inserted when a comparative is given (with a label {"comparative"}), and if the label is {"female equivalent"} or {"male equivalent"} and the value is not {"-"}, a category such as <code><var>lang</var> nouns with other-gender equivalents</code> is inserted. ]==] function Headdata:insert_inflection(terms, label, props) local processed = self:process_for_insertion(terms, props) self:insert_processed_inflection(processed, label, props) return processed end --[==[ Insert a "fixed" inflection (a label without associated values) into the `inflections` table of the headword `data` structure, labeled according to `label` (which can have glossary links in it specified using `<<...>>`, exactly as for `:insert_inflection()`). An example label (from {{tl|mn-noun}} in [[Module:mn-headword]]) is {"hidden-g declension"}, specifying that the noun belongs to the hidden-''g'' declension. This is a direct wrapper around the top-level function `insert_fixed_inflection()`; see that function for more details on optional `props`. ]==] function Headdata:insert_fixed_inflection(label, props) props = props and shallow_copy(props) or {} props.headdata = self props.label = label export.insert_fixed_inflection(props) end --[==[ Parse the inflection(s) specified in `field` and insert them into the `inflections` table of the headword `data` structure, labeled according to `label`. This is equivalent to calling {terms = data:parse_inflection(field, props)} followed by {return data:insert_inflection(terms, label, props)} and behaves the same as the combination of those two functions. See their documentation for more details. ]==] function Headdata:parse_and_insert_inflection(field, label, props) local terms = self:parse_inflection(field, props) return self:insert_inflection(terms, label, props) end --[==[ Generate an inflection that may be specified explicitly or defaulted (which involves looping over the specified or defaulted heads and determining the script of each one, since the formation of the default depends on the script). `data` is the data object passed into the POS handler. `terms` is the list of terms to process. Those where the term itself is not `+` will be returned unchanged, while those where the term is `+` will be handled by generating the appropriate inflections from the headwords using `make_inflection` (which is passed three arguments, `head`, `tr` and `sccode`, i.e. the script code of `head`) and should return two values, term and translit, either of which can be nil. A nil head will be ignored, and otherwise the decorations specified on the `+` term will be combined with the decorations specified on the head. The return value is a list of inflections where no requests for the default inflection remain. ]==] function Headdata:resolve_special(terms, handle_special, props) props = props or {} local infls = {} local is_special = props.is_special or function(_data, infl) return infl.term == "+" end for _, termobj in ipairs(terms) do local is_special_retval if type(is_special) == "function" then is_special_retval = is_special(self, termobj) elseif type(is_special) == "table" then is_special_retval = contains(is_special, termobj.term) else error(("Internal error: When checking whether term is special, is_special is neither a function nor a " .. "list, but is %s; term is %s"):format(dump(is_special), dump(termobj))) end if not is_special_retval then insert(infls, termobj) else for _, headobj in ipairs(self.heads) do local head = headobj.term or self.pagename local head_no_links if props.with_links then head = head:find("%[") and head or require(headword_module).add_multiword_links(head, not headobj.term) head_no_links = require(links_module).remove_links(head) else head = require(links_module).remove_links(head) head_no_links = head end local newterms = handle_special { headdata = self, head = head, head_no_links = head_no_links, tr = headobj.tr, infl = termobj, sc = self.lang:findBestScript(head_no_links), } if newterms then newterms = export.canonicalize_termobj_list(newterms, "term", "resolve_special", termobj) for _, newterm in ipairs(newterms) do if not props.no_combine_handle_special_retval_with_origin then export.combine_termobj_decorations(newterm, termobj) end if not props.no_combine_handle_special_retval_with_head then export.combine_termobj_decorations(newterm, headobj) end insert(infls, newterm) end end end end end return infls end --[==[ Add the current page to a tracking page named `Wiktionary:Tracking/``lang``-headword/``page```, where ``lang`` is the language code of the current language. For example, if the current language is `mak` and `page` is {"redundant-lon"}, the current page will get added to the tracking page `Wiktionary:Tracking/mak-headword/redundant-lon`. All pages added to that tracking page can be seen by going to [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Wiktionary:Tracking/mak-headword/redundant-lon]]. This is typically used to track issues occurring in user-specified parameters that do not rise to the level of errors (e.g. redundant parameters, deprecated usages or other dispreferred values). ]==] function Headdata:track(page) return require(debug_track_module)(self.langcode .. "-headword/" .. page) end local boolean_param = {type = "boolean"} --[==[ Process an arbitrary headword in an arbitrary language, handling generic and language-specific arguments and calling `full_headword()` in [[Module:headword]]. This is intended for use in implementing headword modules (e.g. [[Module:uz-headword]] for Uzbek, [[Module:mn-headword]] for Uzbek, [[Module:gsw-headword]] for Alemannic German, etc.) and provides a general implementation of such modules. On input, `data` is an object with the following fields: * `lang`: The language object of the language being handled. '''Required.''' Use the special value {false} to indicate that the language is specified by the user in {{para|1}}. * `frame`: The frame object passed into the `show()` function of your module, which implements headword-handling for all parts of speech in the module, including a generic POS-handling template (e.g. {{tl|uz-head}} or {{tl|mn-head}}), which allows arbitrary parts of speech to be handled. '''Required.''' * `pos_functions`: A table listing, for each part of speech requiring special handling, the extra parameters (if any) that the part of speech accepts, along with how to handle them. See the examples below. '''Required.''' * `validate_lang`: If {lang = true} is specified, this is a function of one argument (a language object, based on the language specified in {{para|1}}) that should throw an error if the language object is disallowed. If omitted, all languages are allowed. * `numbered_head`: If true, explicit headwords are specified in a numbered param instead of in {{para|head}}. The param used is usually {{para|1}}, but is {{para|2}} for generic POS templates such as {{tl|mn-head}} or for POS-specific templates when {lang = true} is specified (e.g. {{tl|arb-noun}}), and is {{para|3}} for generic POS templates when {lang = true} is spcified (e.g. {{tl|arb-head}}). * `include_tr`: If true, allow explicit transliterations to be specified. The transliteration(s) for the headword(s) themselves is/are specified in {{para|tr}} or through the {{cd|<tr:...>}} inline modifier on headwords, and transliterations of inflections are specified through the {{cd|<tr:...>}} inline modifier. This should generally be given when a headword for the language may be in a script other than Latin. * `include_ts`: If true, allow explicit transcriptions to be specified. The transcription(s) for the headword(s) themselves is/are specified in {{para|ts}} or through the {{cd|<ts:...>}} inline modifier on headwords, and transcriptions of inflections are specified through the {{cd|<ts:...>}} inline modifier. This should generally only be given for certain languages where the spelling is radically different from the pronunciation (e.g. in cuneiform languages such as Hittite and Akkadian, and potentially in Tibetan), and represents a pronunciation-based rendering (usually not direct IPA). * `include_sc`: If true, allow an explicit script code to be specified. The overall script code for the headword(s) themselves can be specified using {{para|sc}}, and per-headword or per-inflection script codes are specified using the {{cd|<sc:...>}} inline modifier. This should generally be given when a language supports multiple scripts. * `infls`: An inflections structure specifying extra generic parameters that apply to all parts of speech and how to handle them. The format is the same as for the `infls` structure in `pos_functions`. * `augment_params`: A callback function to add extra generic parameters, or modify existing generic parameters in the `params` structure; but in general, extra generic parameters should be added through the `infls` structure instead. This callback should not be used to add part-of-speech-specific parameters; those are handled through the appropriate setting in `pos_functions`. It is passed two single arguments, the `headdata` object and the `params` table to be augmented. See below for extra fields stored in the `process_props` structure of the `headdata` object. This function is called after initializing the `params` table and processing the overall `infls` structure, but just before adding part-of-speech-specific parameters (from `pos_functions`) to `params`. Thus, it can override any generic parameters but may itself be overridden by a part-of-speech-specific parameter. * `augment_headdata`: A callback function to modify the `headdata` object passed to `full_headword()` in [[Module:headword]]. This should not be used to for part-of-speech-specific parameter handling; this is handled through the appropriate setting in `pos_functions`. It is passed a single argument, the `headdata` object, as for `augment_params`; but the `process_props` structure and other fields will be more filled out, as this callback is called later. This can be used, for example, to override the value of a generic setting in `headdata` (e.g. [[Module:uz-headword]] uses this to mark non-Latin terms as variant forms by setting `headdata.var`, being careful not to override a value already set by the user). This function is called after initializing the `headdata` table with all information taken from generic parameters and processing generic parameters specified in the overall `infls` structure, and just before processing the appropriate part-of-speech-specific `infls` structure in `pos_functions` (which in turn is followed by any handler function in `pos_functions`). Thus, it can override any value set during generic parameter processing but may itself be overridden by a part-of-speech-specific parameter or handler. * `force_cat`: If true, add the headword to the appropriate categories even on non-mainspace pages. This can be used for testing category handling in sample template calls on userspace test pages or template documentation pages. It should not be set in production code. * `enable_auto_translit`: If true, turn on automatic transliteration of inflections at a global level (i.e. applying to all inflections). This has no effect on headwords, which are automatically transliterated by default if in a non-Latin script and automatic transliteration is available for the language. You can also set this value for particular inflections in the `insert_inflection()` function. The `headdata` headword data structure has an extra field in it called `process_props` that is specific to the `process_headword()` function, containing various extra properies. As the operation of `process_headword()` proceeds, this object gets filled out with more fields. For example, once parameter parsing happens, the resulting values are available in the `args` field of `process_props`. The following fields are found in `process_props` (note that `pos_category`, the canonicalized plural part of speech of the headword being processed, is *not* present here; it's directly on `headdata`): * `namespace`: The name of the current namespace; an empty string for the mainspace. This references the namespace of the actual page and isn't affected by the {{para|pagename}} parameter. * `indexing_pos`: The canonicalized part of speech of the headword used to index into `pos_functions`. This is the same as `poscat` for specific part-of-speech templates such as {{tl|uz-noun}}, but has the value {"head"} for generic part-of-speech templates such as {{tl|uz-head}}. (Note that `poscat` is directly available on `headdata`.) * `generic_pos_template`: True if a generic POS templates like {{tl|uz-head}} or {{tl|mn-head}} was used. (This is signaled by omitting the invocation parameter {{para|1}} to `process_headword`.) * `lang_in_1`: True if the language code is to be fetched from {{para|1}}. * `pos_param`: The parameter holding the part of speech, if a generic POS tempalte like {{tl|mn-head}} is being processed (i.e. `generic_pos_template` is set). In such a case, it will have the value of {1} or {2}, depending on whether the language code is being fetched from {{para|1}} (see `lang_in_1`). Otherwise it will be {nil}. * `head_param`: The parameter holding the explicit headword. If `numbered_head` was specified (as for Mongolian headword templates), this has the value {1}, {2} or {3} depending on whether the language code is being fetched from {{para|1}} (see `lang_in_1`) and whether a generic POS template like {{tl|mn-head}} is being processed (see `generic_pos_template`). Otherwise, it has the value {"head"}. Also see the `lang` and `numbered_head` properties in the `data` structure sent to `process_headword()`. * `is_suffix`: True if the current term is a suffix. This is set when processing the `suffix`, `nosuffix` and `clitic` parameters; it is always {false} beforehand (i.e. during `augment_params` and processing of the general `infls` structure). * `insert_specs`: This is a table mapping parameter names to the return value of `Headdata:insert_inflection()`, filled out as parameter values are processed. This lets a given parameter processing function in `infls` gain access to the result of calling `insert_inflection()` on previous parameters (which indicates the number of items inserted as well as whether `-` was specified). The `pos_functions` table contains an entry for each part of speech needing special handling, where the key is the canonical plural part of speech (e.g. {"adverbs"} or {"proper nouns"}). The value associated with each key is a table normally containing a field `infls`, listing the extra part-of-speech-specific inflection and other parameters along with how to handle them. The specs in `infls` are used in three ways: # to augment the `params` object passed to the `process()` function in [[Module:parameters]], specifying how to parse the appropriate inflectional parameters; # to specify how to process any inflectional parameters given and insert them into the `headdata` object passed to `full_headword()` in [[Module:headword]]; # to generate appropriate documentation for the parameters and other changes made by the headword template (e.g. inserting categories). Alternatively, you can separately control the augmentation of the `params` object and the procesing of the resulting arguments. This is done by specifying two fields in place of `infls`, named `params` and `func`. `params` is a table containing extra parameters to add to the overall `params` object passed to the `process()` function in [[Module:parameters]]. `func` is a function of two arguments, normally called `data` (the headword data structure `headdata`) and `args` (the processed arguments table). However, this alternative method is not normally recommended because it leads to duplication between the `params and `func` fields and the documentation, which must be manually specified. A simple example, as used to handle pronouns for Turoyo, is { local valid_genders = {"m", "f", "m-p", "f-p", "p", "?"} pos_functions["pronouns"] = { infls = { {2, type = "genders", validate = valid_genders}, {"f", label = "feminine"}, {"pl", label = "plural"}, }, } } The equivalent using `params` and `func` is { local valid_genders = {"m", "f", "m-p", "f-p", "p", "?"} pos_functions["pronouns"] = { params = { [2] = {type = "genders"}, f = true, pl = true, }, func = function(data, args) data:validate_genders(args[2], valid_genders) data.genders = args[2] data:parse_and_insert_inflection("f", "feminine") data:parse_and_insert_inflection("pl", "plural") end } } Note how the version with separate `params and `func` is longer and splits information on the parameters between the two fields. The `params` structure sets extra user-specifiable parameters {{para|2}} for genders (since the headword is in {{para|1}}) as well a {{para|f}} and {{para|pl}}, and the `func` handler processes those parameters. Note how this is done by calling methods on the headword `data` structure. Each such parameter can have multiple comma-separated values, and each value can have inline modifiers attached to it to specify further properties of the value. The `infls` version ends up making the same method calls, but does it for you instead of you having to do it yourself. These methods are implemented through a metatable set on the headword `data` structure, which is removed before calling `full_headword()` in [[Module:headword]]. The methods access extra information related to headword processing (such as the `args` table) that is stored in the `process_props` field of the headword `data` strucuture. This field is also removed prior to calling `full_headword()`. The methods available on the headword `data` structure are as follows. Each one also has its own documentation. * {parse_inflection(field, props)}: Parse value(s) specified in `field` (a user-specified parameter in the `args` table) and return a list of term objects. Optional `props` specifies additional properties controlling the parsing. * {insert_inflection(terms, label, props)}: Insert the terms in `terms` (a list of term objects as returned by `parse_inflection()`) into the `inflections` list in the headword `data` structure, giving the inflection the label as specified in `label`. Optional `props` specifies additional properties controlling the parsing. * {parse_and_insert_inflection(field, label, props)}: A combination of `parse_inflection()` and `insert_inflection()`, if no further processing of the parsed values needs to be done before insertion. * {insert_fixed_inflection(label, props)}: Insert a "fixed" inflection (a label without associated values) into the `inflections` table. An example (from {{tl|mn-noun}} in [[Module:mn-headword]]) is {"hidden-g declension"}, specifying that the noun belongs to the hidden-''g'' declension. * {resolve_special(terms, handle_special, props)}: Resolve "special" indicators as specified by the user in an inflection parameter. A typical example is {"+"}, requesting a default value. `terms` is the list of parsed term objects and `handle_special` is a handler function to process special indicators and convert them to their actual values. * {validate_genders(genders, valid_genders, props)}: Validate that the user-specified genders in `genders` all belong to the list given in `valid_genders`, throwing an error if not. * {insert_category(category)}: Insert a category into the `categories` list in the headword `data` structure. `category` is normally a string naming the category, which will have the language prepended to it and any occurrences of `{plpos}` in the string replaced with the actual plural part of speech. ]==] function export.process_headword(data) local data_lang, frame, pos_functions, validate_lang, numbered_head, include_tr, include_ts, include_sc, force_cat, enable_auto_translit, checkredlinks, infls, augment_params, augment_headdata = data.lang, data.frame, data.pos_functions, data.validate_lang, data.numbered_head, data.include_tr, data.include_ts, data.include_sc, data.force_cat, data.enable_auto_translit, data.checkredlinks, data.infls, data.augment_params, data.augment_headdata local iparams = { [1] = true, def = true, } if data_lang == "invocation" or data_lang == "invocation-or-user" then iparams.lang = true end local iargs = require(parameters_module).process(frame.args, iparams) local parargs = frame:getParent().args local lang local function generate_data_lang_error() error("Internal error: `data.lang` must be either a language object, \"invocation\" for a " .. "language specified in lang= in the invocation arguments, \"user\" for a language specified in 1= in " .. "the user template call, or \"invocation-or-user\" for either; saw " .. dump(data.lang)) end if not data_lang then generate_data_lang_error() end local lang_in_1 if type(data_lang) == "string" then if data_lang == "invocation" then lang = iargs.lang if not lang then error("Internal error: lang= must be specified in the invocation arguments") end elseif data_lang == "invocation-or-user" or data_lang == "user" then if data_lang == "invocation-or-user" then lang = iargs.lang end if not lang then lang = ine(parargs[1]) if not lang then error("Language code (see [[WT:Language codes]]) must be specified in 1=") end lang_in_1 = true end else generate_data_lang_error() end lang = require(languages_module).getByCode(lang, lang_in_1 and 1 or "lang", true) elseif type(data_lang) ~= "table" or not data_lang.hasType or not data_lang:hasType("language") then generate_data_lang_error() else lang = data_lang end local langcode = lang:getCode() if validate_lang then if type(validate_lang) == "function" then validate_lang(langcode) else validate_items { items = {langcode}, valid_items = validate_lang, item_type = "language code" } end end local template_indicated_pos = iargs[1] local generic_pos_template = not template_indicated_pos local pos_param if generic_pos_template then pos_param = lang_in_1 and 2 or 1 template_indicated_pos = ine(parargs[pos_param]) or -- l10n: 本站頁面標題首字母大寫 mw.title.getCurrentTitle().fullText == ("Template:%s-head"):format(mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(langcode)) and "interjection" or error(("Part of speech must be specified in %s="):format(pos_param)) template_indicated_pos = canonicalize_pos(template_indicated_pos) end local head_param = numbered_head and (generic_pos_template and lang_in_1 and 3 or (generic_pos_template or lang_in_1) and 2 or 1) or "head" local indexing_pos if generic_pos_template then indexing_pos = "head." .. template_indicated_pos if not pos_functions[indexing_pos] then indexing_pos = "head" end else indexing_pos = template_indicated_pos end local namespace = mw.loadData(headword_data_module).page.namespace -- Partly initialize headdata now for use in generic infls callbacks. Will be further initialized later after -- processing parameters. local headdata = { lang = lang, langcode = langcode, langfullcode = lang:getFullCode(), langname = lang:getCanonicalName(), langfullname = lang:getFullName(), process_props = { namespace = namespace, calldata = data, -- preserve template-indicated POS in case we normalize it or change it to "suffix" template_indicated_pos = template_indicated_pos, indexing_pos = indexing_pos, generic_pos_template = generic_pos_template, lang_in_1 = lang_in_1, pos_param = pos_param, head_param = head_param, is_suffix = false, processed_specs = {}, insert_specs = {}, }, -- We may change this below to "suffix" or normalize it. pos_category = template_indicated_pos, categories = {}, inflections = {enable_auto_translit = enable_auto_translit}, force_cat_output = force_cat, no_redundant_head_cat = true, } setmetatable(headdata, {__index = Headdata}) local function resolve_prop(...) return headdata:resolve_prop(...) end local params = { [head_param] = {template_default = iargs.def}, head2 = {replaced_by = false, instead = ("use comma-separated |%s="):format(head_param)}, id = true, sort = true, cat = true, nolink = boolean_param, nolinkhead = {type = "boolean", alias_of = "nolink"}, suffix = boolean_param, nosuffix = boolean_param, -- If true, this is an inflectional suffix (forming a given person/number/gender/etc. part of the inflection of -- a given part of speech, potentially restricted to a given inflectional class). We always treat these as -- suffixes, rather than suffix forms, even if they form non-lemma forms (e.g. modern English -s and archaic -- -eth form the third-singular present indicative of a verb, i.e. they form a verb form, but they are not -- themselves forms of some other suffix, which is what a suffix form is). We also display the label of -- inflectional suffixes specially, and add an additional category 'LANG inflectional suffixes' along with -- categories like 'LANG POS inflectional suffixes' in place of 'LANG POS suffix forms' etc. inflsuf = boolean_param, clitic = {type = "boolean or string"}, addlpos = true, var = {type = "boolean or string", set = {"both"}}, abbr = true, json = boolean_param, pagename = true, -- for testing } if include_sc then params.sc = {type = "script"} end if include_tr then params.tr = true params.tr2 = {replaced_by = false, instead = "use comma-separated |tr= or <tr:...> inline modifier on head"} end if include_ts then params.ts = true params.ts2 = {replaced_by = false, instead = "use comma-separated |ts= or <ts:...> inline modifier on head"} end if lang_in_1 then params[1] = {required = true} -- required but ignored as already processed above end if generic_pos_template then params[pos_param] = {required = true} -- required but ignored as already processed above end local function augment_params_from_infls(infls) infls = resolve_prop(infls) for _, infl in ipairs(infls) do local function interr(txt) error(("Internal error: %s (coming from infls spec %s)"):format(txt, dump(infl))) end local param = infl[1] if param then param = resolve_prop(param) if type(param) ~= "string" and type(param) ~= "number" then interr(("Parameter name %s must be a string or number"):format(dump(param))) end -- We handle defaults as well as validation ourselves. local typ = resolve_prop(infl.type) or "string" if typ ~= "genders" and typ ~= "boolean" and typ ~= "string" then -- FIXME: Handle more types. interr(('Unrecognized type %s; can only currently handle "genders", "boolean" and "string" (the default)'):format( dump(typ))) end params[param] = {type = typ, required = resolve_prop(infl.required), template_default = resolve_prop(infl.template_default)} if typ ~= "boolean" then local allow_and_ignore_list_params = resolve_prop(infl.allow_and_ignore_list_params) local ignore_param if type(allow_and_ignore_list_params) == "string" then ignore_param = allow_and_ignore_list_params elseif type(param) == "string" then ignore_param = param end if ignore_param then local old_list_param = allow_and_ignore_list_params and true or {replaced_by = false, instead = ("use comma-separated |%s="):format(param)} params[ignore_param .. "2"] = old_list_param params[ignore_param .. "3"] = old_list_param params[ignore_param .. "4"] = old_list_param end end end end end if infls then augment_params_from_infls(infls) end if augment_params then augment_params(headdata, params) end if pos_functions[indexing_pos] then local pos_infls = pos_functions[indexing_pos].infls if pos_infls then augment_params_from_infls(pos_infls) end local pos_params = pos_functions[indexing_pos].params if pos_params then for key, val in pairs(pos_params) do params[key] = val end end end local args = require("Module:parameters").process(parargs, params) local pagename = args.pagename or mw.loadData(headword_data_module).pagename local sc = args.sc or lang:findBestScript(pagename) headdata.pagename = pagename headdata.process_props.args = args headdata.sc = sc headdata.id = args.id headdata.sort = args.sort -- No redundant script cat unless the user explicitly gave sc= headdata.no_script_code_cat = not args.sc headdata.var = args.var local extra_term_mods = {} if include_tr then insert(extra_term_mods, "tr") end if include_ts then insert(extra_term_mods, "ts") end if include_sc then insert(extra_term_mods, "sc") end if not extra_term_mods[1] then extra_term_mods = nil end local trs = args.tr and split_on_comma(args.tr) or {} local num_trs = #trs local tss = args.ts and split_on_comma(args.ts) or {} local num_tss = #tss local heads = args[head_param] and export.parse_term_with_modifiers { val = args[head_param], paramname = head_param, splitchar = ",", is_head = true, include_mods = extra_term_mods, } or {} local num_heads = #heads if num_heads > 0 and num_trs > 0 and num_heads ~= num_trs then error(("%s head%s specified explicitly but %s translit%s; they must match; use '+' to stand for the default head (the pagename) or default automatic translit and '-' to stand for no translit"):format( num_heads, num_heads > 1 and "s" or "", num_trs, num_trs > 1 and "s" or "")) end if num_heads > 0 and num_tss > 0 and num_heads ~= num_tss then error(("%s head%s specified explicitly but %s transcription%s; they must match; use '+' to stand for the default head (the pagename) and '-' to stand for no transcription"):format( num_heads, num_heads > 1 and "s" or "", num_tss, num_tss > 1 and "s" or "")) end if num_trs > 0 and num_tss > 0 and num_trs ~= num_tss then error(("%s translit%s specified explicitly but %s transcription%s; they must match; use '+' to stand for default automatic translit and '-' to stand for no translit or transcription"):format( num_trs, num_trs > 1 and "s" or "", num_tss, num_tss > 1 and "s" or "")) end -- Be careful here not to overwrite user_specified_heads if it's empty so we can later check user_specified_heads -- to see if the user provided any heads. local max_tr_ts = math.max(num_trs, num_tss) if num_heads == 0 and max_tr_ts > 0 then heads = {} for i = 1, max_tr_ts do heads[i] = {term = "+"} end end if not heads[1] then heads = {{term = "+"}} end for i, headobj in ipairs(heads) do if headobj.tr and trs[i] then if headobj.tr ~= trs[i] then error(("Saw two different translits '%s' and '%s' for head #%s"):format( headobj.tr, trs[i], i)) end else headobj.tr = headobj.tr or trs[i] end if headobj.tr == "+" then headobj.tr = nil end if headobj.ts and tss[i] then if headobj.ts ~= tss[i] then error(("Saw two different transcriptions '%s' and '%s' for head #%s"):format( headobj.ts, tss[i], i)) end else headobj.ts = headobj.ts or tss[i] end if headobj.ts == "-" then headobj.ts = nil end if headobj.term == "+" then headobj.term = args.nolink and pagename or nil if headobj.term and namespace == "Reconstruction" then headobj.term = "*" .. headobj.term end end end headdata.heads = heads local pos_category = headdata.pos_category -- Do this as late as possible in case the caller wants to conditionalize the primary categorizing POS on -- arguments or even the presence or absence of explicit heads. if pos_functions[indexing_pos] then pos_category = resolve_prop(pos_functions[indexing_pos].pos_category) or pos_category end headdata.process_props.normalized_template_indicated_pos = pos_category headdata.pos_category = pos_category headdata.process_props.pos_variants = nil -- erase the cache local function pagename_is_suffix() if sc:getCode() == "Latn" then -- shortcut Latin terms to avoid unnecessarily loading [[Module:affix]] return pagename:find("^%-") and not pagename:find("%-$") else local affix_type, _, _, _ = require(affix_module).parse_term_for_affixes(pagename, lang, sc) return affix_type == "suffix" end end local clitic_label = args.clitic if clitic_label == true then -- l10n: 標籤中文化 clitic_label = "附著語素" end if clitic_label then -- l10n: 分類名稱中文化 headdata:insert_category("附著語素") headdata:insert_fixed_inflection(clitic_label) elseif args.suffix or ( -- l10n: 詞類名稱中文化 not args.nosuffix and pagename_is_suffix() and pos_category ~= "後綴" and pos_category ~= "後綴變格形" ) then headdata.process_props.is_suffix = true local pos_list_for_inflectional_suffix = {} local pos_list_for_suffix_form = {} local pos_list_for_forming_suffix = {} local function handle_suffix_pos(pos, is_first) -- Use the actual POS for the label we insert, but simplify the POS for the category. We need to separately check -- each of them to see if they end in 'forms' because e.g. 'comparative adjectives' gets simplified to -- 'adjective forms'. -- l10n: 詞類名稱、分類與標籤中文化；中文詞類名稱不分單複數 local form_type = get_form_type(pos) if form_type then if args.inflsuf then insert(pos_list_for_inflectional_suffix, form_type) else insert(pos_list_for_suffix_form, form_type) end else local singular_pos = pos if args.inflsuf then insert(pos_list_for_inflectional_suffix, singular_pos) else insert(pos_list_for_forming_suffix, singular_pos) end end if args.inflsuf then headdata:insert_category("屈折後綴") end local simplified_pos = export.simplify_pos(pos, "preserve_proper_nouns", "preserve_lemma_status") local simplified_form_type = get_form_type(simplified_pos) if simplified_form_type then if args.inflsuf then headdata:insert_category(("%s屈折後綴"):format(simplified_form_type)) else headdata:insert_category(("%s後綴變格形"):format(simplified_form_type)) end else local singular_simplified_pos = simplified_pos if args.inflsuf then headdata:insert_category(("%s屈折後綴"):format(singular_simplified_pos)) else headdata:insert_category(("構成%s的{L}後綴"):format(singular_simplified_pos)) end end local postype if args.inflsuf then postype = "詞元" end if not postype then postype = require(headword_module).pos_lemma_or_nonlemma(pos) end if not postype then postype = require(headword_module).pos_lemma_or_nonlemma(simplified_pos) end if not postype then error(("Unrecognized canonicalized part of speech '%s' in addlpos=, cannot determine whether lemma or non-lemma form"):format( pos )) end -- l10n: 詞類名稱中文化 local this_pos_category = postype == "詞元" and "後綴" or "後綴變格形" if is_first then headdata.pos_category = this_pos_category headdata.process_props.pos_variants = nil -- erase the cache elseif headdata.pos_category ~= this_pos_category then local singular_normalized_this_pos_category = require(en_utilities_module).singularize(this_pos_category) local singular_normalized_overall_pos_category = require(en_utilities_module).singularize(headdata.pos_category) error(("Cannot mix suffixes and suffix forms using addlpos=; '%s' is of a %s while overall POS " .. "'%s' is a %s; use separate POS headers for the two"):format(pos, singular_normalized_this_pos_category, pos_category, singular_normalized_overall_pos_category)) end end handle_suffix_pos(pos_category, true) if args.addlpos then for _, addlpos in ipairs(split(args.addlpos, "%s*,%s*")) do addlpos = canonicalize_pos(addlpos) handle_suffix_pos(addlpos, false) end end -- l10n: 標籤與連接詞中文化 if pos_list_for_inflectional_suffix[1] then headdata:insert_fixed_inflection(serial_comma_join(pos_list_for_inflectional_suffix, {conj = "和"}) .. "屈折後綴") end if pos_list_for_suffix_form[1] then headdata:insert_fixed_inflection(serial_comma_join(pos_list_for_suffix_form, {conj = "和"}) .. "後綴變格形") end if pos_list_for_forming_suffix[1] then headdata:insert_fixed_inflection("構成" .. serial_comma_join(pos_list_for_forming_suffix, {conj = "和"}) .. "的後綴") end end if args.cat then for _, cat in ipairs(split_on_comma(args.cat)) do headdata:insert_category(cat) end end local function augment_headdata_from_infls(infls) infls = resolve_prop(infls) for _, infl in ipairs(infls) do local function interr(txt) error(("Internal error: %s (coming from infls spec %s)"):format(txt, dump(infl))) end local function process_labelobjs(labelobjs, originating_term, handle_labelobj) if labelobjs == nil then return end if type(labelobjs) ~= "string" and type(labelobjs) ~= "table" then interr(("Wrong type '%s' for label object(s) %s, expected string or table"):format( type(labelobjs), dump(labelobjs) )) end if type(labelobjs) == "string" or type(labelobjs) == "table" and not labelobjs[1] then labelobjs = {labelobjs} end for _, labelobj in ipairs(labelobjs) do local label, termobj if type(labelobj) == "string" then label = labelobj termobj = originating_term elseif type(labelobj) ~= "table" then interr(("Wrong type '%s' for label object %s, expected string or table"):format( type(labelobj), dump(labelobj) )) label = labelobj.term if type(label) ~= "string" then interr(("Wrong type '%s' for label %s from label object %s, expected string"):format( type(label), dump(label), dump(labelobj) )) end termobj = labelobj end handle_labelobj(label, termobj) end end local param = infl[1] if param then local vals -- Fetch the param and make sure it's a string or number. param = resolve_prop(param) if type(param) ~= "string" and type(param) ~= "number" then interr(("Parameter name %s must be a string or number"):format(dump(param))) end -- Fetch the type and validate. local typ = resolve_prop(infl.type) if typ == nil then typ = "string" end if typ ~= "genders" and typ ~= "boolean" and typ ~= "string" then -- FIXME: Handle more types. interr(('Unrecognized type %s; can only currently handle "genders", "boolean" and "string" (the default)'):format( dump(typ))) end -- Fetch the value(s). if typ == "genders" or typ == "boolean" then vals = args[param] elseif typ == "string" then local parse_inflection_props = resolve_prop(infl.parse_inflection_props) local include_mods = resolve_prop(infl.include_mods) local no_augment_include_mods = resolve_prop(infl.no_augment_include_mods) if include_mods ~= nil or no_augment_include_mods ~= nil then if parse_inflection_props == nil then parse_inflection_props = {} else parse_inflection_props = shallow_copy(parse_inflection_props) end if include_mods ~= nil then parse_inflection_props.include_mods = include_mods end if no_augment_include_mods ~= nil then parse_inflection_props.no_augment_include_mods = no_augment_include_mods end end vals = headdata:parse_inflection(param, parse_inflection_props) -- Convert an empty list to nil for consistent checking below. if not vals[1] then vals = nil end else interr(("Unrecognized type '%s"):format(typ)) end -- If value(s) nil, fetch the default. if vals == nil and infl.default ~= nil then local default = resolve_prop(infl.default) if typ == "genders" then vals = export.canonicalize_termobj_list(default, "spec", "default") elseif typ == "boolean" then vals = default elseif typ == "string" then vals = export.canonicalize_termobj_list(default, "term", "default") else interr(("Unrecognized type '%s"):format(typ)) end end -- Resolve "special" values (special signals a string values, such as requesting the default with "+"). if vals ~= nil and infl.resolve_special then if typ ~= "string" then interr(("Cannot specify resolve_special= for type %s"):format(dump(typ))) end local resolve_special_props = resolve_prop(infl.resolve_special_props, vals) if infl.is_special ~= nil then if resolve_special_props == nil then resolve_special_props = {} else resolve_special_props = shallow_copy(resolve_special_props) end resolve_special_props.is_special = infl.is_special end vals = headdata:resolve_special(vals, infl.resolve_special, resolve_special_props) end -- Canonicalize the value(s). if vals ~= nil and infl.canonicalize ~= nil then if typ == "boolean" then interr('Cannot specify canonicalize= when type is "boolean"') end local newvals = {} local field = typ == "genders" and "spec" or "term" for _, val in ipairs(vals) do local newval if val._is_mode then newval = val else if type(infl.canonicalize) == "function" then newval = infl.canonicalize(val[field]) else newval = val[field] newval = infl.canonicalize[newval] or newval end end if val[field] ~= newval then val = shallow_copy(val) val[field] = newval end insert(newvals, val) end vals = newvals end -- Validate the value(s). if vals ~= nil and infl.validate ~= nil then if typ == "boolean" then interr('Cannot specify validate= when type is "boolean"') elseif type(infl.validate) == "function" then infl.validate(headdata, vals) elseif typ == "genders" then export.validate_genders { genders = vals, valid_genders = infl.validate, no_augment = resolve_prop(infl.no_augment_genders), } elseif typ == "string" then validate_items { items = vals, field = "term", valid_items = infl.validate, item_type = ("values in |%s="):format(param), } else interr(("Unrecognized type '%s"):format(typ)) end end local function run_and_check_return_value(fun, funname, ...) local retval, intentionally_nil = fun(...) if retval == nil and not intentionally_nil then interr(("If you return nil from %s, you must return a second non-nil return " .. "value to indicate that the nil return value was intentional"):format(funname)) end return retval end -- Run the process_after_parse handler, if it exists. if vals ~= nil and infl.process_after_parse ~= nil then vals = run_and_check_return_value(infl.process_after_parse, "process_after_parse", headdata, vals) end -- Process strings for insertion, to handle special mode signals like -, +-, ?, etc. local processed if typ == "string" then local process_for_insertion_props = resolve_prop(infl.process_for_insertion_props, vals) processed = headdata:process_for_insertion(vals, process_for_insertion_props) headdata.process_props.processed_specs[param] = processed if processed.numterms > 0 and infl.process_one_term ~= nil then local processed_terms = {} for _, termobj in ipairs(processed.terms) do local processed_term = run_and_check_return_value(infl.process_one_term, "process_one_term", headdata, termobj) if processed_term ~= nil then -- FIXME: Should we add an origin of "process_one_term" here? (But this would erase -- any "default" or "resolve_special" origins.) local newterms = export.canonicalize_termobj_list(processed_term, "term", nil, nil, termobj) for _, newterm in ipairs(newterms) do insert(processed_terms, newterm) end end end processed = shallow_copy(processed) processed.terms = processed_terms processed.numterms = #processed_terms end if processed.numterms > 0 and infl.process_terms ~= nil then local process_terms_result = run_and_check_return_value(infl.process_terms, "process_terms", processed) process_terms_result = process_terms_result or {} if process_terms_result[1] or not next(process_terms_result) then processed = shallow_copy(processed) processed.terms = process_terms_result processed.numterms = #process_terms_result elseif not process_terms_result.terms or not process_terms_result.numterms then error("Return value from process_terms() should be either a list of term objects or a " .. "`processed` structure containing such a list") else processed = process_terms_result end end vals = processed.terms end local inserted_fixed_label -- "Implement" the values. Fixed labels and cats only fire when non-falsy (i.e. we don't want to fire -- on boolean false or empty list). We call insert_processed_inflection() always because there may be -- a mode even when there are no values. if vals == true or type(vals) == "table" and vals[1] then if infl.fixed_label and infl.all_fixed_label then interr("Cannot specify both fixed_label= and all_fixed_label=; specify one or the other") end local function check_fixed_label_references_val(label) if type(label) == "table" and label[1] then for _, lab in ipairs(label) do if check_fixed_label_references_val(lab) then return true end end return false end if type(label) == "table" then if not label.term then interr(("Fixed label structure %s does not have a value for `.term`"):format(dump(label))) end label = label.term end if type(label) ~= "string" then interr(("Wrong type for fixed label %s, should be string"):format(type(label))) end return not not label:find("{val}") end local fixed_label = infl.fixed_label local all_fixed_label = infl.all_fixed_label -- If the value being processed is boolean, there's only one value so treat a fixed_label as an -- all_fixed_label and output only once; likewise if the caller specified a fixed_label without -- {val} in it. if fixed_label and (typ == "boolean" or type(fixed_label) ~= "function" and not check_fixed_label_references_val(fixed_label)) then all_fixed_label = fixed_label fixed_label = nil end if fixed_label then if typ == "boolean" then interr("Boolean fixed_label values should have been converted to all_fixed_label") end for _, valobj in ipairs(vals) do local labelobjs = resolve_prop(fixed_label, valobj) process_labelobjs(labelobjs, valobj, function(label, termobj) if label:find("{val}") then if typ ~= "string" then interr(('Cannot specify {val} in fixed_label %s when type is "%s"'):format(dump(label), typ)) end label = label:gsub("{val}", replacement_escape(valobj.term)) end headdata:insert_fixed_inflection(label, { originating_term = termobj }) inserted_fixed_label = true end) end elseif all_fixed_label then local labelobjs = resolve_prop(all_fixed_label, vals) process_labelobjs(labelobjs, nil, function(label, termobj) if label:find("{vals}") then if typ ~= "string" then interr(('Cannot specify {vals} in all_fixed_label %s when type is "%s"'):format(dump(label), typ)) end local formatted_labels = {} for _, valobj in ipairs(vals) do insert(formatted_labels, add_decorations(valobj.term, valobj, lang)) end -- l10n: 連接詞中文化 label = label:gsub("{vals}", replacement_escape(serial_comma_join(formatted_labels, {conj = "和"}))) end headdata:insert_fixed_inflection(label, termobj) inserted_fixed_label = true end) end end -- See above; if there's a label (which can only happen when typ == "string"), always call -- insert_processed_inflection. local inserted_vals if infl.label ~= nil then if typ ~= "string" then interr(("label=%s can only be specified for type 'string', not '%s'"):format( dump(infl.label), typ )) end local label = resolve_prop(infl.label, vals) if label ~= nil then local insert_processed_inflection_props = resolve_prop(infl.insert_processed_inflection_props, vals) local function copy_to_insert_processed_inflection_props(field, val) local fieldval = val or resolve_prop(infl[field], vals) if fieldval ~= nil then if insert_processed_inflection_props == nil then insert_processed_inflection_props = {} else insert_processed_inflection_props = shallow_copy(insert_processed_inflection_props) end insert_processed_inflection_props[field] = fieldval end end copy_to_insert_processed_inflection_props("label_for_cats_and_modes") copy_to_insert_processed_inflection_props("no_auto_cats") copy_to_insert_processed_inflection_props("accel") copy_to_insert_processed_inflection_props("accel_form") copy_to_insert_processed_inflection_props("request") if not processed then interr("`processed` structure wasn't properly created") end headdata:insert_processed_inflection(processed, label, insert_processed_inflection_props) inserted_vals = true end end -- See above; only fire for cats (and gender insertion) on non-falsy values. if vals == true or type(vals) == "table" and vals[1] then if typ == "genders" then headdata.genders = vals end local inserted_cat if infl.cat then if typ == "boolean" then vals = {vals} end local allcats = {} for _, valobj in ipairs(vals) do local cats = resolve_prop(infl.cat, valobj) if type(cats) == "string" then cats = {cats} end if cats ~= nil then for _, cat in ipairs(cats) do if cat:find("{val}") then cat = cat:gsub("{val}", replacement_escape(valobj.term)) end insert_if_not(allcats, cat) end end end for _, cat in ipairs(allcats) do headdata:insert_category(cat) inserted_cat = true end end if typ == "boolean" then if not inserted_fixed_label and not inserted_cat then interr(("User set boolean setting for %s= but no fixed label added and no category " .. "inserted; if you took action in process_after_parse(), make sure to return " .. "`nil, true`"):format(param)) end elseif typ == "string" then if not inserted_vals and not inserted_fixed_label and not inserted_cat then interr(("User set value(s) %s for %s= but no inflection inserted and no fixed label " .. "or category added"):format(dump(vals), param)) end end if processed then -- FIXME, convert to use `processed_specs` field and remove this headdata.process_props.insert_specs[param] = processed end end else -- no param specified if infl.label or infl.all_fixed_label then interr("Cannot have label= or all_fixed_label= without specifying a param") end if infl.process then infl.process(headdata) end if infl.fixed_label then local labelobjs = resolve_prop(infl.fixed_label) process_labelobjs(labelobjs, nil, function(label, termobj) if label:find("{val}") then interr("Cannot specify {val} in a fixed_label= value without specifying a param") end headdata:insert_fixed_inflection(label, { originating_term = termobj }) end) end if infl.cat then local cats = resolve_prop(infl.cat) if type(cats) == "string" then cats = {cats} end if cats ~= nil then for _, cat in ipairs(cats) do if cat:find("{val}") then interr("Cannot specify {val} in a cat= value without specifying a param") end headdata:insert_category(cat) end end end end end end if infls then augment_headdata_from_infls(infls) end if augment_headdata then augment_headdata(headdata, args) end if pos_functions[indexing_pos] then local pos_infls = pos_functions[indexing_pos].infls if pos_infls then augment_headdata_from_infls(pos_infls) end local func = pos_functions[indexing_pos].func if func then func(headdata, args) end end -- l10n: 標籤中文化 headdata:parse_and_insert_inflection("abbr", "縮寫") headdata.checkredlinks = resolve_prop(checkredlinks) setmetatable(headdata, nil) headdata.process_props = nil if args.json then return require("Module:JSON").toJSON(headdata) end return require(headword_module).full_headword(headdata) end return export 37rnqf6rb1qh4abpma3q9l0reabdktx 0 1861300 9944359 7187692 2026-10-15T01:48:57Z Chihunglu83 87715 9944359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Бакыт|бақыт|Бақыт}} ==吉爾吉斯語== ===詞源=== 源自{{bor|ky|fa|بخت|tr=baxt}}。 ===名詞=== {{ky-noun}} # [[幸福]] ====變格==== {{ky-decl-noun}} ro96057ov33rswflq1jlvtdy55gy5mp 0 2052618 9944348 9297096 2026-10-14T21:02:52Z TongcyBot 83009 移除 {{he-adj-i}} 未使用的參數（模板同步 enwikt 後會以 checkparams 報錯） 9944348 wikitext text/x-wiki ==希伯来语== {{he-rootbox|ט־ב־ע}} ===词源=== 源自{{m|he|טֶבַע|tr=téva|t=自然}}。 ===形容词=== {{he-adj-i|wv=טִבְעוֹנִי|tr=tiv'oní}} # {{label|he|指人}} [[吃素]]的 # {{label|he|指食物}} [[素食]]的 ===名词=== {{he-noun|wv=טִבְעוֹנִי|tr=tiv'oní|g=m|f=טִבְעוֹנִית}} # [[純素食主義]]者 ====衍生词汇==== * {{l|he|טִבְעוֹנוּת}} hmvx48ft90gt407yf7nky51b6vaam93 0 2081226 9944379 9506603 2026-10-15T06:14:22Z स्वर्ण 131372 添加了该词的严肃 9944379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|मातृ|मृत|मातें|मति|मत|माता|मूत|मिति}} ==印地语== ===词源=== {{root|hi|ar|م و ت}} {{bor+|hi|fa-cls|موت|tr=mawt}}，源自{{der|hi|ar|مَوْت}}。 ===发音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名词=== {{hi-noun|f|ur=موت|pl=अमवात}} # [[死亡]] #: {{syn|hi|मृत्यु|मरण}} ====变格==== {{hi-ndecl|<F>}} 16esw9khhl1et9vcmig0s5wr92u43a3 0 2081291 9944227 9506672 2026-10-14T20:17:03Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944227 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印地语== ===词源=== {{lbor|hi|sa|रेखागणित}}，等同於{{compound|hi|रेखा|गणित|t1=線|t2=數學}}。 ===名词=== {{hi-noun|m|tr=rekhāgaṇit}} # {{lb|hi|math}} [[幾何學]] #: {{syn|hi|ज्यामिति}} ====变格==== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} {{c|hi|幾何學}} ==马拉地语== ===词源=== {{lbor|mr|sa|रेखागणित}}，等同於{{compound|mr|रेखा|गणित|t1=線|t2=數學}}。 ===发音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名词=== {{mr-noun|g=n}} # {{lb|mr|math}} [[幾何學]] #: {{syn|mr|ज्यामिति|भूमिती}} ====变格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Vaze}} {{c|mr|幾何學}} ==梵语== ===其他形式=== {{sa-alt}} ===词源=== {{compound|sa|रेखा|गणित|t1=線|t2=數學}}。 ===发音=== {{sa-IPA}} ===名词=== {{sa-noun|g=n}} # {{lb|sa|math}} [[幾何學]] ====变格==== {{sa-decl-noun-n}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|hi|रेखागणित|lbor=1}} * {{desc|km|រេខាគណិត|bor=1}} * {{desc|mr|रेखागणित|lbor=1}} * {{desc|th|เรขาคณิต|bor=1}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:MW|887|entry=rekhāgaṇita}} * {{R:sa:Apte|गणित}} * {{R:sa:Apte|रेखा}} * {{R:sa:Macdonell|hw=रेखा}} {{c|sa|幾何學}} r3bhkvpzc0321gjl41w86bmk6cn6kvu 10 2095155 9944380 9793956 2026-10-15T06:15:48Z Chihunglu83 87715 + wp link 9944380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-book |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-88977-550-3 |url=https://ourspace.uregina.ca/bitstream/handle/10294/8401/Cree%20Language%20of%20the%20Plains%20PDF.pdf |title=Cree: Language of the plains |author=Jean L. Okimâsis |authorlink=en:Jean Okimâsis |publisher=University of Regina Press |pageparam=page }}<noinclude>{{refcat}}</noinclude> 5j3e354hm2oy0s60cnk0czv1e39m1i8 0 2118607 9944204 9918565 2026-10-14T20:15:16Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|दरी|दारु|दारू|दीर|दूर|देर|-दार}} ==都特利語== ===词源=== 源自{{der|dty|sa|द्वार}}。 ===名词=== {{head|dty|名詞|tr=dār}} # [[門]] ==印地语== ===词源=== {{bor+|hi|sa|दार}}。 ===发音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名词=== {{hi-noun|f}} # [[妻子]] ====变格==== {{hi-ndecl|<F>}} ==孔卡尼語== ===词源=== {{root|kok|ine-pro|*dʰwer-}} 源自{{inh|kok|pra-mah|𑀤𑀸𑀭}}，源自{{inh|kok|sa|द्वार}}。與{{cog|mr|दार}}同源。 ===名词=== {{kok-pos|n|tr=dār|dar|ದಾರ್}} # [[門]] ==马拉地语== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===词源=== {{root|mr|ine-pro|*dʰwer-}} {{inh+|mr|omr|𑘟𑘰𑘨}}、{{m|omr|𑘟𑘰𑘨𑘹𑘽}}，源自{{inh|mr|pra-mah|𑀤𑀸𑀭}}，源自{{inh|mr|sa|द्वार}}，源自{{inh|mr|inc-pro|*dwā́ram}}，源自{{inh|mr|iir-pro|*dʰwā́ram}}，源自{{inh|mr|ine-pro|*dʰworom|t=围墙，庭院，即被门包围的东西}}，{{m|ine-pro|*dʰwer-}}的賓格形式。{{doublet|mr|द्वार}}。與{{cog|kok|दार}}同源。 ===发音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名词=== {{mr-noun|g=n}} # [[門]]，[[大門]] #: {{syn|mr|दरवाजा|द्वार}} ====变格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Date}} * {{R:CDIAL|dvāˊra|6663}} {{c|mr|建築學}} ==巴利语== ===其他形式=== {{pi-alt|Latn=dāra}} ===名词=== {{pi-noun|m}} # {{pi-sc|d|dāra|t=妻子}} ====变格==== {{pi-decl-noun|g=m}} ==梵语== ===发音=== * {{sa-IPA}} ===词源 1=== {{unknown|sa}}。对比{{m|sa|द्वार्}}、{{m|sa|द्वार||門}}，可能存在“妻子”和“家”之間的語義對應關係。<ref>{{R:inc:EWAia|page=720|volume=I|head=dāra-}}</ref> ====名词==== {{sa-noun|g=m}} # [[妻子]] =====变格===== {{sa-decl-noun-m}} ===词源 2=== 源自詞根{{m|sa|दॄ}}。 ====名词==== {{sa-noun|g=m}} # [[裂縫]]，[[破洞]] =====变格===== {{sa-decl-noun-m}} ====形容词==== {{sa-adj}} # [[撕裂]]的 =====变格===== {{sa-decl-noun-m|दार}} {{sa-decl-noun-f|दारी}} {{sa-decl-noun-n|दार}} ===参考资料=== {{reflist}} 4hkm3p2tn8imuokhj3aaoqfnr21g2gt 0 2125657 9944236 8342689 2026-10-14T20:17:53Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|साँप}} ==阿瓦德語== ===詞源=== 源自{{der|awa|sa|शाप}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|awa|名詞}} # [[詛咒]] #* {{Q|awa|तुलसीदास (Tulsīdās)|संकटमोचन हनुमानाष्टक (Sankatmochan Hanumanashtak)|quote=चौंकि महा मुनि '''साप''' दियो}} ==布恩德里語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|bns|fa|صاف|tr=sâf}}。同源詞包括{{cog|hi|साफ़}}。 ===形容詞=== {{head|bns|形容詞}} # {{standard form of|bns|from=Banaphari|साफ}} ==馬拉地語== [[File:Anaconda jaune 34.JPG|thumb|एक साप]] {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{root|mr|ine-pro|*serp-}} {{root|mr|iir-pro|*sarp-}} {{root|mr|inc-pro|*sarp-}} {{root|mr|sa|सृप्}} {{dercat|mr|inc-pro|iir-pro|ine-pro|inh=3}} <!--{{mr-g||साप|सापीण}}--> {{inh+|mr|omr|𑘭𑘰𑘢}}，{{inh+|mr|pra-mah|𑀲𑀧𑁆𑀧}}，{{inh+|mr|sa|सर्प|tr=sarpá}}。{{doublet|mr|सर्प}}。同源詞包括{{cog|gu|સાપ}}、{{cog|hi|साँप}}、{{cog|sd|سپُ}} / {{m|sd|सपु|tr=sapu}}、{{cog|pa|ਸੱਪ}} / {{m|pa|سَپّ}}、{{cog|ne|साँप}}、{{cog|or|ସାପ}}、{{cog|bn|সাপ}}、{{cog|as|সাপ}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # [[蛇]] # [[爬行動物]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Date}} * {{R:CDIAL|sarpá|13271}} {{c|mr|爬行動物}} ==尼泊爾語== ===其他形式=== * {{ne-l|<साँप>}} ===詞源=== {{root|ne|ine-pro|*serp-}} {{root|ne|iir-pro|*sarp-}} {{root|ne|inc-pro|*sarp-}} {{root|ne|sa|सृप्}} {{dercat|ne|inc-pro|iir-pro|ine-pro|inh=3}} {{inh+|ne|sa|सर्प}}。 ===發音=== * {{ne-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{ne-noun}} # [[蛇]] {{c|ne|爬行動物}} pd8z92d10qfy5mwfa0rgo8noaox52sk 2 2129326 9944456 9943789 2026-10-15T10:03:31Z Sayonzei 40728 9944456 wikitext text/x-wiki 精製鳥飼料：[[User:KotoriBot]] ==列表== ===法語=== *一個-er結尾的第一類法語動詞（連同本體）理論上可產出'''40'''個新詞條。<br> :{{col3|fr|}}<!--明日： ;需自行創建 :{{col3|fr|retransmigrer|redésentrelacer|retransfigurer|réobséder|désobséder|désamocher|réamocher|rebuissonner|débuissonner|recolmater|décolmater|désaffréter|redélester|réindividuer|recharrier|recémenter|décémenter|réabsolutiser|désabsolutiser|désacadémiser|désaccastiller|réaccompagner|désaccompagner|réagrémenter|désagrémenter|désalambiquer|désanalphabétiser|désanathématiser|réapostropher|réajourner|désajourner|redétremper|redogmatiser|dédogmatiser|réextirper|réintituler|resolutionner|resouscrire|resulfater|désulfater|réagenouiller|désagenouiller|débouillir|désaccomplir|réaccomplir|réaccoutrer|hâbler}}--> ===加泰=== *一個-ar結尾的普通加泰羅尼亞語動詞（連同本體）理論上可產出'''44'''個新詞條。<br> :{{col3|ca|}} ===葡加利=== *一個-ar結尾的普通葡萄牙語動詞（連同本體）理論上可產出'''53'''個新詞條。<br> :{{col3|pt|}}<!--明日：--> ===西=== *一個-ar結尾的普通西班牙語動詞（連同本體、不含合詞）理論上可產出'''58'''個新詞條。<br> :{{col3|es|}}<!--明日： ;需自行創建 :{{col3|es|}}--> ===德語=== :{{col3|de|}} ===拉丁語=== :{{col3|la|}}<!--明日：--> :{{col3|la|}}<!--明日：--> ===意大利語=== :{{col3|it|sbirciare|sbrogliare|brogliare|scaglionare|scansare|scarabocchiare|}}<!--明日：--> ===俄語=== :{{col3|ru|}} :{{col3|ru|}} 5bg6x0j18fv1b7tfa08qigs097j6uvs 0 2134967 9944206 9935539 2026-10-14T20:15:27Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|देवी|देवृ|दैव|द्व}} ==阿瓦德语== ===词源=== 借自{{bor|awa|sa|देव|tr=devá}}，源自{{der|awa|iir-pro|*daywás}}，源自{{der|awa|ine-pro|*deywós|t=神}}。 ===名词=== {{head|awa|名詞|复数|देवन}} # [[神]] #* {{Q|awa|{{w|Tulsidas}}|{{lang|awa|संकटमोचन हनुमानाष्टक}}|quote='''देवन''' आनि करी बिनती}} ==印地语== ===词源 1=== {{root|hi|ine-pro|*dyew-}} {{bor+|hi|sa|देव}}，源自{{der|hi|iir-pro|*daywás}}，源自{{der|hi|ine-pro|*deywós|t=神}}。 ====发音==== * {{hi-IPA}} ====名词==== {{hi-noun|m|ur=دیو}} # {{lb|hi|Hinduism|Buddhism|Jainism}} [[神]] #: {{syn|hi|देवता|भगवान}} =====用法说明===== {{m|hi||देव}}一般仅用于复合词或专有名词（{{m|hi||रामदेव}}、{{m|hi||हरदेव}}等） =====变格===== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} =====衍生词汇===== {{der3|hi|{{l|hi|देवकन्या|t=水神，天上的仙女}}|{{l|hi|देवकार्य|t=让神息怒的宗教仪式}}|{{l|hi|देवकुल|t=万神殿}}|{{l|hi|देवगृह|t=寺庙}}|{{l|hi|देवत्रिय|t=三相神：梵天，毗湿奴，湿婆}}|{{l|hi|देवदूत|t=天使}}|देवता}} =====相关词汇===== * {{l|hi|देवी}} ====专有名词==== {{hi-proper noun|m|ur=دیو}} # {{given name|hi|male|from=梵语|xlit=Dev}} =====变格===== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} ===词源 2=== {{bor+|hi|fa-cls|دیو|tr=dēw}}。 ====名词==== {{hi-noun|m|ur=دیو}} # [[恶魔]] # [[精灵]] # [[巨人]] =====变格===== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:Bahri}} * {{R:hi:McGregor}} * {{R:hi:Dasa}} * {{R:CDIAL|dēvá|6523}} ==马拉地语== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===词源=== {{root|mr|ine-pro|*dyew-}} {{bor+|mr|sa|देव}}，源自{{der|mr|iir-pro|*daywás}}，源自{{der|mr|ine-pro|*deywós|t=神}}。 ===发音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名词=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # {{lb|mr|Hinduism|Buddhism|Jainism}} [[神]] ====变格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|mr|देवी}} ===专有名词=== {{mr-proper noun|g=m}} # {{given name|mr|male|from=Sanskrit|xlit=Dev}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Vaze}} ==古古吉拉特语== ===词源=== 借自{{bor|inc-ogu|sa|देव|tr=devá}}，源自{{der|inc-ogu|iir-pro|*daywás}}，源自{{der|inc-ogu|ine-pro|*deywós|t=神}}。 ===名词=== {{inc-ogu-noun|g=m}} # [[神]] ==巴利语== ===其他形式=== {{pi-alt|Latn=deva|Laoo=ເທວ|Laoo2=ເທວະ}} ===词源=== <!-- As for Sanskrit below. --> {{root|pi|ine-pro|*dyew-}} 源自 {{inh|pi|inc-pro|*daywás}}，源自{{inh|pi|iir-pro|*daywás}}，源自{{inh|pi|ine-pro|*deywós|t=神}}。同源词包括{{cog|ae|𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀}}、{{cog|fa-cls|دیو|tr=dēv}}、{{cog|la|deus}}、{{m|la|divus}}。 ===名词=== {{pi-noun|m}} #{{pi-sc|Deva|deva}} ====变格==== {{pi-decl-noun|g=m}} ==馬瓦里語== ===词源=== {{lbor|mwr|sa|देव}}。 ===名词=== {{mwr-noun|tr=dev}} # [[神]] ====相关词汇==== * {{l|mwr|देवरौ|tr=devrau}} {{C|mwr|印度教}} ==梵语== ===其他书写系统=== {{sa-alt}} ===词源=== {{root|sa|ine-pro|*dyew-}} 源自 {{inh|sa|inc-pro|*daywás}}，源自{{inh|sa|iir-pro|*daywás}}，源自{{inh|sa|ine-pro|*deywós|t=神}}。同源词包括{{cog|ae|𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀}}、{{cog|fa-cls|دیو|tr=dēv}}、{{cog|la|deus}}、{{m|la|divus}}。 ===发音=== {{sa-IPA|a=2}} ===形容词=== {{sa-adj|tr=devá}}（{{w|吠陀梵语}} ''daivá''） # [[天上]]的，[[神圣]]的 ===名词=== {{sa-noun|tr=devá|g=m}}（{{w|吠陀梵语}} ''daivá''） # [[神]]，[[天神]] {{gl|总计33个，分3界每界11个，或8个[[婆薮]]，11个[[楼陀罗]]，和12个[[阿底提耶]]，此时另有称为双马童的两个神；用于《吠陀》，据Panini 3.3.120，重音也作déva}} #: {{Q|sa|Yāska|Nirukta|7|15|refn=<ref>Sarup, Lakshman. The Nighantu and the Nirukta, the oldest Indian treatise on etymology, philology and sementics [sic]. Delhi Motilal Banarsidass (1967). [https://archive.org/details/nighantuniruktao00yaskuoft/page/120/mode/2up]</ref>, <ref>Corno, Stefano, „Denn die Götter lieben das Verborgene“ ''parókṣa''-Etymologien als Zeichen einer gespaltenen Realität. ''with further references, in'': Beiträge zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft, 32 (2022), 1-15, (ed.) Haßler, G., Rüter, A. Münster: Nodus Publikationen. {{ISSN|0939-2815}}。</ref>|quote=devo dānādvā dīpanādvā dyotanādvā dyusthāno bhavatīti vā yo '''devaḥ''' sā devatā|t=|transyear=1967|transauthor=Sarup, Lakshman}} # {{lb|sa|罕用}} [[恶魔]] {{gl|《阿闼婆吠陀》，Taittiriya Shakha}} # （作为天神，雨神的）[[因陀罗]] # [[神像]]（Vishnu-Smriti） # 凡间的神，[[婆罗门]]、[[僧侣]]或[[王]]，[[王子]]等的[[尊称]]，常用呼格，即“陛下”，“殿下”（梨俱吠陀） # 数字33（Gaṇitādhyāya） # 作名字时，{{diminutive of|sa|देवदत्त}}（Panini 5.3.83） ====变格==== {{sa-decl-noun-m|devá}} ====衍生词汇==== {{der2|sa|देवसभा| देवता}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|pi|deva}} {{see desc}} {{desc-top|派生自普拉克里特诸语言词{{l|pra|𑀤𑁂𑀯}}的词汇}} * 达尔德语支： ** {{desc|scl|دیو|tr=deu|t=恶魔}} * 南： ** {{desc|dv|ދެވި|t=恶魔}} * 东： ** {{desc|as|দেউ|t=恶灵}} ** {{desc|or|ଦେଉ|t=王子}} * 西北： ** {{desc|pa|-}} **: {{desc|pa|ਦੇਉ|t=神；恶魔}} **: {{desc|pa|دیو|tr=deu|t=神；恶魔}} *** {{desc|lah|دیو|tr=deo}} ** {{desc|sd|-}} **: {{desc|sd|ڏيو|tr=ḍ̠eu|sclang=1}} **: {{desc|sd|ॾेउ|tr=ḍ̠eu|sclang=1}} * 北： ** {{desc|bhd|देऊ|t=雨}} ** {{desc|kfy|द्यो|t1=神；雨|दिओ|t2=雨}} ** {{desc|ne|देउ|t=神}} {{desc-bottom}} ; 借词： {{hcol|4}} * → 原始努利斯坦语： ** {{desc|wbk||tr=dē|t=神；誓}} * {{desc|as|দেৱ|bor=1}} * {{desc|awa|देव|bor=1}} * {{desc|en|deva|bor=1}} * {{desc|hi|देव|bor=1}} * {{desc|inc-ogu|देव|bor=1}} * {{desc|kn|ದೇವ|bor=1}} * {{desc|ks|دیو|tr=dev|bor=1}} * {{desc|ms|dewa|bor=1}} * {{desc|mr|देव|bor=1}} * {{desc|or|ଦେବ|bor=1}} * {{desc|pa|ਦੇਵ|bor=1}} * {{desc|mwr|देव|bor=1}} * {{desc|bor=1|kls||tr=dewa|t=神}} * {{desc|ta|தேவன்|bor=1}} * {{desc|te|దేవుడు|bor=1}} ===参考资料=== {{reflist}} ===延伸阅读=== * {{R:MW|492}} 5du600fww7a2tb8crqv2880mdrgxjo4 0 2150225 9944197 9506764 2026-10-14T20:14:39Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944197 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印地語== ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA||ग्रंथालै}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|m}} # [[圖書館]] #: {{syn|hi|पुस्तकालय}} ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} {{c|hi|建築|書}} ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr|ग्रंथालय}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|mr|ग्रंथ|आलय|t1=文本}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n}} # [[圖書館]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ===參見=== * {{l|mr|पुस्तकालय|t=書亭}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} {{c|mr|建築|書}} c2gh5lchuke5in79y3mr5aigmyazrst 0 2150238 9944212 9506776 2026-10-14T20:15:59Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944212 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印地語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{com|hi|पुस्तक|आलय}}，二者都是{{der|hi|sa|-}}詞。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|m}} # [[圖書館]] ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} {{cln|hi|格限定複合詞}} {{c|hi|建築|書}} ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|mr|पुस्तक|आलय|t1=書}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n}} # [[書攤]]，[[書亭]]，[[書店]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} {{c|mr|商店|書}} ==尼泊爾語== ===發音=== * {{ne-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{ne-noun}} # [[圖書館]] {{c|ne|建築|書}} 8d2ybtcweqnq0q9fms1ec0hch1yc59d 0 2168992 9944193 8342480 2026-10-14T20:14:19Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944193 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|omr|𑘎𑘱𑘚𑘰}}，{{inh+|mr|pra-mah|𑀓𑀻𑀟}} {{inc-ext|mr|ka}}，{{inh+|mr|sa|कीट}}。同源詞包括{{cog|kok|किडो|tr=kiḍô}}、{{cog|gu|કીડો}}、{{cog|hi|कीड़ा}}、{{cog|pa|ਕੀਡ਼ਾ}}。與{{m|mr|कीड}}有關。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # [[昆蟲]]，[[蟲子]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Date}} * {{R:CDIAL|kīṭá|3193}} {{c|mr|昆蟲}} 3a8z6hs8a6ysrwr83z4to7a1fusx2so 0 2183324 9944237 8342705 2026-10-14T20:17:57Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|हत्यारा}} ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{root|mr|inc-pro|*kar-}} {{root|mr|iir-pro|*kar-}} {{root|mr|ine-pro|*kʷer-}} {{root|mr|sa|कृ}} {{inh+|mr|omr|𑘮𑘰𑘝𑘱𑘊𑘨}}、{{m|omr|𑘮𑘰𑘝𑘱𑘧𑘨}}、{{m|omr|𑘮𑘰𑘝𑘱𑘧𑘹𑘨}}、{{m|omr|𑘮𑘰𑘝𑘹𑘨}}、{{m|omr|𑘮𑘰𑘞𑘱𑘊𑘨}}、{{m|omr|𑘮𑘰𑘞𑘱𑘧𑘹𑘨}}，{{inh+|mr|pra-mah|𑀳𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺𑀬𑀸𑀭}}，{{inh+|mr|sa|*हस्तकार}}，源自 {{com|sa|हस्त|कार|t1=手|t2=努力|tr1=hásta|nocat=1}}。對照{{cog|gu|હથિયાર}}、{{cog|inc-hnd}} {{m|ur|ہَتِھیَار}} / {{m|hi|हथियार}}、{{cog|sd|هَٿِيارُ}} / {{m|sd|हथिआरु}}、{{cog|pa|ਹਥਿਆਰ}} / {{m|pa|ہَتھیار}}、{{cog|bn|হাতিয়ার}}、{{cog|dv|ހަތިޔާރު}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n}} # [[工具]]，[[器具]] #: {{syn|mr|अवजार|उपकरण}} # [[武器]] #: {{syn|mr|शस्त्र}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ====派生詞彙==== {{der3|mr|{{l|mr|हत्यारी|t=武裝的}}}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Date}} * {{R:CDIAL|*hastakāra|14027}} {{c|mr|工具|武器}} 7j7rrvtk0139g9rdlzc02e2fut4qp9b 0 2183989 9944228 9506795 2026-10-14T20:17:08Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944228 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印地語== ===其他形式=== * {{alt|hi|लण्ड}} ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===詞源1=== {{inh+|hi|inc-ash|t=陰莖|*𑀮𑀡𑁆𑀟}}。可能與{{nc|sa|लङ्ग||聯合}}、{{m|sa|लण्ड||糞便}}有關。 ====名詞==== {{hi-noun|m|ur=لنڈ}} # {{lb|hi|粗俗|俚語}} [[陰莖]]，[[雞巴]] #: {{hi-x|मेरा '''लंड''' खड़ा हो गया।|我的'''雞巴'''硬了}} #: {{syn|hi|शिश्न|लिंग|इंद्रिय|tr3=indriya|मेढ्र|नूनी|लौड़ा|लिंगेंद्रिय|tr7=liṅgendriya|पुरुषेंद्रिय|tr8=puruṣendriya}} =====變格===== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} ===詞源2=== {{lbor|hi|sa-cls|लण्ड}}。 ====名詞==== {{hi-noun|m}} # {{lb|hi|rare|正式}} [[糞便]] #: {{syn|hi|गू|विष्ठा|गूथ}} =====變格===== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:hi:Dasa}} * {{R:hi:McGregor}} * {{R:CDIAL|laṭṭa|10917}} ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{rfe|mr}} ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n|tr=lãḍ}} # {{lb|mr|粗俗|俚語}} [[陰莖]]，[[雞巴]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ====近義詞==== * {{qualifier|標準}} {{l|mr|शिश्न}} * {{l|mr|लवडा}} {{qualifier|粗俗|俚語}} * {{l|mr|लिंग}} n3q4hupqknh9bakrgf8c5qpun0m95hp 0 2184005 9944187 7655501 2026-10-14T20:13:46Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944187 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|mr|sa|उच्चार}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # [[發音]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ====派生詞彙==== {{der3|mr|{{l|mr|उच्चारणे|pos=v}}|{{l|mr|उच्चार करणे|pos=v}}}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} {{c|mr|語言學}} ==梵語== ===其他書寫系統=== {{sa-alt}} ===發音=== {{sa-IPA|a=1}} ===形容詞=== {{sa-adj|tr=uccāra}} # [[升起]]的 ====變格==== {{sa-decl-noun-m|uccāra}} {{sa-decl-noun-f|uccārā}} {{sa-decl-noun-n|uccāra}} ===名詞=== {{sa-noun|tr=uccāra|g=m}} # [[糞便]]；[[排出]]物 ====變格==== {{sa-decl-noun-n|uccāra}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:MW|173}} bf7ya5bcaai6ancyiyske2ak9xvjjjf 0 2191768 9944207 9507129 2026-10-14T20:15:33Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944207 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印地語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|hi|sa|नागरिक}}。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA|नागरिक|नागर-इक}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|mfbysense|tr=nāgrik,nāgarik|ur=ناگرک}} # [[公民]] #: {{hi-x|'''नागरिकों''' को एक दूसरे की मदद करनी चाहिए।|'''公民'''應幫助同胞。}} #: {{syn|hi|देशवासी}} ====變格==== '''注'''：根據所指者的性別，本詞有陽性和陰性兩種變格形式。 {{hi-ndecl|((<M>,//नाग*रिक<M>))}} {{hi-ndecl|((<F>,//नाग*रिक<F>))}} ===形容詞=== {{hi-adj|ind=1|ur=ناگرک}} # [[城市]]的 # [[公民]]的 ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|mr|नगर|-इक}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA|ना.गरिक}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|tr=nāgarik|g=m|g2=f}} # [[公民]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|//nāgarik<M>}} ===參見=== * {{l|mr|नागरी|t=城市的}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} 6saft4cq76sekaoz9kznmk5ajo8do2a 0 2203213 9944208 9935540 2026-10-14T20:15:39Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944208 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印地語== {{wikipedia|lang=hi}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|hi|sa|नियम}}。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|m|ur=نیم}} # [[規則]]；[[原則]]；[[法律]] #: {{hi-x|यह '''नियम''' नहीं लगता है।|這條'''規則'''不適用。}} ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} ====近義詞==== * {{l|hi|क़ायदा}} * {{l|hi|उसूल}} ====參考資料==== * {{cite-web|title=A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English|author=John T. Platts|accessdate=08-13-2012|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.9:1:925.platts}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite-web|title=Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary|author=Hardev Bahri|accessdate=08-13-2012|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:5387.bahri}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|mr|sa|नियम}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # [[規則]]；[[法律]] #: {{syn|mr|कायदा}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Vaze}} ==梵語== ===其他書寫系統=== {{sa-alt}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|sa|नि-|यम्}}。 ===發音=== {{sa-IPA|a=3}} ===名詞=== {{sa-noun|tr=niyamá|g=m}} # [[限制]]，[[控制]]，[[阻止]] # [[規則]]；[[法律]] ====變格==== {{sa-decl-noun-m|niyamá}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|pi|niyama}} * {{desc|hi|नियम|bor=1}} * {{desc|bn|নিয়ম|bor=1}} * {{desc|pa|ਨਿਆਂ|t=正義}}、{{m|pa|ਨੇਮ|t=規則}}、{{desc|pa|ਨਿਯਮ|nolang=1|lbor=1}} mqtjca0fhmv9w8agityt2negz53jjsl 0 2210264 9944213 7833670 2026-10-14T20:16:04Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944213 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{rfe|mr}} ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n}} # {{lb|mr|生物化學}} [[蛋白質]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ===參見=== * {{l|mr|कर्बोदक|t=醣類}} * {{l|mr|जीवनसत्व|t=維他命}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} javfmhd517hjfmd2ay1kmjr4kcgjlv8 0 2210615 9944234 9506855 2026-10-14T20:17:38Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|शरीरों|शरीरो}} ==印地语== {{wikipedia|lang=hi}} ===词源=== {{bor+|hi|sa|शरीर}}。同源词有{{cog|gu|શરીર}}、{{cog|mr|शरीर}}、{{cog|pa|ਸਰੀਰ}}。 ===发音=== * {{hi-IPA}} * {{rhymes|hi|iːɾ|s=2}} ===名词=== {{hi-noun|m|ur=شریر}} # {{lb|hi|解剖学}} [[身体]] #: {{syn|hi|तन|जिस्म|बदन|बॉडी}} #: {{hi-x|तुम्हारा '''शरीर''' और आत्मा एक मंदिर है।|你的'''身体'''和灵魂是一座宫殿。}} ====变格==== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|hi|शारीरिक|pos=a|t=身体的}} ====参考资料==== * {{R:UR-HI-EN}} ==马拉地语== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===词源=== {{bor+|mr|sa|शरीर}}。同源词有{{cog|gu|શરીર}}、{{cog|hi|शरीर}}、{{cog|pa|ਸਰੀਰ}}。 ===发音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名词=== {{mr-noun|g=n}} # {{lb|mr|解剖学}} [[身体]] #: {{syn|mr|देह|काया|तनू|तन}} #: {{ux|mr|मानवी '''शरीर'''|人'''体'''}} # [[体质]]，[[体魄]] # [[尸体]] ====变格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N.unreduced>}} ====相关词汇==== * {{l|mr|शारीरिक|pos=a|t=身体的}} ==梵语== ===其他形式=== {{sa-alt}} ===名词=== {{sa-noun|g=n}} # [[身体]] # [[身体]][[架构]]，身体中[[坚硬]]的部分；{{lb|sa|复数}} [[骨架]] # [[固体]] # 人的[[本身]] # [[体质]]，[[体魄]] # [[尸体]] ====变格==== {{sa-decl-noun-n}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|kn|ಶರೀರ|bor=1}} * {{desc|pi|sarīra}} * {{desc|my|သရီရ|bor=1}} * {{desc|bn|শরীর|bor=1}} * {{desc|zh|舍利|tr=shèlì, shělì|bor=1}} * {{desc|en|śarīra|bor=1}} * {{desc|gu|શરીર|bor=1}} * {{desc|hi|शरीर|bor=1}} * {{desc|ja|舎利|tr=shari|bor=1}} * {{desc|jv|slira|bor=1}} * {{desc|mr|शरीर|bor=1}} * {{desc|ne|शरीर|bor=1}} * {{desctree|kaw|śarīra|bor=1}} * {{desc|pa|ਸਰੀਰ|bor=1}} * {{desc|si|ශරීරය|bor=1}} * {{desc|te|శరీరము|bor=1}} ===参考资料=== * {{R:MW|1057}} {{C|sa|身體}} cyyzjmzm01ghbezqyxkzpki9l7jnnc7 0 2220701 9944201 9728135 2026-10-14T20:15:00Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944201 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===其他形式=== * {{l|mr|तरबूज}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|mr|fa-cls|تربز|tr=tarbūz}}。對照{{cog|gu|તડબૂચ}}、{{m|gu|તરબૂચ}}、{{cog|hi|तरबूज़}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA|टरबूज़}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n|tr=ṭarbūj̈}} # [[西瓜]] #: {{syn|mr|कलिंगड<qq:更常用>}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|टरबुज//ṭarbuj̈<N>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen|टरबुज}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth|तरबूज}} * {{R:mr:Date}} {{c|mr|果實}} mce7ueqo4b8y0zjlomm7qz00drkssjr 0 2220704 9944190 9728126 2026-10-14T20:14:03Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944190 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|pra-mah|𑀓𑀸𑀮𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀻}}，源自{{der|mr|sa|कालिङ्ग}}。與{{cog|gu|કલિંગર}}、{{cog|kn|ಕಲ್ಲಂಗಡಿ}}同源。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n}} # [[西瓜]] #: {{syn|mr|टरबूज}} #: {{ux|mr|मला कलिंगडाचा रस खूप आवडतो.|我真的很喜歡'''西瓜'''汁。}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Date}} * {{R:CDIAL|kālinda|3100}} {{c|mr|果實}} 0z73rs0gq7wjgwk4hy0qebdtyfxnqh5 0 2242122 9944225 9895801 2026-10-14T20:16:56Z TongcyDai 53191 9944225 wikitext text/x-wiki ==希伯來語== {{was fwotd|he|2026|10月|16日}} {{wp|he:}} ===詞源=== {{ety|he|:bor|fr:démocratie|tree=1}} 源自{{der|he|fr|démocratie}}，源自{{der|he|la-med|dēmocratia}}，源自{{der|he|grc|δημοκρατία}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|he|/demoˈkʁatja/|[de̞mo̞ˈkʁätjä]|a=IL}} * {{audio|he|LL-Q9288_(heb)-Uziel302-דמוקרטיה.wav}} ===名詞=== {{he-noun|g=f|head=דֵּמוֹקְרַטְיָה|tr=demokrátya|pl=דֵּמוֹקְרַטְיוֹת|cons=דמוקרטיית<dwv:דֵּמוֹקְרַטְיַת>}} # {{lb|he|不可數}} [[民主]] #* {{quote-journal|he|date=1922-06-25|title=טלגרמות מיוחדות ל”הארץ“<t:致《國土報》特別電訊>|work=w:en:Haaretz|page=4|url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/?a=d&d=haretz19220625-01.2.13 |text=ארתור הנדרסון אמר, כי ההבדל בין הפועלים הבריטים ובין הקומוניסטים המוסקובים הוא אותו ההבדל שבין '''דמוקרטיה''' ובין שלטון עריצות. |tr=ártur hénderson amár, kí hahevdél bén hapo'alím habrítim uvén hakomunístim hamoskóvim hú otó hahevdél shebén '''demokrátya''' uvén shiltón aritsút |t=亞瑟·亨德森說，英國工人與莫斯科共產黨人之間的區別，正是'''民主'''與專制統治之間的區別。}} #* {{quote-journal|he|date=1942-12-30|author=w:he:שלום רוזנפלד<t:沙洛姆·羅森菲爾德>|title=אנחנו והדמוקרטיות או הדמוקרטיות ואנחנו<t:我們與民主國家，或是民主國家與我們>|work=w:en:HaMashkif|page=4|url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/?a=d&d=hmf19421230-01.2.42 |text=גם באנציקלופדיה רוסית הצצתי (מלפני המהפכה, כמובן) ושם כתוב שחור על גבי לבן: "'''דמוקרטיה''' — צורת ממשל, שבה השלטון העליון שייך לכל העם". |tr=gám ba'entsiklopédya rúsit hetsátsti (milifné hamahapekhá, kamuván) v'shám katúv shakhór ál gabé laván: "'''demokrátya''' – tsurát mimshál, shebáh hashiltón ha'elyón shayékh l'khól ha'ám |t=我也查閱了一本俄國百科全書（當然是革命前的），上面白紙黑字寫著：「'''民主'''——一種最高權力屬於全體人民的政府形式。」}} #* {{quote-journal|he|date=1972-02-13|author=w:he:משה מייזלס<t:莫舍·邁澤爾斯>|title=”הבעיה איננה איך לחסל את המפלגה אלא איך לקיימה“<t:「問題不在於如何消滅政黨，而在於如何維持其生存」>|work=[[w:en:Maariv (newspaper)|Ma'ariv]]|page=17|url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/?a=d&d=mar19720213-01.2.153 |text=עו״ד ג. האוזנר: התבונה המדינית של '''דמוקרטיה''' ליברלית היא בכך שהרוב משתמש בכוחו כך שגם המיעוט יוכל להוסיף להתקיים. |tr=O"D g. ha'uzner: hatvuná ham'dinít shel '''demokrátya''' liberálit hí b'khákh sheharóv mishtamésh b'khokhó kákh shegám hami'út yukhál l'hosíf l'hitkayém |t=G·豪斯納律師：自由'''民主'''的政治智慧在於，多數派運用其權力時，能讓少數派也能繼續存在。}} #* {{quote-journal|he|date=1973-04-09|title=איך צריך להתווכח?<t:應該如何辯論？>|work=[[w:en:Maariv (newspaper)|Ma'ariv]]|page=5|url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/?a=d&d=mar19730409-01.2.48 |text=כי '''דמוקרטיה''' אמיתית אין פירושה שנבחרי הציבור הם המתווכחים והמכריעים, ואילו שולחיהם עומדים מן הצד בפאסיוויות גמורה. פירושה, ששליחי הציבור פועלים מתוך מגע הדוק אתו, ומתוך שיתופו בדיון, אם לא בהכרעה. |t=真正的'''民主'''並不意味著由民選代表進行辯論與裁決，而選民卻完全被動地袖手旁觀。它的含意是，民意代表要與公眾保持密切聯繫並展開行動，讓公眾參與討論，即便不一定參與最終決策。}} #* {{see more citations|he}} # {{lb|he|可數}} 民主[[政府]]，民主[[國家]] #* {{quote-journal|he|date=1958-11-20|title=ההפיכה בסודאן תביא לשיפור היחסים עם רע״ם<t:蘇丹政變將改善與阿拉伯聯合共和國的關係>|work=w:en:Kol HaAm|page=1|url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/?a=d&d=khm19581120-01.2.3 |text=העתון כותב, שבהתחשב עם העובדה שהיא '''דמוקרטיה''' צעירה, יש לסודאן עבר נאה. |t=該報寫道，考慮到蘇丹是一個年輕的'''民主國家'''，它有著良好的記錄。}} #* {{quote-journal|he|date=1974-04-14|author=יוסף לפיד<t:{{w|托米·拉皮德}}>|title=קרן אור<t:一線光明>|work=[[w:en:Maariv (newspaper)|Ma'ariv]]|page=5|url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/?a=d&d=mar19740414-01.2.40 |text=התברר, כי אנחנו '''דמוקרטיה''' אמיתית. לא רק '''דמוקרטיה''' פורמאלית, לא '''דמוקרטיה''' לעת מצוא, לא '''דמוקרטיה''' על תנאי, אלא '''דמוקרטיה''' אמיתית. משהו כמו הולנד או אנגליה. |t=事實證明，我們是一個真正的'''民主國家'''：不僅僅是形式上的'''民主國家'''，不是權宜之計的'''民主國家'''，不是附帶條件的'''民主國家'''，而是真正的'''民主國家'''——就像荷蘭或英格蘭那樣。}} #* {{see more citations|he}} ====反義詞==== * {{link|he|דִּיקְטָטוּרָה|g=f|tr=diktatúra|gloss=[[獨裁]]}} * {{l|he|טוֹטָלִיטָרִיּוּת|tr=totalitáriyut|t=[[極權主義]]}}、{{link|he|טוֹטָלִיטָרִיזְם|t=[[極權主義]]|l=dated}} * {{l|he|רוֹדָנוּת|tr=rodanút|t=[[獨裁]]，[[專制]]}} * {{l|he|עָרִיצוּת|tr=aritsút|t=[[暴政]]}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|he|דֵּמוֹקְרָטִי|tr=demokráti}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|he|דֶּמוֹקְרָטִיזַצְיָה|tr=demokratizátsya}} * {{l|he|דֶּמוֹקְרָט|tr=demokrát}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:CEDHL|page=127|entry=דֵּמוֹקְרַטְיָה}} {{C|he|政府體制}} 4nuccv69y2rwe7trxwnnwjc5qypv11x 0 2248732 9944194 7892736 2026-10-14T20:14:24Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944194 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|pra-mah|𑀔𑀟𑁆𑀟𑀸|g=f||洞}}。與{{m|mr|खाडी}}有關。對照{{cog|inc-hnd}} {{m|ur|گَڈَّھا}} / {{m|hi|गड्ढा}}、{{cog|sd|کَڏَ}} / {{m|sd|खॾ}}、{{cog|pa|ਖੱਡਾ}} / {{m|pa|کھڈّا}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # [[洞]]，[[坑]] #: {{syn|mr|गार<qq:方言>}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Date}} * {{R:CDIAL|khaḍḍa|3790}} 0fa9u0ae8n440l91waimttceuj5shov 0 2333477 9944230 9506933 2026-10-14T20:17:21Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|लिखके|लेखिका}} ==印地語== ===詞源=== 源自{{der|hi|sa|लेखक}}。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|m|f=लेखिका|ur=لیکھک}} # [[作者]]；[[作家]] # [[抄寫員]] ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} {{c|hi|職業}} ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== 源自{{der|mr|sa|लेखक}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} * {{audio|mr|LL-Q1571 (mar)-Neelima64-लेखक.wav|音頻}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|tr=lekhak|g=m}} # [[作者]]；[[作家]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ====參見==== * {{l|mr|लेखन|t=書寫，寫作}} * {{l|mr|लेखिका|t=女性作家}} * {{l|mr|निर्माता|t=製片人}} {{c|mr|職業}} ==巴利語== ===其他形式=== {{pi-alt|Latn=lekhaka}} ===名詞=== {{pi-noun|m}} # {{pi-sc|d|lekhaka}} ====變格==== {{pi-decl-noun|g=m}} ==梵語== ===其他形式=== {{sa-alt}} ===詞源=== {{sa-root|लिख्}} ===發音=== {{sa-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{sa-noun|g=m}} # [[作者]]；[[作家]] # [[抄寫員]] # [[畫家]] # [[文員]]；[[秘書]] ====變格==== {{sa-decl-noun-m}} ===名詞=== {{sa-noun|g=n}} # [[書寫]]；[[文字]] # [[計算]] ====變格==== {{sa-decl-noun-n}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:MW|901}} * {{R:sa:Apte|लेखकः}} * {{R:sa:Macdonell|hw=लेख}} rvvegronghk0yme3pb4gvuhtl0n695x 0 2333478 9944231 9506905 2026-10-14T20:17:28Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|लिखके|लेखक}} ==印地語== ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|f|m=लेखक}} # 女[[作家]] ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<F>}} ===參考資料=== {{R:hi:McGregor}} {{c|hi|職業}} ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|mr|sa|लेखिका}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=f}} # 女[[作家]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<F>}} ===參見=== * {{l|mr|लेखक|t=男作家}} {{c|mr|職業}} jke5levt34o4mvoift1s8cihb19fvk5 0 2333481 9944209 9506923 2026-10-14T20:15:44Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|निर्मिती}} ==印地語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|hi|sa|निर्मातृ}}。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|m|f=निर्मात्री}} # [[製作]]者；[[創造]]者；[[建造]]者 # [[製片人]] ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<M.unmarked>}} ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== 源自{{der|mr|sa|निर्मातृ}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # {{lb|mr|film}} [[製片人]] #: {{ant|mr|निर्माती<qq:按性別>}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ====參見==== * {{l|mr|अभिनय|t=表演}} * {{l|mr|अभिनेता|t=演員}} * {{l|mr|अभिनेत्री|t=女演員}} * {{l|mr|दिग्दर्शक|t=導演}} * {{l|mr|दिग्दर्शन|t=執導}} * {{l|mr|नट|t=演員}} * {{l|mr|नटी|t=女演員}} * {{l|mr|निर्मिती|t=製片}} {{c|mr|職業}} 0nmq8p2uj04kaxyfx610p1x3a0p6nyq 0 2333483 9944184 9506912 2026-10-14T20:13:26Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944184 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印地語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|hi|sa|अभिनेतृ}}。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|m|f=अभिनेत्री}} # （男）[[演員]] #: {{syn|hi|अदाकार|रंगकर्मी}} ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<M.unmarked>}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|hi|अभिनय||表演，演出}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:hi:McGregor}} {{c|hi|職業}} ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== 源自{{der|mr|sa|अभिनेतृ}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # {{lb|mr|film}} [[演員]] #: {{syn|mr|कलाकार|कलावंत|नट}} #: {{ux|mr|तो एक '''अभिनेता''' आहे.|他是一名'''演員'''。}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ===參見=== * {{l|mr|अभिनय|t=表演，演出}} * {{l|mr|अभिनेत्री|t=女演員}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Vaze}} {{c|mr|職業}} 9bw2wchv0rk8nhvq4b5wx5hl3hdhhf1 0 2333488 9944205 7983100 2026-10-14T20:15:22Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944205 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== 源自{{compound|mr|दिक्|दर्शक|t1=執導，導演|t2=展示者}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # {{lb|mr|film}} [[導演]] #: {{ant|mr|दिग्दर्शिका<qq:按性別>}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ===參見=== * {{l|mr|अभिनय|t=表演，演出}} * {{l|mr|अभिनेता|t=演員}} * {{l|mr|अभिनेत्री|t=女演員}} * {{l|mr|दिग्दर्शक|t=導演}} * {{l|mr|दिग्दर्शन|t=執導，導演}} * {{l|mr|नट|t=演員}} * {{l|mr|नटी|t=女演員}} * {{l|mr|निर्माता|t=製片人}} * {{l|mr|निर्मिती|t=製片}} {{c|mr|職業}} hpntiedomy788i099uqtydqejf9dz9j 0 2338202 9944203 7989544 2026-10-14T20:15:11Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944203 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|omr|तोंड}}、{{inh|mr|pra-mah|𑀢𑀼𑀁𑀟}}，源自{{der|mr|sa|तुण्ड}}。同源詞包括{{cog|kok|तोण}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n}} # {{lb|mr|解剖學}} [[嘴]] #: {{syn|mr|मुख}} # {{lb|mr|解剖學}} [[臉]] #: {{syn|mr|चेहरा}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|mr|तोंड देणे|t=面對}} * {{l|mr|तोंडी|t=口頭的}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Vaze}} * {{R:omr:Tulpule}} * {{R:CDIAL|tuṇḍa|5853}} aba31r6z0dz05r7rxb05mdjyc5jg7ab 0 2372014 9944350 8042685 2026-10-14T21:02:59Z TongcyBot 83009 移除 {{he-adj-i}} 未使用的參數（模板同步 enwikt 後會以 checkparams 報錯） 9944350 wikitext text/x-wiki ==希伯來語== ===其他形式=== * {{l|he|תַּיְלַנְדִּי}} ===詞源=== 源自{{l|he|תאילנד|תַּיְלַנְד|g=f|tr=táiland}} + {{l|he|־י|tr=-i}}。 ===形容詞=== {{he-adj-i|dwv=תַּיְלַנְדִּי|tr=tailándi|mp2=t}} # [[泰國]]的 ====派生詞彙==== * {{he-l|איגרוף תאילנדי|dwv=אִגְרוּף תַּיְלַנְדִּי|g=m|tr=igrúf tailándi}} 9a124m8ttm13s5icmnmdq6wjqfqfxrq 0 2410656 9944199 8089454 2026-10-14T20:14:48Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944199 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== 源自{{compound|mr|चित्र|पट|t1=圖畫}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # [[電影]] #: {{syn|mr|पिक्चर<qq:口語>}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} 33fjzfkeim6r4cposgnvrc4piq1mm7u 0 2410657 9944211 9506932 2026-10-14T20:15:54Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944211 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印地語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|hi|en|picture}}。 ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|f|ur=پکچر}} # [[電影]] ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<F>}} ====近義詞==== * {{l|hi|फ़िल्म}} {{qualifier|口語}} * {{l|hi|मूवी|g=f}} {{qualifier|更常用}} * {{l|hi|सिनेमा}} * {{l|hi|चलचित्र}} {{qualifier|梵語化，較少用}} * {{l|hi|चित्रपट|g=m}} {{qualifier|梵語化，較少用}} ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|mr|en|picture}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # {{lb|mr|口語}} [[電影]] #: {{syn|mr|चित्रपट}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} k70ssjzxpnw5nq4hngpndswbtesk2hg 0 2410670 9944214 8089468 2026-10-14T20:16:09Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944214 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== 源自{{der|mr|sa|फुप्फुस}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n}} # {{lb|mr|解剖學}} [[肺]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} r78jmqmrlhshesy80svovfbdji3qvmy 828 2420691 9944319 9690856 2026-10-14T20:58:22Z TongcyDai 53191 分類名稱的 entry 統一譯為「詞條」：缺少單數附屬形的名詞條目 → 缺少單數附屬形的名詞詞條 9944319 Scribunto text/plain local labels = {} local handlers = {} local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("he") local m_table = require("Module:table") -- FIXME: It should be possible to compute the plene form automatically. local plene_form_for_pattern = { ["קְטֵלָה"] = "קטילה", ["קְטֻלָּה"] = "קטולה", ["קֹטֶל"] = "קוטל", ["קִטָּלוֹן"] = "קיטלון", ["מְקֻטָּל"] = "מקוטל", } labels["依類型分類的詞"] = { description = "按類型分類的希伯來語詞彙。在閃語中，「類型」（pattern）是一種具有特定元音的音韻模板，並將詞根的輔音插入其中。按照慣例，動詞{{m|he|קָטַל|tr=katál||殺}}被用來充當類型的輔音。", parents = {"詞元"}, } table.insert(handlers, function(data) local pattern = mw.ustring.match(data.label, "^類型為([" .. mw.ustring.char(0x0590) .. "-" .. mw.ustring.char(0x05FF) .. "]+)的詞$") if pattern then local plene = plene_form_for_pattern[pattern] local link = require("Module:links").full_link({ lang = lang, term = pattern }, "term") local altlink = require("Module:links").full_link({ lang = lang, alt = pattern }, "term") return { description = "屬於類型（mishkál）<big>{{he-l|:Appendix:Hebrew patterns/" .. pattern .. "|wv=" .. (plene or pattern) .. (plene and "|dwv=" .. pattern or "") .. "}}</big>的希伯來語詞。", displaytitle = "類型為" .. altlink .. "的希伯來語詞", breadcrumb = altlink, parents = {{name = "依類型分類的詞", sort = pattern}}, } end end) --------------------------- Verbs ---------------------------- labels["弱根動詞"] = { description = "帶有弱根的{{{langname}}}動詞。", breadcrumb = "弱根", parents = {{name = "動詞", sort = "弱根"}}, } local binyans = { ["pa'al"] = 1, ["nif'al"] = 2, ["pi'el"] = 3, ["pu'al"] = 4, ["hif'il"] = 5, ["huf'al"] = 6, ["hitpa'el"] = 7, ["hitpu'al"] = 8, -- a suspect binyan } local radical_identifier = { ["פ"] = "第一", ["ע"] = "第二", ["ל"] = "第三", } local weak_letter = m_table.listToSet { "א", "ה", "ו", "ח", "י", "נ", "ע", "ר" } local function construction_cat(binyan) return "'''[[:Category:{{{langname}}}" .. binyan .. "動詞|{{{langname}}}" .. binyan .. "動詞]]'''" end for binyan, order in pairs(binyans) do -- Add label for e.g. [[Category:Hebrew hif'il verbs]]. labels[binyan .. "動詞"] = { description = "屬於''[[Appendix:Hebrew verbs#" .. binyan .. "|" .. binyan .. "]]''[[binyan|構擬]]的{{{langname}}}動詞。", breadcrumb = "''" .. binyan .. "''", parents = {{name = "動詞", sort = " " .. order}}, } -- Add label for e.g. [[Category:Hebrew hif'il verbs with weak roots]]. labels[binyan .. "弱根動詞"] = { description = "帶有弱根的" .. construction_cat(binyan) .. "。", breadcrumb = "弱根", parents = { {name = binyan .. "動詞", sort = "*"}, {name = "弱根動詞", sort = " " .. order}, } } end -- Handler for e.g. [[Category:Hebrew ל״ה verbs]] and [[Category:Hebrew ל״ה hif'il verbs]]. table.insert(handlers, function(data) local radical_and_letter, radical, letter, binyan = mw.ustring.match(data.label, "^((.)״(.))%s*(.*)動詞$") if radical and radical_identifier[radical] and weak_letter[letter] then if binyan ~= "" and not binyans[binyan] then return nil end local altlink = "{{m|he||" .. radical_and_letter .. "}}" local desc if radical == "ע" and letter == "ע" then -- double-ayin verbs desc = "有重疊詞根的" else desc = "帶有弱根且其" .. radical_identifier[radical] .. "個基字為" .. letter .. "的" end if binyan ~= "" then return { description = desc .. construction_cat(binyan) .. "。", displaytitle = "{{{langname}}}" .. altlink .. " " .. binyan .. "動詞", breadcrumb = "''" .. binyan .. "''", parents = { {name = radical_and_letter .. "動詞", sort = " " .. binyans[binyan]}, {name = binyan .. "弱根動詞", sort = radical .. letter} }, } else return { description = desc .. "{{{langname}}}動詞。", displaytitle = "{{{langname}}}" .. altlink .. "動詞", breadcrumb = altlink, parents = {{name = "弱根動詞", sort = radical .. letter}}, } end end end) --------------------------- Nouns ---------------------------- labels["缺少複數形式的名詞"] = { description = "缺少複數形式的{{{langname}}}名詞。", breadcrumb = "缺少複數形式", parents = {{name = "名詞", sort = "缺少複數形式"}}, } labels["缺少附屬形的名詞"] = { description = "缺少附屬形（construct forms）的{{{langname}}}名詞。", breadcrumb = "缺少附屬形", parents = {{name = "名詞", sort = "缺少附屬形"}}, } labels["缺少單數附屬形的名詞詞條"] = { description = "單數附屬形資料不完整的{{{langname}}}名詞詞條。", parents = {{name = "名詞", sort = "缺少單數附屬形"}}, } return {LABELS = labels, HANDLERS = handlers} 7o09axbb0pvf7n74h81uf3wftqhbn9v 828 2420702 9944181 9748916 2026-10-14T19:54:00Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 84663198）並本地化：標籤改用中文（依性別和詞幹類型分類的名詞、有語音重拼的名詞等，供 [[Module:mr-noun]] 的分類使用），新增動詞、正字法屬性、音位屬性、詞源標籤 9944181 Scribunto text/plain local labels = {} local handlers = {} local u = mw.ustring.char local match = require("Module:string utilities").match -- l10n: CJK character classes in the handler patterns for _, pos in ipairs({"名詞", "動詞", "形容詞"}) do labels["有語音重拼的" .. pos] = { description = "因發音不規則或無法預測而在" .. (pos == "動詞" and "變位" or "變格") .. "表中使用語音重拼的{{{langname}}}" .. pos .. "。", additional = [=[ ===參見=== * [[:en:Wiktionary:Marathi transliteration|Wiktionary:馬拉地語轉寫]] * [[Module:mr-translit]]]=], parents = { "依正字法屬性分類的詞", "依音位屬性分類的詞", {name = pos, sort = "phonetic respelling"}, }, } end --------------------------------- Nouns -------------------------------- labels["依性別和詞幹類型分類的名詞"] = { description = "依性別和詞幹類型分類的{{{langname}}}名詞。", parents = {{name = "名詞", sort = "gender and stem type"}}, breadcrumb = "依性別和詞幹類型分類", } table.insert(handlers, function(data) local gender, stem, pos gender, stem, pos = match(data.label, "^([陰陽]性)(獨立無標記.+詞幹)(.+)$") if not gender then gender, stem, pos = match(data.label, "^([陰陽中]性)(獨立.+詞幹)(.+)$") end if not gender then gender, stem, pos = match(data.label, "^([陰陽中]性)(無標記.+詞幹)(.+)$") end if not gender then gender, stem, pos = match(data.label, "^([陰陽中]性)(.+詞幹)(.+)$") end if gender and pos == "名詞" then local desc = "{{{langname}}}" .. gender .. stem .. pos .. "。" local additional if stem:find("獨立") then additional = "* 此處，「獨立」表示詞幹結尾直接跟在元音後面，因此使用開頭結尾的元音的獨立天城文形式。" end if stem:find("無標記") then additional = additional and additional .. "\n" or "" additional = additional .. "* 此處，「無標記」表示詞尾被添加到完整的直接單數形式上，而不刪除詞幹詞尾。" end return { description = desc, additional = additional, parents = { {name = "依性別和詞幹類型分類的" .. pos, sort = stem:gsub("獨立", ""):gsub("無標記", "")} }, breadcrumb = gender .. stem, } end end) --------------------------------- Verbs -------------------------------- labels["有波斯-阿拉伯詞根的動詞"] = { description = "{{lg|詞根}}源自波斯語或阿拉伯語而非本土的{{{langname}}}動詞。</br></br>例如，{{m|mr|आजमावणे|tr={{xlit|mr|आज़मावणे}}}}的動詞詞根源自波斯語而非本土；{{m|mr|तपासणे}}的動詞詞根源自阿拉伯語而非本土。", parents = {{name = "動詞", sort = "Perso-Arabic"}}, } labels["直接取自梵語的動詞"] = { description = "直接取自梵語而非本土構詞的{{{langname}}}動詞。</br></br>例如，{{m|mr|वाचणे|tr={{xlit|mr|वाच़णे}}|t=讀}}直接取自{{m+|sa|वाचयति}}，而非本土構詞。", parents = {{name = "動詞", sort = "Sanskrit"}}, } --------------------------------- Orthographic Properties -------------------------------- labels["以兩個送氣輔音拼寫長輔音的詞"] = { description = "送氣長輔音的第一個字符以送氣輔音而非相應的不送氣輔音拼寫的{{{langname}}}詞。</br></br>例如，以{{lang|mr|ख्ख}}或{{lang|mr|ठ्ठ}}而非{{lang|mr|क्ख}}或{{lang|mr|ट्ठ}}拼寫的詞。這並不尋常，因為{{lang|mr|ख्ख}}不可能讀作{{IPAchar|/kʰkʰ/}}，{{lang|mr|ठ्ठ}}也不可能讀作{{IPAchar|/ʈʰʈʰ/}}。", parents = {{name = "依正字法屬性分類的詞", sort = "geminated aspiration"}}, } labels["有矯枉過正拼寫的詞"] = { description = "因被認為在某方面優於原拼寫而改變了拼寫的{{{langname}}}詞。</br></br>例如，使用帶卷舌音的{{m|mr|नाष्टा}}而非{{m|mr|नाश्ता}}，儘管其詞源所屬的古典波斯語並沒有卷舌音。", parents = {{name = "依正字法屬性分類的詞", sort = "hypercorrected"}}, } --------------------------------- Phonemic Properties -------------------------------- labels["有詞尾音脫落的詞"] = { description = "明顯缺少詞尾音的{{{langname}}}詞。這通常指借自梵語的詞在詞元形式中刪去了詞尾的高元音{{IPAchar|/i/}}和{{IPAchar|/u/}}。</br></br>例如，源自{{m+|sa|रात्रि}}的{{m|mr|रात्र}}刪去了{{IPAchar|/i/}}，源自{{m+|sa|मधु}}的{{m|mr|मध}}刪去了{{IPAchar|/u/}}。", parents = {{name = "依音位屬性分類的詞", sort = "apocope"}}, } labels["有非預期輔音延長的詞"] = { description = "輔音意外延長的{{{langname}}}詞。", parents = {{name = "依音位屬性分類的詞", sort = "unexpected gemination"}}, } --------------------------------- Etymology -------------------------------- labels["派生自普拉克里特語且未經輔音叢簡化的詞"] = { description = "{{{langname}}}詞通常會經歷一種音變：長輔音" .. "叢會{{w|輔音延長|縮短為單輔音}}並伴隨" .. "{{w|補償延長|補償性延長}}，而鼻音＋" .. "{{w|lang=en|Homorganic consonant|同部位輔音}}的輔音叢則會失去" .. "鼻音並發生補償性延長。例如，" .. "{{ncog|pra|𑀲𑀢𑁆𑀢|सत्त}} > {{m+|mr|सात}}、" .. "{{ncog|pra|𑀤𑀁𑀢|दन्त}} > {{m+|mr|दात}}。<br/><br/>" .. "然而，有些詞並未參與這一音變。例如，" .. "{{ncog|pra|𑀳𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺|हत्थि}} > {{m+|mr|हत्ती}}。未經" .. "輔音叢簡化的詞收錄於此。", parents = {{ name = "派生自普拉克里特語的詞", sort = "without cluster simplification" }} } return {LABELS = labels, HANDLERS = handlers} q1ol1rlldx6divmpmnmtrzcr0y8sh74 0 2514146 9944233 9507203 2026-10-14T20:17:32Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|वहाँ|वाह|वह|वह्}} ==印地語== ===詞源=== 源自 {{compound|hi|वह|ही|t1=那個|pos2=增義助詞}}。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===代詞=== {{hi-pron|ur=وہی}} # {{lb|hi|增強語義}} 就[[那個]] ===形容詞=== {{hi-adj|ur=وہی|ind=1}} # [[相同]]的 #: {{hi-x|[[वह]] '''[[वही]]''' [[आदमी]] [[है]] [[जो]] [[मैंने]] [[दुकान]] [[में]] [[देखा]] [[था।]]|他'''就是'''我在商店裡看到的那個男人。}} # [[相似]]的 ====同類詞彙==== {{hi-correlatives}} ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|omr|वही}}、{{m|omr|वैही}}、{{m|omr|वैह्य}}，{{inh+|mr|pra-mah|𑀯𑀳𑀺𑀬𑀸}}，{{inh+|mr|sa|वहिका}}。與{{cog|gu|વહી}}、{{cog|hi|बही}}、{{cog|sd|وَهِي}} / {{m|sd|वही}}、{{cog|pa|ਵਹੀ}}、{{m|pa|ਬਹੀ}}、{{cog|or|ବହି}}、{{m|or|ବଇ}}、{{cog|bn|বই}}、{{cog|as|বহী}}同源。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=f}} # [[筆記本]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<F>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:omr:Tulpule}} * {{R:CDIAL|vahikā|11460}} {{C|mr|文具}} 5iylfgg1j1m122agvt2si2jna2rhim4 828 2619196 9944138 9294852 2026-10-14T19:23:29Z TongcyDai 53191 9944138 Scribunto text/plain -- Adapted from Benwing's module:fr-headword local export = {} local pos_functions = {} local rfind = mw.ustring.find local rmatch = mw.ustring.match local rsubn = mw.ustring.gsub local rsplit = mw.text.split local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("frp") local langname = lang:getCanonicalName() local suffix_categories = { ["形容詞"] = true, ["副詞"] = true, ["名詞"] = true, ["動詞"] = true, ["動詞介詞短語"] = true, } -- version of rsubn() that discards all but the first return value local function rsub(term, foo, bar) local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar) return retval end local function track(page) require("Module:debug").track("frp-headword/" .. page) return true end local function glossary_link(entry, text) text = text or entry return "[[Appendix:Glossary#" .. entry .. "|" .. text .. "]]" end -- mw.title.new() returns nil if there are weird chars in the pagename. local function exists(pagename) local title = mw.title.new(pagename) return title and title.exists end local function check_exists(forms, cats, pos) for _, form in ipairs(forms) do if type(form) == "table" then form = form.term end if not exists(form) then table.insert(cats, "標題行有紅鏈的" .. langname .. pos) return false end end return true end local function make_plural(form, special) local retval = require("Module:romance utilities").handle_multiword(form, special, make_plural, prepositions) if retval then if #retval > 1 then error("Internal error: Got multiple plurals from handle_multiword(): " .. table.concat(retval)) end return retval[1] end if rfind(form, "[sx]$") then return form elseif rfind(form, "a$") then return rsub(form, "a$", "es") else return form .. "s" end end local function make_feminine(form, special) local retval = require("Module:romance utilities").handle_multiword(form, special, make_feminine, prepositions) if retval then if #retval > 1 then error("Internal error: Got multiple feminines from handle_multiword(): " .. table.concat(retval)) end return retval[1] end if rfind(form, "a$") then return form elseif rfind(form, "o$") then return rsub(form, "o$", "a") elseif rfind(form, "êt$") then return form .. "a" elseif rfind(form, "èt$") then return form .. "a" elseif rfind(form, "ox$") then return rsub(form, "ox$", "osa") else return form .. "a" end end -- For bot use function export.make_feminine(frame) local masc = frame.args[1] or error("Masculine in 1= is required.") local special = frame.args[2] return make_feminine(masc, special) end local function add_suffix(list, suffix, special) local newlist = {} for _, form in ipairs(list) do if suffix == "s" then form = make_plural(form, special) elseif suffix == "e" then form = make_feminine(form, special) else error("Internal error: Unrecognized suffix '" .. suffix .. "'") end table.insert(newlist, form) end return newlist end -- The main entry point. -- This is the only function that can be invoked from a template. function export.show(frame) local poscat = frame.args[1] or error("Part of speech has not been specified. Please pass parameter 1 to the module invocation.") local params = { ["head"] = {list = true}, ["splithyph"] = {type = "boolean"}, ["nolinkhead"] = {type = "boolean"}, ["pagename"] = {}, -- for testing } if pos_functions[poscat] then for key, val in pairs(pos_functions[poscat].params) do params[key] = val end end local parargs = frame:getParent().args local args = require("Module:parameters").process(parargs, params) local subpage = args.pagename or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename local heads = args["head"] if pos_functions[poscat] and pos_functions[poscat].param1_is_head and args[1] then table.insert(heads, 1, args[1]) end if args.nolinkhead then if #heads == 0 then heads = {subpage} end else local auto_linked_head = require("Module:romance utilities").add_links_to_multiword_term(subpage, args.splithyph, no_split_apostrophe_words) if #heads == 0 then heads = {auto_linked_head} else for _, head in ipairs(heads) do if head == auto_linked_head then track("redundant-head") end end end end local data = { lang = lang, pos_category = poscat, categories = {}, heads = heads, no_redundant_head_cat = #args.head == 0, genders = {}, inflections = {}, categories = {}, pagename = args.pagename, subpage = subpage } if subpage:find("^%-") and suffix_categories[poscat] then data.pos_category = "suffixes" local singular_poscat = poscat:gsub("s$", "") table.insert(data.categories, "構成" .. singular_poscat .. "的" .. langname .. "後綴") end if pos_functions[poscat] then pos_functions[poscat].func(args, data) end return require("Module:headword").full_headword(data) end local allowed_genders = { ["m"] = true, ["f"] = true, ["mf"] = true, ["mfbysense"] = true, ["mfequiv"] = true, ["gneut"] = true, ["m-p"] = true, ["f-p"] = true, ["mf-p"] = true, ["mfbysense-p"] = true, ["mfequiv-p"] = true, ["gneut-p"] = true, } local additional_allowed_pronoun_genders = { ["m-s"] = true, ["f-s"] = true, ["mf-s"] = true, ["p"] = true, -- mf-p doesn't make sense for e.g. [[iels]]/[[ielles]] } local function get_noun_pos(pos) return { params = { [1] = {}, ["g"] = {list = true}, [2] = {list = true}, ["pqual"] = {list = true, allow_holes = true}, ["f"] = {list = true}, ["fqual"] = {list = true, allow_holes = true}, ["m"] = {list = true}, ["mqual"] = {list = true, allow_holes = true}, ["dim"] = {list = true}, ["dimqual"] = {list = true, allow_holes = true}, }, func = function(args, data) local lemma = data.subpage local is_proper = pos == "專有名詞" if pos == "基數名詞" then pos = "數詞" data.pos_category = "數詞" table.insert(data.categories, 1, langname .. "基數詞") end -- Gather genders table.insert(data.genders, args[1]) for _, g in ipairs(args.g) do table.insert(data.genders, g) end local function process_inflection(label, infls, quals) infls.label = label for i, infl in ipairs(infls) do if quals[i] then infls[i] = {term = infl, q = {quals[i]}} end end end -- Gather all the plural parameters from the numbered parameters. local plurals = args[2] -- Add categories for genders if #data.genders == 0 then table.insert(data.genders, "?") end local mode = nil for _, g in ipairs(data.genders) do if g == "m-p" or g == "f-p" or g =="mf-p" or g == "mfbysense-p" then mode = "p" end if g == "?" and (is_proper or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText == "Template") then -- allow unknown gender in template example and proper nouns, -- since there are currently so many proper nouns with -- unspecified gender elseif g and g ~= "" and not allowed_genders[g] then error("Unrecognized " .. langname .. " gender: " .. g) end end -- Decide how to show the plurals mode = mode or plurals[1] local function insert_countable_cat() table.insert(data.categories, langname .. "可數" .. pos) end local function insert_uncountable_cat() -- Most proper nouns are uncountable, so don't create a category for them if not is_proper then table.insert(data.categories, langname .. "不可數" .. pos) end end if mode == "!" then -- Plural is not attested table.insert(data.inflections, {label = "複數無紀錄"}) table.insert(data.categories, "有無紀錄複數的" .. langname.. pos) elseif mode == "p" then -- Plural-only noun, doesn't have a plural table.insert(data.inflections, {label = "唯複"}) table.insert(data.categories, langname .. "唯複名詞") else if mode == "?" then -- Plural is unknown table.remove(plurals, 1) -- Remove the mode parameter elseif mode == "-" then -- Uncountable noun; may occasionally have a plural table.remove(plurals, 1) -- Remove the mode parameter insert_uncountable_cat() -- If plural forms were given explicitly, then show "usually" if #plurals > 0 then track("count-uncount") table.insert(data.inflections, {label = "usually " .. glossary_link("不可數")}) insert_countable_cat() else table.insert(data.inflections, {label = glossary_link("不可數")}) end elseif mode == "~" then -- Mixed countable/uncountable noun, always has a plural table.remove(plurals, 1) -- Remove the mode parameter table.insert(data.inflections, {label = glossary_link("可數") .. "和" .. glossary_link("不可數")}) insert_uncountable_cat() insert_countable_cat() -- If no plural was given, add a default one now if #plurals == 0 then plurals = {"+"} end elseif is_proper then -- Default proper noun; uncountable unless plural(s) specified if #plurals > 0 then insert_countable_cat() else insert_uncountable_cat() end else -- The default, always has a plural insert_countable_cat() -- If no plural was given, add a default one now if #plurals == 0 then plurals = {"+"} end end -- Gather plurals, handling requests for default plurals for i, pl in ipairs(plurals) do if pl == "#" then pl = lemma elseif pl == "s" or pl == "x" then pl = lemma .. pl elseif pl == "+" then pl = make_plural(lemma) elseif pl:find("^%+") then pl = require("Module:romance utilities").get_special_indicator(pl) pl = make_plural(lemma, pl) end if not exists(pl) then table.insert(data.categories, "標題行有紅鏈的" .. langname .. pos) end plurals[i] = pl end process_inflection("複數", plurals, args["pqual"]) plurals.accel = {form = "p"} plurals.request = true -- Add the plural forms; do this in some cases even if no plurals -- specified so we get a "please provide plural" message. if mode ~= "-" and (not is_proper or mode) or #plurals > 0 then table.insert(data.inflections, plurals) end end local function insert_inflection(label, arg, process_arg) local forms = args[arg] if process_arg then for i, form in ipairs(forms) do forms[i] = process_arg(form) end end process_inflection(label, forms, args[arg .. "qual"]) if #forms > 0 then table.insert(data.inflections, forms) check_exists(forms, data.categories, pos) end return forms end -- Add the feminine forms local fems = insert_inflection("feminine", "f", function(form) -- Allow '#', 'e', '+', '+first', etc. for feminine. if form == "#" then return lemma elseif form == "e" then return lemma .. form elseif form == "+" then return make_feminine(lemma) elseif form:find("^%+") then form = require("Module:romance utilities").get_special_indicator(form) return make_feminine(lemma, form) else return form end end) fems.accel = {form = "f"} -- Add the masculine forms insert_inflection("masculine", "m") -- Add the diminutives local dims = insert_inflection("diminutive", "dim") dims.accel = {form = "diminutive"} end } end for _, noun_pos in ipairs { "名詞", "專有名詞", "基數名詞" } do pos_functions[noun_pos] = get_noun_pos(noun_pos) end local function get_pronoun_pos() return { params = { ["head"] = {list = true}, [1] = {alias_of = "g"}, ["g"] = {list = true}, ["f"] = {list = true}, ["fqual"] = {list = true, allow_holes = true}, ["m"] = {list = true}, ["mqual"] = {list = true, allow_holes = true}, ["mv"] = {list = true}, ["mvqual"] = {list = true, allow_holes = true}, ["fp"] = {list = true}, ["fpqual"] = {list = true, allow_holes = true}, ["mp"] = {list = true}, ["mpqual"] = {list = true, allow_holes = true}, ["p"] = {list = true}, ["pqual"] = {list = true, allow_holes = true}, ["type"] = {list = true}, }, func = function(args, data) -- Gather genders data.genders = args.g local function process_inflection(label, infls, quals) infls.label = label for i, infl in ipairs(infls) do if quals[i] then infls[i] = {term = infl, q = {quals[i]}} end end end local function insert_inflection() end -- Validate/canonicalize genders for i, g in ipairs(data.genders) do if g == "?" and mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText == "Template" then -- allow unknown gender in template example elseif g == "?" then -- FIXME, remove this branch once we’ve added the required genders track("missing-pron-gender") elseif g and not allowed_genders[g] and not additional_allowed_pronoun_genders[g] then error("Unrecognized " .. langname .. " gender: " .. g) end end -- Gather all inflections. process_inflection("陽性", args["m"], args["mqual"]) process_inflection("元音前的陽性單數", args["mv"], args["mvqual"]) process_inflection("陰性", args["f"], args["fqual"]) process_inflection("陽性複數", args["mp"], args["mpqual"]) process_inflection("陰性複數", args["fp"], args["fpqual"]) process_inflection("複數", args["p"], args["pqual"]) -- Add the inflections if #args["m"] > 0 then table.insert(data.inflections, args["m"]) end if #args["f"] > 0 then table.insert(data.inflections, args["f"]) end if #args["mp"] > 0 then table.insert(data.inflections, args["mp"]) end if #args["fp"] > 0 then table.insert(data.inflections, args["fp"]) end if #args["p"] > 0 then table.insert(data.inflections, args["p"]) end -- Categorize by "type" local pos = "代詞" for _, ty in ipairs(args.type) do local category, label if ty == "indefinite" then category = "不定" elseif ty == "interrogative" then category = "疑問" elseif ty == "personal" then category = "人稱" elseif ty == "possessive" then category = "所有格" elseif ty == "reflexive" then category = "反身" elseif ty == "relative" then category = "關係" end if category then if type(category) == "table" then for _, cat in ipairs(category) do table.insert(data.categories, langname .. cat .. pos) end else table.insert(data.categories, langname .. category .. pos) end end end end } end pos_functions["代詞"] = get_pronoun_pos(true) pos_functions["限定詞"] = get_pronoun_pos(true) local function get_misc_pos() return { param1_is_head = true, params = { [1] = {}, }, func = function(args, data) end } end pos_functions["副詞"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["介詞"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["短語"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["介詞短語"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["諺語"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["標點符號"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["附加符號"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["感嘆詞"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["前綴"] = get_misc_pos() pos_functions["縮寫"] = get_misc_pos() local function do_adjective(pos) return { params = { [1] = {}, ["inv"] = {type = "boolean"}, ["sp"] = {}, -- special indicator: "first", "first-last", etc. ["onlyg"] = {}, ["m"] = {list = true}, ["mqual"] = {list = true}, ["mv"] = {list = true}, ["mvqual"] = {list = true}, ["f"] = {list = true}, ["fqual"] = {list = true}, ["mp"] = {list = true}, ["mpqual"] = {list = true}, ["fp"] = {list = true}, ["fpqual"] = {list = true}, ["p"] = {list = true}, ["pqual"] = {list = true}, ["current"] = {list = true}, ["comp"] = {list = true}, ["compqual"] = {list = true}, ["sup"] = {list = true}, ["supqual"] = {list = true}, ["intr"] = {type = "boolean"}, }, func = function(args, data) local lemma = data.subpage if pos == "基數形容詞" then pos = "數詞" data.pos_category = "數詞" table.insert(data.categories, 1, langname .. "基數詞") end if pos ~= "數詞" then if args.onlyg == "p" or args.onlyg == "m-p" or args.onlyg == "f-p" then table.insert(data.categories, langname .. "唯複名詞") end if args.onlyg == "s" or args.onlyg == "f-s" or args.onlyg == "f-s" then table.insert(data.categories, langname .. "唯單名詞") end if args.onlyg then table.insert(data.categories, langname .. "不完全變化" .. pos) end end local function process_inflection(label, arg, accel, get_default, explicit_default_only) local default_val local function default() if default_val == nil then if get_default then default_val = get_default() else default_val = false end end return default_val end local orig_infls = #args[arg] > 0 and args[arg] or explicit_default_only and {} or default() or {} local infls = {} if #orig_infls > 0 then infls.label = label infls.accel = accel and {form = accel} or nil local quals = args[arg .. "qual"] for i, infl in ipairs(orig_infls) do if infl == "#" then infl = lemma elseif infl == "e" or infl == "s" or infl == "x" then infl = lemma .. infl elseif infl == "+" then infl = default() if not infl then error("Can't use '+' with " .. arg .. "=; no default available") end end if type(infl) == "table" then for _, inf in ipairs(infl) do if quals[i] then table.insert(infls, {term = inf, q = {quals[i]}}) else table.insert(infls, inf) end end elseif quals[i] then table.insert(infls, {term = infl, q = {quals[i]}}) else table.insert(infls, infl) end end table.insert(data.inflections, infls) end return infls end if args.sp and not require("Module:romance utilities").allowed_special_indicators[args.sp] then local indicators = {} for indic, _ in pairs(require("Module:romance utilities").allowed_special_indicators) do table.insert(indicators, "'" .. indic .. "'") end table.sort(indicators) error("Special inflection indicator beginning can only be " .. require("Module:table").serialCommaJoin(indicators, {dontTag = true}) .. ": " .. args.sp) end local function get_current() return #args.current > 0 and args.current or {data.subpage} end if args.onlyg == "p" then table.insert(data.inflections, {label = "唯複"}) if args[1] ~= "mf" then -- Handle feminine plurals process_inflection("陰性複數", "fp", "f|p") end elseif args.onlyg == "s" then table.insert(data.inflections, {label = "唯單"}) if not (args[1] == "mf" or #args.f == 0 and rfind(data.subpage, "e$")) then -- Handle feminines process_inflection("陰性單數", "f", "f", function() return add_suffix(get_current(), "e", args.sp) end) end elseif args.onlyg == "m" then table.insert(data.genders, "m") table.insert(data.inflections, {label = "僅陽性"}) -- Handle masculine plurals process_inflection("陽性複數", "mp", "m|p", function() return add_suffix(get_current(), "s", args.sp) end) elseif args.onlyg == "f" then table.insert(data.genders, "f") table.insert(data.inflections, {label = "feminine only"}) -- Handle feminine plurals process_inflection("陰性複數", "fp", "f|p", function() return add_suffix(get_current(), "s", args.sp) end) elseif args.onlyg then table.insert(data.genders, args.onlyg) table.insert(data.inflections, {label = "defective"}) else -- Gather genders local gender = args[1] -- Default to mf if base form ends in -e and no feminine, -- feminine plural or gender specified if not gender and #args.f == 0 and #args.fp == 0 and rfind(data.subpage, "e$") and not rfind(data.subpage, " ") then gender = "mf" end if #args.current > 0 then track("adj-current") end if args.intr then table.insert(data.inflections, {label = glossary_link("不及物")}) table.insert(data.inflections, {label = "hence " .. glossary_link("無屈折")}) args.inv = true elseif args.inv then table.insert(data.inflections, {label = glossary_link("無屈折")}) end -- Handle plurals of mf adjectives if not args.inv and gender == "mf" then process_inflection("複數", "p", "p", function() return add_suffix(get_current(), "s", args.sp) end) end if not args.inv and gender ~= "mf" then -- Handle masculine form if not same as lemma; e.g. [[sûr de soi]] with m=+, m2=sûr de lui process_inflection("陽性單數", "m", "m|s", function() return {data.subpage} end, "explicit default only") -- Handle case of special masculine singular before vowel process_inflection("元音前的陽性單數", "mv", "m|s") -- Handle feminines local feminines = process_inflection("陰性", "f", "f|s", function() return add_suffix(get_current(), "e", args.sp) end) -- Handle masculine plurals process_inflection("陽性複數", "mp", "m|p", function() return add_suffix(get_current(), "s", args.sp) end) -- Handle feminine plurals process_inflection("陰性複數", "fp", "f|p", function() return add_suffix(feminines, "s", args.sp) end) end end -- Handle comparatives process_inflection("比較級", "comp", "comparative") -- Handle superlatives process_inflection("最高級", "sup", "superlative") -- Check existence for _, infls in pairs(data.inflections) do if not check_exists(infls, data.categories, pos) then break end end end } end pos_functions["形容詞"] = do_adjective("形容詞") pos_functions["過去分詞"] = do_adjective("分詞") pos_functions["基數形容詞"] = do_adjective("基數形容詞") pos_functions["動詞"] = { param1_is_head = true, params = { [1] = {}, ["type"] = {list = true}, }, func = function(args, data) local pos = "動詞" for _, ty in ipairs(args.type) do local category, label if ty == "auxiliary" then category = "auxiliary" elseif ty == "defective" then category = "defective" label = glossary_link("不完全變化") elseif ty == "impersonal" then category = "無人稱" label = glossary_link("無人稱") elseif ty == "modal" then category = "語氣" elseif ty == "reflexive" then category = "反身" elseif ty == "transitive" then label = glossary_link("及物") category = "及物" elseif ty == "intransitive" then label = glossary_link("不及物") category = "不及物" elseif ty == "ambitransitive" or ty == "ambi" then category = {"及物", "不及物"} label = glossary_link("及物") .. "和" .. glossary_link("不及物") end if category then if type(category) == "table" then for _, cat in ipairs(category) do table.insert(data.categories, langname .. cat .. pos) end else table.insert(data.categories, langname .. category .. pos) end end if label then table.insert(data.inflections, {label = label}) end end end } pos_functions["無屈折基數詞"] = { params = {}, func = function(args, data) data.pos_category = "數詞" table.insert(data.categories, langname .. "基數詞") table.insert(data.categories, langname .. "無屈折數詞") table.insert(data.inflections, {label = glossary_link("無屈折")}) end } return export p7hmdoxwkr111pekkace7ldyp13jmqp 0 2750953 9944202 9935535 2026-10-14T20:15:05Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|तुरग}} ==印地語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|hi|pra-sau|𑀢𑀭𑀁𑀕}}，{{inh+|hi|sa|तरंग|t=波}}，可能也受到梵語形式的影響。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} * {{hyph|hi|त|रंग}} * {{rhymes|hi|ə̃ŋɡ|s=2}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|f|ur=ترنگ}} # [[波]]，[[漣漪]] # {{lb|hi|科學}} [[波]] # {{lb|hi|比喻}} [[任性]]，[[衝動]] ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<F>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:hi:McGregor}} * {{R:CDIAL|taraṅga}} ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|pra|𑀢𑀭𑀁𑀕}}，{{inh+|mr|sa|तरंग|t=波}}}，可能也受到梵語形式的影響。和 {{m|mr|तरंगणे|tr=taraṅgaṇe|t=漂浮}} 相關。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} * {{hyph|mr|त|रङ्|ग||त|रंग}} * {{rhymes|mr|ə|s=3}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # {{lb|mr|科學}} [[波]] #: {{syn|mr|लाट}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} {{C|mr|物理學}} ==古古吉拉特語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|inc-ogu|sa|तरङ्ग}}。 ===副詞=== {{head|inc-ogu|副詞}} # [[前後]][[移動]]；[[飛馳]] ==梵語== {{was fwotd|sa|2024|9月|14日}} ===其他文字=== {{sa-alt}} ===詞源=== 可能源自 {{m|sa|तॄ|t=通過；經過}}。 ===發音=== {{sa-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{sa-noun|g=m}} # [[波浪]]，[[波濤]] # [[碎浪]]，[[浪花]] # 文學作品中其名稱包含「[[海]]」、「[[河]]」等詞的部分 # [[跳躍]]，[[疾馳]]，[[揮舞]]，來回[[移動]] # [[布]]，[[衣服]] ====變格==== {{sa-decl-noun-a-m|तरं|ग|taraṃ|g}} ===詞根=== {{sa-root}} # {{lb|sa|名詞性動詞}} 像波濤一樣移動；不安地來回移動 ====派生詞彙==== {{der2|sa|तरंगति|तरंग्यमाण}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|hi|तरंग|bor=1}} * {{desc|ml|തരംഗം|bor=1}} * {{desc|mr|alt=taraṅga|bor=1}} *: {{desc|mr|तरंग|tr=-|sclang=1}} *: {{desc|mr|𑘝𑘨𑘽𑘐|tr=-|sclang=1}} * {{desc|ta|தரங்கம்|bor=1}} * {{desc|te|తరంగము|bor=1}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:MW|438/3}} * {{R:sa:EWAia|vol=3|page=236}} 576zdkqsbefb1gbn3zo3pnq4qy5efi1 0 2812390 9944192 9507041 2026-10-14T20:14:14Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|कदू|कैद|कंद|कंदा}} ==印地語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|hi|mr|कांदा}}，源自{{der|hi|omr|कांदा}}、{{der|hi|pra-mah|𑀓𑀁𑀤}}，源自{{der|hi|sa|कन्द}}。{{dbt|hi|कंद}}。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|m|ur=کاندا}} # {{lb|hi|chiefly|_|Mumbai}} [[洋蔥]] #: {{syn|hi|पलाण्डु|प्याज़|q1=較少用|q2=標準語}} ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} {{c|hi|蔬菜}} ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|omr|कांदा}}、{{inh|mr|pra-mah|𑀓𑀁𑀤}}，源自{{der|mr|sa|कन्द}}。與{{cog|gu|કાંદો}}同源。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # [[洋蔥]] #: {{uxi|mr|कांद्यांचं उत्पादन [[वाढणे|वाढलं]].|洋葱产量增加。|tr=kāndyāNca utpādan vāḍhla}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:omr:Tulpule}} * {{R:CDIAL|kanda|2723}} {{C|mr|蔬菜}} g4x1axms2db3s0sy1aohsw9kopi7cu0 0 2907005 9944349 8965308 2026-10-14T21:02:56Z TongcyBot 83009 移除 {{he-adj-i}} 未使用的參數（模板同步 enwikt 後會以 checkparams 報錯） 9944349 wikitext text/x-wiki ==希伯來語== ===詞源=== 源自{{af|he|מַגְנֵט|tr1=magnét|-י|tr2=-i}}；受{{m+|en|magnetic}} 及其同源詞的影響。 ===形容詞=== {{he-adj-i|wv=מַגְנֵטִי|tr=magnéti|mp2=true}} # [[磁性]]的 ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|he|מַגְנֵטִיּוּת|tr=magnétiut}} * {{l|he|סֶרֶט מַגְנֵטִי|g=m|tr=séret magnéti}} 22yw79yxk3w29q49nim8rkgs8lohg2e 0 2954790 9944210 9050997 2026-10-14T20:15:50Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944210 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{sa-af|mr|पंत|प्रधान}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # {{lb|mr|政治}} [[首相]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ===參見=== * {{l|mr|मुख्यमंत्री|t=首席部長}} * {{l|mr|राजकारण|t=政治}} * {{l|mr|राजकारणी|t=政治家}} * {{l|mr|राज्यपाल|t=州長；總督}} * {{l|mr|राष्ट्रपती|t=總統}} {{C|mr|領導人}} eica2zwmdclgo53pesx1rm2g2uqyrhr 0 2954793 9944223 9051000 2026-10-14T20:16:48Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944223 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{rfe|mr}} 同源詞包括{{cog|gu|રાજકારણ}}、{{cog|kok|राजकारण}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} * {{audio|mr|LL-Q1571 (mar)-Neelima64-राजकारण.wav}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n}} # {{lb|mr|政治}} [[政治]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|mr|राजकारणी|t=政治家}} ===參見=== * {{l|mr|पंतप्रधान|t=首相}} * {{l|mr|मुख्यमंत्री|t=首席部長}} * {{l|mr|राज्यपाल|t=州長；總督}} * {{l|mr|राष्ट्रपती|t=總統}} i9iswdmouhpkcwm6fjqlrfnaa3zk95z 0 2954972 9944198 9051326 2026-10-14T20:14:44Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944198 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|mr|चश्मा}} ===詞源=== 最终源自{{der|mr|fa-cls|چشم|tr=čašm||眼睛}}，源自{{der|mr|pal|AYNE}}、{{m|pal|čšm|tr=čašm||眼睛}}，源自{{der|mr|peo|𐎨𐏁𐎠𐎶𐎴|tr=c-š-ma-n}}，源自{{der|mr|ira-pro|*čášma}}、{{m|ira-pro|*čašman}}，源自{{der|mr|iir-pro|*čáćšma||視野}}。同源詞包括{{cog|as|চছমা}}、{{cog|bn|চশমা}}、{{cog|gu|ચશ્માં}}、{{cog|hi|चश्मा}}、{{cog|pa|ਚਸ਼ਮਾ}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # [[眼鏡]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth|चश्मा}} * {{R:mr:Date|चश्मा}} {{c|mr|眼鏡類}} 6k8es737p4452aaw0jpdk2hnrem8wej 0 2955055 9944220 9051476 2026-10-14T20:16:33Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944220 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|omr|माती}}，{{inh+|mr|sa|मृत्तिका}}。對照{{cog|gu|માટી}}、{{cog|hi|माटी}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=f}} # [[土壤]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<F>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:omr:Tulpule}} * {{R:CDIAL|mŕ̊ttikā|10286}} tudbzy6tihcuqnerhozwd73g8pqt4ru 0 2991799 9944222 9507060 2026-10-14T20:16:43Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944222 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印地語== {{wikipedia|lang=hi}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|hi|sa|मिश्रण}}。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|m}} # [[混合物]]；[[合金]] #: {{syn|hi|मिलावट|मेल}} # {{lb|hi|化學}} [[化合物]] ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} ====參考資料==== * {{R:hi:McGregor||814}} ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|mr|sa|मिश्रण}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n}} # [[混合物]] # [[麵糊]]；[[調配]]品 # {{lb|mr|數學}} [[加法]] #: {{syn|mr|बेरीज}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth|मिश्रण}} r32b8e8prenk51ao9n7e50i5803r4sx 0 2999909 9944235 9880311 2026-10-14T20:17:45Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|सुरूप}} ==印地語== {{wikipedia|साँप|lang=hi}} [[File:Forsten's Cat Snake At Yala.jpg|thumb|{{lang|hi|सर्प}}]] ===詞源=== {{root|hi|ine-pro|*serp-}} {{root|hi|iir-pro|*sarp-}} {{root|hi|sa|सृप्}} {{lbor|hi|sa|सर्प}}。{{dbt|hi|साँप}}。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|m|f=सर्पिणी|ur=سرپ}} # [[蛇]] #: {{syn|hi|नाग|साँप}} ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} {{c|hi|爬行動物}} ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{root|mr|ine-pro|*serp-}} {{root|mr|iir-pro|*sarp-}} {{root|mr|sa|सृप्}} {{lbor|mr|sa|सर्प}}。{{dbt|mr|साप}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m|f=सर्पीण}} # [[蛇]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|//sarp<M>}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col3|mr|सर्पदंश|सर्पमित्र}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:mr:Date}} {{c|mr|爬行動物}} ==梵語== {{was fwotd|sa|2025|1月|29日}} ===其他文字=== {{sa-alt}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|sa|id=蛇|सृप्<id:爬>|tree=1|title=स॒र्प}} {{sa-root|सृप्}}，源自{{der|sa|ine-pro|*serp-||爬行，匍匐}}。和{{cog|la|serpēns||蛇}}、{{cog|grc|ἑρπετόν}}、{{cog|sq|gjarpër}} 同源。 ===發音=== {{sa-IPA|a=2}} ===形容詞=== {{sa-adj|head=स॒र्प|सृप्}} # [[爬行]]的，[[匍匐]]的，[[偷偷]][[移動]]的 ====變格==== {{sa-decl-adj-mfn|sarpá|sarpī́|sarpá}} ===名詞=== {{sa-noun|head=स॒र्प|सृप्|g=m}} # [[蛇]]；[[蛇妖]]，[[那伽]]；[[蜿蜒]]的[[運動]] # 一種特定的[[星象]]{{gl|當三顆不吉利的行星位於三個關鍵位置（kendra）時的情況}} # [[鐵力木]]（{{taxfmt|Mesua ferrea|species}}） # 十一位[[樓陀羅]]之一 # {{lb|sa|in the plural}} 一個特定[[蔑戾車]][[部落]]的名字{{gl|原本是[[剎帝利]]種姓，其特徵是蓄鬚}} # 指某位樓陀羅的妻子 ====變格==== {{sa-decl-noun-m|sarpá}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desctree|pi|sappa}} * {{desc|pra|𑀲𑀧𑁆𑀧}} {{see desc}} ; 借詞： {{top3}} * {{desc|ks|سَرُپھ|bor=1}} * {{desc|dv|ހަރުފަ|bor=1}} * {{desc|jv|sarpa|bor=1}} * {{desc|kok|सोरोप|bor=1}} * {{desc|si|සර්පයා|bor=1}} * {{desc|bn|সর্প|bor=1}} * {{desc|gu|સર્પ|bor=1}} * {{desc|hi|सर्प|bor=1}} * {{desc|ml|സർപ്പം|bor=1}} * {{desc|kn|ಸರ್ಪ|bor=1}} * {{desc|mr|सर्प|bor=1}} * {{desc|ta|சர்ப்பம்|bor=1}} * {{desc|te|సర్పము|der=1}} {{bottom}} ===名詞=== {{sa-noun|head=स॒र्प|g=n}} # {{syn of|sa|सपसामन्|tr=sapa-sāman}} ====變格==== {{sa-decl-noun-n|sarpá}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:Cappeller Sanskrit-English|column=1|page=602|सर्प॑}} * {{R:MCD|341}} * {{R:sa:MW|1184|column=1}} g7e34drwu6q1yjnvuixcxu6mnadl4ey 0 3024838 9944217 9918586 2026-10-14T20:16:19Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944217 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== [[Image:runny hunny.jpg|thumb|एक मधाची [[बरणी]]]] {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|mr|sa|मधु|tr=mádhu}}，刪除了詞尾元音<ref>{{cite-book|title=A Comprehensive Marathi Grammar|last=Joshi|first=Ramachandra Bhikaji|year=1900|location=Poona|publisher=Arya-Bhushan Press|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55235|page=13}}</ref>，{{inh+|mr|iir-pro|*mádʰu}}，{{inh+|mr|ine-pro|*médʰu||蜂蜜，酒}}。對照{{cog|omr|𑘦𑘟𑘳}}、{{cog|pra-mah|𑀫𑀳𑀼}}、{{cog|gu|મધ}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} * {{audio|mr|LL-Q1571 (mar)-Neelima64-मध.wav}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # [[蜜]]，[[蜂蜜]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col3|mr|मधाळ<t:很甜的，甜蜜的>|मधमाशी<t:蜜蜂>}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:omr:Tulpule}} {{C|mr|調味品}} oaf5ur3ojc4pkvysq4ud43ksw7bhbif 0 3024844 9944218 9138756 2026-10-14T20:16:23Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944218 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== [[Image:Apis mellifera carnica worker hive entrance 3.jpg|thumb|right|202px|एक मधमाशी]] {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{com|mr|मध|माशी}}。對照{{cog|gu|મધમાખી}}、{{cog|hi|मधुमक्खी}}、{{cog|bn|মৌমাছি}}、{{cog|as|মৌমাখি}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=f}} # [[蜜蜂]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<F>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} {{C|mr|昆蟲}} aa8psvatq4wrm6f0wo4dmr7wn93hhrg 0 3024883 9944221 9138797 2026-10-14T20:16:37Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|मश|मंशा|माशा|मिश|मिश्}} ==馬拉地語== [[File:Common house fly, Musca domestica.jpg|right|thumb|एक माशी ({{taxfmt|Musca domestica|species}})]] {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|omr|𑘦𑘰𑘭𑘲}}，{{inh+|mr|pra|मच्छिआ}}（對比{{cog|inc-apa|मच्छी}}），{{inh+|mr|sa|मक्षिका|tr={{xlit|sa|मक्षि॒का॒}}}}。{{ref|{{R:CDIAL|mákṣā|hw=1|page=554|passage=M. … ''māśī'' f. 'fly'}}}}同源詞包括{{cog|hi|मक्खी||蒼蠅}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} * {{hyph|mr|मा|शी}} * {{rhymes|mr|i|s=2}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=f}}{{ref|{{R:mr:Berntsen|page=118}}}}{{ref|{{R:mr:Molesworth||650}}}}{{ref|{{R:mr:Date||2479}}}} # [[蒼蠅]] #: {{hypo|mr|गोमाशी|घरमाशी|घोडामाशी}} #: {{coi|mr|'''माशा''' मारणे|t=無聊，很閒|lit=殺'''蒼蠅'''}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<F>}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col3|mr|गोमाशी|घरमाशी|घोडामाशी|मधमाशी<t:蜜蜂>}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} {{c|mr|昆蟲}} raxj7e144kjpt8wgs6dnt88pi2dfcq8 0 3025460 9944196 9139796 2026-10-14T20:14:34Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|गळ|गाळ|गोळ|गोळा|गोळी}} ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|omr|गळा}}，{{inh+|mr|pra-mah|𑀕𑀮}} {{inc-ext|mr|ka}}，源自{{der|mr|sa|गल}}。與{{cog|kok|गळो|tr=gaḷô}}、{{cog|hi|गला}}、{{cog|or|ଗଳା|tr=gåḷā}}同源。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # {{lb|mr|解剖學}} [[脖子]] #: {{syn|mr|कंठ}} #: {{ux|mr|'''गळ्यातील''' रक्तवाहिनी खूप महत्त्वाची असते.|'''脖子'''處的血管非常重要。}} # [[喉嚨]] #: {{syn|mr|घसा}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:omr:Tulpule}} * {{R:CDIAL|gala|4070}} hgk2e6d1farmii32fq9aq01aqi7eqh2 0 3026890 9944183 9141626 2026-10-14T20:13:21Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944183 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{sa-af|mr|अंध|श्रद्धा|t1=瞎的|t2=信仰}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=f}} # [[迷信]]，[[盲從]]，[[盲信]] #: {{syn|mr|अंधविश्वास}} #: {{uxa|mr|'''अंधश्रद्धा''' ही भीती आणि अज्ञानातून जन्मते.|'''迷信'''源於恐懼和無知。}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<F>}} 73o8k4t56ru00im9jk3tpbcovxxu9ao 0 3099601 9944188 9918545 2026-10-14T20:13:52Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|उन्हाळी}} ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|omr|उन्हाळा}}，{{inh+|mr|inc-apa|उन्हाल}}、{{m|inc-apa|उण्हाल}} {{inc-ext|mr|ka}} {{inh+|mr|sa|उष्णकाल}}。{{ref|{{R:CDIAL|uṣṇakāla|2391|passage=M. ''unhāḷā'' m.}}}} ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} * {{hyph|mr|उ|न्हा|ळा}} * {{rhymes|mr|a|s=3}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m|f=उन्हाळी}} # [[夏季]]，[[夏天]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|mr|उन्हाळी}} ===參見=== {{list:seasons/mr}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:mr:Molesworth||97}} * {{R:mr:Date||386}} {{c|mr|季節}} ==上古馬拉地語== ===名詞=== {{omr-noun|g=m}}{{ref|{{R:omr:Tulpule|उन्हाळा|page=301}}}} # {{omr-sc|t=[[夏季]]；[[炎熱]]的[[季節]]}} #* {{Q|omr|Dnyaneshwar|Jñā|13|346 |transauthor=Vittal Ganesh Pradhan|transyear=1948|quote='''उन्हाळेनि''' जो न तपे । हेमवंतीं न कंपे ।</br> काइसेया ही न वासिपे । पातलेयां ॥३४६॥|t=346. 他不因'''熾熱'''而灼傷，也不因寒冷而顫抖；</br>他無所畏懼。}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} 5zsazeggy1wg92yja6ybl66kjn8ekbn 0 3129505 9944200 9507083 2026-10-14T20:14:53Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944200 wikitext text/x-wiki ==印地語== {{wikipedia|lang=hi}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|hi|sa|ज्ञान}}，源自詞根動詞 {{m|sa|ज्ञा|t=知道，意識到}}。 ===發音=== * {{hi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|m|ur=گیان}} # [[知識]] #: {{uxa|hi|मुझे इसका कुछ भी '''ज्ञान''' नहीं है।|我對這件事一無所知。}} #: {{uxa|hi|हमारा शिक्षक व्यापक '''ज्ञान''' की खान है।|我們的老師是廣博'''知識'''的寶庫。}} #: {{uxa|hi|गुरूजी, और '''ज्ञान''' बाटो!|師父，請多傳授一些'''知識'''吧！（諷刺語氣）}} ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<M>}} ====參考資料==== * {{R:Bahri}} ==馬拉地語== {{was fwotd|mr|2025|6月|1日}} {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|omr|𑘕𑘿𑘗𑘰𑘡}}，源自{{der|mr|sa|ज्ञान}}，源自詞根動詞 {{m|sa|ज्ञा|t=知道，意識到}}。{{dbt|mr|जाण}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} * {{audio|mr|LL-Q1571 (mar)-Neelima64-ज्ञान.wav}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n}} # [[知識]] #: {{uxa|mr|खरे '''ज्ञान''' म्हणजे एखाद्याच्या अज्ञानाची व्याप्ती जाणून घेणे.|真正的'''知識'''就是了解自己無知的範圍。}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ====相關詞彙==== {{col3|mr|अज्ञान<t:無知>|तंत्रज्ञान<t:科技>|विज्ञान<t:科學>|ज्ञानी<t:聰明的>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:omr:Tulpule|ज्ञान}} ==尼泊爾語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|ne|sa|ज्ञान}}。 ===發音=== * {{ne-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{ne-noun}} # [[知識]]，[[智慧]] # [[理解]] # [[智力]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:ne:NepalAcademy}} * {{R:ne:Schmidt}} ==梵語== ===其他文字=== {{sa-alt}} ===詞源=== {{etymon|sa|tree=1|:from|ज्ञा<id:知道>|id=知識}} {{sa-root|ज्ञा|अन|t1=知道，意識到}}。 ===發音=== {{sa-IPA|a=1}} ===名詞=== {{sa-noun|tr=jñā́na|g=n}} # [[知曉]]、[[熟悉]]、[[知識]]，（特別是）更高層次的知識（在佛教中，指脫離概念構想的純粹覺知；在印度教中，指自我與終極實相同一性的真知） # 對任何事物的[[認知]]（對照 {{m|sa||ज्ञानतस्}} 和 {{m|sa|अज्ञान}}） #: {{ux|sa|ज्ञानाद् अज्ञानाद् वा|t=有意地或無意地|inline=y}} # [[良知]] # = {{m|sa||ज्ञानेन्द्रिय|知覺器官}} # [[從事]]（+ 屬格，例如 {{m|sa|सर्पिस्|सर्पिषस्|用酥油獻祭}}） # 某個[[性力]][[女神]]的名字 ====變格==== {{sa-decl-noun-n|jñā́na}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|sa|अज्ञान||無知}} * {{l|sa|विज्ञान||認知能力、辨別力、智力；熟練程度；意識}} * {{l|sa|प्रज्ञान||知識、智慧、智力}} * {{l|sa|ज्ञानपाल}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|pra-mah}} ** {{desc|omr|जाण|tr=j̈āṇ}} * {{desctree|pi|ñāṇa}} * {{desc|pra}} ** {{desc|gu|જાણ}} ** {{desc|hi|जान}} ** {{desc|pa|ਜਾਣ}} * {{desc|as|জ্ঞান|lbor=1}} * {{desc|bn|জ্ঞান|lbor=1}} * {{desc|en|jnana|lbor=1}} * {{desc|gu|જ્ઞાન|lbor=1}} * {{desc|inc-hnd|-|bor=1}} ** {{desc|hi|ज्ञान}} ** {{desc|ur|گیان}} * {{desc|kn|ಜ್ಞಾನ|bor=1}} * {{desc|ne|ज्ञान|bor=1}} * {{desc|omr|𑘕𑘿𑘗𑘰𑘡|bor=1}} ** {{desc|mr|ज्ञान}} * {{desc|pa|ਗਿਆਨ|bor=1}} * {{desctree|bor=1|oty|𑀜𑀸𑀷𑀫𑁆}} * {{desc|te|జ్ఞానము|bor=1}} * {{desc|syl|ꠉꠤꠀꠘ|bor=1}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:MW|0426}} rso0673k9mon8mcv0xsyt2ulwytf3cm 0 3134468 9944226 9279419 2026-10-14T20:16:58Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|रमल|रूमाल}} ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|mr|fa-cls|رومال|tr=rūmāl}}。對照{{cog|gu|રૂમાલ}}、{{cog|inc-hnd}} {{m|ur|رُومَال}} / {{m|hi|रूमाल}}、{{cog|pa|ਰੁਮਾਲ}} / {{m|pa|رُومال}}、{{cog|as|ৰুমাল}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} * {{hyph|mr|रु|माल}} * {{rhymes|mr|al|s=2}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # [[手帕]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen||127}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth||698}} * {{R:mr:Date||2637}} ==瓦爾哈迪語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|vah|fa-cls|رومال|tr=rūmāl}}。 ===發音=== * {{hyph|vah|रु|माल}} ===名詞=== {{vah-noun|g=m}} # [[手帕]] #: {{ux|vah|तोंडाचा घाम '''रुमालानं''' पुसून घे.|subst= रुमालानं//rumālāna|t=用'''手帕'''擦擦你臉上的汗。}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:vah:Wagh|volume=2|page=180|column=2}} krkin0l99axvnua0gvh7b1grx02se0x 0 3147991 9944224 9507085 2026-10-14T20:16:53Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944224 wikitext text/x-wiki ==東達芒語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|taj|ne|राजधानी}}。 ===名詞=== {{head|taj|名詞|tr=rājdhānī}} # [[首都]] {{C|taj|城市}} ==印地語== ===詞源=== {{lbor|hi|sa|राजधानी}}。 ===發音=== {{hi-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{hi-noun|f|ur=راجدھانی}} # [[首都]] #: {{syn|hi|दारुलहुकूमत}} ====變格==== {{hi-ndecl|<F>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:hi:McGregor}} {{C|hi|城市}} ==孔卡尼語== ===詞源=== {{lbor|kok|sa|राजधानी}}。 ===名詞=== {{kok-pos|n|tr=rājdhānī|g=?|razdhani|ರಾಜ್ಧಾನಿ}} # [[首都]] {{C|kok|城市}} ==馬拉地語== {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{lbor|mr|sa|राजधानी}}。 ===發音=== {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=f}} # [[首都]] #: {{ux|mr|मुंबई महाराष्ट्राची '''राजधानी''' आहे.|孟買是馬哈拉施特拉邦的'''首府'''。}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<F>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} {{C|mr|城市}} ==尼泊爾語== ===詞源=== {{lbor|ne|sa|राजधानी}}。 ===發音=== {{ne-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{ne-noun}} # [[首都]] {{C|ne|城市}} ==梵語== ===其他文字=== {{sa-alt}} ===詞源=== {{com+|sa|राज|tr1=rā́ja|t1=主要的，首要的|धानी|t2=持有的}}。 ===發音=== {{sa-IPA|a=1}} ===名詞=== {{sa-noun|tr=rā́jadhānī|g=m}} # [[首都]] ====變格==== {{sa-decl-noun-m|rā́jadhānī}} {{C|sa|城市}} r8y93g0u1j1o08kov3m0gprgik8vc17 0 3176169 9944215 9332526 2026-10-14T20:16:13Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944215 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== [[Image:Agalychnis_callidryas.jpg|thumb|right|बेडूक ([[एक]] [[उभयचर]])]] {{wikipedia|lang=mr}} ===詞源=== {{mr-g||बेडूक|बेडकी}} {{inh+|mr|omr|𑘤𑘹𑘚𑘳𑘎}}，{{inh+|mr|pra-mah|𑀫𑀁𑀟𑀽𑀓}}，{{inh+|mr|sa|मण्डूक}}。對照{{cog|hi|मेंढक}}、{{m|hi|मेंडक}}、{{cog|gu|દેડકો}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=m}} # [[蛙]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<M>}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:mr:Berntsen}} * {{R:mr:Molesworth}} * {{R:omr:Tulpule}} * {{R:CDIAL|biḍḍa|9238}} {{c|mr|兩棲動物}} g1utafiubwyqymsvy5dmgo4eronbmlj 828 3365778 9944271 9864761 2026-10-14T20:27:34Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 93532199）：子模組更名為 /shared、/shared/links；title 可為多個標題的列表 9944271 Scribunto text/plain -- See also [[Module:bibliography/ref]] local export = {} local tag_text = require("Module:script utilities").tag_text local get_lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode local assume_script = require("Module:scripts").findBestScriptWithoutLang local shared = require("Module:bibliography/shared") local links = require("Module:bibliography/shared/links").bib_page local function is_list(value) return type(value) == "table" and #value > 0 end local function is_list_except(value, exceptions) if type(value) ~= "table" then return false end for key, _ in pairs(value) do if type(key) ~= "number" and not exceptions[key] then return false end end return true end local preprocess_frame -- defined in export.format_full_bibliography, used by format_text local function format_text(text_data, is_person) -- pipe stands for link, what is before it is the link destination, what is after is displayed local text, lang, pedia, translation, translit, translit_only if type(text_data) == "table" then text = text_data.text lang = text_data.lang pedia = text_data.pedia translation = text_data.translation translit = text_data.translit translit_only = text_data.translit_only else text = text_data end local link_prefix if not pedia and text:match("^[^{[]*%f[|]") then pedia = text:match("^.*%f[|]") text = text:gsub("^.*|", "") -- check if there is a wiki prefix in the link destination, temporarily strip it if so link_prefix = pedia:match("^[a-z%-:]+:") if link_prefix then pedia = pedia:gsub("^"..link_prefix, "") end end -- Lang-code before text overrides manual parameter `lang`. if text:match("^[a-z%-]*%f[:]") then lang = text:match("^[a-z%-]*%f[:]") text = text:gsub("^"..lang..":", "") end if lang then lang = get_lang(lang) end -- if the destination is empty, we can deduce it from the displayed form if pedia == "" then if is_person then -- for Western naming tradition local i = 1 for v in text:gmatch("[^, ][^,]+") do -- family name if i == 1 then pedia = v -- given name elseif i == 2 then pedia = mw.ustring.gsub(v, "%.(%a)", "%1").." "..pedia -- suffix, esp. Americans elseif i == 3 then pedia = pedia.." "..v else error("Too many commas in author name") end i = i + 1 end -- if not a person, use the plain displayed form else pedia = text end end -- reinsert the prefix in the link destination if link_prefix then pedia = link_prefix..pedia end -- shorten dotted given names, e.g. <J.ohn> displays as <J.> if is_person then text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "%.%a+", "."):gsub("^(.+,.+),", "%1") end -- transliterate if translit == true or (translit_only and not translit) then if not lang then error("Cannot translit from unspecified language.") end translit = lang:transliterate(text) -- Forget `translit_only` if transliteration couldn't be made. if not translit then translit_only = false end end -- format wikitext link local display = text if translit_only then display, translit = translit, nil end -- preprocess if there are templates present if display:match("{{.+}}") then display = preprocess_frame:preprocess(display) end if pedia then display = "[[w:"..pedia.."|"..display.."]]" end -- format according to text language if not translit_only then if lang then display = tag_text(display, lang) else local script = assume_script(text) if script:getCode() ~= "Latn" then display = tag_text(display, get_lang("und"), script) end end end if translit or translation then display = display.." [" if translit then display = display..translit if translation then display = display..", " end end if translation then display = display..translation end display = display.."]" end return display end local function render_list_or_value(value, sep, formatter) -- support strings instead of functions for func if type(formatter) == "string" then local replacement_string = formatter formatter = function(s) return replacement_string:format(s) end end -- if the value is a list, go through all values and format them if is_list(value) then -- inheritance of named parameters in lists -- TODO: I cannot believe there is not a faster way to do this for father_index, father_value in pairs(value) do if type(father_index) ~= "number" then for set_index, set_value in ipairs(value) do if type(set_value) == "string" then value[set_index] = { text = set_value } end value[set_index][father_index] = father_value end end end -- if the function is formatted, go through iterate through all the things if formatter then local ret = "" for _, v in ipairs(value) do ret = ret..formatter(v)..sep end return (ret:gsub(sep.."$", "")) -- if no formatting function is specified, use the faster built-in function else return table.concat(value, sep) end -- if the value is a single string or table, simply return it, potentially formatted elseif value then return formatter and formatter(value) or value -- handle possibility of nil value elseif value == nil then return nil end end local format_listitem -- forward declaration local function format_citation(source, tracking_lang, kind) local citation_text = "" -- reorder volume values for children if kind == "volume" and source.title or source.number then source.volume = { title = source.title, number = source.number } source.title, source.number = nil, nil end -- Format edition text. local edition_text if source.edition then if (source.edition == "number" or mw.ustring.find(source.edition, "^%d+$")) and not source.year_editions then edition_text = shared.ordinal_suffix(source.edition) else edition_text = source.edition end edition_text = edition_text .. (kind == "edition" and " edition" or " ed.") if source.first_edition then edition_text = edition_text..", first publ. in "..source.first_edition end assert(not source.first_published, "Do not use FIRST_PUBLISHED, use FIRST_EDITION") end -- this function appends text to the citation string local function add(a, b) -- if one argument is given, it is simply appended -- if two arguments are given, the first one is a separator, and is only appended if the string is not empty if not b or citation_text:len() > 0 then citation_text = citation_text..a end if b then citation_text = citation_text..b end end -- Pages for chapters. if kind == "chapter" and source.pages then add("pp. "..source.pages) elseif kind == "edition" then add(edition_text) end -- AUTHOR -- if source.author then add(", ", (render_list_or_value(source.author, "; ", function (author) if author == "et al." then return author end local ret = format_text(author, true) if type(author) == "table" and author.type then ret = ret.." ["..(({ ["editor"] = "ed.", ["translator"] = "transl.", ["trans."] = "transl.", ["compiler"] = "comp.", ["coordinator"] = "coord.", })[author.type] or author.type).."]" end return ret end):gsub("; et al%.$", " ''et al.''"))) end -- YEAR -- local function format_year() if source.year then add(" ", "("..render_list_or_value(source.year, ", "):gsub("%-", "–")..")") end end if source.author then format_year() end -- TITLE -- if source.title then local formatted_title if is_list_except(source.title, { separator = true }) then local title_list = {} for _, title in ipairs(source.title) do table.insert(title_list, format_text(title)) end formatted_title = table.concat(title_list, source.title.separator or " = ") else formatted_title = format_text(source.title) end add(". ", ((source.journal or source.chapter_of) and "“%s”" or "<cite>%s</cite>"):format(formatted_title)) -- EDITION -- if source.edition and kind ~= "edition" then add(" ("..edition_text..")") end end -- if no author is given, the year goes after the title if not source.author then format_year() end -- COMPOSED -- if source.composed then add(", ", "composed in "..source.composed) end -- VOLUME -- if source.volume then if type(source.volume) ~= "table" then source.volume = { number = source.volume } end if source.volume.number then add(", ", (kind == "volume" and "volume " or "vol. ")..source.volume.number) end if source.volume.title then add(source.volume.number and ": " or ". ", "<cite>"..format_text(source.volume.title).."</cite>") end end -- CHAPTER_OF -- if source.chapter_of then local chapter_pages = source.chapter_of.pages source.chapter_of.pages = nil add(". ", "In "..format_citation(source.chapter_of)) if chapter_pages then add(", pp. "..chapter_pages:gsub("%-", "–")) end end -- JOURNAL -- if source.journal then -- .name if source.journal.name == nil then error("The parameter journal.name is mandatory") end add(". ", "<cite>"..format_text(source.journal.name)) -- .number local number = source.journal.number if number then if type(number) == "table" then if #number == 1 then add(", "..number[1].."</cite>") elseif #number == 2 then -- TODO: reach an agreement on whether to have the space or not add(", "..number[1].."</cite> ("..number[2]..")") else error("Unusual amount of values in journal.number") end else add(", "..number.."</cite>") end else add("</cite>") end -- .pages if source.journal.pages then add(", pp. "..source.journal.pages:gsub("%-", "–")) end assert(not (source.journal.issue or source.journal.volume), "Do not use issue/volume, use number") end -- SERIES -- if source.series then if not source.series.name then error("The parameter series.name is mandatory") end add(" ", "("..format_text(source.series.name)) if source.series.number then add(": "..source.series.number) end add(")") end -- data about publication -- local function format_publisher(node, separator) local location, publisher = node.location, node.publisher if not location and type(publisher) == "string" and publisher:match(" UP$") then location = publisher:gsub(" UP$", "") end if location then add(separator, render_list_or_value(location, "/", format_text)) end if publisher then add(location and ": " or separator, render_list_or_value(publisher, "/", format_text)) end end if source.location or source.publisher then format_publisher(source, ". ") assert(not source.publishers, "Cannot specify both PUBLISHERS and PUBLISHER/LOCATION") elseif source.publishers then assert(is_list(source.publishers), "Invalid type for PUBLISHERS, list expected") for publisher_index, publisher_node in ipairs(source.publishers) do format_publisher(publisher_node, publisher_index == 1 and ". " or "; ") end end if source.published_year then add(", ", "publ. in "..source.published_year) end -- TRANSLATION_OF -- if source.transl_of then add(", ", "transl. of "..format_citation(source.transl_of)) end -- LINK -- if source.link then if type(source.link) == "string" then source.link = { url = source.link } end local is_first = true for _, link in ipairs(links) do if source.link[link.key] then add(is_first and ": " or ", ", render_list_or_value(source.link[link.key], ", ", link.formatter)) is_first = false end end end -- HANDLE LISTS, i.e. volumes, editions and chapters -- local function handle_list(arg_name, num_name, reorder) local node = source[arg_name.."s"] if node then assert(type(node) == "table", "Invalid type for "..arg_name.."s") add(":", "<ul>") local reordered if reorder then reordered = {} local show_numbers = not node.hide_numbers node.hide_numbers = nil for index, child in pairs(node) do if show_numbers and not child[num_name] then child[num_name] = index end child.year_editions = source.year_editions table.insert(reordered, { number = type(index) == "number" and index or tonumber(index:match("^%d+")) or -1, name = tostring(index), data = child, }) end table.sort(reordered, function (a, b) return a.number == b.number and a.name < b.name or a.number < b.number end) end for _, child in ipairs(reordered or node) do add(format_listitem(child.data, tracking_lang, nil, arg_name)) end add("</ul>") end end assert( not ((source.volumes and (source.editions or source.chapters)) or (source.editions and source.chapters)), "Only one of the following parameters may be given for each node, VOLUMES, EDITIONS, or CHAPTERS" ) if source.volumes then handle_list("volume", "number", true) elseif source.editions then handle_list("edition", "edition", true) elseif source.chapters then handle_list("chapter", nil, false) end -- NOTE -- if source.note then assert(type(source.note) == "string", "Invalid note of type "..type(source.note)) add("<dl><dd>"..format_text(source.note).."</dd></dl>") end -- END return citation_text:gsub("”([.])", "%1”"):gsub("([?!.]%]*'*)%.", "%1") end format_listitem = function (source, tracking_lang, sid, kind) local ret -- SOURCE ID -- sid = sid or source.id if sid then -- hidden editor utilities local raw_sid = shared.strip_markup(sid) ret = '<li class="bibliography-id" id="bib-'..raw_sid..'"><span class="vsHide">[<code>'..raw_sid.."</code> [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Wiktionary:Tracking/"..shared.tracking_path(tracking_lang, raw_sid).."|uses]]] </span>" -- Format the abbrevation with which the source is cited, except in the case in which -- the abbreviation is identical to the title of an authorless work. if (shared.is_abbrev(sid, source.is_author)) and (source.author or source.title ~= sid) then ret = ret..shared.format(sid, false).." = " end else ret = "<li>" end -- format source citation return ret..format_citation(source, tracking_lang, kind).."</li>" end -- Strip diacritics for the sortkey in full bibliographies. local diacritics = "["..mw.ustring.char(0x300).."-"..mw.ustring.char(0x36f).."]" local function sortkey(text) return mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.toNFD(text), diacritics, "")) end -- Invoked by {{full bibliography}} on bibliography pages. function export.format_full_bibliography(frame) -- Save the frame as a module-global variable, needed for preprocessing. preprocess_frame = frame -- Loads data from submodule. local input_lang = frame.args.lang local submodule = shared.require_submodule(input_lang) local headers = submodule.headers -- Creates a separate list containing only the IDs for ordering. local ordered_sids = {} for sid in pairs(submodule.sources) do table.insert(ordered_sids, sid) end table.sort(ordered_sids, function (a, b) return sortkey(a) < sortkey(b) end) -- Writes out each formatted source. Output is divided if there are headers. local formatted = headers and {} or "" for _, sid in pairs(ordered_sids) do local source, tracking_lang = shared.extract_source(submodule, input_lang, sid) local formatted_item = format_listitem(source, tracking_lang, sid) if headers then local header = source.header or "DEFAULT" formatted[header] = (formatted[header] or "")..formatted_item else formatted = formatted..formatted_item end end if headers then formatted = mw.ustring.gsub(headers, "%$(%a+)%$", function(header) return "<ul>"..( formatted[header] or error("No elements in the header "..header..".") ).."</ul>" end) else formatted = "<ul>"..formatted.."</ul>" end if not frame.args.noshortcut then formatted = require("Module:shortcut box").format_shortcuts({mw.title.new("BIB:"..input_lang, 100)}).."\n"..formatted end local cats if not submodule.nocat then cats = "[[Category:參考書目附錄]]" if not submodule.bib_page then local full_lang = get_lang(input_lang, nil, false, false) local full_lang_name if full_lang then full_lang_name = full_lang:getCanonicalName() else full_lang_name = require("Module:families").getByCode(input_lang):getProtoLanguageName() end cats = cats.."[[Category:"..full_lang_name.."附錄]]" end end return (cats or "")..'<div class="vsSwitcher" data-toggle-category="editor utilities" style="max-width:100%;"><span class="vsHide">[您可以在\'\'\'[[Module:bibliography/data/'..input_lang..'|module]]\'\'\'編輯書目列表。]</span>'..formatted.."</div>" end return export dye98gz1oy575d6xu8ryqasgtjyjewq 828 3365779 9944270 9864758 2026-10-14T20:27:30Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 93532207）：子模組更名為 /shared、/shared/links；支援 {{bibquote}}（quote=1）；冊次、版次標籤改為 volume、edition；修正附錄連結「Appendix:參考書目ˇ/」多出的「ˇ」 9944270 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} local tag_text = require("Module:script utilities").tag_text local get_lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode local shared = require("Module:bibliography/shared") local links = require("Module:bibliography/shared/links").ref -- Understands if a number refers to one or multiple instances of something (e.g. pages, sections) and pluralises the label accordingly. local function format_number_label(value, label) if type(label) == "table" then label = label[(value:find("–") or value:find("f%.$") or value:find(", ")) and 2 or 1] end return label..value end -- Handles the set_page, set_id, etc. functions within page_url, entry_url, etc. nodes. local function apply_param_setter(arg_name, setter, input_data) local input_value = input_data[arg_name] -- simple addition or subtraction if type(setter) == "number" and input_value then return input_value + setter -- operations as strings -- TODO: needs to be stricter with invalid inputs elseif type(setter) == "string" and input_value then -- separate the different actions within the setter string (operations, alterations) local operations = setter:match("^([0-9+%-*/ ]*)") local esc_operations = "^"..operations:gsub("([^%w ])", "%%%1") local alterations = setter:match(esc_operations.."(>[0-9+%-*/ >]+)") assert(alterations or not setter:match(esc_operations.."."), "Invalid string as set_page: "..setter) -- apply arithmetic operations local function calculate_operation(num, operations) assert(operations:gsub("([+%-*/]) *(%d+)", function(operation, operation_num) num = ({ ["+"] = function(a, b) return a + b end, ["-"] = function(a, b) return a - b end, ["*"] = function(a, b) return a * b end, ["/"] = function(a, b) return math.floor(a / b) end, })[operation](num, tonumber(operation_num)) return "" end):match("^ *$"), "Invalid operation in set_page: "..setter) return num end input_value = calculate_operation(input_value, operations) -- apply alterations (e.g. for missing or duplicate pages) if alterations then assert(alterations:gsub("> *(%d+) *([0-9+%-*/ ]*)", function(alteration_from, alteration_operation) if input_data[arg_name] > tonumber(alteration_from) then input_value = calculate_operation(input_value, alteration_operation) end return "" end):match("^ *$"), "Invalid alteration in set_page: "..setter) end return input_value -- full function for complex operation elseif type(setter) == "function" then return setter(input_data) end end local is_numerical = { ["page"] = true, } -- Override t's values with p's. local function sum_table(t, p) if not p then return t elseif type(t) == "table" and type(p) == "table" then for k, v in pairs(p) do t[k] = v end return t else return p end end local function retrieve_fields(info_types, source, input_data) -- Overwrite or sum together with the fields specified in the current node, if present. for info_type_key, info_type in pairs(info_types) do local current_given_value = source[info_type.field_name or info_type_key] -- If the `sum_table` field is true, then sum the tables together. -- If not, simply overwrite them. if info_type.sum_table then info_types[info_type_key].value = sum_table(info_type.value, current_given_value) else info_types[info_type_key].value = current_given_value or info_type.value end end -- Checks in the node's children. This kind of treatment allows for both -- edition nodes within volume nodes and volume nodes within edition nodes. for _, arg in ipairs {"volume", "edition"} do local source_args = source[arg.."s"] if source_args then if input_data[arg] then -- Retrieve element. local item = source_args[input_data[arg]] -- Handle aliases. if type(item) == "string" then item = source_args[item] end if item then -- Search for the fields in the newly found node. info_types = retrieve_fields(info_types, item, input_data) else -- Item not in the list. end end break end end return info_types end -- Recursive function that searches for the link data inside the source node. -- The `url_config` is the table containing information about how to make the URL, while `link_node` is -- the table with the links that are displayed on the bibliography page which are used only in case that -- the links aren't explicit in `url_config`, e.g. the common `{ gb = true }` syntax. Both `url_config` and -- `link_node` can either be about the entire source or volume/edition-dependent. local function get_url_config_and_link_node(source, input_data, param_name_url) local data = retrieve_fields({ url_config = { sum_table = true, field_name = param_name_url, }, link_node = { sum_table = true, field_name = "link", }, }, source, input_data) return data.url_config.value, data.link_node.value end -- Duplicate the table, and convert string to integers whenever needed. local function numerify_fields(const_data, source) local input_data = {} for k, v in pairs(const_data) do if not source.unprocess_numbers and is_numerical[k] and type(v) == "string" and v:match("^%d+") then v = tonumber(v:match("^%d+")) end input_data[k] = v end return input_data end -- Handles page_url, entry_url, etc. local function param_url(source, input_data, param_name) -- TODO: Is this check needed? Seems impossible to occur. if not input_data then return nil end input_data = numerify_fields(input_data, source) -- For an explanation of what `url_config` and `link_node` are, see above. local url_config, link_node = get_url_config_and_link_node(source, input_data, param_name.."_url") -- If there is no url_config, get out of the function. if not url_config or (type(url_config) == "table" and next(url_config) == nil) then return nil end -- Utility function that recovers the ID. local function resolve_value(site_key) local value = url_config[site_key] -- recycle data from stable links if value == true then assert(link_node and link_node[site_key], 'Cannot use the "'..site_key..' = true" syntax because I could not find it defined in as a field of "link"') value = link_node[site_key] end if not value then error("Could not retrieve the "..site_key.." data for "..param_name) end -- if a function, runs it if type(value) == "string" then return value elseif type(value) == "function" then return value(input_data) end error("Could not define "..param_name.." URL from the site "..site_key) end if type(url_config) ~= "table" then url_config = { url = url_config } else -- Resolve the values before applying the set parameters. for key, _ in pairs(links) do if url_config[key] then url_config[key] = resolve_value(key) if not url_config[key] then return nil end break end end if type(url_config.pref) == "function" then url_config.pref = url_config.pref(input_data) end -- applies setters for set_arg, set_value in pairs(url_config) do if set_arg:match("^set_") then set_arg = set_arg:gsub("^set_", "") input_data[set_arg] = apply_param_setter(set_arg, set_value, input_data) end end end -- percent encodes entry name if input_data.entry then input_data.entry = mw.uri.encode(input_data.entry) end for key, value in pairs(links) do if url_config[key] then return value(url_config, input_data) end end if url_config.url then -- Apply replacements to URL. local no_replacement = true local ret = resolve_value("url") if not ret then return nil end if type(url_config.url) == "string" then ret = ret:gsub("%$([A-Z|]*)%$", function (wanted_param_list) local param_ret -- Loop through all piped elements until you find a replacement. for wanted_param in wanted_param_list:gmatch("[^|]+") do param_ret = input_data[wanted_param:lower()] if param_ret then no_replacement = false break end end return param_ret end) -- If it couldn't replace the element with its value, do not show a link. if no_replacement then return end end return ret end error("No URL could be made") end local function sort_into_indices(args) local cits = {} local i = 0 while true do i = i + 1 -- This is the table that stores all the information for a particular index. local cit_data = {} local is_data_over = true for arg_name, arg in pairs(args) do -- Get only the values of the current index for list parameters. if type(arg) == "table" then if arg[i] then is_data_over = false cit_data[arg_name] = arg[i] end -- Get the general non-index-specific parameters as they are. else cit_data[arg_name] = arg end end -- If there weren't any list parameters for this index, the data is over. if is_data_over then break end -- Add to the returned list. table.insert(cits, cit_data) end return cits end function export.show(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args -- Handle {{bibquote}} rather than {{bibref}}. local is_quote = not not frame.args.quote -- Get the submodule language and source ID from the raw args and retrieves -- the source table from the submodule. local input_lang, input_sid = args[1], args[2] args[1], args[2] = nil, nil local submodule_data = shared.require_submodule(input_lang) local source, tracking_lang, sid = shared.extract_source(submodule_data, input_lang, input_sid) -- Universal parameters. local list_allow_holes = { list = true, allow_holes = true } local list_entry_alias = { list = true, alias_of = "entry" } local list_page_alias = { list = true, alias_of = "page" } local list_section_alias = { list = true, alias_of = "section" } local volume_alias = { list = true, alias_of = "volume" } local params = { -- language and source ID [1] = true, [2] = true, -- headword ["entry"] = list_allow_holes, ["head"] = list_entry_alias, [3] = list_entry_alias, ["h"] = list_entry_alias, ["headword"] = list_entry_alias, -- page ["page"] = list_allow_holes, ["p"] = list_page_alias, ["pages"] = list_page_alias, -- section ["section"] = list_allow_holes, ["§"] = list_section_alias, ["s"] = list_section_alias, -- volume ["volume"] = list_allow_holes, ["vol"] = volume_alias, ["v"] = volume_alias, -- edition ["edition"] = list_allow_holes, ["ed"] = { list = true, alias_of = "edition" }, -- sub entries ["sub"] = list_allow_holes, -- num ["num"] = list_allow_holes, -- entry ID ["id"] = list_allow_holes, } -- Source-specific parameters and displays. local own_display = {} if source.own_args then for arg_name, arg_data in pairs(source.own_args) do -- The `numerical` field means that it will be converted to numbers for the calculations, just -- like pages and volumes are by default. if arg_data.numerical then is_numerical[arg_name] = true arg_data.numerical = nil end -- Lists will be automatically assumed to allow holes, unless specified otherwise. if arg_data.list and arg_data.allow_holes == nil then arg_data.allow_holes = true end if arg_data.display then local display_after = arg_data.display.after or "entry" arg_data.display.after = nil arg_data.display.name = arg_name if not own_display[display_after] then own_display[display_after] = {} end table.insert(own_display[display_after], arg_data.display) end params[arg_name] = arg_data end end args = require("Module:parameters").process(frame:getParent().args, params) args.pagename = mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename -- Display the source, and handle arguments if different. args.sid_display = shared.format(sid, source.is_author) args.sid = shared.strip_markup(sid) if source.default_pagename then if #args.entry == 0 then args.entry[1] = args.pagename args.entry.maxindex = 1 elseif #args.entry == 1 and args.entry[1] == "-" then args.entry[1] = nil args.entry.maxindex = 0 end end -- Handle .composed parameter. if source.composed then args.sid_display = args.sid_display.." ["..source.composed.."]" end -- Sort out aliases of volumes and editions. if (source.editions or source.volumes) and (args.edition or args.volume) then -- `voled` means volume/edition. local reorganise_voled_function = { volume = function (voled) return voled.number or voled.volume end, edition = function (voled) return voled.edition end } local function recursive_reorganise(node) for _, arg in ipairs {"volume", "edition"} do local source_args = node[arg.."s"] if source_args then local reorganised = {} for voled_id, voled in pairs(source_args) do if voled_id == "hide_numbers" then -- TODO: Temporary solution, sort out this situation. reorganised.hide_numbers = voled else -- Sort out aliases. if voled.alias then if type(voled.alias) == "string" then reorganised[voled.alias] = voled_id elseif type(voled.alias) == "table" then for _, alias in ipairs(voled.alias) do reorganised[alias] = voled_id end end end -- Handle recursive subgroupings. recursive_reorganise(voled) -- Reorganise under proper name. reorganised[tostring(reorganise_voled_function[arg](voled) or voled_id)] = voled end end node[arg.."s"] = reorganised break -- there can't be both volumes and editions end end end recursive_reorganise(source) end -- apply the set_args parameter if source.set_args then local function apply_general_setter(setter) if type(setter) == "function" then setter(args) elseif type(setter) == "string" then require("Module:bibliography/presets")[setter](args) elseif type(setter) == "table" then if #setter > 0 then for _, setter_child in ipairs(setter) do apply_general_setter(setter_child) end -- TODO: understand whether this is really needed or just complicates syntax elseif setter.from and setter.to and setter.setter then for index, from in ipairs(args[setter.from]) do if not args[setter.to][index] then args[setter.to][index] = setter.setter(from) elseif args[setter.to][index] == "-" then args[setter.to][index] = nil end end end end end apply_general_setter(source.set_args) end local work_link = "Appendix:參考書目/"..(submodule_data.bib_page or get_lang(input_lang, "Could not deduce the page to link to from invalid language code.", true, true):getCanonicalName()).."#bib-"..args.sid local cits = sort_into_indices(args) local ret if is_quote then local ret_list = {} local info_type_data = retrieve_fields( { year = {}, author = {}, show_title = {}, show_author = {}, }, source, -- TODO: Understand what should happen when multiple indices are given. numerify_fields(cits[1], source) ) -- Year. if info_type_data.year.value then table.insert(ret_list, "'''"..info_type_data.year.value .."'''") end -- Author. local show_author = info_type_data.show_author.value or info_type_data.author.value if show_author then table.insert(ret_list, show_author) end -- Title, or rather, visible human identifier. local show_title = info_type_data.show_title.value or source.title if show_title then table.insert(ret_list, "<cite>[["..work_link.."|"..show_title.."]]</cite>") end -- Concat with commas. ret = table.concat(ret_list, ", ") else ret = "[["..work_link.."|"..args.sid_display.."]]" end -- tracks the source being cited require("Module:debug/track")(shared.tracking_path(tracking_lang, args.sid)) --[[ INDICES ITERATION ]]-- -- Keep iterating through the indices until list parameters (i.e. page, entry) are over. local carryon_data = {} local following_separator = "," for i, cit_data in ipairs(cits) do --[[ FORMATTING INFRASTRUCTURE ]]-- -- This function formats a "display table", which is a Lua table containing all the information (label, -- separator, linkability, etc.) of a particular citation element (page, entry, section, etc.). local function format_display_table(arg_data) -- The `name` is not the one displayed (that would be label), but rather the name of the parameters -- when the template is called, e.g. {{R|...|<NAME>=...}}, and also what is used within the bibliography -- module in fields such as <NAME>_url and set_<NAME>. local arg_name = arg_data.name -- The `value` field is the actual value specified for the element at a given index, for example the page -- number itself, or the headword. If it isn't present in this index, simply skip over. The variable starts -- from this raw value but eventually becomes the fully formatted element to be displayed. local value = cit_data[arg_name] if not value then return end -- The `label` is what is displayed before the value. It can be either a string or a list of two strings, -- the first displayed in case the value is singular, the second in case the value is plural. if arg_data.label then value = format_number_label(value, arg_data.label) end -- The `url` here is a boolean flag. If true the module will try to get an outcome from the data that -- was specified in <NAME>_url and make the value along with the preceding label link to what it got. if arg_data.url then local value_url = param_url(source, cit_data, arg_name) -- If no URL was able to be generated for whatever reason, then do not link the element. if value_url then value = "["..value_url.." "..value.."]" end end -- The `formatter` is a function that can be used in cases where we want more control over the final -- formatted element rather than just a label, e.g. if we want to also add something after, or set to -- a particular font, etc. The formatter takes two arguments, the first the formatted element and the -- second is the index's data. if arg_data.formatter then value = arg_data.formatter(value, cit_data) or value end -- Separate elements by a space, unless specified otherwise. if not arg_data.nospace then value = " "..value end -- The `separator` field is a string that is appended before the element, unless there is a more -- important separator that we know we must do from the last element (see below). if following_separator then value = following_separator..value following_separator = nil elseif arg_data.separator then value = arg_data.separator..value end -- The `following_separator` field overwrites the `separator` field of the following field if present. following_separator = arg_data.following_separator -- Append the formatted element to the final string to be returned. ret = ret..value end -- This function iterates through all the "display lists" for source-specific elements. local function format_own_display_table_list(own_display_table_list) if own_display_table_list then for _, own_display_table in ipairs(own_display_table_list) do format_display_table(own_display_table) end end end -- All indices are always separated by a comma (or semicolon if the volume changed, see below), which is -- why the first element of and index never displays their separator. following_separator = ((cit_data.volume or cit_data.edition) and i > 1) and ";" or "," -- Volumes and editions work a bit like list parameters and a bit like general parameters, meaning that -- while you can specify different volume/edition numbers for different indices, if you specify it for an -- index and not for the following the module will assume that all the following page numbers are from that -- volume/edition. When a new volume/edition is specified from an earlier one than the separator between -- the previous index and the new one is a semicolon instead of a comma to better show this (see above). local function format_volume_or_edition(name) if cit_data[name] then local format_table = { name = name, following_separator = ",", } if name == "volume" then format_table.label = "volume " elseif name == "edition" then format_table.formatter = function(data) local edition_num = tonumber(data) if edition_num and not source.year_editions then data = shared.ordinal_suffix(edition_num) end return data.." edition" end end format_display_table(format_table) carryon_data[name] = cit_data[name] elseif carryon_data[name] then cit_data[name] = carryon_data[name] end end if cit_data.volume and cit_data.edition and source.editions then format_volume_or_edition("edition") format_volume_or_edition("volume") else format_volume_or_edition("volume") format_volume_or_edition("edition") end -- Formats the other elements. format_own_display_table_list(own_display.volume) format_display_table { name = "section", label = {"§", "§§"}, url = true, } format_own_display_table_list(own_display.section) format_display_table { name = "page", label = {"page ", "pages "}, url = true, } format_own_display_table_list(own_display.page) format_display_table { name = "entry", separator = ":", url = true, formatter = function(entry, cit_data) local sub = cit_data.sub -- Format text according to the `entry_lang` field. -- TODO: This should also allow for specification of script. -- TODO: Why is the language retrieved each time? if source.entry_lang then entry = tag_text(entry, get_lang(source.entry_lang)) if sub then sub = tag_text(sub, get_lang(source.entry_lang)) end end -- The `num` parameter works like the ^ syntax below. if cit_data.num then entry = entry.."<sup>"..cit_data.num.."</sup>" end -- The `sub` parameter appends another headword separated by arrow. if sub then entry = entry.."” → “"..sub end -- The <ENTRY>^<NUMBER> syntax is formatted with the number as superscript. entry = entry:gsub("([^\\])%^(%d+)", "%1<sup>%2</sup>") return "“"..entry.."”" end, } format_own_display_table_list(own_display.entry) end return ret end return export rd973tmyu9hcteleonysiv35a0d4351 828 3365780 9944259 9864760 2026-10-14T20:26:42Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Module:Bibliography/utils]]至[[Module:Bibliography/shared]]：同步 enwikt：[[Module:bibliography/utils]] 已更名為 [[Module:bibliography/shared]]（enwikt rev 93532183） 9864760 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} -- checks whether an ID is an abbreviation or not function export.is_abbrev(sid, is_author) if type(is_author) == "boolean" then return not is_author else return not sid:match(":%d+[a-z]?$") or sid:match("^[A-Z]+:%d+[a-z]?$") end end -- returns the formatted short citation function export.format(sid, is_author) if export.is_abbrev(sid, is_author) then if not sid:match(":%d+[a-z]?$") then local volume_number, preceding_author = sid:match(" %d+$"), sid:match("^.+%f[:]") if volume_number then sid = sid:gsub(volume_number.."$", "") end if preceding_author then sid = sid:gsub("^"..preceding_author..":", "") end sid = "''"..sid:gsub("%^(.+)", "<sup>%1</sup>").."''" if volume_number then sid = sid..volume_number end if preceding_author then sid = preceding_author.." "..sid end return sid else -- TODO: clarify situation, hacky solution return sid:gsub("^(.+):(%d+[a-z]?)$", "''%1'' (%2)") end else return sid:gsub("^(.+):(%d+[a-z]?)$", "%1 (%2)"):gsub("et al.", "''et al.''") end end -- Returns the abbreviation without formatting characters to be used in links and parameters. function export.strip_markup(sid) if export.is_abbrev(sid) then return sid:gsub("%^", "") end return sid end -- Returns the tracking path for sources. function export.tracking_path(lang, sid) return "bibliography/"..lang.."/"..sid end -- Container for requiring submodules, in case the path changes. function export.require_submodule(lang) return require("Module:bibliography/data/"..lang) end -- Applies default_value tables to content tables. local function apply_default(starting, default) for index, default_value in pairs(default) do if type(default_value) == "table" then if starting[index] ~= nil then if type(starting[index]) ~= "table" then -- Assume it is formattable text. starting[index] = { text = starting[index] } end apply_default(starting[index], default_value) end elseif starting[index] == nil then starting[index] = default_value end end end function export.handle_alias(node, input, first_check, err_msg) -- Simply return the source if easily accessible. It should ideally be like this in the -- majority of cases, as the alternative takes time, which is not optimal for a templates -- which is to be repeated many times in a single page. if node[input] then return input, node[input] end -- Skim the whole node for compatible children. for id, child in pairs(node) do if first_check and first_check(id, child) then return id, child end -- Check each alias. local alias = child.alias if alias then -- Deal with both single aliases and lists thereof. if type(alias) == "string" then if alias == input then return id, child end elseif type(alias) == "table" then for _, v in ipairs(alias) do if v == input then return id, child end end end end end -- No node found, print error message if present. if err_msg then error(err_msg) end end -- Load sources data from submodule. function export.extract_source(submodule_data, tracking_lang, input_sid) -- Find the source in among data. local sid, source = export.handle_alias( -- Node to search into. submodule_data.sources, -- Value being searched. input_sid, -- Before looking for aliases, try stripping markup. function (id, child) return export.is_abbrev(id) and (export.strip_markup(id) == input_sid) end, -- Error message if everything fails. "Could not find the source with the ID "..input_sid.." in the database [[Module:bibliography/data/"..tracking_lang.."]]" ) -- Handle importing. if source.import_from then local source_header = source.header source, tracking_lang, sid = export.extract_source( export.require_submodule(source.import_from), source.import_from, sid ) source.header = source_header -- Deals with default values. elseif submodule_data.default_values then apply_default(source, submodule_data.default_values) end return source, tracking_lang, sid end -- Adds the ordinal suffix to cardinal number. function export.ordinal_suffix(i) local j = i % 10 local k = i % 100 if j == 1 and k ~= 11 then return i.."st" elseif j == 2 and k ~= 12 then return i.."nd" elseif j == 3 and k ~= 13 then return i.."rd" end return i.."th" end return export hs7noq072ax8cdq6y5gjddltobogbvl 828 3365781 9944336 9648233 2026-10-14T21:01:43Z TongcyDai 53191 維基百科連結本地化（3 處改連中文維基百科條目、22 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944336 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- ["Alberti:2009"] = { author = "Alberti, Lucia", year = "2009", title = "La raccolta del croco a Thera: un tipo particolare di iniziazione femminile?", journal = { name = "Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici", number = "51", pages = "37–69" }, }, -- B -- ["Beekes:2010"] = { alias = "EDG", import_from = "grc" }, ["Burkert:1985"] = { author = "Burkert, Walter", year = "1985", title = "Greek religion", publisher = "Harvard UP", transl_of = { title = "Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche", lang = "de", year = "1977" }, link = { ia = "greekreligion0000burk" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, }, -- C -- ["CHIC"] = { alias = "Olivier & Godart:1996", title = "Corpus Hieroglyphicarum Inscriptionum Cretae", author = {"Oliver, Jean-Pierre", "en:|Godart, Louis"}, year = "1996", series = { name = "Études Crétoises", number = "31" }, location = {"Athens", "Rome"}, publisher = {"École française d'Athènes", "École française de Rome"}, link = { isbn = {"2-86958-082-7", "2-7283-0366-5"} }, }, ["CoMIK"] = { alias = "Chadwick et al.:1986", author = {"en:|Chadwick, J.ohn", "en:|Godart, L.ouis", "Killen, J. T.", "Oliver, J.ean-P.ierre", "en:|Sacconi, A.nna", "en:Yannis Sakellarakis|Sakellarakis, I. A."}, title = "Corpus of Mycenaean Inscriptions from Knossos", volumes = { [1] = { title = "1–1063", year = "1986", link = { isbn = "0521320224", ia = "CORPUSOFMYCENAEANINSCRIPTIONSFROMKNOSSOSVOLUMEI11063" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, location = {"Cambridge", "Roma"}, publisher = {"Cambridge UP", "Edizioni dell'Ateneo"}, }, [2] = { title = "1064–4495", year = "1990", link = { isbn = "0521320232" }, location = {"Cambridge", "Roma"}, publisher = {"Cambridge UP", "Edizioni dell'Ateneo"}, }, [3] = { title = "5000–7999", year = "1997", location = {"Cambridge", "Pisa"}, publisher = {"Cambridge UP", "Ist. editoriali e poligrafici internazionali" }, link = { isbn = { "0521320240", "88-8147-119-1" } }, }, [4] = { title = "8000-9947 and index to volumes 1–4", year = "1998", location = {"Cambridge", "Pisa"}, publisher = {"Cambridge UP", "Ist. editoriali e poligrafici internazionali" }, link = { isbn = { "0521320259", "8881471493" } }, }, }, series = { name = "Incunabula Graeca", number = "88" }, }, -- D -- ["DMic."] = { author = {"Aura Jorro, Francisco", "R. Adrados, Francisco"}, title = "Diccionario micénico", location = "Madrid", volumes = { { year = "1985", link = { ia = "AuraJorroDiccionarioMicnicoVol.I1985" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2-3 >169+1 >229+1" }, -- pages 168-169 and 228-229 are repeated }, { year = "1993", link = { ia = "AuraJorroDiccionarioMicnicoVol.II1993" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2-2" }, }, }, }, ["Documents^2"] = { alias = {"Docs2", "Ventris:1973", "Ventris & Chadwick:1973"}, author = {"迈克尔·文特里斯|Ventris, Michael", "en:|Chadwick, John"}, year = "1973", title = "Documents in Mycenaean Greek", edition = "2nd", publisher = "Cambridge UP", link = { isbn = "0521085586" }, }, ["Duhoux:2008"] = { title = "Mycenaean Anthology", year = "2008", author = "de:|Duhoux, Yves", chapter_of = { author = { "Duhoux, Yves", "en:Anna Morpurgo Davies|Morpurgo, Anna", type = "editor" }, title = "A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and Their World", series = { name = "Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l'Institut de linguistique de Louvain. Antiquité", number = "120" }, location = "Louvain-la-Neuve", publisher = "Peeters", volume = 1, link = { isbn = "9789042918481" }, pages = "243–393", }, }, -- E -- ["Evans:1909"] = { author = "阿瑟·埃文斯|Evans, Arthur J.", year = "1909", title = "Scripta Minoa. The written documents of Minoan Crete with special references to the archives of Knossos", volume = { number = "1", title = "The hieroglyphic and primitive linear classes" }, location = "Oxford", publisher = "Clarendon Press", link = { ia = "scriptaminoawrit01evanuoft" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, }, -- F -- -- G -- ["GORILA"] = { title = "Recueil des inscriptions en linéaire A", author = {"en:|Godart, Louis", "Oliver, Jean-Pierre"}, location = "Athens", publisher = "École française d'Athènes", series = { name = "Études Crétoises", number = "21" }, volumes = { { number = "1", year = "1976a", title = "Tablettes éditées avant 1970" }, { number = "2", year = "1979", title = "Nodules, scellés et rondelles édités avant 1970" }, { number = "3", year = "1976b", title = "Tablettes, nodules et rondelles édités en 1975 et 1976" }, { number = "4", year = "1982", title = "Autres documents" }, { number = "5", year = "1985", title = "Addenda, corrigenda, concordances, index et planches des signes" }, } }, -- H -- ["Hooker:1980"] = { author = "Hooker, J. T.", title = "Linear B. An Introduction", year = "1980", location = "Bristol", publisher = "Bristol Classical Press", }, -- I -- -- J -- ["Judson:2020"] = { author = "Judson, Anna P.", title = "The Undeciphered Signs of Linear B: Interpretation and Scribal Practices", publisher = "Cambridge UP", year = "2020", link = { doi = "10.1017/9781108859745" }, }, -- K -- ["Knossos Tablets III"] = { alias = {"KT III", "KT 3", "Chadwick & Killen:1963"}, author = {"en:|Chadwick, John", "Killen, J. T."}, year = "1964", title = "The Knossos Tablets (Third Edition)", journal = { name = "Bulletin Supplement", number = "15", pages = "1–218" }, publisher = "Oxford UP", link = { jstor = "43768286" }, }, -- L -- ["Lejeune:Mémoires"] = { alias = {"Mémoires", "Mém.", "Mem."}, author = "fr:Michel Lejeune (linguiste)|Lejeune, Michel", title = "Mémoires de Philologie Mycénienne", volumes = { hide_numbers = true, { year = "1958", title = "Première Série (1955–1957)", location = "Paris", publisher = "法國國家科學研究中心|CNRS" }, { year = "1971", title = "Deuxième Série (1958–1963)", location = "Rome", publisher = "Edizioni dell'Ateneo" }, { year = "1972", title = "Troisième Série (1964–1968)", location = "Rome", publisher = "Edizioni dell'Ateneo" }, } }, -- M -- ["Marinatos:1958"] = { author = "en:|Marinatos, Spyridon", year = "1958", journal = { name = "Πρακτικὰ τῆς Ἀκαδημίας Ἀθηνῶν", number = "33", pages = "161–179" }, title = "Βασιλικὰ μυρεψεῖα καὶ ἀρχεῖα ἐν Μυκήναις", location = "Athens", publisher = "Acad. of Athens", }, ["Melena Jiménez:1976"] = { author = "es:|Melena Jiménez, José Luis", year = "1976", title = "La producción de plantas aromáticas en Cnoso", journal = { name = "Estudios clásicos", number = {"20", "78"}, pages = "177–190" }, location = "Madrid", }, ["MGV"] = { title = "The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary", location = "Göttingen", publisher = "Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht", volumes = { { volume = "1", author = {"en:|Chadwick, John", "en:|Baumbach, Lydia"}, year = "1963", journal = { name = "Glotta", number = {"41", "3/4"}, pages = "157–271" }, link = { jstor = "40265918" }, }, { volume = "2", author = "en:|Baumbach, Lydia", year = "1971", journal = { name = "Glotta", number = {"49", "3/4"}, pages = "151–190" }, link = { jstor = "40266204" }, }, }, entry_lang = "grc", }, ["Mycenae Tablets II"] = { alias = {"MT II", "MT 2", "Bennett:1958"}, title = "The Mycenae Tablets II", year = "1958", author = {"en:|Bennett, Emmett L., Jr.", "en:|Chadwick, John"}, publisher = "American Philosophical Society", journal = { name = "Transactions of the American Philosophical Society", number = {"48", "1"} }, link = { jstor = "1005786" }, }, ["Mycenae Tablets III"] = { alias = {"MT III", "MT 3", "Chadwick:1962", "Chadwick:1963"}, title = "The Mycenae Tablets III", author = {"en:|Chadwick, John", "et al."}, year = "1962", published_year = "1963", journal = { name = "Transaction of the American Philosophical Society", number = {"52", "7"} }, link = { jstor = "1005960" }, }, -- N -- ["Nakassis:2013"] = { author = "en:|Nakassis, Dimitri", year = "2013", title = "Individual and Society in Mycenaean Pylos", location = {"Leiden", "Boston"}, publisher = "Brill", series = { name = "Mnemosyne supplements. History and archaeology of classical antiquity", number = "358" }, }, -- O -- -- P -- ["Palmer:1963"] = { alias = "Interpr.", author = "en:|Palmer, L.eonard R.obert", year = "1963", title = "The Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek Texts", location = "Oxford", publisher = "Clarendon Press", }, ["Palmer:1972"] = { author = "en:|Palmer, L.eonard R.obert", title = "Mycenaean Inscribed Vases", year = "1972", journal = { name = "Kadmos", number = {"11", "1"}, pages = "27–46" }, link = { doi = "10.1515/kadm.1972.11.1.27" }, }, ["Pylos Tablets II"] = { alias = {"PT II", "PT 2", "Bennett:1955"}, author = "en:|Bennett, Emmett L., Jr.", year = "1955", title = "The Pylos Tablets. Texts of the Inscriptions found 1939–1954", publisher = "Princeton UP", }, -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- ["Shelmerdine:1985"] = { alias = "Perfume", author = "en:|Shelmerdine, Cynthia W.", year = "1985", title = "The Perfume Industry of Mycenaean Pylos", location = "Göteborg", publisher = "P. Åströms", link = { isbn = "91 86098 30 6" }, }, -- T -- -- U -- -- V -- ["Varias García:2008"] = { author = "Varias García, Carlos", year = "2008", title = "Observations on the Mycenaean vocabolary of furniture and vessels", chapter_of = { title = "Colloquium Romanum. Atti del XII colloquio internazionale di micenologia", volume = "2", author = {"en:|Sacconi, A.nna", "et al."}, pages = "775–793", }, location = {"Pisa", "Rome"}, publisher = "F. Serra", }, -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- } } fi9ydhn1yf6ibvsszqnnqawtrd07rrq 828 3382869 9944278 9682437 2026-10-14T20:28:16Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 92586811） 9944278 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- Библиография «Древнерусские берестяные грамоты»: http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/bibliography/ -- A -- ["Avdusin:1957"] = { alias = "Авдусин 1957", title = { text = "Смоленская берестяная грамота" }, author = "w:ru:Авдусин, Даниил Антонович|Avdusin, D.aniil A.ntonovich", year = "1957", location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "1", pages = "248‒249" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1957_book01.pdf#page=254" }, }, ["Avdusin:1966"] = { alias = "Авдусин 1966", title = { text = "Смоленские берестяные грамоты из раскопок 1964 года" }, author = "w:ru:Авдусин, Даниил Антонович|Avdusin, D.aniil A.ntonovich", year = "1966", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "2", pages = "319‒324" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1966_book02.pdf#page=320" }, }, ["Avdusin:1969"] = { alias = "Авдусин 1969", title = { text = "Смоленские берестяные грамоты из раскопок 1966 и 1967 гг." }, author = "w:ru:Авдусин, Даниил Антонович|Avdusin, D.aniil A.ntonovich", year = "1969", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "3", pages = "186‒193" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1969_book03.pdf#page=188" }, }, ["Avdusin, Melnikova:1985"] = { alias = "Авдусин, Мельникова 1985", title = "Смоленские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1952‒1968 гг.)", author = {"w:ru:Авдусин, Даниил Антонович|Avdusin, D.aniil A.ntonovich", "ru:Мельникова, Елена Александровна|Melnikova, E.lena A.lexandrovna"}, year = "1985", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "Древнейшие государства на территории СССР. Материалы и исследования. 1984 год", pages = "199‒211" }, link = { gb = "rFP5zwEACAAJ" }, }, ["Alekseev:1983"] = { alias = "Алексеев 1983", title = "Берестяная грамота из древнего Мстиславля", author = "ru:Алексеев, Леонид Васильевич|Alekseev, L.eonid V.asilievich", year = "1983", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "1", pages = "204‒212" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1983_book01.pdf#page=205" }, }, ["Alpatov:2004"] = { alias = "Алпатов 2004", title = "Берестяные грамоты в контексте фольклорной и литературной традиции", author = "Alpatov, S.ergey V.iktorovich", year = "2004", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики", number = {"18", "4"}, pages = "123‒128" }, link = { url = "https://www.drevnyaya.ru/vyp/stat/s4_18_10.pdf" }, }, ["Andersen:2006"] = { alias = "Андерсен 2006", title = "Future and Future Perfect in the Old Novgorod Dialect", author = "Andersen, Henning", year = "2006", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"30", "1"}, pages = "71‒88" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-006-0692-8", jstor = "40160812" }, }, -- Андреев 1987а — В. Ф. Андреев. Новое прочтение берестяной грамоты № 318 (XIV в. ) // Изучение истории и культуры Новгородской земли. Тезисы докладов научной конференции. Новгород, 1987. С. 78–81. -- Андреев 1987б — В. Ф. Андреев. Новое прочтение берестяной грамоты № 471 (начало XV в.) // История и археология Новгородской земли. Тезисы научно-практической конференции. Новгород, 1987. С. 47–49. ["Andreev:1989"] = { alias = "Андреев 1989", title = "Об атрибуции комплекса новгородских берестяных грамот № 464‒476, 494", author = "Andreev, V.asily F.edorovich", year = "1989", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State Integrated Museum Reserve", journal = { name = "Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология. Тезисы научно-практической конференции", number = "2", pages = "85‒87" }, }, -- Андреев 1992 — В. Ф. Андреев. Еще одно толкование новгородской берестяной грамоты № 213 // Новгород и Новгородская земля. Тезисы научной конференции. Новгород, 1992. С. 181–185. -- Андреев 1995 — В. Ф. Андреев. Новгородские берестяные грамоты № 601 и 609 // Прошлое Новгорода и Новгородской земли. Тезисы докладов и сообщений научной конференции. Новгород, 1987. С.32–36. -- Анкудинов 1986 — И. Ю. Анкудинов. К интерпретации берестяной грамоты № 361 // Проблемы истории Новгорода и Новгородской земли XV в. Тезисы докладов и сообщений научного симпозиума. Новгород, 1986. С. 15–18. ["Ankudinov:1995"] = { alias = "Анкудинов 1995", title = "Из истории борьбы новгородских крестьян за землю в 14-15 веках ", author = "ru:Анкудинов, Игорь Юрьевич|Ankudinov, I.gor Yu.rievich", year = "1995", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State Integrated Museum Reserve", journal = { name = "Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология", number = "9" }, link = { url = "https://bibliotekar.ru/rusNovgorod/38.htm" }, }, ["Ankudinov:2000"] = { alias = "Анкудинов 2000", title = "Историко-географический комментарий к новгородской берестяной грамоте № 390", author = "ru:Анкудинов, Игорь Юрьевич|Ankudinov, I.gor Yu.rievich", year = "2000", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB10}}", pages = "132‒132" }, }, ["Ankudinov:2003"] = { alias = "Анкудинов 2003", title = "Из истории хозяйственного освоения земель в XIV в. (по материалам берестяных грамот)", author = "ru:Анкудинов, Игорь Юрьевич|Ankudinov, I.gor Yu.rievich", year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "81‒84" }, }, ["Ankudinov:2014"] = { alias = "Анкудинов 2014", title = "«Вежники» новгородских берестяных грамот № 550 и 664", author = "ru:Анкудинов, Игорь Юрьевич|Ankudinov, I.gor Yu.rievich", year = "2014", location = "Novgorod", journal = { name = "Новгородский архивный вестник", number = "12", pages = "3‒5" }, link = { academia = "11658722" }, }, -- Антропов 2021 — Н. П. Антропов. «Гуска сологая» в свете полногласных сочетаний модели *telt // Слова, конструкции и тексты в истории русской письменности. Сборник статей к 70-летию академика А. М. Молдована. М., СПб.: Нестор-История, 2021, с. 413-431. http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_antropov-2021.pdf ["Astashova, Zaliznyak:1998"] = { alias = "Асташова, Зализняк 1998", title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок Заднепровья г. Смоленска", author = {"Astashova, N.atalia I.vanovna", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, year = "1998", chapter_of = { title = "Историческая археология: традиция и перспективы. К 80-летию со дня рождения Д. А. Авдусина", pages = "336‒341" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Памятники исторической мысли", link = { isbn = "5-88451-048-9" }, }, -- B -- ["Bezus:1998"] = { alias = "Безус 1998", title = "Судебные исполнители в Новгороде 11-15 веков по материалам берестяных грамот", author = "Bezus, N.atalia B.oleslavovna", year = "1998", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State Integrated Museum Reserve", journal = { name = "Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология", number = "12" }, link = { url = "https://bibliotekar.ru/rusNovgorod/72.htm" }, }, ["Beletsky:1968"] = { alias = "Белецкий 1968", title = "Древний Псков по материалам археологических раскопок экспедиции Государственного Эрмитажа", author = "Beletsky, V.asily D.mitrievich", year = "1968", location = "Saint Petersburg", publisher = "Publishing House “Soviet Artist”", journal = { name = "Сообщения Государственного Эрмитажа", number = "29", pages = "3‒8" }, link = { url = "http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_beleckij-1968.pdf" }, }, ["Belyaev, Gippius, Zaliznyak:2019"] = { alias = "Беляев, Гиппиус, Зализняк 2019", title = "Берестяная грамота Москва-4: результаты комплексного исследования", author = {"ru:Беляев, Леонид Андреевич|Belyaev, L.eonid A.ndreevich", "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, year = "2019", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики", number = {"77", "3"}, pages = "21‒30" }, link = { doi = "10.25986/IRI.2019.77.3.003", url = "https://www.drevnyaya.ru/vyp/2019_3/part_4.pdf" }, }, ["Birch. Lett. 50 yrs."] = { alias = {"BG50", "Бер. грам. 50 лет"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты: 50 лет открытия и изучения. Материалы международной конференции (Великий Новгород, 24‒27 сентября 2001 года)", author = { "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", type = "editor" }, year = "2003", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Indrik", link = { isbn = "5-85759-251-8", gb = "LW40AAAAMAAJ" }, }, ["Bobrik:2008"] = { alias = "Бобрик 2008", title = "Новые сведения о берестяной грамоте 916", author = "Bobrik, M.arina A.natolyevna", year = "2008", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"16", "2"}, pages = "246‒256" }, link = { url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2008-2/246-256" }, }, ["Bobrik:2014"] = { alias = "Бобрик 2014", title = "Маргиналии к берестяным грамотам и памятникам древнерусской эпиграфики", author = "Bobrik, M.arina A.natolyevna", year = "2014", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"28", "2"}, pages = "191‒201" }, link = { url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2014-2/191-201" }, }, ["Bobrik:2020"] = { alias = "Бобрик 2020", title = "К изучению лексики берестяных грамот: {{lang|zle-ono|кланѧюсѧ}} в № 293, {{lang|zle-ono|водѧ}} в № 65, {{lang|zle-ono|напрасно}} в № 494/469", author = "Bobrik, M.arina A.natolyevna", year = "2020", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"39", "1"}, pages = "172‒179" }, link = { doi = "10.31912/rjano-2020.1.7", url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2020-1/172-179" }, }, ["Bogdanov:2007"] = { alias = "Богданов 2007", title = "Тверская берестяная грамота № 1: внестратиграфическая и стратиграфическая датировка", author = "Bogdanov, S.ergei V.ladimirovich", year = "2007", location = "Tver", publisher = "Tver State University", journal = { name = "Вестники Тверского государственного университета. История", number = "1", pages = "134‒153" }, link = { academia = "5882067" }, }, ["Bogdanov:2015"] = { alias = "Богданов 2015", title = "Первая тверская берестяная грамота: оценка датирующих данных", author = "Bogdanov, S.ergei V.ladimirovich", year = "2015", location = "Tver", publisher = "Tver State University", journal = { name = "Вестники Тверского государственного университета. История", number = "4", pages = "4‒21" }, link = { academia = "21586950" }, }, ["Borkovsky:1952"] = { alias = "Борковский 1952", title = "Драгоценные памятники древнерусской письменности", author = "ru:Борковский, Виктор Иванович|Borkovsky, V.ictor I.vanovich", year = "1952", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "131‒136" }, link = { url = "http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_borkovsky-1952.pdf" }, }, ["Burov:1975"] = { alias = "Буров 1975", title = "«Муж добръ Есифъ Давыдович»", author = "Burov, V. A.", year = "1975", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "4", pages = "267‒273" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1975_book04.pdf#page=268" }, }, ["Burov:1978"] = { alias = "Буров 1978", title = "Новгородские свадебные документы XIV в. на бересте", author = "Burov, V. A.", year = "1978", journal = { name = "ru:|Археографический ежегодник за 1977 год", pages = "86‒87" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { url = "https://inslav.ru/sites/default/files/editions/ae-1977_1978.pdf#page=87" }, }, ["Burov:1979"] = { alias = "Буров 1979", title = "Заметки о новгородских берестяных грамотах", author = "Burov, V. A.", year = "1979", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "1", pages = "218‒227" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1979_book01.pdf#page=221" }, }, ["Burov:1986"] = { alias = "Буров 1986", title = "Заметки о новгородских берестяных грамотах XIV‒XV вв. (по материалам Неревского раскопа)", author = "Burov, V. A.", year = "1986", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "2", pages = "217‒223" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1986_book02.pdf#page=218" }, }, ["Burov:1988"] = { alias = "Буров 1988", title = "О родословии бояр Мишиничей–Онцифоровичей (по материалам Неревского раскопа 1951‒1962 гг.)", author = "Burov, V. A.", year = "1988", chapter_of = { title = "Древности славян и Руси", pages = "119‒125" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { url = "https://historylib.org/historybooks/B--A--Timoshchuk-Drevnosti-slavyan-i-Rusi/23" }, }, -- C -- ["Collins:2011"] = { alias = "Коллинз 2011", title = "Reconstructing the pragmatics of a medieval marriage negotiation (Novgorod 955)", author = "Collins, Daniel E.", year = "2011", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"35", "1"}, pages = "33‒61" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-010-9070-7", jstor = "41486685" }, }, ["Collins:2012"] = { alias = "Коллинз 2012", title = "The Strength of the Case: Interpreting the Hapax Legomenon доужєбоу in Novgorod Birchbark 855", author = "Collins, Daniel E.", year = "2012", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"24", "2"}, pages = "186‒218" }, link = { url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2012-2/186-218" }, }, ["Chebanenko:2016"] = { alias = "Чебаненко 2016", title = "Досудебные способы разрешения конфликтов в эпоху Пространной Правды: новгородская берестяная грамота № 548", author = "Chebanenko, S.ergey B.orisovich", year = "2016", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State University", journal = { name = "ru:|Новгородский исторический сборник", number = {"26", "16"}, pages = "103‒114" }, link = { url = "http://www.spbiiran.nw.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2-НИС_-2016_opt.pdf#page=103" }, }, ["Cherepnin:1969"] = { alias = "Черепнин 1969", title = "Новгородские берестяные грамоты как исторический источник", author = "ru:Черепнин, Лев Владимирович|Cherepnin, L.ev V.ladimirovich", year = "1969", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { url = "http://archnov.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/CHerepnin-L.V.-Novgorodskie-berestyanye-gramoty-kak-istoricheskij-istochnik.-1969-1.pdf" }, }, ["Chernov:1997"] = { alias = "Чернов 1997", title = "Московская берестяная грамота № 1 ‒ первый акт Московской Руси на бересте", author = "ru:Чернов, Сергей Заремович|Chernov, S.ergey Z.aremovich", year = "1997", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Российская археология", number = "2", pages = "123‒149" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1997_book02.pdf#page=125" }, }, -- D -- ["Dekker:2018"] = { alias = "Деккер 2018", title = "Old Russian Birchbark Letters: A Pragmatic Approach", author = "Dekker, Simeon", year = "2018", location = {"Leiden", "Boston"}, publisher = "Brill Rodopi", series = { name = "|Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics", number = "42" }, link = { ia = "old-russian-birchbark-letters", isbn = "978-90-04-35320-6", gb = "JHtTDwAAQBAJ", url = "https://brill.com/display/title/35684" }, page_url = { ia = true }, }, ["DND^1"] = { alias = "ДНД1", title = { text = "Древненовгородский диалект", translation = "Old Novgorod Dialect" }, author = "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", year = "1995", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Languages of the Russian Culture", link = { ia = "old-novgorod-dialect/DND1", url = "https://inslav.ru/publication/zaliznyak-drevnenovgorodskiy-dialekt-m-1995" }, page_url = { ia = true }, }, ["DND^2"] = { alias = "ДНД2", title = { text = "Древненовгородский диалект", translation = "Old Novgorod Dialect" }, author = "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", year = "2004", location = "Moscow", publisher = "LRC Publishing House", edition = "2nd", link = { ia = "old-novgorod-dialect/DND2", isbn = "5-94457-165-9", gb = "KqlCAgAAQBAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/53/" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 }, }, ["DND^+"] = { alias = {"DND+", "ДНД+"}, title = { text = "Древненовгородский диалект. Дополнение", translation = "Old Novgorod Dialect. Addition" }, author = "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", year = "202X", location = "Moscow", }, ["Dobrodomov:2000"] = { alias = "Добродомов 2000", title = "Полнота эксцерпированного материала и достоверность лексикологических изысканий (тюркизм зелена, зелень, зилян в русской письменности)", author = "ru:Добродомов, Игорь Георгиевич|Dobrodomov, I.gor G.eorgievich", year = "2000", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "8", pages = "297‒311" }, }, ["Drboglav:1973"] = { alias = "Дрбоглав 1973", title = "Латинская берестяная грамота из новгородских раскопок", author = "Drboglav, D.onat A.leksandrovich", year = "1973", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "3", pages = "108‒117" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1973_book03.pdf#page=113" }, }, ["Drboglav:1978"] = { alias = "Дрбоглав 1978", title = "Грамота № 488", author = "Drboglav, D.onat A.leksandrovich", year = "1978", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB7}}", pages = "167‒191" }, }, ["Drboglav:2000"] = { alias = "Дрбоглав 2000", title = "Немецкая берестяная грамота из новгородских раскопок 1993 г.", author = "Drboglav, D.onat A.leksandrovich", year = "2000", chapter_of = { title = "Труды кафедры древних языков (к 50-летию кафедры): Opuscula Cathedrae Linguarvm Antiquarum", pages = "116‒123", series = { name = "Труды исторического факультета МГУ. vol. 15. III, Instrumenta studiorum", number = "6" } }, location = "Saint Petersburg", publisher = "Aletheia", link = { isbn = "5-89329-333-9", url = "https://www.hist.msu.ru/upload/iblock/fec/48174.pdf#page=116" }, }, ["Drochenina, Rybakov:1960"] = { alias = "Дроченина, Рыбаков 1960", title = "Берестяная грамота из Витебска", author = {"Drochenina, N. N.", "Boris Rybakov|Rybakov, B.oris A.lexandrovich"}, year = "1960", location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "1", pages = "282‒283" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1960_book01.pdf#page=288" }, }, ["Dubrovin:2009"] = { alias = "Дубровин 2009", title = "О комплексе берестяных грамот Никитинского раскопа в Новгороде", author = "Dubrovin, G.ennady E.vgenievich", year = "2009", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Российская археология", number = "2", pages = "93‒107" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/RA_2009_2.pdf#page=94" }, }, -- E -- -- F -- ["Faccani:1982"] = { alias = "Факкани 1982", title = "Messaggi dall'antica Novgorod", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "1982", location = "Rome", publisher = "Bulzoni", journal = { name = "Annali della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere di Ca' Foscari", number = {"21", "1‒2"}, pages = "69‒84" }, link = { url = "https://fc.cab.unipd.it/fedora/objects/o:458932/methods/bdef:Content/get#page=71" }, }, ["Faccani:1987"] = { alias = "Факкани 1987", title = "Gramoty novgorodiane su corteccia di betulla. I (secoli XI‒XII)", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "1987", location = "Padua", publisher = "Editoriale Programma", journal = { name = "Annali di Ca' Foscari. Rivista della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere dell'Università di Venezia", number = {"26", "1‒2"}, pages = "117‒136" }, link = { url = "https://fc.cab.unipd.it/fedora/objects/o:458952/methods/bdef:Content/get#page=114" }, }, ["Faccani:1988"] = { alias = "Факкани 1988", title = "Gramoty novgorodiane su corteccia di betulla. II (secoli XI‒XII)", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "1988", location = "Padua", publisher = "Editoriale Programma", journal = { name = "Annali di Ca' Foscari. Rivista della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere dell'Università di Venezia", number = {"27", "1‒2"}, pages = "139‒159" }, link = { url = "https://fc.cab.unipd.it/fedora/objects/o:458956/methods/bdef:Content/get#page=137" }, }, ["Faccani:1995"] = { alias = "Факкани 1995", title = "Iscrizioni novgorodiane su corteccia di betulla", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "1995", location = "Udine", publisher = "University of Udine", link = { url = "https://safarmer.com/Faccani_Iscrizioni_novgorodiane.pdf" }, }, ["Faccani:2003"] = { alias = "Факкани 2003", title = "Некоторые размышления об истоках древненовгородской письменности", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "224‒234" }, }, ["Faccani:2004"] = { alias = "Факкани 2004", title = "Review: Янин, В. Л., Зализняк, А. А.: ''Новгородские грамоты на бересте''. (Из раскопок 1990–1996 гг.), Палеография берестяных грамот и их внестратиграфическое датирование, Т. 10, Москва: “Русские словари”, 2000, 432 стр.", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "2004", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"28", "1"}, pages = "125‒130" }, link = { doi = "10.1023/B:RUSS.0000025108.21763.46", jstor = "40160758" }, }, ["Faccani:2006"] = { alias = "Факкани 2006", title = "Malefici e matrimoni. A proposito di due testi novgorodiani su corteccia di betulla scoperti nel 2005", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "2006", location = "Florence", publisher = "Firenze University Press", journal = { name = "Studi Slavistici", number = {"3", "1"}, pages = "7‒17" }, link = { doi = "10.13128/Studi_Slavis-2140", url = "https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/ss/article/view/2115/2115" }, }, ["Faccani:2010"] = { alias = "Факкани 2010", title = "Il testo novgorodiano su corteccia di betulla № 496: un documento giudiziario?", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "2010", chapter_of = { title = "forma formans: Studi in onore di Boris Uspenskij. a cura di Sergio Bertolissi e Roberta Salvatore", volume = "1", pages = "193‒198" }, location = "Naples", publisher = "M. D'Auria", }, ["Faccani:2017"] = { alias = "Факкани 2017", title = "Intorno all'ultimo volume delle NGB", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "2017", location = {"Pisa", "Roma"}, publisher = "Fabrizio Serra", journal = { name = "Russica Romana", number = "24", pages = "171‒186" }, link = { doi = "10.19272/201707201007" }, }, ["Fałowski:1998"] = { alias = "Фаловский 1998", title = "Jeszcze o gramotach brzozowych z XII wieku na Ukrainie", author = "Fałowski, Adam", year = "1998", location = "Warsaw", publisher = "Energeia", series = { name = "Z polskich studiów slawistycznych", number = "9" }, journal = { name = "Językoznawstwo: prace na XII Międzynarodowy Kongres Slawistów w Krakowie 1998", pages = "71‒76" }, link = { gb = "KGLlAAAAMAAJ" }, }, -- G -- -- Гжибовский 1976 — S. Grzybowski. Z lekcji nowogrodzkich gramot brzozowych. I // Zeszyty naukowe Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. Nauki humanistyczno-spoleczne. Seria I, zeszyt 109. Łódź, 1976. S. 27–31. -- Гжибовский 1977 — S. Grzybowski. Z lekcji nowogrodzkich gramot brzozowych. II // Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Zeszyty naukowe Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. Nauki humanistyczno-spoleczne. Seria I, zeszyt 16, 1977. S. 27–30. -- Гиппиус 1991 — А. А. Гиппиус. «Ида на суд...» (Комментарий к берестяной грамоте № 2 из Звенигорода Галицкого) // Семиотика культуры. III Всесоюзная летняя школа-семинар 15–20 сентября 1991 г. Тезисы докладов. Сыктывкар, 1991. С. 3–5. -- Гиппиус 1993 — А. А. Гиппиус. Об одной числовой модели в древнерусских текстах // Истоки русской культуры (археология и лингвистика). 7–9 декабря 1993 г. Тезисы докладов. М., 1993. С. 43–46. -- Гиппиус 1997 — А. А. Гиппиус. «Вожжей оленьих 28...» (Об одной числовой модели в древнерусских текстах) // Живая Старина, 1997, № 3. С. 21–23. -- Гиппиус 2003а — А. А. Гиппиус. «Сисиниева легенда» в новгородской берестяной грамоте // В поисках «ориентального» на Балканах. Античность. Средневековье. Новое время (Балканские чтения 7. Тезисы и материалы). М., 2003. С. 58–60. ["Gippius:2003b"] = { alias = "Гиппиус 2003б", title = "Комментарий к берестяной грамоте № 226", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "45‒56" }, }, ["Gippius:2004a"] = { alias = "Гиппиус 2004а", title = "К прагматике и коммуникативной организации берестяных грамот", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2004", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB11}}", pages = "183‒232" }, }, ["Gippius:2004b"] = { alias = "Гиппиус 2004б", title = "О нескольких персонажах новгородских берестяных грамот XII века", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2004", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB11}}", pages = "164‒182" }, }, -- Гиппиус 2005 — А. А. Гиппиус. «Сисиниева легенда» в новгородской берестяной грамоте // Заговорный текст: Генезис и структура. М., 2005. С. 136–142. -- Гиппиус 2009а — А. А. Гиппиус. Берестяное хитросплетение XII в. (Грамота № 88) // Великий Новгород и средневековая Русь: Сборник статей: К 80-летию академика В. Л. Янина. М. : Памятники исторической мысли, 2009. С. 37–43. -- Гиппиус 2009б — А. А. Гиппиус. Наблюдения над этикетными формулами берестяных грамот // Стереотипы в языке, коммуникации и культуре. Сборник статей. М. : РГГУ, 2009. С. 279–300. -- Гиппиус 2009в — А. А. Гиппиус. Кирилло-мефодиевская традиция на Руси и берестяные грамоты // Славянский альманах. 2009. М., 1010. С. 5–25. -- Гиппиус 2012 — A. Gippius. Birchbark Literacy and the Rise of Written Communication in Early Rus’ // Epigraphic Literacy and Christian Identity Modes of Written Discourse in the Newly Christian European North. Ed. K. Zilmer & J. Jesch (eds.), (Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy 4). P. 201-224. P. 225–251. -- Гиппиус 2012а — A. Gippius. Birchbark Literacy and the Rise of Written Communication in Early Rus’ // In: Epigraphic Literacy and Christian Identity: Modes of Written Discourse in the Newly Christian European North. Turnhout : Brepols Publishers, 2012. P. 225–251 -- Гиппиус 2012б — А. А. Гиппиус. «Ильдятино селище»: комментарий к новгородской берестяной грамоте № 71 // Проблемы дипломатики, кодикологии и актовой археографии: материалы XXIV международной научной конференции. Москва 2-3 февраля 2012 г. / Отв. ред.: Ю. Шустова. М. : Российский государственный гуманитарный университет, 2012. С. 231–234 -- Гиппиус 2017 — А. А. Гиппиус. Берестяная грамота № 1072 и денежно-весовые системы средневекового Новгорода // Российский рубль. 700 лет истории. Материалы Международной нумизматической конференции. Великий Новгород. 25-27 апреля 2016 г. [б.и.], 2017. С. 25–36. ["Gippius, Zavyalov:2023"] = { alias = "Гиппиус, Завьялов 2023", title = "Берестяная грамота из Переяславля Рязанского", author = {"ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "ru:Завьялов, Владимир Игоревич|Zavyalov, V.ladimir I.gorevich"}, year = "2023", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Российская археология", number = "2", pages = "179‒186" }, link = { doi = "10.31857/S0869606323020071", url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/RA_2023_2.pdf#page=180" }, }, -- Гиппиус, Зализняк, Коваль 2011 — А. А. Гиппиус, А. А. Зализняк, В. Ю. Коваль. Берестяная грамота из раскопок в Московском Кремле // Московский Кремль XV столетия Т. 1: Древние святыни и исторические памятники. М. : Арт-Волхонка, 2011. С. 452–455. ["Gippius, Schaeken:2011"] = { alias = "Гиппиус, Схакен 2011", title = "On direct speech and referential perspective in birchbark letters no. 5 from Tver' and no. 286 from Novgorod", author = {"ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "Schaeken, Jos"}, year = "2011", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"35", "1"}, pages = "13‒32" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-010-9069-0", jstor = "41486684" }, }, ["Gorsky:1969"] = { alias = "Горский 1969", title = "Берестяная грамота № 256", author = "ru:Горский, Анатолий Дмитриевич|Gorsky, A.natoly D.mitrievich", year = "1969", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "3", pages = "79–85" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1969_book03.pdf#page=81" }, }, -- Горский 1976 — А. Д. Горский. Историческая наука в СССР. Обзоры. К 25-летию открытия берестяных грамот // Вопросы истории, 1976, № 12. С. 141–146. ["Grishina, Makhov:1987"] = { alias = "Гришина, Махов 1987", title = "Формулы в составе текста (к анализу новгородской берестяной грамоты № 605)", author = {"Grishina, E.lena A.lexandrovna", "ru:Махов, Александр Евгеньевич|Makhov, A.lexander E.vgenievich"}, year = "1987", chapter_of = { title = "Балто-славянские исследования 1985", pages = "209‒221" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { url = "https://inslav.ru/images/stories/books/BSI1985%281987%29.pdf#page=106" }, }, ["Grozdilov:1962"] = { alias = "Гроздилов 1962", title = "Раскопки древнего Пскова (1956, 1958‒1960 гг.)", author = "Grozdilov, G.rigory P.avlovich", year = "1962", location = "Saint Petersburg", publisher = "State Hermitage Publishing House", journal = { name = "Сообщения Государственного Эрмитажа", number = "23", pages = "64‒68" }, link = { url = "http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_grozdilov-1962.pdf" }, }, -- H -- ["Haavio:1964"] = { alias = "Хаавио 1964", title = "The Oldest Source of Finnish Mythology: Birchbark Letter No. 292", author = "Haavio, Martti", year = "1964", publisher = "Indiana UP", journal = { name = "Journal of the Folklore Institute", number = {"1", "1/2"}, pages = "45‒66" }, link = { jstor = "3814030" }, }, ["Helimski:1986"] = { alias = "Хелимский 1986", title = "О прибалтийско-финском языковом материале в новгородских берестяных грамотах", author = "Eugene Helimski|Helimski, E.ugene A.rnoldovich", year = "1986", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB8}}", pages = "252‒259" }, }, ["Helimski:1998"] = { alias = "Хелимский 1998", title = "К интерпретации древнерусских текстов: 1. {{lang|zle-ono|нарцꙑ}}; 2. {{lang|zle-ono|шестники}}", author = "Eugene Helimski|Helimski, E.ugene A.rnoldovich", year = "1998", chapter_of = { title = "Балто-славянские исследования 1997", pages = "563‒569" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Indrik", link = { url = "https://inslav.ru/images/stories/books/BSI1997%281998%29.pdf#page=283" }, }, -- I -- ["Itkin:2008"] = { alias = "Иткин 2008", title = "Две заметки о берестяных грамотах: Смол. 12, Торж. 4", author = "ru:Иткин, Илья Борисович|Itkin, I.lya B.orisovich", year = "2008", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"15", "1"}, pages = "191‒195" }, link = { url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2008-1/191-195" }, }, -- J -- ["Jakobson:1952"] = { alias = "Якобсон 1952", title = "Vestiges of the Earliest Russian Vernacular", author = "Roman Jakobson|Jakobson, Roman", year = "1952", location = "New York", publisher = "International Linguistic Association", journal = { name = "Word (journal)|Word", number = {"8", "4"}, series = { name = "Slavic Word", number = "1" }, pages = "350‒355" }, link = { doi = "10.1080/00437956.1952.11659445" }, }, ["Jakobson:1953"] = { alias = "Якобсон 1953", title = "A. V. Arcixovskij and M. N. Tixomirov, ''Novgorodskie gramoty na bereste''. 68 pp. + 23 illustrations. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., 1953 (Reviews)", author = "Roman Jakobson|Jakobson, Roman", year = "1953", location = "New York", publisher = "International Linguistic Association", journal = { name = "Word (journal)|Word", number = {"9", "4"}, series = { name = "Slavic Word", number = "2" }, pages = "407‒409" }, link = { url = "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/00437956.1953.11659484#page=17" }, }, -- K -- ["Kafengauz:1960"] = { alias = "Кафенгауз 1960", title = "Заметки о новгородских берестяных грамотах", author = {"ru:Кафенгауз, Бернгард Борисович|Kafengauz, B.ernhard B.orisovich"}, year = "1960", location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", journal = { name = "История СССР", number = "1", pages = "168‒174" }, }, ["Kwon:2016"] = { alias = "Квон 2016", title = "Reanimating voices from the past: an alternative reading of Novgorod Birch Bark Letter N370", author = { text = "권경준", translation = "Kwon, Kyong-joon" }, year = "2016", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"40", "1"}, pages = "79‒102" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-015-9156-3", jstor = "43945156" }, }, ["Kempgen:2006"] = { alias = "Кемпген 2006", title = "“Boris an Anastasija: Schick' mir ein Unterhemd”. Ein textlinguistisch-pragmatischer Zugang zu den Birkenrinden Nr. 43 und 49", author = "de:Sebastian Kempgen|Kempgen, Sebastian", year = "2006", location = "Berlin", publisher = "Lit Verlag", journal = { name = "Studia Philologica Slavica. Festschrift für Gerhard Birkfellner zum 65. Geburtstag", number = "1", pages = "283‒300" }, link = { academia = "2500971" }, }, ["Kostyuchuk:2003"] = { alias = "Костючук 2003", title = "Берестяные грамоты как один из источников современной лексикографии (Псковский областной словарь с историческими данными)", author = "ru:Костючук, Лариса Яковлевна|Kostyuchuk, L.arisa Ya.kovlevna", year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "296‒303" }, }, ["Krenke et al.:2016"] = { alias = "Кренке и др. 2016", title = "Стратиграфический раскоп на Подоле Московского Кремля", author = {"Krenke, N.ikolai A.lexandrovich", "Glazunova O.lga N.ikolaevna", "Ershov, I.van N.ikolaevich", "Oleynikov, O.leg M.ikhailovich"}, year = "2016", location = "Moscow", publisher = "LRC Publishing House", journal = { name = "ru:|Краткие сообщения Института археологии", number = "243", pages = "107‒126" }, link = { url = {"http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_krenke-et-al-2016.pdf", "https://archaeolog.ru/media/ksia/ksia-243-redu.pdf#page=107"} }, }, ["Krenke, Kainov:2023"] = { alias = "Кренке, Каинов 2023", title = "О смоленской берестяной грамоте № 11 с «руническим письмом»", author = {"Krenke, N.ikolai A.lexandrovich", "Kainov, S.ergey Yu.ryevich"}, year = "2023", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики", number = {"93", "3"}, pages = "99‒105" }, link = { doi = "10.25986/IRI.2023.93.3.009", url = {"http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_krenke-kainov-2023.pdf", "https://www.drevnyaya.ru/vyp/2023_3/part_8.pdf"} }, }, ["Krylov:2023"] = { alias = "Крылов 2023", title = "Поправки к чтению новгородской берестяной грамоты № 307", author = "Krylov, D.mitry S.ergeevich", year = "2023", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"45", "1"}, pages = "144‒159" }, link = { doi = "10.31912/rjano-2023.1.7", url = {"http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_krylov-2023.pdf", "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2023-1/144-159"} }, }, ["Krysko:1993b"] = { alias = "Крысько 1993б", title = "Общеславянские и древненовгородские формы Nom. Sg. masc. ''*o''-склонения", author = "ru:Крысько, Вадим Борисович|Krysko, V.adim B.orisovich", year = "1993", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"17", "2"}, pages = "119‒156" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/BF01858200", jstor = "40160371" }, }, ["Krysko:1993c"] = { alias = "Крысько 1993в", title = "Новые материалы к истории древненовгородского номинатива на ''-е''", author = "ru:Крысько, Вадим Борисович|Krysko, V.adim B.orisovich", year = "1993", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "6", pages = "78‒88" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1993-6/78-88" }, }, ["Krysko:1994b"] = { alias = "Крысько 1994б", title = "Заметки о древненовгородском диалекте (I. Палатализации)", author = "ru:Крысько, Вадим Борисович|Krysko, V.adim B.orisovich", year = "1994", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "5", pages = "28‒45" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1994-5/28-45" }, }, ["Krysko:2000"] = { alias = "Крысько 2000", title = "К интерпретации некоторых именных форм в берестяных грамотах", author = "ru:Крысько, Вадим Борисович|Krysko, V.adim B.orisovich", year = "2000", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"24", "3"}, pages = "231‒264" }, link = { doi = "10.1023/A:1026511400897", jstor = "40160620" }, }, ["Krysko:2020"] = { alias = "Крысько 2020", title = "''Дъвои чепи'': к истории славянских собирательных числительных", author = "ru:Крысько, Вадим Борисович|Krysko, V.adim B.orisovich", year = "2020", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "55‒69" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2020-4/55-69" }, }, ["Kuza, Medyntseva:1974"] = { alias = "Куза, Медынцева 1974", title = "Заметки о берестяных грамотах", author = {"ru:Куза, Андрей Васильевич|Kuza, A.ndrey V.asilievich", "ru:Медынцева, Альбина Александровна|Medyntseva, A.lbina A.lexandrovna"}, year = "1974", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "Нумизматика и эпиграфика", number = "11", pages = "215‒230" }, }, ["Kuzmin:1952"] = { alias = "Кузьмин 1952", title = "Новгородская берестяная грамота № 9", author = "Kuzmin, F. F.", year = "1952", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "137‒140" }, }, ["Kukushkin, Gippius, Zaliznyak:2018"] = { alias = "Кукушкин, Гиппиус, Зализняк 2018", title = "Первая берестяная грамота из Вологды", author = {"Kukushkin, I.gor P.olievktovich", "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, year = "2018", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Российская археология", number = "1", pages = "164‒172" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/RA_2018_1.pdf#page=166" }, }, ["Kuraszkiewicz:1957"] = { alias = "Курашкевич 1957", title = "Gramoty Nowogrodzkie na brzozowej korze", author = "Kuraszkiewicz, Wladyslaw", year = "1957", location = "Warsaw", publisher = "PWN", }, ["Kuraszkiewicz:1981"] = { alias = "Курашкевич 1981", title = "Trzy najstarsze brzozowe gramoty nowogrodzkie: Gostiaty, Zeiznomira i Zeirowita", author = "Kuraszkiewicz, Wladyslaw", year = "1981", location = "Kraków", publisher = "Ossolineum", journal = { name = "pl:|Rocznik Slawistyczny", number = {"41", "1"} }, }, ["Kuchkin:1977"] = { alias = "Кучкин 1977", title = "К изучению текста новгородской берестяной грамоты № 138", author = "ru:Кучкин, Владимир Андреевич|Kuchkin, V.ladimir A.ndreevich", year = "1977", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "4", pages = "292‒295" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1977_book04.pdf#page=293" }, }, ["Kuchkin:2004"] = { alias = "Кучкин 2004", title = "Десятские средневековой Руси", author = "ru:Кучкин, Владимир Андреевич|Kuchkin, V.ladimir A.ndreevich", year = "2004", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Indrik", journal = { name = "ru:|Средневековая Русь", number = "4", pages = "171‒251" }, link = { gb = "cWVpAAAAMAAJ", url = "https://www.klex.ru/swe" }, }, ["Kuchkin:2006"] = { alias = "Кучкин 2006", title = "Ранние свидетельства о сотских и сотнях", author = "ru:Кучкин, Владимир Андреевич|Kuchkin, V.ladimir A.ndreevich", year = "2006", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики", number = {"23", "1"}, pages = "10‒23" }, link = { url = "https://www.drevnyaya.ru/vyp/stat/s1_23_2.pdf" }, }, ["Khoroshkevich:1989"] = { alias = "Хорошкевич 1989", title = "Монголы и Новгород в 50-е годы XIII в. (по данным берестяных грамот № 215 и 218)", author = "ru:Хорошкевич, Анна Леонидовна|Khoroshkevich, A.nna L.eonidovna", year = "1989", chapter_of = { title = "История и культура древнерусского города", pages = "69‒74" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Moscow State UP", link = { isbn = "5-211-00286-5", url = "https://rodnovery.ru/images/knigi/istoriya-i-kultura-drevnerusskogo-goroda.pdf#page=68" }, }, -- L -- ["Laakso:1999"] = { alias = "Лааксо 1999", title = "Vielä kerran itämerensuomen vanhimmista muistomerkeistä", author = "Laakso, Johanna", year = "1999", location = "Helsinki", publisher = "Kotikielen Seura", journal = { name = "Virittäjä", number = {"103", "4"}, pages = "531‒555" }, link = { url = "https://journal.fi/virittaja/article/view/39204/8931" }, }, ["Labutina, Kolosova:2003"] = { alias = "Лабутина, Колосова 2003", title = "Дворы с берестяными грамотами в составе восточной части Застенья (по материалам раскопок на ул. Ленина в Пскове)", author = {"Labutina, I.nga K.onstantinovna", "Kolosova, I.rina O.legovna"}, year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "177‒206" }, }, ["Labutina, Kostyuchuk:1981"] = { alias = "Лабутина, Костючук 1981", title = "Псковские берестяные грамоты № 3 и 4", author = {"Labutina, I.nga K.onstantinovna", "ru:Костючук, Лариса Яковлевна|Kostyuchuk, L.arisa Ya.kovlevna"}, year = "1981", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "1", pages = "66‒88" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1981_book01.pdf#page=67" }, }, ["Lebedeva:2003"] = { alias = "Лебедева 2003", title = "Элемент насилия в бытовом поведении новгородцев XI‒XV вв. (По материалам новгородских берестяных грамот)", author = "Lebedeva, E. E.", year = "2003", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State Integrated Museum Reserve", journal = { name = "Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология", number = "17", pages = "240‒253" }, }, ["Lubotsky, Vermeer:1998"] = { alias = "Лубоцкий, Вермеер 1998", title = "Observations on the Longest Birchbark Letter (Novgorod 531)", author = {"Alexander Lubotsky|Lubotsky, A.lexander M.arkovich", "Vermeer, Willem"}, year = "1998", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"22", "2"}, pages = "143‒164" }, link = { doi = "10.1023/A:1006891004592", jstor = "40160942" }, }, ["Lukin:2019"] = { alias = "Лукин 2019", title = "Новгородская берестяная грамота № 1105 и древнерусские закупы", author = "ru:Лукин, Павел Владимирович|Lukin, P.avel V.ladimirovich", year = "2019", chapter_of = { title = "Русь, Россия: Средневековье и Новое время", pages = "44‒47", volume = { title = "Шестые чтения памяти академика РАН Л. В. Милова. Материалы к международной научной конференции. Москва, 21‒22 ноября 2019 г.", number = "6" }, series = { name = "Труды Исторического факультета МГУ. ΙΙ Исторические исследования", number = "102" } }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Moscow State UP", link = { isbn = "978-5-19-011431-7" }, }, -- — П. В. Лукин. // -- Русь, Россия: Средневековье и Новое время ( (102). С. . -- M -- ["Majer:2014"] = { alias = "Майер 2014", title = "The origin of the ‘''l''-less perfect’ in the Novgorod birchbark documents", author = "Majer, Marek", year = "2014", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"38", "2"}, pages = "167‒185" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-014-9130-5", jstor = "43945114" }, }, -- Малыгин 2011 — П. Д. Малыгин. Берестяные грамоты древнего Торжка (из раскопок 1985 и 1999-2001 гг.). Тверь: Творческая мастерская Л. Юга, 2011 (Труды Новоторжской археологической экспедиции. Т. 1). ["Malygin, Zaliznyak:2004"] = { alias = "Малыгин, Зализняк 2004", title = "Берестяные грамоты №1‒19 из Торжка", author = {"Malygin, P.yotr D.mitrievich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, year = "2004", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB11}}", pages = "120‒136" }, }, ["Maroevič:1996"] = { alias = "Мароевич 1996", title = "Этюды по грамматике древнерусского языка. I (К прочтению Свинцовой грамоты)", author = "Maroevič, R. N.", year = "1996", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "17‒22" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1996-3/17-22" }, }, ["Matveenko:1956"] = { alias = "Матвеенко 1956", title = " Заметки о языке новгородских берестяных грамот", author = "Matveenko, V. A.", year = "1956", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "82‒91" }, link = { url = "http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_matveenko-1956.pdf" }, }, ["Medvedev:1967"] = { alias = "Медведев 1967", title = "Из истории Старой Руссы", author = "ru:Медведев, Александр Филиппович|Medvedev, A.lexander F.ilippovich", year = "1967", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "3", pages = "265‒286" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1967_book03.pdf#page=267" }, }, -- Медведев 1972 — А. Ф. Медведев. Новые материалы о Старой Руссе // Археологические открытия 1971 г. М., 1972. -- Медведев 1973 — А. Ф. Медведев. Раскопки в Старой Руссе // Археологические открытия 1972 г. // М., 1973. -- Медведев 1978 — А. Ф. Медведев. Усадьбы ростовщика и ювелира в Старой Руссе. // Археологические открытия 1977 г. М., 1978. -- Медведев, Смирнова 1975 — А. Ф. Медведев, Г. П. Смирнова. Раскопки в Старой Руссе // Археологические открытия 1974 г. М., 1975. ["Medyntsev:1973"] = { alias = "Медынцева 1973", title = "О «сукладниках» новгородских берестяных грамот", author = {"ru:Медынцева, Альбина Александровна|Medyntseva, A.lbina A.lexandrovna"}, year = "1973", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Краткие сообщения Института археологии", number = "135", pages = "23‒27" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_ksia/ksia_135.pdf#page=24" }, }, -- Медынцева 1984а — А. А. Медынцева. Письма Григория — тиуна боярского (по материалам берестяных грамот) // Культура и искусство средневекового города. М., 1984. С. 53–75. -- Медынцева 2005 — A. А. Медынцева. Грамотность в повседневной жизни столицы Рязанского княжества // А. В. Чернецов (ред.) Великое княжество Рязанское: историко-археологические исследования и материалы. М.: Памятники исторической мысли, 2005, с. 211-221 http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_medynceva-2005.pdf -- Мелин 1966 — E. Melin. Einige Birkenrinde-Gramoty aus Novgorod (Acta Universitatis Lundensis, sectio I, 3). Lund, 1966. -- Мельникова 2001 — Е. А. Мельникова. Скандинавские рунические надписи: Новые находки и интерпретации. Москва, 2001. 442 с. -- Мещерский 1958 — Н. А. Мещерский. Новгородские грамоты на бересте как памятники древнерусского литературного языка // Вестник ЛГУ, 1958, № 2. С. 93–108. -- Мещерский 1962 — Н. А. Мещерский. К изучению языка и стиля новгородских берестяных грамот // Уч. зап. Карельск. пед. ин-та. Т. 12 (1961). Петрозаводск, 1962. С. 84–115. -- Мещерский 1969 — Н. А. Мещерский. К филологической интерпретации новгородских берестяных грамот // Уч. зап. Ленингр. пед. ин-та, 1969, т. 366. С. 85–93. ["Mironova:1990"] = { alias = "Миронова 1990", title = "Берестяные грамоты из Старой Руссы (находки 1985 г.)", author = "ru:Миронова, Валентина Григорьевна|Mironova, V.alentina G.rigorievna", year = "1990", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "2", pages = "216‒225" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1990_book02.pdf#page=217" }, }, -- Миронова 1991 — В. Г. Миронова. Люди, события, факты. Берестяные грамоты из Старой Руссы // Вопросы истории, №4, 1991, С. 175–179. ["Mironova, Yanin, Zaliznyak:2004"] = { alias = "Миронова, Янин, Зализняк 2004", title = "Берестяные грамоты № 24‒32 из Старой Руссы", author = {"ru:Миронова, Валентина Григорьевна|Mironova, V.alentina G.rigorievna", "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, year = "2004", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB11}}", pages = "110‒115" }, }, ["Musin:2003"] = { alias = "Мусин 2003", title = "Социальные аспекты истории древнерусской Церкви по данным новгородских берестяных грамот", author = "ru:Мусин, Александр Евгеньевич|Musin, A.lexander E.vgenievich", year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "102‒124" }, }, -- N -- ["NGB I"] = { alias = {"NGB1", "NGBI", "НГБ I"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1951 г.)", year = "1953", volume = "1", author = {"Artemiy Artsikhovsky|Artsikhovsky, A.rtemiy V.ladimirovich", "Mikhail Tikhomirov|Tikhomirov, M.ikhail N.ikolayevich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-1", gb = "TFBmAAAAMAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/92/" }, }, ["NGB II"] = { alias = {"NGB2", "NGBII", "НГБ II"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1952 г.)", year = "1954", volume = "2", author = "Artemiy Artsikhovsky|Artsikhovsky, A.rtemiy V.ladimirovich", location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-2", gb = "w-RBAQAAIAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/93/" }, }, ["NGB III"] = { alias = {"NGB3", "NGBIII", "НГБ III"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1953–1954 гг.)", year = "1958", volume = "3", author = {"Artemiy Artsikhovsky|Artsikhovsky, A.rtemiy V.ladimirovich", "ru:Борковский, Виктор Иванович|Borkovsky, V.ictor I.vanovich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-3", gb = "XFBmAAAAMAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/94/" }, }, ["NGB IV"] = { alias = {"NGB4", "NGBIV", "НГБ IV"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1955 г.)", year = "1958", volume = "4", author = {"Artemiy Artsikhovsky|Artsikhovsky, A.rtemiy V.ladimirovich", "ru:Борковский, Виктор Иванович|Borkovsky, V.ictor I.vanovich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-4", gb = "ZlBmAAAAMAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/95/" }, }, ["NGB V"] = { alias = {"NGB5", "NGBV", "НГБ V"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1956–1957 гг.)", year = "1963", volume = "5", author = {"Artemiy Artsikhovsky|Artsikhovsky, A.rtemiy V.ladimirovich", "ru:Борковский, Виктор Иванович|Borkovsky, V.ictor I.vanovich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-5", gb = "d1BmAAAAMAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/96/" }, }, ["NGB VI"] = { alias = {"NGB6", "NGBVI", "НГБ VI"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1958–1961 гг.)", year = "1963", volume = "6", author = "Artemiy Artsikhovsky|Artsikhovsky, A.rtemiy V.ladimirovich", location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-6", gb = "hVBmAAAAMAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/97/" }, }, ["NGB VII"] = { alias = {"NGB7", "NGB", "НГБ "}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1962–1976 гг.)", year = "1978", volume = "7", author = {"Artemiy Artsikhovsky|Artsikhovsky, A.rtemiy V.ladimirovich", "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-7", gb = "6_0LAQAAMAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/98/" }, }, ["NGB VIII"] = { alias = {"NGB8", "NGBVIII", "НГБ VIII"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1977–1983 гг.)", year = "1986", volume = "8", author = {"Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-8", gb = "vFBmAAAAMAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/99/" }, }, ["NGB IX"] = { alias = {"NGB9", "NGBIX", "НГБ IX"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1984–1989 гг.)", year = "1993", volume = "9", author = {"Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { isbn = "5-02-008593-6", ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-9", gb = "MVIWAQAAIAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/100/" }, }, ["NGB X"] = { alias = {"NGB10", "NGBX", "НГБ X"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1990–1996 гг.)", year = "2000", volume = "10", author = {"Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Russian Dictionaries", link = { isbn = "5-93259-018-1", ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-10", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/101/" }, }, ["NGB XI"] = { alias = {"NGB11", "NGBXI", "НГБ XI"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (и раскопок 1997–2000 гг.)", year = "2004", volume = "11", author = {"Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Russian Dictionaries", link = { isbn = "5-98010-014-8", ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-11", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/102/" }, }, ["NGB XII"] = { alias = {"NGB12", "NGBXII", "НГБ XII"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 2001–2014 гг.)", year = "2015", volume = "12", author = {"Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "LRC Publishing House", link = { isbn = "978-5-94457-237-0", ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-12", gb = "I89EDwAAQBAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/245/" }, }, ["Nimchuk:1992"] = { alias = "Німчук 1992", title = "Берестяні грамоти в Україні", author = "uk:Німчук Василь Васильович|Nimchuk, V.asyl V.asylovich", year = "1992", location = "Kyiv", publisher = "Potebnia Institute of Linguistics", journal = { name = "uk:Мовознавство (журнал)|Мовознавство", number = "6", pages = "11‒14" }, link = { url = "https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Nimchuk_Vasyl/Berestiani_hramoty_v_Ukraini.pdf" }, }, -- O -- ["Oryol, Kulik:1995"] = { alias = {"Orel-Kulik:1995", "Орел, Кулик 1995"}, title = "Заметки о Берестяных грамотах II", author = {"Vladimir Oryol|Oryol, V.ladimir E.mmanuilovich", "Kulik, A.leksandr"}, year = "1995", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"19", "3"}, pages = "381‒390" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/BF01080606", jstor = "40160444" }, }, ["Oryol, Torpusman:1995"] = { alias = "Орел, Торпусман 1995", title = "Заметки о Берестяных грамотах I", author = {"Vladimir Oryol|Oryol, V.ladimir E.mmanuilovich", "ru:Торпусман, Рахель|Torpusman, Rachel"}, year = "1995", chapter_of = { title = " Wiener Slawistischer Almanach", volume = "35", pages = "271‒279" }, location = "Vienna", publisher = "Gesellschaft zur Förderung slawistischer Studien", link = { url = "https://wsa.ub.lmu.de/index.php/wsa-rb/issue/view/77/58" }, }, -- P -- ["Paleogr."] = { alias = "Палеогр.", title = "Палеографический и лингвистический анализ Новгородских берестяных грамот", author = "ru:Борковский, Виктор Иванович|Borkovsky, V.ictor I.vanovich", year = "1955", location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", link = { ia = "NGB_analiz_1955", gb = "QZhxIgqWNqgC" }, }, ["Pereswetoff‐Morath:2017"] = { alias = "Пересветова-Мурат 2017", title = { text = "Finns det runor på näverremsan från Smolensk?", translation = "Are there runes on the birch bark strip from Smolensk?" }, author = "sv:Sofia Pereswetoff‐Morath|Pereswetoff‐Morath, Sofia", year = "2017", location = "Saint Petersburg", publisher = "Faculty of Philology, Department of Scandinavian and Dutch Philology", journal = { name = "Скандинавская филология", number = {"15", "2"}, pages = "181‒192" }, link = { url = "https://scandphil.spbu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Pereswetoff-Morath-Sofia.-ARE-THERE-RUNES-ON-THE-BIRCH-BARK-STRIP-FROM-SMOLENSK-1.pdf" }, }, ["Petrukhin:2009"] = { alias = "Петрухин 2009", title = "К изучению новгородской берестяной грамоты № 724", author = "Petrukhin, P.avel V.ladimirovich", year = "2009", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"17", "1"}, pages = "109‒126" }, link = { url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2009-1/109-126" }, }, -- Петрухин 2017 — П. В. Петрухин. К прочтению новгородской берестяной грамоты № 490 // Славяноведение, 2017, №4. С. 89–92. -- Петрухин 2019 — П. В. Петрухин. Где и когда собирал дань новгородец Савва? // Slověne. № 1. 2019. C. 55–108. -- Петрухин 2020а — П. В. Петрухин. К переводу новгородской берестяной грамоты № 383 // Труды Института русского языка им. В. В. Виноградова. Вып. 23. Грамматические процессы и системы в диахронии. Памяти Андрея Анатольевича Зализняка. М., 2020. С. 217–221. -- Петрухин 2020б — П. В. Петрухин. Чтение по складам и графико-орфографические особенности древнерусских берестяных грамот // Slověne, 2020, № 2. С. 103−128. -- Петрухин 2021 — П. В. Петрухин. Письмо Стойнега к матери (к переводу новгородской берестяной грамоты № 384) // Слова, конструкции и тексты в истории русской письменности. Сборник статей к 70-летию академика А. М. Молдована. М., СПб.: Нестор-История, 2021. http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_petruxin-2021.pdf -- Пиккьо 1980 — R. Picchio. The Slavonic and Latino-Germanic Background of the Novgorod Texts on Birchbark // Eucharisterion: Essays Presented to Omelyan Pritsak: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, III/IV (1979–1980). Pt. 2. P. 650–661. -- Пиотровская 1984 — Е. К. Пиотровская. Еще одно прочтение новгородской берестяной грамоты № 9 // Новгородский край: Материалы научной конференции (Новгород, 1982 г.). Л., 1984. С. 170–176. ["Povetkin:1996"] = { alias = "Поветкин 1996", title = "Опыт восстановления Новгородских берестяных грамот", author = "ru:Поветкин, Владимир Иванович (музыковед)|Povetkin, V.ladimir I.vanovich", year = "1996", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State Integrated Museum Reserve", journal = { name = "Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология", number = "10" }, link = { url = "https://bibliotekar.ru/rusNovgorod/50.htm" }, }, -- Попов 1974 — А. И. Попов. Берестяные грамоты и местная диалектная лексика // Диалектная лексика. 1973. Л., 1974, с. 5–8. -- Попова (Царькова) 1987 — Л. А. Попова (Царькова). Исследования в Твери // Археологические открытия 1985 г. – М., 1987. – С. 92–93 ["Poppe:2003"] = { alias = "Поппэ 2003", title = "О брачном контракте на Руси (на основании грамоты на бересте № 9)", author = "pl:Andrzej Poppe|Poppe, Andrzej", year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "39‒44" }, }, ["NGB ^Amend. IX"] = { alias = "Попр.–IX", title = "Поправки и замечания к чтению ранее опубликованных берестяных грамот", author = "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", year = "1993", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB9}}", pages = "123‒180" }, }, ["NGB ^Amend. VIII"] = { alias = "Попр.–VIII", title = "Поправки и замечания к чтениям берестяных грамот", author = "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", year = "1986", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB8}}", pages = "181‒217" }, }, ["NGB ^Amend. X"] = { alias = "Попр.–X", title = "Поправки и замечания к чтению ранее опубликованных берестяных грамот", author = "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", year = "2000", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB10}}", pages = "82‒122" }, }, ["NGB ^Amend. XII"] = { alias = "Попр.–XII", title = "Поправки и замечания к чтению ранее опубликованных берестяных грамот", author = {"ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, year = "2015", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB12}}", pages = "195‒275" }, }, ["NGB ^Amend. XIII (2021)"] = { alias = "Попр.–XIII[Предв.]", title = "Поправки и замечания к чтению ранее опубликованных берестяных грамот [XIII]: предварительная публикация", author = {"ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "Sitchinava, D.mitri V.ladimirovich"}, year = "2021", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"42", "2"}, pages = "178‒259" }, link = { doi = "10.31912/rjano-2021.2.9", url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2021-2/178-259" }, }, ["NGB ^Amend. XIII (2023)"] = { alias = "Поправки 2023", title = "Новые поправки и замечания к берестяным грамотам (после публикации Попр.-XIII предв. 2021)", author = {"ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "et al."}, year = "2023", edition = "e-publ.", publisher = "gramoty.ru", link = { url = "http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_popravki-2023.pdf" }, }, -- Пронин, Соболь, Гусаков 2011 — Г. Н. Пронин, В. Е. Соболь, М. Г. Гусаков. Древний Смоленск. Археология Пятницкого конца. Смоленск, 2011. -- Q -- -- R -- -- Рождественская 2001 — Т. В. Рождественская. Тверские берестяные грамоты № 3–5 // Тверской кремль: комплексное археологическое источниковедение (по материалам раскопа Тверской кремль – 11, 1993–1997). СПб., 2001. С. 185–189. -- Рождественская 2008 — Т. В. Рождественская. Язык и письменность средневекового Новгорода. Богослужебные надписи и берестяные грамоты XI—XV вв. СПб., 2008 ["RozhdestvenskayaM:2003"] = { alias = "Рождественская М. 2003", title = "Новгородская берестяная грамота № 10 ‒ «апокрифическая загадка»?", author = "ru:Рождественская, Милена Всеволодовна|Rozhdestvenskaya, M.ilena V.sevolodovna", year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "310‒320" }, }, -- Рыбина 1989 — Е. А. Рыбина. Сведения о торговле в берестяных грамотах // История и культура древнерусского города. М.: Изд-во МГУ, 1989. С. 74–82. ["Rybina:2002"] = { alias = "Рыбина 2002", title = "К вопросу о начале письменности на бересте", author = "Rybina, E.lena A.lexandrovna", year = "2002", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State Integrated Museum Reserve", journal = { name = "Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология", number = "16", pages = "77‒82" }, }, ["Rybina, Share:2008"] = { alias = "Рыбина, Шаре 2008", title = "Термины родства в берестяных грамотах", author = {"Rybina, E.lena A.lexandrovna", "Share, Emily"}, year = "2008", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State Integrated Museum Reserve", journal = { name = "Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология", number = "24", pages = "143‒152" }, }, -- S -- -- Саарикиви 2007 — J. Saarikivi. Finnic Personal Names on Novgorod Birch Bark Documents // Славянизация Русского Севера. Механизмы и хронология, 2007 (= Slavica Helsingiensia. 27). С. 196–246. ["Sutcliff:2006"] = { alias = "Сатклифф 2006", title = "Женская грамотность в древней Руси: гипотезы и факты", author = "Sutcliff, Benjamin M.", year = "2006", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики", number = {"23", "1"}, pages = "42‒49" }, link = { url = "https://www.drevnyaya.ru/vyp/stat/s4_26_4.pdf" }, }, -- Свєшников 1990 — І. Свєшников. Звенигородскi грамоти на берестi // Дзвін, 1990, № 6. С. 127–131. -- Седов и др. 1987 — В. В. Седов, С. В. Белецкий, О. К. Волочкова, Т. Ю. Закурина, В. И. Кильдюшевский, И. О. Колосова, И. К. Лабутина, К. М. Плоткин, Н. Н. Фараджева, Б. Н. Харлашов. Раскопки во Пскове // Археологические открытия 1985 г. М., 1987, с. 32–34. ["Selin:2004"] = { alias = "Селин 2004", title = "Комментарий к новгородской берестяной грамоте № 178", author = "Selin, A.drian A.lexandrovich", year = "2004", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = {"7", "2"}, pages = "318‒320" }, }, ["Simonov:1973"] = { alias = "Симонов 1973", title = "Берестяная грамота № 342 разъясняет темное место у Кирика Новгородца", author = "ru:Симонов, Рэм Александрович|Simonov, R.em A.lexandrovich", year = "1973", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "2", pages = "83‒87" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1973_book02.pdf#page=84" }, }, -- Симонов 2006 — Р. А. Симонов. Из истории естествознания. Откуда есть пошла арифметика на Руси: о предшественнике Кирика Новгородца – иеромонахе Исаакии // Вопросы истории естествознания и техники, №1, 2006, С. 52–60. ["Sitchinava:2017"] = { alias = "Сичинава 2017", title = "Письмо к Черту: один малоизвестный пример древнерусского плюсквамперфекта", author = "Sitchinava, D.mitri V.ladimirovich", year = "2017", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"34", "2"}, pages = "219‒228" }, link = { url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2017-2/219-228" }, }, -- Сичинава 2020а — Д. В. Сичинава. К интерпретации некоторых берестяных грамот // Труды Института русского языка им. В. В. Виноградова, Вып. 23, 2020. [Грамматические процессы и системы в диахронии. Памяти Андрея Анатольевича Зализняка], С. 297-313. ["Sitchinava:2020b"] = { alias = "Сичинава 2020б", title = "Перечитывая плюсквамперфект: новый обзор корпуса примеров в берестяных грамотах", author = "Sitchinava, D.mitri V.ladimirovich", year = "2020", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"39", "1" }, pages = "136‒171" }, link = { doi = "10.31912/rjano-2020.1.6", url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2020-1/136-171" }, }, ["Sitchinava:2023"] = { alias = "Сичинава 2023", title = "Еще несколько поправок и комментариев к чтениям берестяных грамот", author = "Sitchinava, D.mitri V.ladimirovich", year = "2023", chapter_of = { title = "От сорочка к Олекше. Сборник статей к 60-летию А. А. Гиппиуса", pages = "213‒226" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Delo", link = { doi = "10.22394/978-5-85006-504-1-14", url = "http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_sitchinava-2023.pdf" }, }, ["Sitchinava:2024"] = { alias = "Сичинава 2024", title = "Новгородская берестяная грамота № 507 ‒ древнейший список древнерусского толкования на «Отче наш»", author = "Sitchinava, D.mitri V.ladimirovich", year = "2024", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики", number = {"97", "3"}, pages = "144‒157" }, link = { doi = "DOI 10.25986/IRI.2024.97.3.013", url = {"http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_sitchinava-2024.pdf", "https://www.drevnyaya.ru/vyp/2024_3/part_13.pdf"} }, }, ["Strakhov:1991"] = { alias = "Страхов 1991", title = "Новгородский монах Ефрем и апостол Иоанн (к происхождению концовки берестяной грамоты № 605)", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "1991", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"15", "3"}, pages = "281‒295" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/BF02539241", jstor = "40160317" }, }, ["Strakhov:1993"] = { alias = "Страхов 1993", title = "Филологические наблюдения над берестяными грамотами. I–IV", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "1993", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "1", pages = "183‒221" }, }, ["Strakhov:1994a"] = { alias = "Страхов 1994а", title = "Филологические наблюдения над берестяными грамотами. V", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "1994", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "2", pages = "205‒233" }, }, ["Strakhov:1995"] = { alias = "Страхов 1995", title = "Филологические наблюдения над берестяными грамотами: VI‒IX", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "1995", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "3", pages = "231‒279" }, }, ["Strakhov:1997"] = { alias = "Страхов 1997", title = "Филологические наблюдения над берестяными грамотами: X‒XIV", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "1997", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "5", pages = "287‒312" }, }, ["Strakhov:1999a"] = { alias = "Страхов 1999а", title = "Филологические наблюдения над берестяными грамотами: XV‒XVIII", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "1999", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "7", pages = "297‒306" }, }, ["Strakhov:2000a"] = { alias = "Страхов 2000а", title = "Филологические наблюдения над берестяными грамотами: XIX‒XX", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "2000", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "8", pages = "312‒321" }, }, ["Strakhov:2001"] = { alias = "Страхов 2001", title = "Филологические наблюдения над берестяными грамотами: XXI‒XXII", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "2001", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "9", pages = "240‒243" }, }, ["Schaeken:1995"] = { alias = "Схакен 1995", title = "A reading of Novgorod birchbark document № 680", author = "Schaeken, Jos", year = "1995", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"19", "3"}, pages = "125‒127" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/BF01649625", jstor = "40160422" }, }, ["Schaeken:2011a"] = { alias = "Схакен 2011а", title = "Don't shoot the messenger. A pragmaphilological approach to birchbark letter no. 497 from Novgorod", author = "Schaeken, Jos", year = "2011", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"35", "1"}, pages = "1‒11" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-010-9068-1", jstor = "41486683" }, }, ["Schaeken:2011b"] = { alias = "Схакен 2011б", title = "Sociolinguistic variation in Novgorod birchbark documents: the case of no. 907 and other letters", author = "Schaeken, Jos", year = "2011", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"35", "3"}, pages = "351‒359" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-011-9079-6", jstor = "41486702" }, }, -- Схакен 2012 — J. Schaeken. The Birchbark Documents in Time and Space– Revisited // Epigraphic Literacy and Christian Identity Modes of Written Discourse in the Newly Christian European North. Ed. K. Zilmer & J. Jesch (eds.), (Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy 4). P. 201–224. -- Схакен 2014 — J. Schaeken. Don't shoot the messenger: Part two. Pragmaphilological notes on birchbark letters nos. 497 and 771 from Novgorod and no. 2 from Zvenyhorod // Fortuin E., Houtzagers H.P., Kalsbeek J., Dekker S. (Eds.) Dutch Contributions to the Fifteenth International Congress of Slavists, Minsk: Linguistics (SSGL 40). Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi. 155–166. ["Schaeken:2017a"] = { alias = "Схакен 2017а", title = "Comments on birchbark documents found in the twenty-first century", author = "Schaeken, Jos", year = "2017", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"41", "2"}, pages = "123‒149" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-017-9178-0", jstor = "26625383" }, }, -- Схакен 2017б — J. Schaeken. What to give as wedding gifts in medieval Novgorod? On Birchbark document nos. 261-264 // Genis R., Haard E. de, Lučić R. (Eds.) Definitely Perfect. Festschrift for Janneke Kalsbeek. Pegasus Oost-Europese Studies no. 29 Amsterdam: Pegasus. S. 557–567. ["Schaeken, Fortuin, Dekker:2014"] = { alias = "Схакен, Фортейн, Деккер 2014", title = "Эпистолярный дейксис в новгородских берестяных грамотах", author = {"Schaeken, Jos", "Fortuin, Egbert", "Dekker, Simeon"}, year = "2014", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "1", pages = "21‒38" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2014-1/21-38" }, }, ["Shilov:2002"] = { alias = "Шилов 2002", title = "Из наблюдений над берестяными грамотами", author = "ru:Шилов, Леонид Александрович|Shilov, L.eonid A.lexandrovich", year = "2002", location = "Yekaterinburg", publisher = "Ural UP", journal = { name = "Финно-угорское наследие в русском языке", number = "2", pages = "145‒158" }, link = { isbn = "5-7584-0038-6", academia = "47645751" }, }, ["Shilov:2008"] = { alias = "Шилов 2008", title = "Историко-географические комментарии к берестяным грамотам 248, 272 и 580", author = "ru:Шилов, Леонид Александрович|Shilov, L.eonid A.lexandrovich", year = "2008", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State Integrated Museum Reserve", journal = { name = "Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология", number = "24", pages = "133‒143" }, }, ["Stern:2016"] = { alias = "Штерн 2016", title = "Прагмафилология, берестяные грамоты и еще одно толкование грамоты НГБ 19", author = "Stern, Dieter", year = "2016", location = {"Pisa", "Roma"}, publisher = "Fabrizio Serra", journal = { name = "Russica Romana", number = "23", pages = "41‒58" }, link = { doi = "10.19272/201607201002" }, }, -- T -- ["Thesaurus 2023"] = { alias = "Тезаурус 2023", title = "Тезаурус лексики берестяных грамот: топонимы, названия жителей, ментальная и эмоциональная сфера", author = "Ptentsova, A.nna V.ladimirovna", year = "2023", edition = "e-publ.", publisher = "gramoty.ru", link = { url = "http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_ptentsova-2023.pdf" }, }, ["Tolochko:2008"] = { alias = "Толочко 2008", title = "«Правда руская» и звенигородская берестяная грамота № 2", author = "Oleksiy Tolochko|Tolochko, O.leksiy P.etrovych", year = "2008", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = {"6", "1"}, pages = "276‒278" }, link = { academia = "43082819" }, }, -- Топорков 1998 — А. Л. Топорков. Грамота № 521: заговор или любовная записка? // Слово и культура. М., 1998. Т. II. С. 230–241. -- Топорков 2005 — А. Л. Топорков. Заговоры в русской рукописной традиции XV—XIX вв.: История, символика, поэтика. М., 2005. ["Toropova, Zaliznyak:2004"] = { alias = "Торопова, Зализняк 2004", title = "Берестяные грамоты № 33‒36 из Старой Руссы", author = {"Toropova, E.lena V.ladimirovna", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, year = "2004", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB11}}", pages = "116‒119" }, }, -- Трубачев 1987 — О. Н. Трубачев. Языкознание и история // Л. А. Булаховский и современное языкознание (к 100-летию со дня рождения). Киев, 1987. С. 119–125. -- U -- -- V -- -- Вермеер 1991 — W. Vermeer. Aspects of the oldest Finnic Poem and some related texts (Novgorod birchbark documents 292, 56 and 403) // Studies in West Slavic and Baltic Linguistics (= Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics, 16), 1991. P. 315–359. ["Vermeer:1992"] = { alias = "Вермеер 1992", title = "Evfim'ja, Maskim and others: Critical Notes on Novgorod Birchbark Documents", author = "Vermeer, Willem", year = "1992", chapter_of = { title = "Studies in Russian Linguistics", volume = "17", pages = "383‒434", series = { name = "|Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics" } }, location = "Amsterdam", publisher = "Brill Rodopi", link = { doi = "10.1163/9789004652750_014", jstor = "40997031" }, }, ["Vermeer:1995"] = { alias = "Вермеер 1995", title = "Review: Towards a Thousand Birchbark Letters", author = "Vermeer, Willem", year = "1995", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"19", "1"}, pages = "109‒123" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/BF01649624", jstor = "40160421", academia = "6303177" }, }, ["Vermeer:1999"] = { alias = "Вермеер 1999", title = "Russisch op berkenbast van de elfde tot de vijftiende eeuw", author = "Vermeer, Willem", year = "1999", location = "Leiden", }, ["Vermeer:2003"] = { alias = "Вермеер 2003", title = "Czech lexical evidence casting light on Novgorod birchbark document 130", author = "Vermeer, Willem", year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "253‒268" }, link = { academia = "6510321" }, }, ["Vermeer:2005"] = { alias = "Вермеер 2005", -- Вермеер, Зализняк 2006 title = "Рец. на: ''A. A. Зализняк''. Древненовгородский диалект. Второе издание, переработанное с учетом материала находок 1995‒2003 гг. М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2004. 872 с.", author = "Vermeer, Willem", year = "2005", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "6", pages = "124‒129" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2005-6/124-129" }, }, ["VJa^1996"] = { alias = {"VJa1996", "ВЯ 1996"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 1995 г.", author = {"Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "13–16" }, year = "1996", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-1996", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1996-3/13-16" }, }, ["VJa^1997"] = { alias = {"VJa1997", "ВЯ 1997"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 1996 г.", author = {"Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "2", pages = "24–33" }, year = "1997", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-1997", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1997-2/24-33" }, }, ["VJa^1998"] = { alias = {"VJa1998", "ВЯ 1998"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 1997 г.", author = {"Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "26–42" }, year = "1998", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-1998", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1998-3/26-42" }, }, ["VJa^1999"] = { alias = {"VJa1999", "ВЯ 1999"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 1998 г.", author = {"Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "3–27" }, year = "1999", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-1999", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1999-4/3-27" }, }, ["VJa^2000"] = { alias = {"VJa2000", "ВЯ 2000"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 1999 г.", author = {"Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "2", pages = "3–14" }, year = "2000", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2000", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2000-2/3-14" }, }, ["VJa^2002"] = { alias = {"VJa2002", "ВЯ 2002"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских и новоторжских раскопок 2001 г.", author = {"Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Malygin, P. D.", "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "6", pages = "3–11" }, year = "2002", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2002", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2002-6/3-11" }, }, ["VJa^2003"] = { alias = {"VJa2003", "ВЯ 2003"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2002 г.", author = {"Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "3–11" }, year = "2003", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2003", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2003-4/3-11" }, }, ["VJa^2004"] = { alias = {"VJa2004", "ВЯ 2004"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2003 г.", author = {"Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "ru:Носов, Евгений Николаевич|Nosov, E.vgeniy N.ikolaevich", "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "15–23" }, year = "2004", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2004", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2004-3/15-23" }, }, ["VJa^2005"] = { alias = {"VJa2005", "ВЯ 2005"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2004 г. в Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = {"Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Toropova, E. V.", "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "24–31" }, year = "2005", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2005", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2005-3/24-31" }, }, ["VJa^2006"] = { alias = {"VJa2006", "ВЯ 2006"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2005 г.", author = {"Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "3–13" }, year = "2006", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2006", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2006-3/3-13" }, }, ["VJa^2007"] = { alias = {"VJa2007", "ВЯ 2007"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2006 г.", author = {"Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "3–10" }, year = "2007", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2007", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2007-3/3-10" }, }, ["VJa^2009"] = { alias = {"VJa2009", "ВЯ 2009"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2008 г.", author = {"Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "3–12" }, year = "2009", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2009", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2009-4/3-12" }, }, ["VJa^2011"] = { alias = {"VJa2011", "ВЯ 2011"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2010 г. в Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = {"Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Toropova, E. V.", "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "3–19" }, year = "2011", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2011", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2011-4/3-19" }, }, ["VJa^2013"] = { alias = {"VJa2013", "ВЯ 2013"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2011 и 2012 гг.", author = {"Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "3–16" }, year = "2013", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2013", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2013-4/3-16" }, }, ["VJa^2015"] = { alias = {"VJa2015", "ВЯ 2015"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2014 г.", author = {"ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "22–31" }, year = "2015", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2015", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2015-3/22-31" }, }, ["VJa^2016"] = { alias = {"VJa2016", "ВЯ 2016"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2015 г.", author = {"ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "7–17" }, year = "2016", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2016", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2016-4/7-17" }, }, ["VJa^2017"] = { alias = {"VJa2017", "ВЯ 2017"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2016 г. в Великом Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = {"ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Toropova, E. V."}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "7–24" }, year = "2017", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2017", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2017-4/7-24" }, }, ["VJa^2018"] = { alias = {"VJa2018", "ВЯ 2018"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2017 г. в Великом Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = {"ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "7–24" }, year = "2018", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2018", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2018-4/7-24" }, }, ["VJa^2019"] = { alias = {"VJa2019", "ВЯ 2019"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2018 г. в Великом Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2019", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "47–71" }, link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2019", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2019-4/47-71" }, }, ["VJa^2020"] = { alias = {"VJa2020", "ВЯ 2020"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2019 г. в Великом Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2020", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "5", pages = "22–37" }, link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2020", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2020-5/22-37" }, }, ["VJa^2021"] = { alias = {"VJa2021", "ВЯ 2021"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2020 г.", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2021", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "5", pages = "66–92" }, link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2021", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2021-5/66-92" }, }, ["VJa^2022"] = { alias = {"VJa2022", "ВЯ 2022"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2021 г. в Великом Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2022", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "6", pages = "7–20" }, link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2022", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2022-6/7-20" }, }, ["VJa^2023"] = { alias = {"VJa2023", "ВЯ 2023"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2022 г. в Великом Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2023", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "5", pages = "7–28" }, link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2023", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2023-5/7-28" }, }, ["VJa^2024"] = { alias = {"VJa2024", "ВЯ 2024"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2023 г. в Великом Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2024", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "7–26" }, link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2024", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2024-4/7-26" }, }, -- W -- ["Wójtowicz:1982"] = { alias = "Вуйтович 1982", title = "Новгородская берестяная грамота о передаче кун", author = "Wójtowicz, Marian", year = "1982", location = {"Warsaw", "Poznań"}, publisher = "Wydawnictwo PTPN", journal = { name = "Lingua Posnaniensis", number = "25", pages = "41‒44" }, }, -- X -- -- Y -- ["Yanin:1986"] = { alias = "Янин 1986", title = "Поправки и замечания к чтениям берестяных грамот", author = "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", year = "1986", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB8}}", pages = "220‒251" }, }, ["Yanin:1993"] = { alias = "Янин 1993", title = "Берестяная грамота № 318 (историко-географический комментарий)", author = "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", year = "1993", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB9}}", pages = "186‒190" }, }, ["Yanin:1998a"] = { alias = "Янин 1998а", title = "Я послал тебе бересту…", author = "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", year = "1998", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Languages of the Russian Culture", edition = "3rd", link = { isbn = "5-7859-0044-0", url = "http://archnov.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/YAnin-V.L.-YA-poslal-tebe-berestu...-YAzyk.-Semiotika.-Kultura.-1998.pdf" }, }, ["Yanin:1998b"] = { alias = "Янин 1998б", title = "Берестяная грамота № 590", author = "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", year = "1998", chapter_of = { title = "Историческая археология: традиция и перспективы. К 80-летию со дня рождения Д. А. Авдусина", pages = "387‒388" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Памятники исторической мысли", link = { isbn = "5-88451-048-9" }, }, ["Yanin, Zaliznyak, Rybina, Gippius:2011"] = { alias = "Янин, Зализняк, Рыбина, Гиппиус 2011", title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2010 года", author = {"Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Rybina, E.lena A.lexandrovna", "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich"}, year = "2011", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State Integrated Museum Reserve", journal = { name = "Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология", number = "25", pages = "30‒40" }, }, ["Yanin, Rybina:2011"] = { alias = "Янин, Рыбина 2011", title = "Денежные термины в новгородских берестяных грамотах", author = {"Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "Rybina, E.lena A.lexandrovna"}, year = "2011", chapter_of = { title = "От палеолита до средневековья: сборник научных статей", pages = "108‒115" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "MSU Faculty of History", link = { isbn = "978-5-87049-754-9" }, }, -- Z -- -- Зализняк 1982 — А. А. Зализняк. Противопоставление книжных и «бытовых» графических систем в древнем Новгороде // Finitis duodecim lustris: Сборник статей к 60-летию проф. Ю.М. Лотмана. Таллин: Ээсти раамат, 1982. С. 82–85. -- Зализняк 1984 — А. А. Зализняк. Наблюдения над берестяными грамотами // История русского языка в древнейший период. (Вопросы исторического языкознания. Вып. 5). М.: МГУ, 1984. С. 36–153. -- Зализняк 1987 — А. А. Зализняк. Текстовая структура древнерусских писем на бересте // Исследования по структуре текста. М.: Наука, 1987. С. 147–182. -- Зализняк 1988а — А. А. Зализняк. Древненовгородский диалект и проблемы диалектного членения позднего праславянского языка // Славянское языкознание. X Международный съезд славистов. София, сент. 1988: Доклады советской дилегации. М.: Наука, 1988. С. 164–177. -- Зализняк 1988б — А. А. Зализняк. Значение новгородских берестяных грамот для истории русского и других славянских языков // Вестник АН СССР, 1988, №8. С. 92–100. -- Зализняк 1988в — А. А. Зализняк. О текстовой структуре берестяных грамот // Этнолингвистика текста. Семиотика малых форм фольклора: Тезиса и предварительные материалы к симпозиуму. М.: Наука, 1988. С. 14–16. -- Зализняк 1989 — А. А. Зализняк. Новгородские берестяные грамоты и проблема древних восточнославянских диалектов // История и культура древнерусского города. М.: Изд-во МГУ, 1989. С. 18–31. -- Зализняк 1991б — А. А. Зализняк. Об одной берестяной грамоте XII века // Words are physicians for an ailing mind / Ed. M. Grochowski, D. Weiss. – München: Otto Sagner, 1991. (=Sagners Slavistiche Sammlung, Bd. 17). S. 503–508. -- Зализняк 1992а — А. А. Зализняк. Падение редуцированных по данным берестяных грамот // Русистика сегодня: Функционирование языка: лексика и грамматика. М., 1992. С.82–105. -- Зализняк 1992б — А. А. Зализняк. Участие женщин в древнерусской переписке на бересте // Русская духовная культура / Под ред. Луиджи Магаротто и Даниелы Рицци. Департамент Истории Европейской цивилизации. Университет Тренто (La cultura spirituale russa. A cura di Luigi Magarotto e Daniela Rizzi. Departimento di storia della civiltà Europea. Testi e ricerche. №11). Trento, 1992. P.126–142. ["Zaliznyak:1993"] = { alias = "Зализняк 1993", title = "О вероятной связи группы берестяных грамот XII ‒ начала XIII в. с посадниками Иванком Захариничем и Гюргием Иванковичем", author = "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", year = "1993", location = {"Saint Petersburg", "Novgorod"}, publisher = "Saint Petersburg Institute of History", journal = { name = "ru:|Новгородский исторический сборник", number = {"14", "4"}, pages = "46‒51" }, link = { url = "http://www.spbiiran.nw.ru/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Zalisniak_A_A.pdf" }, }, -- Зализняк 1995а — А. А. Зализняк. Берестяной документ XII века о сборе югорской дани // The Language and Verse of Russia. In Honor of D.S. Worth on his 65-th birthday. Ed. by H. Birnbaum and M. Flier. Moskva, 1995. P. 283-290. (UCLA Slavic Studies. V.2). -- Зализняк 1995б — А. А. Зализняк. Une letter d’amour vieux russe du XIe siècle // Université de Genève. Cahiers de la Faculté des Lettres, 1995. P. 6–10. -- Зализняк 1999 — А. А. Зализняк. Проблема тождества и сходства почерков в берестяных грамотах // Великий Новгород в истории средневековой Европы: Сб. статей к 70-летию В.Л. Янина. М.: Русские словари, 1999. С. 293–328. -- Зализняк 2006 — А. А. Зализняк. Берестяные грамоты – бесценный источник сведений о древней Руси и её языке // Лекции лауреатов Демидовской премии (1993-2004). Екатеринбург: издательство Уральского университета, 2006. ["Zaliznyak:2008"] = { alias = "Зализняк 2008", title = "Берестяные грамоты", author = "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", year = "2008", chapter_of = { title = "Новгородская энциклопедия" }, location = "Novgorod", }, ["Zaliznyak, Kolosova, Labutina:1993"] = { alias = "Зализняк, Колосова, Лабутина 1993", title = "Псковские берестяные грамоты 6 и 7", author = {"Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Kolosova, I.rina O.legovna", "Labutina, I.nga K.onstantinovna"}, year = "1993", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Российская археология", number = "1", pages = "196‒210" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1993_book01.pdf#page=198" }, }, ["Zaliznyak, Malygin, Yanin:2002"] = { alias = "Зализняк, Малыгин, Янин 2002", title = "Литературные тексты на берестяных грамотах", author = {"Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Malygin, P.yotr D.mitrievich", "Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, year = "2002", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вестник Российской академии наук", number = {"72", "6"}, pages = "510‒514" }, link = { ia = "zle-ono-wikt/Zaliznyak-Malygin-Yanin-2002", url = "https://www.ras.ru/publishing/rasherald/rasherald_articleinfo.aspx?articleid=98da5a3c-0021-4a09-8583-99e775457840" }, }, ["Zaliznyak:2019"] = { alias = "Зализняк 2019", title = { text = "«Эффект Лукерьи»: переход ''ол'' > ''о'' в истории русского языка", translation = "“Lukerya's Effect”: the [ol] > [o] transition in the history of Russian" }, author = "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", year = "2019", chapter_of = { title = "Славянское и балканское языкознание: Славистика. Индоевропеистика. Культурология. К 90-летию со дня рождения Владимира Николаевича Топорова", pages = "82‒96" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Institute for Slavic Studies of RAS", link = { doi = "10.31168/2658-3372.2019.2.7", ia = "Zaliznyak-2019", url = "https://inslav.ru/sites/default/files/editions/toporovskiy_sbornik_okonchatelnyy_maket.pdf#page=82" }, }, ["Zhilina:1987"] = { alias = "Жилина 1987", title = "Тверская берестяная грамота № 1", author = "Zhilina, N.atalia V.iktorovna", year = "1987", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "w:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "1", pages = "203‒216" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1987_book01.pdf#page=204" }, }, ["Zholobov:2005"] = { alias = "Жолобов 2005", title = "{{lang|zle-ono|тридєвѧто анєєло тридєвѧ ароханєло}} (функция и формы числительных в берестяной грамоте № 715)", author = "Zholobov, O.leg F.eofanovich", year = "2005", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "32‒43" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2005-3/32-43" }, }, ["Zhukovskaya:1959"] = { alias = "Жуковская 1959", title = "Новгородские берестяные грамоты", author = "ru:Жуковская, Лидия Петровна|Zhukovskaya, L.idiya P.etrovna", year = "1959", location = "Moscow", publisher = "УЧПЕДГИЗ", }, ["Zhuravlyov:1997"] = { alias = "Журавлев 1997", title = "Рец. на: Новгородский областной словарь. Вып. 1‒12. Новгород, 1992‒1995", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", year = "1997", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "2", pages = "185‒191" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1997-2/185-191" }, }, -- Библиография «Древнерусская эпиграфика»: https://epigraphica.ru/epigraphy/bibliography/record/list -- [[User:AshFox/zle-ono]] -- Other Bibliography -- A -- ["Agyagási:2016"] = { alias = "Agyagasi:2016", title = "On some oriental elements in Old Novgorodian and other Old Russian dialects", author = "ru:Адягаши, Клара|Agyagási, Klára", year = "2016", location = "Budapest", publisher = "Akadémiai Kiadó Zrt.", journal = { name = "|Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae", number = {"69", "4"}, pages = "391‒396" }, link = { ia = "zle-ono-wikt/Agyagasi-2016", doi = "10.1556/062.2016.69.4.3", academia = "97545601" }, }, ["Agyagási:2018"] = { alias = "Agyagasi:2018", title = "О двух бродячих словах восточного происхождения в древнерусском языке", author = "ru:Адягаши, Клара|Agyagási, Klára", year = "2018", location = "Budapest", publisher = "Akadémiai Kiadó Zrt.", journal = { name = "Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae", number = {"63", "1"}, pages = "1‒8" }, link = { ia = "zle-ono-wikt/Agyagasi-2018", doi = "10.1556/060.2018.63.1.1", academia = "119892600" }, }, -- B -- -- C -- -- D -- -- E -- ["ESLO"] = { title = "Old Novgorod Dialect", author = "Sitchinava, D.mitri V.ladimirovich", year = "2020", publisher = "Brill", series = { name = "Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online" }, link = { doi = "10.1163/2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032029" }, }, -- F -- ["Fenne:1607"] = { title = "Tonnies Fonne behordt düt Boek", author = "de:Tönnies Fonne|Fonne, Tönnies", year = "1607", location = "Pskov", chapter_of = { title = "Tönnies Fenne's Low German Manual of Spoken Russian, Pskov 1607", year = "2008", }, link = { ia = "fenne11", url = "https://www.schaeken.nl/lu/research/online/editions/fenne11.pdf" }, -- page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -9 }, отсудствуют страницы, напр. 143-144 и тд }, -- G -- ["Galinskaya:2015"] = { alias = "Галинская:2015", title = { text = "Прогрессивная палатализация и древненовгородское местоимение ''въхе''", translation = "The Progressive Palatalization and the Old Novgorodian Pronoun ''vъxe''" }, author = "Galinskaya, E.lena A.rkadyevna", year = "2015", publisher = "Vilnius UP", journal = { name = "Slavistica Vilnensis", number = "59", pages = "7‒16" }, link = { doi = "10.15388/SlavViln.2014.59.4895", url = "https://www.journals.vu.lt/slavistica-vilnensis/article/view/4895/3150" }, }, ["Gippius:2025"] = { alias = "Гиппиус 2025", title = "Саамские имена в древнерусских надписях-граффити из Старой Ладоги", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2025", chapter_of = { title = "Саамские языки России. Тезисы докладов международ ной научной конференции, Санкт-Петербург, 7–8 мая 2025 г.", pages = "19‒22", }, location = "Saint Petersburg", publisher = "ILS RAS", link = { ia = "Gippius-2025" }, }, ["Gluskina:1962"] = { alias = "Глускина:1962", title = { text = "Морфонологические наблюдения над звуком [ch] в псковских говорах", translation = "Morphophonological observations on the sound [ch] in Pskov dialects" }, author = "ru:Глускина, Софья Менделевна|Gluskina, S.ofia M.endelevna", year = "1962", chapter_of = { title = { text = "Псковские говоры: Труды Первой псковской диалектологической конференции 1960 года", translation = "Pskov dialects: Proceedings of the First Pskov Dialectological Conference of 1960" }, volume = "1", pages = "28‒57" }, location = "Pskov", publisher = "Pskov State Pedagogical University named after S. M. Kirov", link = { url = "https://pskovbook.ru/book/2512" }, }, ["Gluskina:1968"] = { alias = "Глускина:1968", title = { text = "О второй палатализации заднеязычных согласных в русском языке (на материале северо-западных говоров)", translation = "On the second palatalization of velar consonants in the Russian (based on the northwestern dialects)" }, author = "ru:Глускина, Софья Менделевна|Gluskina, S.ofia M.endelevna", year = "1968", chapter_of = { title = { text = "Псковские говоры: Труды Второй псковской диалектологической конференции 1964 года", translation = "Pskov dialects: Proceedings of the Second Pskov Dialectological Conference of 1964" }, volume = "2", pages = "20‒43" }, location = "Pskov", publisher = "Pskov State Pedagogical University named after S. M. Kirov", link = { url = "https://pskovbook.ru/book/2514" }, }, -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- ["James:1618"] = { alias = {"James:1619", "James:1618‒1619"}, title = { text = "Русско-английский словарь-дневник Ричарда Джемса (1618‒1619 гг.)", translation = "Russian-English Dictionary-Diary of Richard James 1618‒1619" }, author = "Richard James (scholar)|James, Richard", year = "1618‒1619", location = "Arkhangelsk", link = { ia = "russko_angliysky_slovar-dnevnik_richarda_jamesa_1618_1619", academia = "15229518" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -3 } }, -- K -- ["Krysko:1998"] = { title = "Древний новгородско-псковский диалект на общеславянском фоне", author = "ru:Крысько, Вадим Борисович|Krysko, V.adim B.orisovych", year = "1998", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "74‒93" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1998-3/74-93" }, }, ["Krysko, Ladyzhensky:2022"] = { title = "Поп-сквернослов: Обсценные маргиналии в древнерусском евангелии", author = {"ru:Крысько, Вадим Борисович|Krysko, V.adim B.orisovych", "Ladyzhensky, I.gor M.ikhailovich"}, year = "2022", location = "Wiesbaden", publisher = "Harrassowitz Verlag", journal = { name = "de:|Die Welt der Slaven", number = {"67", "2"}, pages = "286‒295" }, link = { ia = "zle-ono-wikt/Krysko-Ladyzhensky-2022", doi = "10.13173/WS.67.2.286", academia = "82518149" }, }, -- L -- ["Lukin:2023"] = { title = { text = "«Весь господарь Великий Новгород» в германоязычных документах XV века", translation = "“All Sovereign Novgorod-the-Great” in Fifteenth Century Documents in Germanic Languages" }, author = "ru:Лукин, Павел Владимирович|Lukin, P.avel V.ladimirovich", year = "2023", journal = { name = "ru:|Slověne. International Journal of Slavic Studies", number = {"12", "2"}, pages = "83‒96" }, link = { doi = "10.31168/2305-6754.2023.2.04" }, }, -- M -- -- N -- -- O -- -- P -- ["Patri:2001"] = { title = "Une correspondance irano-slave en novgorodien", author = "Patri, Sylvain", year = "2001", location = "Göttingen", publisher = "Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht", journal = { name = "|Historische Sprachforschung", number = {"114", "2"}, pages = "290‒306" }, link = { jstor = "41289065" }, }, -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- ["Schaeken:2019"] = { title = "Voices on Birchbark: Everyday Communication in Medieval Russia", author = "Schaeken, Jos", year = "2019", location = {"Leiden", "Boston"}, publisher = "Brill", series = { name = "|Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics", number = "43" }, link = { ia = "voices-on-birchbark", isbn = "978-90-04-38942-7", gb = "W5GFDwAAQBAJ", url = "https://brill.com/display/title/39580" }, page_url = { ia = true }, }, -- T -- -- U -- -- V -- ["Vasiliev:2012"] = { title = { text = "Славянские топонимические древности Новгородской земли", translation = "Novgorod Slavic Toponymic Antiquities" }, author = "Vasiliev, V.alery L.eonidovich", year = "2012", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Manuscript Monuments Ancient Rus", link = { isbn = "978-5-9551-0607-6", ia = "Vasiliev-2012", academia = "24764691" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 }, }, ["VJa^1994"] = { alias = {"VJa1994", "ВЯ 1994"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 1990‒1993 гг.", author = {"Valentin Yanin|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "Andrey Zaliznyak|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "3–22" }, year = "1994", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1994-3/3-22" }, }, -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- ["Zhuravlyov:1993"] = { title = "Праславянский словник древненовгородского диалекта с точки зрения лексикостатистики", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", year = "1993", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "87‒98" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1993-4/87-98" }, }, } } g8kf9vpg4eljsoyjrwkpeukkcn52g4t 9944345 9944278 2026-10-14T21:02:18Z TongcyDai 53191 維基百科連結本地化（78 處改連中文維基百科條目、47 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944345 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- Библиография «Древнерусские берестяные грамоты»: http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/bibliography/ -- A -- ["Avdusin:1957"] = { alias = "Авдусин 1957", title = { text = "Смоленская берестяная грамота" }, author = "ru:Авдусин, Даниил Антонович|Avdusin, D.aniil A.ntonovich", year = "1957", location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "1", pages = "248‒249" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1957_book01.pdf#page=254" }, }, ["Avdusin:1966"] = { alias = "Авдусин 1966", title = { text = "Смоленские берестяные грамоты из раскопок 1964 года" }, author = "ru:Авдусин, Даниил Антонович|Avdusin, D.aniil A.ntonovich", year = "1966", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "2", pages = "319‒324" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1966_book02.pdf#page=320" }, }, ["Avdusin:1969"] = { alias = "Авдусин 1969", title = { text = "Смоленские берестяные грамоты из раскопок 1966 и 1967 гг." }, author = "ru:Авдусин, Даниил Антонович|Avdusin, D.aniil A.ntonovich", year = "1969", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "3", pages = "186‒193" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1969_book03.pdf#page=188" }, }, ["Avdusin, Melnikova:1985"] = { alias = "Авдусин, Мельникова 1985", title = "Смоленские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1952‒1968 гг.)", author = {"ru:Авдусин, Даниил Антонович|Avdusin, D.aniil A.ntonovich", "ru:Мельникова, Елена Александровна|Melnikova, E.lena A.lexandrovna"}, year = "1985", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "Древнейшие государства на территории СССР. Материалы и исследования. 1984 год", pages = "199‒211" }, link = { gb = "rFP5zwEACAAJ" }, }, ["Alekseev:1983"] = { alias = "Алексеев 1983", title = "Берестяная грамота из древнего Мстиславля", author = "ru:Алексеев, Леонид Васильевич|Alekseev, L.eonid V.asilievich", year = "1983", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "1", pages = "204‒212" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1983_book01.pdf#page=205" }, }, ["Alpatov:2004"] = { alias = "Алпатов 2004", title = "Берестяные грамоты в контексте фольклорной и литературной традиции", author = "Alpatov, S.ergey V.iktorovich", year = "2004", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики", number = {"18", "4"}, pages = "123‒128" }, link = { url = "https://www.drevnyaya.ru/vyp/stat/s4_18_10.pdf" }, }, ["Andersen:2006"] = { alias = "Андерсен 2006", title = "Future and Future Perfect in the Old Novgorod Dialect", author = "Andersen, Henning", year = "2006", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"30", "1"}, pages = "71‒88" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-006-0692-8", jstor = "40160812" }, }, -- Андреев 1987а — В. Ф. Андреев. Новое прочтение берестяной грамоты № 318 (XIV в. ) // Изучение истории и культуры Новгородской земли. Тезисы докладов научной конференции. Новгород, 1987. С. 78–81. -- Андреев 1987б — В. Ф. Андреев. Новое прочтение берестяной грамоты № 471 (начало XV в.) // История и археология Новгородской земли. Тезисы научно-практической конференции. Новгород, 1987. С. 47–49. ["Andreev:1989"] = { alias = "Андреев 1989", title = "Об атрибуции комплекса новгородских берестяных грамот № 464‒476, 494", author = "Andreev, V.asily F.edorovich", year = "1989", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State Integrated Museum Reserve", journal = { name = "Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология. Тезисы научно-практической конференции", number = "2", pages = "85‒87" }, }, -- Андреев 1992 — В. Ф. Андреев. Еще одно толкование новгородской берестяной грамоты № 213 // Новгород и Новгородская земля. Тезисы научной конференции. Новгород, 1992. С. 181–185. -- Андреев 1995 — В. Ф. Андреев. Новгородские берестяные грамоты № 601 и 609 // Прошлое Новгорода и Новгородской земли. Тезисы докладов и сообщений научной конференции. Новгород, 1987. С.32–36. -- Анкудинов 1986 — И. Ю. Анкудинов. К интерпретации берестяной грамоты № 361 // Проблемы истории Новгорода и Новгородской земли XV в. Тезисы докладов и сообщений научного симпозиума. Новгород, 1986. С. 15–18. ["Ankudinov:1995"] = { alias = "Анкудинов 1995", title = "Из истории борьбы новгородских крестьян за землю в 14-15 веках ", author = "ru:Анкудинов, Игорь Юрьевич|Ankudinov, I.gor Yu.rievich", year = "1995", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State Integrated Museum Reserve", journal = { name = "Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология", number = "9" }, link = { url = "https://bibliotekar.ru/rusNovgorod/38.htm" }, }, ["Ankudinov:2000"] = { alias = "Анкудинов 2000", title = "Историко-географический комментарий к новгородской берестяной грамоте № 390", author = "ru:Анкудинов, Игорь Юрьевич|Ankudinov, I.gor Yu.rievich", year = "2000", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB10}}", pages = "132‒132" }, }, ["Ankudinov:2003"] = { alias = "Анкудинов 2003", title = "Из истории хозяйственного освоения земель в XIV в. (по материалам берестяных грамот)", author = "ru:Анкудинов, Игорь Юрьевич|Ankudinov, I.gor Yu.rievich", year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "81‒84" }, }, ["Ankudinov:2014"] = { alias = "Анкудинов 2014", title = "«Вежники» новгородских берестяных грамот № 550 и 664", author = "ru:Анкудинов, Игорь Юрьевич|Ankudinov, I.gor Yu.rievich", year = "2014", location = "Novgorod", journal = { name = "Новгородский архивный вестник", number = "12", pages = "3‒5" }, link = { academia = "11658722" }, }, -- Антропов 2021 — Н. П. Антропов. «Гуска сологая» в свете полногласных сочетаний модели *telt // Слова, конструкции и тексты в истории русской письменности. Сборник статей к 70-летию академика А. М. Молдована. М., СПб.: Нестор-История, 2021, с. 413-431. http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_antropov-2021.pdf ["Astashova, Zaliznyak:1998"] = { alias = "Асташова, Зализняк 1998", title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок Заднепровья г. Смоленска", author = {"Astashova, N.atalia I.vanovna", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, year = "1998", chapter_of = { title = "Историческая археология: традиция и перспективы. К 80-летию со дня рождения Д. А. Авдусина", pages = "336‒341" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Памятники исторической мысли", link = { isbn = "5-88451-048-9" }, }, -- B -- ["Bezus:1998"] = { alias = "Безус 1998", title = "Судебные исполнители в Новгороде 11-15 веков по материалам берестяных грамот", author = "Bezus, N.atalia B.oleslavovna", year = "1998", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State Integrated Museum Reserve", journal = { name = "Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология", number = "12" }, link = { url = "https://bibliotekar.ru/rusNovgorod/72.htm" }, }, ["Beletsky:1968"] = { alias = "Белецкий 1968", title = "Древний Псков по материалам археологических раскопок экспедиции Государственного Эрмитажа", author = "Beletsky, V.asily D.mitrievich", year = "1968", location = "Saint Petersburg", publisher = "Publishing House “Soviet Artist”", journal = { name = "Сообщения Государственного Эрмитажа", number = "29", pages = "3‒8" }, link = { url = "http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_beleckij-1968.pdf" }, }, ["Belyaev, Gippius, Zaliznyak:2019"] = { alias = "Беляев, Гиппиус, Зализняк 2019", title = "Берестяная грамота Москва-4: результаты комплексного исследования", author = {"ru:Беляев, Леонид Андреевич|Belyaev, L.eonid A.ndreevich", "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, year = "2019", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики", number = {"77", "3"}, pages = "21‒30" }, link = { doi = "10.25986/IRI.2019.77.3.003", url = "https://www.drevnyaya.ru/vyp/2019_3/part_4.pdf" }, }, ["Birch. Lett. 50 yrs."] = { alias = {"BG50", "Бер. грам. 50 лет"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты: 50 лет открытия и изучения. Материалы международной конференции (Великий Новгород, 24‒27 сентября 2001 года)", author = { "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", type = "editor" }, year = "2003", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Indrik", link = { isbn = "5-85759-251-8", gb = "LW40AAAAMAAJ" }, }, ["Bobrik:2008"] = { alias = "Бобрик 2008", title = "Новые сведения о берестяной грамоте 916", author = "Bobrik, M.arina A.natolyevna", year = "2008", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"16", "2"}, pages = "246‒256" }, link = { url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2008-2/246-256" }, }, ["Bobrik:2014"] = { alias = "Бобрик 2014", title = "Маргиналии к берестяным грамотам и памятникам древнерусской эпиграфики", author = "Bobrik, M.arina A.natolyevna", year = "2014", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"28", "2"}, pages = "191‒201" }, link = { url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2014-2/191-201" }, }, ["Bobrik:2020"] = { alias = "Бобрик 2020", title = "К изучению лексики берестяных грамот: {{lang|zle-ono|кланѧюсѧ}} в № 293, {{lang|zle-ono|водѧ}} в № 65, {{lang|zle-ono|напрасно}} в № 494/469", author = "Bobrik, M.arina A.natolyevna", year = "2020", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"39", "1"}, pages = "172‒179" }, link = { doi = "10.31912/rjano-2020.1.7", url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2020-1/172-179" }, }, ["Bogdanov:2007"] = { alias = "Богданов 2007", title = "Тверская берестяная грамота № 1: внестратиграфическая и стратиграфическая датировка", author = "Bogdanov, S.ergei V.ladimirovich", year = "2007", location = "Tver", publisher = "Tver State University", journal = { name = "Вестники Тверского государственного университета. История", number = "1", pages = "134‒153" }, link = { academia = "5882067" }, }, ["Bogdanov:2015"] = { alias = "Богданов 2015", title = "Первая тверская берестяная грамота: оценка датирующих данных", author = "Bogdanov, S.ergei V.ladimirovich", year = "2015", location = "Tver", publisher = "Tver State University", journal = { name = "Вестники Тверского государственного университета. История", number = "4", pages = "4‒21" }, link = { academia = "21586950" }, }, ["Borkovsky:1952"] = { alias = "Борковский 1952", title = "Драгоценные памятники древнерусской письменности", author = "ru:Борковский, Виктор Иванович|Borkovsky, V.ictor I.vanovich", year = "1952", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "131‒136" }, link = { url = "http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_borkovsky-1952.pdf" }, }, ["Burov:1975"] = { alias = "Буров 1975", title = "«Муж добръ Есифъ Давыдович»", author = "Burov, V. A.", year = "1975", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "4", pages = "267‒273" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1975_book04.pdf#page=268" }, }, ["Burov:1978"] = { alias = "Буров 1978", title = "Новгородские свадебные документы XIV в. на бересте", author = "Burov, V. A.", year = "1978", journal = { name = "ru:|Археографический ежегодник за 1977 год", pages = "86‒87" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { url = "https://inslav.ru/sites/default/files/editions/ae-1977_1978.pdf#page=87" }, }, ["Burov:1979"] = { alias = "Буров 1979", title = "Заметки о новгородских берестяных грамотах", author = "Burov, V. A.", year = "1979", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "1", pages = "218‒227" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1979_book01.pdf#page=221" }, }, ["Burov:1986"] = { alias = "Буров 1986", title = "Заметки о новгородских берестяных грамотах XIV‒XV вв. (по материалам Неревского раскопа)", author = "Burov, V. A.", year = "1986", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "2", pages = "217‒223" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1986_book02.pdf#page=218" }, }, ["Burov:1988"] = { alias = "Буров 1988", title = "О родословии бояр Мишиничей–Онцифоровичей (по материалам Неревского раскопа 1951‒1962 гг.)", author = "Burov, V. A.", year = "1988", chapter_of = { title = "Древности славян и Руси", pages = "119‒125" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { url = "https://historylib.org/historybooks/B--A--Timoshchuk-Drevnosti-slavyan-i-Rusi/23" }, }, -- C -- ["Collins:2011"] = { alias = "Коллинз 2011", title = "Reconstructing the pragmatics of a medieval marriage negotiation (Novgorod 955)", author = "Collins, Daniel E.", year = "2011", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"35", "1"}, pages = "33‒61" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-010-9070-7", jstor = "41486685" }, }, ["Collins:2012"] = { alias = "Коллинз 2012", title = "The Strength of the Case: Interpreting the Hapax Legomenon доужєбоу in Novgorod Birchbark 855", author = "Collins, Daniel E.", year = "2012", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"24", "2"}, pages = "186‒218" }, link = { url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2012-2/186-218" }, }, ["Chebanenko:2016"] = { alias = "Чебаненко 2016", title = "Досудебные способы разрешения конфликтов в эпоху Пространной Правды: новгородская берестяная грамота № 548", author = "Chebanenko, S.ergey B.orisovich", year = "2016", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State University", journal = { name = "ru:|Новгородский исторический сборник", number = {"26", "16"}, pages = "103‒114" }, link = { url = "http://www.spbiiran.nw.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2-НИС_-2016_opt.pdf#page=103" }, }, ["Cherepnin:1969"] = { alias = "Черепнин 1969", title = "Новгородские берестяные грамоты как исторический источник", author = "ru:Черепнин, Лев Владимирович|Cherepnin, L.ev V.ladimirovich", year = "1969", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { url = "http://archnov.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/CHerepnin-L.V.-Novgorodskie-berestyanye-gramoty-kak-istoricheskij-istochnik.-1969-1.pdf" }, }, ["Chernov:1997"] = { alias = "Чернов 1997", title = "Московская берестяная грамота № 1 ‒ первый акт Московской Руси на бересте", author = "ru:Чернов, Сергей Заремович|Chernov, S.ergey Z.aremovich", year = "1997", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Российская археология", number = "2", pages = "123‒149" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1997_book02.pdf#page=125" }, }, -- D -- ["Dekker:2018"] = { alias = "Деккер 2018", title = "Old Russian Birchbark Letters: A Pragmatic Approach", author = "Dekker, Simeon", year = "2018", location = {"Leiden", "Boston"}, publisher = "Brill Rodopi", series = { name = "en:|Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics", number = "42" }, link = { ia = "old-russian-birchbark-letters", isbn = "978-90-04-35320-6", gb = "JHtTDwAAQBAJ", url = "https://brill.com/display/title/35684" }, page_url = { ia = true }, }, ["DND^1"] = { alias = "ДНД1", title = { text = "Древненовгородский диалект", translation = "Old Novgorod Dialect" }, author = "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", year = "1995", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Languages of the Russian Culture", link = { ia = "old-novgorod-dialect/DND1", url = "https://inslav.ru/publication/zaliznyak-drevnenovgorodskiy-dialekt-m-1995" }, page_url = { ia = true }, }, ["DND^2"] = { alias = "ДНД2", title = { text = "Древненовгородский диалект", translation = "Old Novgorod Dialect" }, author = "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", year = "2004", location = "Moscow", publisher = "LRC Publishing House", edition = "2nd", link = { ia = "old-novgorod-dialect/DND2", isbn = "5-94457-165-9", gb = "KqlCAgAAQBAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/53/" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 }, }, ["DND^+"] = { alias = {"DND+", "ДНД+"}, title = { text = "Древненовгородский диалект. Дополнение", translation = "Old Novgorod Dialect. Addition" }, author = "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", year = "202X", location = "Moscow", }, ["Dobrodomov:2000"] = { alias = "Добродомов 2000", title = "Полнота эксцерпированного материала и достоверность лексикологических изысканий (тюркизм зелена, зелень, зилян в русской письменности)", author = "ru:Добродомов, Игорь Георгиевич|Dobrodomov, I.gor G.eorgievich", year = "2000", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "8", pages = "297‒311" }, }, ["Drboglav:1973"] = { alias = "Дрбоглав 1973", title = "Латинская берестяная грамота из новгородских раскопок", author = "Drboglav, D.onat A.leksandrovich", year = "1973", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "3", pages = "108‒117" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1973_book03.pdf#page=113" }, }, ["Drboglav:1978"] = { alias = "Дрбоглав 1978", title = "Грамота № 488", author = "Drboglav, D.onat A.leksandrovich", year = "1978", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB7}}", pages = "167‒191" }, }, ["Drboglav:2000"] = { alias = "Дрбоглав 2000", title = "Немецкая берестяная грамота из новгородских раскопок 1993 г.", author = "Drboglav, D.onat A.leksandrovich", year = "2000", chapter_of = { title = "Труды кафедры древних языков (к 50-летию кафедры): Opuscula Cathedrae Linguarvm Antiquarum", pages = "116‒123", series = { name = "Труды исторического факультета МГУ. vol. 15. III, Instrumenta studiorum", number = "6" } }, location = "Saint Petersburg", publisher = "Aletheia", link = { isbn = "5-89329-333-9", url = "https://www.hist.msu.ru/upload/iblock/fec/48174.pdf#page=116" }, }, ["Drochenina, Rybakov:1960"] = { alias = "Дроченина, Рыбаков 1960", title = "Берестяная грамота из Витебска", author = {"Drochenina, N. N.", "鲍里斯·雷巴科夫|Rybakov, B.oris A.lexandrovich"}, year = "1960", location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "1", pages = "282‒283" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1960_book01.pdf#page=288" }, }, ["Dubrovin:2009"] = { alias = "Дубровин 2009", title = "О комплексе берестяных грамот Никитинского раскопа в Новгороде", author = "Dubrovin, G.ennady E.vgenievich", year = "2009", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Российская археология", number = "2", pages = "93‒107" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/RA_2009_2.pdf#page=94" }, }, -- E -- -- F -- ["Faccani:1982"] = { alias = "Факкани 1982", title = "Messaggi dall'antica Novgorod", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "1982", location = "Rome", publisher = "Bulzoni", journal = { name = "Annali della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere di Ca' Foscari", number = {"21", "1‒2"}, pages = "69‒84" }, link = { url = "https://fc.cab.unipd.it/fedora/objects/o:458932/methods/bdef:Content/get#page=71" }, }, ["Faccani:1987"] = { alias = "Факкани 1987", title = "Gramoty novgorodiane su corteccia di betulla. I (secoli XI‒XII)", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "1987", location = "Padua", publisher = "Editoriale Programma", journal = { name = "Annali di Ca' Foscari. Rivista della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere dell'Università di Venezia", number = {"26", "1‒2"}, pages = "117‒136" }, link = { url = "https://fc.cab.unipd.it/fedora/objects/o:458952/methods/bdef:Content/get#page=114" }, }, ["Faccani:1988"] = { alias = "Факкани 1988", title = "Gramoty novgorodiane su corteccia di betulla. II (secoli XI‒XII)", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "1988", location = "Padua", publisher = "Editoriale Programma", journal = { name = "Annali di Ca' Foscari. Rivista della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere dell'Università di Venezia", number = {"27", "1‒2"}, pages = "139‒159" }, link = { url = "https://fc.cab.unipd.it/fedora/objects/o:458956/methods/bdef:Content/get#page=137" }, }, ["Faccani:1995"] = { alias = "Факкани 1995", title = "Iscrizioni novgorodiane su corteccia di betulla", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "1995", location = "Udine", publisher = "University of Udine", link = { url = "https://safarmer.com/Faccani_Iscrizioni_novgorodiane.pdf" }, }, ["Faccani:2003"] = { alias = "Факкани 2003", title = "Некоторые размышления об истоках древненовгородской письменности", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "224‒234" }, }, ["Faccani:2004"] = { alias = "Факкани 2004", title = "Review: Янин, В. Л., Зализняк, А. А.: ''Новгородские грамоты на бересте''. (Из раскопок 1990–1996 гг.), Палеография берестяных грамот и их внестратиграфическое датирование, Т. 10, Москва: “Русские словари”, 2000, 432 стр.", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "2004", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"28", "1"}, pages = "125‒130" }, link = { doi = "10.1023/B:RUSS.0000025108.21763.46", jstor = "40160758" }, }, ["Faccani:2006"] = { alias = "Факкани 2006", title = "Malefici e matrimoni. A proposito di due testi novgorodiani su corteccia di betulla scoperti nel 2005", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "2006", location = "Florence", publisher = "Firenze University Press", journal = { name = "Studi Slavistici", number = {"3", "1"}, pages = "7‒17" }, link = { doi = "10.13128/Studi_Slavis-2140", url = "https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/ss/article/view/2115/2115" }, }, ["Faccani:2010"] = { alias = "Факкани 2010", title = "Il testo novgorodiano su corteccia di betulla № 496: un documento giudiziario?", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "2010", chapter_of = { title = "forma formans: Studi in onore di Boris Uspenskij. a cura di Sergio Bertolissi e Roberta Salvatore", volume = "1", pages = "193‒198" }, location = "Naples", publisher = "M. D'Auria", }, ["Faccani:2017"] = { alias = "Факкани 2017", title = "Intorno all'ultimo volume delle NGB", author = "Faccani, Remo", year = "2017", location = {"Pisa", "Roma"}, publisher = "Fabrizio Serra", journal = { name = "Russica Romana", number = "24", pages = "171‒186" }, link = { doi = "10.19272/201707201007" }, }, ["Fałowski:1998"] = { alias = "Фаловский 1998", title = "Jeszcze o gramotach brzozowych z XII wieku na Ukrainie", author = "Fałowski, Adam", year = "1998", location = "Warsaw", publisher = "Energeia", series = { name = "Z polskich studiów slawistycznych", number = "9" }, journal = { name = "Językoznawstwo: prace na XII Międzynarodowy Kongres Slawistów w Krakowie 1998", pages = "71‒76" }, link = { gb = "KGLlAAAAMAAJ" }, }, -- G -- -- Гжибовский 1976 — S. Grzybowski. Z lekcji nowogrodzkich gramot brzozowych. I // Zeszyty naukowe Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. Nauki humanistyczno-spoleczne. Seria I, zeszyt 109. Łódź, 1976. S. 27–31. -- Гжибовский 1977 — S. Grzybowski. Z lekcji nowogrodzkich gramot brzozowych. II // Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Zeszyty naukowe Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. Nauki humanistyczno-spoleczne. Seria I, zeszyt 16, 1977. S. 27–30. -- Гиппиус 1991 — А. А. Гиппиус. «Ида на суд...» (Комментарий к берестяной грамоте № 2 из Звенигорода Галицкого) // Семиотика культуры. III Всесоюзная летняя школа-семинар 15–20 сентября 1991 г. Тезисы докладов. Сыктывкар, 1991. С. 3–5. -- Гиппиус 1993 — А. А. Гиппиус. Об одной числовой модели в древнерусских текстах // Истоки русской культуры (археология и лингвистика). 7–9 декабря 1993 г. Тезисы докладов. М., 1993. С. 43–46. -- Гиппиус 1997 — А. А. Гиппиус. «Вожжей оленьих 28...» (Об одной числовой модели в древнерусских текстах) // Живая Старина, 1997, № 3. С. 21–23. -- Гиппиус 2003а — А. А. Гиппиус. «Сисиниева легенда» в новгородской берестяной грамоте // В поисках «ориентального» на Балканах. Античность. Средневековье. Новое время (Балканские чтения 7. Тезисы и материалы). М., 2003. С. 58–60. ["Gippius:2003b"] = { alias = "Гиппиус 2003б", title = "Комментарий к берестяной грамоте № 226", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "45‒56" }, }, ["Gippius:2004a"] = { alias = "Гиппиус 2004а", title = "К прагматике и коммуникативной организации берестяных грамот", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2004", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB11}}", pages = "183‒232" }, }, ["Gippius:2004b"] = { alias = "Гиппиус 2004б", title = "О нескольких персонажах новгородских берестяных грамот XII века", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2004", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB11}}", pages = "164‒182" }, }, -- Гиппиус 2005 — А. А. Гиппиус. «Сисиниева легенда» в новгородской берестяной грамоте // Заговорный текст: Генезис и структура. М., 2005. С. 136–142. -- Гиппиус 2009а — А. А. Гиппиус. Берестяное хитросплетение XII в. (Грамота № 88) // Великий Новгород и средневековая Русь: Сборник статей: К 80-летию академика В. Л. Янина. М. : Памятники исторической мысли, 2009. С. 37–43. -- Гиппиус 2009б — А. А. Гиппиус. Наблюдения над этикетными формулами берестяных грамот // Стереотипы в языке, коммуникации и культуре. Сборник статей. М. : РГГУ, 2009. С. 279–300. -- Гиппиус 2009в — А. А. Гиппиус. Кирилло-мефодиевская традиция на Руси и берестяные грамоты // Славянский альманах. 2009. М., 1010. С. 5–25. -- Гиппиус 2012 — A. Gippius. Birchbark Literacy and the Rise of Written Communication in Early Rus’ // Epigraphic Literacy and Christian Identity Modes of Written Discourse in the Newly Christian European North. Ed. K. Zilmer & J. Jesch (eds.), (Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy 4). P. 201-224. P. 225–251. -- Гиппиус 2012а — A. Gippius. Birchbark Literacy and the Rise of Written Communication in Early Rus’ // In: Epigraphic Literacy and Christian Identity: Modes of Written Discourse in the Newly Christian European North. Turnhout : Brepols Publishers, 2012. P. 225–251 -- Гиппиус 2012б — А. А. Гиппиус. «Ильдятино селище»: комментарий к новгородской берестяной грамоте № 71 // Проблемы дипломатики, кодикологии и актовой археографии: материалы XXIV международной научной конференции. Москва 2-3 февраля 2012 г. / Отв. ред.: Ю. Шустова. М. : Российский государственный гуманитарный университет, 2012. С. 231–234 -- Гиппиус 2017 — А. А. Гиппиус. Берестяная грамота № 1072 и денежно-весовые системы средневекового Новгорода // Российский рубль. 700 лет истории. Материалы Международной нумизматической конференции. Великий Новгород. 25-27 апреля 2016 г. [б.и.], 2017. С. 25–36. ["Gippius, Zavyalov:2023"] = { alias = "Гиппиус, Завьялов 2023", title = "Берестяная грамота из Переяславля Рязанского", author = {"ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "ru:Завьялов, Владимир Игоревич|Zavyalov, V.ladimir I.gorevich"}, year = "2023", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Российская археология", number = "2", pages = "179‒186" }, link = { doi = "10.31857/S0869606323020071", url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/RA_2023_2.pdf#page=180" }, }, -- Гиппиус, Зализняк, Коваль 2011 — А. А. Гиппиус, А. А. Зализняк, В. Ю. Коваль. Берестяная грамота из раскопок в Московском Кремле // Московский Кремль XV столетия Т. 1: Древние святыни и исторические памятники. М. : Арт-Волхонка, 2011. С. 452–455. ["Gippius, Schaeken:2011"] = { alias = "Гиппиус, Схакен 2011", title = "On direct speech and referential perspective in birchbark letters no. 5 from Tver' and no. 286 from Novgorod", author = {"ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "Schaeken, Jos"}, year = "2011", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"35", "1"}, pages = "13‒32" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-010-9069-0", jstor = "41486684" }, }, ["Gorsky:1969"] = { alias = "Горский 1969", title = "Берестяная грамота № 256", author = "ru:Горский, Анатолий Дмитриевич|Gorsky, A.natoly D.mitrievich", year = "1969", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "3", pages = "79–85" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1969_book03.pdf#page=81" }, }, -- Горский 1976 — А. Д. Горский. Историческая наука в СССР. Обзоры. К 25-летию открытия берестяных грамот // Вопросы истории, 1976, № 12. С. 141–146. ["Grishina, Makhov:1987"] = { alias = "Гришина, Махов 1987", title = "Формулы в составе текста (к анализу новгородской берестяной грамоты № 605)", author = {"Grishina, E.lena A.lexandrovna", "亞歷山大·葉夫根尼耶維奇·馬霍夫|Makhov, A.lexander E.vgenievich"}, year = "1987", chapter_of = { title = "Балто-славянские исследования 1985", pages = "209‒221" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { url = "https://inslav.ru/images/stories/books/BSI1985%281987%29.pdf#page=106" }, }, ["Grozdilov:1962"] = { alias = "Гроздилов 1962", title = "Раскопки древнего Пскова (1956, 1958‒1960 гг.)", author = "Grozdilov, G.rigory P.avlovich", year = "1962", location = "Saint Petersburg", publisher = "State Hermitage Publishing House", journal = { name = "Сообщения Государственного Эрмитажа", number = "23", pages = "64‒68" }, link = { url = "http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_grozdilov-1962.pdf" }, }, -- H -- ["Haavio:1964"] = { alias = "Хаавио 1964", title = "The Oldest Source of Finnish Mythology: Birchbark Letter No. 292", author = "Haavio, Martti", year = "1964", publisher = "Indiana UP", journal = { name = "Journal of the Folklore Institute", number = {"1", "1/2"}, pages = "45‒66" }, link = { jstor = "3814030" }, }, ["Helimski:1986"] = { alias = "Хелимский 1986", title = "О прибалтийско-финском языковом материале в новгородских берестяных грамотах", author = "en:Eugene Helimski|Helimski, E.ugene A.rnoldovich", year = "1986", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB8}}", pages = "252‒259" }, }, ["Helimski:1998"] = { alias = "Хелимский 1998", title = "К интерпретации древнерусских текстов: 1. {{lang|zle-ono|нарцꙑ}}; 2. {{lang|zle-ono|шестники}}", author = "en:Eugene Helimski|Helimski, E.ugene A.rnoldovich", year = "1998", chapter_of = { title = "Балто-славянские исследования 1997", pages = "563‒569" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Indrik", link = { url = "https://inslav.ru/images/stories/books/BSI1997%281998%29.pdf#page=283" }, }, -- I -- ["Itkin:2008"] = { alias = "Иткин 2008", title = "Две заметки о берестяных грамотах: Смол. 12, Торж. 4", author = "ru:Иткин, Илья Борисович|Itkin, I.lya B.orisovich", year = "2008", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"15", "1"}, pages = "191‒195" }, link = { url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2008-1/191-195" }, }, -- J -- ["Jakobson:1952"] = { alias = "Якобсон 1952", title = "Vestiges of the Earliest Russian Vernacular", author = "罗曼·雅各布森|Jakobson, Roman", year = "1952", location = "New York", publisher = "International Linguistic Association", journal = { name = "en:Word (journal)|Word", number = {"8", "4"}, series = { name = "Slavic Word", number = "1" }, pages = "350‒355" }, link = { doi = "10.1080/00437956.1952.11659445" }, }, ["Jakobson:1953"] = { alias = "Якобсон 1953", title = "A. V. Arcixovskij and M. N. Tixomirov, ''Novgorodskie gramoty na bereste''. 68 pp. + 23 illustrations. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., 1953 (Reviews)", author = "罗曼·雅各布森|Jakobson, Roman", year = "1953", location = "New York", publisher = "International Linguistic Association", journal = { name = "en:Word (journal)|Word", number = {"9", "4"}, series = { name = "Slavic Word", number = "2" }, pages = "407‒409" }, link = { url = "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/00437956.1953.11659484#page=17" }, }, -- K -- ["Kafengauz:1960"] = { alias = "Кафенгауз 1960", title = "Заметки о новгородских берестяных грамотах", author = {"ru:Кафенгауз, Бернгард Борисович|Kafengauz, B.ernhard B.orisovich"}, year = "1960", location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", journal = { name = "История СССР", number = "1", pages = "168‒174" }, }, ["Kwon:2016"] = { alias = "Квон 2016", title = "Reanimating voices from the past: an alternative reading of Novgorod Birch Bark Letter N370", author = { text = "권경준", translation = "Kwon, Kyong-joon" }, year = "2016", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"40", "1"}, pages = "79‒102" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-015-9156-3", jstor = "43945156" }, }, ["Kempgen:2006"] = { alias = "Кемпген 2006", title = "“Boris an Anastasija: Schick' mir ein Unterhemd”. Ein textlinguistisch-pragmatischer Zugang zu den Birkenrinden Nr. 43 und 49", author = "de:Sebastian Kempgen|Kempgen, Sebastian", year = "2006", location = "Berlin", publisher = "Lit Verlag", journal = { name = "Studia Philologica Slavica. Festschrift für Gerhard Birkfellner zum 65. Geburtstag", number = "1", pages = "283‒300" }, link = { academia = "2500971" }, }, ["Kostyuchuk:2003"] = { alias = "Костючук 2003", title = "Берестяные грамоты как один из источников современной лексикографии (Псковский областной словарь с историческими данными)", author = "ru:Костючук, Лариса Яковлевна|Kostyuchuk, L.arisa Ya.kovlevna", year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "296‒303" }, }, ["Krenke et al.:2016"] = { alias = "Кренке и др. 2016", title = "Стратиграфический раскоп на Подоле Московского Кремля", author = {"Krenke, N.ikolai A.lexandrovich", "Glazunova O.lga N.ikolaevna", "Ershov, I.van N.ikolaevich", "Oleynikov, O.leg M.ikhailovich"}, year = "2016", location = "Moscow", publisher = "LRC Publishing House", journal = { name = "ru:|Краткие сообщения Института археологии", number = "243", pages = "107‒126" }, link = { url = {"http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_krenke-et-al-2016.pdf", "https://archaeolog.ru/media/ksia/ksia-243-redu.pdf#page=107"} }, }, ["Krenke, Kainov:2023"] = { alias = "Кренке, Каинов 2023", title = "О смоленской берестяной грамоте № 11 с «руническим письмом»", author = {"Krenke, N.ikolai A.lexandrovich", "Kainov, S.ergey Yu.ryevich"}, year = "2023", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики", number = {"93", "3"}, pages = "99‒105" }, link = { doi = "10.25986/IRI.2023.93.3.009", url = {"http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_krenke-kainov-2023.pdf", "https://www.drevnyaya.ru/vyp/2023_3/part_8.pdf"} }, }, ["Krylov:2023"] = { alias = "Крылов 2023", title = "Поправки к чтению новгородской берестяной грамоты № 307", author = "Krylov, D.mitry S.ergeevich", year = "2023", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"45", "1"}, pages = "144‒159" }, link = { doi = "10.31912/rjano-2023.1.7", url = {"http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_krylov-2023.pdf", "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2023-1/144-159"} }, }, ["Krysko:1993b"] = { alias = "Крысько 1993б", title = "Общеславянские и древненовгородские формы Nom. Sg. masc. ''*o''-склонения", author = "ru:Крысько, Вадим Борисович|Krysko, V.adim B.orisovich", year = "1993", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"17", "2"}, pages = "119‒156" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/BF01858200", jstor = "40160371" }, }, ["Krysko:1993c"] = { alias = "Крысько 1993в", title = "Новые материалы к истории древненовгородского номинатива на ''-е''", author = "ru:Крысько, Вадим Борисович|Krysko, V.adim B.orisovich", year = "1993", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "6", pages = "78‒88" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1993-6/78-88" }, }, ["Krysko:1994b"] = { alias = "Крысько 1994б", title = "Заметки о древненовгородском диалекте (I. Палатализации)", author = "ru:Крысько, Вадим Борисович|Krysko, V.adim B.orisovich", year = "1994", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "5", pages = "28‒45" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1994-5/28-45" }, }, ["Krysko:2000"] = { alias = "Крысько 2000", title = "К интерпретации некоторых именных форм в берестяных грамотах", author = "ru:Крысько, Вадим Борисович|Krysko, V.adim B.orisovich", year = "2000", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"24", "3"}, pages = "231‒264" }, link = { doi = "10.1023/A:1026511400897", jstor = "40160620" }, }, ["Krysko:2020"] = { alias = "Крысько 2020", title = "''Дъвои чепи'': к истории славянских собирательных числительных", author = "ru:Крысько, Вадим Борисович|Krysko, V.adim B.orisovich", year = "2020", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "55‒69" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2020-4/55-69" }, }, ["Kuza, Medyntseva:1974"] = { alias = "Куза, Медынцева 1974", title = "Заметки о берестяных грамотах", author = {"ru:Куза, Андрей Васильевич|Kuza, A.ndrey V.asilievich", "ru:Медынцева, Альбина Александровна|Medyntseva, A.lbina A.lexandrovna"}, year = "1974", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "Нумизматика и эпиграфика", number = "11", pages = "215‒230" }, }, ["Kuzmin:1952"] = { alias = "Кузьмин 1952", title = "Новгородская берестяная грамота № 9", author = "Kuzmin, F. F.", year = "1952", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "137‒140" }, }, ["Kukushkin, Gippius, Zaliznyak:2018"] = { alias = "Кукушкин, Гиппиус, Зализняк 2018", title = "Первая берестяная грамота из Вологды", author = {"Kukushkin, I.gor P.olievktovich", "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, year = "2018", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Российская археология", number = "1", pages = "164‒172" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/RA_2018_1.pdf#page=166" }, }, ["Kuraszkiewicz:1957"] = { alias = "Курашкевич 1957", title = "Gramoty Nowogrodzkie na brzozowej korze", author = "Kuraszkiewicz, Wladyslaw", year = "1957", location = "Warsaw", publisher = "PWN", }, ["Kuraszkiewicz:1981"] = { alias = "Курашкевич 1981", title = "Trzy najstarsze brzozowe gramoty nowogrodzkie: Gostiaty, Zeiznomira i Zeirowita", author = "Kuraszkiewicz, Wladyslaw", year = "1981", location = "Kraków", publisher = "Ossolineum", journal = { name = "pl:|Rocznik Slawistyczny", number = {"41", "1"} }, }, ["Kuchkin:1977"] = { alias = "Кучкин 1977", title = "К изучению текста новгородской берестяной грамоты № 138", author = "ru:Кучкин, Владимир Андреевич|Kuchkin, V.ladimir A.ndreevich", year = "1977", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "4", pages = "292‒295" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1977_book04.pdf#page=293" }, }, ["Kuchkin:2004"] = { alias = "Кучкин 2004", title = "Десятские средневековой Руси", author = "ru:Кучкин, Владимир Андреевич|Kuchkin, V.ladimir A.ndreevich", year = "2004", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Indrik", journal = { name = "ru:|Средневековая Русь", number = "4", pages = "171‒251" }, link = { gb = "cWVpAAAAMAAJ", url = "https://www.klex.ru/swe" }, }, ["Kuchkin:2006"] = { alias = "Кучкин 2006", title = "Ранние свидетельства о сотских и сотнях", author = "ru:Кучкин, Владимир Андреевич|Kuchkin, V.ladimir A.ndreevich", year = "2006", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики", number = {"23", "1"}, pages = "10‒23" }, link = { url = "https://www.drevnyaya.ru/vyp/stat/s1_23_2.pdf" }, }, ["Khoroshkevich:1989"] = { alias = "Хорошкевич 1989", title = "Монголы и Новгород в 50-е годы XIII в. (по данным берестяных грамот № 215 и 218)", author = "ru:Хорошкевич, Анна Леонидовна|Khoroshkevich, A.nna L.eonidovna", year = "1989", chapter_of = { title = "История и культура древнерусского города", pages = "69‒74" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Moscow State UP", link = { isbn = "5-211-00286-5", url = "https://rodnovery.ru/images/knigi/istoriya-i-kultura-drevnerusskogo-goroda.pdf#page=68" }, }, -- L -- ["Laakso:1999"] = { alias = "Лааксо 1999", title = "Vielä kerran itämerensuomen vanhimmista muistomerkeistä", author = "Laakso, Johanna", year = "1999", location = "Helsinki", publisher = "Kotikielen Seura", journal = { name = "Virittäjä", number = {"103", "4"}, pages = "531‒555" }, link = { url = "https://journal.fi/virittaja/article/view/39204/8931" }, }, ["Labutina, Kolosova:2003"] = { alias = "Лабутина, Колосова 2003", title = "Дворы с берестяными грамотами в составе восточной части Застенья (по материалам раскопок на ул. Ленина в Пскове)", author = {"Labutina, I.nga K.onstantinovna", "Kolosova, I.rina O.legovna"}, year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "177‒206" }, }, ["Labutina, Kostyuchuk:1981"] = { alias = "Лабутина, Костючук 1981", title = "Псковские берестяные грамоты № 3 и 4", author = {"Labutina, I.nga K.onstantinovna", "ru:Костючук, Лариса Яковлевна|Kostyuchuk, L.arisa Ya.kovlevna"}, year = "1981", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "1", pages = "66‒88" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1981_book01.pdf#page=67" }, }, ["Lebedeva:2003"] = { alias = "Лебедева 2003", title = "Элемент насилия в бытовом поведении новгородцев XI‒XV вв. (По материалам новгородских берестяных грамот)", author = "Lebedeva, E. E.", year = "2003", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State Integrated Museum Reserve", journal = { name = "Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология", number = "17", pages = "240‒253" }, }, ["Lubotsky, Vermeer:1998"] = { alias = "Лубоцкий, Вермеер 1998", title = "Observations on the Longest Birchbark Letter (Novgorod 531)", author = {"en:Alexander Lubotsky|Lubotsky, A.lexander M.arkovich", "Vermeer, Willem"}, year = "1998", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"22", "2"}, pages = "143‒164" }, link = { doi = "10.1023/A:1006891004592", jstor = "40160942" }, }, ["Lukin:2019"] = { alias = "Лукин 2019", title = "Новгородская берестяная грамота № 1105 и древнерусские закупы", author = "ru:Лукин, Павел Владимирович|Lukin, P.avel V.ladimirovich", year = "2019", chapter_of = { title = "Русь, Россия: Средневековье и Новое время", pages = "44‒47", volume = { title = "Шестые чтения памяти академика РАН Л. В. Милова. Материалы к международной научной конференции. Москва, 21‒22 ноября 2019 г.", number = "6" }, series = { name = "Труды Исторического факультета МГУ. ΙΙ Исторические исследования", number = "102" } }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Moscow State UP", link = { isbn = "978-5-19-011431-7" }, }, -- — П. В. Лукин. // -- Русь, Россия: Средневековье и Новое время ( (102). С. . -- M -- ["Majer:2014"] = { alias = "Майер 2014", title = "The origin of the ‘''l''-less perfect’ in the Novgorod birchbark documents", author = "Majer, Marek", year = "2014", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"38", "2"}, pages = "167‒185" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-014-9130-5", jstor = "43945114" }, }, -- Малыгин 2011 — П. Д. Малыгин. Берестяные грамоты древнего Торжка (из раскопок 1985 и 1999-2001 гг.). Тверь: Творческая мастерская Л. Юга, 2011 (Труды Новоторжской археологической экспедиции. Т. 1). ["Malygin, Zaliznyak:2004"] = { alias = "Малыгин, Зализняк 2004", title = "Берестяные грамоты №1‒19 из Торжка", author = {"Malygin, P.yotr D.mitrievich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, year = "2004", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB11}}", pages = "120‒136" }, }, ["Maroevič:1996"] = { alias = "Мароевич 1996", title = "Этюды по грамматике древнерусского языка. I (К прочтению Свинцовой грамоты)", author = "Maroevič, R. N.", year = "1996", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "17‒22" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1996-3/17-22" }, }, ["Matveenko:1956"] = { alias = "Матвеенко 1956", title = " Заметки о языке новгородских берестяных грамот", author = "Matveenko, V. A.", year = "1956", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "82‒91" }, link = { url = "http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_matveenko-1956.pdf" }, }, ["Medvedev:1967"] = { alias = "Медведев 1967", title = "Из истории Старой Руссы", author = "ru:Медведев, Александр Филиппович|Medvedev, A.lexander F.ilippovich", year = "1967", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "3", pages = "265‒286" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1967_book03.pdf#page=267" }, }, -- Медведев 1972 — А. Ф. Медведев. Новые материалы о Старой Руссе // Археологические открытия 1971 г. М., 1972. -- Медведев 1973 — А. Ф. Медведев. Раскопки в Старой Руссе // Археологические открытия 1972 г. // М., 1973. -- Медведев 1978 — А. Ф. Медведев. Усадьбы ростовщика и ювелира в Старой Руссе. // Археологические открытия 1977 г. М., 1978. -- Медведев, Смирнова 1975 — А. Ф. Медведев, Г. П. Смирнова. Раскопки в Старой Руссе // Археологические открытия 1974 г. М., 1975. ["Medyntsev:1973"] = { alias = "Медынцева 1973", title = "О «сукладниках» новгородских берестяных грамот", author = {"ru:Медынцева, Альбина Александровна|Medyntseva, A.lbina A.lexandrovna"}, year = "1973", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Краткие сообщения Института археологии", number = "135", pages = "23‒27" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_ksia/ksia_135.pdf#page=24" }, }, -- Медынцева 1984а — А. А. Медынцева. Письма Григория — тиуна боярского (по материалам берестяных грамот) // Культура и искусство средневекового города. М., 1984. С. 53–75. -- Медынцева 2005 — A. А. Медынцева. Грамотность в повседневной жизни столицы Рязанского княжества // А. В. Чернецов (ред.) Великое княжество Рязанское: историко-археологические исследования и материалы. М.: Памятники исторической мысли, 2005, с. 211-221 http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_medynceva-2005.pdf -- Мелин 1966 — E. Melin. Einige Birkenrinde-Gramoty aus Novgorod (Acta Universitatis Lundensis, sectio I, 3). Lund, 1966. -- Мельникова 2001 — Е. А. Мельникова. Скандинавские рунические надписи: Новые находки и интерпретации. Москва, 2001. 442 с. -- Мещерский 1958 — Н. А. Мещерский. Новгородские грамоты на бересте как памятники древнерусского литературного языка // Вестник ЛГУ, 1958, № 2. С. 93–108. -- Мещерский 1962 — Н. А. Мещерский. К изучению языка и стиля новгородских берестяных грамот // Уч. зап. Карельск. пед. ин-та. Т. 12 (1961). Петрозаводск, 1962. С. 84–115. -- Мещерский 1969 — Н. А. Мещерский. К филологической интерпретации новгородских берестяных грамот // Уч. зап. Ленингр. пед. ин-та, 1969, т. 366. С. 85–93. ["Mironova:1990"] = { alias = "Миронова 1990", title = "Берестяные грамоты из Старой Руссы (находки 1985 г.)", author = "ru:Миронова, Валентина Григорьевна|Mironova, V.alentina G.rigorievna", year = "1990", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "2", pages = "216‒225" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1990_book02.pdf#page=217" }, }, -- Миронова 1991 — В. Г. Миронова. Люди, события, факты. Берестяные грамоты из Старой Руссы // Вопросы истории, №4, 1991, С. 175–179. ["Mironova, Yanin, Zaliznyak:2004"] = { alias = "Миронова, Янин, Зализняк 2004", title = "Берестяные грамоты № 24‒32 из Старой Руссы", author = {"ru:Миронова, Валентина Григорьевна|Mironova, V.alentina G.rigorievna", "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, year = "2004", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB11}}", pages = "110‒115" }, }, ["Musin:2003"] = { alias = "Мусин 2003", title = "Социальные аспекты истории древнерусской Церкви по данным новгородских берестяных грамот", author = "ru:Мусин, Александр Евгеньевич|Musin, A.lexander E.vgenievich", year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "102‒124" }, }, -- N -- ["NGB I"] = { alias = {"NGB1", "NGBI", "НГБ I"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1951 г.)", year = "1953", volume = "1", author = {"en:Artemiy Artsikhovsky|Artsikhovsky, A.rtemiy V.ladimirovich", "en:Mikhail Tikhomirov|Tikhomirov, M.ikhail N.ikolayevich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-1", gb = "TFBmAAAAMAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/92/" }, }, ["NGB II"] = { alias = {"NGB2", "NGBII", "НГБ II"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1952 г.)", year = "1954", volume = "2", author = "en:Artemiy Artsikhovsky|Artsikhovsky, A.rtemiy V.ladimirovich", location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-2", gb = "w-RBAQAAIAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/93/" }, }, ["NGB III"] = { alias = {"NGB3", "NGBIII", "НГБ III"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1953–1954 гг.)", year = "1958", volume = "3", author = {"en:Artemiy Artsikhovsky|Artsikhovsky, A.rtemiy V.ladimirovich", "ru:Борковский, Виктор Иванович|Borkovsky, V.ictor I.vanovich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-3", gb = "XFBmAAAAMAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/94/" }, }, ["NGB IV"] = { alias = {"NGB4", "NGBIV", "НГБ IV"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1955 г.)", year = "1958", volume = "4", author = {"en:Artemiy Artsikhovsky|Artsikhovsky, A.rtemiy V.ladimirovich", "ru:Борковский, Виктор Иванович|Borkovsky, V.ictor I.vanovich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-4", gb = "ZlBmAAAAMAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/95/" }, }, ["NGB V"] = { alias = {"NGB5", "NGBV", "НГБ V"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1956–1957 гг.)", year = "1963", volume = "5", author = {"en:Artemiy Artsikhovsky|Artsikhovsky, A.rtemiy V.ladimirovich", "ru:Борковский, Виктор Иванович|Borkovsky, V.ictor I.vanovich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-5", gb = "d1BmAAAAMAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/96/" }, }, ["NGB VI"] = { alias = {"NGB6", "NGBVI", "НГБ VI"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1958–1961 гг.)", year = "1963", volume = "6", author = "en:Artemiy Artsikhovsky|Artsikhovsky, A.rtemiy V.ladimirovich", location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-6", gb = "hVBmAAAAMAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/97/" }, }, ["NGB VII"] = { alias = {"NGB7", "NGB", "НГБ "}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1962–1976 гг.)", year = "1978", volume = "7", author = {"en:Artemiy Artsikhovsky|Artsikhovsky, A.rtemiy V.ladimirovich", "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-7", gb = "6_0LAQAAMAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/98/" }, }, ["NGB VIII"] = { alias = {"NGB8", "NGBVIII", "НГБ VIII"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1977–1983 гг.)", year = "1986", volume = "8", author = {"瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-8", gb = "vFBmAAAAMAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/99/" }, }, ["NGB IX"] = { alias = {"NGB9", "NGBIX", "НГБ IX"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1984–1989 гг.)", year = "1993", volume = "9", author = {"瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { isbn = "5-02-008593-6", ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-9", gb = "MVIWAQAAIAAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/100/" }, }, ["NGB X"] = { alias = {"NGB10", "NGBX", "НГБ X"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1990–1996 гг.)", year = "2000", volume = "10", author = {"瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Russian Dictionaries", link = { isbn = "5-93259-018-1", ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-10", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/101/" }, }, ["NGB XI"] = { alias = {"NGB11", "NGBXI", "НГБ XI"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (и раскопок 1997–2000 гг.)", year = "2004", volume = "11", author = {"瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Russian Dictionaries", link = { isbn = "5-98010-014-8", ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-11", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/102/" }, }, ["NGB XII"] = { alias = {"NGB12", "NGBXII", "НГБ XII"}, title = "Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 2001–2014 гг.)", year = "2015", volume = "12", author = {"瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "LRC Publishing House", link = { isbn = "978-5-94457-237-0", ia = "novgorod-letters-on-birch-bark/NGB-12", gb = "I89EDwAAQBAJ", url = "http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/library/book/245/" }, }, ["Nimchuk:1992"] = { alias = "Німчук 1992", title = "Берестяні грамоти в Україні", author = "uk:Німчук Василь Васильович|Nimchuk, V.asyl V.asylovich", year = "1992", location = "Kyiv", publisher = "Potebnia Institute of Linguistics", journal = { name = "uk:Мовознавство (журнал)|Мовознавство", number = "6", pages = "11‒14" }, link = { url = "https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Nimchuk_Vasyl/Berestiani_hramoty_v_Ukraini.pdf" }, }, -- O -- ["Oryol, Kulik:1995"] = { alias = {"Orel-Kulik:1995", "Орел, Кулик 1995"}, title = "Заметки о Берестяных грамотах II", author = {"en:Vladimir Oryol|Oryol, V.ladimir E.mmanuilovich", "Kulik, A.leksandr"}, year = "1995", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"19", "3"}, pages = "381‒390" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/BF01080606", jstor = "40160444" }, }, ["Oryol, Torpusman:1995"] = { alias = "Орел, Торпусман 1995", title = "Заметки о Берестяных грамотах I", author = {"en:Vladimir Oryol|Oryol, V.ladimir E.mmanuilovich", "ru:Торпусман, Рахель|Torpusman, Rachel"}, year = "1995", chapter_of = { title = " Wiener Slawistischer Almanach", volume = "35", pages = "271‒279" }, location = "Vienna", publisher = "Gesellschaft zur Förderung slawistischer Studien", link = { url = "https://wsa.ub.lmu.de/index.php/wsa-rb/issue/view/77/58" }, }, -- P -- ["Paleogr."] = { alias = "Палеогр.", title = "Палеографический и лингвистический анализ Новгородских берестяных грамот", author = "ru:Борковский, Виктор Иванович|Borkovsky, V.ictor I.vanovich", year = "1955", location = "Moscow", publisher = "USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House", link = { ia = "NGB_analiz_1955", gb = "QZhxIgqWNqgC" }, }, ["Pereswetoff‐Morath:2017"] = { alias = "Пересветова-Мурат 2017", title = { text = "Finns det runor på näverremsan från Smolensk?", translation = "Are there runes on the birch bark strip from Smolensk?" }, author = "sv:Sofia Pereswetoff‐Morath|Pereswetoff‐Morath, Sofia", year = "2017", location = "Saint Petersburg", publisher = "Faculty of Philology, Department of Scandinavian and Dutch Philology", journal = { name = "Скандинавская филология", number = {"15", "2"}, pages = "181‒192" }, link = { url = "https://scandphil.spbu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Pereswetoff-Morath-Sofia.-ARE-THERE-RUNES-ON-THE-BIRCH-BARK-STRIP-FROM-SMOLENSK-1.pdf" }, }, ["Petrukhin:2009"] = { alias = "Петрухин 2009", title = "К изучению новгородской берестяной грамоты № 724", author = "Petrukhin, P.avel V.ladimirovich", year = "2009", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"17", "1"}, pages = "109‒126" }, link = { url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2009-1/109-126" }, }, -- Петрухин 2017 — П. 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["Sutcliff:2006"] = { alias = "Сатклифф 2006", title = "Женская грамотность в древней Руси: гипотезы и факты", author = "Sutcliff, Benjamin M.", year = "2006", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики", number = {"23", "1"}, pages = "42‒49" }, link = { url = "https://www.drevnyaya.ru/vyp/stat/s4_26_4.pdf" }, }, -- Свєшников 1990 — І. Свєшников. Звенигородскi грамоти на берестi // Дзвін, 1990, № 6. С. 127–131. -- Седов и др. 1987 — В. В. Седов, С. В. Белецкий, О. К. Волочкова, Т. Ю. Закурина, В. И. Кильдюшевский, И. О. Колосова, И. К. Лабутина, К. М. Плоткин, Н. Н. Фараджева, Б. Н. Харлашов. Раскопки во Пскове // Археологические открытия 1985 г. М., 1987, с. 32–34. 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["Sitchinava:2020b"] = { alias = "Сичинава 2020б", title = "Перечитывая плюсквамперфект: новый обзор корпуса примеров в берестяных грамотах", author = "Sitchinava, D.mitri V.ladimirovich", year = "2020", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Русский язык в научном освещении", number = {"39", "1" }, pages = "136‒171" }, link = { doi = "10.31912/rjano-2020.1.6", url = "https://rjano.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2020-1/136-171" }, }, ["Sitchinava:2023"] = { alias = "Сичинава 2023", title = "Еще несколько поправок и комментариев к чтениям берестяных грамот", author = "Sitchinava, D.mitri V.ladimirovich", year = "2023", chapter_of = { title = "От сорочка к Олекше. Сборник статей к 60-летию А. А. Гиппиуса", pages = "213‒226" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Delo", link = { doi = "10.22394/978-5-85006-504-1-14", url = "http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_sitchinava-2023.pdf" }, }, ["Sitchinava:2024"] = { alias = "Сичинава 2024", title = "Новгородская берестяная грамота № 507 ‒ древнейший список древнерусского толкования на «Отче наш»", author = "Sitchinava, D.mitri V.ladimirovich", year = "2024", location = "Moscow", publisher = "RLI RAS", journal = { name = "ru:|Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики", number = {"97", "3"}, pages = "144‒157" }, link = { doi = "DOI 10.25986/IRI.2024.97.3.013", url = {"http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_sitchinava-2024.pdf", "https://www.drevnyaya.ru/vyp/2024_3/part_13.pdf"} }, }, ["Strakhov:1991"] = { alias = "Страхов 1991", title = "Новгородский монах Ефрем и апостол Иоанн (к происхождению концовки берестяной грамоты № 605)", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "1991", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"15", "3"}, pages = "281‒295" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/BF02539241", jstor = "40160317" }, }, ["Strakhov:1993"] = { alias = "Страхов 1993", title = "Филологические наблюдения над берестяными грамотами. I–IV", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "1993", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "1", pages = "183‒221" }, }, ["Strakhov:1994a"] = { alias = "Страхов 1994а", title = "Филологические наблюдения над берестяными грамотами. V", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "1994", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "2", pages = "205‒233" }, }, ["Strakhov:1995"] = { alias = "Страхов 1995", title = "Филологические наблюдения над берестяными грамотами: VI‒IX", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "1995", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "3", pages = "231‒279" }, }, ["Strakhov:1997"] = { alias = "Страхов 1997", title = "Филологические наблюдения над берестяными грамотами: X‒XIV", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "1997", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "5", pages = "287‒312" }, }, ["Strakhov:1999a"] = { alias = "Страхов 1999а", title = "Филологические наблюдения над берестяными грамотами: XV‒XVIII", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "1999", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "7", pages = "297‒306" }, }, ["Strakhov:2000a"] = { alias = "Страхов 2000а", title = "Филологические наблюдения над берестяными грамотами: XIX‒XX", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "2000", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "8", pages = "312‒321" }, }, ["Strakhov:2001"] = { alias = "Страхов 2001", title = "Филологические наблюдения над берестяными грамотами: XXI‒XXII", author = "ru:Страхов, Александр Борисович|Strakhov, A.lexander B.orisovich", year = "2001", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = "9", pages = "240‒243" }, }, ["Schaeken:1995"] = { alias = "Схакен 1995", title = "A reading of Novgorod birchbark document № 680", author = "Schaeken, Jos", year = "1995", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"19", "3"}, pages = "125‒127" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/BF01649625", jstor = "40160422" }, }, ["Schaeken:2011a"] = { alias = "Схакен 2011а", title = "Don't shoot the messenger. A pragmaphilological approach to birchbark letter no. 497 from Novgorod", author = "Schaeken, Jos", year = "2011", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"35", "1"}, pages = "1‒11" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-010-9068-1", jstor = "41486683" }, }, ["Schaeken:2011b"] = { alias = "Схакен 2011б", title = "Sociolinguistic variation in Novgorod birchbark documents: the case of no. 907 and other letters", author = "Schaeken, Jos", year = "2011", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"35", "3"}, pages = "351‒359" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-011-9079-6", jstor = "41486702" }, }, -- Схакен 2012 — J. Schaeken. The Birchbark Documents in Time and Space– Revisited // Epigraphic Literacy and Christian Identity Modes of Written Discourse in the Newly Christian European North. Ed. K. Zilmer & J. Jesch (eds.), (Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy 4). P. 201–224. -- Схакен 2014 — J. Schaeken. Don't shoot the messenger: Part two. Pragmaphilological notes on birchbark letters nos. 497 and 771 from Novgorod and no. 2 from Zvenyhorod // Fortuin E., Houtzagers H.P., Kalsbeek J., Dekker S. (Eds.) Dutch Contributions to the Fifteenth International Congress of Slavists, Minsk: Linguistics (SSGL 40). Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi. 155–166. ["Schaeken:2017a"] = { alias = "Схакен 2017а", title = "Comments on birchbark documents found in the twenty-first century", author = "Schaeken, Jos", year = "2017", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"41", "2"}, pages = "123‒149" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/s11185-017-9178-0", jstor = "26625383" }, }, -- Схакен 2017б — J. Schaeken. What to give as wedding gifts in medieval Novgorod? On Birchbark document nos. 261-264 // Genis R., Haard E. de, Lučić R. (Eds.) Definitely Perfect. Festschrift for Janneke Kalsbeek. Pegasus Oost-Europese Studies no. 29 Amsterdam: Pegasus. S. 557–567. ["Schaeken, Fortuin, Dekker:2014"] = { alias = "Схакен, Фортейн, Деккер 2014", title = "Эпистолярный дейксис в новгородских берестяных грамотах", author = {"Schaeken, Jos", "Fortuin, Egbert", "Dekker, Simeon"}, year = "2014", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "1", pages = "21‒38" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2014-1/21-38" }, }, ["Shilov:2002"] = { alias = "Шилов 2002", title = "Из наблюдений над берестяными грамотами", author = "ru:Шилов, Леонид Александрович|Shilov, L.eonid A.lexandrovich", year = "2002", location = "Yekaterinburg", publisher = "Ural UP", journal = { name = "Финно-угорское наследие в русском языке", number = "2", pages = "145‒158" }, link = { isbn = "5-7584-0038-6", academia = "47645751" }, }, ["Shilov:2008"] = { alias = "Шилов 2008", title = "Историко-географические комментарии к берестяным грамотам 248, 272 и 580", author = "ru:Шилов, Леонид Александрович|Shilov, L.eonid A.lexandrovich", year = "2008", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State Integrated Museum Reserve", journal = { name = "Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология", number = "24", pages = "133‒143" }, }, ["Stern:2016"] = { alias = "Штерн 2016", title = "Прагмафилология, берестяные грамоты и еще одно толкование грамоты НГБ 19", author = "Stern, Dieter", year = "2016", location = {"Pisa", "Roma"}, publisher = "Fabrizio Serra", journal = { name = "Russica Romana", number = "23", pages = "41‒58" }, link = { doi = "10.19272/201607201002" }, }, -- T -- ["Thesaurus 2023"] = { alias = "Тезаурус 2023", title = "Тезаурус лексики берестяных грамот: топонимы, названия жителей, ментальная и эмоциональная сфера", author = "Ptentsova, A.nna V.ladimirovna", year = "2023", edition = "e-publ.", publisher = "gramoty.ru", link = { url = "http://gramoty.ru/thumbs/bibliography_document_ptentsova-2023.pdf" }, }, ["Tolochko:2008"] = { alias = "Толочко 2008", title = "«Правда руская» и звенигородская берестяная грамота № 2", author = "en:Oleksiy Tolochko|Tolochko, O.leksiy P.etrovych", year = "2008", publisher = "Cambridge UP", journal = { name = "Palaeoslavica", number = {"6", "1"}, pages = "276‒278" }, link = { academia = "43082819" }, }, -- Топорков 1998 — А. Л. Топорков. Грамота № 521: заговор или любовная записка? // Слово и культура. М., 1998. Т. II. С. 230–241. -- Топорков 2005 — А. Л. Топорков. Заговоры в русской рукописной традиции XV—XIX вв.: История, символика, поэтика. М., 2005. ["Toropova, Zaliznyak:2004"] = { alias = "Торопова, Зализняк 2004", title = "Берестяные грамоты № 33‒36 из Старой Руссы", author = {"Toropova, E.lena V.ladimirovna", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, year = "2004", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB11}}", pages = "116‒119" }, }, -- Трубачев 1987 — О. Н. Трубачев. Языкознание и история // Л. А. Булаховский и современное языкознание (к 100-летию со дня рождения). Киев, 1987. С. 119–125. -- U -- -- V -- -- Вермеер 1991 — W. Vermeer. Aspects of the oldest Finnic Poem and some related texts (Novgorod birchbark documents 292, 56 and 403) // Studies in West Slavic and Baltic Linguistics (= Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics, 16), 1991. P. 315–359. ["Vermeer:1992"] = { alias = "Вермеер 1992", title = "Evfim'ja, Maskim and others: Critical Notes on Novgorod Birchbark Documents", author = "Vermeer, Willem", year = "1992", chapter_of = { title = "Studies in Russian Linguistics", volume = "17", pages = "383‒434", series = { name = "en:|Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics" } }, location = "Amsterdam", publisher = "Brill Rodopi", link = { doi = "10.1163/9789004652750_014", jstor = "40997031" }, }, ["Vermeer:1995"] = { alias = "Вермеер 1995", title = "Review: Towards a Thousand Birchbark Letters", author = "Vermeer, Willem", year = "1995", publisher = "Springer", journal = { name = "ru:|Russian Linguistics", number = {"19", "1"}, pages = "109‒123" }, link = { doi = "10.1007/BF01649624", jstor = "40160421", academia = "6303177" }, }, ["Vermeer:1999"] = { alias = "Вермеер 1999", title = "Russisch op berkenbast van de elfde tot de vijftiende eeuw", author = "Vermeer, Willem", year = "1999", location = "Leiden", }, ["Vermeer:2003"] = { alias = "Вермеер 2003", title = "Czech lexical evidence casting light on Novgorod birchbark document 130", author = "Vermeer, Willem", year = "2003", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|BG50}}", pages = "253‒268" }, link = { academia = "6510321" }, }, ["Vermeer:2005"] = { alias = "Вермеер 2005", -- Вермеер, Зализняк 2006 title = "Рец. на: ''A. A. Зализняк''. Древненовгородский диалект. Второе издание, переработанное с учетом материала находок 1995‒2003 гг. М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2004. 872 с.", author = "Vermeer, Willem", year = "2005", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "6", pages = "124‒129" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2005-6/124-129" }, }, ["VJa^1996"] = { alias = {"VJa1996", "ВЯ 1996"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 1995 г.", author = {"瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "13–16" }, year = "1996", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-1996", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1996-3/13-16" }, }, ["VJa^1997"] = { alias = {"VJa1997", "ВЯ 1997"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 1996 г.", author = {"瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "2", pages = "24–33" }, year = "1997", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-1997", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1997-2/24-33" }, }, ["VJa^1998"] = { alias = {"VJa1998", "ВЯ 1998"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 1997 г.", author = {"瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "26–42" }, year = "1998", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-1998", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1998-3/26-42" }, }, ["VJa^1999"] = { alias = {"VJa1999", "ВЯ 1999"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 1998 г.", author = {"瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "3–27" }, year = "1999", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-1999", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1999-4/3-27" }, }, ["VJa^2000"] = { alias = {"VJa2000", "ВЯ 2000"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 1999 г.", author = {"瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "2", pages = "3–14" }, year = "2000", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2000", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2000-2/3-14" }, }, ["VJa^2002"] = { alias = {"VJa2002", "ВЯ 2002"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских и новоторжских раскопок 2001 г.", author = {"安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Malygin, P. D.", "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "6", pages = "3–11" }, year = "2002", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2002", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2002-6/3-11" }, }, ["VJa^2003"] = { alias = {"VJa2003", "ВЯ 2003"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2002 г.", author = {"安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "3–11" }, year = "2003", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2003", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2003-4/3-11" }, }, ["VJa^2004"] = { alias = {"VJa2004", "ВЯ 2004"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2003 г.", author = {"安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "ru:Носов, Евгений Николаевич|Nosov, E.vgeniy N.ikolaevich", "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "15–23" }, year = "2004", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2004", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2004-3/15-23" }, }, ["VJa^2005"] = { alias = {"VJa2005", "ВЯ 2005"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2004 г. в Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = {"安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Toropova, E. V.", "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "24–31" }, year = "2005", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2005", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2005-3/24-31" }, }, ["VJa^2006"] = { alias = {"VJa2006", "ВЯ 2006"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2005 г.", author = {"安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "3–13" }, year = "2006", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2006", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2006-3/3-13" }, }, ["VJa^2007"] = { alias = {"VJa2007", "ВЯ 2007"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2006 г.", author = {"安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "3–10" }, year = "2007", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2007", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2007-3/3-10" }, }, ["VJa^2009"] = { alias = {"VJa2009", "ВЯ 2009"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2008 г.", author = {"安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "3–12" }, year = "2009", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2009", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2009-4/3-12" }, }, ["VJa^2011"] = { alias = {"VJa2011", "ВЯ 2011"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2010 г. в Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = {"安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Toropova, E. V.", "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "3–19" }, year = "2011", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2011", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2011-4/3-19" }, }, ["VJa^2013"] = { alias = {"VJa2013", "ВЯ 2013"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2011 и 2012 гг.", author = {"安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "3–16" }, year = "2013", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2013", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2013-4/3-16" }, }, ["VJa^2015"] = { alias = {"VJa2015", "ВЯ 2015"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2014 г.", author = {"ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "22–31" }, year = "2015", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2015", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2015-3/22-31" }, }, ["VJa^2016"] = { alias = {"VJa2016", "ВЯ 2016"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2015 г.", author = {"ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "7–17" }, year = "2016", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2016", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2016-4/7-17" }, }, ["VJa^2017"] = { alias = {"VJa2017", "ВЯ 2017"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2016 г. в Великом Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = {"ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Toropova, E. V."}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "7–24" }, year = "2017", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2017", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2017-4/7-24" }, }, ["VJa^2018"] = { alias = {"VJa2018", "ВЯ 2018"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2017 г. в Великом Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = {"ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "7–24" }, year = "2018", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2018", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2018-4/7-24" }, }, ["VJa^2019"] = { alias = {"VJa2019", "ВЯ 2019"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2018 г. в Великом Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2019", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "47–71" }, link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2019", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2019-4/47-71" }, }, ["VJa^2020"] = { alias = {"VJa2020", "ВЯ 2020"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2019 г. в Великом Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2020", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "5", pages = "22–37" }, link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2020", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2020-5/22-37" }, }, ["VJa^2021"] = { alias = {"VJa2021", "ВЯ 2021"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 2020 г.", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2021", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "5", pages = "66–92" }, link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2021", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2021-5/66-92" }, }, ["VJa^2022"] = { alias = {"VJa2022", "ВЯ 2022"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2021 г. в Великом Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2022", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "6", pages = "7–20" }, link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2022", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2022-6/7-20" }, }, ["VJa^2023"] = { alias = {"VJa2023", "ВЯ 2023"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2022 г. в Великом Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2023", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "5", pages = "7–28" }, link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2023", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2023-5/7-28" }, }, ["VJa^2024"] = { alias = {"VJa2024", "ВЯ 2024"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2023 г. в Великом Новгороде и Старой Руссе", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2024", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "7–26" }, link = { ia = "vja-birch-bark-letters/VJa-2024", url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2024-4/7-26" }, }, -- W -- ["Wójtowicz:1982"] = { alias = "Вуйтович 1982", title = "Новгородская берестяная грамота о передаче кун", author = "Wójtowicz, Marian", year = "1982", location = {"Warsaw", "Poznań"}, publisher = "Wydawnictwo PTPN", journal = { name = "Lingua Posnaniensis", number = "25", pages = "41‒44" }, }, -- X -- -- Y -- ["Yanin:1986"] = { alias = "Янин 1986", title = "Поправки и замечания к чтениям берестяных грамот", author = "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", year = "1986", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB8}}", pages = "220‒251" }, }, ["Yanin:1993"] = { alias = "Янин 1993", title = "Берестяная грамота № 318 (историко-географический комментарий)", author = "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", year = "1993", chapter_of = { title = "{{R|zle-ono|NGB9}}", pages = "186‒190" }, }, ["Yanin:1998a"] = { alias = "Янин 1998а", title = "Я послал тебе бересту…", author = "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", year = "1998", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Languages of the Russian Culture", edition = "3rd", link = { isbn = "5-7859-0044-0", url = "http://archnov.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/YAnin-V.L.-YA-poslal-tebe-berestu...-YAzyk.-Semiotika.-Kultura.-1998.pdf" }, }, ["Yanin:1998b"] = { alias = "Янин 1998б", title = "Берестяная грамота № 590", author = "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", year = "1998", chapter_of = { title = "Историческая археология: традиция и перспективы. К 80-летию со дня рождения Д. А. Авдусина", pages = "387‒388" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Памятники исторической мысли", link = { isbn = "5-88451-048-9" }, }, ["Yanin, Zaliznyak, Rybina, Gippius:2011"] = { alias = "Янин, Зализняк, Рыбина, Гиппиус 2011", title = "Берестяные грамоты из раскопок 2010 года", author = {"瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Rybina, E.lena A.lexandrovna", "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich"}, year = "2011", location = "Novgorod", publisher = "Novgorod State Integrated Museum Reserve", journal = { name = "Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология", number = "25", pages = "30‒40" }, }, ["Yanin, Rybina:2011"] = { alias = "Янин, Рыбина 2011", title = "Денежные термины в новгородских берестяных грамотах", author = {"瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "Rybina, E.lena A.lexandrovna"}, year = "2011", chapter_of = { title = "От палеолита до средневековья: сборник научных статей", pages = "108‒115" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "MSU Faculty of History", link = { isbn = "978-5-87049-754-9" }, }, -- Z -- -- Зализняк 1982 — А. А. Зализняк. Противопоставление книжных и «бытовых» графических систем в древнем Новгороде // Finitis duodecim lustris: Сборник статей к 60-летию проф. Ю.М. Лотмана. Таллин: Ээсти раамат, 1982. С. 82–85. -- Зализняк 1984 — А. А. Зализняк. Наблюдения над берестяными грамотами // История русского языка в древнейший период. (Вопросы исторического языкознания. Вып. 5). М.: МГУ, 1984. С. 36–153. -- Зализняк 1987 — А. А. Зализняк. Текстовая структура древнерусских писем на бересте // Исследования по структуре текста. М.: Наука, 1987. С. 147–182. -- Зализняк 1988а — А. А. Зализняк. Древненовгородский диалект и проблемы диалектного членения позднего праславянского языка // Славянское языкознание. X Международный съезд славистов. София, сент. 1988: Доклады советской дилегации. М.: Наука, 1988. С. 164–177. -- Зализняк 1988б — А. А. Зализняк. Значение новгородских берестяных грамот для истории русского и других славянских языков // Вестник АН СССР, 1988, №8. С. 92–100. -- Зализняк 1988в — А. А. Зализняк. О текстовой структуре берестяных грамот // Этнолингвистика текста. Семиотика малых форм фольклора: Тезиса и предварительные материалы к симпозиуму. М.: Наука, 1988. С. 14–16. -- Зализняк 1989 — А. А. Зализняк. Новгородские берестяные грамоты и проблема древних восточнославянских диалектов // История и культура древнерусского города. М.: Изд-во МГУ, 1989. С. 18–31. -- Зализняк 1991б — А. А. Зализняк. Об одной берестяной грамоте XII века // Words are physicians for an ailing mind / Ed. M. Grochowski, D. Weiss. – München: Otto Sagner, 1991. (=Sagners Slavistiche Sammlung, Bd. 17). S. 503–508. -- Зализняк 1992а — А. А. Зализняк. Падение редуцированных по данным берестяных грамот // Русистика сегодня: Функционирование языка: лексика и грамматика. М., 1992. С.82–105. -- Зализняк 1992б — А. А. Зализняк. Участие женщин в древнерусской переписке на бересте // Русская духовная культура / Под ред. Луиджи Магаротто и Даниелы Рицци. Департамент Истории Европейской цивилизации. Университет Тренто (La cultura spirituale russa. A cura di Luigi Magarotto e Daniela Rizzi. Departimento di storia della civiltà Europea. Testi e ricerche. №11). Trento, 1992. P.126–142. ["Zaliznyak:1993"] = { alias = "Зализняк 1993", title = "О вероятной связи группы берестяных грамот XII ‒ начала XIII в. с посадниками Иванком Захариничем и Гюргием Иванковичем", author = "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", year = "1993", location = {"Saint Petersburg", "Novgorod"}, publisher = "Saint Petersburg Institute of History", journal = { name = "ru:|Новгородский исторический сборник", number = {"14", "4"}, pages = "46‒51" }, link = { url = "http://www.spbiiran.nw.ru/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Zalisniak_A_A.pdf" }, }, -- Зализняк 1995а — А. А. Зализняк. Берестяной документ XII века о сборе югорской дани // The Language and Verse of Russia. In Honor of D.S. Worth on his 65-th birthday. Ed. by H. Birnbaum and M. Flier. Moskva, 1995. P. 283-290. (UCLA Slavic Studies. V.2). -- Зализняк 1995б — А. А. Зализняк. Une letter d’amour vieux russe du XIe siècle // Université de Genève. Cahiers de la Faculté des Lettres, 1995. P. 6–10. -- Зализняк 1999 — А. А. Зализняк. Проблема тождества и сходства почерков в берестяных грамотах // Великий Новгород в истории средневековой Европы: Сб. статей к 70-летию В.Л. Янина. М.: Русские словари, 1999. С. 293–328. -- Зализняк 2006 — А. А. Зализняк. Берестяные грамоты – бесценный источник сведений о древней Руси и её языке // Лекции лауреатов Демидовской премии (1993-2004). Екатеринбург: издательство Уральского университета, 2006. ["Zaliznyak:2008"] = { alias = "Зализняк 2008", title = "Берестяные грамоты", author = "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", year = "2008", chapter_of = { title = "Новгородская энциклопедия" }, location = "Novgorod", }, ["Zaliznyak, Kolosova, Labutina:1993"] = { alias = "Зализняк, Колосова, Лабутина 1993", title = "Псковские берестяные грамоты 6 и 7", author = {"安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Kolosova, I.rina O.legovna", "Labutina, I.nga K.onstantinovna"}, year = "1993", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Российская археология", number = "1", pages = "196‒210" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1993_book01.pdf#page=198" }, }, ["Zaliznyak, Malygin, Yanin:2002"] = { alias = "Зализняк, Малыгин, Янин 2002", title = "Литературные тексты на берестяных грамотах", author = {"安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", "Malygin, P.yotr D.mitrievich", "瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich"}, year = "2002", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вестник Российской академии наук", number = {"72", "6"}, pages = "510‒514" }, link = { ia = "zle-ono-wikt/Zaliznyak-Malygin-Yanin-2002", url = "https://www.ras.ru/publishing/rasherald/rasherald_articleinfo.aspx?articleid=98da5a3c-0021-4a09-8583-99e775457840" }, }, ["Zaliznyak:2019"] = { alias = "Зализняк 2019", title = { text = "«Эффект Лукерьи»: переход ''ол'' > ''о'' в истории русского языка", translation = "“Lukerya's Effect”: the [ol] > [o] transition in the history of Russian" }, author = "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich", year = "2019", chapter_of = { title = "Славянское и балканское языкознание: Славистика. Индоевропеистика. Культурология. К 90-летию со дня рождения Владимира Николаевича Топорова", pages = "82‒96" }, location = "Moscow", publisher = "en:Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences|Institute for Slavic Studies of RAS", link = { doi = "10.31168/2658-3372.2019.2.7", ia = "Zaliznyak-2019", url = "https://inslav.ru/sites/default/files/editions/toporovskiy_sbornik_okonchatelnyy_maket.pdf#page=82" }, }, ["Zhilina:1987"] = { alias = "Жилина 1987", title = "Тверская берестяная грамота № 1", author = "Zhilina, N.atalia V.iktorovna", year = "1987", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "en:Rossiyskaya arkheologiya|Советская археология", number = "1", pages = "203‒216" }, link = { url = "https://archaeolog.ru/media/books_sov_archaeology/1987_book01.pdf#page=204" }, }, ["Zholobov:2005"] = { alias = "Жолобов 2005", title = "{{lang|zle-ono|тридєвѧто анєєло тридєвѧ ароханєло}} (функция и формы числительных в берестяной грамоте № 715)", author = "Zholobov, O.leg F.eofanovich", year = "2005", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "32‒43" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2005-3/32-43" }, }, ["Zhukovskaya:1959"] = { alias = "Жуковская 1959", title = "Новгородские берестяные грамоты", author = "ru:Жуковская, Лидия Петровна|Zhukovskaya, L.idiya P.etrovna", year = "1959", location = "Moscow", publisher = "УЧПЕДГИЗ", }, ["Zhuravlyov:1997"] = { alias = "Журавлев 1997", title = "Рец. на: Новгородский областной словарь. Вып. 1‒12. Новгород, 1992‒1995", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", year = "1997", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "2", pages = "185‒191" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1997-2/185-191" }, }, -- Библиография «Древнерусская эпиграфика»: https://epigraphica.ru/epigraphy/bibliography/record/list -- [[User:AshFox/zle-ono]] -- Other Bibliography -- A -- ["Agyagási:2016"] = { alias = "Agyagasi:2016", title = "On some oriental elements in Old Novgorodian and other Old Russian dialects", author = "ru:Адягаши, Клара|Agyagási, Klára", year = "2016", location = "Budapest", publisher = "Akadémiai Kiadó Zrt.", journal = { name = "匈牙利东方学院学报|Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae", number = {"69", "4"}, pages = "391‒396" }, link = { ia = "zle-ono-wikt/Agyagasi-2016", doi = "10.1556/062.2016.69.4.3", academia = "97545601" }, }, ["Agyagási:2018"] = { alias = "Agyagasi:2018", title = "О двух бродячих словах восточного происхождения в древнерусском языке", author = "ru:Адягаши, Клара|Agyagási, Klára", year = "2018", location = "Budapest", publisher = "Akadémiai Kiadó Zrt.", journal = { name = "Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae", number = {"63", "1"}, pages = "1‒8" }, link = { ia = "zle-ono-wikt/Agyagasi-2018", doi = "10.1556/060.2018.63.1.1", academia = "119892600" }, }, -- B -- -- C -- -- D -- -- E -- ["ESLO"] = { title = "Old Novgorod Dialect", author = "Sitchinava, D.mitri V.ladimirovich", year = "2020", publisher = "Brill", series = { name = "Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online" }, link = { doi = "10.1163/2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032029" }, }, -- F -- ["Fenne:1607"] = { title = "Tonnies Fonne behordt düt Boek", author = "de:Tönnies Fonne|Fonne, Tönnies", year = "1607", location = "Pskov", chapter_of = { title = "Tönnies Fenne's Low German Manual of Spoken Russian, Pskov 1607", year = "2008", }, link = { ia = "fenne11", url = "https://www.schaeken.nl/lu/research/online/editions/fenne11.pdf" }, -- page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -9 }, отсудствуют страницы, напр. 143-144 и тд }, -- G -- ["Galinskaya:2015"] = { alias = "Галинская:2015", title = { text = "Прогрессивная палатализация и древненовгородское местоимение ''въхе''", translation = "The Progressive Palatalization and the Old Novgorodian Pronoun ''vъxe''" }, author = "Galinskaya, E.lena A.rkadyevna", year = "2015", publisher = "Vilnius UP", journal = { name = "Slavistica Vilnensis", number = "59", pages = "7‒16" }, link = { doi = "10.15388/SlavViln.2014.59.4895", url = "https://www.journals.vu.lt/slavistica-vilnensis/article/view/4895/3150" }, }, ["Gippius:2025"] = { alias = "Гиппиус 2025", title = "Саамские имена в древнерусских надписях-граффити из Старой Ладоги", author = "ru:Гиппиус, Алексей Алексеевич|Gippius, A.lexey A.lexeevich", year = "2025", chapter_of = { title = "Саамские языки России. Тезисы докладов международ ной научной конференции, Санкт-Петербург, 7–8 мая 2025 г.", pages = "19‒22", }, location = "Saint Petersburg", publisher = "ILS RAS", link = { ia = "Gippius-2025" }, }, ["Gluskina:1962"] = { alias = "Глускина:1962", title = { text = "Морфонологические наблюдения над звуком [ch] в псковских говорах", translation = "Morphophonological observations on the sound [ch] in Pskov dialects" }, author = "ru:Глускина, Софья Менделевна|Gluskina, S.ofia M.endelevna", year = "1962", chapter_of = { title = { text = "Псковские говоры: Труды Первой псковской диалектологической конференции 1960 года", translation = "Pskov dialects: Proceedings of the First Pskov Dialectological Conference of 1960" }, volume = "1", pages = "28‒57" }, location = "Pskov", publisher = "Pskov State Pedagogical University named after S. M. Kirov", link = { url = "https://pskovbook.ru/book/2512" }, }, ["Gluskina:1968"] = { alias = "Глускина:1968", title = { text = "О второй палатализации заднеязычных согласных в русском языке (на материале северо-западных говоров)", translation = "On the second palatalization of velar consonants in the Russian (based on the northwestern dialects)" }, author = "ru:Глускина, Софья Менделевна|Gluskina, S.ofia M.endelevna", year = "1968", chapter_of = { title = { text = "Псковские говоры: Труды Второй псковской диалектологической конференции 1964 года", translation = "Pskov dialects: Proceedings of the Second Pskov Dialectological Conference of 1964" }, volume = "2", pages = "20‒43" }, location = "Pskov", publisher = "Pskov State Pedagogical University named after S. M. Kirov", link = { url = "https://pskovbook.ru/book/2514" }, }, -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- ["James:1618"] = { alias = {"James:1619", "James:1618‒1619"}, title = { text = "Русско-английский словарь-дневник Ричарда Джемса (1618‒1619 гг.)", translation = "Russian-English Dictionary-Diary of Richard James 1618‒1619" }, author = "en:Richard James (scholar)|James, Richard", year = "1618‒1619", location = "Arkhangelsk", link = { ia = "russko_angliysky_slovar-dnevnik_richarda_jamesa_1618_1619", academia = "15229518" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -3 } }, -- K -- ["Krysko:1998"] = { title = "Древний новгородско-псковский диалект на общеславянском фоне", author = "ru:Крысько, Вадим Борисович|Krysko, V.adim B.orisovych", year = "1998", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "74‒93" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1998-3/74-93" }, }, ["Krysko, Ladyzhensky:2022"] = { title = "Поп-сквернослов: Обсценные маргиналии в древнерусском евангелии", author = {"ru:Крысько, Вадим Борисович|Krysko, V.adim B.orisovych", "Ladyzhensky, I.gor M.ikhailovich"}, year = "2022", location = "Wiesbaden", publisher = "Harrassowitz Verlag", journal = { name = "de:|Die Welt der Slaven", number = {"67", "2"}, pages = "286‒295" }, link = { ia = "zle-ono-wikt/Krysko-Ladyzhensky-2022", doi = "10.13173/WS.67.2.286", academia = "82518149" }, }, -- L -- ["Lukin:2023"] = { title = { text = "«Весь господарь Великий Новгород» в германоязычных документах XV века", translation = "“All Sovereign Novgorod-the-Great” in Fifteenth Century Documents in Germanic Languages" }, author = "ru:Лукин, Павел Владимирович|Lukin, P.avel V.ladimirovich", year = "2023", journal = { name = "ru:|Slověne. International Journal of Slavic Studies", number = {"12", "2"}, pages = "83‒96" }, link = { doi = "10.31168/2305-6754.2023.2.04" }, }, -- M -- -- N -- -- O -- -- P -- ["Patri:2001"] = { title = "Une correspondance irano-slave en novgorodien", author = "Patri, Sylvain", year = "2001", location = "Göttingen", publisher = "Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht", journal = { name = "en:|Historische Sprachforschung", number = {"114", "2"}, pages = "290‒306" }, link = { jstor = "41289065" }, }, -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- ["Schaeken:2019"] = { title = "Voices on Birchbark: Everyday Communication in Medieval Russia", author = "Schaeken, Jos", year = "2019", location = {"Leiden", "Boston"}, publisher = "Brill", series = { name = "en:|Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics", number = "43" }, link = { ia = "voices-on-birchbark", isbn = "978-90-04-38942-7", gb = "W5GFDwAAQBAJ", url = "https://brill.com/display/title/39580" }, page_url = { ia = true }, }, -- T -- -- U -- -- V -- ["Vasiliev:2012"] = { title = { text = "Славянские топонимические древности Новгородской земли", translation = "Novgorod Slavic Toponymic Antiquities" }, author = "Vasiliev, V.alery L.eonidovich", year = "2012", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Manuscript Monuments Ancient Rus", link = { isbn = "978-5-9551-0607-6", ia = "Vasiliev-2012", academia = "24764691" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 }, }, ["VJa^1994"] = { alias = {"VJa1994", "ВЯ 1994"}, title = "Берестяные грамоты из новгородских раскопок 1990‒1993 гг.", author = {"瓦连京·亚宁|Yanin, V.alentin L.avrentievich", "安德烈·扎利茲尼亞克|Zaliznyak, A.ndrey A.natolyevich"}, journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "3", pages = "3–22" }, year = "1994", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1994-3/3-22" }, }, -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- ["Zhuravlyov:1993"] = { title = "Праславянский словник древненовгородского диалекта с точки зрения лексикостатистики", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", year = "1993", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", journal = { name = "ru:|Вопросы языкознания", number = "4", pages = "87‒98" }, link = { url = "https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1993-4/87-98" }, }, } } lw08m9kgxftflgi56rndd34o69tq4h2 828 3390377 9944154 9733545 2026-10-14T19:37:17Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 92735669）：修正 requireOptional／loadDataOptional 載入失敗後再次存取時回傳哨兵值而非 nil 的錯誤；說明文件改寫 9944154 Scribunto text/plain --[==[ intro: This module lets a module declare all of its dependencies at the top, in one place, while still loading each of them only when the code reaches it. A page which never enters a given branch never pays for the modules that branch needs. Call `init` once and keep the table it returns: ``` local M = require("Module:module loader").init{ require = { utilities = "Module:utilities", languages = "Module:languages", }, loadData = { headword_data = "Module:headword/data", }, lazy = { lang = function() return require("Module:languages").getByCode("de") end, }, } M.utilities.format_categories(...) -- requires Module:utilities M.headword_data.page -- mw.loadData on first access M.lang:makeEntryName(...) -- runs the getter on first access ``` The table `init` returns is a proxy. Reading a name for the first time does the work, and the result is {rawset} onto the proxy, so every later read is a plain table lookup and no metamethod runs. The same applies one level down: for a `require` entry, reading `M.<var>name</var>.<var>member</var>` caches that member on the sub-proxy. What a name reads as depends on the field it was declared in: * `require` and `requireOptional` give a sub-proxy, not the module table. Key lookups pass through, so the module's own {__index} still fires, but only keys already read exist on the proxy itself, so {pairs} and {#} see only those. Metamethods like {__call} apply to the module, not to the proxy that stands in for it. * `loadData` and `loadDataOptional` give the {mw.loadData} table itself, which behaves like any other table, so iteration works. * `lazy` gives whatever the getter returned. A name which was never declared reads as {nil}, as does an optional module which failed to load. The failure is cached, so a missing module is looked up once and not on every access. Guard with {if M.foo then} instead of indexing straight into it. A module declared under `require` which returns a function rather than a table is cached and returned as that function, with no proxy around it. The laziness is per-access, not per-call. The proxy defers until a name is read, not until the value that name holds is called, so binding a name to a local at the top of a module loads it there and then: ``` local shallowCopy = M.table.shallowCopy -- loads Module:table immediately ``` This applies to every field, `lazy` included, since {local x = M.x} is itself the access which runs the getter. Keep the access at the call site instead, where it costs two table lookups once the first access has cached both levels. Where a bare local is wanted, use the self-overwriting loader idiom of [[Module:table]] and [[Module:parameters]], which defers to the first call and costs nothing after it, because the local is replaced by the target function: ``` local function shallowCopy(...) shallowCopy = require("Module:table").shallowCopy return shallowCopy(...) end ``` ]==] local export = {} local NIL = {} -- sentinel for optional loadData/require that failed (so we don't retry) -- Validate the declaration: a short name may appear in only one of the five fields, and a -- module path may not appear twice across require and loadData. local function validate(modules, data_modules, optional_data_modules, optional_require_modules, lazy_modules) local seen_names = {} local seen_paths = {} -- Check require modules for name, path in pairs(modules) do if seen_names[name] then error("Module loader: duplicate name '" .. name .. "'") end seen_names[name] = "require" if seen_paths[path] then error("Module loader: module '" .. path .. "' loaded twice (as '" .. seen_paths[path] .. "' and '" .. name .. "')") end seen_paths[path] = name end -- Check loadData modules for name, path in pairs(data_modules) do if seen_names[name] then error("Module loader: duplicate name '" .. name .. "' (in both require and loadData)") end seen_names[name] = "loadData" if seen_paths[path] then error("Module loader: module '" .. path .. "' loaded twice (as '" .. seen_paths[path] .. "' and '" .. name .. "')") end seen_paths[path] = name end -- Check loadDataOptional (names only; its paths are not tracked) for name, path in pairs(optional_data_modules or {}) do if seen_names[name] then error("Module loader: duplicate name '" .. name .. "'") end seen_names[name] = "loadDataOptional" end -- Check requireOptional (names only) for name, path in pairs(optional_require_modules or {}) do if seen_names[name] then error("Module loader: duplicate name '" .. name .. "'") end seen_names[name] = "requireOptional" end -- Check lazy (names only) for name in pairs(lazy_modules or {}) do if seen_names[name] then error("Module loader: duplicate name '" .. name .. "'") end seen_names[name] = "lazy" end end -- Build a proxy for a lazy object: table of name → function () → value. Each key is evaluated once and cached. local function make_lazy_object_proxy(getters) return setmetatable({}, { __index = function(proxy, key) local getter = getters[key] if type(getter) ~= "function" then return nil end local value = getter() rawset(proxy, key, value) return value end }) end --[==[ Given a table of dependency declarations ``opts``, returns the lazy proxy described above. Call it once, at the top of a module. ``opts`` may contain any of the following fields, all optional: * `require`: maps a short name to a module path, which is loaded with {require} on first access. * `loadData`: maps a short name to a data module path, which is loaded with {mw.loadData} on first access. The table is returned as-is. * `requireOptional`: as `require`, but the load runs under {pcall}, and a module which is missing or throws an error reads as {nil}. Such a module must return a table; one returning a function counts as missing. * `loadDataOptional`: as `loadData`, but the load runs under {pcall}, and a module which is missing or throws an error reads as {nil}. * `lazy`: maps a short name to a getter for a value which is not a whole module. Where `require` and `loadData` defer loading a module, `lazy` defers computing a value, such as an object built from a module, or something borrowed from elsewhere which you would rather not touch until it is needed. Each entry is either a function returning the value, or a table of names to such functions, giving a nested object whose keys are each evaluated on their own first access. For instance: ** {lang = function() return require("Module:languages").getByCode("de") end}, so that [[Module:languages]] is not loaded on pages which never reach the relevant branch. ** {ustring = function() return mw.ustring end}, a sub-namespace of {mw}. ** {concat = function() return table.concat end}, a plain alias. ** {mw = {getCurrentTitle = ..., getCurrentFrame = ..., getContentLanguage = ...}}, the nested form, with one deferred key per expensive call. Throws an error if a short name is declared in more than one field, or if the same module path is declared twice across `require` and `loadData`. Paths in the optional fields are not tracked, so a module may be declared both as required and as optional.]==] function export.init(opts) local modules = opts.require or {} local data_modules = opts.loadData or {} local optional_data_modules = opts.loadDataOptional or {} local optional_require_modules = opts.requireOptional or {} local lazy_modules = opts.lazy or {} validate(modules, data_modules, optional_data_modules, optional_require_modules, lazy_modules) local loaded_modules = {} local function get_module(module_name) local cached = loaded_modules[module_name] if cached ~= nil then if cached == NIL then return nil end return cached end if data_modules[module_name] then loaded_modules[module_name] = mw.loadData(data_modules[module_name]) elseif optional_data_modules[module_name] then local ok, data = pcall(mw.loadData, optional_data_modules[module_name]) loaded_modules[module_name] = (ok and data) and data or NIL elseif optional_require_modules[module_name] then local ok, mod = pcall(require, optional_require_modules[module_name]) loaded_modules[module_name] = (ok and mod and type(mod) == "table") and mod or NIL elseif modules[module_name] then loaded_modules[module_name] = require(modules[module_name]) end local m = loaded_modules[module_name] if m == NIL then return nil end return m end local proxy_metatable = { __index = function(proxy, module_name) -- Lazy: single getter function or table of getters (nested lazy object) if lazy_modules[module_name] then local lazy_def = lazy_modules[module_name] if type(lazy_def) == "function" then local value = lazy_def() rawset(proxy, module_name, value) return value end if type(lazy_def) == "table" then local sub = make_lazy_object_proxy(lazy_def) rawset(proxy, module_name, sub) return sub end end local module = get_module(module_name) if not module then return nil end -- If the module itself is a function, cache and return it directly if type(module) == "function" then rawset(proxy, module_name, module) return module end -- For loadData / loadDataOptional modules, return the table directly (no function proxying) if data_modules[module_name] or optional_data_modules[module_name] then rawset(proxy, module_name, module) return module end -- Everything else (require, and requireOptional that loaded) gets a proxy that -- caches individual members as they are read. local function_proxy = setmetatable({}, { __index = function(function_cache, function_name) local cached_function = module[function_name] rawset(function_cache, function_name, cached_function) return cached_function end }) rawset(proxy, module_name, function_proxy) return function_proxy end } return setmetatable({}, proxy_metatable) end return export 4yt8l6eou5zun5d9uyqgkh1c1u1w3d4 828 3415853 9944337 9732289 2026-10-14T21:01:46Z TongcyDai 53191 維基百科連結本地化（7 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944337 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- -- B -- ["BSAM"] = { alias = "Olander:2009", title = "Balto-Slavic Accentual Mobility", author = "Olander, Thomas", year = "2009", location = {"Berlin", "New York"}, publisher = "Mouton de Gruyter", series = { name = "Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs", number = "199" }, link = { isbn = "978-3-11-020397-4", ia = "balto-slavic-accentual-mobility-2009", gb = "n_u0RPhpOS0C" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 12 } }, ["BSW^1"] = { alias = {"Trautmann:1923", "BSW1"}, title = { text = "Baltisch-Slavisches Wörterbuch", translation = "Baltic-Slavic Dictionary" }, author = "en:Reinhold Trautmann|Trautmann, Reinhold", year = "1923", edition = "1st", location = "Göttingen", publisher = "Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht", series = { name = "Göttinger Sammlung indogermanischer Grammatiken und Wörterbücher", number = "4" }, link = { ia = "Trautmann-1923", url = "https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/7875655/ft/bsb00107751" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 7 } }, ["BSW"] = { alias = {"Trautmann:1970", "BSW"}, title = { text = "Baltisch-Slavisches Wörterbuch (2. unveränderte Auflage)", translation = "Baltic-Slavic Dictionary" }, author = "en:Reinhold Trautmann|Trautmann, Reinhold", year = "1970", edition = "2nd", location = "Göttingen", publisher = "Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht", link = { ia = "baltisch-slavisches-worterbuch-1970" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 5 } }, -- C -- -- D -- -- E -- ["EDBIL"] = { title = "Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon", author = "en:Rick Derksen|Derksen, Rick", year = "2015", location = {"Leiden", "Boston"}, publisher = "Brill", series = { name = "en:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary|Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series", number = "13" }, link = { isbn = "978-90-04-27898-1", ia = "etymological-dictionary-of-the-baltic-inherited-lexicon", gb = "fILunwEACAAJ" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 13 }, default_pagename = true }, -- F -- -- G -- -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- ["Jasanoff:2011"] = { title = "Balto-Slavic mobility as an Indo-European problem", author = "en:Jay Jasanoff|Jasanoff, Jay H.", year = "2011", chapter_of = { title = "From Present to Past and Back: Papers on Baltic and Slavic Accentology", pages = "52‒74", series = { name = "Potsdam Linguistic Investigations", number = "7" } }, location = "Frankfurt", publisher = "Peter Lang", link = { ia = "Jasanoff-2011", url = "https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.harvard.edu/dist/6/84/files/2022/05/Balto-Slavic-mobility.pdf" }, }, ["Jasanoff:2017"] = { title = "The Prehistory of the Balto-Slavic Accent", author = "en:Jay Jasanoff|Jasanoff, Jay H.", year = "2017", location = {"Leiden", "Boston"}, publisher = "Brill", series = { name = "Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics", number = "17" }, link = { isbn = "978-90-04-34610-9", ia = "the-prehistory-of-the-balto-slavic-accent" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 16 } }, -- K -- -- L -- -- M -- ["Matasović:2013"] = { alias = "Matasovic:2013", title = "Substratum Words in Balto-Slavic", author = "en:Ranko Matasović|Matasović, Ranko", year = "2013", location = "Zagreb", publisher = "Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts", journal = { name = "Filologija", number = "60", pages = "75‒102" }, link = { ia = "substratum-words-in-balto-slavic", academia = "34484608", url = "https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/172848" }, }, -- N -- -- O -- -- P -- ["Petersson:1916"] = { title = { text = "Baltisches und Slavisches", translation = "Baltic and Slavic" }, author = "de:Herbert Petersson|Petersson, Herbert", year = "1916", location = {"Lund", "Leipzig"}, publisher = {"C.W.K. Gleerup", "Otto Harrassowitz"}, journal = { name = "Lunds Universitets Årsskrift", number = {"12", "2"} }, link = { gb = "wBsyet9GGQsC" }, page_url = { gb = true, pref = "RA1-PA" }, }, -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- -- T -- -- U -- -- V -- -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- } } 1uxoaf591cnvti1edfeohgk1txsewwd 0 3423231 9944195 9741517 2026-10-14T20:14:29Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944195 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== {{was fwotd|mr|2026|4月|24日}} ===詞源=== 最終{{der+|mr|sa|गो|t=[[母牛]]}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} * {{hyph|mr|गं|गा|वन}} * {{rhyme|mr|ən|s=3}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n}}<ref>{{R:mr:Berntsen}}</ref><ref>{{R:mr:Molesworth}}</ref> # {{lb|mr|專業術語|古舊}} [[韃靼]]地區[[牛]][[尾巴]]上的[[黑色]][[長毛]] # {{lb|mr|延伸意義}} [[假髮]][[束]]，假髮[[片]] #* {{quote-journal|mr|date=5 February 2020|title=mr:'घर चालवण्यासाठी मी डोक्यावरचे केस विकले तेव्हा...'|trans-title='當我為了維持生計而賣掉頭髮時...'|work=w:[[BBC News|BBC News 馬拉地語版]]|text=मानवी केसांची जगभर विक्री केली जाते आणि भारत हा त्याचा सगळ्यांत मोठा निर्यातदार देश आहे. विकलेल्या केसांचा उपयोग '''गंगावन''' आणि विग बनवण्यासाठी होतो.|t=人髮銷往世界各地，而印度是最大的出口國。賣掉的頭髮被用來製作'''假髮束'''與全頭假髮。|url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-51371470}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} ===參見=== * {{l|mr|टोप|t=假髮}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} {{C|mr|毛髮|化妝品|頭飾}} 5k5z5bcprpmw005c5vjh7tjndh38n1c 828 3452287 9944273 9778456 2026-10-14T20:27:50Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 90999979） 9944273 Scribunto text/plain local ber_pro = require("Module:bibliography/data/ber-pro") local export = { sources = {}, headers = ber_pro.headers, } for sid, source in pairs(ber_pro.sources) do export.sources[sid] = source end export.sources["Abarrou:2024"] = { author = "Abarrou, Jamal", year = "2024", title = "Dictionnaire rifain-français illustré", location = "Paris", publisher = "Editions L'Harmattan", link = { isbn = "978-2-14-032787-2", }, header = "DIC", } export.sources["Bouyaala:2024"] = { author = "Bouyaala, Khalid", year = "2024", title = "Aménagement graphique, grammatical et lexical du rifain (berbère du nord du Maroc)", location = "Marseille", publisher = "Aix-Marseille Université", link = { doi = "10.70675/2ececc64z44c2z416fzb9cez3471513ec0e8", }, header = "REF", } export.sources["Kossmann:2009"] = { author = "Kossmann, Maarten G.", year = "2009", title = "6. Loanwords in Tarifiyt, a Berber language of Morocco", series = { name = "Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook", }, publisher = "Brill", link = { doi = "10.1515/9783110218442.191", isbn = "978-3-11-021843-5", }, header = "REF", } export.sources["Kossmann:2009b"] = { author = "Kossmann, Maarten", year = "2009", title = "Tarifiyt Berber vocabulary", work = "World Loanword Database", link = { url = "http://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/6", }, header = "DIC", } export.sources["Serhoual:2002"] = { author = "Serhoual, Mohammed", year = "2002", title = { text = "Dictionnaire tarifit-français", translation = "Tarifit–French dictionary", }, location = "Tétouan", publisher = "Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi", header = "DIC", } return export 0im7904gphv3v1m9oy8c6ih2klmm5tb 828 3452290 9944334 9864763 2026-10-14T21:01:35Z TongcyDai 53191 維基百科連結本地化（9 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944334 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- ["Achab:1996"] = { author = "Achab, Ramdane", year = "1996", title = "La néologie lexicale berbère: 1945-1995", location = "Paris", publisher = "Peeters Publishers", link = { isbn = "9068318101", }, header = "REF", }, -- B -- ["Blažek:2014"] = { author = "Blažek, Václav", year = "2014", title = "Phoenician/Punic loans in Berber languages and their role in chronology of Berber", work = "Folia Orientalia", volume = "51", pages = "276–293", link = { url = "https://journals.pan.pl/Content/85572/mainfile.pdf", }, note = "Pagination may differ from preprint.", header = "REF", }, ["Blench:2018"] = { author = { { text = "en:Roger Blench|Roger Blench", type = "author" }, }, year = "2021", title = "Relating linguistic reconstructions of plant names in Berber to the archaeobotany of North Africa", work = "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports", volume = "38", issue = "103009", pages = "1–11", link = { doi = "10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103009", url = "https://www.academia.edu/36413349/Relating_linguistic_reconstructions_of_plant_names_in_Berber_to_the_archaeobotany_of_North_Africa", }, header = "REF", }, ["Blench:2023"] = { author = "Blench, Roger", year = "2023", title = "Linguistic and Archaeological Evidence for Berber Prehistory", series = { name = "Études et Documents Berbères", volume = "49–50(1)", }, link = { doi = "10.3917/edb.049.0063", }, header = "REF", }, -- C -- ["Chaker:2024"] = { author = "Chaker, Salem", year = "2024", title = "Diachronie berbère : Linguistique historique et libyque", publisher = "Presses universitaires de Provence", link = { isbn = "9791032005125", }, header = "REF", }, -- D -- ["DRBC"] = { author = "Haddadou, Muhand Akli", year = "2007", title = "Dictionnaire des racines berbères communes", location = "Tizi Ouzou, Algeria", publisher = "Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité", link = { isbn = "9789961789988", }, header = "DIC", }, -- K -- ["Kossmann:1999"] = { author = { { text = "en:Maarten Kossmann|Maarten Kossmann", type = "author" }, }, year = "1999", title = "Essai sur la phonologie du proto-berbère", location = "Leiden, The Netherlands", publisher = "Rüdiger Köppe", series = { name = "Grammatical analyses of African languages", volume = "12", }, link = { isbn = "9783896450357", }, header = "REF", }, ["Kossmann:2013"] = { author = { { text = "en:Maarten Kossmann|Maarten Kossmann", type = "author" }, }, year = "2013", title = "The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber", location = "Leiden, The Netherlands", publisher = "Brill", series = { name = "Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics", volume = "67", }, link = { doi = "10.1163/9789004253094", isbn = "978-90-04-25308-7", }, header = "REF", }, -- M -- ["Meouak:2015"] = { author = "Meouak, Mohamed", year = "2015", title = "La langue berbère au Maghreb médiéval: Textes, contextes, analyses", location = "Leiden", publisher = "Brill", series = { name = "Studies in the History and Society of the Maghrib", volume = "8", }, link = { isbn = "978-90-04-29944-3", url = "https://brill.com/view/title/32028?language=en", }, header = "LIT", }, -- S -- ["Schuchardt-RLB"] = { author = "Schuchardt, Hugo", year = "1918", title = "Die romanischen Lehnwörter im Berberischen", location = "Wien", publisher = "In Kommission bei Alfred Hölder", series = { name = "Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften", volume = "188, IVth treatise", }, link = { url = "http://schuchardt.uni-graz.at/id/publication/556", }, header = "REF", }, -- V -- ["van Putten:2011"] = { author = { { text = "en:Marijn van Putten|Marijn van Putten", type = "author" }, }, year = "2011", title = "Nouns of the CVC and CC type in Berber", location = "The Netherlands", publisher = "Leiden University", note = "Doctoral thesis.", header = "REF", }, ["van Putten:2018"] = { author = { { text = "en:Marijn van Putten|Marijn van Putten", type = "author" }, }, year = "2018", title = "Proto-Berber Mid Vowel Harmony", work = "Nordic Journal of African Studies", volume = "27", location = "Uppsala", publisher = "Nordic Africa Research Network", link = { issn = "1459-9465", url = "https://hdl.handle.net/1887/79372", doi = "10.53228/njas.v27i3.381" }, header = "REF", }, ["van Putten:2019"] = { author = { { text = "en:Marijn van Putten|Marijn van Putten", type = "author" }, }, year = "2019", chapter = "Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber", title = "Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica", editor = "José Juan Batista Rodríguez", publisher = "Academia Canaria De La Lengua", link = { isbn = "978-8-4960-5957-3", }, header = "REF", }, ["van Putten:2023"] = { author = { { text = "en:Marijn van Putten|Marijn van Putten", type = "author" }, }, year = "2024", chapter = "Reconstruction of the Proto-Berber Light Verbs", title = "Études et Documents Berbères", series = { name = "Approaches to the history of the Berber language (continued)", volume = "49–50", }, publisher = "La Boite à Documents", link = { isbn = "9782843160530", url = "https://shs.cairn.info/journal-etudes-et-documents-berberes-2023-1?lang=en", }, header = "REF", }, ["van Putten:2024"] = { author = { { text = "en:Marijn van Putten|Marijn van Putten", type = "author" }, }, year = "2024", chapter = "Proto-Berber Heavy Verbs", title = "The Handbook of Berber Linguistics", publisher = "Springer Singapore", link = { doi = "10.1007/978-981-99-5690-6_15", isbn = "978-981-99-5690-6", }, header = "REF", }, ["Vycichl:1952"] = { author = { { text = "en:Werner Vycichl|Werner Vycichl", type = "author" }, }, year = "1952", title = "Punischer Spracheinfluss im Berberischen", work = "Journal of Near Eastern Studies", editor = "James F. Osborne", volume = "11", issue = "3", publisher = "The University of Chicago Press", link = { url = "https://www.jstor.org/stable/542638", }, header = "REF", }, }, headers = [[ ===文獻=== $LIT$ ===參考資料=== $REF$ ===詞典=== $DIC$ ]], } o483yblzvlrpn8af24hd0irpaad42jr 828 3472356 9944346 9804020 2026-10-14T21:02:22Z TongcyDai 53191 維基百科連結本地化（3 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944346 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- ["Antonovich:1968"] = { alias = "Антановіч:1968", title = { text = "Белорусские тексты, писанные арабским письмом, и их графико-орфографическая система", translation = "Belarusian texts written in Arabic script and their graphic and orthographic system" }, author = "be:Антон Канстанцінавіч Антановіч|Antonovich, A.nton K.onstantinovich", year = "1968", publisher = "Vilnius UP", link = { ia = "Antonovich-1968", gb = "_FJsAAAAIAAJ", url = "https://knihi.com/Anton_Antanovic/Bielaruskija_teksty,_pisanyja_arabskim_pismom.html" }, page_url = { ia = true }, set_args = function(data) -- Automatically tags Arabic text within the entry parameter with the right fonts. local replace_from = "["..mw.ustring.char(0x600).."-"..mw.ustring.char(0x6FF).."ࢯࢮ ]+" local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("zle-ort") local tag_text = require("Module:script utilities").tag_text for i, v in ipairs(data.entry) do data.entry[i] = mw.ustring.gsub(v, replace_from, function (x) return tag_text(x, lang) end) end end, }, -- B -- -- C -- -- D -- ["Dankoff:2004"] = { title = "Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi Okuma Sözlüğü", author = "en:Robert Dankoff|Dankoff, Robert", year = "2004", location = "Istanbul", publisher = "Sanat Kitabevi", link = { isbn = "975-7981-23-0", ia = "EvliyaelebiSeyahatnamesiOkumaSzl" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2" }, entry_lang = "tr", }, ["Dezső:1965a"] = { alias = "Dezso:1965a", title = { text = "Материалы к словарю закарпатской литературы XVI–XVII вв.", translation = "Materials for the Dictionary of Transcarpathian Literature of the 16<sup>th</sup>‒17<sup>th</sup> centuries" }, author = "uk:Ласло Деже|Dezső, László", year = "1965a", location = "Budapest", default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zle-ort", }, ["Dezső:1965b"] = { alias = "Dezso:1965b", title = { text = "Памятники украинской деловой письменности XVIII вв.", translation = "Monuments of Ukrainian Business Writing of the 18<sup>th</sup> century" }, author = "uk:Ласло Деже|Dezső, László", year = "1965b", location = "Budapest", }, ["Dezső:1967a"] = { alias = "Dezso:1967a", title = { text = "Очерки по истории закарпатских говоров", translation = "Essays on the History of Transcarpathian Dialects" }, author = "uk:Ласло Деже|Dezső, László", year = "1967a", location = "Budapest", publisher = "Magyar Tudományos Akadémia", link = { ia = "Dezso-1967a" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2+1" }, }, ["Dezső:1985"] = { alias = "Dezso:1985", title = { text = "Украинская лексика сер. XVI века: Няговские Поучения (Словарь и Анализ)", translation = "Ukrainian Lexicon of the mid-16<sup>th</sup> Century: Nyagov's Teachings (Dictionary and Analysis)" }, author = "uk:Ласло Деже|Dezső, László", year = "1985", location = "Debrecen", publisher = "Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem", link = { ia = "Dezso-1985" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 2 }, default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zle-ort", }, ["Dezső:1989"] = { alias = "Dezso:1989", title = { text = "A XVI-XVIII. századi kárpátukrán nyelvemlékek magyar jövevényszavai", translation = "Hungarian borrowings in Transcarpathian Ukrainian Written Monuments of the 16<sup>th</sup>‒18<sup>th</sup> centuries" }, author = "uk:Ласло Деже|Dezső, László", year = "1989", location = "Budapest", publisher = "Akadémiai Kiadó", series = { name = "Nyelvtudományi értekezések", number = "128" }, link = { isbn = "963-05-4957-3", gb = "TfmeyNQqYfsC" }, }, ["Dezső:1996"] = { alias = "Dezso:1996", title = { text = "Деловая письменность русинов в XVII–XVIII вв.", translation = "Rusyn Business Writing in the 17<sup>th</sup>‒18<sup>th</sup> centuries" }, author = "uk:Ласло Деже|Dezső, László", year = "1996", location = "Nyíregyháza", publisher = {"Bessenyei György Tanárképző Főiskola", "Ukrán és Ruszin Filológiai Tanszék"}, link = { ia = "dezso-1996", gb = "P0wYAQAAIAAJ" }, page_url = { ia = true }, default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zle-ort", }, -- E -- -- F -- -- G -- -- H -- ["HSBM"] = { alias = "ГСБМ", title = { text = "Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы", translation = "Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language" }, author = {"be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі|Zhurawski, A. I.", "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M."}, year = "1982–2017", location = "Minsk", volumes = { { number = "1", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|а – биенье}}", year = "1982", author = "be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі|Zhurawski, A. I.", publisher = "Navuka i tekhnika", link = { ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_1" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2" } }, { number = "2", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|биецъ – варивный}}", year = "1983", author = "be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі|Zhurawski, A. I.", publisher = "Navuka i tekhnika", link = { ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_2" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2" } }, { number = "3", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|вариво – вкупе}}", year = "1983", author = "be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі|Zhurawski, A. I.", publisher = "Navuka i tekhnika", link = { ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_3" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "4", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|вкупитися – вспевати}}", year = "1984", author = "be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі|Zhurawski, A. I.", publisher = "Navuka i tekhnika", link = { ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_4" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "5", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|всперати – выорати}}", year = "1986", author = "be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі|Zhurawski, A. I.", publisher = "Navuka i tekhnika", link = { ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_5" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2" } }, { number = "6", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|выостреный – глядати}}", year = "1985", author = "be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі|Zhurawski, A. I.", publisher = "Navuka i tekhnika", link = { ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_6" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2" } }, { number = "7", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|гляденье – девичество}}", year = "1986", author = "be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі|Zhurawski, A. I.", publisher = "Navuka i tekhnika", link = { ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_7" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2" } }, { number = "8", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|девичий – дорогость}}", year = "1987", author = "be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі|Zhurawski, A. I.", publisher = "Navuka i tekhnika", link = { ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_8" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2" } }, { number = "9", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|дорогоценный – жеребей}}", year = "1989", author = "be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі|Zhurawski, A. I.", publisher = "Navuka i tekhnika", link = { isbn = "5-343-00294-3", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_9" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "10", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|жеребецъ – замена}}", year = "1990", author = "be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі|Zhurawski, A. I.", publisher = "Navuka i tekhnika", link = { isbn = "5-343-00140-8", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_10" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "11", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|заменивати – зашкодити}}", year = "1991", author = "be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі|Zhurawski, A. I.", publisher = "Navuka i tekhnika", link = { isbn = "5-343-00448-2", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_11" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2" } }, { number = "12", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|зашкодный – злотницкий}}", year = "1993", author = "be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі|Zhurawski, A. I.", publisher = "Navuka i tekhnika", link = { isbn = "5-343-00744-9", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_12" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "13", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|злотництво – ивовый}}", year = "1993", author = "be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі|Zhurawski, A. I.", publisher = "Navuka i tekhnika", link = { isbn = "5-343-00961-1", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_13" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2" } }, { number = "14", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|игде – катуючий}}", year = "1996", author = "be:Аркадзь Іосіфавіч Жураўскі|Zhurawski, A. I.", publisher = "Navuka i tekhnika", link = { isbn = "5-343-01218-3", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_14" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2" } }, { number = "15", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|катъ – коречный}}", year = "1996", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "985-08-0011-9", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_15" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2" } }, { number = "16", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|коржъ – лесничанка}}", year = "1997", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "985-08-0053-4", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_16" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2" } }, { number = "17", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|лесничий – местский}}", year = "1998", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "985-08-0219-7", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_17" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2" } }, { number = "18", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|местце – надзовати}}", year = "1999", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "985-08-0187-5", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_18" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "19", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|надивней – небэзпэчность}}", year = "2000", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "985-08-0415-7", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_19" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "20", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|невагаючийся – никогды}}", year = "2001", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "985-08-0374-6", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_20" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "21", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|никой – оддухъ}}", year = "2002", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "985-08-0484-X", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_21" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "22", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|оддыханье – ость}}", year = "2002", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "985-08-0527-7", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_22" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "23", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|осударский – паписта}}", year = "2003", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "985-08-0559-5", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_23" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "24", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|паприца – побужоный}}", year = "2005", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "985-08-0631-1", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_24" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "25", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|побунтованье – позначити}}", year = "2005", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "985-08-0676-1", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_25" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "26", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|позней – поробтати}}", year = "2006", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "985-08-0707-5", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_26" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "27", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|поровенъ – прегрешити}}", year = "2007", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "978-985-08-0817-2", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_27" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "28", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|прегроза – пристранство}}", year = "2008", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "978-985-08-0935-3", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_28" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "29", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|пристрастный – ракъ}}", year = "2009", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "978-985-08-1028-1", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_29" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "30", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|ралецъ – рушать}}", year = "2010", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "978-985-08-1128-8", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_30" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "31", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|рушаючий – смущенье}}", year = "2011", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "978-985-08-1271-1", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_31" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "32", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|смыковати – струмень}}", year = "2012", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "978-985-08-1413-5", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_32" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "33", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|струна – треснутися}}", year = "2013", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "978-985-08-1554-5", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_33" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "34", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|тресолнечный – умопомятенье}}", year = "2014", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "978-985-08-1685-6", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_34" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "35", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|уморати – фолдровый}}", year = "2015", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "978-985-08-1851-5", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_35" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "36", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|фолкга – чорно}}", year = "2016", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "978-985-08-2023-5", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_36" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "37", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|чорное – ящыкъ}}", year = "2017", author = "be:Аляксандр Мікалаевіч Булыка|Bulyka, A. M.", publisher = "Belaruskaia navuka", link = { isbn = "978-985-08-2134-8", ia = "HSBM_1982-2017/HSBM_37" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, }, entry_url = "https://verbum.by/hsbm/$ID$", default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zle-ort", set_args = { from = "entry", to = "id", setter = function (entry) local lang_zleort = require("Module:languages").getByCode("zle-ort") return lang_zleort:transliterate(mw.ustring.gsub(lang_zleort:stripDiacritics(entry), "[гжѡхцчшщъьѣєэюꙗѧя]", { ["г"] = "g", ["ж"] = "zh", ["ѡ"] = "o", ["х"] = "kh", ["ц"] = "ts", ["ч"] = "ch", ["ш"] = "sh", ["щ"] = "shch", ["ъ"] = "", ["ь"] = "", ["ѣ"] = "e", ["є"] = "e", ["э"] = "e", ["ю"] = "yu", ["ꙗ"] = "ya", ["ѧ"] = "ya", ["я"] = "ya" }), require("Module:scripts").getByCode("Cyrs")) end } }, ["Hnatenko:2016"] = { title = { text = "Палеографічно-орфографічна атрибуція української кириличної рукописної книги: уставні та півуставні кодекси кінця ХІІІ – поч. ХVІІ ст.", translation = "Palaeographic-Orthographic Attribution of the Ukrainian Cyrillic Handwritten Book: Uncial and Half-Uncial Codices of the late 13<sup>th</sup> – early 17<sup>th</sup> centuries" }, author = "Hnatenko, L.iudmyla A.natolyivna", year = "2016", location = "Kyiv", publisher = "Institute of Manuscripts, V. I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-7489-1", ia = "palaeographic-orthographic-attribution-of-the-ukrainian-cyrillic-handwritten-book", academia = "39516868" }, page_url = { ia = true }, }, -- I -- ["ISUJa"] = { alias = "ІСУЯ", title = { text = "Історичний словник українського язика", translation = "Historical Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language" }, author = "uk:Тимченко Євген Костянтинович|Tymchenko, Ye.vhen K.ostiantynovych", year = "1930–1932", location = {"Kharkiv", "Kyiv"}, volumes = { { number = "1", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|А – глубина}}", year = "1930", publisher = "State Publishing House of Ukraine", link = { ia = "ISUJa/ISUJa-1-1" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 23 } }, { number = "2", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|глубоко – Ж}}", year = "1932", publisher = "Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia", link = { ia = "ISUJa/ISUJa-1-2" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -527 } }, }, default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zle-ort", }, -- J -- -- K -- ["KomSUM^16‒18"] = { alias = {"KomSUM", "КомСУМ"}, title = { text = "Комбінаторний словник української мови XVI–XVIII століть ({{lang|zle-ort|А – Б}})", translation = "Combinatorial Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language of the 16<sup>th</sup>‒18<sup>th</sup> centuries" }, author = "uk:Дидик-Меуш Ганна Михайлівна|Dydyk-Meush, H. M.", year = "2018", chapter_of = { title = { text = "Комбінаторика в українській мові XVI–XVIII століть", translation = "Combinatorics in the Ukrainian Language of the 16<sup>th</sup>‒18<sup>th</sup> centuries" }, pages = "503–687" }, location = "Lviv", publisher = "Kolo", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-8549-1", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/books/book/?newsid=805" }, default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zle-ort", }, -- L -- -- M -- ["MSUM^15‒18"] = { alias = {"MSUM", "МСУМ"}, title = { text = "Матеріали до словника писемної та книжної української мови XV–XVIII ст.", translation = "Materials for the Dictionary of the Written and Book Ukrainian Language of the 15<sup>th</sup>‒18<sup>th</sup> centuries" }, author = {"uk:Тимченко Євген Костянтинович|Tymchenko, Ye.vhen K.ostiantynovych", "uk:Німчук Василь Васильович|Nimchuk, V. V."}, year = "2002–2003", location = {"Kyiv", "New York"}, publisher = {"National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine", "Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S."}, volumes = { { number = "1", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|А – Н}}", year = "2002", link = { isbn = "966-7252-25-6", ia = "kniga1" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "2", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|О – Я}}", year = "2003", link = { isbn = "966-7252-25-6", ia = "kniga2" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, }, default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zle-ort", }, -- N -- -- O -- ["Ohienko:1930"] = { alias = "ULM16", title = { text = "Українська літературна мова XVI-го ст. і український Крехівський Апостол 1560-х р.", translation = "Ukrainian Literary Language of the 16<sup>th</sup> сentury and the Ukrainian Krekhiv Apostle of 1560s" }, author = "en:Ilarion Ohienko|Ohienko, Ivan I.vanovych", year = "1930", location = "Warsaw", publisher = "Synodal Printing House", volume = "2", link = { ia = "krekhivskyi2", url = "https://elib.nlu.org.ua/view.html?id=10395" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -3 }, default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zle-ort", }, ["Ohienko:1951"] = { alias = "URS17", title = { text = "Українсько-російський словник початку XVII-го віку", translation = "An early 17<sup>th</sup> century Ukrainian-Russian Dictionary" }, author = "en:Ilarion Ohienko|Ohienko, Ivan I.vanovych", year = "1951", location = "Winnipeg", publisher = "Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences", link = { ia = "slovn34" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 }, default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zle-ort", }, -- P -- -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- ["SBL"] = { alias = "СБЛ", title = { text = "Старабеларускі лексікон", translation = "Old Belarusian Lexicon" }, author = {"be:Мікалай Рыгоравіч Прыгодзіч|Pryhodzič, M. R.", "Civanova, H. K."}, year = "1997", location = "Minsk", publisher = "Society “Chata”", link = { isbn = "985-6007-39-9" }, entry_url = "https://slounik.org/search?dict=starbiel&search=$ENTRY$", default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zle-ort", }, ["SSUM^14‒15"] = { alias = {"SSUM", "ССУМ"}, title = { text = "Словник староукраїнської мови XIV–XV ст.", translation = "Dictionary of the Old Ukrainian Language of the 14<sup>th</sup>‒15<sup>th</sup> centuries" }, author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", year = "1977–1978", location = "Kyiv", publisher = "Naukova Dumka", volumes = { { number = "1", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|А – М}}", year = "1977", link = { ia = "staroukr1", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1408" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -2 } }, { number = "2", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|Н – Ѳ}}", year = "1978", link = { ia = "staroukr2", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1407" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -2 } }, }, default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zle-ort", }, ["SUM^16‒17"] = { alias = {"SUM16-17", "СУМ16-17", "SUM1617", "СУМ1617"}, title = { text = "Словник української мови XVI – I пол. XVII ст.", translation = "Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: 16<sup>th</sup> ‒ 1<sup>st</sup> half of 17<sup>th</sup> century" }, author = {"uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", "et al."}, year = "1994–2022", location = "Lviv", publisher = "I. Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies", volumes = { { number = "1", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|а – аѳинѧны}}", year = "1994", author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", link = { isbn = "5-7702-0954-2", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_1", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1406" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "2", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|б – богуславецъ}}", year = "1994", author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", link = { isbn = "5-7702-0521-0", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_2", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1405" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "3", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|богъ – весъной}}", year = "1996", author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", link = { isbn = "5-7702-1034-6", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_3", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1404" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "4", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|весь – вправѣ}}", year = "1997", author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", link = { isbn = "966-02-0091-9", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_4", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1403" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "5", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|впрашати – выпродати}}", year = "1998", author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", link = { isbn = "966-02-0495-7", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_5", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1402" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "6", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|выпросити – головный}}", year = "1999", author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", link = { isbn = "966-02-1044-2", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_6", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1401" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "7", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|головнѣйший – десѧтина}}", year = "2000", author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", link = { isbn = "966-02-1728-5", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_7", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1400" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "8", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|десѧтинный – дѣдичство}}", year = "2001", author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", link = { isbn = "966-02-1729-3", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_8", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1399" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "9", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|дѣдичъ – загонити}}", year = "2002", author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", link = { isbn = "966-02-2706-X", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_9", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1398" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "10", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|загонъ – затрачаючїй}}", year = "2003", author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", link = { isbn = "966-02-3231-4", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_10", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1397" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "11", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|затраченє – злечитисѧ}}", year = "2004", author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", link = { isbn = "966-02-3554-2", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_11", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1396" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "12", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|зливатися – зѧть}}", year = "2005", author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", link = { isbn = "966-02-3930-0", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_12", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1395" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "13", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|и – іюнь}}", year = "2006", author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-4428-3", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_13", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1394" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "14", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|к – конъюрация}}", year = "2008", author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-4981-3", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_14", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1393" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "15", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|конь – легковѣрны}}", year = "2010", author = {"uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", "Chikalo M.aria I.vanivna"}, link = { isbn = "978-966-02-5906-5", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_15", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=220" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "16", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|легкомыслность – лѧчи}}", year = "2013", author = "Chikalo M.aria I.vanivna", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-7105-0", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_16", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=552" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "17", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|м – моавитѧнка}}", year = "2017", author = "Chikalo M.aria I.vanivna", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-8594-1", ia = "SUM-28/SUM-28_17", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=846" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "18", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|мова – мѧтка}}", year = "2022", author = "Chikalo M.aria I.vanivna", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-9515-5", ia = "SUM-28_2/SUM-28_18", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/materials/documents/?newsid=1265" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "19", title = "{{lang|zle-ort|? – напасть}}", year = "202X", author = "Chikalo M.aria I.vanivna" }, }, default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zle-ort", }, ["SUM^16‒17 ref."] = { alias = {"SUM16-17 ref", "СУМ16-17 ref", "SUM1617 ref", "СУМ1617 ref"}, title = { text = "Словник української мови XVI – I пол. XVII ст.: Список використаних джерел", translation = "Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: 16<sup>th</sup> ‒ 1<sup>st</sup> half of 17<sup>th</sup> century: List of used sources" }, author = "uk:Гринчишин Дмитро Григорович|Hrynchyshyn D.mytro G.rigorovich", year = "1994", location = "Lviv", publisher = "I. Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies", link = { isbn = "5-7702-0521-0", ia = "SUM-28_2/SUM-28_0" }, }, -- T -- -- U -- ["UK^16‒18"] = { alias = {"UK", "УК"}, title = { text = "Українські краєвиди XVI–XVIII ст.", translation = "Ukrainian Landscapes of the 16<sup>th</sup>‒18<sup>th</sup> centuries" }, author = {"uk:Дидик-Меуш Ганна Михайлівна|Dydyk-Meush, H. M.", "Slobodzianyk, O. Z."}, year = "2015", location = "Lviv", publisher = "Kolo", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-7639-0", ia = "ukrainkrayevydy", url = "https://www.inst-ukr.lviv.ua/uk/publications/books/book/?newsid=609" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 }, default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zle-ort", }, -- V -- -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- ["Zizanij:1596"] = { alias = "Lexis", title = { text = "{{lang|zle-ort|Лєксис}}", translation = "Lexis" }, author = "uk:Лаврентій Зизаній|Zizanij, Lavrentij", year = "1596", location = "Vilnius", publisher = "Vilna Brother Printing House", link = { url = {"https://uk.wikisource.org/wiki/Сторінка:Грамматіка_словенска._1596.pdf", "http://litopys.org.ua/zyzlex/zyz.htm"} }, }, } } i1n46q4xmm8qkemeyluut2dpoern5qg 828 3475109 9944335 9807482 2026-10-14T21:01:39Z TongcyDai 53191 維基百科連結本地化（13 處改連中文維基百科條目、28 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944335 Scribunto text/plain -- Recurring variables -- --- Line --- local line_arg = { list = true, display = { label = { "line ", "lines "}, after = "page", separator = "," }, } --- Paragraph --- local para_arg = { list = true, display = { label = { "para. ", "paras. " }, after = "page", separator = "," } } --- Note/Footnote --- local note_arg = { list = true, display = { after = "entry", formatter = function(note, cit_data) local span = mw.html.create( 'span' ) span:attr( 'title', cit_data.note ) span:css( 'cursor', 'help' ) span:wikitext( '<sup>†</sup>' ) return tostring ( span ) end } } return { sources = { -- A -- ["Alos & Velkov:1991"] = { author = { "Alos, Hektor", "Velkov, Kiril" }, year = "1991", title = { text = "Tabuaj vortoj en Esperanto", translation = "Taboo words in Esperanto", }, location = "Vraca", link = { url = "https://web.archive.org/web/20210506190237/http://i-espero.info/files/elibroj/eo%20-%20alos%20%26%20velkov%20-%20tabuaj%20vortoj%20en%20esperanto.pdf" }, page_url = "https://web.archive.org/web/20210506190237/http://i-espero.info/files/elibroj/eo%20-%20alos%20%26%20velkov%20-%20tabuaj%20vortoj%20en%20esperanto.pdf#page=$PAGE$", own_args = { note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "SPE", }, ["Amery & Cartwright:2004"] = { author = { { text = "en:|Amery, Heather", type = "author" }, { text = "en:|Cartwright, Stephen", type = "illustrator" }, }, year = "2004", title = "eo:Mil unuaj vortoj|Mil Unuaj Vortoj", location = "Barlaston", publisher = { "en:|Usborne Publishing", "en:Esperanto Association of Britain|Esperanto-Asocio de Britio" }, header = "PIC", }, ["Azorin:1932"] = { author = "Azorin, Francisko", year = "1932", title = { text = "Universala Terminologio de la Arkitekturo", translation = "Universal Terminology of Architecture", }, location = "Madrid", publisher = "Chulilla y Angel", link = { ia = "universala-terminologio-de-la-arkitekturo" }, page_url = { ia = true }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "SPE", }, -- B -- ["Bastien:1907"] = { author = "Bastien, Louis", year = "1907", title = { text = "Naŭlingva Etimologia Leksikono de la lingvo Esperanto", translation = "Nine-language Etymological Lexicon of the Esperanto languauge", }, location = "Paris", publisher = "Prea Esperantista Societo", link = { ia = "bub_gb_-NOEAAAAIAAJ" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "+20", }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "ETY", }, ["Bavant:2003"] = { -- Use |entry= with the name of the entry + [WORD] on website. -- -- Example: abako [mv001] -- author = "Bavant, Marc", year = "2003", title = { text = "Matematika Terminaro kaj Oklingva Leksikono", translation = "Mathematical Terminology and Eight-language Lexicon" }, location = "Prague", publisher = "KAVA-PECH", link = { url = "https://matvort.mbavant.site/" }, entry_url = { url = "https://matvort.mbavant.site/mat.htm#:~:text=$ENTRY$", }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, header = "SPE", }, ["Bean:1954"] = { author = "Bean, C. M.", year = "1954", title = { text = "Matematika Terminaro", translation = "Mathematical Terminology", }, location = "Rickmansworth", publisher = "Internacia Esperanto-Ligo", link = { ia = "matematika-terminaro-1954" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2-18", }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "SPE", }, ["Bein:1922"] = { -- NOTE: The following pages are missing in IA: 80-81, 98-99 -- alias = "V:1922", author = "卡齐米日·贝因|Bein, Kazimierz", year = "1922", title = { text = "Vortaro de Esperanto", translation = "Dictionary of Esperanto", }, location = "Paris", publisher = "eo:|Esperantista Centra Librejo", link = { -- ol = "61041597M", -- ia = "Vortaro-de-Esperanto-1922" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = function(data) if data.page < 80 then return data.page + 5 elseif data.page > 81 and data.page < 98 then return data.page + 3 else return data.page + 1 end end }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, para = para_arg }, header = "MON", }, ["Benson:1932"] = { alias = "UEM:1932", author = "en:William Sol Benson|Benson, William", year = "1932", title = { text = "eo:|Universala Esperanto-Metodo", translation = "Universal Esperanto Method", }, location = "Newark, New Jersey", publisher = "Benson School of Esperanto", link = { -- ol = "49937571M", -- ia = "BensonUniversalaEsperantoMetodo" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "-3" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "PIC", }, ["Benson:1995"] = { alias = "CEED:1995", author = "eo:|Benson, Peter", year = "1995", title = "eo:|Comprehensive English-Esperanto Dictionary", location = "El Cerrito", publisher = "en:Esperanto-USA|Esperanto League for North America", link = { isbn = "0-939785-02-1", ia = "comprehensiveenglishesperantobensonpeterj.1940" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "+9" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, ["Bergman:1968"] = { author = "Bergman, Peter M.", year = "1968", title = "The Concise Dictionary of 26 Languages", location = { "New York", "Toronto", "London" }, publisher = { "The New American Library", "The New English Library Limited" }, link = { ia = "concisedictionar00berg" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, ["BL"] = { year = "a. 2012", title = { text = "La Bona Lingvo", translation = "The Good Language" }, link = { url = "https://labonalingvo.org/" }, entry_url = { url = "https://labonalingvo.org/?vorto=$ENTRY|PAGENAME$", }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true; header = "THE", }, ["Boirac:1909"] = { alias = "PV:1909", author = "en:|Boirac, Émile", year = "1909-1910", title = { text = "eo:|Plena Vortaro", translation = "Complete Dictionary", }, location = "Dijon", publisher = "Presejo Darantiere", volumes = { { title = "Unua Parto", year = "1909", link = { ia = "plena-vortaro/Plena-Vortaro-1-DTL_8205746" }, }, { title = "Dua Parto", year = "1910", link = { ia = "plena-vortaro/Plena-Vortaro-2-DTL_8192554" } } }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = function(data) if data.volume == 2 then return data.page - 173 else return data.page + 30 end end }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, ["Bricard:1905"] = { author = "Bean, C. M.", year = "1905", title = { text = "Matematika Terminaro kaj Krestomatio", translation = "Mathematical Terminology and Chrestomathy", }, publishers = { { location = "Paris", publisher = "Hachette et Cie" }, { location = "London", publisher = "Review of Reviews" }, { location = "Berlin", publiser = "Möller & Borel" }, { location = "Barcelona", publisher = "Espasa, J." }, { location = "Livorno", publisher = "Giusti, Raffaello" }, { location = "Warsaw", publisher = "Arct, M." }, { location = "Stockholm", publisher = "Esperantoförening" }, }, link = { ia = "matematika-terminaro-kaj-krestomatio" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "+8", }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "SPE", }, ["Broise:1959"] = { -- It seems each term has its own section -- author = "Broise, A.", year = "1959", title = { text = "Teknika terminaro pri ŝoseoj kaj pontoj", translation = "Technical terminology about highways and bridges", }, location = "Rotterdam", publisher = "Universala Esperanto-Asocio", link = { ia = "terminaro-pri-shoseoj-kaj-pontoj-1959" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2-49" }, own_args = { para = para_arg, note = note_arg, }, header = "SPE", }, ["Butler:1967"] = { alias = "EED:1967", author = "en:|Butler, Montagu C.", year = "1967", title = "Esperanto-English Dictionary", location = "London", publisher = "en:Esperanto Association of Britain|British Esperanto Association", link = { -- ol = "21832743M", -- ia = "esperantoenglish0000mont" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "+3" }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, ["Butler & Merrick:1960"] = { author = { "Butler, M. C.", "Merrick, F." }, year = "1960", title = { text = "Muzika Terminaro", translation = "Music Terminology" }, edition = "2nd", location = "Oakville", publisher = "Esperanto Press", link = { ia = "muzika-terminaro-butler-merrick-1960" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2+1", }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "SPE", }, -- C -- ["Chaves:1991"] = { -- Use the caption # under the image as the page # -- alias = "OEB:1991", author = "eo:|Chaves, Sylla", year = "1991", title = { text = "Orignala Esperanta Bildvortaro", translation = "Original Esperanto Picture Dictionary" }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "eo:|Esperanto-Asocio de San-Paŭlo", link = { ia = "orginala-esperanta-bildvortaro_202601" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2+1" }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "PIC", }, ["Cherpillod:2003"] = { alias = "KEV:2003", author = "eo:|Cherpillod, André", year = "2003", title = { text = "eo:|Konciza Etimologia Vortaro", translation = "Concise Etymological Dictionary", }, publisher = "国际世界语协会|Universala Esperanto-Asocio", link = { isbn = "9290170824", url = "https://konciza-etimologia-vortaro.github.io" }, entry_url = "https://konciza-etimologia-vortaro.github.io/#$ENTRY|PAGENAME$", default_pagename = true, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "ETY", }, ["Clissold:1949"] = { -- Specify |section=dua parto (any letter case) if referring to the 2nd part. -- author = "Clissold, Peter", year = "1949-1950", title = { text = "Marista Terminaro", translation = "Sailor Terminology", }, location = "Rickmansworth", publisher = "Universala Esperanto-Asocio", link = { ia = "marista-terminaro-1949-1950" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = function(data) if data.section ~= nil then if string.lower(data.section) == "dua parto" then return data.page /2 + 8 end end return data.page / 2 - 13 end }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "SPE", }, ["Cseh:2021"] = { author = "Cseh, Andreo", year = "2021", title = { text = "Konversacia Vortaro", translation = "Conversational Dictionary", }, edition = "7th", location = "Hago", publisher = "Internacia Esperanto-Instituto", link = { url = "https://www.iei.nl/wp-content/uploads/Konversacia-Vortaro-jan-2021.pdf" }, page_url = "https://www.iei.nl/wp-content/uploads/Konversacia-Vortaro-jan-2021.pdf#page=$PAGE$", own_args = { note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "MON", }, -- D -- ["Denisowski:2011"] = { alias = "ESPDIC:2011", author = "Denisowski, Paul", year = "2011-present", title = "Esperanto-English Dictionary", link = { url = "http://www.denisowski.org/Esperanto/ESPDIC/espdic_readme.html" }, entry_url = "http://www.denisowski.org/Esperanto/ESPDIC/espdic.txt", default_pagename = true, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, ["Duncan:1956"] = { alias = "EECD:1956", author = "eo:Donald Duncan|Duncan, D. R.", year = "1992", title = "English-Esperanto Chemical Dictionary", location = "London", publisher = "en:Esperanto Association of Britain|British Esperanto Association", link = { ia = "english-esperanto-chemical-dictionary" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "SPE", }, ["Durrant:1940"] = { author = "Durrant, E. D.", year = "1940", title = { text = "Armea Terminaro", translation = "Army Terminology" }, location = "Rickmansworth", publisher = "Internacia Esperanto-Ligo", link = { ia = "armea-terminaro-1940" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2-8", }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "SPE", }, ["Durrant:1941"] = { author = "Durrant, E. D.", year = "1941", title = { text = "Aeronaŭtika Terminaro", translation = "Aeronautical Terminology" }, location = "Rickmansworth", publisher = "Internacia Esperanto-Ligo", link = { ia = "aeronautika-terminaro-1941" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2-7", }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "SPE", }, -- E -- ["Eichholz:1988"] = { alias = "EB:1988", author = "en:|Eichholz, Rüdiger", year = "1988", title = { text = "eo:|Esperanta Bildvortaro", translation = "Esperanto Picture Dictionary" }, location = "Ontario", publisher = "Esperanto Press", link = { isbn = "0-919186-32-7", ia = "esperantabildvor0000unse" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "PIC", }, ["Eichholz:2006"] = { author = "en:|Eichholz, Rüdiger", year = "2006", title = { text = "eo:Plena Pekoteko|Perkomputora Termino-Kolekto", translation = "Pekoteko|Computerized Terminology Collection" }, link = { url = "https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000313/http://www.familienforschung-pabst.de/EspBiographien/PP-pdf/Pekoteko_tuto.pdf" }, page_url = "https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000313/http://www.familienforschung-pabst.de/EspBiographien/PP-pdf/Pekoteko_tuto.pdf#page=$PAGE$", own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "SPE", }, ["Eri & Vegh:1986"] = { alias = "DM:1986", author = { { text = "Éri, István", type = "editor-in-chief", }, { text = "Végh, Béla", type = "editor-in-chief" } }, year = "1986", title = { text = "eo:|Dictionarium Museologicum", translation = "Dictionary of Museology" }, location = "Budapest", publisher = "eo:|Hungaria Esperanto-Asocio", link = { ia = "dictionariummuse0000unse" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "SPE", }, -- F -- ["Fulcher & Long:1963"] = { alias = "EED:1963", author = { "eo:|Fulcher, Fleming", "eo:|Long, Bernard" }, year = "1963", title = "eo:|English-Esperanto Dictionary", edition = "3rd", location = "Rickmansworth", publisher = "eo:The Esperanto Publishing Company Limited|The Esperanto Publishing Company Ltd.", link = { ia = "englishesperanto0000fulc" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, -- G -- ["Gledhill:1998"] = { author = "Gledhill, Christopher", year = "1998", title = "The Grammar of Esperanto", location = "München", publisher = "Lincom Europa", link = { isbn = "3-8958-6961-9", url = "https://u-paris.hal.science/hal-01220008/document" }, page_url = { url = "https://u-paris.hal.science/hal-01220008/document#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+1" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "GRA", }, ["Grosjean:1980"] = { -- If section is equal to 'suplemento' (any letter case), input the actual page #, not the URL page # -- alias = "PV:1980", author = "eo:Émile Grosjean-Maupin|Grosjean, Émile", year = "1980", title = { text = "en:|Plena Vortaro de Esperanto", translation = "Complete Dictionary of Esperanto", }, location = "Paris", publisher = "无民族世界语协会|Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda", edition = "9th unchanged", link = { -- ol = "7723386M", -- ia = "Plena_Vortaro_de_Esperanto" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = function(data) if data.section ~= nil then if string.lower(data.section) == "suplemento" then return data.page + 509 end end return data.page - 3 end }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, header = "MON", }, -- H -- ["Harry & Fox:2020"] = { -- Use |id= if |entry= does not link correctly -- author = { "en:|Harry, Ralph", "Fox, Brian", }, year = "2020", title = "Australian and New Zealand Esperanto Dictionary", link = { url = "https://www.esperanto.org.nz/anzed/anzed.html", }, entry_url = "https://www.esperanto.org.nz/anzed/anzed.html#$ID|ENTRY$", own_args = { note = note_arg, line = line_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "MUL", }, -- I -- -- J -- ["Jordan:1999"] = { -- Use |id= for anything after "https://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/eo/colloq/". -- Example: |id=colloq040.html#sec4-1-1 > https://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/eo/colloq/colloq040.html#sec4-1-1 -- author = "Jordan, David K.", year = "1999", title = "Being Colloquial in Esperanto", edition = "Revised", location = "Cerrito", publisher = "en:Esperanto-USA|Esperanto League for North America", link = { isbn = "0-939785-04-8", url = "https://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/eo/colloq/colloq003-Contents.html", }, section_url = "https://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/eo/colloq/$ID$", own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "GRA", }, -- K -- ["Kalocsay & Waringhien:1985"] = { alias = "PAG:1985", author = { "en:|Kalocsay, Kálmán", "en:|Waringhien, Gaston" }, year = "1985", title = { text = "eo:|Plena Analiza Gramatiko", translation = "Complete Analytical Grammar" }, location = "Rotterdam", publisher = "国际世界语协会|Universala Esperanto-Asocio", edition = "5th corrected", link = { isbn = "9290170328", url = "http://luisguillermo.com/PAG/Plena_Analiza_Gramatiko_(K._Kalocsay,_G._Waringhien).pdf" }, page_url = { url = "http://luisguillermo.com/PAG/Plena_Analiza_Gramatiko_(K._Kalocsay,_G._Waringhien).pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = function(data) if data.page < 22 then return data.page - 1 elseif data.page > 21 and data.page < 36 then return data.page - 2 elseif data.page > 35 and data.page < 50 then return data.page - 4 elseif data.page > 49 and data.page < 178 then return data.page - 6 elseif data.page > 177 and data.page < 291 then return data.page - 7 elseif data.page > 290 and data.page < 370 then return data.page - 8 elseif data.page > 368 and data.page < 391 then return data.page - 9 elseif data.page > 390 and data.page < 498 then return data.page - 10 else return data.page - 11 end end }, own_args = { note = note_arg, para = para_arg }, header = "GRA", }, ["Kellerman:1910"] = { alias = "CG:1910", author = "en:Ivy Kellerman Reed|Kellerman, Ivy", year = "1910", title = "A Complete Grammar of Esperanto", location = { "New York", "Boston", "Chicago" }, publisher = "en:|D. C. Heath and Company", link = { ia = "rosettaproject_epo_morsyn-1" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "+14" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "GRA", }, ["Kexi & Albault:1989"] = { author = { "Kexi, Li", "Albault, André" }, year = "1989", title = { text = "Anatomia Nomenklaturo", translation = "Anatomical Nomenclature" }, location = "Beijing", publisher = "Ĉina Esperanto-Eldonejo", link = { ia = "nominaanatomicaa00peki" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "", }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, header = "SPE", }, ["K:2006"] = { year = "2006-present", title = "eo:|Komputeko", publisher = "E@I|E@I", link = { url = "https://komputeko.net/#" }, entry_url = "https://komputeko.net/#$ENTRY|PAGENAME$", default_pagename = true, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "SPE", }, ["Kozyra:2007"] = { alias = "DVS:2007", author = "eo:|Kozyra, Edward", year = "2007", title = "Dictionary - Vortaro - Słownik", location = "Malbork", link = { ia = "dictionaryespera00edwa" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, ["Kreuz & Mazzolini:1927"] = { author = { "Kreuz, Robert", "Mazzolini, Alessandro" }, year = "1927", title = { text = "Komerca Vortaro en Esperanto", translation = "Commercial Dictionary in Esperanto", }, location = "San Vito al Tagliamento", publisher = "A. Paolet", link = { ia = "komerca-vortaro-en-esperanto-kreuz" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "+11", }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "SPE", }, -- L -- ["Lauriol:2016"] = { author = "Lauriol, Frédéric", year = "2016", title = { text = "Teknika Vortareto De Greziljono", translation = "Technical Glossary of Grésillon" }, location = "Paris", publisher = "SAT-Amikaro", link = { ia = "teknika-vortareto-de-greziljono" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "", }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "PIC", }, ["Lewin:1961"] = { author = "Lewin, Maurice", year = "1961", title = { text = "Meteologia Terminaro", translation = "Meteorological Terminology", }, location = "Rotterdam", publisher = "Universala Esperanto-Asocio", link = { ia = "meteologia-terminaro-1961" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2-64" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "SPE", }, ["Lindstedt:1999"] = { -- Use |entry= with the name of the entire name of the entry (stopping just before the definition) -- -- Example: aĉet/ĉar/et/o -- year = "1999", author = "Lindstedt, Jouko", title = { text = "Hejma Vortaro", translation = "Home Dictionary" }, publisher = "Universala Esperanto-Asocio", link = { url = "https://web.archive.org/web/20091229190524/http://www.helsinki.fi/~jslindst/hejmvort.html" }, entry_url = { url = "https://web.archive.org/web/20091229190524/http://www.helsinki.fi/~jslindst/hejmvort.html#:~:text=$ENTRY$", }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, -- M -- ["Malovec:1999"] = { author = "Malovec, Miroslav", year = "1999", title = { text = "Gramatiko de Esperanto", translation = "Esperanto Grammar" }, location = "Czech Republic", link = { url = "http://www.literatura.bucek.name/malovec/malovec_gramatiko-esp.pdf" }, page_url = { url = "http://www.literatura.bucek.name/malovec/malovec_gramatiko-esp.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+1" }, own_args = { para = para_arg, note = note_arg, }, header = "GRA", }, ["Maul:1994"] = { author = "Maul, Stefan", year = "1994", title = { text = "Deklingva Manlibro pri Politiko", translation = "Ten-language Handbook about Politics" }, location = "Antwerp", publisher = "Flandra Esperanto-Ligo", link = { isbn = "90-71205-50-9", ia = "manlibropripolit00maul" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2+9.5" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, ["Mildwurf:1946"] = { author = "Mildwurf, A.", year = "1946", title = { text = "Leĝa Terminaro", translation = "Legal Terminology" }, location = "Rickmansworth", publisher = "Internacia Esperanto-Ligo", link = { ia = "legha-terminaro-1946" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2-21", }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "SPE", }, ["Millidge:1913"] = { alias = "EED:1913", author = "eo:|Millidge, Edward Alfred", year = "1913", title = "eo:|The Esperanto-English Dictionary", location = "London", publisher = "en:Esperanto Association of Britain|British Esperanto Association", link = { -- ol = "61050906M", -- ia = "the-esperanto-english-dictionary-millidge-1913" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "+27" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, ["Motteau:1907"] = { alias = "EED:1907", author = "eo:|Motteau, Achille", year = "1907", title = "Esperanto-English Dictionary", location = "London", publisher = { "en:|Review of Reviews", "阿歇特出版公司|Hachette & Company" }, link = { -- oclc = "714848343", -- ia = "esperantoenglish00mottrich", }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "+13" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, ["Munniksma:1990"] = { alias = "IBD:1990", author = "Munniksma, F.", year = "1990", title = "International Business Dictionary in eleven languages", location = "Beijing", publisher = "Ĉina Esperanto-Eldonejo", link = { isbn = "7-5052-0025-9", ia = "international-business-dictionary-in-11-langauges" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "SPE", }, -- N -- ["Nelson:1962"] = { year = "1962", title = "The 'Edinburgh' Esperanto Pocket Dictionary", edition = "revised and enlarged", location = { "London", "Edinburgh", "Paris", "Melbourne", "Johannesburg", "Toronto", "New York" }, publisher = "en:Thomas Nelson (publisher)|Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd", header = "MUL", }, ["Neves & Pabst:2022"] = { alias = "HV:2022", author = { "eo:|Neves, Gonçalo", "eo:|Pabst, Bernhard" }, year = "2022", title = { text = "eo:|Historia Vortaro de Esperanto", translation = "Historical Dictionary of Esperanto", }, publisher = "eo:|Monda Asembleo Socia", link = { isbn = "9782369601555" }, page_url = { ia = function(data) if data.page < 501 then return "Historia_Vortaro_A-K" else return "Historia_Vortaro_L-Z" end end, pref = "" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "ETY", }, -- O -- ["O'Conner & Hayes:1907"] = { alias = "CH:1907", author = { "O'Conner, J. C.", "Hayes, C. F." }, year = "1907", title = "The English-Esperanto Dictionary", location = "London", publisher = "en:|Review of Reviews", link = { ia = "englishesperanto00oconuoft" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "+19" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, -- P -- ["PB:1979"] = { year = "1979", title = { text = "Praktika Bildvortaro de Esperanto", translation = "Practical Picture Dictionary of Esperanto" }, location = "Great Britian", publisher = "牛津大學出版社|Oxford University Press", link = { isbn = "0194312364", ia = "praktika-bildvortaro-de-esperanto-corinne-burrows" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2+1" }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "PIC", }, ["Pisarev:2002"] = { -- Use |id= for the final HTML page, then |entry= for how the word is spelled on the website (uses X-spelling system). -- author = "Pisarev, Jurij", year = "2002", title = { text = "Vortaro de Esperantaj Sinonimoj", translation = "Dictionary of Esperanto Synonyms", }, link = { url = "https://verdalampo.info/vortaroj/sinonimojeo.html", }, entry_url = "https://verdalampo.info/vortaroj/$ID$#:~:text=$ENTRY$", own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "THE", }, ["PIV:2020"] = { year = "2020", title = { text = "en:|Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto", translation = "Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto" }, publisher = "无民族世界语协会|Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda", link = { isbn = "9782952892230", url = "https://vortaro.net/" }, entry_url = "https://vortaro.net/#$ENTRY|PAGENAME$", own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "MON", }, ["Pokrovskij:1995"] = { -- Set |id= to the HTML page name. Set |entry= extactly as specified on the website. -- -- Example: |id=AP.html|entry=apart*ig·i > https://bertilow.com/div/komputada_leksikono/AP.html#:~:text=apart*ig%C2%B7i year = "1995", author = "Pokrovskij, Sergio", title = { text = "Komputika Leksikono", translation = "Computer Lexicon" }, location = "Yekaterinburg", publisher = "Sezonoj", link = { url = "https://bertilow.com/div/komputada_leksikono/HEJMO.html" }, entry_url = { url = "https://bertilow.com/div/komputada_leksikono/$ID$:~:text=$ID$", }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, header = "SPE", }, ["Portella:2008"] = { alias = "IOREL:2008", author = "eo:|Portella, Luiz", year = "2008", title = { text = "eo:|Ilustrita Oficiala Radikaro Esperanta por Lernanto", translation = "Official Illustrated Esperanto Root Collection for a Learner" }, location = "Brazil", publisher = "Eldonejo Pentuvio", link = { isbn = "978-85-60661-05-3", ia = "iorel" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "MON", }, -- Q -- -- R -- ["Rajki:2006"] = { alias = "EED:2006", author = "Rajki, András", year = "2006", title = "Esperanto Etymologial Dictionary", location = "Budapest", link = { ia = "EsperantoEtymologicalDictionary", url = "https://web.archive.org/web/20071012022737/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/Esperanto.htm" }, entry_url = "https://web.archive.org/web/20071012022737/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/Esperanto.htm#:~:text=$ENTRY|PAGENAME$", default_pagename = true, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "ETY", }, ["Redondo:1934"] = { author = "Redondo, Fernando", year = "1934", title = { text = "Provo pri Idearo", translation = "Trial of Ideas" }, location = "Madrid", link = { ia = "redondo-provo-pri-idearo-1934" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "", }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "MON", }, ["Rhodes:1908"] = { alias = "EED:1908", author = "eo:|Rhodes, Joseph", year = "1908", title = "The English-Esperanto Dictionary", location = { "New York", "Chicago", "Toronto", "London", "Edinburgh" }, publisher = "en:Baker Publishing Group|Fleming H. Revell Company", link = { ia = "englishesperanto0000jose" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, ["Rosher:1953"] = { author = "Rosher, Edward M.", year = "1953", title = { text = "Fervoja Terminaro", translation = "Railway Terminology" }, location = "Rickmansworth", publisher = "Universala Esperanto-Asocio", link = { ia = "rosher-fervoja-terminaro-1953" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2", }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "SPE", }, ["Rotsaert & Seiko:1999"] = { author = { "Rotsaert, Roland", "Seikô, Yamasaki" }, year = "1999", title = { text = "Sindikata Terminaro", }, location = "Rickmansworth", publisher = "Internacia Esperanto-Ligo", link = { ia = "sindikata-terminaro" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "-1", }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "SPE", }, ["RV:1997"] = { alias = "ReVo:1997", year = "1997-present", title = { text = "en:|Reta Vortaro", translation = "Online Dictionary", }, link = { url = "https://reta-vortaro.de" }, entry_url = function(data) if data.id then return "https://reta-vortaro.de/#"..data.id else return "https://reta-vortaro.de/revo/dlg/index-2o.html?q="..data.entry or data.pagename end end, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "MON", }, -- S -- ["Scott:1945"] = { author = "Scott, Herbert M.", year = "1945", title = { text = "Filatela Terminaro", translation = "Philately Terminology" }, location = "Rickmansworth", publisher = "Internacia Esperanto-Ligo", link = { ia = "filatela-terminaro-1945" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2-16", }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "SPE", }, ["Seppik:1984"] = { -- Use |id= for anything after "https://dvd.ikso.net/lernu/lernu/en/seppik/". Example: lec07.html#48 > https://dvd.ikso.net/lernu/lernu/en/seppik/lec07.html#48 -- author = "eo:|Seppik, Henrik", year = "1984", edition = "4th", title = { text = "eo:|La Tuta Esperanto", translation = "The Entire Esperanto" }, location = "Budapest", publisher = "eo:|Hungara Esperanto-Asocio", link = { isbn = "9789635711963", url = "https://dvd.ikso.net/lernu/lernu/en/seppik/enhavo.html", }, entry_url = "https://dvd.ikso.net/lernu/lernu/en/seppik/$ID$", own_args = { note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "GRA", }, ["TPIL:1942"] = { author = "Societo de Britaj Esperantistaj Geinstruistoj", year = "1942", title = { text = "Terminaro por Infan-ludoj", translation = "Terminology for Children Games", }, location = "Heronsgate", publisher = "Internacia Esperanto-Ligo", link = { ia = "infanluda_terminareto_1942" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2-5", }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "SPE", }, -- T -- -- U -- ["UEA:1955"] = { author = "Universala Esperanto-Asocio", year = "1955", title = { text = "Militista Vortareto", translation = "Military Dictionary", }, location = "Paris", publisher = "Comité Français d'Information Esperantiste", link = "https://www.eventoj.esperanto.hu/steb/vortaroj/militista-vortareto.pdf", page_url = { url = "https://www.eventoj.esperanto.hu/steb/vortaroj/militista-vortareto.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+2" }, own_args = { line = line_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "SPE", }, ["Urban:1958"] = { author = "Urban, Edhard", year = "1958", title = { text = "Gastronomia Terminaro", translation = "Gastronomy Terminology", }, location = "Rotterdam", publisher = "Universala Esperanto-Asocio", link = { ia = "gastronomia-terminaro-1958" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2-49" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "SPE", }, -- V -- ["Vatre:1989"] = { author = "eo:Henri Paul Vatré|Vatré, Henri", year = "1989", title = { text = "Neologisma Glosaro", translation = "Neologistic Glossary" }, location = "Saarbrücken", publisher = "eo:Reinhard Haupenthal|Arthur E. Iltis", link = { isbn = "3-927613-07-X" }, header = "MON", }, ["Verda:1947"] = { author = { "Verda, Myrtle", "Verda, Vilĉjo" }, year = "1947", title = { text = "Kudra kaj Trika Terminaro", translation = "Sewing and Knitwear Terminology" }, publisher = "Universala Esperanto-Asocio", location = { "Heronsgate", "Rickmansworth" }, link = { url = "https://www.eventoj.hu/steb/vortaroj/kudra-terminaro-1947.pdf" }, page_url = "https://www.eventoj.hu/steb/vortaroj/kudra-terminaro-1947.pdf#page=$PAGE$", own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "SPE", }, ["Venture:1960"] = { author = "Venture, A.", year = "1960", title = { text = "Radio-terminaro", translation = "Radio Terminology", }, edition = "2nd", location = "Oakville", publisher = "Esperanto Press", link = { ia = "radio-terminaro-venture-1960" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2+1", }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, default_pagename = true, header = "SPE", }, ["Vilborg:1989"] = { alias = "EV:1989", author = "eo:|Vilborg, Ebbe", year = "1989-2001", title = { text = "eo:|Etimologia Vortaro de Esperanto", translation = "Etimologial Dictionary of Esperanto" }, publisher = "eo:|Eldona Societo Esperanto", volumes = { hide_numbers = true, { year = "1989", title = "Volumo 1: A-D", location = "Malmö", link = { isbn = "9185288179", ia = "etimologia-vortaro-de-esperanto/Etimologia%20Vortaro%20de%20Esperanto%20-%20Vol%201%20%28A-D%29" }, }, { year = "1991", title = "Volumo 2: E-Ĵ", location = "Malmö", link = { isbn = "9185288195", ia = "etimologia-vortaro-de-esperanto/Etimologia%20Vortaro%20de%20Esperanto%20-%20Vol%202%20%28E-%C4%B4%29" }, }, { year = "1993", title = "Volumo 3: K-M", location = "Malmö", link = { isbn = "9185288217", ia = "etimologia-vortaro-de-esperanto/Etimologia%20Vortaro%20de%20Esperanto%20-%20Vol%203%20%28K-M%29" }, }, { year = "1995", title = "Volumo 4: N-R", location = "Malmö", link = { isbn = "9185288225", ia = "etimologia-vortaro-de-esperanto/Etimologia%20Vortaro%20de%20Esperanto%20-%20Vol%204%20%28N-R%29" }, }, { year = "2001", title = "Volumo 5: S-Z", location = "Stockholm", link = { isbn = "9185288233", ia = "etimologia-vortaro-de-esperanto/Etimologia%20Vortaro%20de%20Esperanto%20-%20Vol%205%20%28S-Z%29" }, }, }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, default_pagename = true, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "ETY", }, -- W -- ["Wang & Liu:1992"] = { alias = "EECD:1992", author = { "Wang, Zezhao", "Liu, Rushan", }, year = "1992", title = { text = "世界語英漢雙解詞典", translation = "An Esperanto-English-Chinese Dictionary" }, location = "Qingdao", publisher = "Qingdao Chu Ban She", link = { isbn = "7-5436-0798-0", ia = "esperanto-english-chinese-dictionary" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, ["WDE:1906"] = { author = { { text = "拉扎鲁·柴门霍夫|Zamenhof, L.", type = "compiler" }, "Jürgensen, H.ermann", { text = "Pagnier, M.", type = "editors" }, }, title = "Wörterbuch Deutsch-Esperanto", year = "1906", location = "Berlin", publisher = "Möller & Borel", edition = "2nd", link = { ia = "woerterbuch-juergensen/W%C3%B6rterbuch-de-eo-DTL_7142809" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "MUL", }, ["Wells:1992"] = { alias = "CEED:1992", author = "en:|Wells, John C.", year = "1992", title = "Concise Esperanto and English Dictionary", location = "Chicago", publisher = "NTC Publishing Group", link = { isbn = "9780844237640", ia = "conciseesperanto0000well" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "+11" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, ["Wennergren:1997"] = { -- ID refers to the remaining URL after "https://bertilow.com/pmeg/" -- -- Example: |id=gramatiko/pronomoj/personaj.html → https://bertilow.com/pmeg/gramatiko/pronomoj/personaj.html -- alias = "PMEG:1997", author = "en:|Wennergren, Bertilo", year = "1997-present", title = { text = "世界語語法完整手冊|Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko", translation = "Complete Handbook of Esperanto Grammar" }, link = { url = "https://bertilow.com/pmeg/index.html" }, section_url = "https://bertilow.com/pmeg/$ID$", own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "GRA", }, ["Wiersch:2004"] = { author = "Wiersch, Hans", year = "2004", title = { text = "Borsa Terminaro Kvinlingva", translation = "Five-language Stock Market Terminology" }, location = "Leuven", publisher = "Flandra Esperanto-Ligo", link = { ia = "borsaterminarokv00wier" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "", }, own_args = { line = line_arg, note = note_arg, }, header = "SPE", }, -- X -- -- Y -- ["Yao:1987"] = { alias = "LV:1987", author = "Yao, Baoyin", year = "1987", title = { text = "世英汉分类词典", translation = "Pertinent Esperanto-English-Chinese Dictionary" }, location = "Beijing", publisher = "Ĉina Esperanto-Eldonejo", link = { isbn = "7-5052-0001-1", ia = "lautema-vortaro-esperanto-angla-cina" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, own_args = { note = note_arg, }, header = "MUL", }, -- Z -- ["Zamenhof:1901"] = { author = "拉扎鲁·柴门霍夫|Zamenhof, L.", year = "1901", title = { text = "eo:Universala Vortaro|Universala Vortaro de la linvgo internacia", translation = "Universal Vocabulary of the international language" }, edition = "4th", location = "Warsaw", publisher = "eo:Presejo de Jakov Kelter|Presejo de J. Kelter", link = { ia = "kpbc.umk.pl.Magazyn_392_POWER_004_06_264925" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "MUL", }, }, headers = [[ ===Etymology=== $ETY$ ===Grammar=== $GRA$ ===Dictionaries=== ====Monolingual==== $MON$ ====Multilingual==== $MUL$ ====Picture==== $PIC$ ====Specialized==== $SPE$ ===Thesaurus=== $THE$ ]] } 1d7u5nix7z80dy1n7igsfjpkkmm93pv 828 3492072 9944276 9828366 2026-10-14T20:28:05Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 93517224） 9944276 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- ["Alcantara-Rodriguez et al.:2019"] = { alias = "Alcantara-Rodriguez, Françozo & van Andel:2019", title = "Plant Knowledge in the ''Historia Naturalis Brasiliae'' (1648): Retentions of Seventeenth-Century Plant Use in Brazil", author = { "Alcantara-Rodriguez, Mireia", "Françozo, Mariana", "van Andel, Tinde" }, year = "2019", journal = { name = "Economic Botany", number = "73(3)", pages = "390–404" }, link = { url = "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12231-019-09469-w", doi = "10.1007/s12231-019-09469-w" }, header = "taxon" }, ["Alcantara-Rodriguez et al.:2024"] = { alias = "Alcantara-Rodriguez, van Andel & Françozo:2024", title = "Nature portrayed in images in Dutch Brazil: Tracing the sources of the plant woodcuts in the ''Historia Naturalis Brasiliae'' (1648)", author = { "Alcantara-Rodriguez, Mireia", "van Andel, Tinde", "Françozo, Mariana", }, year = "2024", journal = { name = "PLoS ONE", number = "19(7)", pages = "e0276242" }, volumes = { { number = "Appendix (S2)", title = "Sources of the plant woodcuts in the ''Historia Naturalis Brasiliae'' (1648) Database", link = { doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0276242.s001" } }, { number = "Appendix (S4)", title = "Sources of the plant woodcuts in the ''India Utriusquere Naturaliet Medica'' (1658) Database", link = { doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0276242.s002" } }, }, link = { url = "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0276242", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0276242" }, header = "taxon" }, ["Almeida:2008"] = { title = { text = "pt:Os insetos brasileiros descritos pelo naturalista Georg Marcgrave (1610 – c.1644)", translation = "The Brazilian insects described by the naturalist Georg Marcgrave (1610 – c.1644)" }, author = "Almeida, Argus Vasconcelos de", journal = { name = "Episteme", year = "2008", number = "v.13, n. 27", pages = "141-166" }, location = "Porto Alegre", publisher = "Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul|UFRGS", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Os_insetos_brasileiros_descritos_pelo_naturalista_Georg_Marcgrave_(1610_%E2%80%93_c.1644)", doi = "10.5281/zenodo.6581990" }, page_url = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina%3AOs_insetos_brasileiros_descritos_pelo_naturalista_Georg_Marcgrave_(1610_%E2%80%93_c.1644).pdf/$PAGE$", set_page = "-140" }, header = "taxon" }, ["Anchieta:1555"] = { title = { text = "Art of Grammar of the Most Used Language on the Coast of Brazil|Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vſada na coſta do Braſil", translation = "Art of grammar of the most used language in the coast of Brazil" }, author = "|Anchieta, Joseph of", year = "1555", published_year = "1595", location = "Coimbra", publisher = "Antonio de Mariz", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Arte_de_Grammatica_da_Lingoa_mais_Vsada_na_Costa_do_Brasil" }, header = "Tupi" }, ["Anchieta:1560"] = { title = { text = "la:Epistola quamplurimarum rerum naturalium quae S. Vicentii (nunc S. Pauli) provinciam incolunt sistens descriptionem", }, author = { "|Anchieta, Joseph of", { text = "Ordonhez, Diogo de Toledo Lara", type = "editor" }, }, year = "1799", first_edition = "1560", edition = "diplomatic", location = "Lisbon", publisher = "Typis Academiae", link = { url = "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/view/?45000009278&bbm/4688" }, page_url = { url = "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/view/?45000009278&bbm/4688#page/$PAGE$/mode/1up/", set_page = "-10" }, header = "Tupi" }, ["Ávila-Pires:1989"] = { title = { text = "pt:Mamíferos da França Equinocial (Maranhão, Brasil)", translation = "Mammals of Equinoctial Francel (Maranhão, Brazil)" }, author = "Ávila Pires, Fernando Dias de", year = "1989", journal = { name = "Revista Brasileira de Zoologia", number = "6(3)", pages = "423-442" }, location = "Curitiba", publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia", link = { url = "https://www.scielo.br/j/rbzool/a/VsBsXPm47PqXKmrcNjKzm6L/?format=pdf&lang=pt", doi = "10.1590/S0101-81751989000300002" }, header = "taxon" }, ["Ayrosa:1937"] = { title = { text = "pt:Os “Nomes das partes do corpo humano pella lingua do Brasil” de Pero de Castilho", translation = "The “Names of the human body parts by the language of Brazil” of Pero de Castilho" }, author = { { text = "Castilho, Pero de" }, { text = "pt:|Ayrosa, Plínio", type = "editor" } }, year = "1937", first_edition = "1613", edition = "diplomatic", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Revista dos Tribunais", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Os_%22Nomes_das_partes_do_corpo_humano_pella_lingua_do_Brasil%22_de_Pero_de_Castilho" }, page_url = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina:Nomes_das_partes_do_corpo_humano_pela_l%C3%ADngua_do_Brasil.djvu/$PAGE$", set_page = function(data) if data.page > 38 then return data.page + 6 else return data.page + 4 end end }, header = "Tupi" }, -- B -- ["Barbosa:1956"] = { title = { text = "pt:Curso de tupi antigo: gramática, exercícios, textos", translation = "Course of Old Tupi: grammar, exercises, texts" }, author = "|Lemos Barbosa, Antônio", year = "1956", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Livraria São José", link = { ia = "barbosa_1956", url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:barbosa-1956-curso" }, header = "grammar", }, ["Blaeu et al.:1647"] = { title = { text = "la:Brasilia qua parte paret Belgis", translation = "Brazil, the portion owned by Dutch" }, author = { { text = "|Blaeu, Joan" }, { text = "|Marcgraf, Georg" }, { text = "|Barlaeus, Caspar" }, { text = "|Post, Frans" } }, year = "1647", link = { url = "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brasilia_qua_parte_paret_Belgis.png" }, header = "Tupi" }, -- C -- ["Castro:1962"] = { title = { text = "pt:Sôbre os crustáceos referidos por Marcgrave em sua “História{{sic}} Naturalis Brasiliae” (1648)", translation = "About the crustaceans reported by Marcgrave in his “Historia Naturalis Brasiliae” (1648)" }, author = "Castro, Alceu Lemos de", year = "1962", journal = { name = "Archivos do Museu Nacional|Arquivos do Museu Nacional", number = "LII", pages = "37–51" }, link = { url = "https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/amn/article/view/47141", ia = "biostor-248959" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "-37" }, own_args = { column = { list = true, display = { label = { "column ", "columns " }, after = "page", }, }, col = { list = true, alias_of = "column" }, }, header = "taxon" }, ["CL"] = { title = { text = "pt:O caderno da lingua ou Vocabulario Portuguez-Tupi", translation = "The language's notebook or Portuguese-Tupi vocabulary" }, author = { { text = "Arronches, João de" }, { text = "pt:|Ayrosa, Plínio", type = "editor"} }, year = "1934", first_edition = "1739", edition = "diplomatic", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Imprensa Official do Estado", journal = { name = "Revista do Museu Paulista", number = "XXI", pages = "49-322" }, link = { url = "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/189531" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/189531#page/$PAGE$", set_page = function(data) if data.page < 136 then return data.page + 29 else return data.page + 27 end end }, header = "LGA" }, ["Couto de Magalhães:1863"] = { title = { text = "pt:De Leopoldina ao Porto da Piedade", translation = "From Leopoldina to Porto da Piedade", number = "3", }, author = "|Couto de Magalhães, José Vieira", chapter_of = { title = { text = "pt:Viagem ao Araguaya", translation = "Voyage to the Araguaia River" }, year = "1863", location = "Goiás", publisher = "Typographia Provincial", pages = "92", link = { ia = "viagemaorioarag00magagoog/page/n109/mode/1up" }, }, header = "LGP" }, ["Cunha:1960"] = { title = { text = "pt:Coisas notáveis do Brasil", translation = "Notable things of Brazil", }, author = { { text = "Soares, Francisco", type = "attributed" }, { text = "Cunha, A.ntônio G.eraldo da", type = "editor"} }, year = "1966", first_edition = "1590-1596", edition = "parallel-text", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "INL", series = { name = "Textos e Vocabulários", number = "6" }, volumes = { hide_numbers = true, {--1 number = "1", title = "O Manuscrito de Madrid", }, {--2 number = "2", title = "O Manuscrito de Coimbra", }, }, link = { ia = "coisas-notaveis-do-brasil", url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:anonimo-1966-coisas" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = function(data) if data.page > 999 then return data.page else return data.page + 25 end end }, header = "Tupi" }, -- D -- ["d'Abbeville:2008"] = { title = { text = "História da missão dos padres Capuchinhos na ilha do Maranhão e terras circunvizinhas", translation = "History of the mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands" }, transl_of = "Histoire de la mission des pères Capucins en l'isle de Maragnan et terres circonvoisines", author = { { text = "|d'Abbeville, Claude", type = "original author" }, { text = "|Milliet, Sérgio", type = "translator" }, { text = "pt:|Garcia, Rodolfo", type = "notes" }, }, year = "2008", location = "Brasília", publisher = "Conselho editorial", series = { name = "Edições do Senado Federal", number = "105" }, link = { url = "https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/bitstream/handle/id/576068/000838911_Historia_padres_capuchinhos_Maranhao.pdf" }, page_url = { url = "https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/bitstream/handle/id/576068/000838911_Historia_padres_capuchinhos_Maranhao.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+3" }, header = "Tupi" }, ["Diálogos"] = { title = { text = "pt:|Diálogos das Grandezas do Brasil", translation = "Dialogues of Brazil's Greatnesses" }, author = { { text = "pt:|Brandão, Ambrósio Fernandes", type = "attributed" }, { text = "pt:|Garcia, Rodolfo", type = "notes" } }, year = "1930", first_edition = "1618", edition = "normalized", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Officina Industrial Graphica", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1logos_das_grandezas_do_Brasil", gb = "mpIXAAAAIAAJ", }, page_url = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina:Dialogos_das_grandezas_do_Brasil.pdf/$PAGE$", set_page = "+6" }, header = "Tupi" }, ["DLB"] = { title = { text = "pt:Diccionario da lingua brazilica", translation = "Dictionary of the Brazilian Language" }, author = "anonymous", year = "18th century", link = { url = "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Diccionario_da_lingua_brazilica.pdf" }, header = "LGA" }, ["DPB"] = { title = { text = "pt:Dicionario portuguez, e brasiliano", translation = "Brazilian and Portuguese dictionary" }, author = { { text = "Frei Onofre" }, { text = "|Vellozo, José Mariano de Conceição", type = "editor"} }, year = "1751", year_published = "1795", location = "Lisbon", publisher = "Officina Patriarcal", link = { ia = "diccionarioportu00vell", url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Diccionario_portuguez,_e_brasiliano" }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "LGA" }, ["DTA"] = { alias = "Navarro:2013", title = { text = "en:Dictionary of Old Tupi|Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil", translation = "Dictionary of Old Tupi: the classical indigenous language of Brazil" }, author = "|Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida", year = "2013", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Global", link = { ia = "navarro-dicionario-de-tupi-antigo", isbn = "9788526019331", oclc = "869424504", }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, entry_url = "https://kiansheik.io/nhe-enga/?query=$ENTRY$", own_args = { column = { list = true, display = { label = { "column ", "columns " }, after = "page", }, }, col = { list = true, alias_of = "column" }, }, default_pagename = true, header = "dictionary" }, [ "DV" ] = { alias = "von Martius:1867", title = { text = "Diccionario de Verbos: portuguez tupi-austral e alemâo", translation = "Verb Dictionary: Portuguese, Austral Tupi and German", }, author = "|von Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp", chapter_of = { title = { text = "Wörtersammlung Brasilianischer Sprachen", translation = "Vocabulary of Brazilian Languages", }, year = "1867", series = { name ="Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerika's zumal Brasiliens", number = "II" }, pages = "99-122", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "Friedrich Fleischer", }, link = { ia = "von-martius-1867-diccionario-de-verbos.-zeitworter.-portuguez-tup/page/99" }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "LGP", }, -- E -- ["Edelweiss:1967"] = { title = { text = "Os topônimos indígenas do Rio de Janeiro quinhentista", translation = "The Indigenous toponyms of 16th-century Rio de Janeiro" }, author = "pt:|Edelweiss, Frederico", year = "1967", journal = { name = "|Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro", number = "275", pages = "80-134" }, link = { url = "http://memoria.bn.gov.br/docreader/893676/133201", }, page_url = { url = "http://memoria.bn.gov.br/docreader/893676/$PAGE$", set_page = "+133121" }, header = "article" }, ["Edelweiss:1969"] = { import_from = "tup-gua", header = "article" }, ["Edelweiss:1969-1972"] = { import_from = "tup-gua", header = "article" }, -- F -- ["Figueira:1628"] = { title = { text = "pt:Arte da lingua Braſilica", translation = "Art of the Brazilian Language" }, author = "|Figueira, Luís", year = "c. 1628", location = "Lisbon", publisher = "Manuel da Silva", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Arte_da_Lingua_Brasilica" }, header = "Tupi", }, -- G -- ["Garcia:1925"] = { title = { text = "pt:Tratados da terra e gente do Brasil", translation = "Treatises about the land and people of Brazil" }, year = "1925", first_edition = "p. 1583", edition = "critical", author = { { text = "pt:|Cardim, Fernão" }, { text = "pt:|Garcia, Rodolfo", type = "compiler" } }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "J. Leite & Cia", volumes = { {--1 title = { text = "Do clima e terra do Brasil", translation = "Of the climate and land of Brazil" }, author = { text = "pt:|Garcia, Rodolfo", type = "notes" } }, {--2 title = { text = "Do principio e origem dos indios do Brasil e de seus costumes, adoração e ceremonias", translation = "Of the beginning and origin of the Brazilian indians and theid customs, adoration and ceremmonies", }, author = { text = "Caetano, Baptista", type = "notes" } }, {--3 title = { text = "Narrativa epistolar", translation = "Epistolary narrative", }, author = { text = "pt:|Garcia, Rodolfo", type = "notes" } }, }, link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Tratados_da_terra_e_gente_do_Brasil" }, page_url = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina:Tratados_da_terra_e_gente_do_Brasil.pdf/$PAGE$", set_page = "+2" }, header = "Tupi" }, -- H -- ["HNB"] = { import_from = "la", header = "Tupi" }, ["Holthuis:1991"] = { title = "Marcgraf's (1648) Brazilian Crustacea", author = "|Holthuis, Lipke Bijdeley", year = "1991", journal = { name = "Zoologische Verhandelingen", number = "268(1)", pages = "1–123" }, link = { url = "https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/317726", oclc = "24786074" }, page_url = { url = "https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/317726/ZV1991268001.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "-2" }, header = "taxon" }, -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- ["Le langaige du Bresil"] = { title = { text = "|frm:Le langaige du Bresil", translation = "The language of Brazil" }, author = "Lamy, Jehan", year = "c. 1540", link = { url = "https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Le_langaige_du_Bresil" }, header = "Tupi" }, ["Leite:2013"] = { title = { text = "pt:A Língua Geral Paulista e o “Vocabulário Elementar da Língua Geral Brasílica”", translation = "Língua Geral Paulista and the “Vocabulário Elementar da Língua Geral Brasílica”" }, author = { { text = "Leite, Fabiana Raquel" }, { text = "D'Angelis, Wilmar da Rocha", type = "advisor" } }, year = "2013", location = "Campinas", publisher = "State University of Campinas|Unicamp", link = { url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:leite-2013" }, page_url = "https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Aleite-2013/leite_2013_lingua_geral_paulista.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+24", header = "article" }, ["Lima & Moreira:2005"] = { title = { text = "pt:Tradições astronômicas tupinambás na visão de Claude D'Abbeville", translation = "Tupinambá astronomical traditions in Claude D’Abbeville’s view" }, author = { "Lima, Flávia Pedroza", "Moreira, Ildeu de Castro" }, year = "2005", journal = { name = "Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de História da Ciência", number = "3(1)", pages = "4-19" }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", link = { url = "https://rbhciencia.emnuvens.com.br/rsbhc/article/view/566/493" }, header = "article" }, -- M -- ["Monserrat:2003"] = { title = { text = "pt:O tupi do século XVIII (tupi-médio)", translation = "Tupi in the 18th century (Middle Tupi)" }, author = "Monserrat, Ruth Maria Fonini", chapter_of = { title = { text = "Línguas gerais: política lingüística e catequese na América do Sul no período colonial", translation = "General languages: linguistic policy and catechesis in South America in the colonial period" }, author = { { text = "Freire, José Ribamar Bessa", type = "organizer" }, { text = "Rosa, Maria Carlota", type = "organizer" } }, year = "2003", pages = "185-194", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "EDUERJ", link = { isbn = "978-85-7511-036-2", url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:freire-2003-linguas" } }, header = "article" }, ["Monserrat:2015"] = { title = { text = "pt:Observações sobre a fonologia da língua geral amazônica nos três últimos séculos", translation = "Observations on the phonology of Língua Geral Amazônica in the last three centuries" }, author = "Monserrat, Ruth Maria Fonini", chapter_of = { title = { text = "Dicionário da língua geral no Brasil", translation = "Dictionary of the general language in Brazil" }, edition = "diplomatic", author = { { text = "Barros, Cândida", type = "editor" }, { text = "Lessa, Antônio Luís", type = "editor" } }, year = "2015", location = "Belém", publisher = "MPEG", pages = "19–28", link = { isbn = "978-85-61377-80-9", url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:barros-2015-dicionario", }, }, header = "article" }, -- N -- ["Navarro:1998"] = { title = { text = "pt:Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos", translation = "Modern method of Old Tupi: the language of Brazil's early centuries" }, author = "|Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida", editions = { { number = "1", year = "1998", location = "Petrópolis", publisher = "Vozes", link = { isbn = "9788532619532" }, }, { number = "2", year = "1999", location = "Petrópolis", publisher = "Vozes", link = { isbn = "8532619533" }, }, { number = "3", year = "2005", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Global", page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "-2" }, link = { isbn = "9788526010581", ia = "MetodoModernoDeTupiAntigo_201904" }, }, }, header = "grammar" }, ["Navarro:2022"] = { title = { text = "pt:Transcrição e tradução integral anotada das cartas dos índios Camarões, escritas em 1645 em tupi antigo", translation = "Transcription and complete annotated translation of the Camarão Indians' letters, written in 1645 in Old Tupi" }, author = "|Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida", year = "2022", first_edition = "1645", edition = "critical", journal = { name = "Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas", number = "vol. 17, n. 3", pages = "e20210034" }, location = "Belém", publisher = "MPEG", link = { doi = "10.1590/2178-2547-BGOELDI-2021-0034", url = "https://wikisource.org/wiki/Cartas_dos_%C3%ADndios_Camar%C3%B5es" }, page_url = "https://wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Transcri%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_tradu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_integral_anotada_das_cartas_dos_%C3%ADndios_Camar%C3%B5es,_escritas_em_1645_em_tupi_antigo.pdf/$PAGE$", header = "Tupi" }, ["Noll et al."] = { title = { text = "O português e o tupi no Brasil", translation = "Portuguese and Tupi in Brazil" }, author = { { text = "Noll, Volker; Dietrich, Wolf", type = "editor" }, }, year = "2019", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Contexto", link = { ia = "portugues-tupi-brasil", isbn = "978-85-7244-472-9", }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, }, ["Notícia"] = { title = { text = "pt:|Notícia do Brasil", translation = "Notice of Brazil" }, author = "|Sousa, Gabriel Soares de", year = "1587", location = "Salvador", editions = { {--1 author = { "|Varnhagen, Francisco Adolpho de", type= "compiler" }, title = "Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587", number = "1", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Laemmert", year = "1851", link = { gb = "wWYCAAAAYAAJ" } }, {--2 author = { "|Varnhagen, Francisco Adolpho de", type= "compiler" }, title = "Tratado descriptivo do Brasil em 1587", number = "2", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Typographia de João Ignancio da Silva", year = "1879", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Tratado_descritivo_do_Brasil_em_1587", gb = "alMpAAAAYAAJ" }, page_url = { url = true, set_page = "+30" } }, }, header = "Tupi", }, -- O -- -- P -- ["Papavero et al.:2000"] = { title = { text = "pt:O Novo Éden: a fauna da Amazônia brasileira nos relatos de viajantes e cronistas desde a descoberta do rio Amazonas por Pinzón (1500) até o Tratado de Santo Idelfonso (1777)", translation = "The New Eden: the Brazilian Amazon fauna in the accounts of voyagers and chronists from the discovery of the Amazon River by Pinzón (1500) to the Treaty of San Ildefonso (1777)" }, author = { "Papavero, Nelson", "Teixeira, Dante Martins", "Overal, William Leslie", "Pujol-Luz, José Roberto" }, year = "2000", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi|MPEG", link = { url = "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305641761", gb = "cfUrAAAAYAAJ", isbn = "85-7098-063-9" }, header = "taxon", }, ["Papavero:2015a"] = { alias = "Papavero:2015", title = { text = "pt:Nomes de animais em três manuscritos jesuíticos em língua geral do século XVIII (Eckart, MA 569 da Academia de Ciências de Lisboa e manuscrito da Universidade de Trier)", translation = "Names of animals in three Jesuit manuscripts in Língua Geral from the 18th century (Eckart, MA 569 of the Lisbon Academy of Sciences and manuscript of the University of Trier)" }, author = "Papavero, Nelson", year = "2015", journal = { name = "Arquivos De Zoologia", number = "46(1)", pages = "1-39" }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "University of São Paulo|USP", link = { url = "https://revistas.usp.br/azmz/article/view/99818/98278", doi = "10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v46i1p1-39", }, header = "taxon", }, ["Papavero:2015b"] = { title = { text = "pt:Sobre os nomes populares dados aos felinos do gênero ''Leopardus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)", translation = "About the common names given to felines in genus ''Leopardus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)" }, author = "Papavero, Nelson", year = "2015", journal = { name = "Arquivos do NEHiLP", number = "vol. 10", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "FFLCH-USP", link = { url = "https://www.livrosabertos.abcd.usp.br/portaldelivrosUSP/catalog/view/25/27/109", doi = "10.11606/9788575062647", isbn = "9788575062647", }, header = "taxon", }, ["Papavero & Couri:2012"] = { title = "Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology: II. notices about Brazilian Diptera (17th century)", author = { "Papavero, Nelson", "Couri, Márcia Souto" }, year = "2012", journal = { name = "Revista Brasileira de Entomologia", number = "56(2)", pages = "133–141" }, link = { url = "https://www.scielo.br/j/rbent/a/Mzk8FGgMKPrNZtfmkzW5JLS/?lang=en", doi = "10.1590/S0085-56262012005000024" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.scielo.br/j/rbent/a/Mzk8FGgMKPrNZtfmkzW5JLS/?format=pdf&lang=en#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "-132" }, own_args = { column = { list = true, display = { label = { "column ", "columns " }, after = "page", }, }, col = { list = true, alias_of = "column" }, }, header = "taxon", }, ["Papavero & Teixeira:2014"] = { title = { text = "pt:Zoonímia tupi nos escritos quinhentistas europeus", translation = "Tupi zoonymy in the 16th-century European writings" }, author = { { text = "Papavero, Nelson" }, { text = "Teixeira, Dante Martins" } }, year = "2014", journal = { name = "Arquivos do NEHiLP", number = "vol. 3", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "FFLCH-USP", link = { url = "https://www.livrosabertos.abcd.usp.br/portaldelivrosUSP/catalog/book/6", doi = "10.11606/9788575062302", isbn = "978-85-7506-230-2", ia = "papavero-e-teixeira-2015-zoonimia-tupi-nos-escritos-quinhentistas-europeus", }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "taxon", }, ["Peixoto:1933"] = { title = { text = "pt:Cartas, informações, fragmentos historicos e sermões", translation = "Letters, information, historical fragments and sermons" }, author = { { text = "|Anchieta, Joseph of" }, { text = "|Peixoto, Júlio Afrânio", type = "compiler" } }, year = "1933", first_edition = "16th century", edition = "normalized", series = { name = "Cartas jesuiticas", number = "3", }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Civilização Brasileira", link = { ia = "r-19794-v_0000_grav-569_t24-C-R0150" }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "Tupi" }, ["Pickel:2008"] = { title = { text = "Flora do Nordeste do Brasil segundo Piso e Marcgrave: no século XVII", translation = "Flora of Brazilian Northeast according to Piso and Marcgrave: in the 17th century", }, author = { { text = "Pickel, Dom Bento José" }, { text = "Almeida, Argus Vasconcelos de", type = "editor" }, }, year = "2008", first_edition = "1949", edition = "commemorative", location = "Recife", publisher = "Federal Rural University of Pernambuco|EDUFRPE", pages = "312", link = { url = "https://jardimbotanico.recife.pe.gov.br/sites/default/files/midia/arquivos/pagina-basica/25.pdf", }, page_url = { url = "https://jardimbotanico.recife.pe.gov.br/sites/default/files/midia/arquivos/pagina-basica/25.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+1" }, header = "taxon" }, ["Pinto:1979"] = { author = "Olivério Pinto|Pinto, Olivério Mário de Oliveira", year = "1979", title = { text = "pt:A ornitologia do Brasil através das idades (século XVI a século XIX)", translation = "Brazilian ornithology through the ages (16th to 19th centuries)" }, series = { name = "Brasiliensia Documenta", number = "13" }, location = "São Paulo", link = { doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.108758", url = "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48682525", oclc = "5727981" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/190797#page/$PAGE$/mode/1up", set_page = "+2" }, header = "taxon", }, -- Q -- -- R -- ["Rodrigues:1958"] = { title = { text = "de:Phonologie der Tupinambá-Sprache", translation = "Phonology of the Tupinambá language" }, author = "Aryon Rodrigues|Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna", year = "1958", location = "Hamburg", publisher = "Universität Hamburg", link = { url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:rodrigues-1958" }, header = "article", }, -- S -- ["Saint-Hilaire"] = { title = { text = "fr:Encore la province des Mines — Les Indiens métis du Paranahyba", translation = "Still the Minas Gerais province — The mixed-race Indians of Paranaíba" }, author = "|Saint-Hilaire, Augustin", year = "1819", chapter_of = { title = { text = "Voyage aux sources du Rio de S. Francisco et dans la province de Goyaz", translation = "Voyage to the sources of São Francisco River and the province fo Goiás" }, year = "1848", series = { name = { text = "Voyages dans l'interieur du Brésil", translation = "Voyages in the interior of Brasil" }, number = "3", }, pages = "261–262", publisher = "Arthus Bertrand", location = "Paris", link = { ia = "voyagesdanslinte47sain/page/261/mode/1up" }, }, header = "LGP" }, ["Sampaio:1901"] = { title = { text = "pt:O Tupi na Geographia Nacional", translation = "Tupi in National Geography" }, author = "|Sampaio, Teodoro F.ernandes" , year = "1901", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Typ. da Casa Eclectica", link = { url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:sampaio-1901-tupi" }, page_url = { url = "https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Asampaio-1901-tupi/sampaio_1901_tupi.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+7" }, header = "article" }, ["Santos:2020"] = { title = { text = "Empréstimos lexicais do português para a Língua Geral: século XVI ao XXI", translation = "Lexical borrowings from Portuguese to Língua Geral: from the 16th to the 21th century" }, author = "Santos, Bárbara Heliodora Lemos de Pinheiro", year = "2020", location = "Brasília", publisher = "UnB", link = { url = "http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/38903" }, header = "article", }, ["Santos & Cruz:2020"] = { title = { text = "pt:Empréstimos do Português para a Língua Geral no Século XVIII", translation = "Portuguese loanwords for Língua Geral in the 18th century" }, author = { { text = "Santos, Bárbara Heliodora Lemos de Pinheiro" }, { text = "Cruz, Aline da" } }, year = "2020", location = "Macapá", publisher = "UNIFAP", journal = { name = "Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas", number = "vol. 3, n. 1", pages = "160-176" }, link = { doi = "10.18468/rbli.2020v3n1.p160-176", url = "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349270952_Emprestimos_do_Portugues_para_a_Lingua_Geral_no_Seculo_XVIII" }, header = "article" }, ["Santos & Cruz:2021"] = { title = { text = "pt:Empréstimos Linguísticos do Português para a Língua Geral: século XVII", translation = "Linguistic borrowings from Portuguese to Língua Geral: 17th century" }, author = { { text = "Santos, Bárbara Heliodora Lemos de Pinheiro" }, { text = "Cruz, Aline da" } }, year = "2021", location = "Brasília", publisher = "Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú", journal = { name = "Cadernos de Etnolingüística", number = "vol. 9, n. 1", pages = "e090104" }, link = { url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/article:vol9n1-4" }, header = "article" }, ["Silva:2022"] = { title = { text = "Ensaios de História Natural da Amazônia Brasileira no séc. XVII nos escritos dos franciscanos D’Abbeville e Lisboa", translation = "17th century essays on the natural history of the Brazilian Amazon in the Franciscan writings of d'Abbeville and Lisboa" }, author = "Silva, Jones Tiago Sousa da", year = "2022", location = "Capanema", publisher = "Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia", link = { url = "http://bdta.ufra.edu.br/jspui/handle/123456789/2914" }, header = "article" }, -- T -- ["Teixeira:2009"] = { title = { text = "pt:Os quadros de aves tropicais do Castelo de Hoflössnitz na Saxônia e Albert Eckhout (ca. 1610-1666), artista do Brasil Holandês", translation = "The paintings of tropical birds in Hoflössnitz, Saxony, and Albert Eckhout (ca. 1610-1666), artist of Dutch Brazil" }, author = "Teixeira, Dante Martins", journal = { name = "Revista do Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros", year = "2009", number = "49", pages = "67-90" }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "University of São Paulo|USP", link = { url = "https://revistas.usp.br/rieb/pt_BR/article/view/34640/37378", doi = "10.11606/issn.2316-901X.v0i49p67-90" }, header = "taxon" }, ["Thevet:1558"] = { title = { text = "The New Found World, or Antarctike|Les singularitez de la France Antarctique", translation = "The singularities of France Antarctique" }, author = "|Thevet, André", year = "1557-1558", year_published = "1558", location = "Paris", publisher = "Maurice de La Porte", link = { gb = "JtgaX-v2A5sC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "Tupi" }, ["Trier"] = { title = { text = "pt:Dicionário de língua geral amazônica", translation = "Língua Geral Amazônica dictionary" }, author = { { text = "Meisterburg, Anton", type = "attributed" }, { text = "Muller, Jean-Claude; et al.", type = "editor" }, }, year = "2019", edition = "diplomatic", first_edition = "a. 1756", publisher = "University of Potsdam", location = "Potsdam", link = { doi = "10.25932/publishup-41639", isbn = "978-85-61377-99-1" }, header = "LGA" }, -- U -- -- V -- ["VELGB"] = { title = { text = "pt:Vocabulario elementar da Lingua Geral Brasilica", translation = "Elementary vocabulary of Lingua Geral Brasilica" }, author = { { text = "pt:|Oliveira, José Joaquim Machado de" }, { text = "Machado, José de Alcântara", type = "editor" }, }, year = "c. 1850", published_year = "1936", journal = { name = "Revista do Arquivo Municipal", number = "vol. 25, n. 3", location = "São Paulo", pages = "129-171", }, link = { ia = "mach-oliveira-1936-voc-elem-lingua-geral-brasilica-ram-25" }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "LGP" }, ["VLB"] = { title = { text = "pt:Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica", translation = "Vocabulary in the Brazilian Language" }, author = { { text = "anonymous" }, { text = "Drumond, Carlos", type = "editor" } }, first_edition = "1622", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "USP", edition = "2nd diplomatic", volumes = { { volume = "1", title = "A-H", year = "1952", }, { volume = "2", title = "I-Z", year= "1953", } }, link = { ia = "vlb-drumond", url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:drumond-1952-1953-vlb", }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "Tupi" }, ["VLGIA"] = { title = { text = "|Língua geral dos índios das Américas", translation = "General language of the Indians of the Americas" }, author = "anonymous", year = "18th century", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_geral_dos_%C3%ADndios_das_Am%C3%A9ricas" }, header = "LGP", }, ["VPB"] = { title = { text = "pt:Vocabulario Portuguez–Brasilico", translation = "Brazilian-Portuguese Vocabulary" }, chapter_of = { author = { text = "pt:|França, Ernesto Ferreira", type = "editor" }, title = { text = "Chrestomathia da lingua brazilica", translation = "Chrestomathy of the Brazilian language" }, year = "1859", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "F. A. Brockhaus", pages = "1-137", }, author = "anonymous", year = "c. 1757", edition = "diplomatic", link = { gb = "QHMSAAAAYAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "LGA" }, -- W -- ["Walter:1967"] = { title = { text = "pt:História dos animais e árvores do Maranhão", translation = "History of Maranhão's animals and trees" }, author = { { text = "Lisboa, Cristóvão de" }, { text = "Walter, Jaime", type = "editor" } }, year = "1967", first_edition = "c. 1631", edition = "diplomatic", location = "Lisboa", publisher = "Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino", link = { url = "https://purl.pt/38130" }, page_url = "https://purl.pt/38130/1/html/index.html#/$PAGE$", header = "Tupi" }, -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- }, headers = [[ ===Modern sources=== ====Dictionaries==== $dictionary$ ====Grammar==== $grammar$ ====Taxonomic identification==== $taxon$ ====General articles==== $article$ ===Primary sources=== ====Old Tupi==== $Tupi$ ====Língua Geral Amazônica==== $LGA$ ====Língua Geral Paulista==== $LGP$ ]] } q5g35emzxipig80g8wu4vwmtmgfvvf1 9944343 9944276 2026-10-14T21:02:10Z TongcyDai 53191 維基百科連結本地化（9 處改連中文維基百科條目、30 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944343 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- ["Alcantara-Rodriguez et al.:2019"] = { alias = "Alcantara-Rodriguez, Françozo & van Andel:2019", title = "Plant Knowledge in the ''Historia Naturalis Brasiliae'' (1648): Retentions of Seventeenth-Century Plant Use in Brazil", author = { "Alcantara-Rodriguez, Mireia", "Françozo, Mariana", "van Andel, Tinde" }, year = "2019", journal = { name = "Economic Botany", number = "73(3)", pages = "390–404" }, link = { url = "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12231-019-09469-w", doi = "10.1007/s12231-019-09469-w" }, header = "taxon" }, ["Alcantara-Rodriguez et al.:2024"] = { alias = "Alcantara-Rodriguez, van Andel & Françozo:2024", title = "Nature portrayed in images in Dutch Brazil: Tracing the sources of the plant woodcuts in the ''Historia Naturalis Brasiliae'' (1648)", author = { "Alcantara-Rodriguez, Mireia", "van Andel, Tinde", "Françozo, Mariana", }, year = "2024", journal = { name = "PLoS ONE", number = "19(7)", pages = "e0276242" }, volumes = { { number = "Appendix (S2)", title = "Sources of the plant woodcuts in the ''Historia Naturalis Brasiliae'' (1648) Database", link = { doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0276242.s001" } }, { number = "Appendix (S4)", title = "Sources of the plant woodcuts in the ''India Utriusquere Naturaliet Medica'' (1658) Database", link = { doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0276242.s002" } }, }, link = { url = "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0276242", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0276242" }, header = "taxon" }, ["Almeida:2008"] = { title = { text = "pt:Os insetos brasileiros descritos pelo naturalista Georg Marcgrave (1610 – c.1644)", translation = "The Brazilian insects described by the naturalist Georg Marcgrave (1610 – c.1644)" }, author = "Almeida, Argus Vasconcelos de", journal = { name = "Episteme", year = "2008", number = "v.13, n. 27", pages = "141-166" }, location = "Porto Alegre", publisher = "en:Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul|UFRGS", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Os_insetos_brasileiros_descritos_pelo_naturalista_Georg_Marcgrave_(1610_%E2%80%93_c.1644)", doi = "10.5281/zenodo.6581990" }, page_url = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina%3AOs_insetos_brasileiros_descritos_pelo_naturalista_Georg_Marcgrave_(1610_%E2%80%93_c.1644).pdf/$PAGE$", set_page = "-140" }, header = "taxon" }, ["Anchieta:1555"] = { title = { text = "en:Art of Grammar of the Most Used Language on the Coast of Brazil|Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vſada na coſta do Braſil", translation = "Art of grammar of the most used language in the coast of Brazil" }, author = "何塞·安切塔|Anchieta, Joseph of", year = "1555", published_year = "1595", location = "Coimbra", publisher = "Antonio de Mariz", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Arte_de_Grammatica_da_Lingoa_mais_Vsada_na_Costa_do_Brasil" }, header = "Tupi" }, ["Anchieta:1560"] = { title = { text = "la:Epistola quamplurimarum rerum naturalium quae S. Vicentii (nunc S. Pauli) provinciam incolunt sistens descriptionem", }, author = { "何塞·安切塔|Anchieta, Joseph of", { text = "Ordonhez, Diogo de Toledo Lara", type = "editor" }, }, year = "1799", first_edition = "1560", edition = "diplomatic", location = "Lisbon", publisher = "Typis Academiae", link = { url = "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/view/?45000009278&bbm/4688" }, page_url = { url = "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/view/?45000009278&bbm/4688#page/$PAGE$/mode/1up/", set_page = "-10" }, header = "Tupi" }, ["Ávila-Pires:1989"] = { title = { text = "pt:Mamíferos da França Equinocial (Maranhão, Brasil)", translation = "Mammals of Equinoctial Francel (Maranhão, Brazil)" }, author = "Ávila Pires, Fernando Dias de", year = "1989", journal = { name = "Revista Brasileira de Zoologia", number = "6(3)", pages = "423-442" }, location = "Curitiba", publisher = "Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia", link = { url = "https://www.scielo.br/j/rbzool/a/VsBsXPm47PqXKmrcNjKzm6L/?format=pdf&lang=pt", doi = "10.1590/S0101-81751989000300002" }, header = "taxon" }, ["Ayrosa:1937"] = { title = { text = "pt:Os “Nomes das partes do corpo humano pella lingua do Brasil” de Pero de Castilho", translation = "The “Names of the human body parts by the language of Brazil” of Pero de Castilho" }, author = { { text = "Castilho, Pero de" }, { text = "pt:|Ayrosa, Plínio", type = "editor" } }, year = "1937", first_edition = "1613", edition = "diplomatic", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Revista dos Tribunais", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Os_%22Nomes_das_partes_do_corpo_humano_pella_lingua_do_Brasil%22_de_Pero_de_Castilho" }, page_url = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina:Nomes_das_partes_do_corpo_humano_pela_l%C3%ADngua_do_Brasil.djvu/$PAGE$", set_page = function(data) if data.page > 38 then return data.page + 6 else return data.page + 4 end end }, header = "Tupi" }, -- B -- ["Barbosa:1956"] = { title = { text = "pt:Curso de tupi antigo: gramática, exercícios, textos", translation = "Course of Old Tupi: grammar, exercises, texts" }, author = "en:|Lemos Barbosa, Antônio", year = "1956", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Livraria São José", link = { ia = "barbosa_1956", url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:barbosa-1956-curso" }, header = "grammar", }, ["Blaeu et al.:1647"] = { title = { text = "la:Brasilia qua parte paret Belgis", translation = "Brazil, the portion owned by Dutch" }, author = { { text = "en:|Blaeu, Joan" }, { text = "en:|Marcgraf, Georg" }, { text = "en:|Barlaeus, Caspar" }, { text = "弗蘭斯·波斯特|Post, Frans" } }, year = "1647", link = { url = "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brasilia_qua_parte_paret_Belgis.png" }, header = "Tupi" }, -- C -- ["Castro:1962"] = { title = { text = "pt:Sôbre os crustáceos referidos por Marcgrave em sua “História{{sic}} Naturalis Brasiliae” (1648)", translation = "About the crustaceans reported by Marcgrave in his “Historia Naturalis Brasiliae” (1648)" }, author = "Castro, Alceu Lemos de", year = "1962", journal = { name = "en:Archivos do Museu Nacional|Arquivos do Museu Nacional", number = "LII", pages = "37–51" }, link = { url = "https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/amn/article/view/47141", ia = "biostor-248959" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "-37" }, own_args = { column = { list = true, display = { label = { "column ", "columns " }, after = "page", }, }, col = { list = true, alias_of = "column" }, }, header = "taxon" }, ["CL"] = { title = { text = "pt:O caderno da lingua ou Vocabulario Portuguez-Tupi", translation = "The language's notebook or Portuguese-Tupi vocabulary" }, author = { { text = "Arronches, João de" }, { text = "pt:|Ayrosa, Plínio", type = "editor"} }, year = "1934", first_edition = "1739", edition = "diplomatic", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Imprensa Official do Estado", journal = { name = "Revista do Museu Paulista", number = "XXI", pages = "49-322" }, link = { url = "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/189531" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/189531#page/$PAGE$", set_page = function(data) if data.page < 136 then return data.page + 29 else return data.page + 27 end end }, header = "LGA" }, ["Couto de Magalhães:1863"] = { title = { text = "pt:De Leopoldina ao Porto da Piedade", translation = "From Leopoldina to Porto da Piedade", number = "3", }, author = "en:|Couto de Magalhães, José Vieira", chapter_of = { title = { text = "pt:Viagem ao Araguaya", translation = "Voyage to the Araguaia River" }, year = "1863", location = "Goiás", publisher = "Typographia Provincial", pages = "92", link = { ia = "viagemaorioarag00magagoog/page/n109/mode/1up" }, }, header = "LGP" }, ["Cunha:1960"] = { title = { text = "pt:Coisas notáveis do Brasil", translation = "Notable things of Brazil", }, author = { { text = "Soares, Francisco", type = "attributed" }, { text = "Cunha, A.ntônio G.eraldo da", type = "editor"} }, year = "1966", first_edition = "1590-1596", edition = "parallel-text", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "INL", series = { name = "Textos e Vocabulários", number = "6" }, volumes = { hide_numbers = true, {--1 number = "1", title = "O Manuscrito de Madrid", }, {--2 number = "2", title = "O Manuscrito de Coimbra", }, }, link = { ia = "coisas-notaveis-do-brasil", url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:anonimo-1966-coisas" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = function(data) if data.page > 999 then return data.page else return data.page + 25 end end }, header = "Tupi" }, -- D -- ["d'Abbeville:2008"] = { title = { text = "História da missão dos padres Capuchinhos na ilha do Maranhão e terras circunvizinhas", translation = "History of the mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands" }, transl_of = "Histoire de la mission des pères Capucins en l'isle de Maragnan et terres circonvoisines", author = { { text = "en:|d'Abbeville, Claude", type = "original author" }, { text = "en:|Milliet, Sérgio", type = "translator" }, { text = "pt:|Garcia, Rodolfo", type = "notes" }, }, year = "2008", location = "Brasília", publisher = "Conselho editorial", series = { name = "Edições do Senado Federal", number = "105" }, link = { url = "https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/bitstream/handle/id/576068/000838911_Historia_padres_capuchinhos_Maranhao.pdf" }, page_url = { url = "https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/bitstream/handle/id/576068/000838911_Historia_padres_capuchinhos_Maranhao.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+3" }, header = "Tupi" }, ["Diálogos"] = { title = { text = "pt:|Diálogos das Grandezas do Brasil", translation = "Dialogues of Brazil's Greatnesses" }, author = { { text = "pt:|Brandão, Ambrósio Fernandes", type = "attributed" }, { text = "pt:|Garcia, Rodolfo", type = "notes" } }, year = "1930", first_edition = "1618", edition = "normalized", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Officina Industrial Graphica", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1logos_das_grandezas_do_Brasil", gb = "mpIXAAAAIAAJ", }, page_url = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina:Dialogos_das_grandezas_do_Brasil.pdf/$PAGE$", set_page = "+6" }, header = "Tupi" }, ["DLB"] = { title = { text = "pt:Diccionario da lingua brazilica", translation = "Dictionary of the Brazilian Language" }, author = "anonymous", year = "18th century", link = { url = "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Diccionario_da_lingua_brazilica.pdf" }, header = "LGA" }, ["DPB"] = { title = { text = "pt:Dicionario portuguez, e brasiliano", translation = "Brazilian and Portuguese dictionary" }, author = { { text = "Frei Onofre" }, { text = "en:|Vellozo, José Mariano de Conceição", type = "editor"} }, year = "1751", year_published = "1795", location = "Lisbon", publisher = "Officina Patriarcal", link = { ia = "diccionarioportu00vell", url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Diccionario_portuguez,_e_brasiliano" }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "LGA" }, ["DTA"] = { alias = "Navarro:2013", title = { text = "en:Dictionary of Old Tupi|Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil", translation = "Dictionary of Old Tupi: the classical indigenous language of Brazil" }, author = "en:|Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida", year = "2013", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Global", link = { ia = "navarro-dicionario-de-tupi-antigo", isbn = "9788526019331", oclc = "869424504", }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, entry_url = "https://kiansheik.io/nhe-enga/?query=$ENTRY$", own_args = { column = { list = true, display = { label = { "column ", "columns " }, after = "page", }, }, col = { list = true, alias_of = "column" }, }, default_pagename = true, header = "dictionary" }, [ "DV" ] = { alias = "von Martius:1867", title = { text = "Diccionario de Verbos: portuguez tupi-austral e alemâo", translation = "Verb Dictionary: Portuguese, Austral Tupi and German", }, author = "卡尔·冯·马蒂乌斯|von Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp", chapter_of = { title = { text = "Wörtersammlung Brasilianischer Sprachen", translation = "Vocabulary of Brazilian Languages", }, year = "1867", series = { name ="Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerika's zumal Brasiliens", number = "II" }, pages = "99-122", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "Friedrich Fleischer", }, link = { ia = "von-martius-1867-diccionario-de-verbos.-zeitworter.-portuguez-tup/page/99" }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "LGP", }, -- E -- ["Edelweiss:1967"] = { title = { text = "Os topônimos indígenas do Rio de Janeiro quinhentista", translation = "The Indigenous toponyms of 16th-century Rio de Janeiro" }, author = "pt:|Edelweiss, Frederico", year = "1967", journal = { name = "en:|Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro", number = "275", pages = "80-134" }, link = { url = "http://memoria.bn.gov.br/docreader/893676/133201", }, page_url = { url = "http://memoria.bn.gov.br/docreader/893676/$PAGE$", set_page = "+133121" }, header = "article" }, ["Edelweiss:1969"] = { import_from = "tup-gua", header = "article" }, ["Edelweiss:1969-1972"] = { import_from = "tup-gua", header = "article" }, -- F -- ["Figueira:1628"] = { title = { text = "pt:Arte da lingua Braſilica", translation = "Art of the Brazilian Language" }, author = "en:|Figueira, Luís", year = "c. 1628", location = "Lisbon", publisher = "Manuel da Silva", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Arte_da_Lingua_Brasilica" }, header = "Tupi", }, -- G -- ["Garcia:1925"] = { title = { text = "pt:Tratados da terra e gente do Brasil", translation = "Treatises about the land and people of Brazil" }, year = "1925", first_edition = "p. 1583", edition = "critical", author = { { text = "pt:|Cardim, Fernão" }, { text = "pt:|Garcia, Rodolfo", type = "compiler" } }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "J. Leite & Cia", volumes = { {--1 title = { text = "Do clima e terra do Brasil", translation = "Of the climate and land of Brazil" }, author = { text = "pt:|Garcia, Rodolfo", type = "notes" } }, {--2 title = { text = "Do principio e origem dos indios do Brasil e de seus costumes, adoração e ceremonias", translation = "Of the beginning and origin of the Brazilian indians and theid customs, adoration and ceremmonies", }, author = { text = "Caetano, Baptista", type = "notes" } }, {--3 title = { text = "Narrativa epistolar", translation = "Epistolary narrative", }, author = { text = "pt:|Garcia, Rodolfo", type = "notes" } }, }, link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Tratados_da_terra_e_gente_do_Brasil" }, page_url = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina:Tratados_da_terra_e_gente_do_Brasil.pdf/$PAGE$", set_page = "+2" }, header = "Tupi" }, -- H -- ["HNB"] = { import_from = "la", header = "Tupi" }, ["Holthuis:1991"] = { title = "Marcgraf's (1648) Brazilian Crustacea", author = "en:|Holthuis, Lipke Bijdeley", year = "1991", journal = { name = "Zoologische Verhandelingen", number = "268(1)", pages = "1–123" }, link = { url = "https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/317726", oclc = "24786074" }, page_url = { url = "https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/317726/ZV1991268001.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "-2" }, header = "taxon" }, -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- ["Le langaige du Bresil"] = { title = { text = "en:|frm:Le langaige du Bresil", translation = "The language of Brazil" }, author = "Lamy, Jehan", year = "c. 1540", link = { url = "https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Le_langaige_du_Bresil" }, header = "Tupi" }, ["Leite:2013"] = { title = { text = "pt:A Língua Geral Paulista e o “Vocabulário Elementar da Língua Geral Brasílica”", translation = "Língua Geral Paulista and the “Vocabulário Elementar da Língua Geral Brasílica”" }, author = { { text = "Leite, Fabiana Raquel" }, { text = "D'Angelis, Wilmar da Rocha", type = "advisor" } }, year = "2013", location = "Campinas", publisher = "坎皮纳斯州立大学|Unicamp", link = { url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:leite-2013" }, page_url = "https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Aleite-2013/leite_2013_lingua_geral_paulista.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+24", header = "article" }, ["Lima & Moreira:2005"] = { title = { text = "pt:Tradições astronômicas tupinambás na visão de Claude D'Abbeville", translation = "Tupinambá astronomical traditions in Claude D’Abbeville’s view" }, author = { "Lima, Flávia Pedroza", "Moreira, Ildeu de Castro" }, year = "2005", journal = { name = "Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de História da Ciência", number = "3(1)", pages = "4-19" }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", link = { url = "https://rbhciencia.emnuvens.com.br/rsbhc/article/view/566/493" }, header = "article" }, -- M -- ["Monserrat:2003"] = { title = { text = "pt:O tupi do século XVIII (tupi-médio)", translation = "Tupi in the 18th century (Middle Tupi)" }, author = "Monserrat, Ruth Maria Fonini", chapter_of = { title = { text = "Línguas gerais: política lingüística e catequese na América do Sul no período colonial", translation = "General languages: linguistic policy and catechesis in South America in the colonial period" }, author = { { text = "Freire, José Ribamar Bessa", type = "organizer" }, { text = "Rosa, Maria Carlota", type = "organizer" } }, year = "2003", pages = "185-194", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "EDUERJ", link = { isbn = "978-85-7511-036-2", url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:freire-2003-linguas" } }, header = "article" }, ["Monserrat:2015"] = { title = { text = "pt:Observações sobre a fonologia da língua geral amazônica nos três últimos séculos", translation = "Observations on the phonology of Língua Geral Amazônica in the last three centuries" }, author = "Monserrat, Ruth Maria Fonini", chapter_of = { title = { text = "Dicionário da língua geral no Brasil", translation = "Dictionary of the general language in Brazil" }, edition = "diplomatic", author = { { text = "Barros, Cândida", type = "editor" }, { text = "Lessa, Antônio Luís", type = "editor" } }, year = "2015", location = "Belém", publisher = "MPEG", pages = "19–28", link = { isbn = "978-85-61377-80-9", url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:barros-2015-dicionario", }, }, header = "article" }, -- N -- ["Navarro:1998"] = { title = { text = "pt:Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos", translation = "Modern method of Old Tupi: the language of Brazil's early centuries" }, author = "en:|Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida", editions = { { number = "1", year = "1998", location = "Petrópolis", publisher = "Vozes", link = { isbn = "9788532619532" }, }, { number = "2", year = "1999", location = "Petrópolis", publisher = "Vozes", link = { isbn = "8532619533" }, }, { number = "3", year = "2005", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Global", page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "-2" }, link = { isbn = "9788526010581", ia = "MetodoModernoDeTupiAntigo_201904" }, }, }, header = "grammar" }, ["Navarro:2022"] = { title = { text = "pt:Transcrição e tradução integral anotada das cartas dos índios Camarões, escritas em 1645 em tupi antigo", translation = "Transcription and complete annotated translation of the Camarão Indians' letters, written in 1645 in Old Tupi" }, author = "en:|Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida", year = "2022", first_edition = "1645", edition = "critical", journal = { name = "Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas", number = "vol. 17, n. 3", pages = "e20210034" }, location = "Belém", publisher = "MPEG", link = { doi = "10.1590/2178-2547-BGOELDI-2021-0034", url = "https://wikisource.org/wiki/Cartas_dos_%C3%ADndios_Camar%C3%B5es" }, page_url = "https://wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Transcri%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_tradu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_integral_anotada_das_cartas_dos_%C3%ADndios_Camar%C3%B5es,_escritas_em_1645_em_tupi_antigo.pdf/$PAGE$", header = "Tupi" }, ["Noll et al."] = { title = { text = "O português e o tupi no Brasil", translation = "Portuguese and Tupi in Brazil" }, author = { { text = "Noll, Volker; Dietrich, Wolf", type = "editor" }, }, year = "2019", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Contexto", link = { ia = "portugues-tupi-brasil", isbn = "978-85-7244-472-9", }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, }, ["Notícia"] = { title = { text = "pt:|Notícia do Brasil", translation = "Notice of Brazil" }, author = "en:|Sousa, Gabriel Soares de", year = "1587", location = "Salvador", editions = { {--1 author = { "en:|Varnhagen, Francisco Adolpho de", type= "compiler" }, title = "Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587", number = "1", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Laemmert", year = "1851", link = { gb = "wWYCAAAAYAAJ" } }, {--2 author = { "en:|Varnhagen, Francisco Adolpho de", type= "compiler" }, title = "Tratado descriptivo do Brasil em 1587", number = "2", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Typographia de João Ignancio da Silva", year = "1879", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Tratado_descritivo_do_Brasil_em_1587", gb = "alMpAAAAYAAJ" }, page_url = { url = true, set_page = "+30" } }, }, header = "Tupi", }, -- O -- -- P -- ["Papavero et al.:2000"] = { title = { text = "pt:O Novo Éden: a fauna da Amazônia brasileira nos relatos de viajantes e cronistas desde a descoberta do rio Amazonas por Pinzón (1500) até o Tratado de Santo Idelfonso (1777)", translation = "The New Eden: the Brazilian Amazon fauna in the accounts of voyagers and chronists from the discovery of the Amazon River by Pinzón (1500) to the Treaty of San Ildefonso (1777)" }, author = { "Papavero, Nelson", "Teixeira, Dante Martins", "Overal, William Leslie", "Pujol-Luz, José Roberto" }, year = "2000", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "en:Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi|MPEG", link = { url = "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305641761", gb = "cfUrAAAAYAAJ", isbn = "85-7098-063-9" }, header = "taxon", }, ["Papavero:2015a"] = { alias = "Papavero:2015", title = { text = "pt:Nomes de animais em três manuscritos jesuíticos em língua geral do século XVIII (Eckart, MA 569 da Academia de Ciências de Lisboa e manuscrito da Universidade de Trier)", translation = "Names of animals in three Jesuit manuscripts in Língua Geral from the 18th century (Eckart, MA 569 of the Lisbon Academy of Sciences and manuscript of the University of Trier)" }, author = "Papavero, Nelson", year = "2015", journal = { name = "Arquivos De Zoologia", number = "46(1)", pages = "1-39" }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "圣保罗大学|USP", link = { url = "https://revistas.usp.br/azmz/article/view/99818/98278", doi = "10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v46i1p1-39", }, header = "taxon", }, ["Papavero:2015b"] = { title = { text = "pt:Sobre os nomes populares dados aos felinos do gênero ''Leopardus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)", translation = "About the common names given to felines in genus ''Leopardus'' (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)" }, author = "Papavero, Nelson", year = "2015", journal = { name = "Arquivos do NEHiLP", number = "vol. 10", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "FFLCH-USP", link = { url = "https://www.livrosabertos.abcd.usp.br/portaldelivrosUSP/catalog/view/25/27/109", doi = "10.11606/9788575062647", isbn = "9788575062647", }, header = "taxon", }, ["Papavero & Couri:2012"] = { title = "Essays on the history of Brazilian dipterology: II. notices about Brazilian Diptera (17th century)", author = { "Papavero, Nelson", "Couri, Márcia Souto" }, year = "2012", journal = { name = "Revista Brasileira de Entomologia", number = "56(2)", pages = "133–141" }, link = { url = "https://www.scielo.br/j/rbent/a/Mzk8FGgMKPrNZtfmkzW5JLS/?lang=en", doi = "10.1590/S0085-56262012005000024" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.scielo.br/j/rbent/a/Mzk8FGgMKPrNZtfmkzW5JLS/?format=pdf&lang=en#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "-132" }, own_args = { column = { list = true, display = { label = { "column ", "columns " }, after = "page", }, }, col = { list = true, alias_of = "column" }, }, header = "taxon", }, ["Papavero & Teixeira:2014"] = { title = { text = "pt:Zoonímia tupi nos escritos quinhentistas europeus", translation = "Tupi zoonymy in the 16th-century European writings" }, author = { { text = "Papavero, Nelson" }, { text = "Teixeira, Dante Martins" } }, year = "2014", journal = { name = "Arquivos do NEHiLP", number = "vol. 3", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "FFLCH-USP", link = { url = "https://www.livrosabertos.abcd.usp.br/portaldelivrosUSP/catalog/book/6", doi = "10.11606/9788575062302", isbn = "978-85-7506-230-2", ia = "papavero-e-teixeira-2015-zoonimia-tupi-nos-escritos-quinhentistas-europeus", }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "taxon", }, ["Peixoto:1933"] = { title = { text = "pt:Cartas, informações, fragmentos historicos e sermões", translation = "Letters, information, historical fragments and sermons" }, author = { { text = "何塞·安切塔|Anchieta, Joseph of" }, { text = "en:|Peixoto, Júlio Afrânio", type = "compiler" } }, year = "1933", first_edition = "16th century", edition = "normalized", series = { name = "Cartas jesuiticas", number = "3", }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Civilização Brasileira", link = { ia = "r-19794-v_0000_grav-569_t24-C-R0150" }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "Tupi" }, ["Pickel:2008"] = { title = { text = "Flora do Nordeste do Brasil segundo Piso e Marcgrave: no século XVII", translation = "Flora of Brazilian Northeast according to Piso and Marcgrave: in the 17th century", }, author = { { text = "Pickel, Dom Bento José" }, { text = "Almeida, Argus Vasconcelos de", type = "editor" }, }, year = "2008", first_edition = "1949", edition = "commemorative", location = "Recife", publisher = "en:Federal Rural University of Pernambuco|EDUFRPE", pages = "312", link = { url = "https://jardimbotanico.recife.pe.gov.br/sites/default/files/midia/arquivos/pagina-basica/25.pdf", }, page_url = { url = "https://jardimbotanico.recife.pe.gov.br/sites/default/files/midia/arquivos/pagina-basica/25.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+1" }, header = "taxon" }, ["Pinto:1979"] = { author = "en:Olivério Pinto|Pinto, Olivério Mário de Oliveira", year = "1979", title = { text = "pt:A ornitologia do Brasil através das idades (século XVI a século XIX)", translation = "Brazilian ornithology through the ages (16th to 19th centuries)" }, series = { name = "Brasiliensia Documenta", number = "13" }, location = "São Paulo", link = { doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.108758", url = "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48682525", oclc = "5727981" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/190797#page/$PAGE$/mode/1up", set_page = "+2" }, header = "taxon", }, -- Q -- -- R -- ["Rodrigues:1958"] = { title = { text = "de:Phonologie der Tupinambá-Sprache", translation = "Phonology of the Tupinambá language" }, author = "en:Aryon Rodrigues|Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna", year = "1958", location = "Hamburg", publisher = "Universität Hamburg", link = { url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:rodrigues-1958" }, header = "article", }, -- S -- ["Saint-Hilaire"] = { title = { text = "fr:Encore la province des Mines — Les Indiens métis du Paranahyba", translation = "Still the Minas Gerais province — The mixed-race Indians of Paranaíba" }, author = "奥古斯丁·圣-希莱尔|Saint-Hilaire, Augustin", year = "1819", chapter_of = { title = { text = "Voyage aux sources du Rio de S. Francisco et dans la province de Goyaz", translation = "Voyage to the sources of São Francisco River and the province fo Goiás" }, year = "1848", series = { name = { text = "Voyages dans l'interieur du Brésil", translation = "Voyages in the interior of Brasil" }, number = "3", }, pages = "261–262", publisher = "Arthus Bertrand", location = "Paris", link = { ia = "voyagesdanslinte47sain/page/261/mode/1up" }, }, header = "LGP" }, ["Sampaio:1901"] = { title = { text = "pt:O Tupi na Geographia Nacional", translation = "Tupi in National Geography" }, author = "en:|Sampaio, Teodoro F.ernandes" , year = "1901", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Typ. da Casa Eclectica", link = { url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:sampaio-1901-tupi" }, page_url = { url = "https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Asampaio-1901-tupi/sampaio_1901_tupi.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+7" }, header = "article" }, ["Santos:2020"] = { title = { text = "Empréstimos lexicais do português para a Língua Geral: século XVI ao XXI", translation = "Lexical borrowings from Portuguese to Língua Geral: from the 16th to the 21th century" }, author = "Santos, Bárbara Heliodora Lemos de Pinheiro", year = "2020", location = "Brasília", publisher = "UnB", link = { url = "http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/38903" }, header = "article", }, ["Santos & Cruz:2020"] = { title = { text = "pt:Empréstimos do Português para a Língua Geral no Século XVIII", translation = "Portuguese loanwords for Língua Geral in the 18th century" }, author = { { text = "Santos, Bárbara Heliodora Lemos de Pinheiro" }, { text = "Cruz, Aline da" } }, year = "2020", location = "Macapá", publisher = "UNIFAP", journal = { name = "Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas", number = "vol. 3, n. 1", pages = "160-176" }, link = { doi = "10.18468/rbli.2020v3n1.p160-176", url = "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349270952_Emprestimos_do_Portugues_para_a_Lingua_Geral_no_Seculo_XVIII" }, header = "article" }, ["Santos & Cruz:2021"] = { title = { text = "pt:Empréstimos Linguísticos do Português para a Língua Geral: século XVII", translation = "Linguistic borrowings from Portuguese to Língua Geral: 17th century" }, author = { { text = "Santos, Bárbara Heliodora Lemos de Pinheiro" }, { text = "Cruz, Aline da" } }, year = "2021", location = "Brasília", publisher = "Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú", journal = { name = "Cadernos de Etnolingüística", number = "vol. 9, n. 1", pages = "e090104" }, link = { url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/article:vol9n1-4" }, header = "article" }, ["Silva:2022"] = { title = { text = "Ensaios de História Natural da Amazônia Brasileira no séc. XVII nos escritos dos franciscanos D’Abbeville e Lisboa", translation = "17th century essays on the natural history of the Brazilian Amazon in the Franciscan writings of d'Abbeville and Lisboa" }, author = "Silva, Jones Tiago Sousa da", year = "2022", location = "Capanema", publisher = "Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia", link = { url = "http://bdta.ufra.edu.br/jspui/handle/123456789/2914" }, header = "article" }, -- T -- ["Teixeira:2009"] = { title = { text = "pt:Os quadros de aves tropicais do Castelo de Hoflössnitz na Saxônia e Albert Eckhout (ca. 1610-1666), artista do Brasil Holandês", translation = "The paintings of tropical birds in Hoflössnitz, Saxony, and Albert Eckhout (ca. 1610-1666), artist of Dutch Brazil" }, author = "Teixeira, Dante Martins", journal = { name = "Revista do Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros", year = "2009", number = "49", pages = "67-90" }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "圣保罗大学|USP", link = { url = "https://revistas.usp.br/rieb/pt_BR/article/view/34640/37378", doi = "10.11606/issn.2316-901X.v0i49p67-90" }, header = "taxon" }, ["Thevet:1558"] = { title = { text = "en:The New Found World, or Antarctike|Les singularitez de la France Antarctique", translation = "The singularities of France Antarctique" }, author = "en:|Thevet, André", year = "1557-1558", year_published = "1558", location = "Paris", publisher = "Maurice de La Porte", link = { gb = "JtgaX-v2A5sC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "Tupi" }, ["Trier"] = { title = { text = "pt:Dicionário de língua geral amazônica", translation = "Língua Geral Amazônica dictionary" }, author = { { text = "Meisterburg, Anton", type = "attributed" }, { text = "Muller, Jean-Claude; et al.", type = "editor" }, }, year = "2019", edition = "diplomatic", first_edition = "a. 1756", publisher = "University of Potsdam", location = "Potsdam", link = { doi = "10.25932/publishup-41639", isbn = "978-85-61377-99-1" }, header = "LGA" }, -- U -- -- V -- ["VELGB"] = { title = { text = "pt:Vocabulario elementar da Lingua Geral Brasilica", translation = "Elementary vocabulary of Lingua Geral Brasilica" }, author = { { text = "pt:|Oliveira, José Joaquim Machado de" }, { text = "Machado, José de Alcântara", type = "editor" }, }, year = "c. 1850", published_year = "1936", journal = { name = "Revista do Arquivo Municipal", number = "vol. 25, n. 3", location = "São Paulo", pages = "129-171", }, link = { ia = "mach-oliveira-1936-voc-elem-lingua-geral-brasilica-ram-25" }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "LGP" }, ["VLB"] = { title = { text = "pt:Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica", translation = "Vocabulary in the Brazilian Language" }, author = { { text = "anonymous" }, { text = "Drumond, Carlos", type = "editor" } }, first_edition = "1622", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "USP", edition = "2nd diplomatic", volumes = { { volume = "1", title = "A-H", year = "1952", }, { volume = "2", title = "I-Z", year= "1953", } }, link = { ia = "vlb-drumond", url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:drumond-1952-1953-vlb", }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "Tupi" }, ["VLGIA"] = { title = { text = "en:|Língua geral dos índios das Américas", translation = "General language of the Indians of the Americas" }, author = "anonymous", year = "18th century", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_geral_dos_%C3%ADndios_das_Am%C3%A9ricas" }, header = "LGP", }, ["VPB"] = { title = { text = "pt:Vocabulario Portuguez–Brasilico", translation = "Brazilian-Portuguese Vocabulary" }, chapter_of = { author = { text = "pt:|França, Ernesto Ferreira", type = "editor" }, title = { text = "Chrestomathia da lingua brazilica", translation = "Chrestomathy of the Brazilian language" }, year = "1859", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "F. A. Brockhaus", pages = "1-137", }, author = "anonymous", year = "c. 1757", edition = "diplomatic", link = { gb = "QHMSAAAAYAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "LGA" }, -- W -- ["Walter:1967"] = { title = { text = "pt:História dos animais e árvores do Maranhão", translation = "History of Maranhão's animals and trees" }, author = { { text = "Lisboa, Cristóvão de" }, { text = "Walter, Jaime", type = "editor" } }, year = "1967", first_edition = "c. 1631", edition = "diplomatic", location = "Lisboa", publisher = "Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino", link = { url = "https://purl.pt/38130" }, page_url = "https://purl.pt/38130/1/html/index.html#/$PAGE$", header = "Tupi" }, -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- }, headers = [[ ===Modern sources=== ====Dictionaries==== $dictionary$ ====Grammar==== $grammar$ ====Taxonomic identification==== $taxon$ ====General articles==== $article$ ===Primary sources=== ====Old Tupi==== $Tupi$ ====Língua Geral Amazônica==== $LGA$ ====Língua Geral Paulista==== $LGP$ ]] } ggcbkk5nb9fgos9q6g3v1w722afyfk7 828 3495019 9944275 9831728 2026-10-14T20:27:59Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 93465445） 9944275 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} export.sources = { ["Fiorilli:2002"] = { author = "Fiorilli, Giuseppe", year = "2002", title = "Dizionario arbëresh di lemmi, frasi e motti in uso nella tradizione di Ururi", edition = "2nd", location = "Lanciano", header = "DIA", }, ["Gerbino:2009"] = { author = "Gerbino, Gaetano", year = "2009", title = "Grammatica della parlata arbëreshe di Piana degli Albanesi", location = "Cesena", header = "DIA", }, ["Gerbino:2010"] = { author = "Gerbino, Gaetano", year = "2010", title = "Dizionario arbëresh–italiano della parlata di Piana degli Albanesi", edition = "2nd", first_edition = "2007", location = "Palermo", header = "DIA", }, ["Pugliese & Agresti:2015"] = { alias = {"Pugliese:2015", "Agresti:2015"}, author = { { text = "Pugliese, Fernanda", type = "project coordinator" }, { text = "Agresti, Giovanni", type = "publication director" }, }, year = "2015", title = "Vocabolario polinomico e sociale italiano–arbëresh delle varietà molisane", volume = { number = "1", title = "Teoria e metodo. Spazio e relazioni di prossimità" }, publisher = "Mnamon", link = { isbn = "9788869490125" }, header = "DIA", }, ["Camarda:1864"] = { author = "|Camarda, Demetrio", year = "1864", title = "Saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese", location = "Livorno", publisher = "E. Vignozzi & Co.", link = { gb = "OfEGAAAAQAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, entry_lang = "sq", header = "ETY", }, ["Camarda:1866"] = { author = "|Camarda, Demetrio", year = "1866", title = "Appendice al saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese", location = "Prato", publisher = "F. Alberghetti & Co.", link = { gb = "syYTAAAAYAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, entry_lang = "sq", header = "ETY", }, ["Jokl:1911"] = { author = "|Jokl, Norbert", year = "1911", title = "Studien zur albanesischen Etymologie und Wortbildung", location = "Vienna", journal = { name = "Sitzungsberichte der Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Philosophish-Historische Klasse", number = "1" }, link = { gb = "tYTVl69Axu8C" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "ETY", }, ["Orel:2000"] = { author = "|Orel, Vladimir", title = "A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language. Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian", year = "2000", location = {"Leiden", "Boston", "Köln"}, house = "Brill", link = { isbn = "90 04 11647 8" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Matzinger:2006"] = { author = "Matzinger, Joachim", year = "2006", title = "Der Altalbanische Text Mbsuame e Krështerë (Dottrica cristiana) des Lekë Matrënga von 1592. Eine Einführung in die albanische Sprachwissenschaft", series = { name = "Jenär Indogermatistische Textbearbeitung", number = "3" }, location = "Dettelbach", publisher = "J. H. Röll GmbH", link = { isbn = "3-89754-117-3" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Newmark:1982"] = { author = {"Newmark, Leonard", "Hubbard, Philip", "Prifti, Peter"}, year = "1982", title = "Standard Albanian: A reference grammar for students", publisher = "Standford UP", link = { isbn = "0-8047-1129-1" }, header = "GRA", }, ["Manzini & Savoia:2018"] = { author = {"Manzini, M.aria Rita", "Savoia, Leonardo M.aria"}, year = "2018", title = "The Morphosyntax of Albanian and Aromanian varieties", series = { name = "Studies in Generative Grammar", number = "133" }, location = {"Berlin", "Boston"}, publisher = "De Gruyter", link = { doi = "10.1515/9781501505140" }, header = "GRA", }, ["FGJSSH:1980"] = { author = {"|Kostallari, Androkli", "et al."}, year = "1980", title = { text = "Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe: me rreth 41.000 fjalë", translation = "Dictionary of modern Albanian language: with around 41,000 words", }, link = { url = "https://fjalori.shkenca.org" }, location = "Tirana", publisher = "ASHSH", default_pagename = true, header = "LEX", }, ["FGJSH:2006"] = { title = { text = "Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe", translation = "Dictionary of the Albanian language", }, year = "2006", author = {"Thomai, Jani", "et al."}, publisher = "ASHSH", location = "Tirana", link = { url = "https://fjalorthi.com", isbn = "99943-817-5-X" }, entry_url = "https://fjalorthi.com/$ID|PAGENAME$", header = "LEX", }, ["DPEWA"] = { author = { "|Demiraj, Bardhyl", "et al." }, year = "2021", -- ongoing? title = { text = "Digitales Philologisch-Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altalbanischen", translation = "Digital Philological-Etymological Dictionary of Old Albanian", }, link = "https://www.dpwa.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/dictionary", entry_url = "https://www.dpwa.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/dictionary/?lemmaid=$ID$", set_args = function(data) for k, v in ipairs(data.entry) do data.entry[k] = mw.ustring.gsub(v, "/", "&#124;") end end, default_pagename = true, header = "ETY", }, ["Çabej:SEFSH"] = { alias = {"Çabej:SE", "SEFSH"}, author = "|Çabej, Eqrem", title = "Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes", year = "1976–2014", composed = "1950s–1980", location = "Tirana", default_pagename = true, volumes = { [1] = { title = "Hyrje", year = "1982", publisher = "ASHSH", }, [2] = { title = "A–B", year = "1976", publisher = "ASHSH", }, [3] = { title = "C–D", year = "1987", publisher = "ASHSH", }, [4] = { title = "DH–J", year = "1996", publisher = "ASHSH", }, [5] = { title = "K–M", year = "2014", publisher = "Çabej", link = { isbn = "978-99956-35-20-6" }, }, [6] = { title = "N–RR", year = "2002", publisher = "ASHSH", link = { isbn = "99927-761-3-7" }, }, [7] = { title = "S–ZH", year = "2006", publisher = "ASHSH", link = { isbn = "99943-817-1-7" }, }, }, header = "ETY", }, ["Meyer:1891"] = { author = "|Meyer, Gustav", title = { text = "Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache", translation = "Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language", }, location = "Strasbourg", publisher = "Karl J. Trübner", year = "1891", link = { doi = "10.1515/9783111562261", gb = "OWKJ1dKKi-MC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, default_pagename = true, header = "ETY", }, ["Bufli & Rocchi:2021"] = { alias = "HEDTA:2021", title = "A Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Turkisms in Albanian (1555-1954)", author = {"Bufli, Gjorgji", "Rocchi, Luciano"}, year = "2021", location = "Trieste", publisher = "EUT", link = { isbn = {"978-88-5511-270-3", "978-88-5511-271-0"} }, default_pagename = true, set_args = function(data) for k, v in ipairs(data.entry) do if v == "*" then data.entry[k] = "*" .. data.pagename end end end, header = "ETY", }, ["Dashi:2013"] = { author = "Dashi, Brunilda", year = "2013", title = "Italianismi nella lingua albanese", location = "Rome", publisher = "Edizioni Nuova Cultura", link = { isbn = "9788868120764", url = "https://core.ac.uk/reader/160052240" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Erat:2008"] = { author = "Erat, Janez", year = "2008", title = { text = "Etimološki slovar albanskega jezika", translation = "Albanian Etymological Dictionary", }, edition = "2nd", first_edition = "2000", header = "ETY", }, ["Orel:1998"] = { author = "|Orel, Vladimir", year = "1998", title = "Albanian Etymological Dictionary", location = {"Leiden", "Boston", "Köln"}, publisher = "Brill", link = { isbn = "978-90-04-11024-3", ia = "albanian-etymological-dictionary" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 35 }, default_pagename = true, header = "ETY", }, ["Ylli:SLA"] = { alias = {"Ylli:1997", "Ylli:2000"}, author = "Ylli, Xhelal", title = "Das slavische Lehngut im Albanischen", publisher = "Verlag Otto Sagner", location = "Munich", volumes = { [1] = { year = "1997", title = "Lehnwörter", journal = { name = "Slavistische Beiträge", number = "350", }, link = { mdz = "bsb00051924", isbn = "3-87690-670-9" }, }, [2] = { year = "2000", title = "Ortsnamen", journal = { name = "Slavistische Beiträge", number = "395", }, link = { isbn = "3-87690-772-1", mdz = "bsb00051940" }, } }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = -1 }, header = "ETY", }, ["Demiraj:1997"] = { author = "|Demiraj, Bardhyl", year = "1997", title = "Albanische Etymologien. Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz", publisher = "Rodopi", location = {"Amsterdam", "Atlanta GA"}, series = { name = "Leiden studies in Indo-European", number = "7" }, link = { isbn = "90-420-0161-5" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Svane:1992"] = { author = "da:|Svane, Gunnar", title = "Slavische Lehnwörter im Albanischen", year = "1992", link = { isbn = "87 7288 419 3" }, publisher = "Aarhus UP", series = { name = "Acta Jutlandica", number = "68" }, -- also Humanistische Reihe 67 header = "ETY", }, ["Huld:1984"] = { author = "Huld, Martin E.", title = "Basic Albanian Etymologies", year = "1984", location = "Columbus OH", publisher = "Slavica Publishers", link = { isbn = "0-89357-135-0" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Tagliavini:1937"] = { author = "it:|Tagliavini, Carlo", year = "1937", title = "L'albanese di Dalmazia. Contributi alla conoscenza del dialetto ghego di Borgo Erizzo presso Zara", publisher = "Leo S. Olschki", location = "Florence", header = "DIA", }, ["Miklosich:AF"] = { author = "|Miklosich, Franz", title = "Albanische Forschungen", location = "Vienna", publisher = "k.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei", volumes = { [1] = { year = "1870", title = "Die slavischen Elemente im Albanischen", link = { ia = "bub_gb_Ad5EAAAAcAAJ" }, page_url = { ia = true }, }, [2] = { year = "1871", title = "Die romanischen Elemente im Albanischen", link = { gb = "Lc-v7B79hOwC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, } }, header = "ETY", }, ["Mann:1948"] = { author = "de:|Mann, Stuart E.dward", year = "1948", title = "An Historical Albanian–English Dictionary", default_pagename = true, location = "London", publisher = "Longmans, Green & Co.", header = "LEX", }, ["Leotti:1916"] = { author = "Leotti, Angelo", year = "1916", title = "L'albanese parlato", location = "Milan", publisher = "U. Hoepli", link = { gb = "pLVVH8yeASwC" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Weigand:1914"] = { author = "|Weigand, Gustav", year = "1914", title = "Albanesisch–deutsches und deutsch–albanesisches Wörterbuch", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "J. A. Barth", link = { gb = "ezcTAQAAMAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "LEX", }, ["Bashkimi:1908"] = { is_author = false, title = "Fialuer i Rii i Shcypés", publisher = "|Shoqnia e Bashkimit", location = "Shkodër", year = "1908", default_pagename = true, link = { mdz = "bsb00133812" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 4 }, header = "LEX", }, ["Kristoforidhi:1904"] = { author = "|Kristoforidhi, Kostandin", year = "1904", title = "Λεξικὸν τῆς Ἀλβανικῆς γλώσσης", location = "Athens", link = { gb = "GX8az4neP3QC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, entry_lang = "sq", header = "LEX", }, ["Jungg:1895"] = { title = { text = "Fialuur i voghel sccȣp e ltinisct", translation = "Small Albanian–Italian dictionary", }, year = "1895", author = "sq:Jak Jungu|Jungg, Giacomo", link = { ia = "fialuurivoghels00junggoog" }, unprocess_numbers = true, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = function(data) local page = data.page:gsub("[a-z–,].*$", "") if page:match("*") then return tonumber((page:gsub("*", ""))) + 18 else local number = tonumber(page) return number < 5 and number + 14 or number + 18 end end }, header = "LEX", }, ["Rossi:1875"] = { author = "Rossi, Francesco", year = "1875", title = "Vocabolario della lingua epirotica–italiana", location = "Rome", publisher = "Propaganda Fide", link = { gb = "_bHhYnorLk4C" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "LEX", }, ["Bardhi:1635"] = { author = "|Bardhi, Frang", year = "1635", title = "Dictionarium Latino Epiroticum", location = "Rome", publisher = "Propaganda Fide", link = { gb = "PJP7gP1p-JAC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "LEX", }, ["Lloshi:2010"] = { author = "sq:|Lloshi, Xhevat", title = "Fjalor i emrave të bimëve dhe të kafshëve shqip–latinisht dhe latinisht–shqip", year = "2010", publisher = "Logos-A", location = {"Skopje", "Pristina", "Tirana"}, link = { isbn = "9989-58-340-4" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Topalli:2017"] = { author = "sq:|Topalli, Kolec", default_pagename = true, title = { text = "Fjalor etimologjik i gjuhës shqipe", translation = "Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language", }, location = "Durrës", publisher = "Jozef", year = "2017", header = "ETY", }, ["Heldreich:1862"] = { import_from = "el", header = "LEX" }, ["DRMJ"] = { import_from = "mk", header = "LEX" }, ["Ndreca:1976"] = { author = "Ndreca, Mikel", default_pagename = true, title = "Fjalor shqip-serbokroatisht / Albansko-srpskohrvatski rečnik", location = "Pristina", publisher = "Rilindja", year = "1976", header = "LEX", }, ["Leka & Simoni:1995"] = { alias = "Leka-Simoni:1995", author = {"Leka, Ferdinand", "Simoni, Zef"}, default_pagename = true, title = "Fjalor italisht-shqip / Dizionario italiano-albanese", location = "Tirana", publisher = {"Çabej MÇM", "Besa"}, year = "1995", header = "LEX", }, ["Leka & Simoni:1996"] = { alias = "Leka-Simoni:1996", author = {"Leka, Ferdinand", "Simoni, Zef"}, default_pagename = true, title = "Fjalor shqip-italisht / Dizionario albanese-italiano", location = "Tirana", publisher = {"Çabej MÇM", "Besa"}, year = "1996", header = "LEX", }, ["Fjalor–Rečnik:2019"] = { is_author = false, alias = {"Fjalor-Rečnik", "Fjalor-Recnik"}, title = "Fjalor–Rečnik", year = "2019", own_args = { lang = {} }, link = "https://fjalor-recnik.com", entry_url = "https://fjalor-recnik.com/?phrase=$ID|ENTRY$&lang=$LANG$", header = "LEX", }, ["Elsie:Hydronimica"] = { title = "Hydronymica Albanica. A Survey of River Names in Albania", author = "|Elsie, Robert", year = "2014", edition = "2nd", first_edition = "1994", link = "http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A1994HydronymicaAlbania_Revised2014.pdf", header = "ETY", }, ["Jokl:1932"] = { author = "|Jokl, Norbert", year = "1932", title = "Zur Geschichte des alb. Diphthongs ''-ua- -ue-''.", journal = { name = "Indogermanische Forschungen", number = "50", pages = "33–58", }, link = { doi = "10.1515/9783110242928.33" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Ožujski Živkov:2020"] = { author = "Ožujski Živkov, Stanislav", year = "2020", title = "Evidence for the architectural reconstruction of the church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus (Kisha e Shirgjit) on the Bojana (Buna) River near Skhodra, Albania", journal = { name = "Starohrvatska Prosvjeta", number = { "3", "47" }, pages= "589–629", }, link = "https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/375960", header = "TOP", }, ["Gazulli:1942"] = { title = "Fjalorth i ri. Fjalë të rralla të përdoruna në Veri të Shqipnís", series = { name = "Visaret e Kombit", number = "11", }, author = "|Gazulli, Nikollë", year = "1942", location = "Tirana", publisher = "Ministria e Arsimit", header = "DIA", }, ["Tase:1941"] = { title = "Fjalorth i ri. Fjalë të rralla të përdoruna në Jug të Shqipnís", series = { name = "Visaret e Kombit", number = "12", }, author = "Tase, Pano", year = "1941", location = "Tirana", publisher = "Ministria e Arsimit", header = "DIA", }, ["Giordano:1963"] = { author = "Giordano, Emanuele", title = "Dizionario degli Albanesi d'Italia / Fjalor i arbëreshvet t'Italisë", publisher = "Ed. Paoline", location = "Bari", year = "1963", header = "DIA", }, ["Barić:1919"] = { alias = "Baric:1919", author = "|Barić, Henrik", title = "Albanorumänische studien", volume = "1", location = "Sarajevo", publisher = "Institut für Balkanforschung", year = "1919", series = { name = "Zur Kunde der Balkanhalbinsel. Quellen und Forschungen", number = "7", }, link = { gb = "s24yAQAAMAAJ" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Camaj:1984"] = { author = { "|Camaj, Martin", { text = "Fox, Leonard", type = "collab. and transl." }, }, title = "Albanian Grammar, with Exercises, Chrestomathy and Glossaries", year = "1984", publisher = "O. Harrasowitz", location = "Wiesbaden", link = { isbn = "3-447-02467-4" }, header = "GRA", }, ["Kamsi:2000"] = { author = "Kamsi, Kolë", title = "Fjalor arbërisht–shqip", location = "Shkodër", publisher = "Volaj", year = "2000", link = { isbn = "99927-690-1-7" }, header = "DIA", }, ["AIS"] = { import_from = "it", header = "DIA" }, ["Hamp:1992"] = { author = "|Hamp, Eric P.", year = "1992", title = "Albanian", chapter_of = { author = { text = "Gvozdanović, Jadranka", type = "editor", }, title = "Indo-European Numerals", }, publisher = "Mouton de Gruyter", link = { gb = "S-hmNOLuDGsC", isbn = "9783110113228", doi = "10.1515/9783110858464", }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "GRA", }, ["Haxhihasani:1964"] = { author = "Haxhihasani, Qemal", title = "Elemente nga fjalori i Dogançes, fragmente bisedash dhe tekste në këtë të folme", year = "1964", journal = { name = "Studime filologjike", number = "3", pages = "149–172", }, link = "https://albanica.al/studime_filologjike/article/view/1122", header = "DIA", }, ["Ibrahimi:2009"] = { author = "Ibrahimi, Mustafa", title = "Fjalor i zhargonave dhe eufemizmave shqiptare", year = "2009", location = "Skopje", publisher = "Interlingua", link = { isbn = "978-9989-173-26-4" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Elsie:2001"] = { author = "Elsie, Robert", publisher = "New York UP", year = "2001", title = "A dictionary of Albanian religion, mythology and folk culture", link = { isbn = "0-8147-2214-8" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Barić:1950"] = { title = "Rečnik srpskoga ili hrvatskoga i arbanaskoga jezika", year = "1950", author = "|Barić, Henrik", location = "Zagreb", publisher = "JAZU", volume = { number = "1", title = "A-O" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Gjuha letrare:1976"] = { is_author = false, title = "Gjuha letrare shqipe për të gjithë", year = "1976", location = "Tirana", publisher = "Mihal Duri", link = { ia = "GJUHASHQIPEPERTEGJITHEGRAMATIKEEGJUHESSHQIPE1976_201508" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2+1" }, header = "GRA", }, ["Kume:2020"] = { author = "Kume, Juljana", title = "The classification of Greek lexical loan elements in the Albanian language based on borrowing ways", year = "2020", journal = { name = "Studia Albanica", number = {"57", "2"}, }, header = "ETY", }, ["Çekrezi:1923"] = { author = "Costa Chekrezi|Çekrezi, K. A.", title = "English–Albanian Dictionary", location = "Boston", year = "1923", header = "LEX", }, ["Rakaj:2023"] = { title = "''Viola sororia'' Willd. (Violaceae) - një specie bimore e re aliene e neglizhuar për florën e Shqipërisë", author = "Rakaj, Marash", publisher = "Universiteti i Shkodrës “Luigj Gurakuqi”", location = "Shkodër", journal = { name = "Buletin shkencor. Seria e shkencave të natyrës", number = "73", pages = "40–52", }, year = "2023", link = "https://unishk.edu.al/fileadmin/user_upload/2023/Buletini/Buletini_nat.23_shtyp_i_teri_1.pdf", header = "TOP", }, ["Skendi & Koçi:1950"] = { alias = "Skendi-Koçi:1950", title = "Fjalor i shkurtër shqip-rusisht", year = "1950", author = {"Skendi, Dhespina", "Koçi, Roza"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Гос. издат. иностранных и национальных словарей", default_pagename = true, header = "LEX", }, ["Omari:2012"] = { author = "sq:|Omari, Anila", title = { text = "Marrëdhëniet Gjuhësore Shqiptaro-Serbe", translation = "Albanian-Serbian Linguistic Relations", }, location = "Tirana", publisher = "Krishtalina KH", year = "2012", link = { isbn = "9789928141033" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Kostallari:1982"] = { year = "1982", title = { text = "Fjalor me emra njerëzish", translation = "Dictionary of personal names", }, author = { "|Kostallari, Androkli", "et al." }, location = "Tirana", publisher = "8 Nëntori", default_pagename = true, header = "ONO", }, ["Dražić:2019"] = { year = "2019", title = { text = "Каталог најчешћих албанских имена и презимена", translation = "Catalogue of the most common Albanian names and surnames", }, author = { "Dražić, Marina", "Antić, Ivana" }, link = "https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/1/d/444100.pdf", header = "ONO", }, ["Caka & Caka:2010"] = { alias = "Caka:2010", author = { "Caka, Ali", "Caka, Nebi" }, title = { text = "Mbiemrat e sotëm të shqiptarëve të Kosovës", translation = "Kosovar Albanian surnames", }, location = "Prishtina", journal = { name = "AKTET. Revistë Shkencore e Institutit Alb-Shkenca", number = { "3", "10" }, pages = "565–570", }, year = "2010", link = "http://alpa.mali-it.eu/journal/aktet/vol/vol3/Aktet_Vol_III_Nr_4_pp_565_569.pdf", header = "ONO", }, ["Seliščev:1931"] = { author = { text = "ru:Селищев, Афанасий Матвеевич|ru:Селищев, Афанасий Матвеевич", translit_only = true, }, title = "Славянское население в Албании", publisher = "Издание Македонского научного института", location = "Sofia", year = "1931", header = "ETY", }, ["Gelasius:Toponomastik"] = { alias = "Gelasius", author = "Nikollë Gazulli|Gelasius", title = "Fjalori toponomastik (A–K)", -- letters not in the original title year = "1939–1943", location = "Shkodër", journal = { name = "Hylli i Dritës" }, volumes = { { year = "1939", journal = { name = "Hylli i Dritës", number = {"15", "2, 3–7, 8–10, 11–12"}, pages = "120–129, 333–341, 408–416, 565–573", }, }, { year = "1940", journal = { name = "Hylli i Dritës", number = {"16", "1–2, 3–4, 5–6, 7–9, 10–11"}, pages = "47–53, 135–144, 240–244, 354–361, 516–522", }, }, { year = "1941", journal = { name = "Hylli i Dritës", number = {"17", "1–2, 3–5, 6–8, 9–10, 11–12"}, pages = "31–40, 178–190, 260–278, 410–417, 527–531", }, }, { year = "1942", journal = { name = "Hylli i Dritës", number = {"18", "1–2, 3–4, 5–10"}, pages = "40–45, 176–180, 267–274", }, }, { year = "1943", journal = { name = "Hylli i Dritës", number = {"19", "4–5, 6–8, 9–12"}, pages = "170–178, 246–256, 391–406", }, }, hide_numbers = true, }, header = "LEX", own_args = { year = { list = true, display = { label = "year ", after = "section", }, }, }, }, ["FMGJSH:2026"] = { title = "Fjalor i madh i gjuhës shqipe", year = "2026", publisher = "ASHSH", location = "Tirana", edition = "online", link = "https://fjalori.online/", entry_url = { url = "https://fjalori.online/?search=$ID$&mode=exact", set_id = function (data) if data.id then return data.id end if data.entry then return mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(data.entry, ",.+$", ""), "[áéíóú\u{301}/]", { ["á"] = "a", ["é"] = "e", ["í"] = "i", ["ó"] = "o", ["ú"] = "u", ["ý"] = "y", ["/"] = "", ["\u{301}"] = "", }) end end, }, header = "LEX", }, ["Shuteriqi:1965"] = { title = "Fjalorth i të folmes shqipe të fshatit Mandrice (Bullgari)", author = "|Shuteriqi, Dhimitër", year = "1965", link = { url = "https://albanica.al/studime_filologjike/article/view/1946" }, journal = { name = "Studime Filologjike", number = { "19", "2" }, pages = "153–170", }, header = "DIA", }, ["Morozova:2016"] = { journal = { name = "Acta linguistica Petropolitana", number = {"12", "3"}, pages = "147–168", }, title = "Албанский говор села Жовтневого в условиях языкового контакта: по материалам экспедиций 2011–2013 годов", publisher = "Nauka", location = "St. Petersburg", year = "2016", author = "Morozova, M. S.", link = { academia = "35354769" }, header = "DIA", }, ["Gallo:2017"] = { author = "Gallo, Giuseppe", title = "L'Arbëresh di San Marzano", year = "2017", location = "Oria", publisher = "CIDUE", -- link = { isbn = "978-88-907345-0-5" }, invalid ISBN printed on backcover header = "DIA", }, ["Miklosich:TE"] = { title = "Die türkischen Elemente in den südost- und osteuropäischen Sprachen", author = "|Miklosich, Franz", location = "Vienna", volumes = { { year = "1884", publisher = "K. Gerold's Sohn", link = { ia = "dietrkischenele00miklgoog", mdz = "bsb11503850" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 2 }, }, { year = "1884", publisher = "K. Gerold's Sohn", link = { mdz = "bsb11503851" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 2 }, }, { year = "1888", title = "Nachtrag 1", publisher = "F. Tempsky", link = { mdz = "bsb11503853" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 4 }, }, { year = "1890", title = "Nachtrag 2", publisher = "F. Tempsky", link = { mdz = "bsb11503852" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 4 }, }, }, header = "ETY", }, ["Tagliavini:1965"] = { author = "it:|Tagliavini, Carlo", year = "1965", title = "La stratificazione del lessico albanese. Elementi indoeuropei", location = "Bologna", publisher = "Prof. R. Patron", header = "ETY", }, ["Bopp:1855"] = { title = "Über das albanesische in seinen verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen", author = "|Bopp, Franz", year = "1855", -- 1854 at the Royal Science Academy location = "Berlin", publisher = "J. A. Stargardt", link = { gb = "nQMJAAAAQAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "ETY", }, ["Jokl:1923"] = { author = "|Jokl, Norbert", year = "1923", title = "Linguistisch-kulturhistorische Untersuchungen aus dem Bereiche des Albanischen", location = {"Berlin", "Leipzig"}, publisher = "W. de Gruyter", link = { doi = "10.1515/9783111663692" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Meyer:Studien"] = { author = "|Meyer, Gustav", title = "Albanesische Studien", location = "Vienna", publisher = {"C. Gerold's Sohn", "F. Tempsky"}, journal = { name = "Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschafter", number = "106–136", }, volumes = { [1] = { title = "Die Pluralbildungen der albanesischen Nomina", year = "1883", journal = { name = "SKAW", number = "106", pages = "257–362", }, link = { gb = "E-IGAAAAQAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, [2] = { title = "Die albanesische Zahlwörter", year = "1884", journal = { name = "SKAW", number = "107", pages = "259–338", }, link = { gb = "E-IGAAAAQAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true, pref = "RA1-PA" }, }, [3] = { title = "Lautlehre des indogermanischen Bestandteile des Albanischen", year = "1892", journal = { name = "SKAW", number = {"125", "11"}, pages = "1–93", }, link = { mdz = "bsb00117832" }, -- also bsb11836972, bsb11646261 page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 2 }, }, [4] = { title = "Das griechisch-südrumänisch-albanesische Wörtverzeichniß des Kavalliotis", year = "1894", journal = { name = "SKAW", number = {"132", "12"}, }, link = { mdz = "bsb00117061" }, -- also bsb11837053, bsb11646262 page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 2 }, }, [5] = { title = "Beiträge zur Kenntniß der in Griechenland gesprochenen albanesischen Mundarten", year = "1895", journal = { name = "SKAW", number = {"134", "7"}, }, link = { mdz = "bsb00117062" }, -- also bsb11837072, bsb11814596 page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 2 }, }, [6] = { title = "Beiträge zur Kenntniß verschiedener albanesische Mundarten", year = "1897", journal = { name = "SKAW", number = {"136", "12"}, }, link = { mdz = "bsb00117833" }, -- also bsb11837102, bsb11814597 page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 2 }, }, }, header = "ETY", }, ["Pignoli & Tartaglione:2007"] = { title = "Fjalor arbëresh i Mulizit. Të folmet e Porkanunit dhe të Rurit", author = {"Pignoli, Maria Luisa", "Tartaglione, Guido"}, year = "2007", publisher = "Grafica Cosentina", location = "Cosenza", header = "LEX", }, ["Wiedemann:1902"] = { author = "Wiedemann, Oskar", year = "1902", title = "Etymologien", journal = { name = "Beiträge zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen", number = "27", pages = "193–261", }, link = { ia = "beitrgezurkunde13prelgoog" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Da Lecce:1716"] = { title = "Osservazioni grammaticali nella lingua albanese", author = "Da Lecce, Francesco Maria", year = "1716", location = "Rome", publisher = "Propaganda Fide", link = { gb = "3Tau7AzX76gC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "GRA", }, ["Windisch:1782"] = { title = "Von den Klementinern in Syrmien", author = "|Windisch, Karl Gottlieb von", year = "1782", journal = { name = "Ungrisches Magazin", number = "2", pages = "77–89", }, link = { gb = "nX0EAAAAQAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "LEX", }, ["Drizari:1934"] = { title = "Albanian-English and English-Albanian dictionary", author = "Drizari, Nelo", year = "1934", publisher = "N. Nassy", location = "New York", link = { ia = "albanianenglishe0000nelo_f5l9" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Dozon:1879"] = { title = "Manuel de la langue chkipe ou albanaise", author = "Dozon, August", year = "1879", location = "Paris", publisher = "E. Leroux", link = { ia = "manueldelalangue00dozouoft" }, header = "GRA", }, ["Aldegheri:1925"] = { alias = "FL:1925", title = "Fjaluer latin-shqyp", author = "Aldegheri, Adone", year = "1925", location = "Shkodër", publisher = "Zoja e Papërlyeme", header = "LEX", }, ["Pekmezi:1908"] = { title = "Grammatik der albanesischen Sprache. Laut- und Formenlehre", author = "|Pekmezi, Gjergj", year = "1908", location = "Vienna", publisher = "Albanischer Verein", link = { ia = "grammatikderalba00pekmuoft" }, header = "GRA", }, ["Hahn:Studien"] = { title = "Albanesische Studien", author = "|Hahn, Johann Georg von", link = { gb = "OG9cAAAAcAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true, pref = function(data) assert(data.volume, "Specify volume.") return ({"PA", "RA1-PA", "RA2-PA"})[tonumber(data.volume)] end, }, year = "1854", location = "Jena", publisher = "F. Mauke", entry_lang = "sq", header = "GRA", }, ["Helbig:1904"] = { title = "Die italienischen Elemente im Albanesischen", author = "Helbig, Robert", year = "1904", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "J. A. Barth", journal = { name = "Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische Sprache zu Leipzig", number = "10", pages = "1–137", }, link = { gb = "ZDBAAAAAYAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "ETY", }, ["Dema:2005"] = { title = "Fjalor fjalësh të rralla të gjuhës shqipe", composed = "1954", author = { "d:Q16350374|Dema, Benedikt", { text = "Ukgjini, Dom Nikë", type = "editor" }, }, year = "2005", location = "Tirana", publisher = "Toena", link = { isbn = "9789994310630" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Troplini:2012"] = { title = "E folmja e Çamërisë dje dhe sot. Shqyrtime dialektologjike, etnolingustike dhe sociolingustike rreth gjuhës shqipe të shkruar dhe të folur prej çamëve", author = "Troplini, Edlira", year = "2012", location = "Tirana", header = "DIA", }, ["Camaj:1971"] = { author = "|Camaj, Martin", title = "La parlata albanese di Greci in provincia di Avellino", location = "Firenze", publisher = "L. S. Olschki", journal = { name = "Studi albanesi", number = "4", }, header = "DIA", }, ["ADGJSH"] = { author = {"Gjinari, Jorgji", "et al."}, title = "Atlasi dialektologjik i gjuhës shqipe", publisher = {"Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë", [[Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale"]]}, volumes = { { year = "2007", link = { isbn = "9788895044187", oclc = "955953792" } }, { year = "2008", link = { isbn = "9788895044187", oclc = "955954836" } }, }, header = "DIA", }, ["Boçari:1809"] = { author = "|Boçari, Marko", year = "1809", title = "Λεξικὸν διγλωσσῶν", chapter_of = { title = "Supplément grec 251", pages = "25–136", }, own_args = { l = { list = true, display = { label = {"line ", "lines "}, separator = ",", after = "page", }, }, }, entry_lang = "sq", header = "LEX", }, ["Meyer:1896"] = { author = "|Meyer, Gustav", title = "Etymologisches aus den Balkansprachen", year = "1896", location = "Strasbourg", publisher = "Karl J. Trübner", journal = { name = "Indogermanische Forschungen", number = "6", pages = "104–123", }, link = { gb = "BL9DAAAAYAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "ETY", }, ["Pușcariu:1905"] = { import_from = "ro", header = "ETY" }, ["Thumb:1909"] = { author = "Thumb, A.", title = "Altgriechische Elemente des Albanesischen", location = "Strasbourg", publisher = "Karl J. Trübner", year = "1909", journal = { name = "Indogermanische Forschungen", number = "26", pages = "1–20", }, link = { ia = "indogermanischef26berluoft" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 11 }, header = "ETY", }, ["Dhora:2008"] = { author = "Dhora, Dhimitër", title = "Fjalor i emrave të kafshëve të Shqipërisë latinisht-shqip-anglisht", year = "2008", location = "Shkodër", publisher = "Camaj-Pipa", link = { isbn = "978-99956-02-61-1" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Newmark:OAED"] = { -- As this is for the most part a translation of FGJSSH 1980, please abstain from -- citing this, unless it is the earliest attestation we can find of one or more senses. author = { text = "Newmark, Leonard", type = "editor" }, year = "1998", title = "Oxford Albanian-English Dictionary", location = "Hong Kong", publisher = "Oxford UP", link = { url = "http://www.seelrc.org:8080/albdict/", isbn = "0-19-864340-3" }, entry_url = "http://www.seelrc.org:8080/albdict/detail.jsp?nWordID=$ID$", note = "The online site is a digitalisation of the 1999 edition. Links to it are supplied whenever the contents of the two editions coincide.", default_pagename = true, header = "LEX", }, ["BER"] = { import_from = "bg", header = "ETY" }, ["Jokl:1935"] = { title = "Slaven und Albaner", author = "|Jokl, Norbert", year = "1935", journal = { name = "Slavia, časopis pro slovanskou filologii", number = "13", pages = "281–325", }, header = "ETY", }, ["Görlach:2005"] = { title = "A Dictionary of European Anglicism. A Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Sixteen European Languages", author = { text = "Görlach, Manfred", type = "editor" }, publisher = "Oxford UP", location = "Oxford", year = "2005", edition = "pbk.", first_edition = "2001", link = { isbn = "0-19-928306-0" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Dhama:1987"] = { title = "Fjalor i mitologjisë", year = "1987", publisher = "8 Nëntori", location = "Tirana", author = "Dhama, Todi", header = "LEX", }, ["Rossi:1866"] = { title = "Vocabolario italiano-epirotico con tavola sinottica", author = "Rossi, Francesco", year = "1866", location = "Rome", publisher = "Propaganda Fide", link = { gb = "gu4RAAAAIAAJ" }, page_rul = { gb = true }, header = "LEX", }, ["Schumacher & Matzinger:2013"] = { author = { "Schumacher, Stefan", "Matzinger, Joachim" }, title = "Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie", series = { name = "Albanische Forschungen", number = "33", }, publisher = "Otto Harrassowitz", location = "Wiesbaden", year = "2013", link = { isbn = "978-3-447-06448-4" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Xylander:1835"] = { title = "Die Sprache der Albanesen oder Schkipetaren", author = "Xylander, J. Ritter von", year = "1835", location = "Frankfurt", publisher = "Andreáischen Buchhandlung", link = { gb = "RvtJAAAAcAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, entry_lang = "sq", header = "GRA", }, ["Jokl:1942"] = { title = "Albanologische Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Balkanlateins", author = "|Jokl, Norbert", year = "1941–1942", journal = { name = "Vox Romanica", number = "6", }, publisher = "Collegium Romanicum Helvetiorum", link = { doi = "10.5169/seals-8419" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Jokl:1963"] = { author = "|Jokl, Norbert", year = "1963", title = "Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse des Albanischen zu den übrigen indogermanischen Sprachen", journal = { name = "Die Sprache. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft", number = "9", pages = "113‒156", }, header = "ETY", }, ["Leotti:1937"] = { author = "Leotti, Angelo", year = "1937", title = "Dizionario albanese-italiano", location = "Rome", publisher = "Istituto per l'Europa Orientale", series = { name = "Grammatiche e dizionari", number = "3" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Cacaj-Shushka:1995"] = { author = "Cacaj-Shushka, Gjystina", year = "1995", title = "Mënyrat dhe tipet e fjalëformimit nominal në Ëvetarët e Naum Veqilharxhit", journal = { name = "Gjurmime Albanologjike", number = "25", pages = "105–114", }, link = "https://albanica.al/gjurmealbanlogjike/article/view/9181", header = "ETY", }, ["Boretzky:TEA"] = { author = "Boretzky, Norbert", title = "Der türkische Einfluß auf das Albanische", publisher = "O. Harrasowitz", location = "Wiesbaden", volumes = { [1] = { title = "Phonologie und Morphologie der albanischen Turzismen", year = "1975", link = { mdz = "bsb00142901" }, }, [2] = { title = "Wörterbuch der albanischen Turzismen", year = "1976", link = { mdz = "bsb00142902" }, }, }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 2 }, header = "ETY", }, ["Papahagi:DDAGE"] = { alias = "Papahagi:1974", import_from = "rup", header = "ETY", }, ["FGJSH:1954"] = { title = "Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe", author = { "Cipo, Kostaq", "et al." }, location = "Tiranë", year = "1954", header = "LEX", }, ["Treimer:1923"] = { author = "Treimer, Karl", year = "1923", title = "Zur Rückerschliessung der illyrischen Götterwelt und ihre Bedeutung für die südslawische Philologie", journal = { name = "Арxив за арбанаску старину, језик и етнологију", number = { "1", "1–2" }, page = "27–33", }, header = "ETY", }, ["Mjeda:1932"] = { author = "|Mjeda, Ndre", year = "1932", title = "Prênd e Prêndë", journal = { name = "Leka", number = { "4", "11" }, pages = "351", }, location = "Shkodër", publisher = "Zoja e Papërlyeme", link = "https://adsh.unishk.edu.al/items/show/185", header = "ETY", }, ["Oštir:1925"] = { author = "Oštir, Karel", year = "1925", title = "Vorindogermanische (= alarodische) Zahlwörter auf dem Balkan", journal = { name = "Арxив за арбанаску старину, језик и етнологију", number = "2", page = "273–324", }, header = "ETY", }, ["Tagliavini:1963"] = { author = "it:|Tagliavini, Carlo", year = "1963", title = "Storia di parole pagane e cristiane attraverso i tempi", location = "Brescia", publisher = "Morcelliana", header = "ETY", }, ["Kavalliotis:1770"] = { import_from = "rup", header = "LEX" }, ["Moscopolites:1802"] = { import_from = "rup", header = "LEX" }, ["Elezi:2006"] = { author = "Elezi, Mehmet", year = "2006", title = "Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe: rreth 41000 fjalë që nuk gjinden në FGJSSH, me shtjellime etimologjike", publisher = "Gjergj Fishta", link = { isbn = "9789994387465", oclc = "1508762613", }, header = "LEX", }, ["Murati:2003"] = { author = "Murati, Qemal", year = "2003", title = "Fjalor i fjalëve të rralla të përdorura në viset shqiptare të Maqedonisë = Dictionnaire des Albanais de Macedonie", location = "Skopje", publisher = "Logos-A", link = { isbn = "9789989580369" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Gutschmidt:1966"] = { author = "Gutschmidt, Κarl", year = "1966", title = "Albanische Tiernamen südslawischer Herkunft", journal = { name = "Zeitschrift für Slawistik", number = { 11, 1 }, pages = "54–60", }, link = { doi = "10.1524/slaw.1966.11.1.54" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Haxhihasani:Çam"] = { author = "Haxhihasani, Qemal", title = "Vështrim i përgjithshëm mbi të folmet e banorëve të Çamërisë", volumes = { [1] = { year = "1971", journal = { name = "Dialektologjia shqiptare", number = "1", pages = "118–193", }, }, [2] = { year = "1974", journal = { name = "Dialektologjia shqiptare", number = "2", pages = "3–132", }, }, }, header = "DIA", }, ["Gurakuqi:1940"] = { author = "Gurakuqi, Gaspër", year = "1940", title = "Zojzi — Gramshi", journal = { name = "Hylli i Dritës", number = { "14", "3–4, 5–6, 7–9" }, pages = "144–148, 245–250, 377–380", }, header = "TOP", }, ["Pulaha:1983"] = { author = "Pulaha, Selami", year = "1983", title = "Popullsia shqiptare e Kosovës gjatë shek. XV–XVI", series = { name = "Studime dhe dokumente", }, publisher = "8 Nëntori", location = "Tiranë", entry_lang = "ota", header = "TOP", }, ["Mann:1952"] = { author = "Mann, Stuart E.", year = "1952", title = "The Indo-European Consonants in Albanian", journal = { name = "Language", numbers = { 28, 1 }, pages = "31–40", }, link = { jstor = "409988" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Hyllested & Joseph:2022"] = { author = { "Hyllested, Adam", "Joseph, Brian D." }, year = "2022", title = "Albanian", chapter_of = { author = { text = "Olander, Thomas", type = "editor" }, title = "The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective", link = { doi = "10.1017/9781108758666", isbn = "9781108758666", }, publisher = "Cambridge UP", location = "Cambridge", pages = "223–245", }, header = "ETY", }, ["FZRSH:2014"] = { title = "Ligj nr. 115/2014. Për ndarjen administrativo-territoriale të njësive të qeverisjes vendore në Republikën e Shqipërisë", year = "2014", journal = { name = "Fletorja zyrtare e Republikës së Shqipërisë", number = {"2014", "137"}, }, pages = "6365–6390", link = "https://www.qbz.gov.al/eli/fz/2014/137/b2c719c8-a0df-46df-ac10-c3dda9bc049b", header = "TOP", }, ["Armao:1933"] = { author = "Armao, Ermanno", year = "1933", title = "Località, chiese, fiumi, monti, e toponimi varii di un'antica carta dell'Albania Settentrionale", location = "Rome", series = { name = "Pubblicazioni dell'«Istituto per l'Europa Orientale»", volume = "26.2", }, link = "http://asa.archiviostudiadriatici.it/islandora/object/libria%3A184753", header = "TOP", }, ["Acta et diplomata"] = { alias = "ADRAMAI", author = { "|Thallóczy, Ludwig von", "|Jireček, Konstantin", "|Šufflay, Milan", }, title = "Acta et diplomata res Albaniae mediae aetatis illustrantia", location = "Vienna", publisher = "Adoph Holzhausen", volumes = { { year = "1913", title = "Annos 344–1343 tabulamque geographicam continens", link = { gallica = "bpt6k5626659j" }, page_url = { gallica = true, set_page = 43 }, }, { year = "1918", title = "Annos 1344–1406 continens", link = { gallica = "bpt6k5626777t" }, page_url = { gallica = true, set_page = 25 }, }, }, header = "TOP", }, ["Shqypnija:1923"] = { is_author = false, title = "Shqypnija. Njoftime geografike, shtetistike, administrore", edition = "5th", year = "1923", location = "Shkodër", publisher = "Etneve Jezuit", header = "TOP", }, ["Gurakuqi:1933"] = { author = "Gurakuqi, Gaspër", year = "1933", title = "Giadri", journal = { name = "Leka", number = { "5", "3, 5" }, pages = "80–81, 148–149", }, header = "TOP", }, ["CIA:Gazetteer"] = { title = "Albania: Official Standard Names Approved by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names", location = "Washington", publisher = "|Central Intelligence Agency", year_editions = true, editions = { [1955] = { year = "1955 September", link = { gb = "AXkRAAAAIAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, [1961] = { year = "1961 March", link = { url = "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP01-00707R000100110001-5.pdf", ia = "nisalbania", }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, }, }, header = "TOP", }, ["Mitrushi:1955"] = { title = "Drurët e shkurret e Shqipërisë", author = "Mitrushi, Ilia", year = "1955", location = "Tirana", publisher = "Mihal Duri", header = "LEX", }, ["Mladenov:1927"] = { author = "|Mladenov, Stefan", year = "1927", title = { text = "Приносъ къмъ изучване на българско-албанскитѣ езикови отношения", translation = "Zu den bulgarisch-albanesischen Sprachbeziehungen", }, location = "Sofia", publisher = "Художник", header = "ETY", }, ["Godin:1930"] = { title = "Wörterbuch der albanischen un deutschen Sprache", author = "|Godin, Marie Amelie von", year = "1930", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "Otto Harrassowitz", volumes = { [1] = { title = "Deutsch-Albanisch", link = { gb = "HA8MAQAAIAAJ" }, }, [2] = { title = "Albanisch-Deutsch", }, }, header = "LEX", }, ["Vendim:1938"] = { is_author = false, year = "1938 August 26", journal = { name = "Fletorja Zyrtare", number = "64", }, title = "Këshilli Ministruer. Vendim Nr. 753 me 6-7-938", link = "https://wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Fletorja_Zyrtare_nr._64_(1938.08.26).djvu", page_url = "https://wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Fletorja_Zyrtare_nr._64_(1938.08.26).djvu/$PAGE$", header = "TOP", }, ["Aravantinos:Chronografia"] = { title = "Χρονογραφία τῆς Ἠπείρου τῶν τε ὁμόρων ἑλληνικῶν καὶ ἰλλυρικῶν χωρῶν", author = "|Aravantinos, Panagiotis", location = "Athens", publisher = "Σ. Κ. Βλαστού", link = { gb = "Q6ZLAQAAMAAJ" }, volumes = { [1] = { year = "1856", page_url = { gb = true }, }, [2] = { year = "1857", page_url = { gb = true, pref = "RA1-PA" }, }, }, entry_lang = "el", header = "TOP", }, ["KIFS:Epetiris"] = { title = "Ἐπετηρὶς τοῦ ἐν Κωνσταντινουπόλει Ἠπειρωτικοῦ Φιλεκπαιδευτικοῦ Συλλόγου", location = "Constantinople", publisher = "Α. Κορομηλά", link = { gb = "4YUTAAAAYAAJ" }, volumes = { [1] = { title = "1872–1873", year = "1873", page_url = { gb = true }, }, [2] = { title = "1873–1874", year = "1875", page_url = { gb = true, pref = "RA1-PA" }, }, }, header = "TOP", entry_lang = "el", }, ["Louis:1928"] = { author = "Louis, Herbert", year = "1928", title = "Karte von Albanien im Maße 1 : 200.000", publisher = { "Militärgeographisches Institut Wien", "Gesellschaft für Erdkunde" }, location = "Berlin", link = "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karte_von_Albanien_(1928)_-_north.jpg", header = "TOP", }, ["Jokl:1926"] = { title = "Altmakedonisch-Griechisch-Albanesisch", author = "|Jokl, Norbert", year = "1926", journal = { name = "Indogermanische Forschungen", number = "44", pages = "13–70", }, link = { doi = "10.1515/if-1927-0105" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Sandfeld:1930"] = { author = "Sandfeld, Kristian", year = "1930", title = "Linguistique balkaniques. Problèmes et résultats", location = "Paris", link = { gb = "DzjVAAAAMAAJ" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Bindoni:1935"] = { author = "Bindoni, M.", year = "1935", title = { text = "Fjaluer teknik-bujqësuer italisht-shqip e shqip italisht", translation = "Vocabolario tecnico-agricolo italiano-albanese e albanese-italiano", }, location = "Tirana", header = "LEX", }, ["Topalli:2007"] = { author = "Topalli, Kolec", title = "Fonetika historike e gjuhës shqipe", year = "2007", publisher = "Dituria", location = "Tiranë", link = { isbn = "978-99943-46-08-0" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Kupitori:2011"] = { title = "Λεξικὸν ἑλληναλβανικὸν ἐπιτομον, ἐκ τῆς νεοελληνικῆς εἰς τὴν ἀλβανικὴν διάλεκτον τῶν ἐν Ἑλλάδι Αλβανῶν, μετὰ παραθέσεως τῶν κυριωτέρων λέξεων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων διαλέκτων, οἷον τῆς τοσκικῆς, γκεγκικῆς καὶ τῆς τῶν ἐν Ἰταλία Ἀλβανῶν", author = "d:Q11022808|Kupitori, Panajot", composed = "1870s–1881", year = "2011", chapter_of = { title = { text = "Το ελληνο-αλβανικό λεξικό του Παναγιώτη Κουπιτώρη", translation = "Fjalori greqisht-shqip i Panajot Kupitorit", }, author = { text = "Stylos, Niko", type = "editor", }, link = { isbn = "978-9928-118-17-2" }, location = "Tirana", publisher = "Apeirotan", }, header = "LEX", }, ["Dibra:2020"] = { author = "Dibra, Fatos", year = "2020", title = "The Albanian Lexicon of Evliya Çelebi's ''Seyahatname'' in the Context of Old Albanian", journal = { name = "Albanische Forschungen", number = "44", pages = "269–314", }, location = "Wiesbaden", publisher = "Harrasowitz", header = "ETY", }, ["Kriqi et al.:1986"] = { author = { "Kriqi, Lefter", "et al." }, year = "1986", title = "Fjalor i termave të financës e të kontabilitetit. Shqip-frëngjisht-rusisht", location = "Tirana", publisher = "8 Nëntori", header = "LEX", }, ["Schuchardt:1872"] = { author = "|Schuchardt, Hugo", year = "1872", title = "Albanisches und romanisches. Zu Miklosich's albanischen forschungen", journal = { name = "Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete des Deutschen, Griechischen und Lateinischen", number = "20", pages = "241–302", }, location = "Göttingen", publisher = "Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht", link = { jstor = "40845196", mdz = "bsb11043069" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 12 }, header = "ETY", }, ["Meyer:1888"] = { author = "|Meyer, Gustav", title = "Die lateinischen Elemente im Albanischen", year = "1888", journal = { name = "Grundriss der romanischen Philologie", number = "1", pages = "804–821" }, location = "Strasbourg", publisher = "Karl J. Trübner", link = { ia = "grundrissderroma13gruoft", doi = "10.1515/9783111621425-026" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Gelzer:1913"] = { author = "|Gelzer, Heinrich", year = "1913", title = "Beiträge zum Dalmatischen und Albanesischen", journal = { name = "Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie", number = { 37, 3 }, pages = "257–286", }, link = { doi = "10.1515/zrph.1913.37.3.257" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Arbanas:1916"] = { author = "Arbanas, Louis", year = "1916", title = "Deutsch-albanisches und albanisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, mit deutsch-albanischen Gesprächbeispielen", series = { name = "Die Kunst der Polyglottie", number = 117, }, location = { "Vienna", "Leipzig" }, publisher = "A. Hartleben", header = "LEX", }, ["Pedersen:1895"] = { title = "Albanesische Texte mit Glossar", author = "Holger Pedersen (linguist)|Pedersen, Holger", year = "1895", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "S. Hirzel", link = { gb = "y33umrLgL9MC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "LEX", }, ["Kujundžić:1902"] = { author = "Kujundžić, Ljubomir", title = "Srpsko-arnautski rečnik", year = "1902", location = "Belgrad", header = "LEX", }, ["Haebler:1965"] = { author = "de:|Haebler, Claus", title = "Grammatik der albanischen Mundart von Salamis", year = "1965", location = "Wiesbaden", publisher = "Otto Harrassowitz", series = { name = "Albanische Forschungen", number = 3, }, header = "DIA", }, ["Busetti:1911"] = { title = "Vocabolario Italiano-Albanese", author = "Busetti, Antonio", location = "Shkodër", publisher = "Zoja e Papërlyeme", year = "1911", link = { mdz = "bsb00133737" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 54 }, header = "LEX", }, ["Schmidt:1822"] = { author = "de:|Schmidt, Johann Adolph Erdmann", title = "Neugriechischer Dollmetscher, nebst türkischem und albanischem", year = "1822", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "Ernst Klein's literarischem Comtoir", link = { mdz = "bsb11762259" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 8 }, header = "LEX", }, ["Stier:1862"] = { title = "Die albanesischen thiernamen", author = "de:|Stier, Gottlieb", year = "1862", journal = { name = "Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete des Deutschen, Griechischen und Lateinischen", number = { 11, 2 }, pages = "132–150", }, publisher = "Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht", link = { jstor = "40844786" }, header = "ETY", entry_lang = "sq", own_args = { s = { list = true, display = { label = "nr. ", after = "section", }, }, }, }, } export.headers = [[ ===Mainly lexical=== $LEX$ ===Mainly etymological=== $ETY$ ===Dialectological=== $DIA$ ===Analyses and grammars=== $GRA$ ===Toponomastics=== $TOP$ ===Onomastics=== $ONO$ ]] return export tni35rsu58o6j6kbfheniqyhaktkht6 9944342 9944275 2026-10-14T21:02:05Z TongcyDai 53191 維基百科連結本地化（4 處改連中文維基百科條目、48 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944342 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} export.sources = { ["Fiorilli:2002"] = { author = "Fiorilli, Giuseppe", year = "2002", title = "Dizionario arbëresh di lemmi, frasi e motti in uso nella tradizione di Ururi", edition = "2nd", location = "Lanciano", header = "DIA", }, ["Gerbino:2009"] = { author = "Gerbino, Gaetano", year = "2009", title = "Grammatica della parlata arbëreshe di Piana degli Albanesi", location = "Cesena", header = "DIA", }, ["Gerbino:2010"] = { author = "Gerbino, Gaetano", year = "2010", title = "Dizionario arbëresh–italiano della parlata di Piana degli Albanesi", edition = "2nd", first_edition = "2007", location = "Palermo", header = "DIA", }, ["Pugliese & Agresti:2015"] = { alias = {"Pugliese:2015", "Agresti:2015"}, author = { { text = "Pugliese, Fernanda", type = "project coordinator" }, { text = "Agresti, Giovanni", type = "publication director" }, }, year = "2015", title = "Vocabolario polinomico e sociale italiano–arbëresh delle varietà molisane", volume = { number = "1", title = "Teoria e metodo. Spazio e relazioni di prossimità" }, publisher = "Mnamon", link = { isbn = "9788869490125" }, header = "DIA", }, ["Camarda:1864"] = { author = "en:|Camarda, Demetrio", year = "1864", title = "Saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese", location = "Livorno", publisher = "E. Vignozzi & Co.", link = { gb = "OfEGAAAAQAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, entry_lang = "sq", header = "ETY", }, ["Camarda:1866"] = { author = "en:|Camarda, Demetrio", year = "1866", title = "Appendice al saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese", location = "Prato", publisher = "F. Alberghetti & Co.", link = { gb = "syYTAAAAYAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, entry_lang = "sq", header = "ETY", }, ["Jokl:1911"] = { author = "en:|Jokl, Norbert", year = "1911", title = "Studien zur albanesischen Etymologie und Wortbildung", location = "Vienna", journal = { name = "Sitzungsberichte der Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Philosophish-Historische Klasse", number = "1" }, link = { gb = "tYTVl69Axu8C" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "ETY", }, ["Orel:2000"] = { author = "en:|Orel, Vladimir", title = "A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language. Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian", year = "2000", location = {"Leiden", "Boston", "Köln"}, house = "Brill", link = { isbn = "90 04 11647 8" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Matzinger:2006"] = { author = "Matzinger, Joachim", year = "2006", title = "Der Altalbanische Text Mbsuame e Krështerë (Dottrica cristiana) des Lekë Matrënga von 1592. Eine Einführung in die albanische Sprachwissenschaft", series = { name = "Jenär Indogermatistische Textbearbeitung", number = "3" }, location = "Dettelbach", publisher = "J. H. Röll GmbH", link = { isbn = "3-89754-117-3" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Newmark:1982"] = { author = {"Newmark, Leonard", "Hubbard, Philip", "Prifti, Peter"}, year = "1982", title = "Standard Albanian: A reference grammar for students", publisher = "Standford UP", link = { isbn = "0-8047-1129-1" }, header = "GRA", }, ["Manzini & Savoia:2018"] = { author = {"Manzini, M.aria Rita", "Savoia, Leonardo M.aria"}, year = "2018", title = "The Morphosyntax of Albanian and Aromanian varieties", series = { name = "Studies in Generative Grammar", number = "133" }, location = {"Berlin", "Boston"}, publisher = "De Gruyter", link = { doi = "10.1515/9781501505140" }, header = "GRA", }, ["FGJSSH:1980"] = { author = {"en:|Kostallari, Androkli", "et al."}, year = "1980", title = { text = "Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe: me rreth 41.000 fjalë", translation = "Dictionary of modern Albanian language: with around 41,000 words", }, link = { url = "https://fjalori.shkenca.org" }, location = "Tirana", publisher = "ASHSH", default_pagename = true, header = "LEX", }, ["FGJSH:2006"] = { title = { text = "Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe", translation = "Dictionary of the Albanian language", }, year = "2006", author = {"Thomai, Jani", "et al."}, publisher = "ASHSH", location = "Tirana", link = { url = "https://fjalorthi.com", isbn = "99943-817-5-X" }, entry_url = "https://fjalorthi.com/$ID|PAGENAME$", header = "LEX", }, ["DPEWA"] = { author = { "en:|Demiraj, Bardhyl", "et al." }, year = "2021", -- ongoing? title = { text = "Digitales Philologisch-Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altalbanischen", translation = "Digital Philological-Etymological Dictionary of Old Albanian", }, link = "https://www.dpwa.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/dictionary", entry_url = "https://www.dpwa.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/dictionary/?lemmaid=$ID$", set_args = function(data) for k, v in ipairs(data.entry) do data.entry[k] = mw.ustring.gsub(v, "/", "&#124;") end end, default_pagename = true, header = "ETY", }, ["Çabej:SEFSH"] = { alias = {"Çabej:SE", "SEFSH"}, author = "en:|Çabej, Eqrem", title = "Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes", year = "1976–2014", composed = "1950s–1980", location = "Tirana", default_pagename = true, volumes = { [1] = { title = "Hyrje", year = "1982", publisher = "ASHSH", }, [2] = { title = "A–B", year = "1976", publisher = "ASHSH", }, [3] = { title = "C–D", year = "1987", publisher = "ASHSH", }, [4] = { title = "DH–J", year = "1996", publisher = "ASHSH", }, [5] = { title = "K–M", year = "2014", publisher = "Çabej", link = { isbn = "978-99956-35-20-6" }, }, [6] = { title = "N–RR", year = "2002", publisher = "ASHSH", link = { isbn = "99927-761-3-7" }, }, [7] = { title = "S–ZH", year = "2006", publisher = "ASHSH", link = { isbn = "99943-817-1-7" }, }, }, header = "ETY", }, ["Meyer:1891"] = { author = "en:|Meyer, Gustav", title = { text = "Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache", translation = "Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language", }, location = "Strasbourg", publisher = "Karl J. Trübner", year = "1891", link = { doi = "10.1515/9783111562261", gb = "OWKJ1dKKi-MC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, default_pagename = true, header = "ETY", }, ["Bufli & Rocchi:2021"] = { alias = "HEDTA:2021", title = "A Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Turkisms in Albanian (1555-1954)", author = {"Bufli, Gjorgji", "Rocchi, Luciano"}, year = "2021", location = "Trieste", publisher = "EUT", link = { isbn = {"978-88-5511-270-3", "978-88-5511-271-0"} }, default_pagename = true, set_args = function(data) for k, v in ipairs(data.entry) do if v == "*" then data.entry[k] = "*" .. data.pagename end end end, header = "ETY", }, ["Dashi:2013"] = { author = "Dashi, Brunilda", year = "2013", title = "Italianismi nella lingua albanese", location = "Rome", publisher = "Edizioni Nuova Cultura", link = { isbn = "9788868120764", url = "https://core.ac.uk/reader/160052240" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Erat:2008"] = { author = "Erat, Janez", year = "2008", title = { text = "Etimološki slovar albanskega jezika", translation = "Albanian Etymological Dictionary", }, edition = "2nd", first_edition = "2000", header = "ETY", }, ["Orel:1998"] = { author = "en:|Orel, Vladimir", year = "1998", title = "Albanian Etymological Dictionary", location = {"Leiden", "Boston", "Köln"}, publisher = "Brill", link = { isbn = "978-90-04-11024-3", ia = "albanian-etymological-dictionary" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 35 }, default_pagename = true, header = "ETY", }, ["Ylli:SLA"] = { alias = {"Ylli:1997", "Ylli:2000"}, author = "Ylli, Xhelal", title = "Das slavische Lehngut im Albanischen", publisher = "Verlag Otto Sagner", location = "Munich", volumes = { [1] = { year = "1997", title = "Lehnwörter", journal = { name = "Slavistische Beiträge", number = "350", }, link = { mdz = "bsb00051924", isbn = "3-87690-670-9" }, }, [2] = { year = "2000", title = "Ortsnamen", journal = { name = "Slavistische Beiträge", number = "395", }, link = { isbn = "3-87690-772-1", mdz = "bsb00051940" }, } }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = -1 }, header = "ETY", }, ["Demiraj:1997"] = { author = "en:|Demiraj, Bardhyl", year = "1997", title = "Albanische Etymologien. Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz", publisher = "Rodopi", location = {"Amsterdam", "Atlanta GA"}, series = { name = "Leiden studies in Indo-European", number = "7" }, link = { isbn = "90-420-0161-5" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Svane:1992"] = { author = "da:|Svane, Gunnar", title = "Slavische Lehnwörter im Albanischen", year = "1992", link = { isbn = "87 7288 419 3" }, publisher = "Aarhus UP", series = { name = "Acta Jutlandica", number = "68" }, -- also Humanistische Reihe 67 header = "ETY", }, ["Huld:1984"] = { author = "Huld, Martin E.", title = "Basic Albanian Etymologies", year = "1984", location = "Columbus OH", publisher = "Slavica Publishers", link = { isbn = "0-89357-135-0" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Tagliavini:1937"] = { author = "it:|Tagliavini, Carlo", year = "1937", title = "L'albanese di Dalmazia. Contributi alla conoscenza del dialetto ghego di Borgo Erizzo presso Zara", publisher = "Leo S. Olschki", location = "Florence", header = "DIA", }, ["Miklosich:AF"] = { author = "en:|Miklosich, Franz", title = "Albanische Forschungen", location = "Vienna", publisher = "k.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei", volumes = { [1] = { year = "1870", title = "Die slavischen Elemente im Albanischen", link = { ia = "bub_gb_Ad5EAAAAcAAJ" }, page_url = { ia = true }, }, [2] = { year = "1871", title = "Die romanischen Elemente im Albanischen", link = { gb = "Lc-v7B79hOwC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, } }, header = "ETY", }, ["Mann:1948"] = { author = "de:|Mann, Stuart E.dward", year = "1948", title = "An Historical Albanian–English Dictionary", default_pagename = true, location = "London", publisher = "Longmans, Green & Co.", header = "LEX", }, ["Leotti:1916"] = { author = "Leotti, Angelo", year = "1916", title = "L'albanese parlato", location = "Milan", publisher = "U. Hoepli", link = { gb = "pLVVH8yeASwC" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Weigand:1914"] = { author = "en:|Weigand, Gustav", year = "1914", title = "Albanesisch–deutsches und deutsch–albanesisches Wörterbuch", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "J. A. Barth", link = { gb = "ezcTAQAAMAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "LEX", }, ["Bashkimi:1908"] = { is_author = false, title = "Fialuer i Rii i Shcypés", publisher = "en:|Shoqnia e Bashkimit", location = "Shkodër", year = "1908", default_pagename = true, link = { mdz = "bsb00133812" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 4 }, header = "LEX", }, ["Kristoforidhi:1904"] = { author = "en:|Kristoforidhi, Kostandin", year = "1904", title = "Λεξικὸν τῆς Ἀλβανικῆς γλώσσης", location = "Athens", link = { gb = "GX8az4neP3QC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, entry_lang = "sq", header = "LEX", }, ["Jungg:1895"] = { title = { text = "Fialuur i voghel sccȣp e ltinisct", translation = "Small Albanian–Italian dictionary", }, year = "1895", author = "sq:Jak Jungu|Jungg, Giacomo", link = { ia = "fialuurivoghels00junggoog" }, unprocess_numbers = true, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = function(data) local page = data.page:gsub("[a-z–,].*$", "") if page:match("*") then return tonumber((page:gsub("*", ""))) + 18 else local number = tonumber(page) return number < 5 and number + 14 or number + 18 end end }, header = "LEX", }, ["Rossi:1875"] = { author = "Rossi, Francesco", year = "1875", title = "Vocabolario della lingua epirotica–italiana", location = "Rome", publisher = "Propaganda Fide", link = { gb = "_bHhYnorLk4C" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "LEX", }, ["Bardhi:1635"] = { author = "en:|Bardhi, Frang", year = "1635", title = "Dictionarium Latino Epiroticum", location = "Rome", publisher = "Propaganda Fide", link = { gb = "PJP7gP1p-JAC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "LEX", }, ["Lloshi:2010"] = { author = "sq:|Lloshi, Xhevat", title = "Fjalor i emrave të bimëve dhe të kafshëve shqip–latinisht dhe latinisht–shqip", year = "2010", publisher = "Logos-A", location = {"Skopje", "Pristina", "Tirana"}, link = { isbn = "9989-58-340-4" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Topalli:2017"] = { author = "sq:|Topalli, Kolec", default_pagename = true, title = { text = "Fjalor etimologjik i gjuhës shqipe", translation = "Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language", }, location = "Durrës", publisher = "Jozef", year = "2017", header = "ETY", }, ["Heldreich:1862"] = { import_from = "el", header = "LEX" }, ["DRMJ"] = { import_from = "mk", header = "LEX" }, ["Ndreca:1976"] = { author = "Ndreca, Mikel", default_pagename = true, title = "Fjalor shqip-serbokroatisht / Albansko-srpskohrvatski rečnik", location = "Pristina", publisher = "Rilindja", year = "1976", header = "LEX", }, ["Leka & Simoni:1995"] = { alias = "Leka-Simoni:1995", author = {"Leka, Ferdinand", "Simoni, Zef"}, default_pagename = true, title = "Fjalor italisht-shqip / Dizionario italiano-albanese", location = "Tirana", publisher = {"Çabej MÇM", "Besa"}, year = "1995", header = "LEX", }, ["Leka & Simoni:1996"] = { alias = "Leka-Simoni:1996", author = {"Leka, Ferdinand", "Simoni, Zef"}, default_pagename = true, title = "Fjalor shqip-italisht / Dizionario albanese-italiano", location = "Tirana", publisher = {"Çabej MÇM", "Besa"}, year = "1996", header = "LEX", }, ["Fjalor–Rečnik:2019"] = { is_author = false, alias = {"Fjalor-Rečnik", "Fjalor-Recnik"}, title = "Fjalor–Rečnik", year = "2019", own_args = { lang = {} }, link = "https://fjalor-recnik.com", entry_url = "https://fjalor-recnik.com/?phrase=$ID|ENTRY$&lang=$LANG$", header = "LEX", }, ["Elsie:Hydronimica"] = { title = "Hydronymica Albanica. A Survey of River Names in Albania", author = "en:|Elsie, Robert", year = "2014", edition = "2nd", first_edition = "1994", link = "http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A1994HydronymicaAlbania_Revised2014.pdf", header = "ETY", }, ["Jokl:1932"] = { author = "en:|Jokl, Norbert", year = "1932", title = "Zur Geschichte des alb. Diphthongs ''-ua- -ue-''.", journal = { name = "Indogermanische Forschungen", number = "50", pages = "33–58", }, link = { doi = "10.1515/9783110242928.33" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Ožujski Živkov:2020"] = { author = "Ožujski Živkov, Stanislav", year = "2020", title = "Evidence for the architectural reconstruction of the church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus (Kisha e Shirgjit) on the Bojana (Buna) River near Skhodra, Albania", journal = { name = "Starohrvatska Prosvjeta", number = { "3", "47" }, pages= "589–629", }, link = "https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/375960", header = "TOP", }, ["Gazulli:1942"] = { title = "Fjalorth i ri. Fjalë të rralla të përdoruna në Veri të Shqipnís", series = { name = "Visaret e Kombit", number = "11", }, author = "en:|Gazulli, Nikollë", year = "1942", location = "Tirana", publisher = "Ministria e Arsimit", header = "DIA", }, ["Tase:1941"] = { title = "Fjalorth i ri. Fjalë të rralla të përdoruna në Jug të Shqipnís", series = { name = "Visaret e Kombit", number = "12", }, author = "Tase, Pano", year = "1941", location = "Tirana", publisher = "Ministria e Arsimit", header = "DIA", }, ["Giordano:1963"] = { author = "Giordano, Emanuele", title = "Dizionario degli Albanesi d'Italia / Fjalor i arbëreshvet t'Italisë", publisher = "Ed. Paoline", location = "Bari", year = "1963", header = "DIA", }, ["Barić:1919"] = { alias = "Baric:1919", author = "en:|Barić, Henrik", title = "Albanorumänische studien", volume = "1", location = "Sarajevo", publisher = "Institut für Balkanforschung", year = "1919", series = { name = "Zur Kunde der Balkanhalbinsel. Quellen und Forschungen", number = "7", }, link = { gb = "s24yAQAAMAAJ" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Camaj:1984"] = { author = { "en:|Camaj, Martin", { text = "Fox, Leonard", type = "collab. and transl." }, }, title = "Albanian Grammar, with Exercises, Chrestomathy and Glossaries", year = "1984", publisher = "O. Harrasowitz", location = "Wiesbaden", link = { isbn = "3-447-02467-4" }, header = "GRA", }, ["Kamsi:2000"] = { author = "Kamsi, Kolë", title = "Fjalor arbërisht–shqip", location = "Shkodër", publisher = "Volaj", year = "2000", link = { isbn = "99927-690-1-7" }, header = "DIA", }, ["AIS"] = { import_from = "it", header = "DIA" }, ["Hamp:1992"] = { author = "艾里克·P·汉普|Hamp, Eric P.", year = "1992", title = "Albanian", chapter_of = { author = { text = "Gvozdanović, Jadranka", type = "editor", }, title = "Indo-European Numerals", }, publisher = "Mouton de Gruyter", link = { gb = "S-hmNOLuDGsC", isbn = "9783110113228", doi = "10.1515/9783110858464", }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "GRA", }, ["Haxhihasani:1964"] = { author = "Haxhihasani, Qemal", title = "Elemente nga fjalori i Dogançes, fragmente bisedash dhe tekste në këtë të folme", year = "1964", journal = { name = "Studime filologjike", number = "3", pages = "149–172", }, link = "https://albanica.al/studime_filologjike/article/view/1122", header = "DIA", }, ["Ibrahimi:2009"] = { author = "Ibrahimi, Mustafa", title = "Fjalor i zhargonave dhe eufemizmave shqiptare", year = "2009", location = "Skopje", publisher = "Interlingua", link = { isbn = "978-9989-173-26-4" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Elsie:2001"] = { author = "Elsie, Robert", publisher = "New York UP", year = "2001", title = "A dictionary of Albanian religion, mythology and folk culture", link = { isbn = "0-8147-2214-8" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Barić:1950"] = { title = "Rečnik srpskoga ili hrvatskoga i arbanaskoga jezika", year = "1950", author = "en:|Barić, Henrik", location = "Zagreb", publisher = "JAZU", volume = { number = "1", title = "A-O" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Gjuha letrare:1976"] = { is_author = false, title = "Gjuha letrare shqipe për të gjithë", year = "1976", location = "Tirana", publisher = "Mihal Duri", link = { ia = "GJUHASHQIPEPERTEGJITHEGRAMATIKEEGJUHESSHQIPE1976_201508" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2+1" }, header = "GRA", }, ["Kume:2020"] = { author = "Kume, Juljana", title = "The classification of Greek lexical loan elements in the Albanian language based on borrowing ways", year = "2020", journal = { name = "Studia Albanica", number = {"57", "2"}, }, header = "ETY", }, ["Çekrezi:1923"] = { author = "en:Costa Chekrezi|Çekrezi, K. A.", title = "English–Albanian Dictionary", location = "Boston", year = "1923", header = "LEX", }, ["Rakaj:2023"] = { title = "''Viola sororia'' Willd. (Violaceae) - një specie bimore e re aliene e neglizhuar për florën e Shqipërisë", author = "Rakaj, Marash", publisher = "Universiteti i Shkodrës “Luigj Gurakuqi”", location = "Shkodër", journal = { name = "Buletin shkencor. Seria e shkencave të natyrës", number = "73", pages = "40–52", }, year = "2023", link = "https://unishk.edu.al/fileadmin/user_upload/2023/Buletini/Buletini_nat.23_shtyp_i_teri_1.pdf", header = "TOP", }, ["Skendi & Koçi:1950"] = { alias = "Skendi-Koçi:1950", title = "Fjalor i shkurtër shqip-rusisht", year = "1950", author = {"Skendi, Dhespina", "Koçi, Roza"}, location = "Moscow", publisher = "Гос. издат. иностранных и национальных словарей", default_pagename = true, header = "LEX", }, ["Omari:2012"] = { author = "sq:|Omari, Anila", title = { text = "Marrëdhëniet Gjuhësore Shqiptaro-Serbe", translation = "Albanian-Serbian Linguistic Relations", }, location = "Tirana", publisher = "Krishtalina KH", year = "2012", link = { isbn = "9789928141033" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Kostallari:1982"] = { year = "1982", title = { text = "Fjalor me emra njerëzish", translation = "Dictionary of personal names", }, author = { "en:|Kostallari, Androkli", "et al." }, location = "Tirana", publisher = "8 Nëntori", default_pagename = true, header = "ONO", }, ["Dražić:2019"] = { year = "2019", title = { text = "Каталог најчешћих албанских имена и презимена", translation = "Catalogue of the most common Albanian names and surnames", }, author = { "Dražić, Marina", "Antić, Ivana" }, link = "https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/1/d/444100.pdf", header = "ONO", }, ["Caka & Caka:2010"] = { alias = "Caka:2010", author = { "Caka, Ali", "Caka, Nebi" }, title = { text = "Mbiemrat e sotëm të shqiptarëve të Kosovës", translation = "Kosovar Albanian surnames", }, location = "Prishtina", journal = { name = "AKTET. Revistë Shkencore e Institutit Alb-Shkenca", number = { "3", "10" }, pages = "565–570", }, year = "2010", link = "http://alpa.mali-it.eu/journal/aktet/vol/vol3/Aktet_Vol_III_Nr_4_pp_565_569.pdf", header = "ONO", }, ["Seliščev:1931"] = { author = { text = "ru:Селищев, Афанасий Матвеевич|ru:Селищев, Афанасий Матвеевич", translit_only = true, }, title = "Славянское население в Албании", publisher = "Издание Македонского научного института", location = "Sofia", year = "1931", header = "ETY", }, ["Gelasius:Toponomastik"] = { alias = "Gelasius", author = "en:Nikollë Gazulli|Gelasius", title = "Fjalori toponomastik (A–K)", -- letters not in the original title year = "1939–1943", location = "Shkodër", journal = { name = "Hylli i Dritës" }, volumes = { { year = "1939", journal = { name = "Hylli i Dritës", number = {"15", "2, 3–7, 8–10, 11–12"}, pages = "120–129, 333–341, 408–416, 565–573", }, }, { year = "1940", journal = { name = "Hylli i Dritës", number = {"16", "1–2, 3–4, 5–6, 7–9, 10–11"}, pages = "47–53, 135–144, 240–244, 354–361, 516–522", }, }, { year = "1941", journal = { name = "Hylli i Dritës", number = {"17", "1–2, 3–5, 6–8, 9–10, 11–12"}, pages = "31–40, 178–190, 260–278, 410–417, 527–531", }, }, { year = "1942", journal = { name = "Hylli i Dritës", number = {"18", "1–2, 3–4, 5–10"}, pages = "40–45, 176–180, 267–274", }, }, { year = "1943", journal = { name = "Hylli i Dritës", number = {"19", "4–5, 6–8, 9–12"}, pages = "170–178, 246–256, 391–406", }, }, hide_numbers = true, }, header = "LEX", own_args = { year = { list = true, display = { label = "year ", after = "section", }, }, }, }, ["FMGJSH:2026"] = { title = "Fjalor i madh i gjuhës shqipe", year = "2026", publisher = "ASHSH", location = "Tirana", edition = "online", link = "https://fjalori.online/", entry_url = { url = "https://fjalori.online/?search=$ID$&mode=exact", set_id = function (data) if data.id then return data.id end if data.entry then return mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(data.entry, ",.+$", ""), "[áéíóú\u{301}/]", { ["á"] = "a", ["é"] = "e", ["í"] = "i", ["ó"] = "o", ["ú"] = "u", ["ý"] = "y", ["/"] = "", ["\u{301}"] = "", }) end end, }, header = "LEX", }, ["Shuteriqi:1965"] = { title = "Fjalorth i të folmes shqipe të fshatit Mandrice (Bullgari)", author = "en:|Shuteriqi, Dhimitër", year = "1965", link = { url = "https://albanica.al/studime_filologjike/article/view/1946" }, journal = { name = "Studime Filologjike", number = { "19", "2" }, pages = "153–170", }, header = "DIA", }, ["Morozova:2016"] = { journal = { name = "Acta linguistica Petropolitana", number = {"12", "3"}, pages = "147–168", }, title = "Албанский говор села Жовтневого в условиях языкового контакта: по материалам экспедиций 2011–2013 годов", publisher = "Nauka", location = "St. Petersburg", year = "2016", author = "Morozova, M. S.", link = { academia = "35354769" }, header = "DIA", }, ["Gallo:2017"] = { author = "Gallo, Giuseppe", title = "L'Arbëresh di San Marzano", year = "2017", location = "Oria", publisher = "CIDUE", -- link = { isbn = "978-88-907345-0-5" }, invalid ISBN printed on backcover header = "DIA", }, ["Miklosich:TE"] = { title = "Die türkischen Elemente in den südost- und osteuropäischen Sprachen", author = "en:|Miklosich, Franz", location = "Vienna", volumes = { { year = "1884", publisher = "K. Gerold's Sohn", link = { ia = "dietrkischenele00miklgoog", mdz = "bsb11503850" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 2 }, }, { year = "1884", publisher = "K. Gerold's Sohn", link = { mdz = "bsb11503851" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 2 }, }, { year = "1888", title = "Nachtrag 1", publisher = "F. Tempsky", link = { mdz = "bsb11503853" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 4 }, }, { year = "1890", title = "Nachtrag 2", publisher = "F. Tempsky", link = { mdz = "bsb11503852" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 4 }, }, }, header = "ETY", }, ["Tagliavini:1965"] = { author = "it:|Tagliavini, Carlo", year = "1965", title = "La stratificazione del lessico albanese. Elementi indoeuropei", location = "Bologna", publisher = "Prof. R. Patron", header = "ETY", }, ["Bopp:1855"] = { title = "Über das albanesische in seinen verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen", author = "弗朗茨·博普|Bopp, Franz", year = "1855", -- 1854 at the Royal Science Academy location = "Berlin", publisher = "J. A. Stargardt", link = { gb = "nQMJAAAAQAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "ETY", }, ["Jokl:1923"] = { author = "en:|Jokl, Norbert", year = "1923", title = "Linguistisch-kulturhistorische Untersuchungen aus dem Bereiche des Albanischen", location = {"Berlin", "Leipzig"}, publisher = "W. de Gruyter", link = { doi = "10.1515/9783111663692" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Meyer:Studien"] = { author = "en:|Meyer, Gustav", title = "Albanesische Studien", location = "Vienna", publisher = {"C. Gerold's Sohn", "F. Tempsky"}, journal = { name = "Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschafter", number = "106–136", }, volumes = { [1] = { title = "Die Pluralbildungen der albanesischen Nomina", year = "1883", journal = { name = "SKAW", number = "106", pages = "257–362", }, link = { gb = "E-IGAAAAQAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, [2] = { title = "Die albanesische Zahlwörter", year = "1884", journal = { name = "SKAW", number = "107", pages = "259–338", }, link = { gb = "E-IGAAAAQAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true, pref = "RA1-PA" }, }, [3] = { title = "Lautlehre des indogermanischen Bestandteile des Albanischen", year = "1892", journal = { name = "SKAW", number = {"125", "11"}, pages = "1–93", }, link = { mdz = "bsb00117832" }, -- also bsb11836972, bsb11646261 page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 2 }, }, [4] = { title = "Das griechisch-südrumänisch-albanesische Wörtverzeichniß des Kavalliotis", year = "1894", journal = { name = "SKAW", number = {"132", "12"}, }, link = { mdz = "bsb00117061" }, -- also bsb11837053, bsb11646262 page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 2 }, }, [5] = { title = "Beiträge zur Kenntniß der in Griechenland gesprochenen albanesischen Mundarten", year = "1895", journal = { name = "SKAW", number = {"134", "7"}, }, link = { mdz = "bsb00117062" }, -- also bsb11837072, bsb11814596 page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 2 }, }, [6] = { title = "Beiträge zur Kenntniß verschiedener albanesische Mundarten", year = "1897", journal = { name = "SKAW", number = {"136", "12"}, }, link = { mdz = "bsb00117833" }, -- also bsb11837102, bsb11814597 page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 2 }, }, }, header = "ETY", }, ["Pignoli & Tartaglione:2007"] = { title = "Fjalor arbëresh i Mulizit. Të folmet e Porkanunit dhe të Rurit", author = {"Pignoli, Maria Luisa", "Tartaglione, Guido"}, year = "2007", publisher = "Grafica Cosentina", location = "Cosenza", header = "LEX", }, ["Wiedemann:1902"] = { author = "Wiedemann, Oskar", year = "1902", title = "Etymologien", journal = { name = "Beiträge zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen", number = "27", pages = "193–261", }, link = { ia = "beitrgezurkunde13prelgoog" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Da Lecce:1716"] = { title = "Osservazioni grammaticali nella lingua albanese", author = "Da Lecce, Francesco Maria", year = "1716", location = "Rome", publisher = "Propaganda Fide", link = { gb = "3Tau7AzX76gC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "GRA", }, ["Windisch:1782"] = { title = "Von den Klementinern in Syrmien", author = "en:|Windisch, Karl Gottlieb von", year = "1782", journal = { name = "Ungrisches Magazin", number = "2", pages = "77–89", }, link = { gb = "nX0EAAAAQAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "LEX", }, ["Drizari:1934"] = { title = "Albanian-English and English-Albanian dictionary", author = "Drizari, Nelo", year = "1934", publisher = "N. Nassy", location = "New York", link = { ia = "albanianenglishe0000nelo_f5l9" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Dozon:1879"] = { title = "Manuel de la langue chkipe ou albanaise", author = "Dozon, August", year = "1879", location = "Paris", publisher = "E. Leroux", link = { ia = "manueldelalangue00dozouoft" }, header = "GRA", }, ["Aldegheri:1925"] = { alias = "FL:1925", title = "Fjaluer latin-shqyp", author = "Aldegheri, Adone", year = "1925", location = "Shkodër", publisher = "Zoja e Papërlyeme", header = "LEX", }, ["Pekmezi:1908"] = { title = "Grammatik der albanesischen Sprache. Laut- und Formenlehre", author = "en:|Pekmezi, Gjergj", year = "1908", location = "Vienna", publisher = "Albanischer Verein", link = { ia = "grammatikderalba00pekmuoft" }, header = "GRA", }, ["Hahn:Studien"] = { title = "Albanesische Studien", author = "en:|Hahn, Johann Georg von", link = { gb = "OG9cAAAAcAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true, pref = function(data) assert(data.volume, "Specify volume.") return ({"PA", "RA1-PA", "RA2-PA"})[tonumber(data.volume)] end, }, year = "1854", location = "Jena", publisher = "F. Mauke", entry_lang = "sq", header = "GRA", }, ["Helbig:1904"] = { title = "Die italienischen Elemente im Albanesischen", author = "Helbig, Robert", year = "1904", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "J. A. Barth", journal = { name = "Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische Sprache zu Leipzig", number = "10", pages = "1–137", }, link = { gb = "ZDBAAAAAYAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "ETY", }, ["Dema:2005"] = { title = "Fjalor fjalësh të rralla të gjuhës shqipe", composed = "1954", author = { "d:Q16350374|Dema, Benedikt", { text = "Ukgjini, Dom Nikë", type = "editor" }, }, year = "2005", location = "Tirana", publisher = "Toena", link = { isbn = "9789994310630" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Troplini:2012"] = { title = "E folmja e Çamërisë dje dhe sot. Shqyrtime dialektologjike, etnolingustike dhe sociolingustike rreth gjuhës shqipe të shkruar dhe të folur prej çamëve", author = "Troplini, Edlira", year = "2012", location = "Tirana", header = "DIA", }, ["Camaj:1971"] = { author = "en:|Camaj, Martin", title = "La parlata albanese di Greci in provincia di Avellino", location = "Firenze", publisher = "L. S. Olschki", journal = { name = "Studi albanesi", number = "4", }, header = "DIA", }, ["ADGJSH"] = { author = {"Gjinari, Jorgji", "et al."}, title = "Atlasi dialektologjik i gjuhës shqipe", publisher = {"Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë", [[Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale"]]}, volumes = { { year = "2007", link = { isbn = "9788895044187", oclc = "955953792" } }, { year = "2008", link = { isbn = "9788895044187", oclc = "955954836" } }, }, header = "DIA", }, ["Boçari:1809"] = { author = "en:|Boçari, Marko", year = "1809", title = "Λεξικὸν διγλωσσῶν", chapter_of = { title = "Supplément grec 251", pages = "25–136", }, own_args = { l = { list = true, display = { label = {"line ", "lines "}, separator = ",", after = "page", }, }, }, entry_lang = "sq", header = "LEX", }, ["Meyer:1896"] = { author = "en:|Meyer, Gustav", title = "Etymologisches aus den Balkansprachen", year = "1896", location = "Strasbourg", publisher = "Karl J. Trübner", journal = { name = "Indogermanische Forschungen", number = "6", pages = "104–123", }, link = { gb = "BL9DAAAAYAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "ETY", }, ["Pușcariu:1905"] = { import_from = "ro", header = "ETY" }, ["Thumb:1909"] = { author = "Thumb, A.", title = "Altgriechische Elemente des Albanesischen", location = "Strasbourg", publisher = "Karl J. Trübner", year = "1909", journal = { name = "Indogermanische Forschungen", number = "26", pages = "1–20", }, link = { ia = "indogermanischef26berluoft" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 11 }, header = "ETY", }, ["Dhora:2008"] = { author = "Dhora, Dhimitër", title = "Fjalor i emrave të kafshëve të Shqipërisë latinisht-shqip-anglisht", year = "2008", location = "Shkodër", publisher = "Camaj-Pipa", link = { isbn = "978-99956-02-61-1" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Newmark:OAED"] = { -- As this is for the most part a translation of FGJSSH 1980, please abstain from -- citing this, unless it is the earliest attestation we can find of one or more senses. author = { text = "Newmark, Leonard", type = "editor" }, year = "1998", title = "Oxford Albanian-English Dictionary", location = "Hong Kong", publisher = "Oxford UP", link = { url = "http://www.seelrc.org:8080/albdict/", isbn = "0-19-864340-3" }, entry_url = "http://www.seelrc.org:8080/albdict/detail.jsp?nWordID=$ID$", note = "The online site is a digitalisation of the 1999 edition. Links to it are supplied whenever the contents of the two editions coincide.", default_pagename = true, header = "LEX", }, ["BER"] = { import_from = "bg", header = "ETY" }, ["Jokl:1935"] = { title = "Slaven und Albaner", author = "en:|Jokl, Norbert", year = "1935", journal = { name = "Slavia, časopis pro slovanskou filologii", number = "13", pages = "281–325", }, header = "ETY", }, ["Görlach:2005"] = { title = "A Dictionary of European Anglicism. A Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Sixteen European Languages", author = { text = "Görlach, Manfred", type = "editor" }, publisher = "Oxford UP", location = "Oxford", year = "2005", edition = "pbk.", first_edition = "2001", link = { isbn = "0-19-928306-0" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Dhama:1987"] = { title = "Fjalor i mitologjisë", year = "1987", publisher = "8 Nëntori", location = "Tirana", author = "Dhama, Todi", header = "LEX", }, ["Rossi:1866"] = { title = "Vocabolario italiano-epirotico con tavola sinottica", author = "Rossi, Francesco", year = "1866", location = "Rome", publisher = "Propaganda Fide", link = { gb = "gu4RAAAAIAAJ" }, page_rul = { gb = true }, header = "LEX", }, ["Schumacher & Matzinger:2013"] = { author = { "Schumacher, Stefan", "Matzinger, Joachim" }, title = "Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie", series = { name = "Albanische Forschungen", number = "33", }, publisher = "Otto Harrassowitz", location = "Wiesbaden", year = "2013", link = { isbn = "978-3-447-06448-4" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Xylander:1835"] = { title = "Die Sprache der Albanesen oder Schkipetaren", author = "Xylander, J. Ritter von", year = "1835", location = "Frankfurt", publisher = "Andreáischen Buchhandlung", link = { gb = "RvtJAAAAcAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, entry_lang = "sq", header = "GRA", }, ["Jokl:1942"] = { title = "Albanologische Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Balkanlateins", author = "en:|Jokl, Norbert", year = "1941–1942", journal = { name = "Vox Romanica", number = "6", }, publisher = "Collegium Romanicum Helvetiorum", link = { doi = "10.5169/seals-8419" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Jokl:1963"] = { author = "en:|Jokl, Norbert", year = "1963", title = "Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse des Albanischen zu den übrigen indogermanischen Sprachen", journal = { name = "Die Sprache. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft", number = "9", pages = "113‒156", }, header = "ETY", }, ["Leotti:1937"] = { author = "Leotti, Angelo", year = "1937", title = "Dizionario albanese-italiano", location = "Rome", publisher = "Istituto per l'Europa Orientale", series = { name = "Grammatiche e dizionari", number = "3" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Cacaj-Shushka:1995"] = { author = "Cacaj-Shushka, Gjystina", year = "1995", title = "Mënyrat dhe tipet e fjalëformimit nominal në Ëvetarët e Naum Veqilharxhit", journal = { name = "Gjurmime Albanologjike", number = "25", pages = "105–114", }, link = "https://albanica.al/gjurmealbanlogjike/article/view/9181", header = "ETY", }, ["Boretzky:TEA"] = { author = "Boretzky, Norbert", title = "Der türkische Einfluß auf das Albanische", publisher = "O. Harrasowitz", location = "Wiesbaden", volumes = { [1] = { title = "Phonologie und Morphologie der albanischen Turzismen", year = "1975", link = { mdz = "bsb00142901" }, }, [2] = { title = "Wörterbuch der albanischen Turzismen", year = "1976", link = { mdz = "bsb00142902" }, }, }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 2 }, header = "ETY", }, ["Papahagi:DDAGE"] = { alias = "Papahagi:1974", import_from = "rup", header = "ETY", }, ["FGJSH:1954"] = { title = "Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe", author = { "Cipo, Kostaq", "et al." }, location = "Tiranë", year = "1954", header = "LEX", }, ["Treimer:1923"] = { author = "Treimer, Karl", year = "1923", title = "Zur Rückerschliessung der illyrischen Götterwelt und ihre Bedeutung für die südslawische Philologie", journal = { name = "Арxив за арбанаску старину, језик и етнологију", number = { "1", "1–2" }, page = "27–33", }, header = "ETY", }, ["Mjeda:1932"] = { author = "en:|Mjeda, Ndre", year = "1932", title = "Prênd e Prêndë", journal = { name = "Leka", number = { "4", "11" }, pages = "351", }, location = "Shkodër", publisher = "Zoja e Papërlyeme", link = "https://adsh.unishk.edu.al/items/show/185", header = "ETY", }, ["Oštir:1925"] = { author = "Oštir, Karel", year = "1925", title = "Vorindogermanische (= alarodische) Zahlwörter auf dem Balkan", journal = { name = "Арxив за арбанаску старину, језик и етнологију", number = "2", page = "273–324", }, header = "ETY", }, ["Tagliavini:1963"] = { author = "it:|Tagliavini, Carlo", year = "1963", title = "Storia di parole pagane e cristiane attraverso i tempi", location = "Brescia", publisher = "Morcelliana", header = "ETY", }, ["Kavalliotis:1770"] = { import_from = "rup", header = "LEX" }, ["Moscopolites:1802"] = { import_from = "rup", header = "LEX" }, ["Elezi:2006"] = { author = "Elezi, Mehmet", year = "2006", title = "Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe: rreth 41000 fjalë që nuk gjinden në FGJSSH, me shtjellime etimologjike", publisher = "Gjergj Fishta", link = { isbn = "9789994387465", oclc = "1508762613", }, header = "LEX", }, ["Murati:2003"] = { author = "Murati, Qemal", year = "2003", title = "Fjalor i fjalëve të rralla të përdorura në viset shqiptare të Maqedonisë = Dictionnaire des Albanais de Macedonie", location = "Skopje", publisher = "Logos-A", link = { isbn = "9789989580369" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Gutschmidt:1966"] = { author = "Gutschmidt, Κarl", year = "1966", title = "Albanische Tiernamen südslawischer Herkunft", journal = { name = "Zeitschrift für Slawistik", number = { 11, 1 }, pages = "54–60", }, link = { doi = "10.1524/slaw.1966.11.1.54" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Haxhihasani:Çam"] = { author = "Haxhihasani, Qemal", title = "Vështrim i përgjithshëm mbi të folmet e banorëve të Çamërisë", volumes = { [1] = { year = "1971", journal = { name = "Dialektologjia shqiptare", number = "1", pages = "118–193", }, }, [2] = { year = "1974", journal = { name = "Dialektologjia shqiptare", number = "2", pages = "3–132", }, }, }, header = "DIA", }, ["Gurakuqi:1940"] = { author = "Gurakuqi, Gaspër", year = "1940", title = "Zojzi — Gramshi", journal = { name = "Hylli i Dritës", number = { "14", "3–4, 5–6, 7–9" }, pages = "144–148, 245–250, 377–380", }, header = "TOP", }, ["Pulaha:1983"] = { author = "Pulaha, Selami", year = "1983", title = "Popullsia shqiptare e Kosovës gjatë shek. XV–XVI", series = { name = "Studime dhe dokumente", }, publisher = "8 Nëntori", location = "Tiranë", entry_lang = "ota", header = "TOP", }, ["Mann:1952"] = { author = "Mann, Stuart E.", year = "1952", title = "The Indo-European Consonants in Albanian", journal = { name = "Language", numbers = { 28, 1 }, pages = "31–40", }, link = { jstor = "409988" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Hyllested & Joseph:2022"] = { author = { "Hyllested, Adam", "Joseph, Brian D." }, year = "2022", title = "Albanian", chapter_of = { author = { text = "Olander, Thomas", type = "editor" }, title = "The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective", link = { doi = "10.1017/9781108758666", isbn = "9781108758666", }, publisher = "Cambridge UP", location = "Cambridge", pages = "223–245", }, header = "ETY", }, ["FZRSH:2014"] = { title = "Ligj nr. 115/2014. Për ndarjen administrativo-territoriale të njësive të qeverisjes vendore në Republikën e Shqipërisë", year = "2014", journal = { name = "Fletorja zyrtare e Republikës së Shqipërisë", number = {"2014", "137"}, }, pages = "6365–6390", link = "https://www.qbz.gov.al/eli/fz/2014/137/b2c719c8-a0df-46df-ac10-c3dda9bc049b", header = "TOP", }, ["Armao:1933"] = { author = "Armao, Ermanno", year = "1933", title = "Località, chiese, fiumi, monti, e toponimi varii di un'antica carta dell'Albania Settentrionale", location = "Rome", series = { name = "Pubblicazioni dell'«Istituto per l'Europa Orientale»", volume = "26.2", }, link = "http://asa.archiviostudiadriatici.it/islandora/object/libria%3A184753", header = "TOP", }, ["Acta et diplomata"] = { alias = "ADRAMAI", author = { "en:|Thallóczy, Ludwig von", "康斯坦丁·伊雷切克|Jireček, Konstantin", "en:|Šufflay, Milan", }, title = "Acta et diplomata res Albaniae mediae aetatis illustrantia", location = "Vienna", publisher = "Adoph Holzhausen", volumes = { { year = "1913", title = "Annos 344–1343 tabulamque geographicam continens", link = { gallica = "bpt6k5626659j" }, page_url = { gallica = true, set_page = 43 }, }, { year = "1918", title = "Annos 1344–1406 continens", link = { gallica = "bpt6k5626777t" }, page_url = { gallica = true, set_page = 25 }, }, }, header = "TOP", }, ["Shqypnija:1923"] = { is_author = false, title = "Shqypnija. Njoftime geografike, shtetistike, administrore", edition = "5th", year = "1923", location = "Shkodër", publisher = "Etneve Jezuit", header = "TOP", }, ["Gurakuqi:1933"] = { author = "Gurakuqi, Gaspër", year = "1933", title = "Giadri", journal = { name = "Leka", number = { "5", "3, 5" }, pages = "80–81, 148–149", }, header = "TOP", }, ["CIA:Gazetteer"] = { title = "Albania: Official Standard Names Approved by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names", location = "Washington", publisher = "中央情报局|Central Intelligence Agency", year_editions = true, editions = { [1955] = { year = "1955 September", link = { gb = "AXkRAAAAIAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, [1961] = { year = "1961 March", link = { url = "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP01-00707R000100110001-5.pdf", ia = "nisalbania", }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, }, }, header = "TOP", }, ["Mitrushi:1955"] = { title = "Drurët e shkurret e Shqipërisë", author = "Mitrushi, Ilia", year = "1955", location = "Tirana", publisher = "Mihal Duri", header = "LEX", }, ["Mladenov:1927"] = { author = "en:|Mladenov, Stefan", year = "1927", title = { text = "Приносъ къмъ изучване на българско-албанскитѣ езикови отношения", translation = "Zu den bulgarisch-albanesischen Sprachbeziehungen", }, location = "Sofia", publisher = "Художник", header = "ETY", }, ["Godin:1930"] = { title = "Wörterbuch der albanischen un deutschen Sprache", author = "en:|Godin, Marie Amelie von", year = "1930", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "Otto Harrassowitz", volumes = { [1] = { title = "Deutsch-Albanisch", link = { gb = "HA8MAQAAIAAJ" }, }, [2] = { title = "Albanisch-Deutsch", }, }, header = "LEX", }, ["Vendim:1938"] = { is_author = false, year = "1938 August 26", journal = { name = "Fletorja Zyrtare", number = "64", }, title = "Këshilli Ministruer. Vendim Nr. 753 me 6-7-938", link = "https://wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Fletorja_Zyrtare_nr._64_(1938.08.26).djvu", page_url = "https://wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Fletorja_Zyrtare_nr._64_(1938.08.26).djvu/$PAGE$", header = "TOP", }, ["Aravantinos:Chronografia"] = { title = "Χρονογραφία τῆς Ἠπείρου τῶν τε ὁμόρων ἑλληνικῶν καὶ ἰλλυρικῶν χωρῶν", author = "en:|Aravantinos, Panagiotis", location = "Athens", publisher = "Σ. Κ. Βλαστού", link = { gb = "Q6ZLAQAAMAAJ" }, volumes = { [1] = { year = "1856", page_url = { gb = true }, }, [2] = { year = "1857", page_url = { gb = true, pref = "RA1-PA" }, }, }, entry_lang = "el", header = "TOP", }, ["KIFS:Epetiris"] = { title = "Ἐπετηρὶς τοῦ ἐν Κωνσταντινουπόλει Ἠπειρωτικοῦ Φιλεκπαιδευτικοῦ Συλλόγου", location = "Constantinople", publisher = "Α. Κορομηλά", link = { gb = "4YUTAAAAYAAJ" }, volumes = { [1] = { title = "1872–1873", year = "1873", page_url = { gb = true }, }, [2] = { title = "1873–1874", year = "1875", page_url = { gb = true, pref = "RA1-PA" }, }, }, header = "TOP", entry_lang = "el", }, ["Louis:1928"] = { author = "Louis, Herbert", year = "1928", title = "Karte von Albanien im Maße 1 : 200.000", publisher = { "Militärgeographisches Institut Wien", "Gesellschaft für Erdkunde" }, location = "Berlin", link = "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karte_von_Albanien_(1928)_-_north.jpg", header = "TOP", }, ["Jokl:1926"] = { title = "Altmakedonisch-Griechisch-Albanesisch", author = "en:|Jokl, Norbert", year = "1926", journal = { name = "Indogermanische Forschungen", number = "44", pages = "13–70", }, link = { doi = "10.1515/if-1927-0105" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Sandfeld:1930"] = { author = "Sandfeld, Kristian", year = "1930", title = "Linguistique balkaniques. Problèmes et résultats", location = "Paris", link = { gb = "DzjVAAAAMAAJ" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Bindoni:1935"] = { author = "Bindoni, M.", year = "1935", title = { text = "Fjaluer teknik-bujqësuer italisht-shqip e shqip italisht", translation = "Vocabolario tecnico-agricolo italiano-albanese e albanese-italiano", }, location = "Tirana", header = "LEX", }, ["Topalli:2007"] = { author = "Topalli, Kolec", title = "Fonetika historike e gjuhës shqipe", year = "2007", publisher = "Dituria", location = "Tiranë", link = { isbn = "978-99943-46-08-0" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Kupitori:2011"] = { title = "Λεξικὸν ἑλληναλβανικὸν ἐπιτομον, ἐκ τῆς νεοελληνικῆς εἰς τὴν ἀλβανικὴν διάλεκτον τῶν ἐν Ἑλλάδι Αλβανῶν, μετὰ παραθέσεως τῶν κυριωτέρων λέξεων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων διαλέκτων, οἷον τῆς τοσκικῆς, γκεγκικῆς καὶ τῆς τῶν ἐν Ἰταλία Ἀλβανῶν", author = "d:Q11022808|Kupitori, Panajot", composed = "1870s–1881", year = "2011", chapter_of = { title = { text = "Το ελληνο-αλβανικό λεξικό του Παναγιώτη Κουπιτώρη", translation = "Fjalori greqisht-shqip i Panajot Kupitorit", }, author = { text = "Stylos, Niko", type = "editor", }, link = { isbn = "978-9928-118-17-2" }, location = "Tirana", publisher = "Apeirotan", }, header = "LEX", }, ["Dibra:2020"] = { author = "Dibra, Fatos", year = "2020", title = "The Albanian Lexicon of Evliya Çelebi's ''Seyahatname'' in the Context of Old Albanian", journal = { name = "Albanische Forschungen", number = "44", pages = "269–314", }, location = "Wiesbaden", publisher = "Harrasowitz", header = "ETY", }, ["Kriqi et al.:1986"] = { author = { "Kriqi, Lefter", "et al." }, year = "1986", title = "Fjalor i termave të financës e të kontabilitetit. Shqip-frëngjisht-rusisht", location = "Tirana", publisher = "8 Nëntori", header = "LEX", }, ["Schuchardt:1872"] = { author = "en:|Schuchardt, Hugo", year = "1872", title = "Albanisches und romanisches. Zu Miklosich's albanischen forschungen", journal = { name = "Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete des Deutschen, Griechischen und Lateinischen", number = "20", pages = "241–302", }, location = "Göttingen", publisher = "Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht", link = { jstor = "40845196", mdz = "bsb11043069" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 12 }, header = "ETY", }, ["Meyer:1888"] = { author = "en:|Meyer, Gustav", title = "Die lateinischen Elemente im Albanischen", year = "1888", journal = { name = "Grundriss der romanischen Philologie", number = "1", pages = "804–821" }, location = "Strasbourg", publisher = "Karl J. Trübner", link = { ia = "grundrissderroma13gruoft", doi = "10.1515/9783111621425-026" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Gelzer:1913"] = { author = "en:|Gelzer, Heinrich", year = "1913", title = "Beiträge zum Dalmatischen und Albanesischen", journal = { name = "Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie", number = { 37, 3 }, pages = "257–286", }, link = { doi = "10.1515/zrph.1913.37.3.257" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Arbanas:1916"] = { author = "Arbanas, Louis", year = "1916", title = "Deutsch-albanisches und albanisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, mit deutsch-albanischen Gesprächbeispielen", series = { name = "Die Kunst der Polyglottie", number = 117, }, location = { "Vienna", "Leipzig" }, publisher = "A. Hartleben", header = "LEX", }, ["Pedersen:1895"] = { title = "Albanesische Texte mit Glossar", author = "en:Holger Pedersen (linguist)|Pedersen, Holger", year = "1895", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "S. Hirzel", link = { gb = "y33umrLgL9MC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "LEX", }, ["Kujundžić:1902"] = { author = "Kujundžić, Ljubomir", title = "Srpsko-arnautski rečnik", year = "1902", location = "Belgrad", header = "LEX", }, ["Haebler:1965"] = { author = "de:|Haebler, Claus", title = "Grammatik der albanischen Mundart von Salamis", year = "1965", location = "Wiesbaden", publisher = "Otto Harrassowitz", series = { name = "Albanische Forschungen", number = 3, }, header = "DIA", }, ["Busetti:1911"] = { title = "Vocabolario Italiano-Albanese", author = "Busetti, Antonio", location = "Shkodër", publisher = "Zoja e Papërlyeme", year = "1911", link = { mdz = "bsb00133737" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 54 }, header = "LEX", }, ["Schmidt:1822"] = { author = "de:|Schmidt, Johann Adolph Erdmann", title = "Neugriechischer Dollmetscher, nebst türkischem und albanischem", year = "1822", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "Ernst Klein's literarischem Comtoir", link = { mdz = "bsb11762259" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 8 }, header = "LEX", }, ["Stier:1862"] = { title = "Die albanesischen thiernamen", author = "de:|Stier, Gottlieb", year = "1862", journal = { name = "Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete des Deutschen, Griechischen und Lateinischen", number = { 11, 2 }, pages = "132–150", }, publisher = "Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht", link = { jstor = "40844786" }, header = "ETY", entry_lang = "sq", own_args = { s = { list = true, display = { label = "nr. ", after = "section", }, }, }, }, } export.headers = [[ ===Mainly lexical=== $LEX$ ===Mainly etymological=== $ETY$ ===Dialectological=== $DIA$ ===Analyses and grammars=== $GRA$ ===Toponomastics=== $TOP$ ===Onomastics=== $ONO$ ]] return export 9jrkk65isfdqxnrz77kzi6o8pwvhdxw 828 3513597 9944272 9855502 2026-10-14T20:27:46Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 93478263） 9944272 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- ["ABL:DLP"] = { -- online version title = { text = "pt:Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa", -- (DLP) translation = "Dictionary of the Portuguese Language" }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "|Brazilian Academy of Letters", -- (Academia Brasileira de Letras; ABL) link = { url = "http://servbib.academia.org.br/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, ["ABL:VOLP"] = { -- Full citation from <https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=ficha> title = "pt:|Vocabulário Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa", edition = "6th", author = { { text = "|Bechara, Evanildo", type = "coordinator" } -- * Shahira Daoud -- * Débora Garcia Restom -- * Feiga Fiszon Eugénio dos Santos -- * Ângela Barros Montez -- * Claudio Mello Sobrinho -- * João Felipe Cordeiro Mendes }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "|Brazilian Academy of Letters", -- (Academia Brasileira de Letras; ABL) link = { url = { "https://www.academia.org.br/nossa-lingua/vocabulario-ortografico", "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=br" } }, default_pagename = true, header = "Vocabulary" }, ["ACL:DLP"] = { -- online version -- Full citation from <https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt/perguntas-frequentes/> alias = {"DLP-ACL"}, -- Backwards compatibility title = { text = "pt:Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa", -- (DLP) translation = "Dictionary of the Portuguese Language" }, year = "2023–present", author = { { text = "Salgado, Ana", type = "coordinator" }, }, location = "Lisbon", publisher = { -- ACL/ILLLP "|Lisbon Academy of Sciences", -- (Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, ACL) { text = "pt:Instituto de Lexicologia e Lexicografia da Língua Portuguesa", -- (ILLLP) translation = "Institute of Lexicology and Lexicography of the Portuguese Language" } }, link = { url = "https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt/" }, entry_url = "https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt/pesquisa/?word=$ENTRY$", default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, ["ACL:VOLP"] = { title = "pt:|Vocabulário Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa", edition = "2nd", authors = { { text = "Correia, Margarita", type = "organizer" }, { text = "Ferreira, José Pedro", type = "organizer" } }, year = "2017–present", location = "Coimbra", publisher = { "pt:|Centro de Estudos de Linguística Geral e Aplicada", -- (CELGA-ILTEC) "|University of Coimbra" -- (UC) }, link = { url = { "https://vocabulario.acad-ciencias.pt/", "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=pt" } }, header = "Vocabulary" }, ["AFBAM"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas dos falares do baixo Amazonas", translation = "Atlas of the dialects of Lower Amazonas" }, year = "2011", author = "Brito, Roseanny Melo de", publisher = "Universidade Federal do Amazonas", location = "Manaus", volume = "II", link = { url = "https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2355" }, header = "AtlasAM" }, ["AGeLO"] = { alias = { "Romano:2012" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas geossociolinguístico de Londrina: um estudo em tempo real e tempo aparente", translation = "Geo-sociolinguistic atlas of Londrina: a study in real time and apparent time" }, author = "Romano, Valter Pereira", year = "2012", location = "Londrina", publisher = "State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", -- (EDUEL) link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/handle/123456789/13277" }, header = "AtlasSBR" }, ["ALAC"] = { title = { text = "Atlas etnolinguístico do Acre – ALAC: fronteiras léxicas", translation = "Ethnolinguistic atlas of Acre – ALAC: lexical frontiers" }, year = "2018", author = "Karlberg, Luísa Galvão Lessa", location = "Rio Branco", publisher = "Edufac", link = { -- URL from <http://www2.ufac.br/editora/menu/livros-digitais> isbn = "978-85-98499-96-3", url = "http://www2.ufac.br/editora/livros/atlasetnolinguisticodoacre.pdf" }, page_url = "http://www2.ufac.br/editora/livros/atlasetnolinguisticodoacre.pdf#page=$PAGE$", header = "AtlasNBR" }, ["ALAP"] = { title = { text = "Atlas linguístico do Amapá", translation = "Linguistic atlas of Amapá" }, year = "2017", author = { "Razky, Abdelhak", "Ribeiro, Celeste Maria da Rocha", "Sanches, Romário Duarte" }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Labrador", link = { isbn = "978-85-93058-24-0" }, header = "AtlasNBR" }, ["ALEAç"] = { alias = { "ALEAc" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas Linguístico-Etnográfico dos Açores", translation = "Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of the Azores" }, author = { { text = "João Saramago", type = "investigator"}, }, publishers = { { location = "Lisbon", publisher = "pt:|pt:Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa" -- (CLUL) }, { location = "Angra do Heroísmo", publisher = "pt:Direcção Regional da Cultura da Região Autónoma dos Açores", } }, -- volumes = { -- { -- paperback -- volume = "1", -- year = "2001" -- Republished "2008", -- author = { -- "Manuela Barros Ferreira", -- "João Saramago", -- "Luísa Segura", -- "Gabriela Vitorino" -- }, -- title = "pt:Atlas Linguístico-Etnográfico dos Açores: A criação de gado", -- location = "Lisbon", -- publisher = "Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda", -- (INCM) -- link = { isbn = "978-972-27-1593-5", }, -- }, -- }, link = { url = "https://www.culturacores.azores.gov.pt/alea/Default.aspx" }, header = "Atlas" }, ["Alencar:1865"] = { title = { text = "Iracema: Lenda do Ceará", translation = "Iracema: Legend from Ceará" }, year = "1865", author = "|Alencar, José de", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Typ. de Viana e Filhos", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Iracema" }, page_url = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Página:Iracema_-_lenda_do_Ceará.djvu/$PAGE$", set_page = "+ 20" }, header = "Other" }, ["ALERS"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico-etnográfico da Região Sul do Brasil", translation = "Linguistic and ethnographic atlas of the South Region of Brazil" }, publishers = { { location = "Porto Alegre", publisher = "Editora da UFRGS" }, { location = "Florianópolis", publisher = "Federal University of Santa Catarina|EdUFSC", }, }, volumes = { { volume = "1", title = { text = "pt:Cartas fonéticas e morfossintáticas", translation = "Phonetic and morphosyntactic charts" }, first_edition = "2002", year = "2011", edition = "2nd", authors = { { text = "Walter, Koch", type = "organizer" }, { text = "Altenhofen, Cléo Vilson", type = "organizer" }, { text = "Klassmann, Mário Silfredo", type = "organizer" }, }, link = { url = "http://hdl.handle.net/10183/232185", -- isbn = { -- "978-85-386-0132-6", -- (UFRGS) -- "978-85-328-0557-7" -- (UFSC) -- } }, }, { volume = "2", title = { text = "pt:Cartas semântico-lexicais", translation = "Semantic-lexical charts" }, year = "2011", authors = { { text = "Altenhofen, Cléo Vilson", type = "organizer" }, { text = "Klassmann, Mário Silfredo", type = "organizer" }, }, link = { url = "http://hdl.handle.net/10183/232162", -- isbn = { -- "978-85-386-0133-3", -- (UFRGS) -- "978-85-328-0558-4" -- (UFSC) -- } }, }, }, header = "AtlasSBR" }, ["ALFAMA"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas Linguístico dos Falares de Manaus", translation = "Linguistic Atlas of the Dialects of Manaus" }, year = "2018", author = "Cardoso, Leticia Pinto", publisher = "Universidade Federal do Amazonas", location = "Manaus", link = { url = "https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/6724" }, header = "AtlasAM" }, ["ALFARiN"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico dos falares do alto rio Negro", translation = "Linguistic atlas of the dialects of Upper Rio Negro" }, year = "2012", author = "Justiniano, Jeiviane dos Santos", publisher = "Universidade Federal do Amazonas", location = "Manaus", link = { url = "https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2372" }, header = "AtlasAM" }, ["ALiB"] = { -- Official title translations at <https://alib.ufba.br/sites/alib.ufba.br/files/informacoes_em_ingles.pdf> alias = { "Aguilera et al:2014" }, title = { text = "pt:Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil|Atlas Linguístico do Brasil", translation = "Linguistic Atlas of Brazil" }, author = { text = "pt:|Aguilera, Vanderci de Andrade", type = "organizer" }, year = { "2014", -- 2018 (ebook) }, location = "Londrina", publisher = "State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", -- (EDUEL) volumes = { { volume = "1", author = { "Suzana Alice Marcelino da Silva Cardoso", "Jacyra Andrade Mota", "Vanderci de Andrade Aguilera", "Maria do Socorro Silva de Aragão", "Aparecida Negri Isquerdo", "Abdelhak Razky", "Felício Wessling Margotti", "Cléo Vilson Altenhofen" }, title = { text = "pt:Introdução", translation = "Introduction" }, link = { isbn = "978-85-7216-705-5" }, -- 212 p. }, { volume = "2", author = { "Suzana Alice Marcelino da Silva Cardoso", "Jacyra Andrade Mota", "Vanderci de Andrade Aguilera", "Maria do Socorro Silva de Aragão", "Aparecida Negri Isquerdo", "Abdelhak Razky", "Felício Wessling Margotti" }, title = { text = "pt:Cartas linguísticas", translation = "Linguistic charts" }, link = { isbn = "978-85-7216-709-3" }, -- 368 p. }, }, link = { url = "https://alib.ufba.br/atlas-nacionais" }, header = "Atlas" }, ["Alingo"] = { alias = { "Milano:2015" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico de Goiás: léxico-fonético", translation = "Linguistic atlas of Goiás: lexical and phonetic" }, author = "Milani, Sebastião Elias", year = "2015", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Barra Livros", link = { isbn = "978-85-64530-17-1" }, header = "AtlasCOBR" }, ["ALiNPiPR"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico do norte pioneiro do Paraná", translation = "Linguistic atlas of the 'Pioneer North' of Paraná" }, year = "2022", author = "Ribeiro, Thiago Leonardo", location = "Londrina", publisher = "State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/handle/123456789/9098" }, header = "AtlasSBR" }, ["ALiPE"] = { alias = { "Sá:2013", "Sa:2013" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas Linguístico de Pernambuco", translation = "Linguistic Atlas of Pernambuco" }, author = "Sá, Edmilson José de", year = "2013", location = "João Pessoa", publish9er = "pt:Editora UFPB", page_url = { url = "https://repositorio.ufpb.br/jspui/bitstream/tede/6279/1/arquivototal.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+1" }, link = { url = "https://repositorio.ufpb.br/jspui/handle/tede/6279" }, header = "AtlasNEBR" }, ["ALiPTG"] = { alias = { "Pereira:2007" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas geolingüístico do litoral potiguar", translation = "Geolinguistic atlas of the coast of Rio Grande do Norte" }, author = "Pereira, Maria das Neves", year = "2007", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Federal University of Rio de Janeiro", volumes = { { number = 1 }, { number = 2, title = { text = "pt:Cartas lingüísticas", translation = "Linguistic charts" }, }, }, link = { url = "https://alib.ufba.br/sites/alib.ufba.br/files/pereiramn.pdf" }, header = "AtlasNEBR" }, ["ALITTETO"] = { -- 🔻🔴🔻 alias = { "Silva:2018" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico topodinâmico e topoestático do estado do Tocantins", translation = "Topodynamic and topostatic linguistic atlas of Tocantins State" }, author = "Silva, Greize Alves da", year = "2018", location = "Londrina", publisher = "State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", -- (EDUEL) link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/handle/123456789/11056" }, header = "AtlasNBR" }, ["ALMASPE"] = { alias = { "Almeida:2009" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas Linguístico da Mata Sul de Pernambuco", translation = "Linguistic Atlas of Pernambuco's Mata Sul Region" }, author = "Almeida, Edilene Maria Oliveira de", year = "2009", location = "João Pessoa", publisher = "UFPB", page_url = { url = "https://repositorio.ufpb.br/jspui/bitstream/tede/6307/1/arquivototal.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+12" }, link = { url = "https://repositorio.ufpb.br/jspui/handle/tede/6307" }, header = "AtlasNEBR" }, ["ALPB"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas lingüístico da Paraíba", translation = "Linguistic atlas of Paraíba" }, year = "1984", author = { { text = "Aragão, Maria do Socorro Silva de", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "Menezes, Cleusa Palmeira Bezerra de", type = "coordinator" }, }, publishers = { { location = "João Pessoa", publisher = "|Federal University of Paraíba", }, { location = "Brasília", publisher = "National Council for Scientific and Technological Development|CNPq", }, }, volumes = { { number = "1", title = { text = "pt:Cartas léxicas e fonéticas", translation = "Lexical and phonetic charts" }, }, { number = "2", title = { text = "pt:Análise das formas e estruturas lingüísticas encontradas", translation = "Analisis of the forms and linguistic structures found" }, }, }, header = "AtlasNEBR" }, ["ALPR II"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas lingüístico do Paraná", translation = "Linguistic atlas of Paraná" }, year = "2007", author = "Altino, Fabiane Cristina", location = "Londrina", publisher = "State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/handle/123456789/10711" }, header = "AtlasSBR" }, ["ALSAM"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico do sul amazonense", translation = "Linguistic atlas of Southern Amazonas" }, year = "2018", author = "Maia, Edson Galvão", location = "Londrina", publisher = "State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", volumes = { { volume = "I", title = { text = "pt:Tese", translation = "Thesis" }, }, { volume = "II", title = { text = "pt:Cartas fonéticas", translation = "Phonetic charts" }, }, { volume = "III", title = { text = "pt:Cartas semântico-lexicais", translation = "Semantic-lexical charts" }, }, }, link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/handle/123456789/9731" }, header = "AtlasAM" }, ["ALSCE"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas Linguístico dos Sertões Cearenses", translation = "Linguistic Atlas of Ceará's Sertão" }, year = "2019", author = "Lima, Fabiana dos Santos", location = "Fortaleza", publisher = "Federal University of Ceará|UFC", link = { url = "https://repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/51759" }, header = "AtlasNEBR" }, ["ALSFS"] = { alias = "Guimarães:2008", title = { text = "pt:Para um atlas lingüístico de São Francisco do Sul (ALSFS): há nesta ilha um falar específico?", translation = "For a linguistic atlas of São Francisco do Sul (ALSFS): is there a specific speech in this island?" }, year = "2008", author = "Guimarães, Tânia Braga", location = "Londrina", publisher = "State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", -- (EDUEL) link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/srv-c0003-s01/api/core/bitstreams/c56d7f3a-de6b-4214-aeb6-da45ba60098e/content" }, page_url= { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/srv-c0003-s01/api/core/bitstreams/c56d7f3a-de6b-4214-aeb6-da45ba60098e/content#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+21" }, header = "AtlasSBR" }, ["ALTOSP"] = { alias = { "Santos-Ikeuchi:2014" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico topodinâmico do oeste de São Paulo", translation = "Topo-dynamic linguistic atlas of Western São Paulo" }, author = "Santos-Ikeuchi, Ariane Cardoso dos", year = "2014", location = "Londrina", publisher = "State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", -- (EDUEL) link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/handle/123456789/10353" }, header = "AtlasSP" }, ["ALTTI"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico topodinâmico do território incaracterístico", translation = "Linguistic atlas of the uncharacteristic territory" }, year = "2015", author = "Cuba, Marigilda Antônio", location = "Londrina", publisher = "State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/handle/123456789/15470" }, header = "AtlasCOBR" }, ["AMPRINES"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas Morfossintático de parte da microrregião do Rio Negro-Solimões", translation = "Morphosyntactic Atlas of part of the Rio Negro-Solimões Microregion" }, year = "2018", author = " Medeiros, Josué Cordovil", publisher = "Universidade Federal do Amazonas", location = "Manaus", link = { url = "https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/6740" }, header = "AtlasAM" }, ["AMSIMA"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas Morfossintático da Microrregião do Madeira", translation = "Morphosyntactic Atlas of the Madeira Microregion" }, year = "2017", author = "Tavares, Liliane Sampaio", publisher = "Universidade Federal do Amazonas", location = "Manaus", link = { url = "https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/6100" }, header = "AtlasAM" }, ["ASELVI"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas semântico-lexical do Vale do Itajaí/SC", translation = "Semantic-lexical atlas of the Itajaí Valley/SC" }, year = "2024", author = "Bitencourt, Greise Schmitz de", location = "Florianópolis", publisher = "Federal University of Santa Catarina|EdUFSC", link = { url = "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/264065" }, header = "AtlasSBR" }, ["ASL-BBS"] = { alias = "Câmara:2023", title = { text = "pt:Atlas semântico-lexical de Balneário Barra do Sul - Santa Catarina", translation = "Semantic-lexical atlas of Balneário Barra do Sul - Santa Catarina" }, year = "2023", author = "Câmara, Ana Paula", location = "Florianópolis", publisher = "Federal University of Santa Catarina|EdUFSC", volumes = { { number = 1 }, { number = 2, title = { text = "pt:Cartas Introdutórias e linguísticas", translation = "Introdutory and linguistic charts" }, }, }, link = { url = "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/249979" }, header = "AtlasSBR" }, ["Antônimos"] = { alias = {"Antomimos"}, title = { text = "pt:Dicio – Dicionário Online de Antônimos", translation = "Dicio – Online Dictionary of Antonyms" }, year = "2011–present", location = "Porto", publisher = "7Graus", link = { url = "https://www.antonimos.com.br/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Thesaurus" }, ["Augusto:2012"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas semântico-lexical do estado de Goiás", translation = "Semantic-lexical atlas of the Goiás state" }, year = "2012", author = "Augusto, Vera Lúcia Dias dos Santos", publisher = "USP", location = "São Paulo", volumes = { { volume = "1", link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-09012013-114759/publico/2012_VeraLuciaDiasDosSantosAugusto_VCorr_Parte1.pdf" } }, { volume = "2", link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-09012013-114759/publico/2012_VeraLuciaDiasDosSantosAugusto_VCorr_Parte2.pdf" } }, { volume = "3", link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-09012013-114759/publico/2012_VeraLuciaDiasDosSantosAugusto_VCorr_Parte3.pdf" } }, }, link = { doi = "10.11606/T.8.2012.tde-09012013-114759" }, header = "AtlasCOBR" }, ["Aulete"] = { -- online version title = "pt:|Dicionário Aulete Digital", -- previously "iDicionário Aulete" year = "2008–present", -- Original version by Francisco Júlio de Caldas link = { url = "https://www.aulete.com.br/" }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Lexikon Editora Digital", default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, ["Avila:2021"] = { import_from = "yrl", header = "Etymology" }, -- B -- ["Bechara:2009"] = { title = { text = "pt:Moderna Gramática Portuguesa", translation = "Modern Portuguese Grammar" }, edition = "37th", author = "|Bechara, Evanildo", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Nova Fronteira", link = { isbn = "978-8-52-092318-4", oclc = "690669920" }, header = "Grammar" }, ["Bluteau:1712"] = { -- Public domain title = { text = "pt:|pt:Vocabulario Portuguez e Latino", -- Full title: "Vocabulario portuguez e latino, aulico, anatomico, architectonico, bellico, botanico, brasilico, comico, critico, chimico, dogmatico, dialectico, dendrologico, ecclesiastico, etymologico, economico, florifero, forense, fructifero, geographico, geometrico, gnomonico, hydrographico, homonymico, hierologico, ichtyologico, indico, isagogico, laconico, liturgico, lithologico, medico, musico, meteorologico, nautico, numerico, neoterico, ortographico, optico, ornithologico, poetico, philologico, pharmaceutico, quidditativo, qualitativo, quantitativo, rethorico, rustico, romano, symbolico, synonimico, syllabico, theologico, terapeutico, technologico, uranologico, xenophonico, zoologico, autorizado com exemplos dos melhores escritores portuguezes, e latinos" -- norm = "Vocabulário Português e Latino", translation = "Portuguese and Latin Vocabulary" }, year = "1712–1728", author = "pt:|Bluteau, Rafeal", location = "Coimbra", publisher = "Collegio das Artes da Companhia de Jesu", volumes = { { volume = "1", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2771-a/l-2771-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5446" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letter A." }, { volume = "2", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2772-a/l-2772-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5439" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters B–C." }, { volume = "3", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2773-a/l-2773-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5440" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters D–E." }, { volume = "4", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2774-a/l-2774-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5445" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters F–J." }, { volume = "5", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2775-a/l-2775-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5449" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters K–N." }, { volume = "6", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2776-a/l-2776-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5442" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters O–P." }, { volume = "7", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2777-a/l-2777-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5443" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters Q–S." }, { volume = "8", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2778-a/l-2778-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5441" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters T–Z." }, { volume = "9", title = "pt:Supplemento ao Vocabulario Portuguez e Latino: Parte I", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2779-a/l-2779-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5448" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters A–L." }, { volume = "10", title = "pt:Supplemento ao Vocabulario Portuguez e Latino: Parte II", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2790-a/l-2790-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5447" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters M–Z." }, }, link = { url = "https://purl.pt/13969" }, note = "First Portuguese dictionary with over 43.6 thousand entries, predecessor of Silva's ''{{lang|pt|Diccionario da Lingua Portugueza}}'' (1789).", header = "Historical", }, -- C -- ["Cristianini:2007"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas semântico-lexical da região do Grande ABC", translation = "Semantic-Lexical Atlas of the ABC Region" }, author = "Cristianini, Adriana Cristina", year = "2010", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "USP", page_url = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-28012008-115533/publico/TESE_ADRIANA_CRISTINA_CRISTIANINI.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "-24" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-28012008-115533/pt-br.php", doi = "10.11606/T.8.2010.tde-18102010-144550" }, header = "AtlasSP" }, ["Cunha:DELP"] = { alias = {"DELP-Cunha"}, -- backwards compatability title = { text = "pt:Dicionário etimológico Nova Fronteira da língua portuguesa", translation = "Nova Fronteira etymological dictionary of the Portuguese language" }, editions = { { edition = "1st", year = "1982", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "pt:|Nova Fronteira", link = { -- lccn = "87103123", -- ol = "OL3112442M", -- lt = "585052" } }, { edition = "2nd", year = "1986", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "pt:|Nova Fronteira", link = { isbn = "9788520908464", -- lccn = "82220679", -- ol = "OL2419734M" oclc = "9196774" } }, { edition = "3rd", title = { text = "pt:Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa", translation = "Etymological dictionary of the Portuguese language" }, year = "2007", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "pt:Lexikon", link = { isbn = "978-85-86368-17-2" } }, { edition = "4th", title = { text = "pt:Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa", translation = "Etymological dictionary of the Portuguese language" }, year = "2010", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "pt:Lexikon", link = { gb = "h4yiODwAAQBAJ", isbn = "978-85-86368-63-9", oclc = "1026291764" } }, }, author = "pt:|Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "pt:|Nova Fronteira", link = { -- ol = "OL3203159W" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Etymology" }, -- D -- ["Dicio"] = { title = { text = "pt:Dicio – Dicionário Online de Português", translation = "Dicio – Online Portuguese Dictionary" }, year = "2009–present", location = "Porto", publisher = "7Graus", link = { url = "https://www.dicio.com.br/" }, entry_url = "https://www.dicio.com.br/pesquisa.php?q=$ENTRY$", default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, ["Dicionário Aberto"] = { -- TODO! -- Licensed CC BY-SA 2.5 PT title = "Dicionário Aberto", link = { url = "https://dicionario-aberto.net/" }, -- Based on "Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo" (1913) -- Support from: -- * Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal -- * Distributed Proofreaders -- * Página-a-Página -- * Natura entry_url = "https://dicionario-aberto.net/search/$ENTRY$", default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, ["Dicionário inFormal"] = { alias = {"inFormal", "DI"}, title = { text = "pt:Dicionário inFormal", translation = "inFormal Dictionary" }, year = "2006–present", link = { url = "https://www.dicionarioinformal.com.br/" }, entry_url = "https://www.dicionarioinformal.com.br/$ENTRY$", default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, ["DTA"] = { import_from = "tpw", header = "Etymology" }, -- "Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa": see "ABL:DLP" and "ACL:DLP" -- E -- ["EALMG"] = { title = { text = "pt:Esboço de um atlas lingüístico de Minas Gerais", translation = "Draft of a linguistic atlas of Minas Gerais" }, year = "1977", author = { { text = "Ribeiro, José", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "Zágari, Mario Roberto Lobuglio", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "Passini, José", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "Gaio, Antônio Pereira", type = "coordinator" }, }, publishers = { { location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "pt:|Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa", }, { location = "Juiz de Fora", publisher = "Federal University of Juiz de Fora|UFJF", }, }, volumes = { { number = "I", }, { number = "II", }, { number = "III", }, { number = "IV", }, }, header = "AtlasSEBR" }, ["Espírito Santo:1993"] = { title = { text = "pt:Dicionário Fenício-Português", translation = "Phoenician-Portuguese Dictionary" }, author = "pt:|Espírito Santo, Moisés", year = "1993", publisher = "|NOVA University Lisbon", location = "Lisbon", edition = "2nd", link = { gb = "r7L9mQEACAAJ" }, header = "Etymology" }, ["Encarnação:2010"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas semântico-lexical de Caraguatatuba, Ilhabela, São Sebastião e Ubatuba - municípios do litoral norte de São Paulo", translation = "Semantic-lexical atlas of Caraguatatuba, Ilhabela, São Sebastião and Ubatuba - north coast of São Paulo municipalities" }, author = "Encarnação, Márcia Regina Teixeira da", year = "2010", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "USP", page_url = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-18102010-144550/publico/2010_MarciaReginaTeixeiradaEncarnacao.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "-1" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-18102010-144550/pt-br.php", doi = "10.11606/T.8.2010.tde-18102010-144550" }, header = "AtlasSP" }, -- F -- ["Ferreira:2006"] = { title = { text = "pt:Municípios paranaenses: origens e significados de seus nomes", translation = "Minicipalities of Paraná: the origin and meaning of their names" }, author = "Ferreira, João Carlos Vicente", year = "2006", publisher = "Secretaria de Estado da Cultura", location = "Curitiba", series = { name = "Paraná da Gente", number = "5" }, link = { url = "https://www.iat.pr.gov.br/sites/agua-terra/arquivos_restritos/files/documento/2020-07/origens_significados_nomes_municipios_pr.pdf" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.iat.pr.gov.br/sites/agua-terra/arquivos_restritos/files/documento/2020-07/origens_significados_nomes_municipios_pr.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "-3" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Etymology" }, ["Figueiredo:2019"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico pluridimensional do português paulista: níveis semântico-lexical e fonético-fonológico do vernáculo da região do Médio Tietê", translation = "Pluridimensional linguistic atlas of Paulista Portuguese: semantic-lexical and phonetic-phonological levels of the vernacular in Médio Tietê region" }, author = "Figueiredo Junior, Selmo Ribeiro", year = "2018", published_year = "2019", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "USP", volumes = { { volume = "I", title = { text = "pt:Prolegômenos e análises", translation = "Prolegomena and analyses" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12072019-155328/publico/2019_SelmoRibeiroFigueiredoJunior_Tomo01_VCorr.pdf" }, }, { volume = "II", title = { text = "pt:Atlas semântico-lexical", translation = "Semantic-lexical atlas" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12072019-155328/publico/2019_SelmoRibeiroFigueiredoJunior_Tomo02_VCorr.pdf" }, }, { volume = "III", title = { text = "pt:Atlas fonético-fonológico", translation = "Phonetic-phonological atlas" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12072019-155328/publico/2019_SelmoRibeiroFigueiredoJunior_Tomo03_VCorr.pdf" }, }, { volume = "IV", title = { text = "pt:Corpora (parte 1)", translation = "Corpora (part 1)" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12072019-155328/publico/2019_SelmoRibeiroFigueiredoJunior_Tomo04_VCorr.pdf" }, }, { volume = "V", title = { text = "pt:Corpora (parte 2)", translation = "Corpora (part 2)" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12072019-155328/publico/2019_SelmoRibeiroFigueiredoJunior_Tomo05_VCorr.pdf" }, }, { volume = "VI", title = { text = "pt:Epílogo e adendos", translation = "Epilogue and addendums" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12072019-155328/publico/2019_SelmoRibeiroFigueiredoJunior_Tomo06_VCorr.pdf" }, }, }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12072019-155328/pt-br.php", doi = "10.11606/T.8.2019.tde-12072019-155328", }, header = "AtlasSP" }, -- G -- -- H -- ["Houaiss"] = { -- online version title = { text = "pt:Dicionário Eletrônico Houaiss", translation = "Houaiss Eletronic Dictionary", pedia = "Houaiss Dictionary of the Portuguese Language" }, year = "2004–present", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Universo Online|UOL", link = { url = "https://houaiss.uol.com.br/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, -- I -- ["Infopédia"] = { alias = {"Infopédia"}, title = { text = "pt:|Dicionário Infopédia da Lingua Portuguesa", translation = "Infopédia Dictionary of the Portuguese Language", }, year = "2003–present", location = "Porto", publisher = "|Porto Editora", link = { url = "https://www.infopedia.pt/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- ["Lopes:1889"] = { title = { text = "pt:|Neologismos indispensaveis e barbarismos dispensaveis: com um vocabulario neologico portuguez", translation = "Indispensable neologisms and disposable barbarisms: with a Portuguese neologic vocabulary" }, author = "Lopes, Antônio de Castro", location = "Rio de Janeiro", editions = { { --1 -- year = "1889", publisher = "Typ. de G. Leuzinger & Filhos", link = { ia = "NeologismosIndispensaveisEBarbarismos", gb = "l7pHAQAAMAAJ", url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Neologismos_indispensaveis_e_barbarismos_dispensaveis" }, page_url = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina:Neologismos_indispensaveis_e_barbarismos.pdf/$PAGE$", set_page = "+44" }, }, { -- 2 -- id = "Lopes:1909", year = "1909", author = { text = "Lopes, Domingos de Castro", type = "editor" }, publisher = "Francisco Alves", link = { ia = "neologismos-castro-lopes-2", url = "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/7977" }, page_url = { ia = true, }, }, }, header = "Etymology", }, ["Lopes:1993"] = { title = { text = "pt:Dicionário Banto do Brasil: repertório etimológico de vocábulos brasileiros originários do centro, sul, leste e sudoeste africanos", translation = "Bantu Dictionary of Brazil: etymological repetoire of Brazilian terms originating in Central, South, East and Southeast Africa" -- not literal translation }, author = "pt:|Lopes, Nei", year = "1993–1995", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro", link = { oclc = "252794191" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Etymology" }, ["Lopes:2012"] = { title = { text = "pt:Novo Dicionário Banto do Brasil: contendo mais de 250 propostas etimológicas acolhidas pelo Dicionário Houaiss", translation = "New Bantu Dictionary of Brazil: containing more than 250 proposed etymologies compiled by Houaiss Dictionary" }, author = "pt:|Lopes, Nei", year = "2012", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Editora Pallas", link = { isbn = "9788534703482", oclc = "817738983" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Etymology" }, -- M -- ["Michaelis"] = { title = { text = "pt:Michaelis|Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa", translation = "Michaelis Brazilian Dictionary of the Portuguese Language", }, author = { { text = "Trevisan, R.", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "Weiszflog, W.", type = "editor" } }, year = "2015–present", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Editora Melhoramentos", link = { isbn = "978-85-06-04024-9", url = "https://michaelis.uol.com.br/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, -- N -- ["Nascentes:1932"] = { -- Public domain title = { text = "pt:Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa", translation = "Etymological dictionary of the Portuguese language" }, year = "1932", author = { "|Nascentes, Antenor" -- Preface by W. Meyermübke }, volume = "1", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = { "pt:Livraria Acadêmica", "pt:Livraria Francisco Alves", "pt:Livraria São José", "pt:Livros de Portugal", }, link = { gb = "NLotAAAAIAAJ", ia = "AntenorNascentesDicionaroEtimologicoDaLinguaPortuguesaTomoI", -- OCLC: 1375348, 1414851624, 504800705, 709367955, 889356355, 949312564, 958980950 }, default_pagename = true, header = "Etymology" }, -- O -- -- P -- ["Papavero:2018"] = { title = { text = "pt:Sobre os nomes populares conferidos às espécies sul-americanas de ''Tapirus'' (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Tapiridae)", translation = "About the common names given to the South American species of ''Tapirus'' (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Tapiridae)" }, author = "Papavero, Nelson", year = "2018", journal = { name = "Arquivos de Zoologia", number = "49(1)", pages = "1-112" }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "University of São Paulo|USP", link = { url = "https://revistas.usp.br/azmz/article/view/146857/146970", doi = "10.11606/2176‑7793/2018.49.01", }, header = "Etymology", }, ["Pinto:1832"] = { -- Public domain title = { text = "pt:Diccionario da Lingua Brasileira", -- norm = "Dicionário da Língua Brasileira", translation = "Dictionary of the Brazilian Language" }, author = "Pinto, Luís Maria da Silva", year = "1832", location = "Typographia de Silva", publisher = "Ouro Preto", link = { url = { "https://www.bbm.usp.br/pt-br/dicionarios/diccionario-da-lingua-brasileira/", "https://bdlb.bn.gov.br/acervo/handle/20.500.12156.3/46568" } }, header = "Historical" }, ["PDLP"] = { title = "pt:|Portal da Língua Portuguesa", year = "2008", author = { "Correia, Margarita", -- (since 2010) "Ashby, Simone", -- (2009-2010) "Janssen, Maarten", -- (2008-2009) }, publisher = "pt:|Centro de Estudos de Linguística Geral e Aplicada", -- (CELGA-ILTEC) -- Previously "Instituto de Linguística Teórica e Computacional" (ILTEC) -- Support from: -- * Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia -- * Universidade de Lisboa -- * Universidade Nova de Lisboa -- * Observatório de Neologia do Português -- * Porto Editora -- * Agência Lusa link = { url = "http://www.portaldalinguaportuguesa.org/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Vocabulary" }, ["Priberam"] = { alias = {"DPLP", "DPLO"}, title = { text = "pt:|Dicionário Priberam da Lingua Portuguesa", -- Previously "Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa On-Line" translation = "Priberam Dictionary of the Portuguese Language" }, year = "2008–present", location = "Lisbon", publisher = "Priberam", link = { url = "https://dicionario.priberam.org/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, -- Q -- -- R -- ["Rubim:1853"] = { -- Public domain title = "Vocabulario brasileiro para servir de complemento aos diccionarios da lingua portugueza", author = "Rubim, Braz da Costa", year = "1853", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Emp. Typ. Dous de Dezembro de Paula Brito / Impressor da Casa Imperial", link = { url = "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/3886" }, -- 80 p. header = "Historical", }, -- S -- ["Sinônimos"] = { alias = {"Sinonimos"}, title = { text = "pt:Dicio – Dicionário Online de Sinônimos", translation = "Dicio – Online Dictionary of Synonyms" }, year = "2011–present", location = "Porto", publisher = "7Graus", link = { url = "https://www.sinonimos.com.br/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Thesaurus" }, ["Silva:DLP"] = { -- Public domain title = { text = "pt:Diccionario da Lingua Portugueza", -- norm = "Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa", translation = "Dictionary of the Portuguese Language" }, author = "pt:|Silva, António de Morais", -- Listed as "Antonio de Moraes Silva" first_edition = "1789", editions = { { edition = "1st", author = { "pt:|Bluteau, Rafeal", "pt:|Silva, António de Morais", }, year = "1789", location = "Lisbon", publisher = "Officina de Simão Thaddeo Ferreira", volumes = { { volume = "1", title = "A–K", link = { url = { "https://www.cepese.pt/portal/pt/bases-de-dados/dicionario/pdf/dicionario-morais-a-k.pdf", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/view/?45000008422" } } }, { volume = "1", title = "L–Z", link = { url = { "https://www.cepese.pt/portal/pt/bases-de-dados/dicionario/pdf/dicionario-morais-l-z.pdf" } } } } }, -- Edition information from <https://web.archive.org/web/20080321221750/http://www.ibilce.unesp.br/~horta/dicionario/verbete%20dicionario%20da%20lingua%20portuguesa%20moraes%20silva.htm> { edition = "2nd", year = "1813" }, { edition = "3rd", year = "1823" }, { edition = "4th", year = "1831" }, { edition = "5th", year = "1844" }, { edition = "6th", year = "1858" }, { edition = "7th", year = "1877/1878" }, { edition = "8th", year = "1890", volumes = { { volume = "1", title = "A–E", location = { "Rio de Janeiro", "Lisbon" }, publisher = { "Empreza Litteraria Fluminense" -- Owned by "A. A. da Silva Lobo" }, link = { url = "https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/handle/id/242523" }, }, -- TODO: Missing volumes for F–Z }, }, { edition = "9th", -- no date }, }, header = "Historical" }, ["Silva:2012"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico do centro-oeste potiguar", translation = "Linguistic atlas of Center-Western Rio Grande do Norte" }, author = "Silva, Moisés Batista da", year = "2012", location = "Fortaleza", publisher = "Universidade Federal do Ceará", link = { url = "http://repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/8253" }, header = "AtlasNEBR" }, ["Silveira Bueno:1998"] = { title = { text = "pt:Dicionário escolar Silveira Bueno", translation = "Silveira Bueno Scholarly Dictionary" }, author = "pt:Silveira Bueno|Francisco de Silveira Bueno", year = "", edition = "23rd", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Ediouro", link = { ia = "isbn_9788500310690", isbn = "9788500310690", -- oclc = "1035898190" (22nd edition?) }, header = "Monolingual" }, -- T -- ["Taunay:1914"] = { -- Public domain title = { text = "pt:Lexico de lacunas: subsidios para os diccionarios da lingua portugueza", -- norm = "pt:Léxico de lacunas: subsídios para os dicionários da língua portuguesa", translation = "Lacuna Lexicon: subsidies for the dictionaries of the Portuguese language" }, author = "|Taunay, Afonso d'Escragnolle", -- Listed as "Affonso D'E. Taunay" year = "1914", -- volume = "16", location = "Tours", publisher = "Imprimiere E. Arrault et C<sup>ie</sup>", link = { url = { "https://www.bbm.usp.br/pt-br/dicionarios/lexico-de-lacunas-subsidios-para-os-diccionarios-da-lingua-portugueza/" } }, -- 223 p. header = "Historical" }, -- U -- -- V -- ["Viana:1914"] = { alias = {"VORLP"}, title = "Vocabulário Ortográfico e Remissivo da Língua Portuguesa", edition = "3rd", author = "Aniceto dos Reis Gonçalves Viana|Viana, Aniceto Reis Gonçalves", location = { -- Aillaud "Paris", -- Bertrand "Lisbon", -- Francisco Alves "Belo Horizonte", "Rio de Janeiro", "São Paulo", }, publisher = { "pt:Livraria Aillaud", "pt:|Livraria Bertrand", "pt:Francisco Alves (livraria)|Livraria Francisco Alves" }, link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Vocabul%C3%A1rio_ortogr%C3%A1fico_e_remissivo_da_l%C3%ADngua_portuguesa" }, header = "Vocabulary" }, ["VOC"] = { -- Full citation from <https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=apresent> alias = {"VOCLP"}, title = "pt:|Vocabulário Ortográfico Comum da Língua Portuguesa", author = { { text = "Ferreira, José Pedro", type = "editor-in-chief" }, { text = "Correia, Margarita", type = "editor-in-chief" }, { text = "Almeida, Gladis de Barcellos", type = "editor-in-chief" }, }, location = "Praia", publisher = { -- CPLP { text = "pt:Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa", -- (IILP) translation = "International Portuguese Language Institute", pedia = "International Portuguese Language Institute" }, "Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa" }, link = { url = "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php" }, entry_url = "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?sel=exact&action=simplesearch&base=form&query=$ENTRY$", default_pagename = true, header = "Vocabulary" }, ["VOCALP"] = { -- Full citation from <https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=cv> title = { text = "pt:Vocabulário Ortográfico Cabo-Verdiano da Língua Portuguesa", translation = "Cabo Verdean Orthographic Vocabulary of the Portuguese Language" }, authors = { { text = "Monteiro, Adelaide", type = "coordinator" } }, year = "2017", location = "Praia", publisher = "|University of Cape Verde", link = { "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=cv" }, entry_url = "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?sel=exact&action=simplesearch&base=form&query=$ENTRY$", header = "Vocabulary" }, -- "VOLP": see "ABL:VOLP" and "ACL:VOLP" ["VOMOLP"] = { -- Full citation from <https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=mz> title = { text = "pt:Vocabulário Ortográfico Moçambicano da Língua Portuguesa", translation = "Mozambican Orthographic Vocabulary of the Portuguese Language" }, authors = { { text = "Machungo, Inês", type = "coordinator" } }, year = "2017", location = "Maputo", publisher = "Cátedra de Português Língua Segunda e Estrangeira", link = { "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=mz" }, entry_url = "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?sel=exact&action=simplesearch&base=form&query=$ENTRY$", header = "Vocabulary" }, ["VOTL"] = { -- Full citation from <https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=tl> title = { text = "pt:Vocabulário Ortográfico de Timor-Leste", translation = "Orthographic Vocabulary of Timor-Leste" }, authors = { { text = "Costa, Luís", type = "coordinator" } }, year = "2017", location = "Dili", publisher = "Instituto Nacional de Linguística", link = { "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=cv" }, entry_url = "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?sel=exact&action=simplesearch&base=form&query=$ENTRY$", header = "Vocabulary" }, -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- }, headers = [[ ===Etymology=== $Etymology$ ===Grammars=== $Grammar$ ===Dictionaries=== ====Monolingual==== $Monolingual$ ====Historical==== $Historical$ ===Thesaurus=== $Thesaurus$ ===Vocabularies=== $Vocabulary$ ===Linguistic atlases=== $Atlas$ ====Central-West Brazil==== $AtlasCOBR$ ====North Brazil==== $AtlasNBR$ =====Amazonas===== $AtlasAM$ ====Northeast Brazil==== $AtlasNEBR$ ====Southeast Brazil==== $AtlasSEBR$ =====São Paulo===== $AtlasSP$ ====South Brazil==== $AtlasSBR$ ===Other=== $Other$ ]] } 5e3fjv3720n2d749j0h4l02uoy2ybr5 9944338 9944272 2026-10-14T21:01:50Z TongcyDai 53191 維基百科連結本地化（7 處改連中文維基百科條目、26 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944338 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- ["ABL:DLP"] = { -- online version title = { text = "pt:Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa", -- (DLP) translation = "Dictionary of the Portuguese Language" }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "巴西文学院|Brazilian Academy of Letters", -- (Academia Brasileira de Letras; ABL) link = { url = "http://servbib.academia.org.br/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, ["ABL:VOLP"] = { -- Full citation from <https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=ficha> title = "pt:|Vocabulário Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa", edition = "6th", author = { { text = "en:|Bechara, Evanildo", type = "coordinator" } -- * Shahira Daoud -- * Débora Garcia Restom -- * Feiga Fiszon Eugénio dos Santos -- * Ângela Barros Montez -- * Claudio Mello Sobrinho -- * João Felipe Cordeiro Mendes }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "巴西文学院|Brazilian Academy of Letters", -- (Academia Brasileira de Letras; ABL) link = { url = { "https://www.academia.org.br/nossa-lingua/vocabulario-ortografico", "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=br" } }, default_pagename = true, header = "Vocabulary" }, ["ACL:DLP"] = { -- online version -- Full citation from <https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt/perguntas-frequentes/> alias = {"DLP-ACL"}, -- Backwards compatibility title = { text = "pt:Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa", -- (DLP) translation = "Dictionary of the Portuguese Language" }, year = "2023–present", author = { { text = "Salgado, Ana", type = "coordinator" }, }, location = "Lisbon", publisher = { -- ACL/ILLLP "里斯本科学院|Lisbon Academy of Sciences", -- (Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, ACL) { text = "pt:Instituto de Lexicologia e Lexicografia da Língua Portuguesa", -- (ILLLP) translation = "Institute of Lexicology and Lexicography of the Portuguese Language" } }, link = { url = "https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt/" }, entry_url = "https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt/pesquisa/?word=$ENTRY$", default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, ["ACL:VOLP"] = { title = "pt:|Vocabulário Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa", edition = "2nd", authors = { { text = "Correia, Margarita", type = "organizer" }, { text = "Ferreira, José Pedro", type = "organizer" } }, year = "2017–present", location = "Coimbra", publisher = { "pt:|Centro de Estudos de Linguística Geral e Aplicada", -- (CELGA-ILTEC) "科英布拉大學|University of Coimbra" -- (UC) }, link = { url = { "https://vocabulario.acad-ciencias.pt/", "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=pt" } }, header = "Vocabulary" }, ["AFBAM"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas dos falares do baixo Amazonas", translation = "Atlas of the dialects of Lower Amazonas" }, year = "2011", author = "Brito, Roseanny Melo de", publisher = "Universidade Federal do Amazonas", location = "Manaus", volume = "II", link = { url = "https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2355" }, header = "AtlasAM" }, ["AGeLO"] = { alias = { "Romano:2012" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas geossociolinguístico de Londrina: um estudo em tempo real e tempo aparente", translation = "Geo-sociolinguistic atlas of Londrina: a study in real time and apparent time" }, author = "Romano, Valter Pereira", year = "2012", location = "Londrina", publisher = "en:State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", -- (EDUEL) link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/handle/123456789/13277" }, header = "AtlasSBR" }, ["ALAC"] = { title = { text = "Atlas etnolinguístico do Acre – ALAC: fronteiras léxicas", translation = "Ethnolinguistic atlas of Acre – ALAC: lexical frontiers" }, year = "2018", author = "Karlberg, Luísa Galvão Lessa", location = "Rio Branco", publisher = "Edufac", link = { -- URL from <http://www2.ufac.br/editora/menu/livros-digitais> isbn = "978-85-98499-96-3", url = "http://www2.ufac.br/editora/livros/atlasetnolinguisticodoacre.pdf" }, page_url = "http://www2.ufac.br/editora/livros/atlasetnolinguisticodoacre.pdf#page=$PAGE$", header = "AtlasNBR" }, ["ALAP"] = { title = { text = "Atlas linguístico do Amapá", translation = "Linguistic atlas of Amapá" }, year = "2017", author = { "Razky, Abdelhak", "Ribeiro, Celeste Maria da Rocha", "Sanches, Romário Duarte" }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Labrador", link = { isbn = "978-85-93058-24-0" }, header = "AtlasNBR" }, ["ALEAç"] = { alias = { "ALEAc" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas Linguístico-Etnográfico dos Açores", translation = "Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of the Azores" }, author = { { text = "João Saramago", type = "investigator"}, }, publishers = { { location = "Lisbon", publisher = "pt:|pt:Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa" -- (CLUL) }, { location = "Angra do Heroísmo", publisher = "pt:Direcção Regional da Cultura da Região Autónoma dos Açores", } }, -- volumes = { -- { -- paperback -- volume = "1", -- year = "2001" -- Republished "2008", -- author = { -- "Manuela Barros Ferreira", -- "João Saramago", -- "Luísa Segura", -- "Gabriela Vitorino" -- }, -- title = "pt:Atlas Linguístico-Etnográfico dos Açores: A criação de gado", -- location = "Lisbon", -- publisher = "Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda", -- (INCM) -- link = { isbn = "978-972-27-1593-5", }, -- }, -- }, link = { url = "https://www.culturacores.azores.gov.pt/alea/Default.aspx" }, header = "Atlas" }, ["Alencar:1865"] = { title = { text = "Iracema: Lenda do Ceará", translation = "Iracema: Legend from Ceará" }, year = "1865", author = "若澤·德·阿倫卡爾|Alencar, José de", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Typ. de Viana e Filhos", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Iracema" }, page_url = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Página:Iracema_-_lenda_do_Ceará.djvu/$PAGE$", set_page = "+ 20" }, header = "Other" }, ["ALERS"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico-etnográfico da Região Sul do Brasil", translation = "Linguistic and ethnographic atlas of the South Region of Brazil" }, publishers = { { location = "Porto Alegre", publisher = "Editora da UFRGS" }, { location = "Florianópolis", publisher = "en:Federal University of Santa Catarina|EdUFSC", }, }, volumes = { { volume = "1", title = { text = "pt:Cartas fonéticas e morfossintáticas", translation = "Phonetic and morphosyntactic charts" }, first_edition = "2002", year = "2011", edition = "2nd", authors = { { text = "Walter, Koch", type = "organizer" }, { text = "Altenhofen, Cléo Vilson", type = "organizer" }, { text = "Klassmann, Mário Silfredo", type = "organizer" }, }, link = { url = "http://hdl.handle.net/10183/232185", -- isbn = { -- "978-85-386-0132-6", -- (UFRGS) -- "978-85-328-0557-7" -- (UFSC) -- } }, }, { volume = "2", title = { text = "pt:Cartas semântico-lexicais", translation = "Semantic-lexical charts" }, year = "2011", authors = { { text = "Altenhofen, Cléo Vilson", type = "organizer" }, { text = "Klassmann, Mário Silfredo", type = "organizer" }, }, link = { url = "http://hdl.handle.net/10183/232162", -- isbn = { -- "978-85-386-0133-3", -- (UFRGS) -- "978-85-328-0558-4" -- (UFSC) -- } }, }, }, header = "AtlasSBR" }, ["ALFAMA"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas Linguístico dos Falares de Manaus", translation = "Linguistic Atlas of the Dialects of Manaus" }, year = "2018", author = "Cardoso, Leticia Pinto", publisher = "Universidade Federal do Amazonas", location = "Manaus", link = { url = "https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/6724" }, header = "AtlasAM" }, ["ALFARiN"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico dos falares do alto rio Negro", translation = "Linguistic atlas of the dialects of Upper Rio Negro" }, year = "2012", author = "Justiniano, Jeiviane dos Santos", publisher = "Universidade Federal do Amazonas", location = "Manaus", link = { url = "https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2372" }, header = "AtlasAM" }, ["ALiB"] = { -- Official title translations at <https://alib.ufba.br/sites/alib.ufba.br/files/informacoes_em_ingles.pdf> alias = { "Aguilera et al:2014" }, title = { text = "pt:Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil|Atlas Linguístico do Brasil", translation = "Linguistic Atlas of Brazil" }, author = { text = "pt:|Aguilera, Vanderci de Andrade", type = "organizer" }, year = { "2014", -- 2018 (ebook) }, location = "Londrina", publisher = "en:State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", -- (EDUEL) volumes = { { volume = "1", author = { "Suzana Alice Marcelino da Silva Cardoso", "Jacyra Andrade Mota", "Vanderci de Andrade Aguilera", "Maria do Socorro Silva de Aragão", "Aparecida Negri Isquerdo", "Abdelhak Razky", "Felício Wessling Margotti", "Cléo Vilson Altenhofen" }, title = { text = "pt:Introdução", translation = "Introduction" }, link = { isbn = "978-85-7216-705-5" }, -- 212 p. }, { volume = "2", author = { "Suzana Alice Marcelino da Silva Cardoso", "Jacyra Andrade Mota", "Vanderci de Andrade Aguilera", "Maria do Socorro Silva de Aragão", "Aparecida Negri Isquerdo", "Abdelhak Razky", "Felício Wessling Margotti" }, title = { text = "pt:Cartas linguísticas", translation = "Linguistic charts" }, link = { isbn = "978-85-7216-709-3" }, -- 368 p. }, }, link = { url = "https://alib.ufba.br/atlas-nacionais" }, header = "Atlas" }, ["Alingo"] = { alias = { "Milano:2015" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico de Goiás: léxico-fonético", translation = "Linguistic atlas of Goiás: lexical and phonetic" }, author = "Milani, Sebastião Elias", year = "2015", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Barra Livros", link = { isbn = "978-85-64530-17-1" }, header = "AtlasCOBR" }, ["ALiNPiPR"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico do norte pioneiro do Paraná", translation = "Linguistic atlas of the 'Pioneer North' of Paraná" }, year = "2022", author = "Ribeiro, Thiago Leonardo", location = "Londrina", publisher = "en:State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/handle/123456789/9098" }, header = "AtlasSBR" }, ["ALiPE"] = { alias = { "Sá:2013", "Sa:2013" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas Linguístico de Pernambuco", translation = "Linguistic Atlas of Pernambuco" }, author = "Sá, Edmilson José de", year = "2013", location = "João Pessoa", publish9er = "pt:Editora UFPB", page_url = { url = "https://repositorio.ufpb.br/jspui/bitstream/tede/6279/1/arquivototal.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+1" }, link = { url = "https://repositorio.ufpb.br/jspui/handle/tede/6279" }, header = "AtlasNEBR" }, ["ALiPTG"] = { alias = { "Pereira:2007" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas geolingüístico do litoral potiguar", translation = "Geolinguistic atlas of the coast of Rio Grande do Norte" }, author = "Pereira, Maria das Neves", year = "2007", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Federal University of Rio de Janeiro", volumes = { { number = 1 }, { number = 2, title = { text = "pt:Cartas lingüísticas", translation = "Linguistic charts" }, }, }, link = { url = "https://alib.ufba.br/sites/alib.ufba.br/files/pereiramn.pdf" }, header = "AtlasNEBR" }, ["ALITTETO"] = { -- 🔻🔴🔻 alias = { "Silva:2018" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico topodinâmico e topoestático do estado do Tocantins", translation = "Topodynamic and topostatic linguistic atlas of Tocantins State" }, author = "Silva, Greize Alves da", year = "2018", location = "Londrina", publisher = "en:State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", -- (EDUEL) link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/handle/123456789/11056" }, header = "AtlasNBR" }, ["ALMASPE"] = { alias = { "Almeida:2009" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas Linguístico da Mata Sul de Pernambuco", translation = "Linguistic Atlas of Pernambuco's Mata Sul Region" }, author = "Almeida, Edilene Maria Oliveira de", year = "2009", location = "João Pessoa", publisher = "UFPB", page_url = { url = "https://repositorio.ufpb.br/jspui/bitstream/tede/6307/1/arquivototal.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+12" }, link = { url = "https://repositorio.ufpb.br/jspui/handle/tede/6307" }, header = "AtlasNEBR" }, ["ALPB"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas lingüístico da Paraíba", translation = "Linguistic atlas of Paraíba" }, year = "1984", author = { { text = "Aragão, Maria do Socorro Silva de", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "Menezes, Cleusa Palmeira Bezerra de", type = "coordinator" }, }, publishers = { { location = "João Pessoa", publisher = "en:|Federal University of Paraíba", }, { location = "Brasília", publisher = "en:National Council for Scientific and Technological Development|CNPq", }, }, volumes = { { number = "1", title = { text = "pt:Cartas léxicas e fonéticas", translation = "Lexical and phonetic charts" }, }, { number = "2", title = { text = "pt:Análise das formas e estruturas lingüísticas encontradas", translation = "Analisis of the forms and linguistic structures found" }, }, }, header = "AtlasNEBR" }, ["ALPR II"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas lingüístico do Paraná", translation = "Linguistic atlas of Paraná" }, year = "2007", author = "Altino, Fabiane Cristina", location = "Londrina", publisher = "en:State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/handle/123456789/10711" }, header = "AtlasSBR" }, ["ALSAM"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico do sul amazonense", translation = "Linguistic atlas of Southern Amazonas" }, year = "2018", author = "Maia, Edson Galvão", location = "Londrina", publisher = "en:State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", volumes = { { volume = "I", title = { text = "pt:Tese", translation = "Thesis" }, }, { volume = "II", title = { text = "pt:Cartas fonéticas", translation = "Phonetic charts" }, }, { volume = "III", title = { text = "pt:Cartas semântico-lexicais", translation = "Semantic-lexical charts" }, }, }, link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/handle/123456789/9731" }, header = "AtlasAM" }, ["ALSCE"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas Linguístico dos Sertões Cearenses", translation = "Linguistic Atlas of Ceará's Sertão" }, year = "2019", author = "Lima, Fabiana dos Santos", location = "Fortaleza", publisher = "en:Federal University of Ceará|UFC", link = { url = "https://repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/51759" }, header = "AtlasNEBR" }, ["ALSFS"] = { alias = "Guimarães:2008", title = { text = "pt:Para um atlas lingüístico de São Francisco do Sul (ALSFS): há nesta ilha um falar específico?", translation = "For a linguistic atlas of São Francisco do Sul (ALSFS): is there a specific speech in this island?" }, year = "2008", author = "Guimarães, Tânia Braga", location = "Londrina", publisher = "en:State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", -- (EDUEL) link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/srv-c0003-s01/api/core/bitstreams/c56d7f3a-de6b-4214-aeb6-da45ba60098e/content" }, page_url= { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/srv-c0003-s01/api/core/bitstreams/c56d7f3a-de6b-4214-aeb6-da45ba60098e/content#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+21" }, header = "AtlasSBR" }, ["ALTOSP"] = { alias = { "Santos-Ikeuchi:2014" }, title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico topodinâmico do oeste de São Paulo", translation = "Topo-dynamic linguistic atlas of Western São Paulo" }, author = "Santos-Ikeuchi, Ariane Cardoso dos", year = "2014", location = "Londrina", publisher = "en:State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", -- (EDUEL) link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/handle/123456789/10353" }, header = "AtlasSP" }, ["ALTTI"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico topodinâmico do território incaracterístico", translation = "Linguistic atlas of the uncharacteristic territory" }, year = "2015", author = "Cuba, Marigilda Antônio", location = "Londrina", publisher = "en:State University of Londrina|pt:Editora da Universidade Estadual de Londrina", link = { url = "https://repositorio.uel.br/handle/123456789/15470" }, header = "AtlasCOBR" }, ["AMPRINES"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas Morfossintático de parte da microrregião do Rio Negro-Solimões", translation = "Morphosyntactic Atlas of part of the Rio Negro-Solimões Microregion" }, year = "2018", author = " Medeiros, Josué Cordovil", publisher = "Universidade Federal do Amazonas", location = "Manaus", link = { url = "https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/6740" }, header = "AtlasAM" }, ["AMSIMA"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas Morfossintático da Microrregião do Madeira", translation = "Morphosyntactic Atlas of the Madeira Microregion" }, year = "2017", author = "Tavares, Liliane Sampaio", publisher = "Universidade Federal do Amazonas", location = "Manaus", link = { url = "https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/6100" }, header = "AtlasAM" }, ["ASELVI"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas semântico-lexical do Vale do Itajaí/SC", translation = "Semantic-lexical atlas of the Itajaí Valley/SC" }, year = "2024", author = "Bitencourt, Greise Schmitz de", location = "Florianópolis", publisher = "en:Federal University of Santa Catarina|EdUFSC", link = { url = "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/264065" }, header = "AtlasSBR" }, ["ASL-BBS"] = { alias = "Câmara:2023", title = { text = "pt:Atlas semântico-lexical de Balneário Barra do Sul - Santa Catarina", translation = "Semantic-lexical atlas of Balneário Barra do Sul - Santa Catarina" }, year = "2023", author = "Câmara, Ana Paula", location = "Florianópolis", publisher = "en:Federal University of Santa Catarina|EdUFSC", volumes = { { number = 1 }, { number = 2, title = { text = "pt:Cartas Introdutórias e linguísticas", translation = "Introdutory and linguistic charts" }, }, }, link = { url = "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/249979" }, header = "AtlasSBR" }, ["Antônimos"] = { alias = {"Antomimos"}, title = { text = "pt:Dicio – Dicionário Online de Antônimos", translation = "Dicio – Online Dictionary of Antonyms" }, year = "2011–present", location = "Porto", publisher = "7Graus", link = { url = "https://www.antonimos.com.br/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Thesaurus" }, ["Augusto:2012"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas semântico-lexical do estado de Goiás", translation = "Semantic-lexical atlas of the Goiás state" }, year = "2012", author = "Augusto, Vera Lúcia Dias dos Santos", publisher = "USP", location = "São Paulo", volumes = { { volume = "1", link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-09012013-114759/publico/2012_VeraLuciaDiasDosSantosAugusto_VCorr_Parte1.pdf" } }, { volume = "2", link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-09012013-114759/publico/2012_VeraLuciaDiasDosSantosAugusto_VCorr_Parte2.pdf" } }, { volume = "3", link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-09012013-114759/publico/2012_VeraLuciaDiasDosSantosAugusto_VCorr_Parte3.pdf" } }, }, link = { doi = "10.11606/T.8.2012.tde-09012013-114759" }, header = "AtlasCOBR" }, ["Aulete"] = { -- online version title = "pt:|Dicionário Aulete Digital", -- previously "iDicionário Aulete" year = "2008–present", -- Original version by Francisco Júlio de Caldas link = { url = "https://www.aulete.com.br/" }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Lexikon Editora Digital", default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, ["Avila:2021"] = { import_from = "yrl", header = "Etymology" }, -- B -- ["Bechara:2009"] = { title = { text = "pt:Moderna Gramática Portuguesa", translation = "Modern Portuguese Grammar" }, edition = "37th", author = "en:|Bechara, Evanildo", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Nova Fronteira", link = { isbn = "978-8-52-092318-4", oclc = "690669920" }, header = "Grammar" }, ["Bluteau:1712"] = { -- Public domain title = { text = "pt:|pt:Vocabulario Portuguez e Latino", -- Full title: "Vocabulario portuguez e latino, aulico, anatomico, architectonico, bellico, botanico, brasilico, comico, critico, chimico, dogmatico, dialectico, dendrologico, ecclesiastico, etymologico, economico, florifero, forense, fructifero, geographico, geometrico, gnomonico, hydrographico, homonymico, hierologico, ichtyologico, indico, isagogico, laconico, liturgico, lithologico, medico, musico, meteorologico, nautico, numerico, neoterico, ortographico, optico, ornithologico, poetico, philologico, pharmaceutico, quidditativo, qualitativo, quantitativo, rethorico, rustico, romano, symbolico, synonimico, syllabico, theologico, terapeutico, technologico, uranologico, xenophonico, zoologico, autorizado com exemplos dos melhores escritores portuguezes, e latinos" -- norm = "Vocabulário Português e Latino", translation = "Portuguese and Latin Vocabulary" }, year = "1712–1728", author = "pt:|Bluteau, Rafeal", location = "Coimbra", publisher = "Collegio das Artes da Companhia de Jesu", volumes = { { volume = "1", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2771-a/l-2771-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5446" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letter A." }, { volume = "2", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2772-a/l-2772-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5439" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters B–C." }, { volume = "3", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2773-a/l-2773-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5440" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters D–E." }, { volume = "4", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2774-a/l-2774-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5445" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters F–J." }, { volume = "5", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2775-a/l-2775-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5449" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters K–N." }, { volume = "6", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2776-a/l-2776-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5442" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters O–P." }, { volume = "7", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2777-a/l-2777-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5443" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters Q–S." }, { volume = "8", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2778-a/l-2778-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5441" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters T–Z." }, { volume = "9", title = "pt:Supplemento ao Vocabulario Portuguez e Latino: Parte I", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2779-a/l-2779-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5448" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters A–L." }, { volume = "10", title = "pt:Supplemento ao Vocabulario Portuguez e Latino: Parte II", link = { url = { "https://purl.pt/13969/4/l-2790-a/l-2790-a_item4/index.html", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/5447" } }, note = "Listing terms for the letters M–Z." }, }, link = { url = "https://purl.pt/13969" }, note = "First Portuguese dictionary with over 43.6 thousand entries, predecessor of Silva's ''{{lang|pt|Diccionario da Lingua Portugueza}}'' (1789).", header = "Historical", }, -- C -- ["Cristianini:2007"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas semântico-lexical da região do Grande ABC", translation = "Semantic-Lexical Atlas of the ABC Region" }, author = "Cristianini, Adriana Cristina", year = "2010", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "USP", page_url = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-28012008-115533/publico/TESE_ADRIANA_CRISTINA_CRISTIANINI.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "-24" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-28012008-115533/pt-br.php", doi = "10.11606/T.8.2010.tde-18102010-144550" }, header = "AtlasSP" }, ["Cunha:DELP"] = { alias = {"DELP-Cunha"}, -- backwards compatability title = { text = "pt:Dicionário etimológico Nova Fronteira da língua portuguesa", translation = "Nova Fronteira etymological dictionary of the Portuguese language" }, editions = { { edition = "1st", year = "1982", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "pt:|Nova Fronteira", link = { -- lccn = "87103123", -- ol = "OL3112442M", -- lt = "585052" } }, { edition = "2nd", year = "1986", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "pt:|Nova Fronteira", link = { isbn = "9788520908464", -- lccn = "82220679", -- ol = "OL2419734M" oclc = "9196774" } }, { edition = "3rd", title = { text = "pt:Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa", translation = "Etymological dictionary of the Portuguese language" }, year = "2007", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "pt:Lexikon", link = { isbn = "978-85-86368-17-2" } }, { edition = "4th", title = { text = "pt:Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa", translation = "Etymological dictionary of the Portuguese language" }, year = "2010", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "pt:Lexikon", link = { gb = "h4yiODwAAQBAJ", isbn = "978-85-86368-63-9", oclc = "1026291764" } }, }, author = "pt:|Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "pt:|Nova Fronteira", link = { -- ol = "OL3203159W" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Etymology" }, -- D -- ["Dicio"] = { title = { text = "pt:Dicio – Dicionário Online de Português", translation = "Dicio – Online Portuguese Dictionary" }, year = "2009–present", location = "Porto", publisher = "7Graus", link = { url = "https://www.dicio.com.br/" }, entry_url = "https://www.dicio.com.br/pesquisa.php?q=$ENTRY$", default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, ["Dicionário Aberto"] = { -- TODO! -- Licensed CC BY-SA 2.5 PT title = "Dicionário Aberto", link = { url = "https://dicionario-aberto.net/" }, -- Based on "Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo" (1913) -- Support from: -- * Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal -- * Distributed Proofreaders -- * Página-a-Página -- * Natura entry_url = "https://dicionario-aberto.net/search/$ENTRY$", default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, ["Dicionário inFormal"] = { alias = {"inFormal", "DI"}, title = { text = "pt:Dicionário inFormal", translation = "inFormal Dictionary" }, year = "2006–present", link = { url = "https://www.dicionarioinformal.com.br/" }, entry_url = "https://www.dicionarioinformal.com.br/$ENTRY$", default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, ["DTA"] = { import_from = "tpw", header = "Etymology" }, -- "Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa": see "ABL:DLP" and "ACL:DLP" -- E -- ["EALMG"] = { title = { text = "pt:Esboço de um atlas lingüístico de Minas Gerais", translation = "Draft of a linguistic atlas of Minas Gerais" }, year = "1977", author = { { text = "Ribeiro, José", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "Zágari, Mario Roberto Lobuglio", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "Passini, José", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "Gaio, Antônio Pereira", type = "coordinator" }, }, publishers = { { location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "pt:|Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa", }, { location = "Juiz de Fora", publisher = "en:Federal University of Juiz de Fora|UFJF", }, }, volumes = { { number = "I", }, { number = "II", }, { number = "III", }, { number = "IV", }, }, header = "AtlasSEBR" }, ["Espírito Santo:1993"] = { title = { text = "pt:Dicionário Fenício-Português", translation = "Phoenician-Portuguese Dictionary" }, author = "pt:|Espírito Santo, Moisés", year = "1993", publisher = "里斯本新大學|NOVA University Lisbon", location = "Lisbon", edition = "2nd", link = { gb = "r7L9mQEACAAJ" }, header = "Etymology" }, ["Encarnação:2010"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas semântico-lexical de Caraguatatuba, Ilhabela, São Sebastião e Ubatuba - municípios do litoral norte de São Paulo", translation = "Semantic-lexical atlas of Caraguatatuba, Ilhabela, São Sebastião and Ubatuba - north coast of São Paulo municipalities" }, author = "Encarnação, Márcia Regina Teixeira da", year = "2010", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "USP", page_url = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-18102010-144550/publico/2010_MarciaReginaTeixeiradaEncarnacao.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "-1" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-18102010-144550/pt-br.php", doi = "10.11606/T.8.2010.tde-18102010-144550" }, header = "AtlasSP" }, -- F -- ["Ferreira:2006"] = { title = { text = "pt:Municípios paranaenses: origens e significados de seus nomes", translation = "Minicipalities of Paraná: the origin and meaning of their names" }, author = "Ferreira, João Carlos Vicente", year = "2006", publisher = "Secretaria de Estado da Cultura", location = "Curitiba", series = { name = "Paraná da Gente", number = "5" }, link = { url = "https://www.iat.pr.gov.br/sites/agua-terra/arquivos_restritos/files/documento/2020-07/origens_significados_nomes_municipios_pr.pdf" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.iat.pr.gov.br/sites/agua-terra/arquivos_restritos/files/documento/2020-07/origens_significados_nomes_municipios_pr.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "-3" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Etymology" }, ["Figueiredo:2019"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico pluridimensional do português paulista: níveis semântico-lexical e fonético-fonológico do vernáculo da região do Médio Tietê", translation = "Pluridimensional linguistic atlas of Paulista Portuguese: semantic-lexical and phonetic-phonological levels of the vernacular in Médio Tietê region" }, author = "Figueiredo Junior, Selmo Ribeiro", year = "2018", published_year = "2019", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "USP", volumes = { { volume = "I", title = { text = "pt:Prolegômenos e análises", translation = "Prolegomena and analyses" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12072019-155328/publico/2019_SelmoRibeiroFigueiredoJunior_Tomo01_VCorr.pdf" }, }, { volume = "II", title = { text = "pt:Atlas semântico-lexical", translation = "Semantic-lexical atlas" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12072019-155328/publico/2019_SelmoRibeiroFigueiredoJunior_Tomo02_VCorr.pdf" }, }, { volume = "III", title = { text = "pt:Atlas fonético-fonológico", translation = "Phonetic-phonological atlas" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12072019-155328/publico/2019_SelmoRibeiroFigueiredoJunior_Tomo03_VCorr.pdf" }, }, { volume = "IV", title = { text = "pt:Corpora (parte 1)", translation = "Corpora (part 1)" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12072019-155328/publico/2019_SelmoRibeiroFigueiredoJunior_Tomo04_VCorr.pdf" }, }, { volume = "V", title = { text = "pt:Corpora (parte 2)", translation = "Corpora (part 2)" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12072019-155328/publico/2019_SelmoRibeiroFigueiredoJunior_Tomo05_VCorr.pdf" }, }, { volume = "VI", title = { text = "pt:Epílogo e adendos", translation = "Epilogue and addendums" }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12072019-155328/publico/2019_SelmoRibeiroFigueiredoJunior_Tomo06_VCorr.pdf" }, }, }, link = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12072019-155328/pt-br.php", doi = "10.11606/T.8.2019.tde-12072019-155328", }, header = "AtlasSP" }, -- G -- -- H -- ["Houaiss"] = { -- online version title = { text = "pt:Dicionário Eletrônico Houaiss", translation = "Houaiss Eletronic Dictionary", pedia = "en:Houaiss Dictionary of the Portuguese Language" }, year = "2004–present", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "en:Universo Online|UOL", link = { url = "https://houaiss.uol.com.br/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, -- I -- ["Infopédia"] = { alias = {"Infopédia"}, title = { text = "pt:|Dicionário Infopédia da Lingua Portuguesa", translation = "Infopédia Dictionary of the Portuguese Language", }, year = "2003–present", location = "Porto", publisher = "en:|Porto Editora", link = { url = "https://www.infopedia.pt/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- ["Lopes:1889"] = { title = { text = "pt:|Neologismos indispensaveis e barbarismos dispensaveis: com um vocabulario neologico portuguez", translation = "Indispensable neologisms and disposable barbarisms: with a Portuguese neologic vocabulary" }, author = "Lopes, Antônio de Castro", location = "Rio de Janeiro", editions = { { --1 -- year = "1889", publisher = "Typ. de G. Leuzinger & Filhos", link = { ia = "NeologismosIndispensaveisEBarbarismos", gb = "l7pHAQAAMAAJ", url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Neologismos_indispensaveis_e_barbarismos_dispensaveis" }, page_url = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina:Neologismos_indispensaveis_e_barbarismos.pdf/$PAGE$", set_page = "+44" }, }, { -- 2 -- id = "Lopes:1909", year = "1909", author = { text = "Lopes, Domingos de Castro", type = "editor" }, publisher = "Francisco Alves", link = { ia = "neologismos-castro-lopes-2", url = "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/7977" }, page_url = { ia = true, }, }, }, header = "Etymology", }, ["Lopes:1993"] = { title = { text = "pt:Dicionário Banto do Brasil: repertório etimológico de vocábulos brasileiros originários do centro, sul, leste e sudoeste africanos", translation = "Bantu Dictionary of Brazil: etymological repetoire of Brazilian terms originating in Central, South, East and Southeast Africa" -- not literal translation }, author = "pt:|Lopes, Nei", year = "1993–1995", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro", link = { oclc = "252794191" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Etymology" }, ["Lopes:2012"] = { title = { text = "pt:Novo Dicionário Banto do Brasil: contendo mais de 250 propostas etimológicas acolhidas pelo Dicionário Houaiss", translation = "New Bantu Dictionary of Brazil: containing more than 250 proposed etymologies compiled by Houaiss Dictionary" }, author = "pt:|Lopes, Nei", year = "2012", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Editora Pallas", link = { isbn = "9788534703482", oclc = "817738983" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Etymology" }, -- M -- ["Michaelis"] = { title = { text = "pt:Michaelis|Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa", translation = "Michaelis Brazilian Dictionary of the Portuguese Language", }, author = { { text = "Trevisan, R.", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "Weiszflog, W.", type = "editor" } }, year = "2015–present", location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Editora Melhoramentos", link = { isbn = "978-85-06-04024-9", url = "https://michaelis.uol.com.br/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, -- N -- ["Nascentes:1932"] = { -- Public domain title = { text = "pt:Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa", translation = "Etymological dictionary of the Portuguese language" }, year = "1932", author = { "en:|Nascentes, Antenor" -- Preface by W. Meyermübke }, volume = "1", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = { "pt:Livraria Acadêmica", "pt:Livraria Francisco Alves", "pt:Livraria São José", "pt:Livros de Portugal", }, link = { gb = "NLotAAAAIAAJ", ia = "AntenorNascentesDicionaroEtimologicoDaLinguaPortuguesaTomoI", -- OCLC: 1375348, 1414851624, 504800705, 709367955, 889356355, 949312564, 958980950 }, default_pagename = true, header = "Etymology" }, -- O -- -- P -- ["Papavero:2018"] = { title = { text = "pt:Sobre os nomes populares conferidos às espécies sul-americanas de ''Tapirus'' (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Tapiridae)", translation = "About the common names given to the South American species of ''Tapirus'' (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Tapiridae)" }, author = "Papavero, Nelson", year = "2018", journal = { name = "Arquivos de Zoologia", number = "49(1)", pages = "1-112" }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "圣保罗大学|USP", link = { url = "https://revistas.usp.br/azmz/article/view/146857/146970", doi = "10.11606/2176‑7793/2018.49.01", }, header = "Etymology", }, ["Pinto:1832"] = { -- Public domain title = { text = "pt:Diccionario da Lingua Brasileira", -- norm = "Dicionário da Língua Brasileira", translation = "Dictionary of the Brazilian Language" }, author = "Pinto, Luís Maria da Silva", year = "1832", location = "Typographia de Silva", publisher = "Ouro Preto", link = { url = { "https://www.bbm.usp.br/pt-br/dicionarios/diccionario-da-lingua-brasileira/", "https://bdlb.bn.gov.br/acervo/handle/20.500.12156.3/46568" } }, header = "Historical" }, ["PDLP"] = { title = "pt:|Portal da Língua Portuguesa", year = "2008", author = { "Correia, Margarita", -- (since 2010) "Ashby, Simone", -- (2009-2010) "Janssen, Maarten", -- (2008-2009) }, publisher = "pt:|Centro de Estudos de Linguística Geral e Aplicada", -- (CELGA-ILTEC) -- Previously "Instituto de Linguística Teórica e Computacional" (ILTEC) -- Support from: -- * Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia -- * Universidade de Lisboa -- * Universidade Nova de Lisboa -- * Observatório de Neologia do Português -- * Porto Editora -- * Agência Lusa link = { url = "http://www.portaldalinguaportuguesa.org/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Vocabulary" }, ["Priberam"] = { alias = {"DPLP", "DPLO"}, title = { text = "pt:|Dicionário Priberam da Lingua Portuguesa", -- Previously "Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa On-Line" translation = "Priberam Dictionary of the Portuguese Language" }, year = "2008–present", location = "Lisbon", publisher = "Priberam", link = { url = "https://dicionario.priberam.org/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Monolingual" }, -- Q -- -- R -- ["Rubim:1853"] = { -- Public domain title = "Vocabulario brasileiro para servir de complemento aos diccionarios da lingua portugueza", author = "Rubim, Braz da Costa", year = "1853", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Emp. Typ. Dous de Dezembro de Paula Brito / Impressor da Casa Imperial", link = { url = "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/3886" }, -- 80 p. header = "Historical", }, -- S -- ["Sinônimos"] = { alias = {"Sinonimos"}, title = { text = "pt:Dicio – Dicionário Online de Sinônimos", translation = "Dicio – Online Dictionary of Synonyms" }, year = "2011–present", location = "Porto", publisher = "7Graus", link = { url = "https://www.sinonimos.com.br/" }, default_pagename = true, header = "Thesaurus" }, ["Silva:DLP"] = { -- Public domain title = { text = "pt:Diccionario da Lingua Portugueza", -- norm = "Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa", translation = "Dictionary of the Portuguese Language" }, author = "pt:|Silva, António de Morais", -- Listed as "Antonio de Moraes Silva" first_edition = "1789", editions = { { edition = "1st", author = { "pt:|Bluteau, Rafeal", "pt:|Silva, António de Morais", }, year = "1789", location = "Lisbon", publisher = "Officina de Simão Thaddeo Ferreira", volumes = { { volume = "1", title = "A–K", link = { url = { "https://www.cepese.pt/portal/pt/bases-de-dados/dicionario/pdf/dicionario-morais-a-k.pdf", "https://digital.bbm.usp.br/view/?45000008422" } } }, { volume = "1", title = "L–Z", link = { url = { "https://www.cepese.pt/portal/pt/bases-de-dados/dicionario/pdf/dicionario-morais-l-z.pdf" } } } } }, -- Edition information from <https://web.archive.org/web/20080321221750/http://www.ibilce.unesp.br/~horta/dicionario/verbete%20dicionario%20da%20lingua%20portuguesa%20moraes%20silva.htm> { edition = "2nd", year = "1813" }, { edition = "3rd", year = "1823" }, { edition = "4th", year = "1831" }, { edition = "5th", year = "1844" }, { edition = "6th", year = "1858" }, { edition = "7th", year = "1877/1878" }, { edition = "8th", year = "1890", volumes = { { volume = "1", title = "A–E", location = { "Rio de Janeiro", "Lisbon" }, publisher = { "Empreza Litteraria Fluminense" -- Owned by "A. A. da Silva Lobo" }, link = { url = "https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/handle/id/242523" }, }, -- TODO: Missing volumes for F–Z }, }, { edition = "9th", -- no date }, }, header = "Historical" }, ["Silva:2012"] = { title = { text = "pt:Atlas linguístico do centro-oeste potiguar", translation = "Linguistic atlas of Center-Western Rio Grande do Norte" }, author = "Silva, Moisés Batista da", year = "2012", location = "Fortaleza", publisher = "Universidade Federal do Ceará", link = { url = "http://repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/8253" }, header = "AtlasNEBR" }, ["Silveira Bueno:1998"] = { title = { text = "pt:Dicionário escolar Silveira Bueno", translation = "Silveira Bueno Scholarly Dictionary" }, author = "pt:Silveira Bueno|Francisco de Silveira Bueno", year = "", edition = "23rd", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Ediouro", link = { ia = "isbn_9788500310690", isbn = "9788500310690", -- oclc = "1035898190" (22nd edition?) }, header = "Monolingual" }, -- T -- ["Taunay:1914"] = { -- Public domain title = { text = "pt:Lexico de lacunas: subsidios para os diccionarios da lingua portugueza", -- norm = "pt:Léxico de lacunas: subsídios para os dicionários da língua portuguesa", translation = "Lacuna Lexicon: subsidies for the dictionaries of the Portuguese language" }, author = "en:|Taunay, Afonso d'Escragnolle", -- Listed as "Affonso D'E. Taunay" year = "1914", -- volume = "16", location = "Tours", publisher = "Imprimiere E. Arrault et C<sup>ie</sup>", link = { url = { "https://www.bbm.usp.br/pt-br/dicionarios/lexico-de-lacunas-subsidios-para-os-diccionarios-da-lingua-portugueza/" } }, -- 223 p. header = "Historical" }, -- U -- -- V -- ["Viana:1914"] = { alias = {"VORLP"}, title = "Vocabulário Ortográfico e Remissivo da Língua Portuguesa", edition = "3rd", author = "en:Aniceto dos Reis Gonçalves Viana|Viana, Aniceto Reis Gonçalves", location = { -- Aillaud "Paris", -- Bertrand "Lisbon", -- Francisco Alves "Belo Horizonte", "Rio de Janeiro", "São Paulo", }, publisher = { "pt:Livraria Aillaud", "pt:|Livraria Bertrand", "pt:Francisco Alves (livraria)|Livraria Francisco Alves" }, link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Vocabul%C3%A1rio_ortogr%C3%A1fico_e_remissivo_da_l%C3%ADngua_portuguesa" }, header = "Vocabulary" }, ["VOC"] = { -- Full citation from <https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=apresent> alias = {"VOCLP"}, title = "pt:|Vocabulário Ortográfico Comum da Língua Portuguesa", author = { { text = "Ferreira, José Pedro", type = "editor-in-chief" }, { text = "Correia, Margarita", type = "editor-in-chief" }, { text = "Almeida, Gladis de Barcellos", type = "editor-in-chief" }, }, location = "Praia", publisher = { -- CPLP { text = "pt:Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa", -- (IILP) translation = "International Portuguese Language Institute", pedia = "en:International Portuguese Language Institute" }, "Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa" }, link = { url = "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php" }, entry_url = "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?sel=exact&action=simplesearch&base=form&query=$ENTRY$", default_pagename = true, header = "Vocabulary" }, ["VOCALP"] = { -- Full citation from <https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=cv> title = { text = "pt:Vocabulário Ortográfico Cabo-Verdiano da Língua Portuguesa", translation = "Cabo Verdean Orthographic Vocabulary of the Portuguese Language" }, authors = { { text = "Monteiro, Adelaide", type = "coordinator" } }, year = "2017", location = "Praia", publisher = "en:|University of Cape Verde", link = { "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=cv" }, entry_url = "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?sel=exact&action=simplesearch&base=form&query=$ENTRY$", header = "Vocabulary" }, -- "VOLP": see "ABL:VOLP" and "ACL:VOLP" ["VOMOLP"] = { -- Full citation from <https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=mz> title = { text = "pt:Vocabulário Ortográfico Moçambicano da Língua Portuguesa", translation = "Mozambican Orthographic Vocabulary of the Portuguese Language" }, authors = { { text = "Machungo, Inês", type = "coordinator" } }, year = "2017", location = "Maputo", publisher = "Cátedra de Português Língua Segunda e Estrangeira", link = { "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=mz" }, entry_url = "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?sel=exact&action=simplesearch&base=form&query=$ENTRY$", header = "Vocabulary" }, ["VOTL"] = { -- Full citation from <https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=tl> title = { text = "pt:Vocabulário Ortográfico de Timor-Leste", translation = "Orthographic Vocabulary of Timor-Leste" }, authors = { { text = "Costa, Luís", type = "coordinator" } }, year = "2017", location = "Dili", publisher = "Instituto Nacional de Linguística", link = { "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?action=von&csl=cv" }, entry_url = "https://voc.cplp.org/index.php?sel=exact&action=simplesearch&base=form&query=$ENTRY$", header = "Vocabulary" }, -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- }, headers = [[ ===Etymology=== $Etymology$ ===Grammars=== $Grammar$ ===Dictionaries=== ====Monolingual==== $Monolingual$ ====Historical==== $Historical$ ===Thesaurus=== $Thesaurus$ ===Vocabularies=== $Vocabulary$ ===Linguistic atlases=== $Atlas$ ====Central-West Brazil==== $AtlasCOBR$ ====North Brazil==== $AtlasNBR$ =====Amazonas===== $AtlasAM$ ====Northeast Brazil==== $AtlasNEBR$ ====Southeast Brazil==== $AtlasSEBR$ =====São Paulo===== $AtlasSP$ ====South Brazil==== $AtlasSBR$ ===Other=== $Other$ ]] } 9fmpr6nc0xu5sktmb638fd6wqcnk7si 828 3513600 9944274 9855505 2026-10-14T20:27:55Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 92394492） 9944274 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- ["Azevedo Maia:2003"] = { author = "Azevedo Maia, Clarinda de", year = "2003", title = { text = "pt:Para a história do sistema de sibilantes em português. Algumas reflexões sobre a cronologia da mudança fonológica", translation = "For the history of the Portuguese sibilants' system. Some reflexions on the chronolgy of the phonological change" }, chapter_of = { title = "es:Con Alonso Zamora Vicente: (Actas del Congreso Internacional «La Lengua, la Academia, lo Popular, los Clásicos, los Contemporáneos...»)", volume = "II", pages = "783-791" }, publisher = "|University of Alicante", location = "San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain", link = { url = "https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/nd/ark:/59851/bmcqr6t8" }, header = "ART", }, -- C -- ["Casson:2019"] = { author = { { text = "Casson, Andrew", type = "compiler" } }, year = "2019", title = "Cantigas de Santa Maria for Singers", location = "Whitby", link = { url = "https://www.cantigasdesantamaria.com/" }, entry_url = { url = "https://www.cantigasdesantamaria.com/csm/$ID$", }, header = "COR", }, ["Chambel:2020"] = { author = "Chambel, Pedro", year = "2020", title = { text = "pt:Os animais na ''Crónica troiana''", translation = "Animals in the ''Crónica troiana''" }, journal = { name = "En la España Medieval", number = "v. 43", pages = "67-99" }, publisher = "|Complutense University of Madrid", location = "Madrid", link = { doi = "10.5209/elem.68640", url = "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ELEM/article/view/68640/4564456553504" }, header = "ART", }, ["CX"] = { alias = "Barreiro:2006", author = { { text = "Barreiro, Xavier Varela", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "Guinovart, Xavier Gómez", type = "programmer" }, }, year = "2006-2018", title = { text = "gl:Corpus Xelmírez: corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval", translation = "Corpus Xelmírez: linguistic corpus of Medieval Galicia" }, publisher = "gl:|Instituto da Lingua Galega", location = "Santiago de Compostela", link = { url = "https://ilg.usc.gal/xelmirez" }, entry_url = { url = "https://ilg.usc.gal/xelmirez/xelmirez.php?pescuda=$ID$&corpus=xelmirez" }, default_pagename = true, header = "COR", }, -- D -- ["DAVAGAME"] = { alias = "Viñas:2015", author = "Viñas, Xoán López", year = "2015", title = { text = "gl:Dicionario de afixos e voces afixadas do galego medieval", translation = "Dictionary of Medieval Galician's affixes and affixed terms" }, journal = { name = "Revista Galega de Filoloxía", number = "v. 8" }, publisher = "|University of A Coruña", location = "A Coruña", link = { isbn = "978-84-9749-592-9", url = "https://illa.udc.gal/rgf/monografias/" }, header = "DIC", }, ["DDGM"] = { alias = "Seoane et al.:2006", author = { { text = "gl:|Seoane, Ernesto X. González", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "gl:|Granja, María Álvarez de la" }, { text = "gl:|Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón" }, { text = "Guinovart, Xavier Gómez", type = "programmer" }, }, year = "2006-2022", title = { text = "gl:Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval", translation = "Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician" }, publisher = "gl:|Instituto da Lingua Galega", location = "Santiago de Compostela", link = { url = "https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm" }, entry_url = function(data) if data.id then return "https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm/ddd_pescuda.php?pescuda=" .. data.id .. "&tipo_busca=lema&comodins=s" else return "https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm/ddd_pescuda.php?pescuda=".. data.entry or data.pagename .. "&tipo_busca=lema&comodins=s" end end, default_pagename = true, header = "COR", }, -- S -- ["Santalha:2002"] = { author = "Santalha, José-Martinho Montero", year = "2002", title = { text = "gl:Existe rima de vogal aberta con vogal fechada na poesía trobadoresca galego-portuguesa?", translation = "Are there rhymes between open and close vowels in poetry of Galician-Portuguese troubadours?" }, journal = { name = "Revista Galega de Filoloxía", number = "v. 3", pages = "107-143" }, publisher = "|University of A Coruña", location = "A Coruña", link = { doi = "10.17979/rgf.2002.3.0.5367", url = "https://revistas.udc.es/index.php/rgf/article/view/rgf.2002.3.0.5367/g5367_pdf" }, header = "ART", }, -- L -- ["Lopes & Ferreira:2011"] = { author = { { text = "Lopes, Graça Videira", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "Ferreira, Manuel Pedro", type = "coordinator" } }, year = "2011-present", title = { text = "pt:Cantigas Medievais Galego Portuguesas", translation = "Galician-Portuguese Medieval Cantigas" }, publisher = "Faculty of Social and Human Sciences|NOVA FCSH", location = "Lisbon", link = { url = "http://cantigas.fcsh.unl.pt" }, -- entry_url = { -- -- url = "https://www.universocantigas.gal/glosario/ref/$ID$", -- -- }, -- -- default_pagename = true, -- header = "COR", }, ["Lorenzo:1985"] = { author = "Lorenzo, Ramón", year = "1985", title = "gl:Crónica troiana", publisher = { "gl:|Fundación Barrié", "|Royal Galician Academy" }, location = "A Coruña", link = { isbn = "84-85728-46-7", doi = "10.32766/rag.92", url = "https://publicacions.academia.gal/index.php/rag/catalog/book/92" }, header = "CRI", }, -- U -- ["UC"] = { alias = "Ferreiro:2014", author = { { text = "Ferreiro, Manuel", type = "director" } }, year = "2014-present", title = { text = "gl:Universo Cantigas: edición crítica da poesía medieval galego-portuguesa", translation = "Universo Cantigas: critical edition of Galician-Portuguese medieval poetry" }, publisher = "|University of A Coruña", location = "A Coruña", link = { issn = "2605-1273", url = "https://www.universocantigas.gal" }, entry_url = { url = "https://www.universocantigas.gal/glosario/termo/$ID$", }, default_pagename = true, header = "COR", }, -- V -- ["Vasconcelos:1906"] = { author = "|Vasconcelos, José Leite de", year = "1906", title = { text = "pt:O Livro de Esopo: Fabulario Português Medieval", translation = "The Book of Aesop: Medieval Portuguese Fable Book" }, publisher = "Imprensa Nacional", location = "Lisbon", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/O_Livro_de_Esopo", ia = "olivrodeesopofa00vascgoog", gb = "iPiokh33Gt0C" }, header = "CRI", }, ["VPM"] = { alias = "Cunha:2020", author = { { text = "Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da", type = "original author" } }, year = "2020-present", title = { text = "pt:Vocabulário histórico-cronológico do português medieval", translation = "Historical and chronological vocabulary of Medieval Portuguese" }, publisher = "pt:|Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa", location = "Rio de Janeiro", link = { url = "http://medieval.rb.gov.br" }, entry_url = { url = "http://medieval.rb.gov.br/verbete.php?verbete=$ENTRY$&id=$ID$" }, default_pagename = true, header = "COR", }, }, headers = [[ ===Articles=== $ART$ ===Dictionaries=== $DIC$ ===Critical editions=== $CRI$ ===Corpuses=== $COR$ ]] } 9wadzbfu8e726u3m8ktadjwnciqf9je 9944339 9944274 2026-10-14T21:01:54Z TongcyDai 53191 維基百科連結本地化（5 處改連中文維基百科條目、3 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944339 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- ["Azevedo Maia:2003"] = { author = "Azevedo Maia, Clarinda de", year = "2003", title = { text = "pt:Para a história do sistema de sibilantes em português. Algumas reflexões sobre a cronologia da mudança fonológica", translation = "For the history of the Portuguese sibilants' system. Some reflexions on the chronolgy of the phonological change" }, chapter_of = { title = "es:Con Alonso Zamora Vicente: (Actas del Congreso Internacional «La Lengua, la Academia, lo Popular, los Clásicos, los Contemporáneos...»)", volume = "II", pages = "783-791" }, publisher = "阿利坎特大学|University of Alicante", location = "San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain", link = { url = "https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/nd/ark:/59851/bmcqr6t8" }, header = "ART", }, -- C -- ["Casson:2019"] = { author = { { text = "Casson, Andrew", type = "compiler" } }, year = "2019", title = "Cantigas de Santa Maria for Singers", location = "Whitby", link = { url = "https://www.cantigasdesantamaria.com/" }, entry_url = { url = "https://www.cantigasdesantamaria.com/csm/$ID$", }, header = "COR", }, ["Chambel:2020"] = { author = "Chambel, Pedro", year = "2020", title = { text = "pt:Os animais na ''Crónica troiana''", translation = "Animals in the ''Crónica troiana''" }, journal = { name = "En la España Medieval", number = "v. 43", pages = "67-99" }, publisher = "马德里康普顿斯大学|Complutense University of Madrid", location = "Madrid", link = { doi = "10.5209/elem.68640", url = "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ELEM/article/view/68640/4564456553504" }, header = "ART", }, ["CX"] = { alias = "Barreiro:2006", author = { { text = "Barreiro, Xavier Varela", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "Guinovart, Xavier Gómez", type = "programmer" }, }, year = "2006-2018", title = { text = "gl:Corpus Xelmírez: corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval", translation = "Corpus Xelmírez: linguistic corpus of Medieval Galicia" }, publisher = "gl:|Instituto da Lingua Galega", location = "Santiago de Compostela", link = { url = "https://ilg.usc.gal/xelmirez" }, entry_url = { url = "https://ilg.usc.gal/xelmirez/xelmirez.php?pescuda=$ID$&corpus=xelmirez" }, default_pagename = true, header = "COR", }, -- D -- ["DAVAGAME"] = { alias = "Viñas:2015", author = "Viñas, Xoán López", year = "2015", title = { text = "gl:Dicionario de afixos e voces afixadas do galego medieval", translation = "Dictionary of Medieval Galician's affixes and affixed terms" }, journal = { name = "Revista Galega de Filoloxía", number = "v. 8" }, publisher = "拉科鲁尼亚大学|University of A Coruña", location = "A Coruña", link = { isbn = "978-84-9749-592-9", url = "https://illa.udc.gal/rgf/monografias/" }, header = "DIC", }, ["DDGM"] = { alias = "Seoane et al.:2006", author = { { text = "gl:|Seoane, Ernesto X. González", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "gl:|Granja, María Álvarez de la" }, { text = "gl:|Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón" }, { text = "Guinovart, Xavier Gómez", type = "programmer" }, }, year = "2006-2022", title = { text = "gl:Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval", translation = "Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician" }, publisher = "gl:|Instituto da Lingua Galega", location = "Santiago de Compostela", link = { url = "https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm" }, entry_url = function(data) if data.id then return "https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm/ddd_pescuda.php?pescuda=" .. data.id .. "&tipo_busca=lema&comodins=s" else return "https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm/ddd_pescuda.php?pescuda=".. data.entry or data.pagename .. "&tipo_busca=lema&comodins=s" end end, default_pagename = true, header = "COR", }, -- S -- ["Santalha:2002"] = { author = "Santalha, José-Martinho Montero", year = "2002", title = { text = "gl:Existe rima de vogal aberta con vogal fechada na poesía trobadoresca galego-portuguesa?", translation = "Are there rhymes between open and close vowels in poetry of Galician-Portuguese troubadours?" }, journal = { name = "Revista Galega de Filoloxía", number = "v. 3", pages = "107-143" }, publisher = "拉科鲁尼亚大学|University of A Coruña", location = "A Coruña", link = { doi = "10.17979/rgf.2002.3.0.5367", url = "https://revistas.udc.es/index.php/rgf/article/view/rgf.2002.3.0.5367/g5367_pdf" }, header = "ART", }, -- L -- ["Lopes & Ferreira:2011"] = { author = { { text = "Lopes, Graça Videira", type = "coordinator" }, { text = "Ferreira, Manuel Pedro", type = "coordinator" } }, year = "2011-present", title = { text = "pt:Cantigas Medievais Galego Portuguesas", translation = "Galician-Portuguese Medieval Cantigas" }, publisher = "en:Faculty of Social and Human Sciences|NOVA FCSH", location = "Lisbon", link = { url = "http://cantigas.fcsh.unl.pt" }, -- entry_url = { -- -- url = "https://www.universocantigas.gal/glosario/ref/$ID$", -- -- }, -- -- default_pagename = true, -- header = "COR", }, ["Lorenzo:1985"] = { author = "Lorenzo, Ramón", year = "1985", title = "gl:Crónica troiana", publisher = { "gl:|Fundación Barrié", "en:|Royal Galician Academy" }, location = "A Coruña", link = { isbn = "84-85728-46-7", doi = "10.32766/rag.92", url = "https://publicacions.academia.gal/index.php/rag/catalog/book/92" }, header = "CRI", }, -- U -- ["UC"] = { alias = "Ferreiro:2014", author = { { text = "Ferreiro, Manuel", type = "director" } }, year = "2014-present", title = { text = "gl:Universo Cantigas: edición crítica da poesía medieval galego-portuguesa", translation = "Universo Cantigas: critical edition of Galician-Portuguese medieval poetry" }, publisher = "拉科鲁尼亚大学|University of A Coruña", location = "A Coruña", link = { issn = "2605-1273", url = "https://www.universocantigas.gal" }, entry_url = { url = "https://www.universocantigas.gal/glosario/termo/$ID$", }, default_pagename = true, header = "COR", }, -- V -- ["Vasconcelos:1906"] = { author = "en:|Vasconcelos, José Leite de", year = "1906", title = { text = "pt:O Livro de Esopo: Fabulario Português Medieval", translation = "The Book of Aesop: Medieval Portuguese Fable Book" }, publisher = "Imprensa Nacional", location = "Lisbon", link = { url = "https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/O_Livro_de_Esopo", ia = "olivrodeesopofa00vascgoog", gb = "iPiokh33Gt0C" }, header = "CRI", }, ["VPM"] = { alias = "Cunha:2020", author = { { text = "Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da", type = "original author" } }, year = "2020-present", title = { text = "pt:Vocabulário histórico-cronológico do português medieval", translation = "Historical and chronological vocabulary of Medieval Portuguese" }, publisher = "pt:|Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa", location = "Rio de Janeiro", link = { url = "http://medieval.rb.gov.br" }, entry_url = { url = "http://medieval.rb.gov.br/verbete.php?verbete=$ENTRY$&id=$ID$" }, default_pagename = true, header = "COR", }, }, headers = [[ ===Articles=== $ART$ ===Dictionaries=== $DIC$ ===Critical editions=== $CRI$ ===Corpuses=== $COR$ ]] } dgqlikb89a2vew7zmiu8o6hsx6u0brk 828 3516418 9944262 9864762 2026-10-14T20:26:47Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Module:Bibliography/links]]至[[Module:Bibliography/shared/links]]：同步 enwikt：[[Module:bibliography/links]] 已更名為 [[Module:bibliography/shared/links]]（enwikt rev 93532188） 9864762 Scribunto text/plain -- Some of the code is duplicated from [[Module:quote]]. local export = {} local m_check = require("Module:check isxn") local ulen = require("Module:string utilities").len export.bib_page = { -- Identifiers { key = "isbn", formatter = function (isbn) return "[[Special:BookSources/"..isbn.."|→ISBN]]"..m_check.check_isbn(isbn, ' <span class="error">Invalid ISBN</span>[[Category:有ISBN錯誤的頁面]]') end, }, { key = "issn", formatter = function (issn) return "[https://www.worldcat.org/issn/"..issn.." →ISSN]"..m_check.check_issn(issn, ' <span class="error">Invalid ISSN</span>[[Category:有ISSN錯誤的頁面]]') end, }, { key = "doi", formatter = "[https://doi.org/%s →DOI]" }, { key = "jstor", formatter = "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/%s →JSTOR]" }, { key = "bibcode", formatter = "[https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/%s →Bibcode]" }, { key = "oclc", formatter = "[https://search.worldcat.org/title/%s →OCLC]" }, { key = "lccn", formatter = function (text) text = text:gsub(" ", "") if text:find("-") then local prefix, part1, part2 = text:match("^(.-)(%d+)%-(%d+)$") if prefix then if ulen(part2) < 6 then part2 = ("0"):rep(6 - ulen(part2)) .. part2 end text = prefix .. part1 .. part2 end end return "[https://lccn.loc.gov/" .. mw.uri.encode(text) .. " →LCCN]" end, }, { key = "ol", formatter = "[https://openlibrary.org/works/OL%s/ →OL]" }, { key = "pmid", formatter = "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/%s →PMID]" }, { key = "pmcid", formatter = "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/%s/ →PMCID]" }, { key = "ssrn", formatter = "[https://ssrn.com/abstract=", " →SSRN]" }, -- General digitalisation projects { key = "ia", formatter = "[https://archive.org/details/%s →IA]" }, { key = "gb", formatter = "[https://books.google.com/?id=%s →GB]" }, -- Libraries { key = "hazu", formatter = "[https://dizbi.hazu.hr/a/?pr=iiif.v.a&id=%s →HAZU]" }, { key = "mdz", formatter = "[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/%s →MDZ]" }, { key = "anemi", formatter = "[https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/%s.tkl →Anemi]" }, { key = "gallica", formatter = "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/%s → Gallica]" }, -- Miscellanea { key = "academia", formatter = "[https://www.academia.edu/%s →Academia]" }, { key = "url", formatter = "[%s →URL]" }, } export.ref = { ia = function(config, data) return "https://archive.org/details/"..config.ia .."/page/"..(config.pref or "n") ..data.page.."/mode/1up?view=theater" end, gb = function(config, data) return "https://books.google.com/?id="..config.gb.."&pg="..(config.pref or "PA")..data.page end, hazu = function(config, data) return "https://dizbi.hazu.hr/a/?pr=iiif.v.a&id="..config.hazu.."&tify={%22pages%22:%5B"..data.page.."%5D,%22view%22:%22thumbnails%22}" end, mdz = function(config, data) return "https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/"..config.mdz.."?page="..data.page end, gallica = function(config, data) return "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/"..config.gallica.."/f"..data.page end } return export hoefj66zxx1sytdlv01vhdv08k5r2q3 9944265 9944262 2026-10-14T20:27:09Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 93532188）：新增 HathiTrust 連結（hathi） 9944265 Scribunto text/plain -- Some of the code is duplicated from [[Module:quote]]. local export = {} local m_check = require("Module:check isxn") local ulen = require("Module:string utilities").len export.bib_page = { -- Identifiers { key = "isbn", formatter = function (isbn) return "[[Special:BookSources/"..isbn.."|→ISBN]]"..m_check.check_isbn(isbn, ' <span class="error">Invalid ISBN</span>[[Category:有ISBN錯誤的頁面]]') end, }, { key = "issn", formatter = function (issn) return "[https://www.worldcat.org/issn/"..issn.." →ISSN]"..m_check.check_issn(issn, ' <span class="error">Invalid ISSN</span>[[Category:有ISSN錯誤的頁面]]') end, }, { key = "doi", formatter = "[https://doi.org/%s →DOI]" }, { key = "jstor", formatter = "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/%s →JSTOR]" }, { key = "bibcode", formatter = "[https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/%s →Bibcode]" }, { key = "oclc", formatter = "[https://search.worldcat.org/title/%s →OCLC]" }, { key = "lccn", formatter = function (text) text = text:gsub(" ", "") if text:find("-") then local prefix, part1, part2 = text:match("^(.-)(%d+)%-(%d+)$") if prefix then if ulen(part2) < 6 then part2 = ("0"):rep(6 - ulen(part2)) .. part2 end text = prefix .. part1 .. part2 end end return "[https://lccn.loc.gov/" .. mw.uri.encode(text) .. " →LCCN]" end, }, { key = "ol", formatter = "[https://openlibrary.org/works/OL%s/ →OL]" }, { key = "pmid", formatter = "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/%s →PMID]" }, { key = "pmcid", formatter = "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/%s/ →PMCID]" }, { key = "ssrn", formatter = "[https://ssrn.com/abstract=", " →SSRN]" }, -- General digitalisation projects { key = "ia", formatter = "[https://archive.org/details/%s →IA]" }, { key = "gb", formatter = "[https://books.google.com/?id=%s →GB]" }, { key = "hathi", formatter = "[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=%s →HathiTrust]" }, -- Libraries { key = "hazu", formatter = "[https://dizbi.hazu.hr/a/?pr=iiif.v.a&id=%s →HAZU]" }, { key = "mdz", formatter = "[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/%s →MDZ]" }, { key = "anemi", formatter = "[https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/%s.tkl →Anemi]" }, { key = "gallica", formatter = "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/%s → Gallica]" }, -- Miscellanea { key = "academia", formatter = "[https://www.academia.edu/%s →Academia]" }, { key = "url", formatter = "[%s →URL]" }, } export.ref = { ia = function(config, data) return "https://archive.org/details/"..config.ia .."/page/"..(config.pref or "n") ..data.page.."/mode/1up?view=theater" end, gb = function(config, data) return "https://books.google.com/?id="..config.gb.."&pg="..(config.pref or "PA")..data.page end, hazu = function(config, data) return "https://dizbi.hazu.hr/a/?pr=iiif.v.a&id="..config.hazu.."&tify={%22pages%22:%5B"..data.page.."%5D,%22view%22:%22thumbnails%22}" end, mdz = function(config, data) return "https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/"..config.mdz.."?page="..data.page end, gallica = function(config, data) return "https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/"..config.gallica.."/f"..data.page end, hathi = function(config, data) return "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id="..config.hathi.."&seq="..data.page end, } return export ge5xnbjn3zkao58ofccywi3vcut4w00 828 3522089 9944277 9877875 2026-10-14T20:28:09Z TongcyDai 53191 同步 enwikt（rev 93530071） 9944277 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} export.sources = { ["Basso:2005"] = { author = "it:|Basso, Walter", title = "Dizionario da scarsèla veneto–italiano", edition = "2nd", year = "2005", location = "Padua", publisher = "Ed. ScantaBauchi", default_pagename = true, header = "DICT", }, ["Boerio:1867"] = { author = "it:|Boerio, Giuseppe", title = "Dizionario del dialetto veneziano", location = "Venice", publisher = "G. Cecchini", year = "1867", edition = "3rd", link = { gb = "jJEHAAAAQAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, default_pagename = true, header = "DICT", }, ["Contarini:1888"] = { title = "Vocabolario portabile del dialetto veneziano", author = "Contarini, Pietro", edition = "3rd", location = "Venice", publisher = "Tipografia dell'Ancora; I. Merlo", year = "1888", link = { gb = "gCI-ObykA2AC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, default_pagename = true, header = "DICT", }, ["DTDV:1847"] = { title = "Dizionario tascabile del dialetto veneziano{{nb...|come viene usato anche nelle provincie di Padova di Vicenza e di Treviso coi termini toscani corrispondenti or ora abbreviato e ridotto a comodità di tutti}}", year = "1847", location = "Padua", publisher = "Tipografia del Seminario", default_pagename = true, link = { gb = "dulDAAAAcAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "DICT", }, ["Ferguson:2007"] = { author = "Ferguson, Ronnie", year = "2007", title = "A linguistic history of Venice", location = "Florence", publisher = "L. S. Olschki", link = { isbn = "9788822256454" }, header = "GRA", }, ["Galepin"] = { title = "el Galepin", year = "n.d.", link = "https://www.elgalepin.com", default_pagename = true, id_url = "https://www.elgalepin.com/result.asp?ID=$ID$", own_args = { id = { list = true, display = { formatter = function(id) return "["..id.."]" end, url = true, }, }, }, header = "DICT", }, ["Nazari:1876"] = { title = "Dizionario vicentino–italiano{{nb...|e regole di grammatica ad uso delle scuole elementari di Vicenza}}", author = "Nazari, Giulio", location = "Oderzo", publisher = "Bianchi", year = "1876", default_pagename = true, link = { gb = "14UCAAAAQAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "DICT", }, ["Orengo:2019"] = { import_from = "hy", header = "DICT" }, ["Paoletti:1851"] = { title = "Dizionario tascabile veneziano–italiano", author = "Paoletti, Ermolao", location = "Venice", publisher = "F. Andreola", year = "1851", default_pagename = true, link = { gb = "33wuAAAAMAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "DICT", }, ["Patriarchi:1821"] = { title = "Vocabolario veneziano e padovano{{nb...|co' termini e modi corrispondenti toscani}}", author = "Patriarchi, Gasparo", edition = "3rd", location = "Padua", publisher = "Tipografia del Seminario", year = "1821", default_pagename = true, link = { gb = "-AAGAAAAQAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "DICT", }, ["Rosman:1922"] = { title = "Vocabolarietto Veneto Giuliano", author = "Rosman, Enrico", location = "Rome", publisher = "P. Maglione & C. Strini", year = "1922", default_pagename = true, link = { ia = "vocabolariettove00rosmuoft" }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "DICT", }, ["TLIO"] = { edition = "online", title = "Tesoro della lingua italiana delle origini", link = { url = "http://tlio.ovi.cnr.it", issn = "2240-5216" }, entry_url = "http://tlio.ovi.cnr.it/TLIO/index.php?vox=$ID$.htm", default_pagename = true, header = "DICT", }, ["Formentin & Ciaralli:2014"] = { author = {"Formentin, Vittorio", "Ciaralli, Antonio"}, title = "Rendiconti duecenteschi in volgare dall'archivio dei Procuratori di San Marco", year = "2014", journal = { name = "Lingua e stile", number = "49", pages = "5–42", }, link = { academia = "25464116" }, header = "LIT", }, ["Contini:1960"] = { title = "Poeti del Duecento", author = { text = "Contini, Gianfranco", type = "compiler" }, year = "1960", publisher = "R. Ricciardi", location = {"Milan", "Naples"}, link = { ia = "poetidelduecento0000unse" }, header = "LIT", }, ["Tomasin:2013"] = { author = "Tomasin, Lorenzo", title = "Quindici testi veneziani 1300–1310", year = "2013", journal = { name = "Lingua e stile", number = "48", pages = "3–48", }, link = "https://iris.unive.it/retrieve/e4239ddb-4115-7180-e053-3705fe0a3322/Quindici%20testi%20veneziani.pdf", header = "LIT", }, ["Panontin:2022"] = { author = "Panontin, Francesca", year = "2022", title = "Testi trevigiani della prima metà del Trecento", series = { name = "Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie", number = "476", }, publisher = "De Gruyter", location = {"Berlin", "Boston"}, link = { doi = "10.1515/9783110981391" }, header = "LIT", }, ["Formentin & Schiavon:2024"] = { title = "Per il Codice Diplomatico Poliano: una sentenza memorabile (Venezia, 13 luglio 1366)", author = {"Formentin, Vittorio", "Schiavon, Alessandra"}, year = "2024", journal = { name = "Reti Medievali Rivista", number = {"25", "1"}, }, publisher = "Firenze UP", link = { doi = "10.6093/1593-2214/10840" }, header = "LIT", }, ["Tomasoni:1976"] = { author = "Tomasoni, Piera", title = "Il Lapidario estense", year = "1976", journal = { name = "Studi di filologia italiana", number = "34", pages = "131–186", }, header = "LIT", }, ["GDLI"] = { import_from = "it", header = "DICT" }, ["Kretschmer:1909"] = { author = "Kretschmer, Konrad", year = "1909", title = "Die italienischen Portolane des Mittelalters. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Kartographie und Nautik", location = "Berlin", publisher = "Ernst Siegfried Mittler", header = "LIT", }, ["Nadin et al.:2002"] = { year = "2002", title = "Statuti di Scutari della prima metà del secolo XIV con le addizioni fino al 1469", author = { "d:Q13042247|Nadin, Lucia", "d:Q13044625|Xhufi, Pëllumb", "d:Q206462|Pellegrini, Giovan Battista", "d:Q7087814|Schmitt, Oliver Jens", "d:Q16333749|Ortalli, Gherardo", }, publisher = "Viella", location = "Rome", link = { isbn = "88-8334-042-6" }, header = "LIT", }, } export.headers = [[ ===Dictionaries=== $DICT$ ===Analyses and grammars=== $GRA$ ===Literature=== $LIT$ ]] return export 1s9agqew6wx04u6ptgyy629503q5ha2 828 3524602 9944347 9881095 2026-10-14T21:02:26Z TongcyDai 53191 維基百科連結本地化（3 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944347 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- Croatian Church Slavonic -- ["RCJHR"] = { title = { text = "Rječnika crkvenoslavenskoga jezika hrvatske redakcije", translation = "Dictionary of the Croatian recension of Church Slavonic" }, year = "1991‒2021", location = "Zagreb", publisher = "Old Church Slavonic Institute", volumes = { { number = "1", title = "a ‒ vrêdь", year = "2000", link = { isbn = "953-6080-01-X" } }, { number = "2", title = "vrêdьnь¹ ‒ zapovêdnica", year = "2015", link = { isbn = "978-953-6080-17-5" } }, { number = "3", title = "zapovêdь ‒ zemlьnь, zemlьnь ‒ i, i ‒ izgnilstvo", year = "2016, 2018, 2021", link = { isbn = {"978-953-6080-23-6", "978-953-6080-25-0", "978-953-6080-47-2"} } }, }, link = { url = "https://stin.hr/crkvenoslavenski-rjecnik/" }, entry_url = "https://stin.hr/crkvenoslavenski-rjecnik/natuknica/$ID$", default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zls-chs", }, -- Macedonian Church Slavonic -- ["RCJMR"] = { alias = {"РЦЈМР"}, title = { text = "Речник на црковнословенскиот јазик од македонска редакција", translation = "Dictionary of the Macedonian recension of Church Slavonic" }, year = "2006‒2024", location = "Skopje", publisher = "Krste Misirkov Institute for the Macedonian Language", volumes = { { number = "1", title = "{{lang|zls-chs|a҃ – бѫдѫщии}}", author = "mk:Зденка Рибарова|Ribarova, Zdenka", year = "2016", link = { isbn = "9989-640-67-X", ia = "RCJMR/RCJMR_1" } }, { number = "2", title = "{{lang|zls-chs|в҃ – вѵсъ}}", author = "mk:Зденка Рибарова|Ribarova, Zdenka", year = "2023", link = { isbn = "978-608-220-082-8", ia = "RCJMR/RCJMR_2", academia = "126115338" } }, { number = "3", title = "{{lang|zls-chs|г҃ ‒ горѣти}}, {{lang|zls-chs|горѣти ‒ движати}}, {{lang|zls-chs|движение ‒ доселѣ}}", author = "Andrijevska, Natalija", year = "2021, 2023, 2024", link = { isbn = {"978-608-220-072-9", "978-608-220-080-4", "978-608-220-089-7"}, ia = {"RCJMR/RCJMR_3-1", "RCJMR/RCJMR_3-2", "RCJMR/RCJMR_3-3"}, academia = {"72114826", "101247433", "126630429"} } }, }, default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zls-chs", }, -- Russian (Synodal) Church Slavonic -- ["BSCJaNV"] = { alias = {"БСЦЯНВ"}, title = { text = "Большой словарь церковнославянского языка Нового времени", translation = "Great Dictionary of the Church Slavonic of the New Age" }, author = {"ru:Кравецкий, Александр Геннадьевич|Kravetsky, A.lexander G.ennadievich", "Pletneva, A.lexandra A.ndreevna"}, year = "2016‒2023", location = "Moscow", volumes = { { number = "1", title = "{{lang|zls-chs|А – Б}}", year = "2016", publisher = "XXI Century Dictionaries", link = { isbn = "978-5-9907385-5-3", ia = "BSCJaNV/BSCJaNV_1", url = "https://imwerden.de/pdf/bolshoj_slovar_tserkovnoslavyanskogo_yazyka_novogo_vremeni_tom01_2016__izd.pdf" } }, { number = "2", title = "{{lang|zls-chs|В}}", year = "2019", publisher = "XXI Century Dictionaries", link = { isbn = "978-5-9909263-1-8", ia = "BSCJaNV/BSCJaNV_2", url = "https://imwerden.de/pdf/bolshoj_slovar_tserkovnoslavyanskogo_yazyka_novogo_vremeni_tom02_2019__izd.pdf" } }, { number = "3", title = "{{lang|zls-chs|Г – Е}}", year = "2021", publisher = "Gramota Publishing", link = { isbn = "978-5-9909264-3-1", ia = "BSCJaNV/BSCJaNV_3", url = "https://imwerden.de/pdf/bolshoj_slovar_tserkovnoslavyanskogo_yazyka_novogo_vremeni_tom03_2021__izd.pdf" } }, { number = "4", title = "{{lang|zls-chs|Ж – З}}", year = "2023", publisher = "National Research Nuclear University MEPhI", link = { isbn = "978-5-7262-3012-2", ia = "BSCJaNV/BSCJaNV_4", url = "https://imwerden.de/pdf/bolshoj_slovar_tserkovnoslavyanskogo_yazyka_novogo_vremeni_tom04_2023__izd.pdf" } }, }, link = { url = "https://imwerden.de/multi-volume-set-1000203-page-1" }, entry_url = "https://церковнославянский.онлайн/#!/словарь/статьи/$ID$", default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zls-chs", }, -- Serbian Church Slavonic ["Stojanović:1927"] = { title = "Стари српски родослови и летописи", author = "en:|Stojanović, Ljubomir", year = "1927", location = "Sremski Karlovci", publisher = "Српска Краљевска Академија", -- Српска манастирска штампарија link = { ia = "1929_20210331/Стојановић%201927%2C%20Стари%20српски%20родослови%20и%20летописи" }, page_url = { ia = true }, }, ["Miklosich:Monumenta"] = { title = "Monumenta serbica spectantia historiam Serbiae Bosnae Ragusii", author = "en:|Miklosich, Franz", location = "Vienna", publisher = "W. Braumüller", year = "1858", link = { gb = "-K89AAAAYAAJ", ia = "monumentaserbica00mikluoft" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, ["Daničić:Rječnik"] = { title = "Рјечник из књижевних старина српских", author = "en:|Daničić, Đuro", volumes = { { year = "1863", title = "cu:а-к", link = { gb = "ax8TAAAAYAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, { year = "1864", title = "cu:р–ћ", }, }, location = "Belgrade", publisher = "Државна штампарија", default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "zls-chs", }, } } 5ui1ltce29t3r55sxpzfyvdywlfydyk 0 3543894 9944186 9939166 2026-10-14T20:13:41Z TongcyBot 83009 舊版馬拉地語變格模板改用 {{[[Template:mr-ndecl|mr-ndecl]]}}（[[Module:mr-noun]]） 9944186 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|mr|sa|इन्द्रधनुस्}}。{{surf|mr|इंद्र|धनुष्य|t1=因陀羅的|t2=弓}}。 ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=n}} # [[彩虹]] ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<N>}} sslb405qkovtecknks6fkafbhjyeyjq 0 3545787 9944108 9944098 2026-10-14T13:40:36Z Fglffer 55252 9944108 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=quánquándàoròu }} ===短語=== {{head|zh|短語}} # {{lb|zh|指[[動作片]]或[[搏擊]]}} [[實打實]]的[[身體]][[對抗]]，每一拳都打在對方[[肉體]]上，非[[擺空架子]]或[[虛晃一招]]。形容[[打鬥]][[場面]][[逼真]]，[[打擊]]感[[密集]]而[[強烈]] acldalc78mt3jj62p2p4wuy5gne8vwp 9944125 9944108 2026-10-14T15:20:09Z 列维劳德 79702 /* 短語 */ 9944125 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=quánquándàoròu }} ===短語=== {{head|zh|短語}} # {{lb|zh|指[[動作片]]或[[搏擊]]}} [[實打實]]的[[身體]][[對抗]]，每一拳都打在對方[[肉體]]上，非[[擺空架子]]。形容[[打鬥]][[場面]][[逼真]]，[[打擊]]感[[密集]]而[[強烈]] 5no14t306qq5w0nwhd8abjk87bf6w5y 0 3546603 9944129 9943143 2026-10-14T18:20:48Z Fglffer 55252 /* 日語 */ 9944129 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|か|こ|k2=ご|r=y|yomi=k|alt=駕篭}} [[File:Transportation Photoarrangement. (10796946264).jpg|thumb|right|200px]] ===發音=== {{ja-pron|かご|acc=0|acc_ref=DJR,ZAJ}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|かご}} # {{lb|ja|chiefly|_|historical}} 一種[[敞篷]][[轎子]] ===來源=== {{reflist}} :* {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0000753000|〈<sup>▲</sup>駕籠〉}} {{C|ja|交通工具}} r84dd0u9ln794qpjwpthyqbdy5c8zi6 9944131 9944129 2026-10-14T18:21:34Z Fglffer 55252 /* 日語 */ 9944131 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-kanjitab|か|こ|k2=ご|r=y|yomi=k|alt=駕篭}} [[File:Transportation Photoarrangement. (10796946264).jpg|thumb|right|200px]] ===發音=== {{ja-pron|かご|acc=0|acc_ref=ZAJ,DJR}} ===名詞=== {{ja-noun|かご}} # {{lb|ja|chiefly|_|historical}} 一種[[敞篷]][[轎子]] ===來源=== {{reflist}} :* {{R:Kanjipedia Kotoba|0000753000|〈<sup>▲</sup>駕籠〉}} {{C|ja|交通工具}} jffe3xyyjvm5hmihhdbd1crzzdhpn0l 0 3547397 9944110 2026-10-14T14:22:33Z Fglffer 55252 新詞條 9944110 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=tújù |cat=v }} ===動詞=== {{zh-verb}} # 只[[注重]]或僅[[擁有]]某種[[事物]] rsqhaui0vlmac8qqlu8sv2lav7ndlh7 0 3547398 9944120 2026-10-14T14:48:15Z Hiyuune 119685 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==緬甸語== ===發音=== * {{my-IPA|အ'ချင်းဝက်}} ===名詞=== {{my-noun|head=[[အချင်း]][[ဝက်]]}} # {{lb|my|mathematics}} [[半徑]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:my:MED}}」的新頁面 9944120 wikitext text/x-wiki ==緬甸語== ===發音=== * {{my-IPA|အ'ချင်းဝက်}} ===名詞=== {{my-noun|head=[[အချင်း]][[ဝက်]]}} # {{lb|my|mathematics}} [[半徑]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:my:MED}} kt557r09ovnhvgyqz7baghqbg837nul 0 3547399 9944132 2026-10-14T18:22:31Z Fglffer 55252 新詞條 9944132 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see-kango|方面|放免}} et58c8cyv2rl0a6c0ajlknfukj8di6z 0 3547400 9944133 2026-10-14T18:23:28Z Fglffer 55252 新詞條 9944133 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== {{ja-see|方便|放免}} mz9245e653brj2uvmfxbyr7euu72wk7 10 3547401 9944135 2026-10-14T19:17:57Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:mr-noun|show}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{tcat}}</noinclude>」的新頁面 9944135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:mr-noun|show}}<!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}{{tcat}}</noinclude> q2g12w8bkhqce7n6qaz2tab5nr80o18 0 3547402 9944139 2026-10-14T19:27:29Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==馬拉地語== {{was fwotd|mr|2026|10月|14日}} [[File:Jnandev.jpg|thumb|upright|繪於1910年代的插圖，描繪13世紀印度[[馬拉地]]聖人、詩人、哲學家兼{{w|lang=en|Nath}}與{{w|lang=en|Varkari}}傳統的[[瑜伽士]] {{w|lang=en|Dnyaneshwar}}，被尊稱為 {{lang|mr|माऊली}}。]] ===其他形式=== * {{alt|mr|माउली}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|omr|𑘦𑘰𑘄𑘩𑘲<t:慈母>}}（{{inh+|mr|inc-apa|…」的新頁面 9944139 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== {{was fwotd|mr|2026|10月|14日}} [[File:Jnandev.jpg|thumb|upright|繪於1910年代的插圖，描繪13世紀印度[[馬拉地]]聖人、詩人、哲學家兼{{w|lang=en|Nath}}與{{w|lang=en|Varkari}}傳統的[[瑜伽士]] {{w|lang=en|Dnyaneshwar}}，被尊稱為 {{lang|mr|माऊली}}。]] ===其他形式=== * {{alt|mr|माउली}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|omr|𑘦𑘰𑘄𑘩𑘲<t:慈母>}}（{{inh+|mr|inc-apa|माउ<t:母親>}}、{{ncog|pra|𑀫𑀸𑀉}}）{{inc-ext|mr|illa|ikA}}，源自{{der|mr|sa|मा॒तृ<t:母親>}}（對比 {{m|sa|मातृकुल}}）。 {{box-top}} 與{{cog|vah|मावली}}、{{cog|ne|मावली}} 同源。{{senseno|mr|尊稱|uc=1}}與{{senseno|mr|稱呼|uc=1}}是從直接詞源{{m+|omr|𑘦𑘰𑘄𑘩𑘲}} 原本「母親」的詞義{{ss|mr|type=b|nocap=1}}而來。 {{box-bottom}} ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} * {{rhyme|mr|i|s=2}} * {{hyph|mr|माऊ|ली}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=f|mod=𑘦𑘰𑘄𑘩𑘲}}<ref>{{R:mr:Amarkosh}}</ref><ref>{{R:mr:Berntsen||116}}</ref><ref>{{R:mr:Date||2445|nohwlink=1}}</ref> # {{lb|mr|過時|or|棄用}} [[母親]] #: {{syn|mr|Thesaurus:आई}} ## {{n-g|對母親，或對像母親一樣[[關懷]]與[[呵護]]他人者的[[暱稱]]或[[尊稱]]}} # {{senseid|mr|尊稱}} {{lb|mr|印度教|honorific}} {{n-g|用於受尊崇[[聖人]]的[[尊稱]]}}{{gl|尤指{{w|lang=en|Dnyaneshwar}}與{{w|lang=en|Vithoba}}}} #: {{uxa|mr|'''ज्ञानेश्वर''' माऊली|'''聖人'''德揚內什瓦爾}} #* {{quote-web|mr|date=5 July 2025|brackets=on|author=mr:तुषार कुलकर्णी|title=mr:‘डोईचा पदर आला खांद्यावरी, भरल्या बाजारी जाईन मी’, म्हणत चालीरीतींचे दडपण नाकारणारी मुक्त स्त्री<tr:{{xlit|mr|डोईच़ा पदर आला खांद्या्वरी, भर्ल्या बाज़ारी ज़ाईन मी', म्हणत च़ालीरीतींच़े दडपण नाकारणारी मुक्त स्त्री}}>|trans-title=拒絕傳統習俗束縛、宣稱「我要讓頭巾垂至肩頭，走向繁華市集」的自由女性|work=w:en:[[BBC News|BBC News मराठी]]|text=विठ्ठलाला वारकरी संप्रदायात आज जे '''माऊली''' म्हटलं जातं त्याचं श्रेय संतांनाच आहे.|subst=वारकरी//वार्करी,आज//आज़,जा//ज़ा,चं//च़ं,नाच//नाच़|t=在瓦爾卡里派傳統中，如今將 ''Vitthal'' 稱為 {{m-self|mr|माऊली}} 的做法，全歸功於諸位聖人。|url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/articles/cd97yyk55p3o|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260724180532/https://www.bbc.com/marathi/articles/cd97yyk55p3o|archivedate=24 July 2026}} # {{senseid|mr|稱呼}} {{n-g|[[朝聖者]]彼此之間的[[稱呼]]}}{{gl|尤指在{{w|lang=en|Pandharpur Vari}}期間}} #* {{quote-web|mr|date=19 July 2026|brackets=on|author=mr:प्राजक्ता प्रधान|title=mr:वारीत पाय लागल्यानंतर ‘'''माऊली''', चला पुढे’ का म्हणतात? जाणून घ्या वारकरी परंपरेचे तत्त्वज्ञान<tr:{{xlit|mr|वारीत पाय लाग्ल्यानंतर ‘'''माऊली''', च़ला पुढे’ का म्हणतात? ज़ाणून घ्या वार्करी परंपअरेच़े तत्त्वद्न्यान}}>|trans-title=為何瓦爾卡里人在朝聖（''Vari''）期間不小心碰到別人的腳後會說「{{m-self|mr|माऊली}}，請往前走」？了解瓦爾卡里傳統背後的哲學|work=w:en:[[Nava Bharat|NavaRashtra]]|text=याच कारणामुळे वारकरी एकमेकांना नावाने हाक मारत नाहीत; ते प्रेमाने '''“माऊली”''' म्हणतात. '''माऊली''' म्हणजे आई. आई जशी सर्वांना समान प्रेम देते, तसेच प्रत्येक वारकरी दुसऱ्या वारकऱ्याला मायेने आणि आदराने पाहतो.|subst=याच//याच़,वारकरी//वार्करी,जशी//ज़शी,तसेच//तसेच़,दुसऱ्या//दुस्र्या,वारकऱ्याला//वारकर्याला,आदराने//आदअराने|t=正因如此，瓦爾卡里人彼此之間不直呼其名，而是親切地互稱 {{m-self|mr|माऊली}}。{{m-self|mr|माऊली}} 的意思是母親。正如母親平等地給予所有人愛，每一位瓦爾卡里人也同樣以慈愛與敬意看待彼此。|url=https://www.navarashtra.com/religion/ashadhi-wari-2026-why-do-people-say-mouli-lets-go-after-getting-stuck-in-the-wind-1284553.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260721054130/https://www.navarashtra.com/religion/ashadhi-wari-2026-why-do-people-say-mouli-lets-go-after-getting-stuck-in-the-wind-1284553.html|archivedate=21 July 2026}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<F>}} ===參考資料=== {{box-top}} {{reflist}} {{box-bottom}} ===延伸閱讀=== {{box-top}} * {{R:omr:Tulpule|माउली|539}} * {{R:CDIAL|*mātr̥kulika|10018|page=576|passage=N. ''māwali'', ''māuli'' 'belonging to mother's family'}} {{box-bottom}} {{C|mr|人|毘濕奴派}} 7qevbxzncc0u8tpx6h5geiq0tr8lxia 9944140 9944139 2026-10-14T19:28:01Z TongcyDai 53191 9944140 wikitext text/x-wiki ==馬拉地語== {{was fwotd|mr|2026|10月|14日}} [[File:Jnandev.jpg|thumb|upright|繪於1910年代的插圖，描繪13世紀印度[[馬拉地]]聖人、詩人、哲學家兼{{w|lang=en|Nath}}與{{w|lang=en|Varkari}}傳統的[[瑜伽士]] {{w|lang=en|Dnyaneshwar}}，被尊稱為 {{lang|mr|माऊली}}。]] ===其他形式=== * {{alt|mr|माउली}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|mr|omr|𑘦𑘰𑘄𑘩𑘲<t:慈母>}}（{{inh+|mr|inc-apa|माउ<t:母親>}}、{{ncog|pra|𑀫𑀸𑀉}}）{{inc-ext|mr|illa|ikA}}，源自{{der|mr|sa|मा॒तृ<t:母親>}}（對比 {{m|sa|मातृकुल}}）。 {{box-top}} 與{{cog|vah|मावली}}、{{cog|ne|मावली}} 同源。{{senseno|mr|尊稱|uc=1}}與{{senseno|mr|稱呼|uc=1}}是從直接詞源{{m+|omr|𑘦𑘰𑘄𑘩𑘲}} 原本「母親」的詞義{{ss|mr|type=b|nocap=1}}而來。 {{box-bottom}} ===發音=== * {{mr-IPA}} * {{rhyme|mr|i|s=2}} * {{hyph|mr|माऊ|ली}} ===名詞=== {{mr-noun|g=f|mod=𑘦𑘰𑘄𑘩𑘲}}<ref>{{R:mr:Amarkosh}}</ref><ref>{{R:mr:Berntsen||116}}</ref><ref>{{R:mr:Date||2445|nohwlink=1}}</ref> # {{lb|mr|過時|or|棄用}} [[母親]] #: {{syn|mr|Thesaurus:आई}} ## {{n-g|對母親，或對像母親一樣[[關懷]]與[[呵護]]他人者的[[暱稱]]或[[尊稱]]}} # {{senseid|mr|尊稱}} {{lb|mr|印度教|honorific}} {{n-g|用於受尊崇[[聖人]]的[[尊稱]]}}{{gl|尤指{{w|lang=en|Dnyaneshwar}}與{{w|lang=en|Vithoba}}}} #: {{uxa|mr|'''ज्ञानेश्वर''' माऊली|'''聖人'''德揚內什瓦爾}} #* {{quote-web|mr|date=5 July 2025|brackets=on|author=mr:तुषार कुलकर्णी|title=mr:‘डोईचा पदर आला खांद्यावरी, भरल्या बाजारी जाईन मी’, म्हणत चालीरीतींचे दडपण नाकारणारी मुक्त स्त्री<tr:{{xlit|mr|डोईच़ा पदर आला खांद्या्वरी, भर्ल्या बाज़ारी ज़ाईन मी', म्हणत च़ालीरीतींच़े दडपण नाकारणारी मुक्त स्त्री}}>|trans-title=拒絕傳統習俗束縛、宣稱「我要讓頭巾垂至肩頭，走向繁華市集」的自由女性|work=w:en:[[BBC News|BBC News मराठी]]|text=विठ्ठलाला वारकरी संप्रदायात आज जे '''माऊली''' म्हटलं जातं त्याचं श्रेय संतांनाच आहे.|subst=वारकरी//वार्करी,आज//आज़,जा//ज़ा,चं//च़ं,नाच//नाच़|t=在瓦爾卡里派傳統中，如今將 ''Vitthal'' 稱為 {{m-self|mr|माऊली}} 的做法，全歸功於諸位聖人。|url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/articles/cd97yyk55p3o|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260724180532/https://www.bbc.com/marathi/articles/cd97yyk55p3o|archivedate=24 July 2026}} # {{senseid|mr|稱呼}} {{n-g|[[朝聖者]]彼此之間的[[稱呼]]}}{{gl|尤指在{{w|lang=en|Pandharpur Vari}}期間}} #* {{quote-web|mr|date=19 July 2026|brackets=on|author=mr:प्राजक्ता प्रधान|title=mr:वारीत पाय लागल्यानंतर ‘'''माऊली''', चला पुढे’ का म्हणतात? जाणून घ्या वारकरी परंपरेचे तत्त्वज्ञान<tr:{{xlit|mr|वारीत पाय लाग्ल्यानंतर ‘'''माऊली''', च़ला पुढे’ का म्हणतात? ज़ाणून घ्या वार्करी परंपअरेच़े तत्त्वद्न्यान}}>|trans-title=為何瓦爾卡里人在朝聖期間不小心碰到別人的腳後會說「{{m-self|mr|माऊली}}，請往前走」？了解瓦爾卡里傳統背後的哲學|work=w:en:[[Nava Bharat|NavaRashtra]]|text=याच कारणामुळे वारकरी एकमेकांना नावाने हाक मारत नाहीत; ते प्रेमाने '''“माऊली”''' म्हणतात. '''माऊली''' म्हणजे आई. आई जशी सर्वांना समान प्रेम देते, तसेच प्रत्येक वारकरी दुसऱ्या वारकऱ्याला मायेने आणि आदराने पाहतो.|subst=याच//याच़,वारकरी//वार्करी,जशी//ज़शी,तसेच//तसेच़,दुसऱ्या//दुस्र्या,वारकऱ्याला//वारकर्याला,आदराने//आदअराने|t=正因如此，瓦爾卡里人彼此之間不直呼其名，而是親切地互稱 {{m-self|mr|माऊली}}。{{m-self|mr|माऊली}} 的意思是母親。正如母親平等地給予所有人愛，每一位瓦爾卡里人也同樣以慈愛與敬意看待彼此。|url=https://www.navarashtra.com/religion/ashadhi-wari-2026-why-do-people-say-mouli-lets-go-after-getting-stuck-in-the-wind-1284553.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260721054130/https://www.navarashtra.com/religion/ashadhi-wari-2026-why-do-people-say-mouli-lets-go-after-getting-stuck-in-the-wind-1284553.html|archivedate=21 July 2026}} ====變格==== {{mr-ndecl|<F>}} ===參考資料=== {{box-top}} {{reflist}} {{box-bottom}} ===延伸閱讀=== {{box-top}} * {{R:omr:Tulpule|माउली|539}} * {{R:CDIAL|*mātr̥kulika|10018|page=576|passage=N. ''māwali'', ''māuli'' 'belonging to mother's family'}} {{box-bottom}} {{C|mr|人|毘濕奴派}} nwil3f02bfkd67l1xd9ug2bogd3081t 4 3547403 9944141 2026-10-14T19:28:53Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{FWOTD|mr|माऊली|名詞|2026|10月|14日|image=Jnandev.jpg| # {{lb|mr|過時|or|棄用}} [[母親]] ## {{n-g|對母親，或對像母親一樣[[關懷]]與[[呵護]]他人者的[[暱稱]]或[[尊稱]]}} # {{senseid|mr|尊稱}} {{lb|mr|印度教|honorific}} {{n-g|用於受尊崇[[聖人]]的[[尊稱]]}}{{gl|尤指{{w|lang=en|Dnyaneshwar}}與{{w|lang=en|Vithoba}}}} # {{senseid|mr|稱呼}} {{n-g|[[朝聖者]]彼此之間的[[稱呼]]}…」的新頁面 9944141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{FWOTD|mr|माऊली|名詞|2026|10月|14日|image=Jnandev.jpg| # {{lb|mr|過時|or|棄用}} [[母親]] ## {{n-g|對母親，或對像母親一樣[[關懷]]與[[呵護]]他人者的[[暱稱]]或[[尊稱]]}} # {{senseid|mr|尊稱}} {{lb|mr|印度教|honorific}} {{n-g|用於受尊崇[[聖人]]的[[尊稱]]}}{{gl|尤指{{w|lang=en|Dnyaneshwar}}與{{w|lang=en|Vithoba}}}} # {{senseid|mr|稱呼}} {{n-g|[[朝聖者]]彼此之間的[[稱呼]]}}{{gl|尤指在{{w|lang=en|Pandharpur Vari}}期間}} }} k45e2siv03wdy7cms9bzq8ybnoja1hk 14 3547404 9944142 2026-10-14T19:29:44Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547405 9944143 2026-10-14T19:29:52Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 10 3547406 9944144 2026-10-14T19:29:54Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-web |work=अमरकोश मराठी शब्दकोश |trans-work=Amarkosh Marathi Dictionary |entryurl=https://मराठी.भारत/en/dictionary/marathi/{{urlencode:{{{1|{{pagename}}}}}|PATH}} |entry={{{1|{{pagename}}}}} |year=2014 |allowparams=1 }}<noinclude>{{reference template cat|mr}}</noinclude>」的新頁面 9944144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-web |work=अमरकोश मराठी शब्दकोश |trans-work=Amarkosh Marathi Dictionary |entryurl=https://मराठी.भारत/en/dictionary/marathi/{{urlencode:{{{1|{{pagename}}}}}|PATH}} |entry={{{1|{{pagename}}}}} |year=2014 |allowparams=1 }}<noinclude>{{reference template cat|mr}}</noinclude> 45u0ddzyi1httd6r0ed0q42unsesgk3 14 3547407 9944145 2026-10-14T19:29:58Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547408 9944147 2026-10-14T19:34:52Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547409 9944148 2026-10-14T19:34:59Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547410 9944149 2026-10-14T19:35:05Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3547411 9944150 2026-10-14T19:35:57Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|бьчела|бъчела}} ==古諾夫哥羅德語== {{was fwotd|zle-ono|2026|10月|15日}} {{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=240 |image1=Apis mellifera carnica worker hive entrance 3.jpg|caption1={{lang|zle-ono|бьцела}} ({{senseno|zle-ono|蜜蜂}}) |image2=Alveare.JPG|caption2={{lang|zle-ono|бьцелѣ}} ({{senseno|zle-ono|蜂巢}})}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|zle-ono|бцела||晚期}} ===詞源=== {{ety|zle-ono|:in…」的新頁面 9944150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|бьчела|бъчела}} ==古諾夫哥羅德語== {{was fwotd|zle-ono|2026|10月|15日}} {{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=240 |image1=Apis mellifera carnica worker hive entrance 3.jpg|caption1={{lang|zle-ono|бьцела}} ({{senseno|zle-ono|蜜蜂}}) |image2=Alveare.JPG|caption2={{lang|zle-ono|бьцелѣ}} ({{senseno|zle-ono|蜂巢}})}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|zle-ono|бцела||晚期}} ===詞源=== {{ety|zle-ono|:inh|sla-pro:*bьčela|tree=+|text=*|etydate=r,11世紀中期,12世紀中期}} 對照{{cog|orv|бьчела}}。 ===發音=== * （{{w|古諾夫哥羅德方言|古諾夫哥羅德-普斯科夫方言}}） ** （約公元850年）{{IPA|zle-ono|/bɪt͡sʲːɛˈlɑ/}} ** （約公元1050年）{{IPA|zle-ono|/bʲɪt͡sʲːɛˈla/}} ** （約公元1250‒1450年）{{IPA|zle-ono|/bʲt͡sʲːɛˈla/}} * {{hyph|zle-ono|бь|це|ла}} ===名詞=== {{head|zle-ono|名詞|g=f}}<ref>{{R|zle-ono|DND2|{{lang|zle-ono|бчела}} ''ж.''|p=714}}</ref> # {{senseid|zle-ono|蜜蜂}} {{c|zle-ono|蜂}} [[蜜蜂]] #* {{Q|zle-ono||ZhAJu|quote={{…}} множьство ѥсть '''бцелъ''' въ оульи. нъ другыꙗ въходѧть. а другыꙗ исходѧть. тако же и мравиꙗ. {{…}}|t={{…}}蜂巢裡有許多'''蜜蜂'''，有的進去，有的出來，就像螞蟻一樣{{…}}}} # {{senseid|zle-ono|蜂巢}} {{c|zle-ono|養蜂}} {{lb|zle-ono|plurale tantum}} [[蜂巢]] #* {{Q|zle-ono||b/n766|quote={{…}} себѣ которои взѧли '''бч(елꙑ)''' {{…}}|t={{…}}給那個拿走了'''蜂巢'''的人自己{{…}}}} #* {{Q|zle-ono||b/tve5|quote={{…}} · шюига дубие переписꙑваете а '''[б]целꙑ''' ти лазило · ѧзо дубие ѿимаю по своеи мети а тесно сотесꙑваете · то мои дубо · ваше бортико ꙩкралосѧ первꙑ · {{…}}|t={{…}}舒伊加正在塗改橡樹上的（標記），並從'''蜂巢'''中取出了蜂蜜，（說：）「我按自己的標記收走橡樹。」他正在削去所有權標記，（說：）「這是我的橡樹。你們以前的養蜂人先犯了偷竊罪。」{{…}}}} ====變格==== {{zle-ono-decl-noun-a|бьцел}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:zle-ono:ruscorpora|бчела}} 1pgjydrgzoq3abibnh28yp1dwueee3g 9944151 9944150 2026-10-14T19:36:25Z TongcyDai 53191 9944151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|бьчела|бъчела}} ==古諾夫哥羅德語== {{was fwotd|zle-ono|2026|10月|15日}} {{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=240 |image1=Apis mellifera carnica worker hive entrance 3.jpg|caption1={{lang|zle-ono|бьцела}} ({{senseno|zle-ono|蜜蜂}}) |image2=Alveare.JPG|caption2={{lang|zle-ono|бьцелѣ}} ({{senseno|zle-ono|蜂巢}})}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|zle-ono|бцела||晚期}} ===詞源=== {{ety|zle-ono|:inh|sla-pro:*bьčela|tree=+|text=*|etydate=r,11世紀中期,12世紀中期}} 對照{{cog|orv|бьчела}}。 ===發音=== * ({{w|古諾夫哥羅德方言|古諾夫哥羅德-普斯科夫方言}}) ** (約公元850年) {{IPA|zle-ono|/bɪt͡sʲːɛˈlɑ/}} ** (約公元1050年) {{IPA|zle-ono|/bʲɪt͡sʲːɛˈla/}} ** (約公元1250‒1450年) {{IPA|zle-ono|/bʲt͡sʲːɛˈla/}} * {{hyph|zle-ono|бь|це|ла}} ===名詞=== {{head|zle-ono|名詞|g=f}}<ref>{{R|zle-ono|DND2|{{lang|zle-ono|бчела}} ''ж.''|p=714}}</ref> # {{senseid|zle-ono|蜜蜂}} {{c|zle-ono|蜂}} [[蜜蜂]] #* {{Q|zle-ono||ZhAJu|quote={{…}} множьство ѥсть '''бцелъ''' въ оульи. нъ другыꙗ въходѧть. а другыꙗ исходѧть. тако же и мравиꙗ. {{…}}|t={{…}}蜂巢裡有許多'''蜜蜂'''，有的進去，有的出來，就像螞蟻一樣{{…}}}} # {{senseid|zle-ono|蜂巢}} {{c|zle-ono|養蜂}} {{lb|zle-ono|plurale tantum}} [[蜂巢]] #* {{Q|zle-ono||b/n766|quote={{…}} себѣ которои взѧли '''бч(елꙑ)''' {{…}}|t={{…}}給那個拿走了'''蜂巢'''的人自己{{…}}}} #* {{Q|zle-ono||b/tve5|quote={{…}} · шюига дубие переписꙑваете а '''[б]целꙑ''' ти лазило · ѧзо дубие ѿимаю по своеи мети а тесно сотесꙑваете · то мои дубо · ваше бортико ꙩкралосѧ первꙑ · {{…}}|t={{…}}舒伊加正在塗改橡樹上的（標記），並從'''蜂巢'''中取出了蜂蜜，（說：）「我按自己的標記收走橡樹。」他正在削去所有權標記，（說：）「這是我的橡樹。你們以前的養蜂人先犯了偷竊罪。」{{…}}}} ====變格==== {{zle-ono-decl-noun-a|бьцел}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:zle-ono:ruscorpora|бчела}} s4o0v5lxvh4p62cjcfkcpc85t4t2xmn 9944152 9944151 2026-10-14T19:36:43Z TongcyDai 53191 9944152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|бьчела|бъчела}} ==古諾夫哥羅德語== {{was fwotd|zle-ono|2026|10月|15日}} {{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=240 |image1=Apis mellifera carnica worker hive entrance 3.jpg|caption1={{lang|zle-ono|бьцела}} ({{senseno|zle-ono|蜜蜂}}) |image2=Alveare.JPG|caption2={{lang|zle-ono|бьцелѣ}} ({{senseno|zle-ono|蜂巢}})}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|zle-ono|бцела||晚期}} ===詞源=== {{ety|zle-ono|:inh|sla-pro:*bьčela|tree=+|text=*|etydate=r,11世紀中期,12世紀中期}} 對照{{cog|orv|бьчела}}。 ===發音=== * ({{w|古諾夫哥羅德方言|古諾夫哥羅德-普斯科夫方言}}) ** (約公元850年) {{IPA|zle-ono|/bɪt͡sʲːɛˈlɑ/}} ** (約公元1050年) {{IPA|zle-ono|/bʲɪt͡sʲːɛˈla/}} ** (約公元1250‒1450年) {{IPA|zle-ono|/bʲt͡sʲːɛˈla/}} * {{hyph|zle-ono|бь|це|ла}} ===名詞=== {{head|zle-ono|名詞|g=f}}<ref>{{R|zle-ono|DND2|{{lang|zle-ono|бчела}} ''ж.''|p=714}}</ref> # {{senseid|zle-ono|蜜蜂}} {{c|zle-ono|蜂}} [[蜜蜂]] #* {{Q|zle-ono||ZhAJu|quote={{…}} множьство ѥсть '''бцелъ''' въ оульи. нъ другыꙗ въходѧть. а другыꙗ исходѧть. тако же и мравиꙗ. {{…}}|t={{…}}蜂巢裡有許多'''蜜蜂'''，有的進去，有的出來，就像螞蟻一樣{{…}}}} # {{senseid|zle-ono|蜂巢}} {{c|zle-ono|養蜂}} {{lb|zle-ono|plurale tantum}} [[蜂巢]] #* {{Q|zle-ono||b/n766|quote={{…}} себѣ которои взѧли '''бч(елꙑ)''' {{…}}|t={{…}}給那個拿走了'''蜂巢'''的人自己{{…}}}} #* {{Q|zle-ono||b/tve5|quote={{…}} · шюига дубие переписꙑваете а '''[б]целꙑ''' ти лазило · ѧзо дубие ѿимаю по своеи мети а тесно сотесꙑваете · то мои дубо · ваше бортико ꙩкралосѧ первꙑ · {{…}}|t={{…}}舒伊加正在塗改橡樹上的（標記），並從'''蜂巢'''中取出了蜂蜜，（說：）「我按自己的標記收走橡樹。」他正在削去所有權標記，（說：）「這是我的橡樹。你們以前的養蜂人先犯了偷竊罪。」{{…}}}} ====變格==== {{zle-ono-decl-noun-a|бьцел}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:zle-ono:ruscorpora|бчела}} 4bc8930mwb3av9ae06xw7byw9hqtkn2 4 3547412 9944153 2026-10-14T19:37:12Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{FWOTD|zle-ono|бьцела|名詞|2026|10月|15日| # [[蜜蜂]] # {{lb|zle-ono|plurale tantum}} [[蜂巢]] }}」的新頁面 9944153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{FWOTD|zle-ono|бьцела|名詞|2026|10月|15日| # [[蜜蜂]] # {{lb|zle-ono|plurale tantum}} [[蜂巢]] }} bjh41f6tt1fhokpm2muwn0yneeuie2z 118 3547413 9944155 2026-10-14T19:43:00Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{reconstructed}} ==原始斯拉夫語== ===詞源=== {{ety|sla-pro|:inh|ine-bsl-pro:*bikelā́ˀ<ety:inh<ine-pro:<alt:*bʰi-k-el-éh₂><ety:af<*bʰey-><*-kos<alt:*-k->><*-lós<alt:*-el->><*-éh₂<id:o-級>>>>>|text=++|tree=1}}與{{cog|cel-pro|*bikos}}（< {{m|ine-pro||*bʰi-k-os}} ）、{{cog|la|fūcus}}（< {{m|ine-pro||*bʰoy-k-os}} ）、{{cog|gem-pro|*bijǭ}} 同源。波羅的語支同源詞（{{cog|lv|bite}}、{{cog|lt|bìtė}}、{{…」的新頁面 9944155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reconstructed}} ==原始斯拉夫語== ===詞源=== {{ety|sla-pro|:inh|ine-bsl-pro:*bikelā́ˀ<ety:inh<ine-pro:<alt:*bʰi-k-el-éh₂><ety:af<*bʰey-><*-kos<alt:*-k->><*-lós<alt:*-el->><*-éh₂<id:o-級>>>>>|text=++|tree=1}}與{{cog|cel-pro|*bikos}}（< {{m|ine-pro||*bʰi-k-os}} ）、{{cog|la|fūcus}}（< {{m|ine-pro||*bʰoy-k-os}} ）、{{cog|gem-pro|*bijǭ}} 同源。波羅的語支同源詞（{{cog|lv|bite}}、{{cog|lt|bìtė}}、{{cog|prg|bitte}}）在這種情況下會使{{der|sla-pro|ine-bsl-pro|-}} 形式 {{m|ine-bsl-pro|*bikelē}} 與 {{m|ine-bsl-pro|*bitē}}成為同源詞。 <!--西北原始印歐語 {{m|ine-pro||*bʰi-kʷe-|蜜蜂、螫蟲}}，詞根 {{m|ine-pro|*bʰey-|*bʰi-|擊打}} 的擴展——比較 {{m|sla-pro|*biti||擊打}}。--> 《{{w|lang=en|Psalterium Sinaiticum}}》中收錄了古教會斯拉夫語唯一的 {{m|cu|бьчела}} 用例，但由於形式 {{m|cu|бъчела}} 同樣十分罕見，因此無法單憑古教會斯拉夫語精確重構出該詞的晚期原始斯拉夫語形式。由於該原始斯拉夫語詞為詞尾重音詞，因此所有後代語言均未保留詞中[[w:en:Havlík's law|弱]]半元音的反映。 另一種說法（已棄用）將其解釋為 {{m|sla-pro|*bučati||發出嗡嗡聲、作響}} 的動詞派生詞，並重構為 {{m|sla-pro||*bъčela}}。因此，蜜蜂即為「發出嗡嗡聲者」。 ===名詞=== {{sla-noun|f|head=*bьčelà}}<ref>{{R:sla:EDSIL|72|*bьčelà|f. ā (b) ‘bee’}}</ref><ref>{{R:sla:UW|*biče̱lā͘ «bьčela»|74}}</ref><ref>{{R:sla:CSAWL|bьčela bьčely|''b/c'' bee (PR 135)|2}}</ref><ref name="ESSJa">{{R:sla:ESSJa|*bъčela|104|3}}</ref><ref name="SP">{{R:sla:SP|bъčela|456|1}}</ref> # {{c|sla-pro|蜂}} [[蜜蜂]] ====變格==== {{sla-decl-noun|bьčelà|ap=b}} ====其他重構==== * {{l|sla-pro|*bъčelà}} {{qualifier|ESSJa, Sławski}}<ref name="ESSJa"/><ref name="SP"/> ====派生詞彙==== {{col4|sla-pro|title=|*bьčelъka<g:f>|*bьčelica<g:f>|*bьčeľařь<g:m>|*bьčelinъ|*bьčelinьcь<g:n>|*bьčelinъkъ<g:m>|*bьčelьjь|*bьčelьnъ|*bьčelьnikъ<g:m>|*bьčelьnica<g:f>|*bьčelę<g:n>}} ====派生語彙==== {{hrow}} * 東斯拉夫語支： ** {{desc|orv|бьчела|бъчела|бчела|пъчела|пчела}} *** {{desc|zle-ort|бчола́|бжола́|бчела́|пчола́|пчела́|пщола́}} **** {{desc|be|пчала́}}; {{desc|be|пчола́|пшчала́|пшчо́ла|nolang=1|qq=方言}} **** {{desc|rue|пчола́}} **** {{desc|uk|бджола́}}; {{desc|uk|бжола́|пчола́|пщола́|nolang=1|qq=方言}} ***** {{desc|ru|бджела́|бжела́|bor=1|qq=方言}} *** {{desc|ru|пчела́}}; {{desc|ru|бчела́|мчела́|мцела́|чо́ла|nolang=1|qq=方言}} ** {{desc|zle-ono|бьцела}} * 南斯拉夫語支： ** {{desc|cu|-}} **: {{desc|sclang=1|cu|бьчела|бъчела|пъчела}} **: {{desc|sclang=1|cu|ⰱⱐⱍⰵⰾⰰ|ⰱⱏⱍⰵⰾⰰ|ⱂⱏⱍⰵⰾⰰ}} ** {{desc|bg|пчела́}}; {{desc|bg|вчела́|чела́|nolang=1|qq=方言}} ** {{desc|mk|пчела}}; {{desc|mk|пшела|nolang=1|qq=方言}} ** 古{{desc|sh|пшела|tr=pšela|sc=Cyrs|qq=17世紀}} ** {{desc|sh|-}} **: {{desc|sclang=1|sh|пчѐла|чѐла|}} **: {{desc|sclang=1|sh|bčela|pčèla|čèla|}} *** {{desc|svm|čèla}} ** {{desc/sl-tonal|čebẹ̑la|čbẹ̑la|čẹ̑la|bčẹ̑la|bečẹ̑la<!--|bəčẹ̑va|žbiẹ̑la-->}} * 西斯拉夫語支： ** {{desc|zlw-ocs|včela}} *** {{desc|cs|včela}}; {{desc|cs|včala|fčela|čela|ščela|nolang=1|qq=方言}} **** 波希米亞 {{a|sla-pro|霍德方言}}：{{desc|cs|včala|včela|nolang=1}} ** {{desctree|zlw-opl|pszczoła}} ** {{desc|pox|celă}} ** {{desc|zlw-pom}} *** {{desc|csb|pszczoła}} *** {{desc|zlw-slv|pszczôla}} ** {{desc|sk|včela}}; {{desc|sk|fčela|fčola|pčola|pčela|pščeu̯a|pčou̯a|ščela|pšela|čela|nolang=1|qq=方言}} ** {{desc|wen}} *** {{desc|dsb|coła}}; {{desc|dsb|pcoła|nolang=1|qq=古舊、方言}} *** {{desc|hsb|pčoła|wčoła}} ====參見==== {{sla-pro-insects}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} g65r5hp1x0gic1t1ve3qgcpr5nybute 14 3547414 9944156 2026-10-14T19:43:22Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547415 9944157 2026-10-14T19:43:27Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547416 9944158 2026-10-14T19:43:33Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547417 9944159 2026-10-14T19:43:41Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547418 9944160 2026-10-14T19:43:47Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547419 9944161 2026-10-14T19:43:52Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547420 9944162 2026-10-14T19:44:04Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547421 9944163 2026-10-14T19:44:09Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547422 9944164 2026-10-14T19:44:15Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547423 9944165 2026-10-14T19:44:20Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547424 9944166 2026-10-14T19:44:26Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547425 9944167 2026-10-14T19:44:32Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547426 9944168 2026-10-14T19:44:41Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 828 3547427 9944169 2026-10-14T19:44:44Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「return { sources = { -- A -- -- B -- -- C -- -- D -- -- E -- ["EDSIL"] = { title = "Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon", author = "Rick Derksen|Derksen, Rick", year = "2008", location = {"Leiden", "Boston"}, publisher = "Brill", series = { name = "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary|Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series", number = "4" }, link = { isbn = "978-90-04-15504-6", ia…」的新頁面 9944169 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- -- B -- -- C -- -- D -- -- E -- ["EDSIL"] = { title = "Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon", author = "Rick Derksen|Derksen, Rick", year = "2008", location = {"Leiden", "Boston"}, publisher = "Brill", series = { name = "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary|Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series", number = "4" }, link = { isbn = "978-90-04-15504-6", ia = "etymological-dictionary-of-the-slavic-inherited-lexicon", gb = "LJFiAAAAMAAJ" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 10 }, default_pagename = true }, ["ESSJa ^prosp."] = { alias = {"ESSJa prosp", "ЭССЯ проспект"}, title = { text = "Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages|Этимологический словарь славянских языков. Проспект. Пробные статьи", translation = "Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages. Prospectus. Sample articles" }, author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", year = "1963", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.", link = { ia = "ESSJa_0", academia = "89175278" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 }, default_pagename = true }, ["ESSJa"] = { alias = "ЭССЯ", title = { text = "Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages|Этимологический словарь славянских языков. Праславянский лексический фонд", translation = "Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages: Proto-Slavic Lexical Stock" }, author = {"Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", "et al."}, year = "1974–2021", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", volumes = { { number = "1", title = "*a – *besědьlivъ", year = "1974", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_1" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -2 } }, { number = "2", title = "*bez – *bratrъ", year = "1975", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_2" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "3", title = "*bratrьcь – *cьrky", year = "1976", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_3" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "4", title = "*čaběniti – *děľa", year = "1977", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_4" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "5", title = "*dělo – *dьržьlь", year = "1978", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_5" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "6", title = "*e – *golva", year = "1979", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_6" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "7", title = "*golvačь – *gyžati", year = "1980", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_7" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -2 } }, { number = "8", title = "*xa – *jьvьlga", year = "1981", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_8" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "9", title = "*jьz – *klenьje", year = "1983", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_9" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "10", title = "*klepačь – *konь", year = "1983", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_10" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "11", title = "*konьcь – *kotьna(ja)", year = "1984", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_11" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "12", title = "*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ", year = "1985", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_12" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "13", title = "*kroměžirъ – *kyžiti", year = "1987", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_13" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "14", title = "*labati – *lěteplъjь", year = "1987", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_14" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "15", title = "*lětina – *lokačь", year = "1988", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-010862-6", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_15" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "16", title = "*lokadlo – *lъživьcь", year = "1990", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-010920-7", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_16" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "17", title = "*lъžь – *matješьnъjь", year = "1990", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-010995-9", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_17" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "18", title = "*matoga – *mękyšьka", year = "1992", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011039-6", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_18" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "19", title = "*męs⁽'⁾arь – *morzakъ", year = "1992", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011121-X", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_19" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "20", title = "*morzatъjь – *mъrsknǫti", year = "1994", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011145-7", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_20" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "21", title = "*mъrskovatъjь – *nadějьnъjь", year = "1994", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011172-4", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_21" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "22", title = "*naděliti – *narodъ", year = "1995", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011252-6", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_22" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "23", title = "*narodьnъjь – *navijakъ", year = "1996", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011214-3", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_23" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "24", title = "*navijati (sę)/*navivati (sę) – *nerodimъ(jь)", year = "1997", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011206-2", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_24" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "25", title = "*neroditi – *novotьnъ(jь)", year = "1999", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011672-6", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_25" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "26", title = "*novoukъ(jь) – *obgorditi", year = "1999", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011590-8", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_26" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "27", title = "*obgordja/*obgordjь – *oblězati", year = "2000", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011793-5", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_27" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "28", title = "*oblězti – *obpovědanьje", year = "2001", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-022627-0", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_28" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "29", title = "*obpovědati – *obsojьnica", year = "2002", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011808-7", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_29" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "30", title = "*obsojьnikъ – *obvedьnъjь", year = "2003", author = "Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-006386-X", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_30" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "31", title = "*obvelčenьje – *obžьniviny", year = "2005", author = {"Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich"}, link = { isbn = "5-02-033251-8", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_31" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "32", title = "*obžьnъ – *orzbotati", year = "2005", author = {"Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich"}, link = { isbn = "5-02-033868-0", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_32" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "33", title = "*orzbotěti – *orzmajati (sę)", year = "2007", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", link = { isbn = "5-02-035689-1", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_33" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "34", title = "*orzmajь – *orzstegajь", year = "2008", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-036286-4", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_34" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "35", title = "*orzstegati (sę) – *orzъјьti (sę)", year = "2009", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-036883-5", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_35" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "36", title = "*orz(ъ)zeleněti/*orz(ъ)zeleniti (sę) – *otъgrěbati (sę)", year = "2010", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-037371-6", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_36" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "37", title = "*otъgryzati (sę) – *otъpasti", year = "2011", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-037516-1", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_37" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "38", title = "*otъpečatati/*otъpečatiti (sę) – *otъtęgnǫti (sę)", year = "2012", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-037545-1", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_38" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "39", title = "*otъtęti – *ozgǫba", year = "2014", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-039092-8", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_39" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "40", title = "*ǫborъkъ – *pakъla", year = "2016", author = {"ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", "ru:Варбот, Жанна Жановна|Varbot, Zh.anna Zh.anovna"}, link = { isbn = "978-5-02-039954-9", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_40" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "41", title = "*pala – *pažьnъ(јь)", year = "2018", author = "ru:Варбот, Жанна Жановна|Varbot, Zh.anna Zh.anovna", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-040069-6", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_41" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "42", title = "*peča – *perzъ", year = "2021", author = "ru:Варбот, Жанна Жановна|Varbot, Zh.anna Zh.anovna", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-040878-4", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_42" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, }, default_pagename = true }, -- F -- -- G -- -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- -- M -- -- N -- ["NzPA"] = { alias = {"НзПА", "EPSA"}, title = { text = "Нариси з праслов'янської антропонімії", translation = "Essays on Proto-Slavic Anthroponymy" }, author = {"uk:Шульгач, Виктор Петрович|Shulhach, V.iktor P.etrovych"}, year = "2008–2023", location = "Kyiv", volumes = { { number = "1", year = "2008", publisher = "Dovira", link = { isbn = "978-966-507-246-1", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-1" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "2", year = "2015", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-7561-4", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-2" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "3", year = "2016", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-7870-7", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-3" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "4", year = "2017", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-8266-7", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-4" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "5", year = "2018", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-8496-8", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-5" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "6", year = "2019", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-8845-4", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-6" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "7", year = "2022", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-9949-8", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-7" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "8", year = "2023", link = { isbn = "978-617-14-0197-6", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-8" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, }, default_pagename = true }, -- O -- ["Olander:2001"] = { alias = "CSAWL", title = "Common Slavic Accentological Word List", author = "Olander, Thomas", year = "2001", location = "Copenhagen", publisher = "Editiones Olander", link = { ia = "Olander-2001", url = "https://www.sproghistorie.dk/files/olander-wordlist.pdf" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 }, default_pagename = true }, -- P -- -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- ["Shaposhnikov:2018"] = { title = { text = "Перспектива праславянской этимологии в XXI в.", translation = "Prospect of Common Slavonic etymology in XXI century" }, author = "Shaposhnikov, A.lexander K.onstantinovich", year = "2018", link = { academia = "35883765" }, }, ["SP"] = { title = { text = "pl:|Słownik prasłowiański", translation = "Proto-Slavic Dictionary" }, author = {"pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", "et al."}, year = "1974–2024", volumes = { { number = "1", title = "a – bьzděti", year = "1974", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-1" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "2", title = "caca – davьnota", year = "1976", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-2" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "3", title = "davьnъ – dobirati sę", year = "1979", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { isbn = "83-04-00465-8", ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-3" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "4", title = "dob'estь – družьstvo", year = "1981", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { isbn = "83-04-00466-6", ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-4" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "5", title = "drъgati – ďurъka", year = "1984", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { isbn = "83-04-01340-1", ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-5" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "6", title = "e! – ěždžь", year = "1991", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { isbn = "83-04-02877-8", ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-6" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "7", title = "ga – gobьdzь", year = "1995", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { isbn = "83-04-04230-4", ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-7" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "8", title = "goda – gyža", year = "2001", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { isbn = "83-04-04560-5", ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-8" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "9", title = "ch… – j…", year = "unpublished", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek" }, { number = "10", title = "-ka – kožuchъ", year = "2024", author = "Jakubowicz, Mariola", location = "Warsaw", publisher = "Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk", link = { isbn = "978-83-66369-81-8", doi = "10.11649/978-83-66369-81-8", ia = "slownik-praslowianski-2/slownik-praslowianski-10" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "11", title = "kǫb(ъ)lati – kyvati", year = "2023", author = "Jakubowicz, Mariola", location = "Warsaw", publisher = "Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk", link = { isbn = "978-83-66369-58-0", doi = "10.11649/978-83-66369-58-0", ia = "slownik-praslowianski-2/slownik-praslowianski-11" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, }, default_pagename = true }, ["SP ^ref."] = { alias = "SP ref", title = { text = "pl:Słownik prasłowiański|Słownik prasłowiański. Zintegrowany wykaz skrótów do tomów I–VIII, X, XI", translation = "Proto-Slavic Dictionary. Integrated Abbreviation List for volumes 1–8, 10, 11" }, author = {"Jakubowicz, Mariola", "Pogwizd, Szymon"}, year = "2023", location = "Warsaw", publisher = "Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk", link = { isbn = "978-83-66369-28-3", doi = "10.11649/978-83-66369-83-2", ia = "slownik-praslowianski-2/slownik-praslowianski-ref" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 }, }, -- T -- -- U -- ["UW^1"] = { alias = {"UW", "UW1"}, title = { text = "Urslawisches Wörterbuch", translation = "Proto-Slavic Dictionary" }, author = "Klotz, Emanuel", year = "2017", edition = "1st", location = "Wien", publisher = "Facultas", link = { isbn = "978-3-7089-1518-0", ia = "urslawisches_worterbuch_2017", gb = "isw2tAEACAAJ", academia = "85817255" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 }, }, ["UW^2"] = { alias = "UW2", title = { text = "Urslawisches Wörterbuch (2. Auflage)", translation = "Proto-Slavic Dictionary" }, author = "Klotz, Emanuel", year = "2023", edition = "2nd", location = "Wien", publisher = "Facultas", link = { isbn = "978-3-7089-2361-1", doi = "10.29091/KRATYLOS/2023/1/11" }, }, -- V -- -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- } } 3n8tzsu7z3pxdr36bs0i4s0pd5zvf8o 9944341 9944169 2026-10-14T21:02:02Z TongcyDai 53191 維基百科連結本地化（38 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944341 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- -- B -- -- C -- -- D -- -- E -- ["EDSIL"] = { title = "Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon", author = "en:Rick Derksen|Derksen, Rick", year = "2008", location = {"Leiden", "Boston"}, publisher = "Brill", series = { name = "en:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary|Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series", number = "4" }, link = { isbn = "978-90-04-15504-6", ia = "etymological-dictionary-of-the-slavic-inherited-lexicon", gb = "LJFiAAAAMAAJ" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 10 }, default_pagename = true }, ["ESSJa ^prosp."] = { alias = {"ESSJa prosp", "ЭССЯ проспект"}, title = { text = "en:Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages|Этимологический словарь славянских языков. Проспект. Пробные статьи", translation = "Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages. Prospectus. Sample articles" }, author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", year = "1963", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.", link = { ia = "ESSJa_0", academia = "89175278" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 }, default_pagename = true }, ["ESSJa"] = { alias = "ЭССЯ", title = { text = "en:Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages|Этимологический словарь славянских языков. Праславянский лексический фонд", translation = "Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages: Proto-Slavic Lexical Stock" }, author = {"en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", "et al."}, year = "1974–2021", location = "Moscow", publisher = "Nauka", volumes = { { number = "1", title = "*a – *besědьlivъ", year = "1974", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_1" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -2 } }, { number = "2", title = "*bez – *bratrъ", year = "1975", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_2" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "3", title = "*bratrьcь – *cьrky", year = "1976", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_3" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "4", title = "*čaběniti – *děľa", year = "1977", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_4" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "5", title = "*dělo – *dьržьlь", year = "1978", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_5" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "6", title = "*e – *golva", year = "1979", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_6" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "7", title = "*golvačь – *gyžati", year = "1980", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_7" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -2 } }, { number = "8", title = "*xa – *jьvьlga", year = "1981", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_8" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "9", title = "*jьz – *klenьje", year = "1983", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_9" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "10", title = "*klepačь – *konь", year = "1983", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_10" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "11", title = "*konьcь – *kotьna(ja)", year = "1984", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_11" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "12", title = "*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ", year = "1985", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_12" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "13", title = "*kroměžirъ – *kyžiti", year = "1987", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_13" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "14", title = "*labati – *lěteplъjь", year = "1987", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_14" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "15", title = "*lětina – *lokačь", year = "1988", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-010862-6", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_15" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "16", title = "*lokadlo – *lъživьcь", year = "1990", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-010920-7", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_16" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "17", title = "*lъžь – *matješьnъjь", year = "1990", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-010995-9", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_17" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "18", title = "*matoga – *mękyšьka", year = "1992", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011039-6", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_18" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "19", title = "*męs⁽'⁾arь – *morzakъ", year = "1992", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011121-X", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_19" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "20", title = "*morzatъjь – *mъrsknǫti", year = "1994", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011145-7", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_20" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "21", title = "*mъrskovatъjь – *nadějьnъjь", year = "1994", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011172-4", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_21" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "22", title = "*naděliti – *narodъ", year = "1995", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011252-6", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_22" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "23", title = "*narodьnъjь – *navijakъ", year = "1996", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011214-3", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_23" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "24", title = "*navijati (sę)/*navivati (sę) – *nerodimъ(jь)", year = "1997", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011206-2", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_24" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "25", title = "*neroditi – *novotьnъ(jь)", year = "1999", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011672-6", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_25" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "26", title = "*novoukъ(jь) – *obgorditi", year = "1999", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011590-8", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_26" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "27", title = "*obgordja/*obgordjь – *oblězati", year = "2000", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011793-5", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_27" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "28", title = "*oblězti – *obpovědanьje", year = "2001", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-022627-0", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_28" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "29", title = "*obpovědati – *obsojьnica", year = "2002", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-011808-7", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_29" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "30", title = "*obsojьnikъ – *obvedьnъjь", year = "2003", author = "en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", link = { isbn = "5-02-006386-X", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_30" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "31", title = "*obvelčenьje – *obžьniviny", year = "2005", author = {"en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich"}, link = { isbn = "5-02-033251-8", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_31" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "32", title = "*obžьnъ – *orzbotati", year = "2005", author = {"en:Oleg Trubachyov|Trubachyov, O.leg N.ikolaevich", "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich"}, link = { isbn = "5-02-033868-0", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_32" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "33", title = "*orzbotěti – *orzmajati (sę)", year = "2007", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", link = { isbn = "5-02-035689-1", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_33" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "34", title = "*orzmajь – *orzstegajь", year = "2008", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-036286-4", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_34" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "35", title = "*orzstegati (sę) – *orzъјьti (sę)", year = "2009", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-036883-5", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_35" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "36", title = "*orz(ъ)zeleněti/*orz(ъ)zeleniti (sę) – *otъgrěbati (sę)", year = "2010", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-037371-6", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_36" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "37", title = "*otъgryzati (sę) – *otъpasti", year = "2011", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-037516-1", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_37" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "38", title = "*otъpečatati/*otъpečatiti (sę) – *otъtęgnǫti (sę)", year = "2012", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-037545-1", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_38" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "39", title = "*otъtęti – *ozgǫba", year = "2014", author = "ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-039092-8", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_39" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "40", title = "*ǫborъkъ – *pakъla", year = "2016", author = {"ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович|Zhuravlyov, A.natoly F.edorovich", "ru:Варбот, Жанна Жановна|Varbot, Zh.anna Zh.anovna"}, link = { isbn = "978-5-02-039954-9", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_40" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "41", title = "*pala – *pažьnъ(јь)", year = "2018", author = "ru:Варбот, Жанна Жановна|Varbot, Zh.anna Zh.anovna", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-040069-6", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_41" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "42", title = "*peča – *perzъ", year = "2021", author = "ru:Варбот, Жанна Жановна|Varbot, Zh.anna Zh.anovna", link = { isbn = "978-5-02-040878-4", ia = "ESSJa/ESSJa_42" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, }, default_pagename = true }, -- F -- -- G -- -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- -- M -- -- N -- ["NzPA"] = { alias = {"НзПА", "EPSA"}, title = { text = "Нариси з праслов'янської антропонімії", translation = "Essays on Proto-Slavic Anthroponymy" }, author = {"uk:Шульгач, Виктор Петрович|Shulhach, V.iktor P.etrovych"}, year = "2008–2023", location = "Kyiv", volumes = { { number = "1", year = "2008", publisher = "Dovira", link = { isbn = "978-966-507-246-1", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-1" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "2", year = "2015", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-7561-4", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-2" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "3", year = "2016", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-7870-7", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-3" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "4", year = "2017", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-8266-7", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-4" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "5", year = "2018", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-8496-8", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-5" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "6", year = "2019", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-8845-4", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-6" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "7", year = "2022", link = { isbn = "978-966-02-9949-8", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-7" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "8", year = "2023", link = { isbn = "978-617-14-0197-6", ia = "NzPA-EPSA/NzPA-8" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, }, default_pagename = true }, -- O -- ["Olander:2001"] = { alias = "CSAWL", title = "Common Slavic Accentological Word List", author = "Olander, Thomas", year = "2001", location = "Copenhagen", publisher = "Editiones Olander", link = { ia = "Olander-2001", url = "https://www.sproghistorie.dk/files/olander-wordlist.pdf" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 }, default_pagename = true }, -- P -- -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- ["Shaposhnikov:2018"] = { title = { text = "Перспектива праславянской этимологии в XXI в.", translation = "Prospect of Common Slavonic etymology in XXI century" }, author = "Shaposhnikov, A.lexander K.onstantinovich", year = "2018", link = { academia = "35883765" }, }, ["SP"] = { title = { text = "pl:|Słownik prasłowiański", translation = "Proto-Slavic Dictionary" }, author = {"pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", "et al."}, year = "1974–2024", volumes = { { number = "1", title = "a – bьzděti", year = "1974", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-1" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "2", title = "caca – davьnota", year = "1976", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-2" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "3", title = "davьnъ – dobirati sę", year = "1979", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { isbn = "83-04-00465-8", ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-3" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "4", title = "dob'estь – družьstvo", year = "1981", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { isbn = "83-04-00466-6", ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-4" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "5", title = "drъgati – ďurъka", year = "1984", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { isbn = "83-04-01340-1", ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-5" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "6", title = "e! – ěždžь", year = "1991", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { isbn = "83-04-02877-8", ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-6" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "7", title = "ga – gobьdzь", year = "1995", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { isbn = "83-04-04230-4", ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-7" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "8", title = "goda – gyža", year = "2001", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek", location = "Wrocław", publisher = "Ossolineum", link = { isbn = "83-04-04560-5", ia = "slownik-praslowianski/slownik-praslowianski-8" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, { number = "9", title = "ch… – j…", year = "unpublished", author = "pl:Franciszek Sławski|Sławski, Franciszek" }, { number = "10", title = "-ka – kožuchъ", year = "2024", author = "Jakubowicz, Mariola", location = "Warsaw", publisher = "Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk", link = { isbn = "978-83-66369-81-8", doi = "10.11649/978-83-66369-81-8", ia = "slownik-praslowianski-2/slownik-praslowianski-10" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, { number = "11", title = "kǫb(ъ)lati – kyvati", year = "2023", author = "Jakubowicz, Mariola", location = "Warsaw", publisher = "Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk", link = { isbn = "978-83-66369-58-0", doi = "10.11649/978-83-66369-58-0", ia = "slownik-praslowianski-2/slownik-praslowianski-11" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, }, default_pagename = true }, ["SP ^ref."] = { alias = "SP ref", title = { text = "pl:Słownik prasłowiański|Słownik prasłowiański. Zintegrowany wykaz skrótów do tomów I–VIII, X, XI", translation = "Proto-Slavic Dictionary. Integrated Abbreviation List for volumes 1–8, 10, 11" }, author = {"Jakubowicz, Mariola", "Pogwizd, Szymon"}, year = "2023", location = "Warsaw", publisher = "Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk", link = { isbn = "978-83-66369-28-3", doi = "10.11649/978-83-66369-83-2", ia = "slownik-praslowianski-2/slownik-praslowianski-ref" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 }, }, -- T -- -- U -- ["UW^1"] = { alias = {"UW", "UW1"}, title = { text = "Urslawisches Wörterbuch", translation = "Proto-Slavic Dictionary" }, author = "Klotz, Emanuel", year = "2017", edition = "1st", location = "Wien", publisher = "Facultas", link = { isbn = "978-3-7089-1518-0", ia = "urslawisches_worterbuch_2017", gb = "isw2tAEACAAJ", academia = "85817255" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 }, }, ["UW^2"] = { alias = "UW2", title = { text = "Urslawisches Wörterbuch (2. Auflage)", translation = "Proto-Slavic Dictionary" }, author = "Klotz, Emanuel", year = "2023", edition = "2nd", location = "Wien", publisher = "Facultas", link = { isbn = "978-3-7089-2361-1", doi = "10.29091/KRATYLOS/2023/1/11" }, }, -- V -- -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- } } fu61jozhevfvvsfxsovj2zyc28w2yg5 14 3547428 9944170 2026-10-14T19:44:47Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547429 9944171 2026-10-14T19:44:53Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547430 9944172 2026-10-14T19:45:01Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547431 9944173 2026-10-14T19:45:07Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 828 3547432 9944174 2026-10-14T19:45:08Z TongcyDai 53191 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 91830761）並本地化：表格標題、表頭、註腳、變格類型說明與分類名稱譯為中文 9944174 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} --[=[ Authorship: Ben Wing <benwing2> (original Hindi module) Adaptation: <AryamanA>, with assistance from GPT-5.2 Thinking (High) TERMINOLOGY: - "slot" = a case/number cell (e.g. nom_s, obl_p) - "form" = realized inflected form for a slot (0+ per slot) - "lemma" = dictionary form ]=] local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("mr") local m_table = require("Module:table") local m_links = require("Module:links") local m_string_utilities = require("Module:string utilities") local iut = require("Module:inflection utilities") local put = require("Module:parse utilities") local m_para = require("Module:parameters") local rsplit = mw.text.split local rfind = mw.ustring.find local rmatch = mw.ustring.match local rsubn = mw.ustring.gsub local usub = mw.ustring.sub local u = m_string_utilities.char -- vowel diacritics; don't display nicely on their own local M = u(0x0901) local N = u(0x0902) local MN_c = "[" .. M .. N .. "]" local H = u(0x0903) local AA = u(0x093e) local E = u(0x0947) local EN = E .. N local I = u(0x093f) local II = u(0x0940) local O = u(0x094b) local ON = O .. N local U = u(0x0941) local UU = u(0x0942) local R = u(0x0943) local VIRAMA = u(0x094d) local TILDE = u(0x0303) local NUKTA = u(0x093c) local ALL_CONS = 'कखगघङचछजझञटठडढतथदधपफबभशषसयरलवहणनमळ' -- === mr-common-style helpers (Marathi: mr, Deva) === local com = {} local m_links = require("Module:links") local iut = require("Module:inflection utilities") local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("mr") local m_inflection_table = require("Module:inflection-table") local rsplit = mw.text.split local rfind = mw.ustring.find local rmatch = mw.ustring.match local rsubn = mw.ustring.gsub local function rsub(term, foo, bar) local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar) return retval end local deva_range = "[ऀ-ॿ]" function com.split_term_respelling(term) if rfind(term, "//", 1, true) then local split = rsplit(term, "//") if #split ~= 2 then error("Term with respelling should have only one // in it: " .. term) end return split[1], split[2] else return term, nil end end -- If respelling starts with Deva script, transliterate it. -- If it starts with '*', treat the rest as already-transliterated (handy escape hatch). -- Otherwise, assume it's already transliterated. function com.transliterate_respelling(phon) if not phon then return nil end if rfind(phon, "^%*") then return rsub(phon, "^%*", "") end if rfind(phon, "^%-?" .. deva_range) then return lang:transliterate(phon) end return phon end function com.strip_ending_from_stem(stem, translit_stem, ending) local new_stem = rmatch(stem, "^(.*)" .. ending .. "$") if not new_stem then error("Lemma or stem " .. stem .. " should end in " .. ending) end local new_translit_stem if translit_stem then local ending_translit = lang:transliterate(ending) new_translit_stem = rmatch(translit_stem, "^(.*)" .. ending_translit .. "$") -- If transliteration doesn't align perfectly, just drop it; you'll often be fine without. if not new_translit_stem then new_translit_stem = nil end end return new_stem, new_translit_stem end function com.strip_ending(base, ending) return com.strip_ending_from_stem(base.lemma, base.lemma_translit, ending) end -- Stem+ending combiner function com.add_form(base, stem, translit_stem, slot, ending, footnotes, link_words, double_word) if ending == nil then return end local function combine_stem_ending(st, en) local result = (en == "" or not en) and st or (st .. en) if link_words then result = "[[" .. rsub(result, " ", "]] [[") .. "]]" end if double_word then return result .. "-" .. result end return result end local function combine_stem_ending_tr(st_tr, en_tr) local result = (en_tr == "" or not en_tr) and st_tr or (st_tr .. en_tr) if double_word then return result .. "-" .. result end return result end footnotes = iut.combine_footnotes(base.footnotes, footnotes) local ending_obj = iut.combine_form_and_footnotes(ending, footnotes) if translit_stem then stem = { form = stem, translit = translit_stem } end iut.add_forms(base.forms, slot, stem, ending_obj, combine_stem_ending, lang, combine_stem_ending_tr) end -- Key: fills blank lemma (so "<M>" works on-page), removes links, sets lemma_translit. -- Pass always_transliterate=true for nouns/adjectives. function com.normalize_all_lemmas(alternant_multiword_spec, always_transliterate) iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base) base.lemma, base.phon_lemma = com.split_term_respelling(base.lemma or "") if base.lemma == "" then base.lemma = alternant_multiword_spec.pagename or (mw.loadData and mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename) or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text end base.orig_lemma = base.lemma base.orig_lemma_no_links = m_links.remove_links(base.lemma) base.lemma = base.orig_lemma_no_links if base.phon_lemma then base.lemma_translit = com.transliterate_respelling(base.phon_lemma) elseif always_transliterate then base.lemma_translit = lang:transliterate(base.lemma) end end) end function com.remove_redundant_translit(alternant_multiword_spec) for slot, forms in pairs(alternant_multiword_spec.forms) do alternant_multiword_spec.forms[slot] = iut.map_forms(forms, function(form, translit) if translit and lang:transliterate(m_links.remove_links(form)) == translit then return form, nil else return form, translit end end) end end -- version of rsubn() that discards all but the first return value local function rsub(term, foo, bar) local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar) return retval end local function remove_links(text) if not text then return text end if m_links and m_links.remove_links then return m_links.remove_links(text) end -- Fallback: strip [[...]] naively if Module:links isn't available. text = rsub(text, "%[%[", "") text = rsub(text, "%]%]", "") return text end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Slots / cases / numbers --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local noun_slots = { nom_s = "nom|s", obl_s = "obl|s", acc_s = "acc|s", erg_s = "erg|s", ins_s = "ins|s", loc_s = "loc|s", voc_s = "voc|s", nom_p = "nom|p", obl_p = "obl|p", acc_p = "acc|p", erg_p = "erg|p", ins_p = "ins|p", loc_p = "loc|p", voc_p = "voc|p", gen_s_ms = "gen|s|m|s", gen_s_mp = "gen|s|m|p", gen_s_fs = "gen|s|f|s", gen_s_fp = "gen|s|f|p", gen_s_ns = "gen|s|n|s", gen_s_np = "gen|s|n|p", gen_s_obl = "gen|s|obl", gen_p_ms = "gen|p|m|s", gen_p_mp = "gen|p|m|p", gen_p_fs = "gen|p|f|s", gen_p_fp = "gen|p|f|p", gen_p_ns = "gen|p|n|s", gen_p_np = "gen|p|n|p", gen_p_obl = "gen|p|obl", } local noun_slots_with_linked = m_table.shallowCopy(noun_slots) noun_slots_with_linked["nom_s_linked"] = "nom|s" noun_slots_with_linked["nom_p_linked"] = "nom|p" local input_params_to_slots_both = { [1] = "nom_s", [2] = "nom_p", [3] = "obl_s", [4] = "obl_p", [5] = "acc_s", [6] = "acc_p", [7] = "erg_s", [8] = "erg_p", [9] = "ins_s", [10] = "ins_p", [11] = "loc_s", [12] = "loc_p", [13] = "voc_s", [14] = "voc_p", [15] = "gen_s_ms", [16] = "gen_s_mp", [17] = "gen_s_fs", [18] = "gen_s_fp", [19] = "gen_s_ns", [20] = "gen_s_np", [21] = "gen_s_obl", [22] = "gen_p_ms", [23] = "gen_p_mp", [24] = "gen_p_fs", [25] = "gen_p_fp", [26] = "gen_p_ns", [27] = "gen_p_np", [28] = "gen_p_obl", } local input_params_to_slots_sg = { [1] = "nom_s", [2] = "obl_s", [3] = "acc_s", [4] = "erg_s", [5] = "ins_s", [6] = "loc_s", [7] = "voc_s", [8] = "gen_s_ms", [9] = "gen_s_mp", [10] = "gen_s_fs", [11] = "gen_s_fp", [12] = "gen_s_ns", [13] = "gen_s_np", [14] = "gen_s_obl", } local input_params_to_slots_pl = { [1] = "nom_p", [2] = "obl_p", [3] = "acc_p", [4] = "erg_p", [5] = "ins_p", [6] = "loc_p", [7] = "voc_p", [8] = "gen_p_ms", [9] = "gen_p_mp", [10] = "gen_p_fs", [11] = "gen_p_fp", [12] = "gen_p_ns", [13] = "gen_p_np", [14] = "gen_p_obl", } local cases = { nom = true, obl = true, acc = true, erg = true, ins = true, loc = true, voc = true, } local function skip_slot(number, slot) return number == "sg" and rfind(slot, "_p$") or number == "pl" and rfind(slot, "_s$") end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Form insertion helpers (stem + ending backbone) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function add_form_to_slot(base, slot, form, phon_form, footnotes) if not form or form == "" then return end local tr = transliterate_respelling(phon_form) or (lang:transliterate(form)) local combined_notes = iut.combine_footnotes(base.footnotes, footnotes) iut.insert_form(base.forms, slot, {form = form, translit = tr, footnotes = combined_notes}) end -- Escape Lua pattern metacharacters for prefix checks. local function escape_pattern(s) return (s:gsub("([%^%$%(%)%%%.%[%]%*%+%-%?])", "%%%1")) end -- FIXED add(): preserves translit_stem and handles endings beginning with diacritics. local function add(base, stem, translit_stem, slot, ending, footnotes) if ending == nil then return end if skip_slot(base.number, slot) then return end stem = stem or base.lemma translit_stem = translit_stem or base.lemma_translit -- allow // on stem/ending (optional) local stem_form, stem_phon = com.split_term_respelling(stem) local ending_form, ending_phon = com.split_term_respelling(ending) local form = (ending_form == "" and stem_form) or (stem_form .. ending_form) local tr if translit_stem then -- If the ending itself has //, respect it. local ending_tr = ending_phon and com.transliterate_respelling(ending_phon) or nil if not ending_tr then -- Compute ending translit IN CONTEXT to preserve initial harakāt like "َ". local auto_stem_tr = lang:transliterate(stem_form) or "" local auto_full_tr = lang:transliterate(form) or "" if auto_stem_tr ~= "" and rfind(auto_full_tr, "^" .. escape_pattern(auto_stem_tr)) then ending_tr = mw.ustring.sub(auto_full_tr, mw.ustring.len(auto_stem_tr) + 1) else -- Fallback: transliterate ending alone (may lose initial harakāt, but better than nil) ending_tr = lang:transliterate(ending_form) or "" end end tr = translit_stem .. (ending_tr or "") else -- No stem translit given; just auto-transliterate whole form. tr = lang:transliterate(form) end local combined_notes = iut.combine_footnotes(base.footnotes, footnotes) iut.insert_form(base.forms, slot, {form = form, translit = tr, footnotes = combined_notes}) end -- Optional but recommended: ensure plural stems have a translit too local function add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, nom_s, obl_s, nom_p, obl_p, footnotes) if not stem then stem = base.lemma translit_stem = base.lemma_translit end local plstem, pl_translit_stem = stem, translit_stem if base.plstem then plstem = base.plstem pl_translit_stem = base.pl_translit_stem or lang:transliterate(plstem) or pl_translit_stem end if nom_s ~= nil then add(base, stem, translit_stem, "nom_s", nom_s, footnotes) end if nom_p ~= nil then add(base, plstem, pl_translit_stem, "nom_p", nom_p, footnotes) end -- oblique stem oblstem = nil if obl_s ~= nil then oblstem = stem .. obl_s obl_translit_stem = lang:transliterate(oblstem) local obl_note = {"[斜格位於所有後置詞之前。詞幹和後置詞之間沒有空格]"} -- l10n local acc_s_note = {"[正式用法，或用於書信開頭稱呼收信人，或用於那格浦爾方言]"} -- l10n local acc_te_note = {"[古舊]"} -- l10n add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "obl_s", "-", (footnotes and (footnotes .. obl_note)) or obl_note) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "acc_s", "ला", footnotes) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "acc_s", "स", (footnotes and (footnotes .. acc_s_note)) or acc_s_note) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "acc_s", "ते", (footnotes and (footnotes .. acc_te_note)) or acc_te_note) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "erg_s", "ने", footnotes) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "erg_s", "नं", footnotes) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "ins_s", "शी", footnotes) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "abl_s", "हून", footnotes) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "loc_s", "त", footnotes) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "voc_s", "", footnotes) end -- oblique plural stem oblplstem = nil if obl_p ~= nil then oblplstem = stem .. obl_p obl_pl_translit_stem = lang:transliterate(oblplstem) local obl_note = {"[斜格位於所有後置詞之前。詞幹和後置詞之間沒有空格]"} -- l10n local acc_s_note = {"[正式用法，或用於書信開頭稱呼收信人，或用於那格浦爾方言]"} -- l10n local acc_te_note = {"[古舊]"} -- l10n add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "obl_p", "-", (footnotes and (footnotes .. obl_note)) or obl_note) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "acc_p", "ना", footnotes) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "acc_p", "स", (footnotes and (footnotes .. acc_s_note)) or acc_s_note) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "acc_p", "ते", (footnotes and (footnotes .. acc_te_note)) or acc_te_note) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "erg_p", "नी", footnotes) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "ins_p", "शी", footnotes) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "abl_p", "हून", footnotes) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "loc_p", "त", footnotes) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "voc_p", "नो", footnotes) end -- genitives local obl_gen_note = {"[對於大多數後置詞，可選擇在詞幹與後置詞之間插入斜格屬格]"} -- l10n for _, subj_num in ipairs({"s", "p"}) do local st = (subj_num == "s" and oblstem) or oblplstem if st ~= nil then local st_tr = (subj_num == "s" and obl_translit_stem) or obl_pl_translit_stem add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_ms", "चा//ċā", footnotes) add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_mp", "चे//ċe", footnotes) add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_fs", "ची", footnotes) add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_fp", "च्या//cā", footnotes) add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_ns", "चे//ċe", footnotes) add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_ns", "चं//ċa", footnotes) add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_np", "ची", footnotes) add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_obl", "च्या//cā", (footnotes and (footnotes .. obl_gen_note)) or obl_gen_note) end end end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Slot overrides (e.g. <oblpl:...>) and linked lemma slots --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function process_slot_overrides(base) for slot, overrides in pairs(base.overrides) do if skip_slot(base.number, slot) then error("Override specified for invalid slot '" .. slot .. "' due to '" .. base.number .. "' number restriction") end base.forms[slot] = nil for _, override in ipairs(overrides) do for _, value in ipairs(override.values) do assert(override.full) if value.form ~= "" then add_form_to_slot(base, slot, value.form, value.phon_form, value.footnotes) end end end end end local function handle_derived_slots_and_overrides(base) process_slot_overrides(base) -- Compute linked versions of potential lemma slots (nom_s/nom_p), substituting the -- original linked lemma if a generated form is identical to the no-link lemma. for _, slot in ipairs({"nom_s", "nom_p"}) do local list = base.forms[slot] if list and type(list) == "table" then local linked_list = {} for _, fo in ipairs(list) do if fo.form == base.orig_lemma_no_links and rfind(base.orig_lemma, "%[%[") then local copied = {} for k, v in pairs(fo) do copied[k] = v end copied.form = base.orig_lemma table.insert(linked_list, copied) else table.insert(linked_list, fo) end end base.forms[slot .. "_linked"] = linked_list end end end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Declensions (INTENTIONALLY MINIMAL) -- Add your real declensions to `decls[...]`. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local decls = {} local declprops = {} -- Default indeclinable: all slots = lemma decls["indecl"] = function(base) add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", "", "", "") end declprops["indecl"] = { desc = "無屈折", -- l10n cat = "無屈折~", -- l10n } -- Placeholder adjective handling (treat as indecl for now) decls["adj"] = function(base) add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", "", "", "") end declprops["adj"] = { desc = "形容詞性（佔位）", -- l10n cat = "形容詞性~", -- l10n } -- Masculine decls["c-m"] = function(base) add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", AA, "", AA .. N) end declprops["c-m"] = { desc = "陽性輔音詞幹", -- l10n cat = "陽性輔音詞幹~", -- l10n } decls["c-m-ū"] = function(base) local obl_stem = rsubn(base.lemma, UU .. "([क-ह])$", "%1") -- remove ū before final consonant-stem add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", nil, "", nil) -- nominative forms are unchanged add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA, nil, AA .. N) -- oblique forms take modified stem end declprops["c-m-ū"] = { desc = "有ū脫落的陽性輔音詞幹", -- l10n cat = "有ū脫落的陽性輔音詞幹~", -- l10n } decls["c-m-ī"] = function(base) local obl_stem = rsubn(base.lemma, II .. "([क-ह])$", "%1") -- remove ī before final consonant-stem add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", nil, "", nil) -- nominative forms are unchanged add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA, nil, AA .. N) -- oblique forms take modified stem end declprops["c-m-ī"] = { desc = "有ī脫落的陽性輔音詞幹", -- l10n cat = "有ī脫落的陽性輔音詞幹~", -- l10n } decls["c-m-ū-ind"] = function(base) local obl_stem = rsubn(base.lemma, "ऊ" .. "([क-ह])$", "व%1") -- replace ind ū with v before final consonant-stem add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", nil, "", nil) -- nominative forms are unchanged add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA, nil, AA .. N) -- oblique forms take modified stem end declprops["c-m-ū-ind"] = { desc = "有ū變v的陽性輔音詞幹", -- l10n cat = "有ū變v的陽性輔音詞幹~", -- l10n } decls["ā-m"] = function(base) local stem, translit_stem = com.strip_ending(base, AA) if rfind(stem, "र$") then -- eyelash r local obl = NUKTA .. VIRAMA .. "य" .. AA add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, AA, obl, E, obl .. N) elseif rfind(stem, "स$") then -- palatalisation local obl_stem = rsubn(stem, "स$", "श") add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA , nil, AA .. N) -- obliques (palatalised) add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, AA , nil, E , nil ) else local obl = VIRAMA .. "य" .. AA add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, AA, obl, E, obl .. N) end end decls["ā-m-un"] = function(base) add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", "", "", N) end declprops["ā-m-un"] = { desc = "陽性無標記ā-詞幹", -- l10n cat = "陽性無標記ā-詞幹~", -- l10n } decls["ī-m"] = function(base) local stem, translit_stem = com.strip_ending(base, II) if rfind(stem, "र$") then -- eyelash r local obl = NUKTA .. VIRAMA .. "य" .. AA add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, II, obl, II, obl .. N) elseif rfind(stem, "स$") then -- palatalisation local obl_stem = rsubn(stem, "स$", "श") add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA , nil, AA .. N) -- obliques (palatalised) add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, II , nil, II , nil ) else local obl = VIRAMA .. "य" .. AA add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, II, obl, II, obl .. N) end end decls["ī-m-un"] = function(base) add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", "", "", N) end declprops["ī-m-un"] = { desc = "陽性無標記ī-詞幹", -- l10n cat = "陽性無標記ī-詞幹~", -- l10n } -- Feminine decls["c-f"] = function(base) if rfind(base.lemma, "स$") then -- palatalisation local obl_stem = rsubn(base.lemma, "स$", "श") add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, II, II, II .. N) -- nom pl + obliques (palatalised) add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, "", nil, nil, nil ) else add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", II, II, II .. N) end end declprops["c-f"] = { desc = "陰性輔音詞幹", -- l10n cat = "陰性輔音詞幹~", -- l10n } decls["c-f-e"] = function(base) add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", E, AA, AA .. N) end declprops["c-f-e"] = { desc = "例外陰性輔音詞幹", -- l10n cat = "例外陰性輔音詞幹~", -- l10n } decls["ā-f"] = function(base) local stem, translit_stem = com.strip_ending(base, AA) add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, AA, E, AA, AA .. N) end decls["ī-f"] = function(base) local stem, translit_stem = com.strip_ending(base, II) if rfind(stem, "र$") then -- eyelash r local pl = NUKTA .. VIRAMA .. "य" .. AA add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, II, II, pl, pl .. N) else local pl = VIRAMA .. "य" .. AA add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, II, II, pl, pl .. N) end end -- Neuter decls["c-n"] = function(base) add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", AA, E, AA .. N) add_decl(base, nil, nil, nil, nil, N, nil) end declprops["c-n"] = { desc = "中性輔音詞幹", -- l10n cat = "中性輔音詞幹~", -- l10n } decls["c-n-ū"] = function(base) local obl_stem = rsubn(base.lemma, UU .. "([क-ह])$", "%1") -- remove ū before final consonant-stem add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", nil, nil, nil) -- nom sg form is unchanged add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA, E, AA .. N) -- oblique/plural forms take modified stem add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, nil, N, nil) end declprops["c-n-ū"] = { desc = "有ū脫落的中性輔音詞幹", -- l10n cat = "有ū脫落的中性輔音詞幹~", -- l10n } decls["c-n-ī"] = function(base) local obl_stem = rsubn(base.lemma, II .. "([क-ह])$", "%1") -- remove ī before final consonant-stem add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", nil, nil, nil) -- nom sg form are unchanged add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA, E, AA .. N) -- oblique/plural forms take modified stem add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, nil, N, nil) end declprops["c-n-ī"] = { desc = "有ī脫落的中性輔音詞幹", -- l10n cat = "有ī脫落的中性輔音詞幹~", -- l10n } decls["c-n-ū-ind"] = function(base) local obl_stem = rsubn(base.lemma, "ऊ" .. "([क-ह])$", "व%1") -- replace ind ū with v before final consonant-stem add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", nil, nil, nil) -- nom sg form is unchanged add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA, E, AA .. N) -- oblique/plural forms take modified stem add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, nil, N, nil) end declprops["c-n-ū-ind"] = { desc = "有ū變v的中性輔音詞幹", -- l10n cat = "有ū變v的中性輔音詞幹~", -- l10n } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Override parsing & indicator specs --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function fetch_footnotes(separated_group) local footnotes for j = 2, #separated_group - 1, 2 do if separated_group[j + 1] ~= "" then error("Extraneous text after bracketed footnotes: '" .. table.concat(separated_group) .. "'") end footnotes = footnotes or {} table.insert(footnotes, separated_group[j]) end return footnotes end -- Parse e.g. oblpl:FORM1:FORM2[rare] local function parse_override(segments) local retval = {values = {}} local part = segments[1] local case = usub(part, 1, 3) if not cases[case] then error("Unrecognized case in override: '" .. table.concat(segments) .. "'") end local rest = usub(part, 4) local slot if rfind(rest, "^pl") then rest = rsub(rest, "^pl", "") slot = case .. "_p" else slot = case .. "_s" end if rfind(rest, "^:") then retval.full = true rest = rsub(rest, "^:", "") else error("Suffix overrides not supported here; use full override with ':' in " .. part) end segments[1] = rest local colon_separated_groups = put.split_alternating_runs(segments, ":") for _, colon_group in ipairs(colon_separated_groups) do local value = {} local form = colon_group[1] if form == "" then error("Use - to indicate an empty form for slot '" .. slot .. "'") elseif form == "-" then value.form = "" else value.form, value.phon_form = split_term_respelling(form) end value.footnotes = fetch_footnotes(colon_group) table.insert(retval.values, value) end return slot, retval end -- Indicator spec object (per word): -- { overrides={}, forms={}, footnotes?, explicit_gender?, number?, adj?, indecl?, plstem?, decl? ... } local function parse_indicator_spec(angle_bracket_spec) local inside = rmatch(angle_bracket_spec, "^<(.*)>$") assert(inside) local base = {overrides = {}, forms = {}} if inside ~= "" then local segments = put.parse_balanced_segment_run(inside, "[", "]") local dot_groups = put.split_alternating_runs(segments, "%.") for _, dot_group in ipairs(dot_groups) do local part = dot_group[1] local case_prefix = usub(part, 1, 3) if cases[case_prefix] then local slot, override = parse_override(dot_group) base.overrides[slot] = base.overrides[slot] or {} table.insert(base.overrides[slot], override) elseif part == "" then if #dot_group == 1 then error("Blank indicator: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.footnotes = fetch_footnotes(dot_group) elseif #dot_group > 1 then error("Footnotes only allowed with slot overrides or by themselves: '" .. table.concat(dot_group) .. "'") elseif part == "M" or part == "F" or part == "N" then if base.explicit_gender then error("Can't specify gender twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.explicit_gender = part elseif part == "sg" or part == "pl" or part == "both" then if base.number then error("Can't specify number twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.number = part elseif part == "unreduced" then if base.unreduced then error("Can't specify 'unreduced' twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.unreduced = true elseif part == "unmarked" then if base.unmarked then error("Can't specify 'unmarked' twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.unmarked = true elseif part == "e" then if base.e then error("Can't specify 'e' twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.e = true elseif part == "+" then if base.adj then error("Can't specify '+' twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.adj = true elseif part == "$" then if base.indecl then error("Can't specify '$' twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.indecl = true elseif rfind(part, "^plstem:") then if base.plstem then error("Can't specify plural stem twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.plstem = rsub(part, "^plstem:", "") -- defer cleanup/translit to normalize_all_lemmas() elseif rfind(part, "^decl:") then if base.decl then error("Can't specify decl twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.decl = rsub(part, "^decl:", "") else -- Convenience: any unknown bare indicator is treated as an explicit decl code. -- e.g. <foo> sets base.decl="foo" if base.decl then error("Unrecognized indicator '" .. part .. "' (decl already set): '" .. inside .. "'") end base.decl = part end end end return base end local function set_defaults(base) base.number = base.number or "both" base.gender = base.explicit_gender -- optional; you can enforce later if desired end -- TODO: implement Marathi-specific automatic declension detection here. -- For now: -- - if user gave decl via <decl:...> or <...>, use it -- - else if $ (indecl) or + (adj), set those -- - otherwise default to "indecl" so the module runs out-of-the-box local function determine_declension(base) if base.decl then return end if base.indecl then base.decl = "indecl" elseif base.adj then base.decl = "adj" else base.decl = "indecl" end -- automatic routing if base.gender == "M" then if rfind(base.lemma, "[क-ह]$") then if base.unreduced then base.decl = "c-m" elseif rfind(base.lemma, UU .. "[क-ह]$") then base.decl = "c-m-ū" elseif rfind(base.lemma, II .. "[क-ह]$") then base.decl = "c-m-ī" elseif rfind(base.lemma, "ऊ[क-ह]$") then base.decl = "c-m-ū-ind" else base.decl = "c-m" end elseif rfind(base.lemma, AA .. "$") then if base.unmarked then base.decl = "ā-m-un" else base.decl = "ā-m" end elseif rfind(base.lemma, II .. "$") then if base.unmarked then base.decl = "ī-m-un" else base.decl = "ī-m" end end elseif base.gender == "F" then if rfind(base.lemma, "[क-ह]$") then if base.e then base.decl = "c-f-e" else base.decl = "c-f" end elseif rfind(base.lemma, AA .. "$") then base.decl = "ā-f" elseif rfind(base.lemma, II .. "$") then base.decl = "ī-f" end elseif base.gender == "N" then if rfind(base.lemma, "[क-ह]$") then if base.unreduced then base.decl = "c-n" elseif rfind(base.lemma, UU .. "[क-ह]$") then base.decl = "c-n-ū" elseif rfind(base.lemma, II .. "[क-ह]$") then base.decl = "c-n-ī" elseif rfind(base.lemma, "ऊ[क-ह]$") then base.decl = "c-n-ū-ind" else base.decl = "c-n" end end end end local function detect_indicator_spec(base) set_defaults(base) determine_declension(base) end local function detect_all_indicator_specs(alternant_multiword_spec) iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base) detect_indicator_spec(base) end) end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Property propagation (keep for number so sg/pl/both can be specified once) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local propagate_multiword_properties local function propagate_alternant_properties(alternant_spec, property, mixed_value, nouns_only) local seen_property for _, multiword_spec in ipairs(alternant_spec.alternants) do propagate_multiword_properties(multiword_spec, property, mixed_value, nouns_only) if seen_property == nil then seen_property = multiword_spec[property] elseif multiword_spec[property] and seen_property ~= multiword_spec[property] then seen_property = mixed_value end end alternant_spec[property] = seen_property end propagate_multiword_properties = function(multiword_spec, property, mixed_value, nouns_only) local seen_property = nil local last_seen_nounal_pos = 0 local word_specs = multiword_spec.alternant_or_word_specs or multiword_spec.word_specs for i = 1, #word_specs do local is_nounal if word_specs[i].alternants then propagate_alternant_properties(word_specs[i], property, mixed_value) is_nounal = not not word_specs[i][property] elseif nouns_only then is_nounal = not word_specs[i].adj and not word_specs[i].indecl else is_nounal = not not word_specs[i][property] end if is_nounal then -- Only enforce property presence when we're propagating from nouns-only slots if nouns_only and not word_specs[i][property] then -- If you later want to enforce, do it in set_defaults(). word_specs[i][property] = word_specs[i][property] or multiword_spec[property] end for j = last_seen_nounal_pos + 1, i - 1 do word_specs[j][property] = word_specs[j][property] or word_specs[i][property] end last_seen_nounal_pos = i if seen_property == nil then seen_property = word_specs[i][property] elseif seen_property ~= word_specs[i][property] then seen_property = mixed_value end end end if last_seen_nounal_pos > 0 then for i = last_seen_nounal_pos + 1, #word_specs do word_specs[i][property] = word_specs[i][property] or word_specs[last_seen_nounal_pos][property] end end multiword_spec[property] = seen_property end local function propagate_properties_downward(alternant_multiword_spec, property, default_propval) local propval1 = alternant_multiword_spec[property] or default_propval for _, alternant_or_word_spec in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.alternant_or_word_specs) do local propval2 = alternant_or_word_spec[property] or propval1 if alternant_or_word_spec.alternants then for _, multiword_spec in ipairs(alternant_or_word_spec.alternants) do local propval3 = multiword_spec[property] or propval2 for _, word_spec in ipairs(multiword_spec.word_specs) do local propval4 = word_spec[property] or propval3 if propval4 == "mixed" then error("Attempt to assign mixed " .. property .. " to word") end word_spec[property] = propval4 end end else if propval2 == "mixed" then error("Attempt to assign mixed " .. property .. " to word") end alternant_or_word_spec[property] = propval2 end end end local function propagate_properties(alternant_multiword_spec, property, default_propval, mixed_value) propagate_multiword_properties(alternant_multiword_spec, property, mixed_value, "nouns only") propagate_multiword_properties(alternant_multiword_spec, property, mixed_value, false) propagate_properties_downward(alternant_multiword_spec, property, default_propval) end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Noun status (for choosing which word drives categories/annotation) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function determine_noun_status(alternant_multiword_spec) for i, alternant_or_word_spec in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.alternant_or_word_specs) do if alternant_or_word_spec.alternants then local alternant_type for _, multiword_spec in ipairs(alternant_or_word_spec.alternants) do for j, word_spec in ipairs(multiword_spec.word_specs) do if not word_spec.indecl then if not word_spec.adj then multiword_spec.first_noun = j alternant_type = "noun" break elseif not multiword_spec.first_adj then multiword_spec.first_adj = j if not alternant_type then alternant_type = "adj" end end end end end if alternant_type == "noun" then alternant_multiword_spec.first_noun = i return elseif alternant_type == "adj" and not alternant_multiword_spec.first_adj then alternant_multiword_spec.first_adj = i end elseif not alternant_or_word_spec.indecl then if not alternant_or_word_spec.adj then alternant_multiword_spec.first_noun = i return elseif not alternant_multiword_spec.first_adj then alternant_multiword_spec.first_adj = i end end end end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Inflection driver --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function decline_noun(base) local fn = decls[base.decl] if not fn then error(("Unrecognized declension type '%s'. Define decls[%q] in the module."):format(base.decl, base.decl)) end fn(base) handle_derived_slots_and_overrides(base) end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Manual overrides mode --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function process_manual_overrides(forms, args, number) local params_to_slots_map = number == "sg" and input_params_to_slots_sg or number == "pl" and input_params_to_slots_pl or input_params_to_slots_both for param, slot in pairs(params_to_slots_map) do if args[param] then forms[slot] = nil if args[param] ~= "-" and args[param] ~= "—" then for _, item in ipairs(rsplit(args[param], "%s*,%s*")) do local form, phon = split_term_respelling(item) local tr = transliterate_respelling(phon) or (lang:transliterate(form)) iut.insert_form(forms, slot, {form = form, translit = tr}) end end end end end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Categories + annotation (mostly placeholders; tweak as you like) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function compute_category_and_desc(base) local props = declprops[base.decl] if props then return props.cat, props.desc end local rest, gender = rmatch(base.decl, "^(.+)%-([mfn])$") if not gender then error("Internal error: Don't know how to parse decl '" .. base.decl .. "'") end local cat_gender = (gender == "m" and "陽性") or (gender == "f" and "陰性") or "中性" -- l10n local desc_gender = (gender == "m" and "陽性") or (gender == "f" and "陰性") or "中性" -- l10n local stem = rest return cat_gender .. stem .. "-詞幹~", desc_gender .. stem .. "-詞幹" -- l10n end local function compute_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec) local cats = {} local function insert(cattype) cattype = rsub(cattype, "~", alternant_multiword_spec.pos) m_table.insertIfNot(cats, cattype:find("的") and (cattype:gsub("的", "的馬拉地語", 1)) or "馬拉地語" .. cattype) -- l10n end if alternant_multiword_spec.number == "sg" then insert("不可數~") -- l10n elseif alternant_multiword_spec.number == "pl" then insert("唯複名詞") -- l10n end if alternant_multiword_spec.manual then alternant_multiword_spec.annotation = alternant_multiword_spec.number == "sg" and "僅單數" or -- l10n alternant_multiword_spec.number == "pl" and "僅複數" or -- l10n "" else local annparts = {} local decldescs = {} local function do_word_spec(base) local cat, desc = compute_category_and_desc(base) insert(cat) m_table.insertIfNot(decldescs, desc) if base.plstem then insert("有不規則複數詞幹的~") -- l10n end local auto = lang:transliterate(base.lemma) if auto and base.lemma_translit and auto ~= base.lemma_translit then insert("有語音重拼的~") -- l10n end end local key_entry = alternant_multiword_spec.first_noun or alternant_multiword_spec.first_adj or 1 if #alternant_multiword_spec.alternant_or_word_specs >= key_entry then local aos = alternant_multiword_spec.alternant_or_word_specs[key_entry] if aos.alternants then for _, mw_spec in ipairs(aos.alternants) do local ke = mw_spec.first_noun or mw_spec.first_adj or 1 if #mw_spec.word_specs >= ke then do_word_spec(mw_spec.word_specs[ke]) end end else do_word_spec(aos) end end if alternant_multiword_spec.number ~= "both" then table.insert(annparts, alternant_multiword_spec.number == "sg" and "僅單數" or "僅複數") -- l10n end if #decldescs == 0 then table.insert(annparts, "無屈折") -- l10n else table.insert(annparts, table.concat(decldescs, " // ")) end alternant_multiword_spec.annotation = table.concat(annparts, "，") -- l10n if #decldescs > 1 then insert("有多種變格的~") -- l10n end end alternant_multiword_spec.categories = cats end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Display --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local main_noun_slots_with_linked = {} local gen_noun_slots = {} for slot, v in pairs(noun_slots_with_linked) do if rfind(slot, "^gen_") then gen_noun_slots[slot] = v else main_noun_slots_with_linked[slot] = v end end local function show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec) local lemmas = alternant_multiword_spec.forms.nom_s or alternant_multiword_spec.forms.nom_p or {} local base_props = { lemmas = lemmas, lang = lang, include_translit = true, } -- main slots base_props.slot_table = main_noun_slots_with_linked iut.show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec.forms, base_props) alternant_multiword_spec.main_footnote = alternant_multiword_spec.forms.footnote or "" -- genitive slots base_props.slot_table = gen_noun_slots iut.show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec.forms, base_props) alternant_multiword_spec.gen_footnote = alternant_multiword_spec.forms.footnote or "" end local function make_table(alternant_multiword_spec) local forms = alternant_multiword_spec.forms local table_top = m_inflection_table.make_top{ title = "{title}{annotation}", palette = "blue", tall = "yes", class = "tr-alongside", } local main_table_bottom = m_inflection_table.make_bottom{ notes = alternant_multiword_spec.main_footnote or nil, } local gen_table_bottom = m_inflection_table.make_bottom{ notes = alternant_multiword_spec.gen_footnote or nil, } -- l10n: header cells local table_spec_both = table_top .. [=[ ! ! 單數</br>एकवचन ! 複數</br>अनेकवचन |- ! 主格</br>प्रथमा | {nom_s} | {nom_p} |- ! 斜格</br>सामान्यरूप | {obl_s} | {obl_p} |- ! 賓格 / 與格<br/>द्वितीया / चतुर्थी | {acc_s} | {acc_p} |- ! 作格 | {erg_s} | {erg_p} |- ! 工具格 | {ins_s} | {ins_p} |- ! 方位格</br>सप्तमी | {loc_s} | {loc_p} |- ! 呼格</br>संबोधन | {voc_s} | {voc_p} ]=] .. main_table_bottom -- l10n: header cells local table_spec_sg = table_top .. [=[ ! ! 單數</br>एकवचन |- ! 主格</br>प्रथमा | {nom_s} |- ! 斜格</br>सामान्यरूप | {obl_s} |- ! 賓格 / 與格<br/>द्वितीया / चतुर्थी | {acc_s} |- ! 作格 | {erg_s} |- ! 工具格 | {ins_s} |- ! 方位格</br>सप्तमी | {loc_s} |- ! 呼格</br>संबोधन | {voc_s} ]=] .. main_table_bottom -- l10n: header cells local table_spec_pl = table_top .. [=[ ! ! 複數</br>अनेकवचन |- ! 主格</br>प्रथमा | {nom_p} |- ! 斜格 | {obl_p} |- ! 賓格 / 與格<br/>द्वितीया / चतुर्थी | {acc_p} |- ! 作格 | {erg_p} |- ! 工具格 | {ins_p} |- ! 方位格</br>सप्तमी | {loc_p} |- ! 呼格</br>संबोधन | {voc_p} ]=] .. main_table_bottom if alternant_multiword_spec.title then forms.title = alternant_multiword_spec.title forms.gen_title = alternant_multiword_spec.gen_title else local sc = lang:findBestScript(forms.lemma or "") local sc_code = sc and sc.getCode and sc:getCode() or "Deva" forms.title = '<span class="nowrap"><i lang="' .. lang:getCode() .. '" class="' .. sc_code .. '">' .. (forms.lemma or "") .. '</i> 的變格</span>' -- l10n forms.gen_title = '<span class="nowrap"><i lang="' .. lang:getCode() .. '" class="' .. sc_code .. '">' .. (forms.lemma or "") .. '</i> 的屬格變格</span>' -- l10n end local annotation = alternant_multiword_spec.annotation or "" if annotation == "" then forms.annotation = "" else forms.annotation = ' <span class="nowrap" style="font-size: smaller;">(' .. annotation .. ")</span>" end local table_spec = alternant_multiword_spec.number == "sg" and table_spec_sg or alternant_multiword_spec.number == "pl" and table_spec_pl or table_spec_both forms.notes_clause = forms.footnote ~= "" and forms.footnote or "" -- === Genitive sub-table === -- l10n: header cells local gen_table_top = m_inflection_table.make_top{ title = "{gen_title}{annotation}", palette = "blue", tall = "yes", class = "tr-alongside", } .. [=[ ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | 陽性受詞</br>पुल्लिंगी कर्म ! colspan="2" | 陰性受詞</br>स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म ! colspan="2" | 中性受詞</br>नपुसकलिंगी कर्म ! rowspan="2" | 斜格</br>सामान्यरूप |- ! 單數</br>एकवचन ! 複數</br>अनेकवचन ! 單數</br>एकवचन ! 複數</br>अनेकवचन ! 單數</br>एकवचन ! 複數</br>अनेकवचन ]=] -- l10n: header cells local gen_table_spec_sg = gen_table_top .. [=[ |- ! 單數主詞</br>एकवचनी कर्ता | {gen_s_ms} | {gen_s_mp} | {gen_s_fs} | {gen_s_fp} | {gen_s_ns} | {gen_s_np} | {gen_s_obl} ]=] .. gen_table_bottom -- l10n: header cells local gen_table_spec_pl = gen_table_top .. [=[ |- ! 複數主詞</br>अनेकवचनी कर्ता | {gen_p_ms} | {gen_p_mp} | {gen_p_fs} | {gen_p_fp} | {gen_p_ns} | {gen_p_np} | {gen_p_obl} ]=] .. gen_table_bottom -- l10n: header cells local gen_table_spec_both = gen_table_top .. [=[ |- ! 單數主詞</br>एकवचनी कर्ता | {gen_s_ms} | {gen_s_mp} | {gen_s_fs} | {gen_s_fp} | {gen_s_ns} | {gen_s_np} | {gen_s_obl} |- ! 複數主詞</br>अनेकवचनी कर्ता | {gen_p_ms} | {gen_p_mp} | {gen_p_fs} | {gen_p_fp} | {gen_p_ns} | {gen_p_np} | {gen_p_obl} ]=] .. gen_table_bottom local gen_table_spec = alternant_multiword_spec.number == "sg" and gen_table_spec_sg or alternant_multiword_spec.number == "pl" and gen_table_spec_pl or gen_table_spec_both local main_table = m_string_utilities.format(table_spec, forms) local gen_table = m_string_utilities.format(gen_table_spec, forms) return main_table .. "\n" .. gen_table end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Headword genders (optional; kept non-fatal if missing) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function compute_headword_genders(alternant_multiword_spec) local genders = {} local number = alternant_multiword_spec.number == "pl" and "-p" or "" iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base) if base.gender == "M" then m_table.insertIfNot(genders, "m" .. number) elseif base.gender == "F" then m_table.insertIfNot(genders, "f" .. number) elseif base.gender == "N" then m_table.insertIfNot(genders, "n" .. number) end end) return genders end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Public API --------------------------------------------------------------------------- function export.do_generate_forms(parent_args, pos, from_headword, def) local params = { [1] = {required = true, default = "ڪتاب"}, title = true, pagename = true, json = {type = "boolean"}, } if from_headword then params["lemma"] = {list = true} params["g"] = {list = true} params["f"] = {list = true} params["m"] = {list = true} params["n"] = {list = true} params["id"] = true end local args = m_para.process(parent_args, params) local parse_props = { parse_indicator_spec = parse_indicator_spec, lang = lang, transliterate_respelling = transliterate_respelling, allow_blank_lemma = true, } local alternant_multiword_spec = iut.parse_inflected_text(args[1], parse_props) alternant_multiword_spec.title = args.title alternant_multiword_spec.footnotes = args.footnote alternant_multiword_spec.pos = pos or "名詞" -- l10n alternant_multiword_spec.args = args alternant_multiword_spec.pagename = args.pagename com.normalize_all_lemmas(alternant_multiword_spec, true) -- true = always_transliterate (nouns) detect_all_indicator_specs(alternant_multiword_spec) -- Keep number propagation so sg/pl/both can be set once in multiword expressions. propagate_properties(alternant_multiword_spec, "number", "both", "both") determine_noun_status(alternant_multiword_spec) local inflect_props = { skip_slot = function(slot) return skip_slot(alternant_multiword_spec.number, slot) end, slot_table = noun_slots_with_linked, lang = lang, inflect_word_spec = decline_noun, } iut.inflect_multiword_or_alternant_multiword_spec(alternant_multiword_spec, inflect_props) com.remove_redundant_translit(alternant_multiword_spec) compute_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec) alternant_multiword_spec.genders = compute_headword_genders(alternant_multiword_spec) if args.json then return require("Module:JSON").toJSON(alternant_multiword_spec) end return alternant_multiword_spec end function export.do_generate_forms_manual(parent_args, number, pos, from_headword, def) if number ~= "sg" and number ~= "pl" and number ~= "both" then error("Internal error: number (arg 1) must be 'sg', 'pl' or 'both': '" .. number .. "'") end local params = { title = true, json = {type = "boolean"}, } -- Defaults are just placeholders. if number == "both" then params[1] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[2] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[3] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[4] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[5] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[6] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} elseif number == "sg" then params[1] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[2] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[3] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} else params[1] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[2] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[3] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} end local args = m_para.process(parent_args, params) local alternant_multiword_spec = { title = args.title, footnotes = args.footnote, forms = {}, number = number, pos = pos or "名詞", -- l10n manual = true, } process_manual_overrides(alternant_multiword_spec.forms, args, alternant_multiword_spec.number) compute_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec) if args.json then return require("Module:JSON").toJSON(alternant_multiword_spec) end return alternant_multiword_spec end function export.show(frame) local parent_args = frame:getParent().args local alternant_multiword_spec = export.do_generate_forms(parent_args) if type(alternant_multiword_spec) == "string" then return alternant_multiword_spec end show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec) return make_table(alternant_multiword_spec) .. require("Module:utilities").format_categories(alternant_multiword_spec.categories, lang) end function export.show_manual(frame) local iparams = {[1] = {required = true}} local iargs = m_para.process(frame.args, iparams) local parent_args = frame:getParent().args local alternant_multiword_spec = export.do_generate_forms_manual(parent_args, iargs[1]) if type(alternant_multiword_spec) == "string" then return alternant_multiword_spec end show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec) return make_table(alternant_multiword_spec) .. require("Module:utilities").format_categories(alternant_multiword_spec.categories, lang) end return export tk7jn7dd51lb7yjk5wga5nkgvg2ah1b 9944180 9944174 2026-10-14T19:53:56Z TongcyDai 53191 9944180 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} --[=[ Authorship: Ben Wing <benwing2> (original Hindi module) Adaptation: <AryamanA>, with assistance from GPT-5.2 Thinking (High) TERMINOLOGY: - "slot" = a case/number cell (e.g. nom_s, obl_p) - "form" = realized inflected form for a slot (0+ per slot) - "lemma" = dictionary form ]=] local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("mr") local m_table = require("Module:table") local m_links = require("Module:links") local m_string_utilities = require("Module:string utilities") local iut = require("Module:inflection utilities") local put = require("Module:parse utilities") local m_para = require("Module:parameters") local rsplit = mw.text.split local rfind = mw.ustring.find local rmatch = mw.ustring.match local rsubn = mw.ustring.gsub local usub = mw.ustring.sub local u = m_string_utilities.char -- vowel diacritics; don't display nicely on their own local M = u(0x0901) local N = u(0x0902) local MN_c = "[" .. M .. N .. "]" local H = u(0x0903) local AA = u(0x093e) local E = u(0x0947) local EN = E .. N local I = u(0x093f) local II = u(0x0940) local O = u(0x094b) local ON = O .. N local U = u(0x0941) local UU = u(0x0942) local R = u(0x0943) local VIRAMA = u(0x094d) local TILDE = u(0x0303) local NUKTA = u(0x093c) local ALL_CONS = 'कखगघङचछजझञटठडढतथदधपफबभशषसयरलवहणनमळ' -- === mr-common-style helpers (Marathi: mr, Deva) === local com = {} local m_links = require("Module:links") local iut = require("Module:inflection utilities") local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("mr") local m_inflection_table = require("Module:inflection-table") local rsplit = mw.text.split local rfind = mw.ustring.find local rmatch = mw.ustring.match local rsubn = mw.ustring.gsub local function rsub(term, foo, bar) local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar) return retval end local deva_range = "[ऀ-ॿ]" function com.split_term_respelling(term) if rfind(term, "//", 1, true) then local split = rsplit(term, "//") if #split ~= 2 then error("Term with respelling should have only one // in it: " .. term) end return split[1], split[2] else return term, nil end end -- If respelling starts with Deva script, transliterate it. -- If it starts with '*', treat the rest as already-transliterated (handy escape hatch). -- Otherwise, assume it's already transliterated. function com.transliterate_respelling(phon) if not phon then return nil end if rfind(phon, "^%*") then return rsub(phon, "^%*", "") end if rfind(phon, "^%-?" .. deva_range) then return lang:transliterate(phon) end return phon end function com.strip_ending_from_stem(stem, translit_stem, ending) local new_stem = rmatch(stem, "^(.*)" .. ending .. "$") if not new_stem then error("Lemma or stem " .. stem .. " should end in " .. ending) end local new_translit_stem if translit_stem then local ending_translit = lang:transliterate(ending) new_translit_stem = rmatch(translit_stem, "^(.*)" .. ending_translit .. "$") -- If transliteration doesn't align perfectly, just drop it; you'll often be fine without. if not new_translit_stem then new_translit_stem = nil end end return new_stem, new_translit_stem end function com.strip_ending(base, ending) return com.strip_ending_from_stem(base.lemma, base.lemma_translit, ending) end -- Stem+ending combiner function com.add_form(base, stem, translit_stem, slot, ending, footnotes, link_words, double_word) if ending == nil then return end local function combine_stem_ending(st, en) local result = (en == "" or not en) and st or (st .. en) if link_words then result = "[[" .. rsub(result, " ", "]] [[") .. "]]" end if double_word then return result .. "-" .. result end return result end local function combine_stem_ending_tr(st_tr, en_tr) local result = (en_tr == "" or not en_tr) and st_tr or (st_tr .. en_tr) if double_word then return result .. "-" .. result end return result end footnotes = iut.combine_footnotes(base.footnotes, footnotes) local ending_obj = iut.combine_form_and_footnotes(ending, footnotes) if translit_stem then stem = { form = stem, translit = translit_stem } end iut.add_forms(base.forms, slot, stem, ending_obj, combine_stem_ending, lang, combine_stem_ending_tr) end -- Key: fills blank lemma (so "<M>" works on-page), removes links, sets lemma_translit. -- Pass always_transliterate=true for nouns/adjectives. function com.normalize_all_lemmas(alternant_multiword_spec, always_transliterate) iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base) base.lemma, base.phon_lemma = com.split_term_respelling(base.lemma or "") if base.lemma == "" then base.lemma = alternant_multiword_spec.pagename or (mw.loadData and mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename) or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text end base.orig_lemma = base.lemma base.orig_lemma_no_links = m_links.remove_links(base.lemma) base.lemma = base.orig_lemma_no_links if base.phon_lemma then base.lemma_translit = com.transliterate_respelling(base.phon_lemma) elseif always_transliterate then base.lemma_translit = lang:transliterate(base.lemma) end end) end function com.remove_redundant_translit(alternant_multiword_spec) for slot, forms in pairs(alternant_multiword_spec.forms) do alternant_multiword_spec.forms[slot] = iut.map_forms(forms, function(form, translit) if translit and lang:transliterate(m_links.remove_links(form)) == translit then return form, nil else return form, translit end end) end end -- version of rsubn() that discards all but the first return value local function rsub(term, foo, bar) local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar) return retval end local function remove_links(text) if not text then return text end if m_links and m_links.remove_links then return m_links.remove_links(text) end -- Fallback: strip [[...]] naively if Module:links isn't available. text = rsub(text, "%[%[", "") text = rsub(text, "%]%]", "") return text end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Slots / cases / numbers --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local noun_slots = { nom_s = "nom|s", obl_s = "obl|s", acc_s = "acc|s", erg_s = "erg|s", ins_s = "ins|s", loc_s = "loc|s", voc_s = "voc|s", nom_p = "nom|p", obl_p = "obl|p", acc_p = "acc|p", erg_p = "erg|p", ins_p = "ins|p", loc_p = "loc|p", voc_p = "voc|p", gen_s_ms = "gen|s|m|s", gen_s_mp = "gen|s|m|p", gen_s_fs = "gen|s|f|s", gen_s_fp = "gen|s|f|p", gen_s_ns = "gen|s|n|s", gen_s_np = "gen|s|n|p", gen_s_obl = "gen|s|obl", gen_p_ms = "gen|p|m|s", gen_p_mp = "gen|p|m|p", gen_p_fs = "gen|p|f|s", gen_p_fp = "gen|p|f|p", gen_p_ns = "gen|p|n|s", gen_p_np = "gen|p|n|p", gen_p_obl = "gen|p|obl", } local noun_slots_with_linked = m_table.shallowCopy(noun_slots) noun_slots_with_linked["nom_s_linked"] = "nom|s" noun_slots_with_linked["nom_p_linked"] = "nom|p" local input_params_to_slots_both = { [1] = "nom_s", [2] = "nom_p", [3] = "obl_s", [4] = "obl_p", [5] = "acc_s", [6] = "acc_p", [7] = "erg_s", [8] = "erg_p", [9] = "ins_s", [10] = "ins_p", [11] = "loc_s", [12] = "loc_p", [13] = "voc_s", [14] = "voc_p", [15] = "gen_s_ms", [16] = "gen_s_mp", [17] = "gen_s_fs", [18] = "gen_s_fp", [19] = "gen_s_ns", [20] = "gen_s_np", [21] = "gen_s_obl", [22] = "gen_p_ms", [23] = "gen_p_mp", [24] = "gen_p_fs", [25] = "gen_p_fp", [26] = "gen_p_ns", [27] = "gen_p_np", [28] = "gen_p_obl", } local input_params_to_slots_sg = { [1] = "nom_s", [2] = "obl_s", [3] = "acc_s", [4] = "erg_s", [5] = "ins_s", [6] = "loc_s", [7] = "voc_s", [8] = "gen_s_ms", [9] = "gen_s_mp", [10] = "gen_s_fs", [11] = "gen_s_fp", [12] = "gen_s_ns", [13] = "gen_s_np", [14] = "gen_s_obl", } local input_params_to_slots_pl = { [1] = "nom_p", [2] = "obl_p", [3] = "acc_p", [4] = "erg_p", [5] = "ins_p", [6] = "loc_p", [7] = "voc_p", [8] = "gen_p_ms", [9] = "gen_p_mp", [10] = "gen_p_fs", [11] = "gen_p_fp", [12] = "gen_p_ns", [13] = "gen_p_np", [14] = "gen_p_obl", } local cases = { nom = true, obl = true, acc = true, erg = true, ins = true, loc = true, voc = true, } local function skip_slot(number, slot) return number == "sg" and rfind(slot, "_p$") or number == "pl" and rfind(slot, "_s$") end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Form insertion helpers (stem + ending backbone) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function add_form_to_slot(base, slot, form, phon_form, footnotes) if not form or form == "" then return end local tr = transliterate_respelling(phon_form) or (lang:transliterate(form)) local combined_notes = iut.combine_footnotes(base.footnotes, footnotes) iut.insert_form(base.forms, slot, {form = form, translit = tr, footnotes = combined_notes}) end -- Escape Lua pattern metacharacters for prefix checks. local function escape_pattern(s) return (s:gsub("([%^%$%(%)%%%.%[%]%*%+%-%?])", "%%%1")) end -- FIXED add(): preserves translit_stem and handles endings beginning with diacritics. local function add(base, stem, translit_stem, slot, ending, footnotes) if ending == nil then return end if skip_slot(base.number, slot) then return end stem = stem or base.lemma translit_stem = translit_stem or base.lemma_translit -- allow // on stem/ending (optional) local stem_form, stem_phon = com.split_term_respelling(stem) local ending_form, ending_phon = com.split_term_respelling(ending) local form = (ending_form == "" and stem_form) or (stem_form .. ending_form) local tr if translit_stem then -- If the ending itself has //, respect it. local ending_tr = ending_phon and com.transliterate_respelling(ending_phon) or nil if not ending_tr then -- Compute ending translit IN CONTEXT to preserve initial harakāt like "َ". local auto_stem_tr = lang:transliterate(stem_form) or "" local auto_full_tr = lang:transliterate(form) or "" if auto_stem_tr ~= "" and rfind(auto_full_tr, "^" .. escape_pattern(auto_stem_tr)) then ending_tr = mw.ustring.sub(auto_full_tr, mw.ustring.len(auto_stem_tr) + 1) else -- Fallback: transliterate ending alone (may lose initial harakāt, but better than nil) ending_tr = lang:transliterate(ending_form) or "" end end tr = translit_stem .. (ending_tr or "") else -- No stem translit given; just auto-transliterate whole form. tr = lang:transliterate(form) end local combined_notes = iut.combine_footnotes(base.footnotes, footnotes) iut.insert_form(base.forms, slot, {form = form, translit = tr, footnotes = combined_notes}) end -- Optional but recommended: ensure plural stems have a translit too local function add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, nom_s, obl_s, nom_p, obl_p, footnotes) if not stem then stem = base.lemma translit_stem = base.lemma_translit end local plstem, pl_translit_stem = stem, translit_stem if base.plstem then plstem = base.plstem pl_translit_stem = base.pl_translit_stem or lang:transliterate(plstem) or pl_translit_stem end if nom_s ~= nil then add(base, stem, translit_stem, "nom_s", nom_s, footnotes) end if nom_p ~= nil then add(base, plstem, pl_translit_stem, "nom_p", nom_p, footnotes) end -- oblique stem oblstem = nil if obl_s ~= nil then oblstem = stem .. obl_s obl_translit_stem = lang:transliterate(oblstem) local obl_note = {"[斜格位於所有後置詞之前。詞幹和後置詞之間沒有空格]"} local acc_s_note = {"[正式用法，或用於書信開頭稱呼收信人，或用於那格浦爾方言]"} local acc_te_note = {"[古舊]"} add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "obl_s", "-", (footnotes and (footnotes .. obl_note)) or obl_note) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "acc_s", "ला", footnotes) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "acc_s", "स", (footnotes and (footnotes .. acc_s_note)) or acc_s_note) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "acc_s", "ते", (footnotes and (footnotes .. acc_te_note)) or acc_te_note) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "erg_s", "ने", footnotes) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "erg_s", "नं", footnotes) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "ins_s", "शी", footnotes) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "abl_s", "हून", footnotes) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "loc_s", "त", footnotes) add(base, oblstem, obl_translit_stem, "voc_s", "", footnotes) end -- oblique plural stem oblplstem = nil if obl_p ~= nil then oblplstem = stem .. obl_p obl_pl_translit_stem = lang:transliterate(oblplstem) local obl_note = {"[斜格位於所有後置詞之前。詞幹和後置詞之間沒有空格]"} local acc_s_note = {"[正式用法，或用於書信開頭稱呼收信人，或用於那格浦爾方言]"} local acc_te_note = {"[古舊]"} add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "obl_p", "-", (footnotes and (footnotes .. obl_note)) or obl_note) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "acc_p", "ना", footnotes) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "acc_p", "स", (footnotes and (footnotes .. acc_s_note)) or acc_s_note) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "acc_p", "ते", (footnotes and (footnotes .. acc_te_note)) or acc_te_note) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "erg_p", "नी", footnotes) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "ins_p", "शी", footnotes) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "abl_p", "हून", footnotes) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "loc_p", "त", footnotes) add(base, oblplstem, obl_pl_translit_stem, "voc_p", "नो", footnotes) end -- genitives local obl_gen_note = {"[對於大多數後置詞，可選擇在詞幹與後置詞之間插入斜格屬格]"} for _, subj_num in ipairs({"s", "p"}) do local st = (subj_num == "s" and oblstem) or oblplstem if st ~= nil then local st_tr = (subj_num == "s" and obl_translit_stem) or obl_pl_translit_stem add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_ms", "चा//ċā", footnotes) add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_mp", "चे//ċe", footnotes) add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_fs", "ची", footnotes) add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_fp", "च्या//cā", footnotes) add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_ns", "चे//ċe", footnotes) add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_ns", "चं//ċa", footnotes) add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_np", "ची", footnotes) add(base, st, st_tr, "gen_" .. subj_num .. "_obl", "च्या//cā", (footnotes and (footnotes .. obl_gen_note)) or obl_gen_note) end end end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Slot overrides (e.g. <oblpl:...>) and linked lemma slots --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function process_slot_overrides(base) for slot, overrides in pairs(base.overrides) do if skip_slot(base.number, slot) then error("Override specified for invalid slot '" .. slot .. "' due to '" .. base.number .. "' number restriction") end base.forms[slot] = nil for _, override in ipairs(overrides) do for _, value in ipairs(override.values) do assert(override.full) if value.form ~= "" then add_form_to_slot(base, slot, value.form, value.phon_form, value.footnotes) end end end end end local function handle_derived_slots_and_overrides(base) process_slot_overrides(base) -- Compute linked versions of potential lemma slots (nom_s/nom_p), substituting the -- original linked lemma if a generated form is identical to the no-link lemma. for _, slot in ipairs({"nom_s", "nom_p"}) do local list = base.forms[slot] if list and type(list) == "table" then local linked_list = {} for _, fo in ipairs(list) do if fo.form == base.orig_lemma_no_links and rfind(base.orig_lemma, "%[%[") then local copied = {} for k, v in pairs(fo) do copied[k] = v end copied.form = base.orig_lemma table.insert(linked_list, copied) else table.insert(linked_list, fo) end end base.forms[slot .. "_linked"] = linked_list end end end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Declensions (INTENTIONALLY MINIMAL) -- Add your real declensions to `decls[...]`. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local decls = {} local declprops = {} -- Default indeclinable: all slots = lemma decls["indecl"] = function(base) add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", "", "", "") end declprops["indecl"] = { desc = "無屈折", cat = "無屈折~", } -- Placeholder adjective handling (treat as indecl for now) decls["adj"] = function(base) add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", "", "", "") end declprops["adj"] = { desc = "形容詞性（佔位）", cat = "形容詞性~", } -- Masculine decls["c-m"] = function(base) add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", AA, "", AA .. N) end declprops["c-m"] = { desc = "陽性輔音詞幹", cat = "陽性輔音詞幹~", } decls["c-m-ū"] = function(base) local obl_stem = rsubn(base.lemma, UU .. "([क-ह])$", "%1") -- remove ū before final consonant-stem add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", nil, "", nil) -- nominative forms are unchanged add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA, nil, AA .. N) -- oblique forms take modified stem end declprops["c-m-ū"] = { desc = "有ū脫落的陽性輔音詞幹", cat = "有ū脫落的陽性輔音詞幹~", } decls["c-m-ī"] = function(base) local obl_stem = rsubn(base.lemma, II .. "([क-ह])$", "%1") -- remove ī before final consonant-stem add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", nil, "", nil) -- nominative forms are unchanged add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA, nil, AA .. N) -- oblique forms take modified stem end declprops["c-m-ī"] = { desc = "有ī脫落的陽性輔音詞幹", cat = "有ī脫落的陽性輔音詞幹~", } decls["c-m-ū-ind"] = function(base) local obl_stem = rsubn(base.lemma, "ऊ" .. "([क-ह])$", "व%1") -- replace ind ū with v before final consonant-stem add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", nil, "", nil) -- nominative forms are unchanged add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA, nil, AA .. N) -- oblique forms take modified stem end declprops["c-m-ū-ind"] = { desc = "有ū變v的陽性輔音詞幹", cat = "有ū變v的陽性輔音詞幹~", } decls["ā-m"] = function(base) local stem, translit_stem = com.strip_ending(base, AA) if rfind(stem, "र$") then -- eyelash r local obl = NUKTA .. VIRAMA .. "य" .. AA add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, AA, obl, E, obl .. N) elseif rfind(stem, "स$") then -- palatalisation local obl_stem = rsubn(stem, "स$", "श") add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA , nil, AA .. N) -- obliques (palatalised) add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, AA , nil, E , nil ) else local obl = VIRAMA .. "य" .. AA add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, AA, obl, E, obl .. N) end end decls["ā-m-un"] = function(base) add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", "", "", N) end declprops["ā-m-un"] = { desc = "陽性無標記ā-詞幹", cat = "陽性無標記ā-詞幹~", } decls["ī-m"] = function(base) local stem, translit_stem = com.strip_ending(base, II) if rfind(stem, "र$") then -- eyelash r local obl = NUKTA .. VIRAMA .. "य" .. AA add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, II, obl, II, obl .. N) elseif rfind(stem, "स$") then -- palatalisation local obl_stem = rsubn(stem, "स$", "श") add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA , nil, AA .. N) -- obliques (palatalised) add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, II , nil, II , nil ) else local obl = VIRAMA .. "य" .. AA add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, II, obl, II, obl .. N) end end decls["ī-m-un"] = function(base) add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", "", "", N) end declprops["ī-m-un"] = { desc = "陽性無標記ī-詞幹", cat = "陽性無標記ī-詞幹~", } -- Feminine decls["c-f"] = function(base) if rfind(base.lemma, "स$") then -- palatalisation local obl_stem = rsubn(base.lemma, "स$", "श") add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, II, II, II .. N) -- nom pl + obliques (palatalised) add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, "", nil, nil, nil ) else add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", II, II, II .. N) end end declprops["c-f"] = { desc = "陰性輔音詞幹", cat = "陰性輔音詞幹~", } decls["c-f-e"] = function(base) add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", E, AA, AA .. N) end declprops["c-f-e"] = { desc = "例外陰性輔音詞幹", cat = "例外陰性輔音詞幹~", } decls["ā-f"] = function(base) local stem, translit_stem = com.strip_ending(base, AA) add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, AA, E, AA, AA .. N) end decls["ī-f"] = function(base) local stem, translit_stem = com.strip_ending(base, II) if rfind(stem, "र$") then -- eyelash r local pl = NUKTA .. VIRAMA .. "य" .. AA add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, II, II, pl, pl .. N) else local pl = VIRAMA .. "य" .. AA add_decl(base, stem, translit_stem, II, II, pl, pl .. N) end end -- Neuter decls["c-n"] = function(base) add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", AA, E, AA .. N) add_decl(base, nil, nil, nil, nil, N, nil) end declprops["c-n"] = { desc = "中性輔音詞幹", cat = "中性輔音詞幹~", } decls["c-n-ū"] = function(base) local obl_stem = rsubn(base.lemma, UU .. "([क-ह])$", "%1") -- remove ū before final consonant-stem add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", nil, nil, nil) -- nom sg form is unchanged add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA, E, AA .. N) -- oblique/plural forms take modified stem add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, nil, N, nil) end declprops["c-n-ū"] = { desc = "有ū脫落的中性輔音詞幹", cat = "有ū脫落的中性輔音詞幹~", } decls["c-n-ī"] = function(base) local obl_stem = rsubn(base.lemma, II .. "([क-ह])$", "%1") -- remove ī before final consonant-stem add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", nil, nil, nil) -- nom sg form are unchanged add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA, E, AA .. N) -- oblique/plural forms take modified stem add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, nil, N, nil) end declprops["c-n-ī"] = { desc = "有ī脫落的中性輔音詞幹", cat = "有ī脫落的中性輔音詞幹~", } decls["c-n-ū-ind"] = function(base) local obl_stem = rsubn(base.lemma, "ऊ" .. "([क-ह])$", "व%1") -- replace ind ū with v before final consonant-stem add_decl(base, nil, nil, "", nil, nil, nil) -- nom sg form is unchanged add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, AA, E, AA .. N) -- oblique/plural forms take modified stem add_decl(base, obl_stem, nil, nil, nil, N, nil) end declprops["c-n-ū-ind"] = { desc = "有ū變v的中性輔音詞幹", cat = "有ū變v的中性輔音詞幹~", } --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Override parsing & indicator specs --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function fetch_footnotes(separated_group) local footnotes for j = 2, #separated_group - 1, 2 do if separated_group[j + 1] ~= "" then error("Extraneous text after bracketed footnotes: '" .. table.concat(separated_group) .. "'") end footnotes = footnotes or {} table.insert(footnotes, separated_group[j]) end return footnotes end -- Parse e.g. oblpl:FORM1:FORM2[rare] local function parse_override(segments) local retval = {values = {}} local part = segments[1] local case = usub(part, 1, 3) if not cases[case] then error("Unrecognized case in override: '" .. table.concat(segments) .. "'") end local rest = usub(part, 4) local slot if rfind(rest, "^pl") then rest = rsub(rest, "^pl", "") slot = case .. "_p" else slot = case .. "_s" end if rfind(rest, "^:") then retval.full = true rest = rsub(rest, "^:", "") else error("Suffix overrides not supported here; use full override with ':' in " .. part) end segments[1] = rest local colon_separated_groups = put.split_alternating_runs(segments, ":") for _, colon_group in ipairs(colon_separated_groups) do local value = {} local form = colon_group[1] if form == "" then error("Use - to indicate an empty form for slot '" .. slot .. "'") elseif form == "-" then value.form = "" else value.form, value.phon_form = split_term_respelling(form) end value.footnotes = fetch_footnotes(colon_group) table.insert(retval.values, value) end return slot, retval end -- Indicator spec object (per word): -- { overrides={}, forms={}, footnotes?, explicit_gender?, number?, adj?, indecl?, plstem?, decl? ... } local function parse_indicator_spec(angle_bracket_spec) local inside = rmatch(angle_bracket_spec, "^<(.*)>$") assert(inside) local base = {overrides = {}, forms = {}} if inside ~= "" then local segments = put.parse_balanced_segment_run(inside, "[", "]") local dot_groups = put.split_alternating_runs(segments, "%.") for _, dot_group in ipairs(dot_groups) do local part = dot_group[1] local case_prefix = usub(part, 1, 3) if cases[case_prefix] then local slot, override = parse_override(dot_group) base.overrides[slot] = base.overrides[slot] or {} table.insert(base.overrides[slot], override) elseif part == "" then if #dot_group == 1 then error("Blank indicator: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.footnotes = fetch_footnotes(dot_group) elseif #dot_group > 1 then error("Footnotes only allowed with slot overrides or by themselves: '" .. table.concat(dot_group) .. "'") elseif part == "M" or part == "F" or part == "N" then if base.explicit_gender then error("Can't specify gender twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.explicit_gender = part elseif part == "sg" or part == "pl" or part == "both" then if base.number then error("Can't specify number twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.number = part elseif part == "unreduced" then if base.unreduced then error("Can't specify 'unreduced' twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.unreduced = true elseif part == "unmarked" then if base.unmarked then error("Can't specify 'unmarked' twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.unmarked = true elseif part == "e" then if base.e then error("Can't specify 'e' twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.e = true elseif part == "+" then if base.adj then error("Can't specify '+' twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.adj = true elseif part == "$" then if base.indecl then error("Can't specify '$' twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.indecl = true elseif rfind(part, "^plstem:") then if base.plstem then error("Can't specify plural stem twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.plstem = rsub(part, "^plstem:", "") -- defer cleanup/translit to normalize_all_lemmas() elseif rfind(part, "^decl:") then if base.decl then error("Can't specify decl twice: '" .. inside .. "'") end base.decl = rsub(part, "^decl:", "") else -- Convenience: any unknown bare indicator is treated as an explicit decl code. -- e.g. <foo> sets base.decl="foo" if base.decl then error("Unrecognized indicator '" .. part .. "' (decl already set): '" .. inside .. "'") end base.decl = part end end end return base end local function set_defaults(base) base.number = base.number or "both" base.gender = base.explicit_gender -- optional; you can enforce later if desired end -- TODO: implement Marathi-specific automatic declension detection here. -- For now: -- - if user gave decl via <decl:...> or <...>, use it -- - else if $ (indecl) or + (adj), set those -- - otherwise default to "indecl" so the module runs out-of-the-box local function determine_declension(base) if base.decl then return end if base.indecl then base.decl = "indecl" elseif base.adj then base.decl = "adj" else base.decl = "indecl" end -- automatic routing if base.gender == "M" then if rfind(base.lemma, "[क-ह]$") then if base.unreduced then base.decl = "c-m" elseif rfind(base.lemma, UU .. "[क-ह]$") then base.decl = "c-m-ū" elseif rfind(base.lemma, II .. "[क-ह]$") then base.decl = "c-m-ī" elseif rfind(base.lemma, "ऊ[क-ह]$") then base.decl = "c-m-ū-ind" else base.decl = "c-m" end elseif rfind(base.lemma, AA .. "$") then if base.unmarked then base.decl = "ā-m-un" else base.decl = "ā-m" end elseif rfind(base.lemma, II .. "$") then if base.unmarked then base.decl = "ī-m-un" else base.decl = "ī-m" end end elseif base.gender == "F" then if rfind(base.lemma, "[क-ह]$") then if base.e then base.decl = "c-f-e" else base.decl = "c-f" end elseif rfind(base.lemma, AA .. "$") then base.decl = "ā-f" elseif rfind(base.lemma, II .. "$") then base.decl = "ī-f" end elseif base.gender == "N" then if rfind(base.lemma, "[क-ह]$") then if base.unreduced then base.decl = "c-n" elseif rfind(base.lemma, UU .. "[क-ह]$") then base.decl = "c-n-ū" elseif rfind(base.lemma, II .. "[क-ह]$") then base.decl = "c-n-ī" elseif rfind(base.lemma, "ऊ[क-ह]$") then base.decl = "c-n-ū-ind" else base.decl = "c-n" end end end end local function detect_indicator_spec(base) set_defaults(base) determine_declension(base) end local function detect_all_indicator_specs(alternant_multiword_spec) iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base) detect_indicator_spec(base) end) end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Property propagation (keep for number so sg/pl/both can be specified once) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local propagate_multiword_properties local function propagate_alternant_properties(alternant_spec, property, mixed_value, nouns_only) local seen_property for _, multiword_spec in ipairs(alternant_spec.alternants) do propagate_multiword_properties(multiword_spec, property, mixed_value, nouns_only) if seen_property == nil then seen_property = multiword_spec[property] elseif multiword_spec[property] and seen_property ~= multiword_spec[property] then seen_property = mixed_value end end alternant_spec[property] = seen_property end propagate_multiword_properties = function(multiword_spec, property, mixed_value, nouns_only) local seen_property = nil local last_seen_nounal_pos = 0 local word_specs = multiword_spec.alternant_or_word_specs or multiword_spec.word_specs for i = 1, #word_specs do local is_nounal if word_specs[i].alternants then propagate_alternant_properties(word_specs[i], property, mixed_value) is_nounal = not not word_specs[i][property] elseif nouns_only then is_nounal = not word_specs[i].adj and not word_specs[i].indecl else is_nounal = not not word_specs[i][property] end if is_nounal then -- Only enforce property presence when we're propagating from nouns-only slots if nouns_only and not word_specs[i][property] then -- If you later want to enforce, do it in set_defaults(). word_specs[i][property] = word_specs[i][property] or multiword_spec[property] end for j = last_seen_nounal_pos + 1, i - 1 do word_specs[j][property] = word_specs[j][property] or word_specs[i][property] end last_seen_nounal_pos = i if seen_property == nil then seen_property = word_specs[i][property] elseif seen_property ~= word_specs[i][property] then seen_property = mixed_value end end end if last_seen_nounal_pos > 0 then for i = last_seen_nounal_pos + 1, #word_specs do word_specs[i][property] = word_specs[i][property] or word_specs[last_seen_nounal_pos][property] end end multiword_spec[property] = seen_property end local function propagate_properties_downward(alternant_multiword_spec, property, default_propval) local propval1 = alternant_multiword_spec[property] or default_propval for _, alternant_or_word_spec in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.alternant_or_word_specs) do local propval2 = alternant_or_word_spec[property] or propval1 if alternant_or_word_spec.alternants then for _, multiword_spec in ipairs(alternant_or_word_spec.alternants) do local propval3 = multiword_spec[property] or propval2 for _, word_spec in ipairs(multiword_spec.word_specs) do local propval4 = word_spec[property] or propval3 if propval4 == "mixed" then error("Attempt to assign mixed " .. property .. " to word") end word_spec[property] = propval4 end end else if propval2 == "mixed" then error("Attempt to assign mixed " .. property .. " to word") end alternant_or_word_spec[property] = propval2 end end end local function propagate_properties(alternant_multiword_spec, property, default_propval, mixed_value) propagate_multiword_properties(alternant_multiword_spec, property, mixed_value, "nouns only") propagate_multiword_properties(alternant_multiword_spec, property, mixed_value, false) propagate_properties_downward(alternant_multiword_spec, property, default_propval) end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Noun status (for choosing which word drives categories/annotation) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function determine_noun_status(alternant_multiword_spec) for i, alternant_or_word_spec in ipairs(alternant_multiword_spec.alternant_or_word_specs) do if alternant_or_word_spec.alternants then local alternant_type for _, multiword_spec in ipairs(alternant_or_word_spec.alternants) do for j, word_spec in ipairs(multiword_spec.word_specs) do if not word_spec.indecl then if not word_spec.adj then multiword_spec.first_noun = j alternant_type = "noun" break elseif not multiword_spec.first_adj then multiword_spec.first_adj = j if not alternant_type then alternant_type = "adj" end end end end end if alternant_type == "noun" then alternant_multiword_spec.first_noun = i return elseif alternant_type == "adj" and not alternant_multiword_spec.first_adj then alternant_multiword_spec.first_adj = i end elseif not alternant_or_word_spec.indecl then if not alternant_or_word_spec.adj then alternant_multiword_spec.first_noun = i return elseif not alternant_multiword_spec.first_adj then alternant_multiword_spec.first_adj = i end end end end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Inflection driver --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function decline_noun(base) local fn = decls[base.decl] if not fn then error(("Unrecognized declension type '%s'. Define decls[%q] in the module."):format(base.decl, base.decl)) end fn(base) handle_derived_slots_and_overrides(base) end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Manual overrides mode --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function process_manual_overrides(forms, args, number) local params_to_slots_map = number == "sg" and input_params_to_slots_sg or number == "pl" and input_params_to_slots_pl or input_params_to_slots_both for param, slot in pairs(params_to_slots_map) do if args[param] then forms[slot] = nil if args[param] ~= "-" and args[param] ~= "—" then for _, item in ipairs(rsplit(args[param], "%s*,%s*")) do local form, phon = split_term_respelling(item) local tr = transliterate_respelling(phon) or (lang:transliterate(form)) iut.insert_form(forms, slot, {form = form, translit = tr}) end end end end end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Categories + annotation (mostly placeholders; tweak as you like) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function compute_category_and_desc(base) local props = declprops[base.decl] if props then return props.cat, props.desc end local rest, gender = rmatch(base.decl, "^(.+)%-([mfn])$") if not gender then error("Internal error: Don't know how to parse decl '" .. base.decl .. "'") end local cat_gender = (gender == "m" and "陽性") or (gender == "f" and "陰性") or "中性" local desc_gender = (gender == "m" and "陽性") or (gender == "f" and "陰性") or "中性" local stem = rest return cat_gender .. stem .. "-詞幹~", desc_gender .. stem .. "-詞幹" end local function compute_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec) local cats = {} local function insert(cattype) cattype = rsub(cattype, "~", alternant_multiword_spec.pos) m_table.insertIfNot(cats, cattype:find("的") and (cattype:gsub("的", "的馬拉地語", 1)) or "馬拉地語" .. cattype) -- l10n end if alternant_multiword_spec.number == "sg" then insert("不可數~") elseif alternant_multiword_spec.number == "pl" then insert("唯複名詞") end if alternant_multiword_spec.manual then alternant_multiword_spec.annotation = alternant_multiword_spec.number == "sg" and "僅單數" or alternant_multiword_spec.number == "pl" and "僅複數" or "" else local annparts = {} local decldescs = {} local function do_word_spec(base) local cat, desc = compute_category_and_desc(base) insert(cat) m_table.insertIfNot(decldescs, desc) if base.plstem then insert("有不規則複數詞幹的~") end local auto = lang:transliterate(base.lemma) if auto and base.lemma_translit and auto ~= base.lemma_translit then insert("有語音重拼的~") end end local key_entry = alternant_multiword_spec.first_noun or alternant_multiword_spec.first_adj or 1 if #alternant_multiword_spec.alternant_or_word_specs >= key_entry then local aos = alternant_multiword_spec.alternant_or_word_specs[key_entry] if aos.alternants then for _, mw_spec in ipairs(aos.alternants) do local ke = mw_spec.first_noun or mw_spec.first_adj or 1 if #mw_spec.word_specs >= ke then do_word_spec(mw_spec.word_specs[ke]) end end else do_word_spec(aos) end end if alternant_multiword_spec.number ~= "both" then table.insert(annparts, alternant_multiword_spec.number == "sg" and "僅單數" or "僅複數") end if #decldescs == 0 then table.insert(annparts, "無屈折") else table.insert(annparts, table.concat(decldescs, " // ")) end alternant_multiword_spec.annotation = table.concat(annparts, "，") if #decldescs > 1 then insert("有多種變格的~") end end alternant_multiword_spec.categories = cats end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Display --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local main_noun_slots_with_linked = {} local gen_noun_slots = {} for slot, v in pairs(noun_slots_with_linked) do if rfind(slot, "^gen_") then gen_noun_slots[slot] = v else main_noun_slots_with_linked[slot] = v end end local function show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec) local lemmas = alternant_multiword_spec.forms.nom_s or alternant_multiword_spec.forms.nom_p or {} local base_props = { lemmas = lemmas, lang = lang, include_translit = true, } -- main slots base_props.slot_table = main_noun_slots_with_linked iut.show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec.forms, base_props) alternant_multiword_spec.main_footnote = alternant_multiword_spec.forms.footnote or "" -- genitive slots base_props.slot_table = gen_noun_slots iut.show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec.forms, base_props) alternant_multiword_spec.gen_footnote = alternant_multiword_spec.forms.footnote or "" end local function make_table(alternant_multiword_spec) local forms = alternant_multiword_spec.forms local table_top = m_inflection_table.make_top{ title = "{title}{annotation}", palette = "blue", tall = "yes", class = "tr-alongside", } local main_table_bottom = m_inflection_table.make_bottom{ notes = alternant_multiword_spec.main_footnote or nil, } local gen_table_bottom = m_inflection_table.make_bottom{ notes = alternant_multiword_spec.gen_footnote or nil, } local table_spec_both = table_top .. [=[ ! ! 單數</br>एकवचन ! 複數</br>अनेकवचन |- ! 主格</br>प्रथमा | {nom_s} | {nom_p} |- ! 斜格</br>सामान्यरूप | {obl_s} | {obl_p} |- ! 賓格 / 與格<br/>द्वितीया / चतुर्थी | {acc_s} | {acc_p} |- ! 作格 | {erg_s} | {erg_p} |- ! 工具格 | {ins_s} | {ins_p} |- ! 方位格</br>सप्तमी | {loc_s} | {loc_p} |- ! 呼格</br>संबोधन | {voc_s} | {voc_p} ]=] .. main_table_bottom local table_spec_sg = table_top .. [=[ ! ! 單數</br>एकवचन |- ! 主格</br>प्रथमा | {nom_s} |- ! 斜格</br>सामान्यरूप | {obl_s} |- ! 賓格 / 與格<br/>द्वितीया / चतुर्थी | {acc_s} |- ! 作格 | {erg_s} |- ! 工具格 | {ins_s} |- ! 方位格</br>सप्तमी | {loc_s} |- ! 呼格</br>संबोधन | {voc_s} ]=] .. main_table_bottom local table_spec_pl = table_top .. [=[ ! ! 複數</br>अनेकवचन |- ! 主格</br>प्रथमा | {nom_p} |- ! 斜格 | {obl_p} |- ! 賓格 / 與格<br/>द्वितीया / चतुर्थी | {acc_p} |- ! 作格 | {erg_p} |- ! 工具格 | {ins_p} |- ! 方位格</br>सप्तमी | {loc_p} |- ! 呼格</br>संबोधन | {voc_p} ]=] .. main_table_bottom if alternant_multiword_spec.title then forms.title = alternant_multiword_spec.title forms.gen_title = alternant_multiword_spec.gen_title else local sc = lang:findBestScript(forms.lemma or "") local sc_code = sc and sc.getCode and sc:getCode() or "Deva" forms.title = '<span class="nowrap"><i lang="' .. lang:getCode() .. '" class="' .. sc_code .. '">' .. (forms.lemma or "") .. '</i> 的變格</span>' forms.gen_title = '<span class="nowrap"><i lang="' .. lang:getCode() .. '" class="' .. sc_code .. '">' .. (forms.lemma or "") .. '</i> 的屬格變格</span>' end local annotation = alternant_multiword_spec.annotation or "" if annotation == "" then forms.annotation = "" else forms.annotation = ' <span class="nowrap" style="font-size: smaller;">(' .. annotation .. ")</span>" end local table_spec = alternant_multiword_spec.number == "sg" and table_spec_sg or alternant_multiword_spec.number == "pl" and table_spec_pl or table_spec_both forms.notes_clause = forms.footnote ~= "" and forms.footnote or "" -- === Genitive sub-table === local gen_table_top = m_inflection_table.make_top{ title = "{gen_title}{annotation}", palette = "blue", tall = "yes", class = "tr-alongside", } .. [=[ ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" | 陽性受詞</br>पुल्लिंगी कर्म ! colspan="2" | 陰性受詞</br>स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म ! colspan="2" | 中性受詞</br>नपुसकलिंगी कर्म ! rowspan="2" | 斜格</br>सामान्यरूप |- ! 單數</br>एकवचन ! 複數</br>अनेकवचन ! 單數</br>एकवचन ! 複數</br>अनेकवचन ! 單數</br>एकवचन ! 複數</br>अनेकवचन ]=] local gen_table_spec_sg = gen_table_top .. [=[ |- ! 單數主詞</br>एकवचनी कर्ता | {gen_s_ms} | {gen_s_mp} | {gen_s_fs} | {gen_s_fp} | {gen_s_ns} | {gen_s_np} | {gen_s_obl} ]=] .. gen_table_bottom local gen_table_spec_pl = gen_table_top .. [=[ |- ! 複數主詞</br>अनेकवचनी कर्ता | {gen_p_ms} | {gen_p_mp} | {gen_p_fs} | {gen_p_fp} | {gen_p_ns} | {gen_p_np} | {gen_p_obl} ]=] .. gen_table_bottom local gen_table_spec_both = gen_table_top .. [=[ |- ! 單數主詞</br>एकवचनी कर्ता | {gen_s_ms} | {gen_s_mp} | {gen_s_fs} | {gen_s_fp} | {gen_s_ns} | {gen_s_np} | {gen_s_obl} |- ! 複數主詞</br>अनेकवचनी कर्ता | {gen_p_ms} | {gen_p_mp} | {gen_p_fs} | {gen_p_fp} | {gen_p_ns} | {gen_p_np} | {gen_p_obl} ]=] .. gen_table_bottom local gen_table_spec = alternant_multiword_spec.number == "sg" and gen_table_spec_sg or alternant_multiword_spec.number == "pl" and gen_table_spec_pl or gen_table_spec_both local main_table = m_string_utilities.format(table_spec, forms) local gen_table = m_string_utilities.format(gen_table_spec, forms) return main_table .. "\n" .. gen_table end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Headword genders (optional; kept non-fatal if missing) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function compute_headword_genders(alternant_multiword_spec) local genders = {} local number = alternant_multiword_spec.number == "pl" and "-p" or "" iut.map_word_specs(alternant_multiword_spec, function(base) if base.gender == "M" then m_table.insertIfNot(genders, "m" .. number) elseif base.gender == "F" then m_table.insertIfNot(genders, "f" .. number) elseif base.gender == "N" then m_table.insertIfNot(genders, "n" .. number) end end) return genders end --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Public API --------------------------------------------------------------------------- function export.do_generate_forms(parent_args, pos, from_headword, def) local params = { [1] = {required = true, default = "ڪتاب"}, title = true, pagename = true, json = {type = "boolean"}, } if from_headword then params["lemma"] = {list = true} params["g"] = {list = true} params["f"] = {list = true} params["m"] = {list = true} params["n"] = {list = true} params["id"] = true end local args = m_para.process(parent_args, params) local parse_props = { parse_indicator_spec = parse_indicator_spec, lang = lang, transliterate_respelling = transliterate_respelling, allow_blank_lemma = true, } local alternant_multiword_spec = iut.parse_inflected_text(args[1], parse_props) alternant_multiword_spec.title = args.title alternant_multiword_spec.footnotes = args.footnote alternant_multiword_spec.pos = pos or "名詞" alternant_multiword_spec.args = args alternant_multiword_spec.pagename = args.pagename com.normalize_all_lemmas(alternant_multiword_spec, true) -- true = always_transliterate (nouns) detect_all_indicator_specs(alternant_multiword_spec) -- Keep number propagation so sg/pl/both can be set once in multiword expressions. propagate_properties(alternant_multiword_spec, "number", "both", "both") determine_noun_status(alternant_multiword_spec) local inflect_props = { skip_slot = function(slot) return skip_slot(alternant_multiword_spec.number, slot) end, slot_table = noun_slots_with_linked, lang = lang, inflect_word_spec = decline_noun, } iut.inflect_multiword_or_alternant_multiword_spec(alternant_multiword_spec, inflect_props) com.remove_redundant_translit(alternant_multiword_spec) compute_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec) alternant_multiword_spec.genders = compute_headword_genders(alternant_multiword_spec) if args.json then return require("Module:JSON").toJSON(alternant_multiword_spec) end return alternant_multiword_spec end function export.do_generate_forms_manual(parent_args, number, pos, from_headword, def) if number ~= "sg" and number ~= "pl" and number ~= "both" then error("Internal error: number (arg 1) must be 'sg', 'pl' or 'both': '" .. number .. "'") end local params = { title = true, json = {type = "boolean"}, } -- Defaults are just placeholders. if number == "both" then params[1] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[2] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[3] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[4] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[5] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[6] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} elseif number == "sg" then params[1] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[2] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[3] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} else params[1] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[2] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} params[3] = {required = true, default = "कागद"} end local args = m_para.process(parent_args, params) local alternant_multiword_spec = { title = args.title, footnotes = args.footnote, forms = {}, number = number, pos = pos or "名詞", manual = true, } process_manual_overrides(alternant_multiword_spec.forms, args, alternant_multiword_spec.number) compute_categories_and_annotation(alternant_multiword_spec) if args.json then return require("Module:JSON").toJSON(alternant_multiword_spec) end return alternant_multiword_spec end function export.show(frame) local parent_args = frame:getParent().args local alternant_multiword_spec = export.do_generate_forms(parent_args) if type(alternant_multiword_spec) == "string" then return alternant_multiword_spec end show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec) return make_table(alternant_multiword_spec) .. require("Module:utilities").format_categories(alternant_multiword_spec.categories, lang) end function export.show_manual(frame) local iparams = {[1] = {required = true}} local iargs = m_para.process(frame.args, iparams) local parent_args = frame:getParent().args local alternant_multiword_spec = export.do_generate_forms_manual(parent_args, iargs[1]) if type(alternant_multiword_spec) == "string" then return alternant_multiword_spec end show_forms(alternant_multiword_spec) return make_table(alternant_multiword_spec) .. require("Module:utilities").format_categories(alternant_multiword_spec.categories, lang) end return export ir62op1l406ausqm02gc1pfoykh2pft 14 3547433 9944175 2026-10-14T19:45:18Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 828 3547434 9944176 2026-10-14T19:45:37Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「return { sources = { -- A -- -- B -- -- C -- -- D -- -- E -- -- F -- -- G -- -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- ["LHEŽ"] = { alias = "LHEZ", title = { text = "Lietuvių hidronimų etimologinis žodynas", translation = "Etymological Dictionary of the Lithuanian Hydronyms" }, author = "en:Aleksandras Vanagas|Vanagas, Aleksandras", year = "1981", location = "Vilnius", publisher = "Mokslas", link = { ia…」的新頁面 9944176 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- -- B -- -- C -- -- D -- -- E -- -- F -- -- G -- -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- ["LHEŽ"] = { alias = "LHEZ", title = { text = "Lietuvių hidronimų etimologinis žodynas", translation = "Etymological Dictionary of the Lithuanian Hydronyms" }, author = "en:Aleksandras Vanagas|Vanagas, Aleksandras", year = "1981", location = "Vilnius", publisher = "Mokslas", link = { ia = "LHEZ_1981", url = "https://tautosmenta.lt/wp-content/uploads/lituanistika/Vanagas_1981_LT.pdf" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, ["LKEŽDB"] = { alias = "LKEZDB", title = { text = "Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė", translation = "Lithuanian language etymological dictionary database" }, year = "2007‒2012", location = "Vilnius", publisher = "Vilnius University", link = { url = "https://etimologija.baltnexus.lt/" }, entry_url = "https://etimologija.baltnexus.lt/?w=$ENTRY$", default_pagename = true }, -- M -- -- N -- -- O -- -- P -- -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- ["SEJL^1"] = { alias = "SEJL1", title = { text = "Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego", translation = "Etymological Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language" }, author = "en:Wojciech Smoczyński|Smoczyński, Wojciech", year = "2007", publisher = "Vilnius UP", volume = "1", edition = "1st", link = { isbn = "978-9955-33-152-0" }, volumes = { { number = "2", title = "Indeks wyrazow litewskich", link = { isbn = "978-9955-33-153-7" } }, }, }, ["SEJL^2"] = { alias = "SEJL", title = { text = "Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego", translation = "Etymological Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language" }, author = "en:Wojciech Smoczyński|Smoczyński, Wojciech", year = "2011‒2025", edition = "2nd updated", link = { ia = "SEJL_29.5.2025", url = "http://rromanes.org/pub/alii/Smoczyński%20W.%20Słownik%20etymologiczny%20języka%20litewskiego.pdf" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 55 } }, -- T -- -- U -- -- V -- -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- } } ssx8dchkpi6b3qzc03tmobiehzyvic4 828 3547435 9944177 2026-10-14T19:46:06Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「return { sources = { -- A -- -- B -- -- C -- -- D -- -- E -- -- F -- -- G -- -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- ["LEV"] = { title = { text = "Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca", translation = "Latvian Etymology Dictionary" }, author = "lv:Konstantīns Karulis|Karulis, Konstantīns", year = "2001", location = "Riga", publisher = "Avots", edition = "2nd", link = { isbn = "9984-700-12-7", ia = "LEV…」的新頁面 9944177 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- -- B -- -- C -- -- D -- -- E -- -- F -- -- G -- -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- ["LEV"] = { title = { text = "Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca", translation = "Latvian Etymology Dictionary" }, author = "lv:Konstantīns Karulis|Karulis, Konstantīns", year = "2001", location = "Riga", publisher = "Avots", edition = "2nd", link = { isbn = "9984-700-12-7", ia = "LEV_2001", url = "https://gramatas.lndb.lv/periodika2-viewer/?lang=en#issue:640845" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 3 }, default_pagename = true }, -- M -- -- N -- -- O -- -- P -- -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- -- T -- -- U -- -- V -- -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- } } q0m9byagvmv7rv1rvp35nvyvoo692hg 118 3547436 9944178 2026-10-14T19:46:28Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{reconstructed}} ==原始波羅的-斯拉夫語== [[Image:На представленном снимке ярко и качественно была запечатлена пчела (европейская) на цветке.jpg|thumb|230px|{{lang|ine-bsl-pro|*{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}]] ===其他形式=== * {{alt|ine-bsl-pro|*bitijāˀ||jā-[[詞幹]]}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|ine-bsl-pro|ine-pro||*bʰi-t-ih₂|pos=[[零級]]}}，源自 {{m|ine-pro|…」的新頁面 9944178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reconstructed}} ==原始波羅的-斯拉夫語== [[Image:На представленном снимке ярко и качественно была запечатлена пчела (европейская) на цветке.jpg|thumb|230px|{{lang|ine-bsl-pro|*{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}]] ===其他形式=== * {{alt|ine-bsl-pro|*bitijāˀ||jā-[[詞幹]]}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|ine-bsl-pro|ine-pro||*bʰi-t-ih₂|pos=[[零級]]}}，源自 {{m|ine-pro|*bʰey-|t=蜜蜂}}。和{{cog|gem-pro|*bijǭ}}、{{cog|cel-pro|*bikos}}（由此派生{{cog|sga|bech}}）、{{cog|itc-pro|*foikos}}（由此派生{{cog|la|fūcus}}）同源。 斯拉夫語支派生詞來自 {{m|ine-bsl-pro||*bikelā́ˀ}}<ref name=EDBIL>{{R|ine-bsl|EDBIL|p=91‒92|bitė|BSl. ''*bi-t-; bi-kel-aʔ''|PSl. ''*bьčelà''|PIE ''*bʰi-''}}</ref><ref name=EDSIL>{{R|sla|EDSIL|p=72|*bьčelà|BSl. ''*bi-t-; *bi-k-el-eh₂''|PIE ''*bʰi-''}}</ref>，源自{{cog|ine-pro||*bʰi-kel-éh₂|pos=[[零級]]}}，源自 {{m|ine-pro|*bʰey-|t=蜜蜂}}。 ===名詞=== {{ine-bsl-noun|f}}<ref name=EDBIL>{{R|ine-bsl|EDBIL|p=91‒92|bitė|BSl. ''*bi-t-; bi-kel-aʔ''|PSl. ''*bьčelà''|PIE ''*bʰi-''}}</ref><ref name=EDSIL>{{R|sla|EDSIL|p=72|*bьčelà|BSl. ''*bi-t-; *bi-kel-eh₂''|PIE ''*bʰi-''}}</ref><ref name=BSW>{{R|ine-bsl|BSW|p=34|''biti̯ā-''}}</ref> # [[蜜蜂]] ====屈折==== {{ine-bsl-decl-noun|AP=fixed}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|ine-bsl-pro|*bikelā́ˀ}} ** {{desc|sla-pro|*bьčelà}} {{see desc}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|bat-eas}} ** {{desc|ltg|bite}} ** {{desc|lv|bite}} ** {{desc|olt|bi̇̀tė|bitė̃}} *** {{desc|lt|bi̇̀tė|bitė̃|;|bi̇̀tis<qq:方言>}} *** {{desc|sgs|bėtie|bėtės}} * {{desc|bat-wes}} ** {{desc|prg|bitte}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R|lt|SEJL|p=168-169|bìtė|Pb. *bi-t-i- (*bit-i-i̯ā-?)|psł. *bĭ-k-el-ā-}} * {{R|olt|ALEW|bìtė (2), bitė̃ (4)|id=301}} * {{R|lt|LKEZDB|bitė}} * {{R|lv|LEV|p=129|bite}} 0q5cpdsp09kahvfr2br7puincqmzy77 9944280 9944178 2026-10-14T20:28:25Z TongcyBot 83009 修正引用錯誤：<ref name=EDSIL> 兩次定義的內容不一致（*bi-k-el-eh₂／*bi-kel-eh₂），名詞段改用簡寫 <ref name=EDBIL/><ref name=EDSIL/> 9944280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reconstructed}} ==原始波羅的-斯拉夫語== [[Image:На представленном снимке ярко и качественно была запечатлена пчела (европейская) на цветке.jpg|thumb|230px|{{lang|ine-bsl-pro|*{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}]] ===其他形式=== * {{alt|ine-bsl-pro|*bitijāˀ||jā-[[詞幹]]}} ===詞源=== {{inh+|ine-bsl-pro|ine-pro||*bʰi-t-ih₂|pos=[[零級]]}}，源自 {{m|ine-pro|*bʰey-|t=蜜蜂}}。和{{cog|gem-pro|*bijǭ}}、{{cog|cel-pro|*bikos}}（由此派生{{cog|sga|bech}}）、{{cog|itc-pro|*foikos}}（由此派生{{cog|la|fūcus}}）同源。 斯拉夫語支派生詞來自 {{m|ine-bsl-pro||*bikelā́ˀ}}<ref name=EDBIL>{{R|ine-bsl|EDBIL|p=91‒92|bitė|BSl. ''*bi-t-; bi-kel-aʔ''|PSl. ''*bьčelà''|PIE ''*bʰi-''}}</ref><ref name=EDSIL>{{R|sla|EDSIL|p=72|*bьčelà|BSl. ''*bi-t-; *bi-k-el-eh₂''|PIE ''*bʰi-''}}</ref>，源自{{cog|ine-pro||*bʰi-kel-éh₂|pos=[[零級]]}}，源自 {{m|ine-pro|*bʰey-|t=蜜蜂}}。 ===名詞=== {{ine-bsl-noun|f}}<ref name=EDBIL/><ref name=EDSIL/><ref name=BSW>{{R|ine-bsl|BSW|p=34|''biti̯ā-''}}</ref> # [[蜜蜂]] ====屈折==== {{ine-bsl-decl-noun|AP=fixed}} ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|ine-bsl-pro|*bikelā́ˀ}} ** {{desc|sla-pro|*bьčelà}} {{see desc}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|bat-eas}} ** {{desc|ltg|bite}} ** {{desc|lv|bite}} ** {{desc|olt|bi̇̀tė|bitė̃}} *** {{desc|lt|bi̇̀tė|bitė̃|;|bi̇̀tis<qq:方言>}} *** {{desc|sgs|bėtie|bėtės}} * {{desc|bat-wes}} ** {{desc|prg|bitte}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R|lt|SEJL|p=168-169|bìtė|Pb. *bi-t-i- (*bit-i-i̯ā-?)|psł. *bĭ-k-el-ā-}} * {{R|olt|ALEW|bìtė (2), bitė̃ (4)|id=301}} * {{R|lt|LKEZDB|bitė}} * {{R|lv|LEV|p=129|bite}} ko0vfatwaa756l9mi9batqte2o4cf3a 118 3547437 9944182 2026-10-14T19:58:01Z TongcyDai 53191 重定向页面至[[Reconstruction:原始波羅的-斯拉夫語/bitīˀ]] 9944182 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Reconstruction:原始波羅的-斯拉夫語/bitīˀ]] fjyy9wdwd2ffpv9b0lz7eq4lq3pkxzj 10 3547438 9944216 2026-10-14T20:16:17Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:checkparams|error}}<!-- Validate template parameters --><span class="see-cites"><!-- -->關於此詞的更多引文，請見[[Citations:{{logical to physical|{{{1|<noinclude>und</noinclude>}}}|{{{2|{{pagename}}}}}}}#{{langname|{{{1|<noinclude>und</noinclude>}}}}}|Citations:{{lang|{{{1|<noinclude>und</noinclude>}}}|{{{2|{{pagename}}}}}}}]]。<!-- --></span><!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>」的新頁面 9944216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:checkparams|error}}<!-- Validate template parameters --><span class="see-cites"><!-- -->關於此詞的更多引文，請見[[Citations:{{logical to physical|{{{1|<noinclude>und</noinclude>}}}|{{{2|{{pagename}}}}}}}#{{langname|{{{1|<noinclude>und</noinclude>}}}}}|Citations:{{lang|{{{1|<noinclude>und</noinclude>}}}|{{{2|{{pagename}}}}}}}]]。<!-- --></span><!-- --><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 42cskhvuyvur3593vksao6d48dux3ey 0 3547439 9944239 2026-10-14T20:20:36Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==中古英語== {{was fwotd|enm|2026|10月|17日}} ===其他形式=== * {{alter|enm|fauntkyn}} * {{alter|enm|fawntkyn||N}}；{{alter|enm|fantekyn||S}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|enm|faunt|t1=嬰兒、幼兒|-kyn<alt:-ekyn>|pos2=指小後綴}}。{{etydate|c|1390}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|enm|/ˈfau̯nt(ə)kin/|/ˈfant(ə)kin/}} ===名詞=== {{enm-noun|fauntekynes}} # [[幼童]]；[[嬰兒]]或正處於[[學步]]期的[[兒童]] #* {{RQ:Lan…」的新頁面 9944239 wikitext text/x-wiki ==中古英語== {{was fwotd|enm|2026|10月|17日}} ===其他形式=== * {{alter|enm|fauntkyn}} * {{alter|enm|fawntkyn||N}}；{{alter|enm|fantekyn||S}} ===詞源=== 源自 {{af|enm|faunt|t1=嬰兒、幼兒|-kyn<alt:-ekyn>|pos2=指小後綴}}。{{etydate|c|1390}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|enm|/ˈfau̯nt(ə)kin/|/ˈfant(ə)kin/}} ===名詞=== {{enm-noun|fauntekynes}} # [[幼童]]；[[嬰兒]]或正處於[[學步]]期的[[兒童]] #* {{RQ:Langland Piers Plowman|version=X|passus=21|folio=96|format=full|passage=And tho was he cleped and calde not my{{sic|only}} Crıſt but <span style="text-decoration: overline;">ıhu</span> / A '''fauntekyn''' ful of wyt / <u>filius Marıe</u> {{...}}|translation=那時他不僅被稱作基督，更被稱為耶穌，/ 一個充滿智慧的'''幼童'''，馬利亞之子{{...}}}} ====參考資料==== * {{R:MED Online|fauntekin|n|MED15366}} * {{R:OED Online|fauntekin|n|4860910026}} {{C|enm|嬰兒|孩童}} mtcrrnfjjwkbznd74v36faygfhg951t 4 3547440 9944240 2026-10-14T20:20:50Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{FWOTD|enm|fauntekyn|名詞|2026|10月|17日| # [[幼童]]；[[嬰兒]]或正處於[[學步]]期的[[兒童]] }}」的新頁面 9944240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{FWOTD|enm|fauntekyn|名詞|2026|10月|17日| # [[幼童]]；[[嬰兒]]或正處於[[學步]]期的[[兒童]] }} 74cf4c4jdq7pucd1z3n0vbn3lc682uu 9944243 9944240 2026-10-14T20:22:06Z TongcyDai 53191 9944243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{FWOTD|he|דמוקרטיה|名詞|2026|10月|16日|tr=demokrátya| # {{lb|he|不可數}} [[民主]] # {{lb|he|可數}} 民主[[政府]]，民主[[國家]] }} jeu0z4vc1p7vel5ooskt9lebd2u9vly 4 3547441 9944241 2026-10-14T20:21:27Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{FWOTD|enm|fauntekyn|名詞|2026|10月|17日| # [[幼童]]；[[嬰兒]]或正處於[[學步]]期的[[兒童]] }}」的新頁面 9944241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{FWOTD|enm|fauntekyn|名詞|2026|10月|17日| # [[幼童]]；[[嬰兒]]或正處於[[學步]]期的[[兒童]] }} 74cf4c4jdq7pucd1z3n0vbn3lc682uu 14 3547442 9944242 2026-10-14T20:21:35Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3547443 9944244 2026-10-14T20:23:28Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|δημοκρατίᾳ}} ==古希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|grc|δᾱμοκρᾰτίᾱ||dor}} ===詞源=== {{root|grc|ine-pro|*kret-|id=強}} {{etymon|grc|:af|δημο-|-κρᾰτῐ́ᾱ}} 源自 {{af|grc|δῆμος|t1=平民、公民大會|-κρατία|t2=權力、統治}}，等價於 {{af|grc|δημο-|-κρατία}}。 ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|δημοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱ}} ===名詞=== {{grc-noun|δημοκρᾰτῐ…」的新頁面 9944244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|δημοκρατίᾳ}} ==古希臘語== ===其他形式=== * {{alter|grc|δᾱμοκρᾰτίᾱ||dor}} ===詞源=== {{root|grc|ine-pro|*kret-|id=強}} {{etymon|grc|:af|δημο-|-κρᾰτῐ́ᾱ}} 源自 {{af|grc|δῆμος|t1=平民、公民大會|-κρατία|t2=權力、統治}}，等價於 {{af|grc|δημο-|-κρατία}}。 ===發音=== {{grc-IPA|δημοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱ}} ===名詞=== {{grc-noun|δημοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱ|δημοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱς|f|first}} # {{lb|grc|政治|不可數}} [[民主]]，民主制，[[平民]][[政體]] # {{lb|grc|可數}} 民主政體，民主[[政府]] #* {{Q|grc|Hdt.|Histories|6|43.3|quote=Τοὺς γὰρ τυράννους τῶν Ἰώνων καταπαύσας πάντας ὁ Μαρδόνιος '''δημοκρατίας''' κατίστα ἐς τὰς πόλιας.|trans=馬爾多紐斯廢黜了伊奧尼亞的所有僭主，並在各城邦建立了'''民主政體'''。|transauthor=喬治·羅林森|transyear=1910}} #* {{Q|grc|Plutarch|Banquet of the Seven Sages|154|e|quote=Ὁ Βίας ἔφησε κρατίστην εἶναι '''δημοκρατίαν''' ἐν ᾗ πάντες ὡς τύραννον φοβοῦνται τὸν νόμον.|trans=[[w:en:Bias of Priene|畢阿斯]]說，最強大的'''民主政體'''是人人都像畏懼暴君一樣敬畏法律的政體。}} # {{inflection of|grc|δημοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱ||nom//voc|s|;|nom//acc//voc|d}} ====屈折==== {{grc-decl|δημοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱ|δημοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱς}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|grc|δημοκρᾰτέω|tr=-}}/{{l|grc|δημοκρᾰτέω|-ῶ|tr=-}}、{{l|grc|δημοκρᾰτέομαι|tr=-}}/{{l|grc|δημοκρᾰτοῦμαι|-οῦμαι|tr=-}} * {{l|grc|Δημοκρατία|Δημοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱ}} * {{l|grc|δημοκρᾰτῐκός}} ====派生語彙==== * {{desc|ar|دِيمُقْرَاطِيَّة|g=f}} * {{desc|el|δημοκρατία|g=f}} * {{desctree|la|dēmocratia|qq=中世紀}} * {{desc|ru|демокра́тия|g=f}} {{see desc}} ====參見==== * {{l|grc|ἰσονομία}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:grc:LSJ|D.H.mokrati/a}} * {{R:grc:Middle Liddell}} * {{R:grc:Bailly}} * {{R:grc:DGE}} * {{R:grc:Woodhouse}} {{C|grc|政府體制}} ==希臘語== ===詞源=== {{inh+|el|grc|δημοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱ|t=民主、平民政體}}。{{surf|el|δημο-|-κρατία|t1=源自 [[δῆμος]]（人民）|t2=源自 [[κράτος]]（力量、統治、國家）}}。 ===發音=== * {{IPA|el|/ði.mo.kɾaˈti.a/}} * {{audio|el|Ell-Dimokratia.ogg|q=男聲}} * {{audio|el|EL-δημοκρατία.ogg|q=女聲}} * {{hyphenation|el|δη|μο|κρα|τί|α}} ===名詞=== {{el-noun|f|δημοκρατίες}} # [[民主]]，民主制 # [[共和國]]，[[共和]][[政體]] #: {{ux|el|Ελληνική '''Δημοκρατία'''|希臘'''共和國'''|inline=1}} ====變格==== {{el-nF-α-ες-2b|δημοκρατί|δημοκρατι}} ====派生詞彙==== * {{l|el|Δημοκρατία των Σκοπίων|gloss=斯科普里共和國|g=f}} * {{l|el|[[ελληνικός|Ελληνική]] Δημοκρατία|gloss=希臘共和國|g=f}} * {{l|el|Κεντροαφρικανική Δημοκρατία|gloss=中非共和國|g=f}} * {{l|el|χριστιανοδημοκρατία}} ====相關詞彙==== {{see|el|δήμος|g=m|gloss=自治市、人民}} ====延伸閱讀==== * {{pedia|lang=el}} 59pii2jc0ev4zkm3bcx45156nmp8a4n 14 3547444 9944245 2026-10-14T20:23:40Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547445 9944246 2026-10-14T20:23:47Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547446 9944247 2026-10-14T20:23:54Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547447 9944248 2026-10-14T20:24:00Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547448 9944249 2026-10-14T20:24:07Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547449 9944250 2026-10-14T20:24:13Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547450 9944251 2026-10-14T20:24:19Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547451 9944252 2026-10-14T20:24:27Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547452 9944253 2026-10-14T20:24:33Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3547453 9944254 2026-10-14T20:26:06Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==阿法爾語== {{was fwotd|aa|2026|10月|18日}} [[Image:Aardwolf25.JPG|thumb|Dalci-waará.]] ===詞源=== {{lit|條紋鬣狗的永生}}，並被重新分析為陰性名詞。傳統上，人們認為土狼是因年老而萎縮的條紋鬣狗。 ===發音=== * {{aa-IPA|dalciwaará}} ===名詞=== {{aa-noun|[[dalcu|dalci]]-[[waar|waará]]|g=f}} # [[土狼]]（{{taxlink|Proteles cristatus|species}}） ====變格==== {{aa-decl|dalci-waará}…」的新頁面 9944254 wikitext text/x-wiki ==阿法爾語== {{was fwotd|aa|2026|10月|18日}} [[Image:Aardwolf25.JPG|thumb|Dalci-waará.]] ===詞源=== {{lit|條紋鬣狗的永生}}，並被重新分析為陰性名詞。傳統上，人們認為土狼是因年老而萎縮的條紋鬣狗。 ===發音=== * {{aa-IPA|dalciwaará}} ===名詞=== {{aa-noun|[[dalcu|dalci]]-[[waar|waará]]|g=f}} # [[土狼]]（{{taxlink|Proteles cristatus|species}}） ====變格==== {{aa-decl|dalci-waará}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:aa:Morin:2012|+|page=271}} {{C|aa|鬣狗科}} brjpedb9cbjshhr04oohhn5emvlz41x 10 3547454 9944255 2026-10-14T20:26:18Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-book |title=Dictionnaire afar-français (Djibouti, Erythrée, Ethiopie) |author=Didier Morin |year=2012 |entry={{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|+|{{pagename}}|{{{1|}}}}} |pageparam=page |pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOFKFlODbGsC&pg=PA{{#invoke:string/templates|match|{{{page|{{{pages}}}}}}|[0-9]+|}} |isbn=978-2-8111-0581-5 |publisher=Karthala |allowparams=1 }}<noinclude>{{refcat}}</noinclude>」的新頁面 9944255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-book |title=Dictionnaire afar-français (Djibouti, Erythrée, Ethiopie) |author=Didier Morin |year=2012 |entry={{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|+|{{pagename}}|{{{1|}}}}} |pageparam=page |pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOFKFlODbGsC&pg=PA{{#invoke:string/templates|match|{{{page|{{{pages}}}}}}|[0-9]+|}} |isbn=978-2-8111-0581-5 |publisher=Karthala |allowparams=1 }}<noinclude>{{refcat}}</noinclude> gp2ajnd9huevinqalbzejs19fn4fqd0 14 3547455 9944256 2026-10-14T20:26:24Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547456 9944257 2026-10-14T20:26:31Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547457 9944258 2026-10-14T20:26:38Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 828 3547458 9944260 2026-10-14T20:26:42Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Module:Bibliography/utils]]至[[Module:Bibliography/shared]]：同步 enwikt：[[Module:bibliography/utils]] 已更名為 [[Module:bibliography/shared]]（enwikt rev 93532183） 9944260 Scribunto text/plain return require [[Module:Bibliography/shared]] jrupyxj400g3hp5psdy5sq4jiut8myq 4 3547459 9944261 2026-10-14T20:26:43Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{FWOTD|aa|dalci-waara|名詞|2026|10月|18日| # [[土狼]]（{{taxlink|Proteles cristatus|species}}） }}」的新頁面 9944261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{FWOTD|aa|dalci-waara|名詞|2026|10月|18日| # [[土狼]]（{{taxlink|Proteles cristatus|species}}） }} b9xxmb5movjv2dofqjkbvrfkhhvrk2i 9944264 9944261 2026-10-14T20:26:57Z TongcyDai 53191 9944264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{FWOTD|aa|dalci-waara|名詞|2026|10月|18日| # [[土狼]]（{{taxlink|Proteles cristatus|species}}）（{{lit|條紋鬣狗的永生}}） }} ietyi0vmf88ae7i8n1u0es0yr7oyk5s 828 3547460 9944263 2026-10-14T20:26:47Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Module:Bibliography/links]]至[[Module:Bibliography/shared/links]]：同步 enwikt：[[Module:bibliography/links]] 已更名為 [[Module:bibliography/shared/links]]（enwikt rev 93532188） 9944263 Scribunto text/plain return require [[Module:Bibliography/shared/links]] kk5j9g0746prb6vouuon7nrli8ywa15 828 3547461 9944266 2026-10-14T20:27:13Z TongcyDai 53191 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 84891504）：[[Module:Bibliography/ref]] 的 set_args 預設函數（default_pagename） 9944266 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} function export.default_pagename(args) if #args.entry == 0 then args.entry[1] = args.pagename args.entry.maxindex = 1 end end return export 06i62rkt5r00n231kciztduybijixl1 828 3547462 9944267 2026-10-14T20:27:17Z TongcyDai 53191 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 91387066）：奈恩加圖語書目（葡萄牙語書目的 Avila:2021 由此匯入） 9944267 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- ["Avila:2016"] = { author = "Avila, Marcel Twardowsky", year = "2016", title = { text = "pt:Estudo e prática da tradução da obra infantil A terra dos meninos pelados, de Graciliano Ramos, do português para o Nheengatu", translation = "Study and practice of the translation of the children's book A terra dos meninos pelados, by Graciliano Ramos, from Portuguese to Nheengatu", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "|University of São Paulo", link = { doi = "10.11606/D.8.2016.tde-16052016-142700" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8160/tde-16052016-142700/publico/2016_MarcelTwardowskyAvila_VCorr.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+1" }, header = "OTHER" }, ["Avila:2021"] = { author = "Avila, Marcel Twardowsky", year = "2021", title = { text = "Proposta de dicionário nheengatu-português", translation = "Nheengatu–Portuguese dictionary proposal", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "|University of São Paulo", link = { ia = "avila-nheengatu", doi = "10.11606/T.8.2021.tde-10012022-201925" }, entry_url = "https://kiansheik.io/nhe-enga/katu/?query=$ENTRY$", default_pagename = true, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "DIC" }, -- B -- -- C -- ["Campoi:2015"] = { author = "Campoi, Juliana Flávia de Assis Lorenção", year = "2015", title = { text = "pt:A literatura brasileira em nheengatu: uma construção de narrativas no século XIX", translation = "The Brazilian literature in Nheengatu: the narrative construction in the 19th century", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "|University of São Paulo", link = { doi = "10.11606/D.8.2015.tde-06112015-154228" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8149/tde-06112015-154228/publico/2015_JulianaFlaviadeAssisLorencaoCampoi_VCorr.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+1" }, header = "OTHER" }, ["Cruz:2011"] = { author = "Cruz, Aline da", year = "2011", title = { text = "Fonologia e gramática do nheengatu: a língua geral falada pelos povos baré, warekena e baniwa", translation = "Phonology and grammar of Nheengatu: the general language spoken by the Baré, Warekena and Baniwa peoples", }, location = "Amsterdam", publisher = "LOT", link = { url = "https://www.lotpublications.nl/fonologia-e-gramatica-do-nheengatu-fonologia-e-gramatica-do-nheengatu-a-lingua-geral-falada-pelos-povos-bare-warekena-e-baniwa", isbn = "9789460930638" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/280_fulltext.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+26", }, header = "GRAM" }, -- D -- ["D'Angelis:2023"] = { author = "D'Angelis, Wilmar da Rocha", year = "2023", title = { text = "A língua Nheengatu e suas ortografias: questões técnicas e de política linguística", translation = "The Nheengatu language and its orthographies: technical and language policy issues", }, publisher = "Unicamp", location = "Campinas", journal = { name = "LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas", number = "23", pages = "e023004" }, link = { url = "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369577326_A_lingua_Nheengatu_e_suas_ortografias_questoes_tecnicas_e_de_politica_linguistica", doi = "10.20396/liames.v23i00.8670910" }, header = "GRAM" }, -- E -- -- F -- -- G -- ["Goes Neto:2015"] = { author = "Goes Neto, Antonio Fernandes", year = "2015", title = { text = "pt:O Novo Testamento em nyengatu (1973): um capítulo na história das traduções bíblicas para línguas indígenas", translation = "O Novo Testamento em nyengatu (1973): a chapter in the History of Bible translations to indigenous languages.", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "|University of São Paulo", link = { doi = "10.11606/D.8.2015.tde-15102015-141005" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8160/tde-15102015-141005/publico/2015_AntonioFernandesGoesNeto_VCorr.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+1" }, header = "OTHER" }, -- H -- ["Hartt:1872"] = { author = "|Hartt, Charles Frederick", year = "1872", title = "Notes on the Lingoa geral or modern Tupí of the Amazonass", journal = { name = "Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896)", number = "3", pages = "58-76" }, location = "Baltimore", publisher = "The Johns Hopkins UP", link = { url = "https://www.jstor.org/stable/310258", doi = "10.2307/310258" }, header = "GRAMH" }, ["Hartt:1938"] = { author = "|Hartt, Charles Frederick", year = "1929", published_year = "1938", title = "pt:Notas sobre a lingua geral, ou tupí moderno do Amazonas", journal = { name = "Anais da Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro", number = "LI", pages = "305-390" }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "M. E. S. Serviço Gráfico", transl_of = { title = "Notes on the Lingoa geral or modern Tupí of the Amazonas", year = "1872" }, link = { url = "https://memoria.bn.gov.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=402630" }, page_url = { url = "https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Ahartt-1938-notas/Hartt_1938_NotasLinguaGeral_TupiModernoAmaz_ColNicolai.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+301" }, header = "GRAMH" }, -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- -- M -- -- N -- ["Navarro:2016"] = { author = "|Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida", year = "2016", title = { text = "Curso de língua geral (nheengatu ou tupi moderno)", translation = "Língua Geral course (Nheengatu or Modern Tupi)", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Páginas & Letras", edition = "2nd", first_edition = "2011", link = { ia = "curso-lingua-geral", isbn = "978-85-912620-2-1" }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "GRAM" }, -- O -- -- P -- -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- ["Schwade:2014"] = { author = "Schwade, Michéli de Deus Lima", year = "2014", title = { text = "Descrição fonético-fonológica do Nheengatu falado no Médio Rio Amazonas", translation = "Phonetic and phonological description of the Nheengatu spoken in the Middle Amazon River region", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "UFAM", link = { url = "https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/4610", }, page_url = { url = "https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4610/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Mich%C3%A9li%20C%20de%20D%20Schwade.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+1", }, header = "GRAM" }, ["Silva:2019"] = { author = "Silva, Raynice Geraldine Pereira da", year = "2019", title = { text = "Documentação fonológica da variedade do Nheengatu da região do Médio e Alto Solimões/AM", translation = "Phonological documentation of the Nheengatu variety spoken in the Middle and Upper Solimões regions/Amazonas", }, publisher = "UEMS", location = "Dourados", journal = { name = "Web-Revista SOCIODIALETO", number = "vol. 9, n. 27", pages = "e023004" }, link = { url = "https://periodicosonline.uems.br/index.php/sociodialeto/article/view/7946" }, header = "GRAM" }, ["Silva, Cruz & Schwade:2020"] = { author = { { text = "Silva, Raynice Geraldine Pereira da" }, { text = "Cruz, Aline da" }, { text = "Schwade, Michéli de Deus Lima" } }, year = "2020", title = { text = "Descrição e documentação fonológica das variedades do nheengatu no Amazonas", translation = "Phonological description and documentation of Nheengatu varieties in Amazonas", }, publisher = "Unemat", location = "Sinop", journal = { name = "Revista De Letras Norte@mentos", number = "vol. 13, n. 33", pages = "148–171" }, link = { doi = "10.30681/rln.v13i33.7624" }, header = "GRAM" }, ["Stradelli:1929"] = { author = "|Stradelli, Ermanno", year = "1929", title = { text = "pt:Vocabularios da lingua geral portuguez-nheêngatú e nheêngatú-portuguez, precedidos de um esboço de Grammatica nheênga-umbuê-sáua mirî e seguidos de contos em lingua geral nheêngatú poranduua", }, journal = { name = "Revista do Instituto Historico e Geographico Brasileiro", number = "104 (158)", }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Imprensa Nacional", link = { url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:stradelli-1929-vocabularios" }, page_url = { url = "https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Astradelli-1929-vocabularios/stradelli_1929_vocabularios.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "-2" }, header = "DIH" }, -- T -- ["Tastevin:1923"] = { author = "pt:|Tastevin, Constant", year = "1923", first_edition = "1910", title = { text = "pt:Grammatica da lingua tupy", }, transl_of = { title = "fr:La langue tapïhïya dite tupï ou ñeengatu (belle langue)" }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Officinas do Diario Official", link = { ia = "grammatica-da-lingua-tupy" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "-1" }, header = "DIH" }, ["Trevisan:2017"] = { author = "Trevisan, Rodrigo Godinho", year = "2021", title = { text = "Tradução comentada da obra ''Le Petit Prince'', de Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, do francês ao nheengatu", translation = "Commented translation of the work ''Le Petit Prince'', by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, from French to Nheengatu", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "|University of São Paulo", link = { doi = "10.11606/D.8.2017.tde-07082017-124328" }, header = "OTHER" }, -- U -- -- V -- ["Vaz Filho & Góes Neto:2016"] = { author = { { text = "Vaz, Florêncio Almeida, Filho", type = "editor" }, { text = "Góes, Antônio Fernandes, Neto", type = "editor" }, }, year = "2016", title = { text = "yrl:Nheengatu Tapajowara", translation = "Nheengatu of the Tapajós", }, location = "Santarém, Pará", publisher = "SELO Gráfica Editora", link = { isbn = "978-85-65791-20-5", url = "https://www.ufopa.edu.br/media/file/site/ufopa/documentos/2019/77f922ff64ebf7576860e8c5fe2cafc2.pdf", ia = "nheengatu-tapajowara" }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "OTHER" }, -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- }, headers = [[ ===Dictionaries=== $DIC$ ====Historical dictionaries==== $DIH$ ===Phonology and grammar=== $GRAM$ ====Historical phonology and grammar==== $GRAMH$ ===Other works=== $OTHER$ ]] } 5xuce33xiaazyzaw77ddhl7bymn9bbe 9944344 9944267 2026-10-14T21:02:13Z TongcyDai 53191 維基百科連結本地化（5 處改連中文維基百科條目、4 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944344 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- ["Avila:2016"] = { author = "Avila, Marcel Twardowsky", year = "2016", title = { text = "pt:Estudo e prática da tradução da obra infantil A terra dos meninos pelados, de Graciliano Ramos, do português para o Nheengatu", translation = "Study and practice of the translation of the children's book A terra dos meninos pelados, by Graciliano Ramos, from Portuguese to Nheengatu", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "圣保罗大学|University of São Paulo", link = { doi = "10.11606/D.8.2016.tde-16052016-142700" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8160/tde-16052016-142700/publico/2016_MarcelTwardowskyAvila_VCorr.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+1" }, header = "OTHER" }, ["Avila:2021"] = { author = "Avila, Marcel Twardowsky", year = "2021", title = { text = "Proposta de dicionário nheengatu-português", translation = "Nheengatu–Portuguese dictionary proposal", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "圣保罗大学|University of São Paulo", link = { ia = "avila-nheengatu", doi = "10.11606/T.8.2021.tde-10012022-201925" }, entry_url = "https://kiansheik.io/nhe-enga/katu/?query=$ENTRY$", default_pagename = true, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "DIC" }, -- B -- -- C -- ["Campoi:2015"] = { author = "Campoi, Juliana Flávia de Assis Lorenção", year = "2015", title = { text = "pt:A literatura brasileira em nheengatu: uma construção de narrativas no século XIX", translation = "The Brazilian literature in Nheengatu: the narrative construction in the 19th century", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "圣保罗大学|University of São Paulo", link = { doi = "10.11606/D.8.2015.tde-06112015-154228" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8149/tde-06112015-154228/publico/2015_JulianaFlaviadeAssisLorencaoCampoi_VCorr.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+1" }, header = "OTHER" }, ["Cruz:2011"] = { author = "Cruz, Aline da", year = "2011", title = { text = "Fonologia e gramática do nheengatu: a língua geral falada pelos povos baré, warekena e baniwa", translation = "Phonology and grammar of Nheengatu: the general language spoken by the Baré, Warekena and Baniwa peoples", }, location = "Amsterdam", publisher = "LOT", link = { url = "https://www.lotpublications.nl/fonologia-e-gramatica-do-nheengatu-fonologia-e-gramatica-do-nheengatu-a-lingua-geral-falada-pelos-povos-bare-warekena-e-baniwa", isbn = "9789460930638" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/280_fulltext.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+26", }, header = "GRAM" }, -- D -- ["D'Angelis:2023"] = { author = "D'Angelis, Wilmar da Rocha", year = "2023", title = { text = "A língua Nheengatu e suas ortografias: questões técnicas e de política linguística", translation = "The Nheengatu language and its orthographies: technical and language policy issues", }, publisher = "Unicamp", location = "Campinas", journal = { name = "LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas", number = "23", pages = "e023004" }, link = { url = "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369577326_A_lingua_Nheengatu_e_suas_ortografias_questoes_tecnicas_e_de_politica_linguistica", doi = "10.20396/liames.v23i00.8670910" }, header = "GRAM" }, -- E -- -- F -- -- G -- ["Goes Neto:2015"] = { author = "Goes Neto, Antonio Fernandes", year = "2015", title = { text = "pt:O Novo Testamento em nyengatu (1973): um capítulo na história das traduções bíblicas para línguas indígenas", translation = "O Novo Testamento em nyengatu (1973): a chapter in the History of Bible translations to indigenous languages.", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "圣保罗大学|University of São Paulo", link = { doi = "10.11606/D.8.2015.tde-15102015-141005" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8160/tde-15102015-141005/publico/2015_AntonioFernandesGoesNeto_VCorr.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+1" }, header = "OTHER" }, -- H -- ["Hartt:1872"] = { author = "en:|Hartt, Charles Frederick", year = "1872", title = "Notes on the Lingoa geral or modern Tupí of the Amazonass", journal = { name = "Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896)", number = "3", pages = "58-76" }, location = "Baltimore", publisher = "The Johns Hopkins UP", link = { url = "https://www.jstor.org/stable/310258", doi = "10.2307/310258" }, header = "GRAMH" }, ["Hartt:1938"] = { author = "en:|Hartt, Charles Frederick", year = "1929", published_year = "1938", title = "pt:Notas sobre a lingua geral, ou tupí moderno do Amazonas", journal = { name = "Anais da Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro", number = "LI", pages = "305-390" }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "M. E. S. Serviço Gráfico", transl_of = { title = "Notes on the Lingoa geral or modern Tupí of the Amazonas", year = "1872" }, link = { url = "https://memoria.bn.gov.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=402630" }, page_url = { url = "https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Ahartt-1938-notas/Hartt_1938_NotasLinguaGeral_TupiModernoAmaz_ColNicolai.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+301" }, header = "GRAMH" }, -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- -- M -- -- N -- ["Navarro:2016"] = { author = "en:|Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida", year = "2016", title = { text = "Curso de língua geral (nheengatu ou tupi moderno)", translation = "Língua Geral course (Nheengatu or Modern Tupi)", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Páginas & Letras", edition = "2nd", first_edition = "2011", link = { ia = "curso-lingua-geral", isbn = "978-85-912620-2-1" }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "GRAM" }, -- O -- -- P -- -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- ["Schwade:2014"] = { author = "Schwade, Michéli de Deus Lima", year = "2014", title = { text = "Descrição fonético-fonológica do Nheengatu falado no Médio Rio Amazonas", translation = "Phonetic and phonological description of the Nheengatu spoken in the Middle Amazon River region", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "UFAM", link = { url = "https://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/4610", }, page_url = { url = "https://tede.ufam.edu.br/bitstream/tede/4610/2/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20-%20Mich%C3%A9li%20C%20de%20D%20Schwade.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+1", }, header = "GRAM" }, ["Silva:2019"] = { author = "Silva, Raynice Geraldine Pereira da", year = "2019", title = { text = "Documentação fonológica da variedade do Nheengatu da região do Médio e Alto Solimões/AM", translation = "Phonological documentation of the Nheengatu variety spoken in the Middle and Upper Solimões regions/Amazonas", }, publisher = "UEMS", location = "Dourados", journal = { name = "Web-Revista SOCIODIALETO", number = "vol. 9, n. 27", pages = "e023004" }, link = { url = "https://periodicosonline.uems.br/index.php/sociodialeto/article/view/7946" }, header = "GRAM" }, ["Silva, Cruz & Schwade:2020"] = { author = { { text = "Silva, Raynice Geraldine Pereira da" }, { text = "Cruz, Aline da" }, { text = "Schwade, Michéli de Deus Lima" } }, year = "2020", title = { text = "Descrição e documentação fonológica das variedades do nheengatu no Amazonas", translation = "Phonological description and documentation of Nheengatu varieties in Amazonas", }, publisher = "Unemat", location = "Sinop", journal = { name = "Revista De Letras Norte@mentos", number = "vol. 13, n. 33", pages = "148–171" }, link = { doi = "10.30681/rln.v13i33.7624" }, header = "GRAM" }, ["Stradelli:1929"] = { author = "en:|Stradelli, Ermanno", year = "1929", title = { text = "pt:Vocabularios da lingua geral portuguez-nheêngatú e nheêngatú-portuguez, precedidos de um esboço de Grammatica nheênga-umbuê-sáua mirî e seguidos de contos em lingua geral nheêngatú poranduua", }, journal = { name = "Revista do Instituto Historico e Geographico Brasileiro", number = "104 (158)", }, location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Imprensa Nacional", link = { url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:stradelli-1929-vocabularios" }, page_url = { url = "https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Astradelli-1929-vocabularios/stradelli_1929_vocabularios.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "-2" }, header = "DIH" }, -- T -- ["Tastevin:1923"] = { author = "pt:|Tastevin, Constant", year = "1923", first_edition = "1910", title = { text = "pt:Grammatica da lingua tupy", }, transl_of = { title = "fr:La langue tapïhïya dite tupï ou ñeengatu (belle langue)" }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "Officinas do Diario Official", link = { ia = "grammatica-da-lingua-tupy" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "-1" }, header = "DIH" }, ["Trevisan:2017"] = { author = "Trevisan, Rodrigo Godinho", year = "2021", title = { text = "Tradução comentada da obra ''Le Petit Prince'', de Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, do francês ao nheengatu", translation = "Commented translation of the work ''Le Petit Prince'', by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, from French to Nheengatu", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "圣保罗大学|University of São Paulo", link = { doi = "10.11606/D.8.2017.tde-07082017-124328" }, header = "OTHER" }, -- U -- -- V -- ["Vaz Filho & Góes Neto:2016"] = { author = { { text = "Vaz, Florêncio Almeida, Filho", type = "editor" }, { text = "Góes, Antônio Fernandes, Neto", type = "editor" }, }, year = "2016", title = { text = "yrl:Nheengatu Tapajowara", translation = "Nheengatu of the Tapajós", }, location = "Santarém, Pará", publisher = "SELO Gráfica Editora", link = { isbn = "978-85-65791-20-5", url = "https://www.ufopa.edu.br/media/file/site/ufopa/documentos/2019/77f922ff64ebf7576860e8c5fe2cafc2.pdf", ia = "nheengatu-tapajowara" }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "OTHER" }, -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- }, headers = [[ ===Dictionaries=== $DIC$ ====Historical dictionaries==== $DIH$ ===Phonology and grammar=== $GRAM$ ====Historical phonology and grammar==== $GRAMH$ ===Other works=== $OTHER$ ]] } okru4xko6we5dp1wnlw0rj561s031kk 828 3547463 9944268 2026-10-14T20:27:21Z TongcyDai 53191 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 91078659）：阿羅馬尼亞語書目（修正 {{R|rup|…}} 找不到模組的錯誤） 9944268 Scribunto text/plain local own_args_line = { line = { list = true, display = { label = {"line ", "lines "}, separator = ",", after = "page", }, }, l = { list = true, alias_of = "line", }, } return { sources = { ["Cunia:2010"] = { author = "ro:Tiberiu Cunia|Cunia, Tiberius", year = "2010", title = "Dictsiunar a Limbãljei Armãneascã", link = { ia = "DictsiunarArmanescuDec2008" }, publisher = "Editura Cartea Aromãnã", location = "Constanța", page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 }, default_pagename = true, header = "LEX", }, ["Dalametra:1906"] = { author = "bg:Йон Даламетра|Dalametra, Ioan", year = "1906", title = "Dicționar macedo-român", location = "Bucharest", link = { gb = "ZtgTAAAAYAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "LEX", }, ["Mihăileanu:1901"] = { alias = "Mihaileanu:1901", author = "|Mihăileanu, Ștefan", year = "1901", title = "Dicționar macedo-român", location = "Bucharest", publisher = "Carol Göbl", link = { gb = "l8oTAAAAYAAJ" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Nikolaidis:1909"] = { year = "1909", author = { text = "el:Νικολαΐδης, Κωνσταντίνος", translit_only = true }, location = "Athens", publisher = "Π. Δ. Σακελλαρίου", title = "Ετυμολογικόν λεξικόν της Κουτσοβλαχικής γλώσσης", link = { gb = "LEo8AAAAIAAJ", url = "https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/5/4/3/metadata-01-0000671.tkl" }, page_url = { gb = true }, set_args = function(data) for i, k in ipairs(data.entry) do data.entry[i] = mw.ustring.gsub(k, "%^(.+)$", "^%1") end for i, k in ipairs(data.sub) do data.sub[i] = mw.ustring.gsub(k, "%^(.+)$", "^%1") end end, entry_lang = "rup", header = "LEX", }, ["Papahagi:DDAGE"] = { alias = "Papahagi:1974", year = "1974", author = "|Papahagi, Tache", location = "Bucharest", title = "Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic", edition = "2nd", link = { ia = "dictionarul-dialectului-aroman-tache-papahagi" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Capidan:Aromânii"] = { alias = "Capidan:1932", title = "Aromânii. Dialectul aromân", author = "|Capidan, Theodor", publisher = "Imprimeria Națională", location = "Bucharest", year = "1932", link = "https://dinitrandu.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Theodor-Capidan-Aromanii-Dialectul-aroman-1932.pdf", header = "GRA", }, ["Papahagi:Aromînii"] = { alias = "Papahagi:1932", title = "Aromînii. Grai, folklor, etnografie", author = "|Papahagi, Tache", year = "1932", location = "Bucharest", link = { ia = "tache-papahagi-aromanii-grai-folklor-etnografie-1932" }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "GRA", }, ["Caragiu-Marioțeanu:1968"] = { author = "|Caragiu-Marioțeanu, Matilda", title = "Fono-morfologie aromână. Studiu de dialectologie structurală", publisher = "Academia RS România", location = "Bucharest", year = "1968", link = "https://vivliuteca.org/1968/01/01/fono-morfologie-aromana/", header = "GRA", }, ["Papahagi:Antologie"] = { alias = "Papahagi:1922", author = "|Papahagi, Tache", title = "Antologie aromănească", year = "1922", location = "Bucharest", publisher = "Th. I. Voinea", header = "GRA", }, ["Weigand:Aromunen"] = { author = "|Weigand, Gustav", title = "Die Aromunen. Ethnographisch-philologisch-historische Untersuchungen", volumes = { [1] = { year = "1895", link = { gb = "O-7mfMM5oDEC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, [2] = { year = "1894", link = { gb = "QQuTVcINqz8C" }, page_url = { gb = true }, } }, location = "Leipzig", publisher = "J. A. Barth", header = "GRA", }, ["Capidan:Fărșeroții"] = { alias = "Capidan:1931", year = "1931", author = "|Capidan, Theodor", title = "Fărșeroții. Studiu lingvistic asupra românilor din Albania", journal = { name = "Dacoromania", number = "4", pages = "1–204", }, own_args = { l = { list = true, display = { after = "section", }, }, }, link = "https://dinitrandu.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/77571132-Theodor-Capidan-F%C4%83r%C8%99ero%C8%9Bii.pdf", header = "GRA", }, ["Caranica:1937"] = { title = "130 de melodii populare aromânești", author = "Caranica, Ioan", location = "Bucharest", publisher = "Tip. ziarului Universul", year = "1937", link = "https://www.strumski.com/books/Ioan%20Caranica%20-%20130%20de%20melodii%20populare%20aromanesti%20-%201937-compressed.pdf", header = "GRA", }, ["Iorgoveanu-Dumitru:1976"] = { author = "Iorgoveanu-Dumitru, Chirata", title = "Antologie de poezie populară", year = "1976", publisher = "Minerva", location = "Bucharest", link = "https://vivliuteca.org/1976/01/01/antologie-de-poezie-populara-aromana/", header = "GRA", }, ["Candroveanu:1977"] = { author = "Candroveanu, Hristu", title = "Antologie de proză aromână", publisher = "Univers", location = "Bucharest", year = "1977", link = "https://vivliuteca.org/1977/01/01/370/", header = "GRA", }, ["Geagea:1931"] = { author = "Geagea, Christea", title = "Elementul grec în dialectul aromân", location = "Cernăuți", year = "1931", header = "GRA", }, ["ALAR"] = { title = "Atlasul lingvistic al dialectului aromân", author = {"Saramandu, Nicolae", "Nevaci, Manuela"}, volumes = { [1] = { year = "2014", link = "https://www.lingv.ro/images/ALDA.pdf" }, [2] = { year = "2020", link = "https://lingv.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Atlasul-lingvistic-al-dialectului-aroman-ALDA.pdf" }, }, link = { isbn = "978-973-27-2465-1" }, publisher = "Academia Română", location = "Bucharest", own_args = { map = { list = true, display = { label = "map ", after = "page", separator = ":", }, }, }, header = "LEX", }, ["Dasoulas:2013"] = { author = { text = "el:Δασούλας, Φάνης", translit_only = true, }, title = "Το βλαχικό ιδίωμα του Μετσόβου", edition = "2nd", year = "2013", link = "https://dinitrandu.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/%CE%A4%CE%BF-%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF-%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85-%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85-%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%82-1.pdf", header = "LEX", }, ["Vrabie:2000"] = { title = "An English-Aromanian (Macedo-Romanian) Dictionary", author = "Vrabie, Emil", year = "2000", publisher = {"Mississipi University", "Society Farsarotul"}, link = { isbn = "1-889441-06-6", url = "https://vivliuteca.org/2000/01/01/an-english-aromanian-dictionary/", }, header = "LEX", }, ["DIARO:1997"] = { author = "|Caragiu-Marioțeanu, Matilda", title = "Dicționar aromân (macedo-vlah). DIARO", publisher = "Enciclopedică", year = "1997", location = "Bucharest", link = "https://vivliuteca.org/1997/01/01/dictionar-aroman-macedo-vlah/", header = "LEX", }, ["Papahagi:Basme"] = { alias = "Papahagi:1905", author = "|Papahagi, Pericle", title = "Basme aromâne și glosar", publisher = {"Academia Română", "Carol Göbel"}, location = "Bucharest", year = "1905", link = { ia = "basmearomneiglo00papagoog" }, own_args = { l = { list = true, display = { label = {"line ", "lines "}, after = "page", separator = "," }, }, }, header = "GRA", }, ["Prokovas:2006"] = { author = { text = "el:Προκόβας, Κώστας Ε.", translit_only = true }, title = "Λεξικό της Κουτσοβλαχικής του Λιβαδίου Ολύμπου. Λέξεις, ιστορία, παράδοση και λαϊκός πολιτισμός", year = "2006", location = "Thessaloniki", header = "LEX", entry_lang = "rup", link = { isbn = "960-89171-0-7" }, }, ["Tulliu:2012"] = { title = "Poezii", author = { { text = "|Tulliu, Nuși", type = "poet" }, { text = "Vrana, George", type = "editor" }, }, link = { isbn = "978-606-8195-23-0" }, publisher = {"Proiect Avdhela", "Predania"}, location = "Bucharest", header = "GRA", year = "2012", }, ["Papahagi:Scriitori"] = { author = "|Papahagi, Pericle", year = "1909", title = "Scriitori aromâni in secolul al XVIII (Cavalioti, Ucuta, Daniil)", location = "Bucharest", publisher = "Carol Göbl", header = "GRA", }, ["Kavalliotis:1770"] = { title = "el:Πρωτοπειρία παρὰ τοῦ σοφολογιωτάτου", year = "1770", author = "|Kavalliotis, Theodore", location = "Venice", publisher = "Antonio Bortoli", header = "LEX", own_args = own_args_line, entry_lang = "sq", }, ["Moscopolites:1802"] = { author = "|Moscopolites, Daniel", year = "1802", title = "el:Εισαγωγικὴ διδασκαλία", header = "LEX", own_args = own_args_line, entry_lang = "sq", }, ["Kristophson:1974"] = { author = "Kristophson, Jürgen", year = "1974", title = "Das Lexikon Tetraglosson des Daniil Moschopolitis", journal = { name = "Zeitschrift für Balkanologie", number = { "10", "2" }, }, location = "Munich", publisher = "Rudolf Trofenik", header = "LEX", }, ["Capidan:ESDA"] = { alias = "Capidan:1925", author = "|Capidan, Theodor", year = "1925", title = "Elementul slav în dialectul aromân", location = "Bucharest", publisher = "Cultura Naționala", header = "LEX", link = { gb = "wh3cZJt1GJEC" }, }, }, headers = [[ ===Mainly dictionaries=== $LEX$ ===Antologies, grammars, ethnographies=== $GRA$ ]] } icn960ojaaopn3ecqqqnqbqyjwun6ep 9944340 9944268 2026-10-14T21:01:58Z TongcyDai 53191 維基百科連結本地化（15 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944340 Scribunto text/plain local own_args_line = { line = { list = true, display = { label = {"line ", "lines "}, separator = ",", after = "page", }, }, l = { list = true, alias_of = "line", }, } return { sources = { ["Cunia:2010"] = { author = "ro:Tiberiu Cunia|Cunia, Tiberius", year = "2010", title = "Dictsiunar a Limbãljei Armãneascã", link = { ia = "DictsiunarArmanescuDec2008" }, publisher = "Editura Cartea Aromãnã", location = "Constanța", page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 }, default_pagename = true, header = "LEX", }, ["Dalametra:1906"] = { author = "bg:Йон Даламетра|Dalametra, Ioan", year = "1906", title = "Dicționar macedo-român", location = "Bucharest", link = { gb = "ZtgTAAAAYAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, header = "LEX", }, ["Mihăileanu:1901"] = { alias = "Mihaileanu:1901", author = "en:|Mihăileanu, Ștefan", year = "1901", title = "Dicționar macedo-român", location = "Bucharest", publisher = "Carol Göbl", link = { gb = "l8oTAAAAYAAJ" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Nikolaidis:1909"] = { year = "1909", author = { text = "el:Νικολαΐδης, Κωνσταντίνος", translit_only = true }, location = "Athens", publisher = "Π. Δ. Σακελλαρίου", title = "Ετυμολογικόν λεξικόν της Κουτσοβλαχικής γλώσσης", link = { gb = "LEo8AAAAIAAJ", url = "https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/5/4/3/metadata-01-0000671.tkl" }, page_url = { gb = true }, set_args = function(data) for i, k in ipairs(data.entry) do data.entry[i] = mw.ustring.gsub(k, "%^(.+)$", "^%1") end for i, k in ipairs(data.sub) do data.sub[i] = mw.ustring.gsub(k, "%^(.+)$", "^%1") end end, entry_lang = "rup", header = "LEX", }, ["Papahagi:DDAGE"] = { alias = "Papahagi:1974", year = "1974", author = "en:|Papahagi, Tache", location = "Bucharest", title = "Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic", edition = "2nd", link = { ia = "dictionarul-dialectului-aroman-tache-papahagi" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "LEX", }, ["Capidan:Aromânii"] = { alias = "Capidan:1932", title = "Aromânii. Dialectul aromân", author = "en:|Capidan, Theodor", publisher = "Imprimeria Națională", location = "Bucharest", year = "1932", link = "https://dinitrandu.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Theodor-Capidan-Aromanii-Dialectul-aroman-1932.pdf", header = "GRA", }, ["Papahagi:Aromînii"] = { alias = "Papahagi:1932", title = "Aromînii. Grai, folklor, etnografie", author = "en:|Papahagi, Tache", year = "1932", location = "Bucharest", link = { ia = "tache-papahagi-aromanii-grai-folklor-etnografie-1932" }, page_url = { ia = true }, header = "GRA", }, ["Caragiu-Marioțeanu:1968"] = { author = "en:|Caragiu-Marioțeanu, Matilda", title = "Fono-morfologie aromână. Studiu de dialectologie structurală", publisher = "Academia RS România", location = "Bucharest", year = "1968", link = "https://vivliuteca.org/1968/01/01/fono-morfologie-aromana/", header = "GRA", }, ["Papahagi:Antologie"] = { alias = "Papahagi:1922", author = "en:|Papahagi, Tache", title = "Antologie aromănească", year = "1922", location = "Bucharest", publisher = "Th. I. Voinea", header = "GRA", }, ["Weigand:Aromunen"] = { author = "en:|Weigand, Gustav", title = "Die Aromunen. Ethnographisch-philologisch-historische Untersuchungen", volumes = { [1] = { year = "1895", link = { gb = "O-7mfMM5oDEC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, [2] = { year = "1894", link = { gb = "QQuTVcINqz8C" }, page_url = { gb = true }, } }, location = "Leipzig", publisher = "J. A. Barth", header = "GRA", }, ["Capidan:Fărșeroții"] = { alias = "Capidan:1931", year = "1931", author = "en:|Capidan, Theodor", title = "Fărșeroții. Studiu lingvistic asupra românilor din Albania", journal = { name = "Dacoromania", number = "4", pages = "1–204", }, own_args = { l = { list = true, display = { after = "section", }, }, }, link = "https://dinitrandu.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/77571132-Theodor-Capidan-F%C4%83r%C8%99ero%C8%9Bii.pdf", header = "GRA", }, ["Caranica:1937"] = { title = "130 de melodii populare aromânești", author = "Caranica, Ioan", location = "Bucharest", publisher = "Tip. ziarului Universul", year = "1937", link = "https://www.strumski.com/books/Ioan%20Caranica%20-%20130%20de%20melodii%20populare%20aromanesti%20-%201937-compressed.pdf", header = "GRA", }, ["Iorgoveanu-Dumitru:1976"] = { author = "Iorgoveanu-Dumitru, Chirata", title = "Antologie de poezie populară", year = "1976", publisher = "Minerva", location = "Bucharest", link = "https://vivliuteca.org/1976/01/01/antologie-de-poezie-populara-aromana/", header = "GRA", }, ["Candroveanu:1977"] = { author = "Candroveanu, Hristu", title = "Antologie de proză aromână", publisher = "Univers", location = "Bucharest", year = "1977", link = "https://vivliuteca.org/1977/01/01/370/", header = "GRA", }, ["Geagea:1931"] = { author = "Geagea, Christea", title = "Elementul grec în dialectul aromân", location = "Cernăuți", year = "1931", header = "GRA", }, ["ALAR"] = { title = "Atlasul lingvistic al dialectului aromân", author = {"Saramandu, Nicolae", "Nevaci, Manuela"}, volumes = { [1] = { year = "2014", link = "https://www.lingv.ro/images/ALDA.pdf" }, [2] = { year = "2020", link = "https://lingv.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Atlasul-lingvistic-al-dialectului-aroman-ALDA.pdf" }, }, link = { isbn = "978-973-27-2465-1" }, publisher = "Academia Română", location = "Bucharest", own_args = { map = { list = true, display = { label = "map ", after = "page", separator = ":", }, }, }, header = "LEX", }, ["Dasoulas:2013"] = { author = { text = "el:Δασούλας, Φάνης", translit_only = true, }, title = "Το βλαχικό ιδίωμα του Μετσόβου", edition = "2nd", year = "2013", link = "https://dinitrandu.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/%CE%A4%CE%BF-%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF-%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85-%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85-%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%82-1.pdf", header = "LEX", }, ["Vrabie:2000"] = { title = "An English-Aromanian (Macedo-Romanian) Dictionary", author = "Vrabie, Emil", year = "2000", publisher = {"Mississipi University", "Society Farsarotul"}, link = { isbn = "1-889441-06-6", url = "https://vivliuteca.org/2000/01/01/an-english-aromanian-dictionary/", }, header = "LEX", }, ["DIARO:1997"] = { author = "en:|Caragiu-Marioțeanu, Matilda", title = "Dicționar aromân (macedo-vlah). DIARO", publisher = "Enciclopedică", year = "1997", location = "Bucharest", link = "https://vivliuteca.org/1997/01/01/dictionar-aroman-macedo-vlah/", header = "LEX", }, ["Papahagi:Basme"] = { alias = "Papahagi:1905", author = "en:|Papahagi, Pericle", title = "Basme aromâne și glosar", publisher = {"Academia Română", "Carol Göbel"}, location = "Bucharest", year = "1905", link = { ia = "basmearomneiglo00papagoog" }, own_args = { l = { list = true, display = { label = {"line ", "lines "}, after = "page", separator = "," }, }, }, header = "GRA", }, ["Prokovas:2006"] = { author = { text = "el:Προκόβας, Κώστας Ε.", translit_only = true }, title = "Λεξικό της Κουτσοβλαχικής του Λιβαδίου Ολύμπου. Λέξεις, ιστορία, παράδοση και λαϊκός πολιτισμός", year = "2006", location = "Thessaloniki", header = "LEX", entry_lang = "rup", link = { isbn = "960-89171-0-7" }, }, ["Tulliu:2012"] = { title = "Poezii", author = { { text = "en:|Tulliu, Nuși", type = "poet" }, { text = "Vrana, George", type = "editor" }, }, link = { isbn = "978-606-8195-23-0" }, publisher = {"Proiect Avdhela", "Predania"}, location = "Bucharest", header = "GRA", year = "2012", }, ["Papahagi:Scriitori"] = { author = "en:|Papahagi, Pericle", year = "1909", title = "Scriitori aromâni in secolul al XVIII (Cavalioti, Ucuta, Daniil)", location = "Bucharest", publisher = "Carol Göbl", header = "GRA", }, ["Kavalliotis:1770"] = { title = "el:Πρωτοπειρία παρὰ τοῦ σοφολογιωτάτου", year = "1770", author = "en:|Kavalliotis, Theodore", location = "Venice", publisher = "Antonio Bortoli", header = "LEX", own_args = own_args_line, entry_lang = "sq", }, ["Moscopolites:1802"] = { author = "en:|Moscopolites, Daniel", year = "1802", title = "el:Εισαγωγικὴ διδασκαλία", header = "LEX", own_args = own_args_line, entry_lang = "sq", }, ["Kristophson:1974"] = { author = "Kristophson, Jürgen", year = "1974", title = "Das Lexikon Tetraglosson des Daniil Moschopolitis", journal = { name = "Zeitschrift für Balkanologie", number = { "10", "2" }, }, location = "Munich", publisher = "Rudolf Trofenik", header = "LEX", }, ["Capidan:ESDA"] = { alias = "Capidan:1925", author = "en:|Capidan, Theodor", year = "1925", title = "Elementul slav în dialectul aromân", location = "Bucharest", publisher = "Cultura Naționala", header = "LEX", link = { gb = "wh3cZJt1GJEC" }, }, }, headers = [[ ===Mainly dictionaries=== $LEX$ ===Antologies, grammars, ethnographies=== $GRA$ ]] } ok0h1jx7ze6dh2jdmu5ri94ylqflnx4 828 3547464 9944269 2026-10-14T20:27:25Z TongcyDai 53191 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 85225962）：潘諾尼亞盧森尼亞語書目（修正 {{R|rsk|…}} 找不到模組的錯誤） 9944269 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- ["ARS"] = { title = { text = "Анґлийско-руски словнїк", translation = "English-Pannonian Rusyn Dictionary" }, author = {"uk:Михайло Фейса|Fejsa, M.ihajlo", "Šlemender, M.arina", "Čeljovski, S.lavica"}, year = "2022", location = "Novi Sad", publisher = {"Faculty of Philosophy", "Ruska matka"}, link = { isbn = "978-86-89945-32-4", ia = "english-rusyn-dictionary-2022" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 1 } }, -- B -- -- C -- -- D -- -- E -- -- F -- -- G -- -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- -- M -- -- N -- -- O -- -- P -- -- Q -- -- R -- ["RSS"] = { title = { text = "Руско-сербски словнїк", translation = "Pannonian Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary" }, author = {"rue:Гелена Медьеши|Medješi, H.elena", "uk:Михайло Фейса|Fejsa, M.ihajlo", "Timko-Djitko, O.ksana", "rue:Юлиан Рамач|Ramač, Ju.ulian"}, year = "2010", location = "Novi Sad", publisher = "Faculty of Philosophy", link = { ia = "rusyn-serbian-dictionary-2010", academia = "43436831" }, page_url = { ia = true }, default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "rsk", }, -- S -- ["SRNJa"] = { alias = "SRNJ", title = { text = "Словнїк руского народного язика", translation = "Dictionary of the Pannonian Rusyn Folk Language" }, author = "rue:Юлиан Рамач|Ramač, Ju.ulian", year = "2017", location = "Novi Sad", publisher = {"Faculty of Philosophy", "Society for Ruthenian Language, Literature and Culture", "Ruske slovo"}, volumes = { { number = "1", title = "А – Н", link = { isbn = "978-86-89945-14-0" } }, { number = "2", title = "О – Я", link = { isbn = "978-86-89945-16-4" } }, }, }, ["SRS"] = { title = { text = "Сербско-руски словнїк", translation = "Serbian-Pannonian Rusyn Dictionary" }, author = {"rue:Гелена Медьеши|Medješi, H.elena", "uk:Михайло Фейса|Fejsa, M.ihajlo", "rue:Юлиан Рамач|Ramač, Ju.ulian"}, year = "1995–1997", location = "Novi Sad", publisher = "Faculty of Philosophy", volumes = { { number = "1", title = "А – Њ", year = "1995", link = { isbn = "86-80271-02-0", ia = "serbsko-ruski-slovnjik/SRS-1", url = "https://zavod.rs/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Srpsko-rusinski-recnik-Web.pdf" }, page_url = { ia = true } }, { number = "2", title = "О – Ш", year = "1997", link = { ia = "serbsko-ruski-slovnjik/SRS-2", url = "https://zavod.rs/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Serbsko-ruski-slovnjik-II-tom-WEB-2.pdf" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = -1 } }, }, default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "rsk", }, -- T -- -- U -- -- V -- -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- } } qrqpeivvlpyb3upfai4osdl8ycsfvg0 10 3547465 9944279 2026-10-14T20:28:20Z TongcyDai 53191 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 93471831）：以引文形式顯示 [[Module:Bibliography]] 書目 9944279 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:bibliography/ref|show|quote=1}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> qbremgap768s19o9yxjqw4zjdd6ahq0 0 3547466 9944282 2026-10-14T20:37:14Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{subst:zh-new|cy|t2=狼吃幞頭|type=112|m=lángchī襆tóu|遭遇[[委屈]]或面臨[[困境]]，吞吐不得、[[有苦難言]]，只能[[勉強]][[忍耐]] #* {{zh-x|你 便 罵 我 一千 場，便 拷 我 三十 頓，我 則索 狼吃襆頭，心兒{r} 自 忍。||WVC|ref=元·{{w|無名氏}}《[[s:楊氏女殺狗勸夫#第一折|殺狗勸夫·第一折]]》}} #* {{zh-x|那壁 似 '''@狼 @吃 @了 @襆頭''' 般 寧{nìng}耐，這…」的新頁面 9944282 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{zh-forms|s=狼吃幞头|t2=狼吃幞頭|type=112}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=lángchī襆tóu |cat=cy }} ===俗語=== {{head|zh|俗語}} # 遭遇[[委屈]]或面臨[[困境]]，吞吐不得、[[有苦難言]]，只能[[勉強]][[忍耐]] #* {{zh-x|你 便 罵 我 一千 場，便 拷 我 三十 頓，我 則索 狼吃襆頭，心兒{r} 自 忍。||WVC|ref=元·{{w|無名氏}}《[[s:楊氏女殺狗勸夫#第一折|殺狗勸夫·第一折]]》}} #* {{zh-x|那壁 似 '''@狼 @吃 @了 @襆頭''' 般 寧{nìng}耐，這壁 如 草地 裏 毬兒 般 打快。||WVC|ref=元·{{w|喬吉}}《[[s:玉簫女兩世姻緣#第四折|兩世姻緣·第四折]]》}} #* {{zh-x|俺 家裏 也 使 了 他 數 錠 銀，不勾 二 年，銀兩 使盡，戔地 趕 他 出去，他 則索 狼吃襆頭，心兒{r} 裏 自忍。||WVC|ref=明·{{w|賈仲名}}《[[s:荊楚臣重對玉梳記#第一折|對玉梳·第一折]]》}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:zh:HYDCD}} * {{R:zh:cbgycdxdb|61246}} 3wffs0hf1078kp90h4coqxhtg202r61 9944283 9944282 2026-10-14T20:38:12Z TongcyDai 53191 9944283 wikitext text/x-wiki ==漢語== {{was wotd|2026|10月|15日}} {{zh-forms|s=狼吃幞头|t2=狼吃幞頭|type=112}} ===發音=== {{zh-pron |m=lángchī襆tóu |cat=cy }} ===成語=== {{head|zh|成語}} # 遭遇[[委屈]]或面臨[[困境]]，吞吐不得、[[有苦難言]]，只能[[勉強]][[忍耐]] #* {{zh-x|你 便 罵 我 一千 場，便 拷 我 三十 頓，我 則索 狼吃襆頭，心兒{r} 自 忍。||WVC|ref=元·{{w|無名氏}}《[[s:楊氏女殺狗勸夫#第一折|殺狗勸夫·第一折]]》}} #* {{zh-x|那壁 似 '''@狼 @吃 @了 @襆頭''' 般 寧{nìng}耐，這壁 如 草地 裏 毬兒 般 打快。||WVC|ref=元·{{w|喬吉}}《[[s:玉簫女兩世姻緣#第四折|兩世姻緣·第四折]]》}} #* {{zh-x|俺 家裏 也 使 了 他 數 錠 銀，不勾{gòu} 二 年，銀兩 使盡，戔地 趕 他 出去，他 則索 狼吃襆頭，心兒{r} 裏 自 忍。||WVC|ref=明·{{w|賈仲名}}《[[s:荊楚臣重對玉梳記#第一折|對玉梳·第一折]]》}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:zh:HYDCD}} * {{R:zh:cbgycdxdb|61246}} jdfn4mvqiojvxv84bqg2bqrbh21a8wz 4 3547467 9944284 2026-10-14T20:38:34Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{WOTD|狼吃襆頭|成語|2026|10月|15日| # 遭遇[[委屈]]或面臨[[困境]]，吞吐不得、[[有苦難言]]，只能[[勉強]][[忍耐]] }}」的新頁面 9944284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WOTD|狼吃襆頭|成語|2026|10月|15日| # 遭遇[[委屈]]或面臨[[困境]]，吞吐不得、[[有苦難言]]，只能[[勉強]][[忍耐]] }} 517du8pf4qqzak0fuar25gsdgv8teip 14 3547468 9944287 2026-10-14T20:43:24Z TongcyDai 53191 配合 [[Module:He-headword]] 同步 enwikt 新增的分類（內容譯自 enwikt 對應分類頁） 9944287 wikitext text/x-wiki 以 begadkefat 字母開頭、且該字母在位置改變時保持不變的希伯來語詞：或始終保留 dagesh，如 {{m|he|פָּרִיז|tr=pariz||巴黎}}；或始終不帶 dagesh，如 {{m|he|כִימְיָה|tr=khímya||化學}}。 [[Category:依正字法屬性分類的希伯來語詞]] g8bpib6l0vyf130hlvxf6anow93x6sz 14 3547469 9944288 2026-10-14T20:43:28Z TongcyDai 53191 配合 [[Module:He-headword]] 同步 enwikt 新增的分類（內容譯自 enwikt 對應分類頁） 9944288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|char=ׇ|sort=kamats katan}} 由於歷史讀音的差異，以 qamatz 書寫的元音依其歷史來源可能讀作 {{IPAchar|/a/}} 或 {{IPAchar|/o/}}。本分類收錄其中較少見、讀作 {{IPAchar|/o/}} 的情況。詳見英語維基百科的 [[w:en:Kamatz#Qamatz Qaṭan vs. Qamatz Gadol|Kamatz § Qamatz Qaṭan vs. Qamatz Gadol]]。 4vdhrtmgchtixukry0s2eukjfl9jfnt 14 3547470 9944289 2026-10-14T20:43:31Z TongcyDai 53191 配合 [[Module:He-headword]] 同步 enwikt 新增的分類（內容譯自 enwikt 對應分類頁） 9944289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|char=ֳ|sort=khataf kamats}} 6d165au70pmbvlsyt05twrvvaqr7zzz 14 3547471 9944290 2026-10-14T20:43:36Z TongcyDai 53191 配合 [[Module:He-headword]] 同步 enwikt 新增的分類（內容譯自 enwikt 對應分類頁） 9944290 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:希伯來語專有名詞]] h2essgvz6atsnpj4g7c9khjym4cnb3o 14 3547472 9944291 2026-10-14T20:43:39Z TongcyDai 53191 配合 [[Module:He-headword]] 同步 enwikt 新增的分類（內容譯自 enwikt 對應分類頁） 9944291 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:需要注意的希伯來語詞|缺少binyan的動詞]] [[Category:希伯來語動詞|缺少binyan]] __HIDDENCAT__ kt9wa20g4gz2fp587fj32u0bv4c2vlc 14 3547473 9944292 2026-10-14T20:43:42Z TongcyDai 53191 配合 [[Module:He-headword]] 同步 enwikt 新增的分類（內容譯自 enwikt 對應分類頁） 9944292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 9944315 9944292 2026-10-14T20:57:52Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:缺少單數附屬形的希伯來語名詞條目]]至[[Category:缺少單數附屬形的希伯來語名詞詞條]]，不留重定向：分類名稱的 entry 統一譯為「詞條」 9944292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547474 9944293 2026-10-14T20:43:45Z TongcyDai 53191 配合 [[Module:He-headword]] 同步 enwikt 新增的分類（內容譯自 enwikt 對應分類頁） 9944293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547475 9944294 2026-10-14T20:43:50Z TongcyDai 53191 配合 [[Module:He-headword]] 同步 enwikt 新增的分類（內容譯自 enwikt 對應分類頁） 9944294 wikitext text/x-wiki __HIDDENCAT__ __EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__ 複數形式資料不完整的希伯來語名詞條目。 [[Category:希伯來語詞條維護]] 88monppgzndp076tzdr54rwa4uhs7gs 9944313 9944294 2026-10-14T20:57:45Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:缺少複數形式的希伯來語名詞條目]]至[[Category:缺少複數形式的希伯來語名詞詞條]]，不留重定向：分類名稱的 entry 統一譯為「詞條」 9944294 wikitext text/x-wiki __HIDDENCAT__ __EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__ 複數形式資料不完整的希伯來語名詞條目。 [[Category:希伯來語詞條維護]] 88monppgzndp076tzdr54rwa4uhs7gs 9944314 9944313 2026-10-14T20:57:48Z TongcyDai 53191 分類名稱的 entry 統一譯為「詞條」 9944314 wikitext text/x-wiki __HIDDENCAT__ __EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__ 複數形式資料不完整的希伯來語名詞詞條。 [[Category:希伯來語詞條維護]] ntfdyzalnyhbkuh5lyf9x53na99jt0c 14 3547476 9944295 2026-10-14T20:43:53Z TongcyDai 53191 配合 [[Module:He-headword]] 同步 enwikt 新增的分類（內容譯自 enwikt 對應分類頁） 9944295 wikitext text/x-wiki __HIDDENCAT__ 複數附屬形資料不完整的希伯來語名詞條目。 [[Category:希伯來語詞條維護]] d3e7gcy2695d7puk8rczylc6qqb44iy 9944316 9944295 2026-10-14T20:57:58Z TongcyDai 53191 TongcyDai移动页面[[Category:缺少複數附屬形的希伯來語名詞條目]]至[[Category:缺少複數附屬形的希伯來語名詞詞條]]，不留重定向：分類名稱的 entry 統一譯為「詞條」 9944295 wikitext text/x-wiki __HIDDENCAT__ 複數附屬形資料不完整的希伯來語名詞條目。 [[Category:希伯來語詞條維護]] d3e7gcy2695d7puk8rczylc6qqb44iy 9944317 9944316 2026-10-14T20:58:02Z TongcyDai 53191 分類名稱的 entry 統一譯為「詞條」 9944317 wikitext text/x-wiki __HIDDENCAT__ 複數附屬形資料不完整的希伯來語名詞詞條。 [[Category:希伯來語詞條維護]] csg4qgce9z000ttwc9xzbsfix868fc9 14 3547477 9944296 2026-10-14T20:43:56Z TongcyDai 53191 配合 [[Module:He-headword]] 同步 enwikt 新增的分類（內容譯自 enwikt 對應分類頁） 9944296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547478 9944297 2026-10-14T20:44:00Z TongcyDai 53191 配合 [[Module:He-headword]] 同步 enwikt 新增的分類（內容譯自 enwikt 對應分類頁） 9944297 wikitext text/x-wiki 絕大多數希伯來語名詞的不定與確定複數，陽性名詞以 {{m|he|־ים|tr=-ím}} 結尾，陰性名詞以 {{m|he|־וֹת|tr=-ót}} 結尾。本分類收錄這條規則的一類例外：不定與確定複數以 {{m|he|־וֹת|tr=-ót}} 結尾的陽性名詞。 [[Category:希伯來語陽性名詞]] 0ri90ri9j0ubpq9gj7876xr6ysci5fq 14 3547479 9944298 2026-10-14T20:44:03Z TongcyDai 53191 配合 [[Module:He-headword]] 同步 enwikt 新增的分類（內容譯自 enwikt 對應分類頁） 9944298 wikitext text/x-wiki 本分類收錄不定複數與確定複數以 {{m|he|־יים|tr=-áyim}} 結尾、而非以 {{m|he|־ים|tr=-ím}} 或 {{m|he|־וֹת|tr=-ót}} 結尾的希伯來語名詞。詞尾 {{m|he||־יים|tr=-áyim}} 原為雙數詞尾，許多名詞至今仍以它表示雙數（例如 {{m|he|פעמיים||兩次|tr=pa'amáyim}} 是 {{m|he|פעם||次|tr=pá'am}} 的雙數），但本分類中的名詞已將它轉用為複數詞尾。 關於本分類中的名詞，可以觀察到以下幾點： * 大多數指通常成對出現的事物，如眼睛、手、腿、鞋子等。 * 少數是唯複名詞，即「只」以複數形式存在（這類名詞在此以不定複數形式列出）。 * 有些是陽性，有些是陰性。 * 大多數或全部的複數結構態都以 {{m|he||־י־|tr=-éi-}} 結尾（陽性與陰性名詞皆然）。 * 有幾個「也」有帶一般詞尾（{{m|he||־ים|tr=-ím}} 或 {{m|he||־וֹת|tr=-ót}}）的複數形式。此時兩種複數可能分屬不同詞義，或大致可自由替換。 [[Category:希伯來語名詞]] c66vzorzu3p3dtko0pw2lcujp9ascoa 14 3547480 9944299 2026-10-14T20:44:06Z TongcyDai 53191 配合 [[Module:He-headword]] 同步 enwikt 新增的分類（內容譯自 enwikt 對應分類頁） 9944299 wikitext text/x-wiki 絕大多數希伯來語名詞的不定與確定複數，陽性名詞以 {{m|he|־ים|tr=-ím}} 結尾，陰性名詞以 {{m|he|־וֹת|tr=-ót}} 結尾。本分類收錄這條規則的一類例外：不定與確定複數以 {{m|he|־ים|tr=-ím}} 結尾的陰性名詞。 這類例外的一個共同點是它們自古希伯來語起即有記錄，沒有一個是在有記錄的任何語言階段中才出現的。除此之外很難一概而論；對其中某些詞成立的說法，幾乎都不適用於另一些詞。例如： * 雖然它們的不定與確定複數都帶有通常屬於陽性的詞尾 {{m|he||־ים|tr=-ím}}，複數結構態卻不盡相同：有些以通常屬於陽性的詞尾 {{m|he||־י־|tr=-éi-}} 結尾，有些則以通常屬於陰性的詞尾 {{m|he||־וֹת־|tr=-ót-}} 結尾；也有兩者皆有記錄的情況。 * 有些也有作陽性（即帶陽性一致）的記錄，有些則沒有。 * 有些也有帶一般陰性詞尾 {{m|he||־וֹת|tr=-ót}} 的複數記錄，有些則沒有。 * 有些的單數帶有典型的陰性詞尾 {{m|he||־ה, ־ת־|tr=-á, -át-}}，有些則沒有。 [[Category:希伯來語陰性名詞]] ablhy5844cj7imcy3ij4b4fisg5mdc5 14 3547481 9944300 2026-10-14T20:44:09Z TongcyDai 53191 配合 [[Module:He-headword]] 同步 enwikt 新增的分類（內容譯自 enwikt 對應分類頁） 9944300 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:希伯來語陽性名詞]] 56u5j5feoscss15o1rpi0mjer875ds9 4 3547482 9944304 2026-10-14T20:46:58Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{WOTD|狼蟲虎豹|成語|2026|11月|15日| # 泛指[[兇猛]][[殘暴]]的[[野獸]] # {{lb|zh|比喻}} [[兇殘]][[狠毒]]的[[惡人]]、[[歹徒]] }}」的新頁面 9944304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WOTD|狼蟲虎豹|成語|2026|11月|15日| # 泛指[[兇猛]][[殘暴]]的[[野獸]] # {{lb|zh|比喻}} [[兇殘]][[狠毒]]的[[惡人]]、[[歹徒]] }} 0dgl0vx5jtz4p8j0nsp3ycrfr3l5khy 14 3547483 9944305 2026-10-14T20:56:41Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547484 9944306 2026-10-14T20:56:48Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 10 3547485 9944307 2026-10-14T20:56:50Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-book |ja|year=2018|editors=[[w:ja:藤堂明保|Tōdō, Akiyasu]];[[w:ja:松本昭|Matsumoto, Akira]];[[w:ja:竹田晃|Takeda, Akira]];[[w:ja:加納喜光|Kanō, Yoshimitsu]]|title=漢字源|trans-title=Kanjigen|edition=Revised sixth|publisher=w:Gakken|isbn=978-4-05-304619-2}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} {{refcat|ja}} </noinclude>」的新頁面 9944307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-book |ja|year=2018|editors=[[w:ja:藤堂明保|Tōdō, Akiyasu]];[[w:ja:松本昭|Matsumoto, Akira]];[[w:ja:竹田晃|Takeda, Akira]];[[w:ja:加納喜光|Kanō, Yoshimitsu]]|title=漢字源|trans-title=Kanjigen|edition=Revised sixth|publisher=w:Gakken|isbn=978-4-05-304619-2}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} {{refcat|ja}} </noinclude> 0jqle7xz66en5nt9oqix96vjyc16zje 14 3547486 9944309 2026-10-14T20:57:17Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547487 9944310 2026-10-14T20:57:23Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547488 9944311 2026-10-14T20:57:33Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547489 9944312 2026-10-14T20:57:37Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547490 9944321 2026-10-14T20:58:49Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 828 3547491 9944322 2026-10-14T21:00:48Z TongcyBot 83009 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 89363531）；維基百科連結本地化（8 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944322 Scribunto text/plain local function IBL_link(id, page_url) local ret = "https://ibl.bas.bg/lib/index.php?bookId="..id.."&action=show" return page_url and ret .. "#page/n$PAGE$/mode/1up" or ret end local function RBE_volume(number, title, year, first_edition, isbn, set_page) return { title = title, year = year, edition = first_edition and "2nd" or nil, first_edition = first_edition, link = { isbn = isbn, url = IBL_link("RBE_t"..number, false), }, page_url = { url = IBL_link("RBE_t"..number, true), set_page = set_page, }, } end return { sources = { -- A -- -- B -- ["BAN:RBE"] = { alias = {"BAN", "BAS", "RBE"}, title = { text = "Речник на българския език", pedia = "bg:Речник на българския език (БАН)", translation = "Dictionary of the Bulgarian language", }, location = "Sofia", publisher = {"en:|Institute for Bulgarian Language", "Prof. Marin Drinov", "EMAS"}, volumes = { RBE_volume(1, "а–б", "2001", "1977", "954-90344-3-7", -2), RBE_volume(2, "в", "2002", "1979", "954-90344-4-5", -3), RBE_volume(3, "г–деятел", "2006", "1981", "954-90344-9-6", -3), RBE_volume(4, "деятелен–е", "2012", "1984", "978-954-92489-3-7", -1), RBE_volume(5, "ж–з", "2022", "1987", "978-619-90884-3-2", -1), RBE_volume(6, "и–й", "2022", "1990", "978-619-90884-4-9", -1), RBE_volume(7, "к–координати", "1993", nil, "954-430-193-3", -2), RBE_volume(8, "координатограф–л", "1995", nil, "954-430-258-1", -2), RBE_volume(9, "м", "1998", nil, "954-430-593-9", -4), RBE_volume(10, "н", "2000", nil, "954-430-746-X", -3), RBE_volume(11, "о", "2002", nil, "954-90344-5-3", -3), RBE_volume(12, "п–поемка", "2004", nil, "954-90344-7-X", -3), RBE_volume(13, "поен–прелестно", "2008", nil, "978-954-357-163-5", -3), RBE_volume(14, "прелет–пясъчножълт", "2012", nil, nil, -1), RBE_volume(15, "р", "2015", nil, "978-954-322-823-2", -3), RBE_volume(16, "с–системност", "2023", nil, "978-619-245-307-7", -1), }, link = "https://ibl.bas.bg/rbe/", entry_url = "https://ibl.bas.bg/rbe/lang/bg/$ID|PAGENAME$", }, ["BER"] = { title = { text = "en:Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary|Български етимологичен речник", translation = "Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary", }, year = "1971‒2017", location = "Sofia", link = { url = "https://ibl.bas.bg/ber/" }, volumes = { [1] = { title = "bg:А – З", year = "1971", author = "en:Vladimir I. Georgiev|Georgiev, V.ladimir I.", publisher = "Bulgarian Academy of Sciences", link = { isbn = "978-954-322-082-3", ia = "BER_pdf/BER-1", url = IBL_link("BER", false), }, page_url = { url = IBL_link("BER", true), set_page = 94, }, }, [2] = { title = "и¹ – крепя̀", year = "1979", author = "en:Vladimir I. Georgiev|Georgiev, V.ladimir I.", publisher = "Bulgarian Academy of Sciences", link = { isbn = "978-954-322-526-2", url = IBL_link("ber_2_000-744", false), }, page_url = { url = IBL_link("ber_2_000-744", true), set_page = 1, }, }, [3] = { title = "крес¹ – мѝнго¹", year = "1986", author = "en:Vladimir I. Georgiev|Georgiev, V.ladimir I.", publisher = "Bulgarian Academy of Sciences", link = { isbn = "978-954-322-527-9", url = IBL_link("ber_3_000-808", false), }, page_url = { url = IBL_link("ber_3_000-808", true), set_page = 1, }, }, [4] = { title = "мѝнго² – па̀дам", year = "1995", author = {"en:Vladimir I. Georgiev|Georgiev, V.ladimir I.", "bg:Иван Дуриданов|Duridanov, I. V."}, publisher = "Prof. Marin Drinov", link = { isbn = "978-954-322-528-6", url = IBL_link("ber_4_000-1004", false), }, page_url = { url = IBL_link("ber_4_000-1004", true), set_page = -1, }, }, [5] = { title = "падѐж – пу̀ска", year = "1999", author = {"bg:Иван Дуриданов|Duridanov, I. V.", "Racheva, M.", "Todorov, T. A."}, publisher = "Prof. Marin Drinov", link = { isbn = "954-430-315-4", url = IBL_link("ber_5", false), }, page_url = { url = IBL_link("ber_5", true), set_page = 1, }, }, [6] = { title = "пу̀скам – слова̀р²", year = "2002", author = {"Racheva, M.", "Todorov, T. A."}, publisher = "Prof. Marin Drinov", link = { isbn = "954-430-633-1", url = IBL_link("ber_6", false), }, page_url = { url = IBL_link("ber_6", true), }, }, [7] = { title = "сло̀во – теря̀свам", year = "2010", author = {"Todorov, T. A.", "Racheva, M."}, publisher = "Prof. Marin Drinov", link = { isbn = "978-954-322-353-4", ia = "BER_pdf/BER-7", url = IBL_link("ber_7_000-976", false), }, page_url = { url = IBL_link("ber_7_000-976", true), set_page = -1, }, }, [8] = { title = "тѐсам – фя̀калка", year = "2017", author = {"bg:Лиляна Димитрова-Тодорова|Dimitrova-Todorova, L. D.", "Selimski, L. P."}, publisher = "Prof. Marin Drinov", link = { isbn = "978-954-322-890-4" }, }, }, default_pagename = true, }, ["BERON"] = { title = { text = "БЕРОН (Български езикови ресурси онлайн)", translation = "BERON (Bulgarian Language Resources Online)", }, year = "2024", publisher = "Bulgarian Academy of Sciences", default_pagename = true, entry_url = "https://beron.mon.bg/leksema/$ID$", link = "https://beron.mon.bg", }, -- C -- ["Chitanka:RBE"] = { title = { text = "Речник на българския език", translation = "Dictionary of the Bulgarian language", }, year = "2010–", link = "https://rechnik.chitanka.info/", entry_url = "https://rechnik.chitanka.info/w/$ID|PAGENAME$", publisher = "Chitanka", }, -- D -- -- E -- -- F -- -- G -- ["Gerov:RBE"] = { alias = "Gerov", author = { "en:|Gerov, Nayden", { text = "bg:|bg:Панчев, Тодор", translit_only = true, type = "volumes 4–5", }, }, title = { pedia = "bg:Речник на българския език (Найден Геров)", text = "bg:Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ", -- Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ translation = "Dictionary of the Bulgarian language", }, volumes = { [1] = { year = "1895", link = { ia = "riechniknablgars01gerouoft" }, title = "А–Д", }, [2] = { year = "1897", link = { ia = "riechniknablgars02gerouoft" }, title = "Е–К", }, [3] = { year = "1899", link = { ia = "riechniknablgars03gerouoft" }, title = "Л–О", }, [4] = { year = "1901", link = { ia = "riechniknablgars04gerouoft" }, title = "П", }, [5] = { year = "1904", link = { ia = "riechniknablgars05gerouoft" }, title = "bg:Р–Ꙗ", }, }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, location = "Plovdiv", publisher = "Съгласие", }, ["Gerov:Supplement"] = { author = { "en:|Gerov, Nayden", { text = "bg:|bg:Панчев, Тодор", translit_only = true, }, }, title = { text = "bg:Допълнение на българския рѣчникъ", translation = "Supplement to the Bulgarian dictionary", }, link = { ia = "riechniknabulgar00gerouoft" }, location = "Plovdiv", publisher = "Трудъ", year = "1908", page_url = { ia = true }, }, -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- ["Krǎsteva:2003"] = { alias = {"Krasteva:2003", "Kristeva:2003"}, author = { text = "bg:Кръстева, Весела", translit_only = true }, title = { text = "Тълковен речник на турцизмите в българския език", translation = "Explanatory Dictionary of Turkisms in the Bulgarian Language", }, default_pagename = true, location = "Sofia", publisher = "Skorpio", year = "2003", }, ["Krumova-Cvetkova:2003"] = { alias = "Akron", author = { "bg:Крумова-Цветкова, Л.илия", "bg:Чоролеева, М.ариа Г.еоргиева", "bg:Холиолчев, Х.ристо С.тефанов", translit_only = true, }, title = { text = "Речник на съкращенията в българския език", translation = "Dictionary of Abbreviations in Bulgarian", }, year = "2003", location = "Sofia", publisher = "Emas", link = { ia = "abulvriatsiaia", isb = "954-8793-43-1" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, }, -- L -- ["LexIt"] = { title = { text = "ЛексИт", translation = "LexIt" }, year = "2014", location = "Sofia", publisher = "Bulgarian Academy of Sciences", default_pagename = true, entry_url = "https://ibl.bas.bg/dictionary_portal/lang/bg/all/$ID|ENTRY$", link = "https://ibl.bas.bg/dictionary_portal/", }, -- M -- ["Miklosich:TE"] = { import_from = "sq" }, ["Morse:1860"] = { title = "An English and Bulgarian vocabulary in two parts", author = {"Morse, C. F.", "Vasiliev, Constantine"}, location = "Constantinople", publisher = "A. Minasian", year = "1860", link = { gb = "7tlbAAAAcAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, -- N -- -- O -- -- P -- -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- -- T -- -- U -- -- V -- -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- } } h8djpvl7uk6qvwdnn5ska2tm1ou3ska 828 3547492 9944323 2026-10-14T21:00:52Z TongcyBot 83009 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 91003681）；維基百科連結本地化（1 處改連中文維基百科條目、10 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944323 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} export.sources = { -- A -- ["Andriotis:1974"] = { author = "el:Νικόλαος Ανδριώτης|Ανδριώτης, Νικόλαος Π.αντελής", title = "Lexikon der Archaismen in neugriechischen Dialekten", year = "1974", series = { name = "Schriften der Balkankommission Linguistische Abteilung", number = "22" }, location = "Vienna", publisher = "奧地利科學院|ÖAW", link = { isbn = "3 7001 0057 4" }, entry_lang = "el", default_pagename = true, }, ["Aravantinos:1909"] = { author = "en:Panagiotis Aravantinos|Αραβαντινός, Παναγιώτης", year = "1909", title = "Ηπειρωτικόν γλωσσάριον", location = "Athens", publisher = "Π. Α. Πετράκος", link = "https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/0/f/7/metadata-01-0000535.tkl", entry_lang = "el", default_pagename = true, }, -- B -- ["Babiniotis:2002"] = { alias = "LNEG", author = { text = "en:|Babiniotis, Georgios", lang = "en", translit_only = false, }, title = { text = "Λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας{{nb...|με σχόλια για τη σωστή χρήση των λέξεων, ερμηνευτικό, ετυμολογικό, ορθογραφικό, συνωνύμων-αντιθέτων, κύριων ονομάτων, επιστημονικών όρων, ακρωνυμίων}}", translation = "Dictionary of Modern Greek", pedia = "en:Babiniotis Dictionary", }, location = "Athens", publisher = "Κέντρο Λεξικολογίας", year = "2002", first_edition = "1998", link = { isbn = "9789608619012" }, entry_lang = "el", default_pagename = true, }, ["Beekes:2010"] = { alias = "EDG", import_from = "grc" }, ["Bogas:GII"] = { alias = "Bogas", author = "Μπόγκας, Ευάγγελος Αθ.", title = "Τα γλωσσικά ιδιώματα της Ηπείρου (Βορείου, Κεντρικής και Νοτίου)", location = "Ioannina", publisher = "Εταιρείας Ηπειρωτικών Μελετών", volumes = { { year = "1964", title = "Γιαννιώτικο και άλλα λεξικολόγια" }, { year = "1966", title = "Γλωσσάρια Βορ. Ηπείρου, Θεσπρωτίας, Κόνιτσας κ.ά." }, }, }, -- C -- -- D -- -- E -- ["EFSK"] = { alias = "Syll.", title = "Σύγγραμμα Περιοδικόν", publisher = "Ελληνικός Φιλολογικός Σύλλογος Κωνσταντινουπόλεως", location = "Constantinople", volumes = { { -- 1, α’ year = "1863", title = "el:1863", link = "http://medusa.libver.gr/jspui/handle/123456789/4470", }, { -- 2 β’ year = "1864", title = "el:1864", link = "http://medusa.libver.gr/jspui/handle/123456789/4475", }, { -- 3 γ’ year = "1868", title = "el:1865", link = { gb = "0mU0AQAAMAAJ" } }, { -- 4 δ’ year = "1871", title = "el:1865–70", link = "http://digital.lib.auth.gr/record/125195/", }, { -- 5 ε’ year = "1872", title = "el:1870–71", link = { url = { "http://medusa.libver.gr/jspui/handle/123/11572", "http://digital.lib.auth.gr/record/125195/" } }, }, { -- 6 ϛ’ year = "1873", title = "el:1871–72", link = { ia = {"syngrammaperiodi67helluoft", "syngrammaperiod01turkgoog"}, gb = {"UO5bAAAAcAAJ", "BK0AAAAAYAAJ"}, }, }, { -- 7 ζ’ year = "1874", title = "el:1872–73", link = { ia = {"syngrammaperiodi67helluoft", "bub_gb_dmU0AQAAMAAJ"}, gb = "dmU0AQAAMAAJ", }, }, { -- 8 η’ year = "1874", title = "el:1873–74", link = { ia = "syngrammaperiodi89helluoft" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = function(data) -- pages from 353–356 are missing return data.page + (data.page < 352 and 25 or 21) end, }, }, { -- 9 θ’ year = "1875", title = "el:1874–75", link = { ia = {"syngrammaperiodi89helluoft", "bub_gb_9KwAAAAAYAAJ"}, gb = "9KwAAAAAYAAJ", }, }, { -- 10 ι’ year = "1877", title = "el:1875–76", link = { ia = "syngrammaperiodi1012helluoft" }, }, { -- 11 ια’ year = "1878", title = "el:1876–77", link = { ia = {"syngrammaperiodi1012helluoft", "bub_gb_0awAAAAAYAAJ"}, gb = "0awAAAAAYAAJ", }, }, { -- 12 ιβ’ year = "1879", title = "el:1877–78", link = { ia = "syngrammaperiodi1012helluoft" }, }, { -- 13 ιγ’ year = "1880", title = "el:1878–79", }, { -- 14 ιδ’ year = "1884", title = "el:1879–80", link = { gb = "hKwAAAAAYAAJ", ia = "syngrammaperiod00turkgoog" }, }, { -- 15 ιε’ year = "1884", title = "el:1880–81", }, { -- 16 ιϛ’ year = "1885", title = "el:1881–82", link = { gb = "UKwAAAAAYAAJ", ia = "syngrammaperiod00istgoog" }, }, { -- 17 ιζ’ year = "1886", title = "el:1882–83", link = { ia = {"syngrammaperiodi1882hell", "syngrammaperiod03istgoog"}, gb = "LqwAAAAAYAAJ", }, }, { -- 18 ιη’ year = "1888", title = "el:1883–84", link = { ia = {"syngrammaperiodi1882hell", "syngrammaperiod01istgoog"}, gb = "FawAAAAAYAAJ", }, }, { -- 19 ιθ’ year = "1888", title = "el:1884–85", link = { ia = {"syngrammaperiodi1882hell", "syngrammaperiodi1920helluoft", "syngrammaperiod01istgoog"}, gb = "FawAAAAAYAAJ", }, }, ["18b"] = { -- παράρτημα του ιη’ year = "1888", title = "Εικοσιπενταετηρίς: 1861-1886", link = "https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/5/2/0/metadata-442-0000014.tkl", }, { -- 20 κ’ year = "1891", title = "el:1885–86 και 1886–87", link = { ia = {"syngrammaperiodi1920helluoft", "syngrammaperiodi1885hell"} }, }, { -- 21 κα’ year = "1891", title = "el:1887–88 και 1888–89", link = { ia = {"syngrammaperiodi2122helluoft", "syngrammaperiodi1885hell"} }, }, { -- 22 κβ’ year = "1891", title = "el:1889–90 και 1890–91", link = { ia = "syngrammaperiodi2122helluoft" }, }, { -- 23 κγ’ year = "1893", title = "el:1891–92", }, { -- 24 κδ’ year = "1895", title = "el:1892–93", link = "http://medusa.libver.gr/jspui/handle/123/9439", }, { -- 25 κε’ year = "1895", title = "el:1893–94", link = { ia = "syngrammaperiodi1893hell" }, }, { -- 26 κϛ’ year = "1896", title = "el:1894–95", link = { ia = "syngrammaperiodi1893hell" }, }, { -- 27 κζ’ year = "1900", title = "el:1895–1899", link = { gb = "R7IAAAAAYAAJ", ia = "syngrammaperiod02istgoog" }, }, { -- 28 κη’ year = "1904", title = "el:1899–1902", link = { gb = "R7IAAAAAYAAJ", ia = "syngrammaperiod02istgoog" }, }, { -- 29 κθ’ year = "1907", title = "el:1902–1905", link = { ia = "syngrammaperiodi1902hell" }, }, { -- 30 λ’ year = "1908", title = "el:1905–1907", link = { ia = {"syngrammaperiodi1902hell", "syngrammaperiod02turkgoog"}, gb = "dLIAAAAAYAAJ", }, }, { -- 31 λα’ year = "1909", title = "el:1907–08", link = { ia = "syngrammaperiodi1902hell" }, }, { -- 32 λβ’ year = "1911", title = "el:1908–1910", link = { ia = "syngrammaperiodi1908hell" }, }, { -- 33 λγ’ year = "1914", title = "el:1910–11", link = { ia = "syngrammaperiodi1908hell" }, }, ["34b"] = { -- λδ’ year = "1915", title = "Πεντηκονταετηρίς 1861-1911" } }, default_pagename = false, }, -- F -- ["Favorino:1523"] = { title = "Μέγα καὶ πάνυ ὠφέλιμον Λεξικόν", author = "Favorino, Guarino", year = "1523", location = "Rome", publisher = "Zacharias Calliergi", entry_lang = "el", link = { gb = "VYkadk-i1lsC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, -- G -- ["Georgacas:1982"] = { author = "Georgacas, Demetrius J.", year = "1982", title = "A Graeco-Slavic Controversial Problem Reexamined: the -ιτσ- Suffixes in Byzantine, Medieval, and Modern Greek", location = "Athens", publisher = "Acad. of Athens", series = { name = "Πραγματείαι της Ακαδημίας Αθηνών", volume = "47", }, link = "https://digitallibrary.academyofathens.gr/archive/item/10780", }, ["Germano:1622"] = { author = "en:|Germano, Girolamo", year = "1622", title = "Vocabolario italiano et greco", location = "Rome", publisher = "Bartolomeo Zannetti", entry_lang = "el", link = { gb = "qlEPdAQH-sYC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, ["Giannaris:1876"] = { alias = {"Jannirakis:1876", "Jannaris:1876"}, title = "{{lang|el|Ασματα Κρητικά μετά διστίχων και παροιμιών}} = Kretas volkslieder nebst distichen und sprichwortern{{nb...|in der ursprache mit glossar}}", author = "de:Antonios N. Jannaris|Γιάνναρης, Αντώνιος", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "F. A. Brockhaus", year = "1876", link = "https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/3/1/c/metadata-218-0000002.tkl", }, -- H -- ["Heldreich:1862"] = { year = "1862", title = "Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands", author = { text = "en:|Heldreich, Theodor von", lang = "de", translit_only = false, }, location = "Athens", publisher = "Karl Wilberg", link = { gb = "c0M-AAAAcAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, default_pagename = false, }, ["Höeg:Saracatsans"] = { alias = "Hoeg", author = { text = "en:Carsten Høeg|Höeg, Carsten", lang = "da", translit_only = false, }, title = "Les Saracatsans. Une tribu nomade grecque", volumes = { { year = "1925", title = "Étude linguistique precédée d'une notice ethnographique" }, { year = "1926", title = "Textes (contes e chansons), vocabulaire technique, index verborum" }, }, publisher = {"E. Champion", "V. Pio-P. Branner"}, location = {"Paris", "Copenhagen"}, default_pagename = false, }, -- I -- ["ILNE"] = { title = "Ιστορικόν λεξικόν της νέας ελληνικής", location = "Athens", publisher = "Acad. of Athens", volumes = { ["1"] = { title = "α–αμ", year = "1933" }, ["2"] = { title = "αν–απ", year = "1939" }, ["3.1"] = { title = "άρα–αφής", year = "1941" }, ["3.2"] = { title = "αφής αν–βλέπω ", year = "1942" }, ["4.1"] = { title = "βλεφαρίδα–γάρφαρος", year = "1953" }, ["4.2"] = { title = "γαρδαλώνω–γεροδάσκαλος", year = "1980" }, ["5.1"] = { title = "γεροδέματος–γλωσσωτός", year = "1984" }, ["5.2"] = { title = "γναθάδα–δαχτυλωτός", year = "1989" }, ["6"] = { title = "δέ–διάλεκτος", year = "2016" }, ["7.1"] = { title = "διάλεξη–δόγης", year = "2021" }, } }, ["Ipeirotika Chronika"] = { alias = "ICh.", authors = {"Βιζουκίδης, Π.", "Αναγνωστόπουλος, Γ.", "Κοντοπάνος, Α."}, title = "Ηπειρωτικά Χρονικά", year = "1926–1934", location = "Ioannina", volumes = { { year = "1926" }, -- 1 { year = "1927" }, -- 2 { year = "1928" }, -- 3 { year = "1929" }, -- 4 { year = "1930" }, -- 5 { year = "1931" }, -- 6 { year = "1932" }, -- 7 { year = "1933" }, -- 8 { year = "1934" }, -- 9 { year = "1935" }, -- 10 { year = "1936" }, -- 11 { year = "1937" }, -- 12 { year = "1938" }, -- 13 { year = "1939" }, -- 14 { year = "1940" }, -- 15 { year = "1941" }, -- 16 }, default_pagename = false, }, -- J -- -- K -- ["Konstantinos:1757"] = { author = "Konstantinos, Georgios", year = "1757", title = "{{lang|el|Λεξικὸν τετράγλωσσον}} = Dictionarium quatuor linguarum", location = "Venice", publisher = "Antonio Bortoli", entry_lang = "el", link = { anemi = "3/1/2/metadata-155-0000076" }, }, -- L -- ["LKNE"] = { alias = {"LKN", "DSMG", "Triantafyllidis"}, title = { text = "Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής", translation = "Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek", pedia = "en:Triantafyllidis Dictionary", }, year = "1998", publisher = {"Triantafyllidis Foundation", "en:Center for the Greek Language|Κέντρο Ελληνικής Γλώσσας"}, location = "Thessaloniki", link = "http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/en/modern_greek/tools/lexica/triantafyllides/search.html", entry_url = "http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/en/modern_greek/tools/lexica/triantafyllides/search.html?lq=$ENTRY$", }, -- M -- ["Meursius:GGB"] = { author = "en:|Meursius, Johannes", title = "Glossarium Graeco-Barbarum", editions = { { location = "Leiden", publisher = "Thomas Basson", year = "1610", link = { mdz = "bsb11223886" }, page_url = { mdz = true, set_page = 18 }, }, { location = "Leiden", publisher = "Lodewijk Elzevir", year = "1614", link = { gb = "rWIhwis_PHAC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, }, }, ["Meyer:1894"] = { author = { text = "en:|Meyer, Gustav", lang = "de", translit_only = false, }, year = "1894", title = "Neugriechische Studien", volume = { number = 2, title = "Die slavischen, albanischen und rumänischen Lehnworte im Neugriechischen" }, location = "Vienna", publisher = "Tempsky", link = { gb = "lJEe8V36qtoC", url = "https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11837028" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, ["Myrianthefs:1862"] = { alias = "Myriantheus:1862", author = "Μυριανθεύς, Ιερόνυνος", year = "1862", title = "Κυπριακαί λέξεις", chapter_of = { title = "Φιλίστωρ. Σύγγραμα φιλολογικόν και παιδαγωγικόν", volume = "3", }, link = { gb = "CiDgAAAAMAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, location = "Athens", }, -- N -- ["Nişanyan:Sözlük"] = { alias = "Nisanyan:Sozluk", import_from = "tr" }, -- O -- ["Orfanos:2020"] = { author = "Ορφανός, Βασίλης", year = "2020", title = "Τουρκικά δάνεια στα ελληνικά της Κρήτης", publisher = "Propylaeum", location = "Heidelberg", link = { doi = "10.11588/propylaeum.660" }, }, -- P -- ["Peridis:1854"] = { author = "Peridis, M. P.", year = "1854", title = "Λεξικὸν Ἑλληνικὸν καὶ Ἰταλικὸν", location = "Ermoupoli", publisher = "M. P. Peridis", entry_lang = "el", link = { anemi = "d/6/b/metadata-06-0000102" }, }, ["Petalas:1876"] = { author = "Πεταλάσ, Νικόλαος Γ.", title = "Θηραϊκής Γλωσσολογικής Ύλης", volume = { number = 1, title = "Ιδιωτικόν της θηραϊκής γλώσσης" }, year = "1876", location = "Athens", publisher = "Ν. Γ. Πάσσαρη", link = "https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/4/2/6/metadata-265-0000251.tkl", }, ["Portius:1635"] = { author = "Portius, Simon", year = "1635", title = "Λεξικὸν Λατινικὸν, Ρομαϊκὸν καὶ Ἑλληνικὸν", location = "Paris", }, -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- ["Sarros:1920"] = { author = "Σάρρος, Δημήτριος Μ.", title = "Παρατηρήσεις εις το [[#bib-Aravantinos:1909|Ηπειρωτικόν γλωσσάριον του Π. Αραβαντινού]]", year = "1920", location = "Constantinople", publisher = "Ελληνικός Φιλολογικός Σύλλογος Κωνσταντινουπόλεως", link = "https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/b/3/2/metadata-01-0000537.tkl", }, ["Somavera:1709"] = { author = "Somavera, Alessio da", year = "1709", title = "{{lang|el|Θησαυρός της ρωμαϊκής και της φράγκικης γλώσσας}} = Tesoro della lingua greca-volgare ed italiana", entry_lang = "el", location = "Paris", publisher = "M. Guignard", link = { gb = "HZ0CAAAAQAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, ["Soulis:1932"] = { author = "el:Χρίστος Ι. Σούλης|Σούλης, Χρίστος", year = "1932", title = "Τοπωνυμικόν των Χουλιαράδων", journal = { name = "{{R|el|ICh.}}", number = "7", pages = "216–245", }, }, -- T -- -- U -- -- V -- ["Vendotis:1790"] = { author = "Vendotis, Georgios", year = "1790", title = "Λεξικὸν τρίγλωσσον τῆς Γαλλικῆς, Ἰταλικῆς, καὶ Ῥωμαϊκῆς διαλέκτου", location = "Vienna", publisher = "Joseph Baumeister", link = { anemi = "f/b/1/metadata-155-0000080" }, }, ["Vlachos:1659"] = { author = "Vlachos, Gerasimos", year = "1659", title = "Θησαυρὸς τῆς ἐγκυκλοπαιδικῆς βάσεως τετράγλωσσος", location = "Venice", publisher = "Typographia Ducali Pinelliana", entry_lang = "el", link = { anemi = "5/e/5/metadata-01-0001055" }, }, ["Vlachos:1871"] = { alias = "Vlahos:1871", author = "Βλάχος, Άγγελος Σ.", year = "1971", title = "Λεξικόν έλληνογαλλικόν", location = "Athens", publisher = { "Α. Καναριώτη", "Κ. Τεφαρίκη", "Ζ. Γρυπάρη" }, link = { gb = "T2hHAAAAYAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, ["Vyzantios:1846"] = { author = "Vyzantios, Skarlatos", year = "1845", title = "Λεξικὸν ἑλληνικὸν καὶ γαλλικὸν", location = "Athens", publisher = "Ανδρέας Κορομηλάς", entry_lang = "el", link = { gb = "gEilEpaqaYAC" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, -- W -- ["Weigel:1796"] = { author = "Weigel, Karl", year = "1796", title = "{{lang|el|Λεξικὸν Ἁπλωρωμαϊκὸν, Γερμανικὸν καὶ Ιταλικὸν}} = Neugriechisches Teutsch-Italiänisches Wörterbuch", location = "Leipzig", publisher = "Schmickertschen Verlage", entry_lang = "el", own_args = { ["col"] = { list = true, numerical = true, display = { after = "page", label = { "column ", "columns " }, url = true, }, }, }, link = { gb = "zXRpAAAAcAAJ" }, -- also eGESAAAAIAAJ col_url = { gb = true, set_page = function(data) return data.col - (1 - data.col % 2) end }, }, -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- } export.default_values = { author = { lang = "el", translit_only = true }, entry_lang = "el", default_pagename = true, } return export lknajsaxz1hymm2hmk6p11wp67xp15i 828 3547493 9944324 2026-10-14T21:00:55Z TongcyBot 83009 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 91644227）；維基百科連結本地化（2 處改連中文維基百科條目、5 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944324 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { ["Beekes:2010"] = { alias = "EDG", author = {"en:|Beekes, Robert S. P.", "Beek, L. C. van"}, year = "2010", title = "Etymological Dictionary of Greek", location = {"Leiden", "Boston"}, publisher = "Brill", series = { name = "Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series", number = "10" }, link = { ia = "etymological-dictionary-of-greek_202306", isbn = "9789004174207" }, entry_lang = "grc", page_url = { ia = true, set_page = "/2+23 >885+2" }, default_pagename = true, }, ["Kriaras:LME"] = { alias = "Kriaras", author = { "en:Emmanuel Kriaras|Kriaras, E. G.", { text = "Kazazis, I. N.", type = "from 14th volume onwards" }, }, title = "el:Λεξικό της Μεσαιωνικής Ελληνικής Δημώδους Γραμματείας. 1100–1669", volumes = { [1] = { year = "1968", title = "α–αμαξ" }, [2] = { year = "1971", title = "αμαρ–απν" }, [3] = { year = "1973", title = "απο–αω" }, [4] = { year = "1975", title = "β–δει" }, [5] = { year = "1977", title = "δεκ–ελλεβ" }, [6] = { year = "1978", title = "ελλει–εω" }, [7] = { year = "1980", title = "ζ–καταθλ" }, [8] = { year = "1982", title = "καταθο–κροκυ" }, [9] = { year = "1985", title = "κροκω–μεγαλυνα" }, [10] = { year = "1988", title = "μεγαλυνι–μοναν" }, [11] = { year = "1990", title = "μοναξ–ξεκαθαρα" }, [12] = { year = "1993", title = "ξεκαθαρι–οξ" }, [13] = { year = "1994" }, [14] = { year = "1997", title = "οπ–παραθη" }, [15] = { year = "2006", title = "παραθρ–περιδε" }, [16] = { year = "2008", title = "περιδι–πνευμ" }, [17] = { year = "2011", title = "πνευσ–προβιβ" }, [18] = { year = "2012", title = "προβιδ–ραβε" }, [19] = { year = "2014", title = "ραβι–σιργ" }, [20] = { year = "2016", title = "σιρο–σταμα" }, [21] = { year = "2019", title = "σταμε–συνεο" }, [22] = { year = "2021", title = "συνεπ–τεως" }, }, entry_lang = "grc", default_pagename = true, location = "Thessaloniki", }, ["Legrande:BGV"] = { alias = "BGV", author = "en:Émile Legrand (scholar)|Legrande, Émile", title = "Bibliothèque grecque vulgaire", volumes = { [2] = { year = "1881", link = { ia = "bibliothquegrec04legrgoog" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "", set_page = function (data) if type(data.page) ~= "number" then return "n"..(require("Module:roman numerals").roman_to_arabic(data.page) + 7) end end, }, } } }, ["Wagner:1874"] = { alias = "CGMA", title = "Carmina graeca medii aevi", link = { ia = "carminagraecamed00wagnuoft" }, page_url = { ia = true }, author = "Wagner, Wilhelm", location = "Leipzig", year = "1874", publisher = "B. G. Teubner", }, ["Korais:Atakta"] = { author = "阿扎曼蒂奥斯·科莱斯|Korais, Adamantios", title = "el:Άτακτα", volumes = { [4] = { year = "1832", link = { gb = "zHrQs7jgGI4C" }, page_url = { gb = true }, } }, location = "Paris", default_pagename = true, entry_lang = "grc", }, ["Nişanyan:Sözlük"] = { alias = "Nisanyan:Sozluk", import_from = "tr" }, ["LKNE"] = { import_from = "el" }, ["LSJ:1940"] = { alias = "LSJ", title = "希英詞典|A Greek-English Lexicon", author = {"Liddell, Henry George", "Scott, Robert", "Jones, Henry Stuart"}, year = "1940", volumes = { { link = { ia = "b31364949_0001" }, title = "grc:α–κώψ", }, { link = { ia = "b31364949_0002" }, title = "grc:λ–ᾠώδης", starting_page = 1021, }, }, page_url = { ia = function (data) return data.page < 1021 and "b31364949_0001" or "b31364949_0002" end, pref = "", }, location = "Oxford", publisher = "Clarendon Press", entry_lang = "grc", default_pagename = true, }, ["Bailly"] = { alias = "Bailly", author = "en:|Bailly, Anatole", title = "Dictionnaire grec-français", edition = "11th", first_edition = "1895", link = { gb = "6cr63C09G-sC", ia = "BaillyDictionnaireGrecFrancais" }, page_url = { gb = true }, entry_lang = "grc", default_pagename = true, }, ["EM:1816"] = { alias = "EM", title = { text = "grc:Ἐτυμολογικὸν τὸ Μέγα", pedia = "en:Etymologicum Magnum", translation = "Etymologicum Magnum", }, link = { ia = "etymologikontome00etymuoft" }, entry_lang = "grc", default_pagename = true, own_args = { col = { list = true, display = { label = {"column ", "columns "}, after = "volume", url = true, }, }, l = { list = true, display = { label = {"line ", "lines "}, separator = ",", after = "page", }, }, }, col_url = { ia = true, set_page = function(data) return math.ceil(data.col/2+19) end }, }, } } ofcyaolef8j7ibb1r8c155k4ihsycey 828 3547494 9944325 2026-10-14T21:00:59Z TongcyBot 83009 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 85447762）；維基百科連結本地化（2 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944325 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- -- B -- -- C -- -- D -- -- E -- ["EDAIL"] = { title = "Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon", author = "en:Hrach Martirosyan|Martirosyan, Hrach", year = "2009", location = {"Leiden", "Boston"}, publisher = "Brill", series = { name = "en:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary|Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series", number = "8" }, link = { isbn = "978-90-04-17337-8", ia = "etymological-dictionary-of-the-armenian-inherited-lexicon", gb = "iuu2oAEACAAJ" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 13 } }, -- F -- -- G -- -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- -- M -- -- N -- -- O -- ["Orengo:2019"] = { author = "Orengo, Alessandro", title = "Il {{w|lang=hy|Բառ գիրգ Տալիանի|ԲԱՌ ԳԻՐԳ ՏԱԼԻԱՆԻ}}. Un dizionario armeno-italiano del XVII secolo", chapter_of = { title = "Armenian, Hittite, and Indo-European Studies: A Commemoration Volume for Jos J.S. Weitenberg", author = { "U. Bläsing", "J. Dum-Tragut", "T.M. van Lint", type = "editor", }, }, location = "Leuven", publisher = "Peeters", series = { name = "Hebrew University Armenian Studies", number = "15" }, year = "2019", link = { gb = "f-eyEAAAQBAJ" }, }, -- P -- -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- -- T -- -- U -- -- V -- -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- } } 7za2r2fkin1ndhck5bzs0ca0bf9uhax 828 3547495 9944326 2026-10-14T21:01:03Z TongcyBot 83009 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 92512004）；維基百科連結本地化（3 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944326 Scribunto text/plain local export = {} export.sources = { ["Garzanti:Toponomastica"] = { year = "1996", edition = "2nd", publisher = "Garzanti", title = "Dizionario di toponomastica. Storia e significato dei nomi geografici italiani", author = { "Queirazza, Giuliano Gasca", "et al." }, location = "Milano", link = { isbn = "88-11-30500-4", ia = "dizionarioditopo00unse" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, }, ["GDLI"] = { title = "it:|Grande dizionario della lingua italiana", publisher = "UTET", volumes = { [1] = { title = "a–balb", year = "1966" }, [2] = { title = "balc–cerr", year = "1962" }, [3] = { title = "cert–dag", year = "1964" }, [4] = { title = "dah–duu", year = "1966" }, [5] = { title = "e–fin", year = "1968" }, [6] = { title = "fio–graul", year = "1970" }, [7] = { title = "grav–ing", year = "1972" }, [8] = { title = "ini–libb", year = "1973" }, [9] = { title = "libe–med", year = "1975" }, [10] = { title = "mee–moti", year = "1978" }, [11] = { title = "moto–orac", year = "1981" }, [12] = { title = "orad–pere", year = "1984" }, [13] = { title = "perf–po", year = "1986" }, [14] = { title = "pra–py", year = "1988" }, [15] = { title = "q–ria", year = "1990" }, [16] = { title = "rib–roba", year = "1992" }, [17] = { title = "robb–schi", year = "1994" }, [18] = { title = "scho–sik", year = "1996" }, [19] = { title = "sil–sque", year = "1998" }, [20] = { title = "squi–tog", year = "2000" }, [21] = { title = "toi–z", year = "2002" }, [23] = { title = "Supplemento", year = "2004" }, [25] = { title = "Supplemento", year = "2009" }, }, page_url = function (data) local vol = tonumber(data.volume) local page = data.page + ({ [ 1] = 9, [ 2] = 5, [ 3] = 6, [ 4] = 7, [ 5] = 7, [ 6] = 7, [ 7] = 7, [ 8] = 7, [ 9] = 7, [10] = 7, [11] = 8, [12] = 7, [13] = 8, [14] = 8, [15] = 8, [16] = 7, [17] = 8, [18] = 7, [19] = 7, [20] = 7, [21] = 8, [23] = 18, [25] = 0, })[vol] return "https://www.gdli.it/sala-lettura/vol/" .. vol .. "?seq=" .. page end, link = "https://www.gdli.it", }, ["DEI"] = { title = "Dizionario etimologico italiano", author = {"Battisti, Carlo", "Alessio, Giovanni"}, year = "1975", location = "Florence", publisher = "G. Barbera", volumes = { { link = { ia = "dizionarioetimol0001carl" }, title = "a–ca" }, { link = { ia = "dizionarioetimol0002carl" }, title = "ca–fa" }, { link = { ia = "dizionarioetimol0003carl" }, title = "fa–me" }, { link = { ia = "dizionarioetimol0004carl" }, title = "me–ra" }, { link = { ia = "dizionarioetimol0005carl" }, title = "ra–zu" }, }, }, ["AIS"] = { title = { text = "Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz", translation = "Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland", }, year = "1928–1940", author = { "en:|Jaberg, Karl", "en:|Jud, Jakob" }, own_args = { map = { list = true, display = { label = "map ", url = true, after = "page" }, }, point = { list = true, display = { label = "point ", separator = ",", after = "page" }, } }, map_url = function(data) local ret = "https://navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it/?map=" .. data.map if data.point then ret = ret .. "&point=" .. data.point end return ret end, }, ["Flechia:1874"] = { author = "it:|Flechia, Giovanni", title = "Nomi locali del napoletano derivanti da gentilizi italici", location = "Turin", year = "1874", link = { gb = "SmRHAQAAMAAJ" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, ["Spano:1872"] = { title = "Vocabolario geografico patronimico ed etimologico", author = "en:|Spano, Giovanni", location = "Cagliari", year = "1872", publisher = "A. Alagna", link = { gb = "4GWAmgEACAAJ", ia = "SpanoVocabolarioSardo" }, page_url = { gb = true }, }, ["Elsie:Hydronimica"] = { import_from = "sq" }, ["Armao:1933"] = { import_from = "sq" }, } return export rrl99ysy5s56qz3a21cj72uirprnhw3 828 3547496 9944327 2026-10-14T21:01:07Z TongcyBot 83009 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 91544759）；維基百科連結本地化（2 處改連中文維基百科條目、12 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944327 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- -- B -- -- C -- -- D -- ["De Vaan:2008"] = { alias = {"EDL", "EDLIL"}, title = "Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages", author = "en:Michiel de Vaan|De Vaan, Michiel", year = "2008", location = {"Leiden", "Boston"}, publisher = "Brill", series = { name = "en:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary|Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series", number = "7", }, link = { isbn = "978-90-04-16797-1", -- Illegal scan, should be removed. ia = "MichielVaanEtymologicalDictionaryOfLatin_201811", gb = "ecZ1DwAAQBAJ", }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 13 }, default_pagename = true, }, ["Du Cange:GMIL"] = { alias = {"GMIL", "Du Cange"}, author = "en:Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange|Du Cange, Charles du Fresne, sieur", title = "Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis", volumes = { [1] = { year = "1840", link = { ia = "glossariummediae01duca" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, }, [2] = { year = "1842", link = { ia = "glossariummediae02duca" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, }, [3] = { year = "1844", link = { ia = "glossariummediae03duca" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, }, [4] = { year = "1845", link = { ia = "glossariummediae04duca" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, }, [5] = { year = "1845", link = { ia = "glossariummediae05duca" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, }, [6] = { year = "1846", link = { ia = "glossariummediae06duca" }, page_url = { ia = true, set_page = 11 }, }, }, location = "Paris", publisher = "Firmin Didot fratres", default_pagename = true, }, -- E -- ["Egger:1977"] = { title = { text = "Lexicon Nominum Locorum", translation = "Lexicon of Place Names", }, author = "Egger, Karl", year = "1977", location = "Vatican", publisher = "Libreria Editrice Vaticana", series = { name = "Opus Fundatum Latinitas", number = "1", }, default_pagename = true, }, ["Ernout & Meillet:2001"] = { author = {"en:|Ernout, Alfred", "安托万·梅耶|Meillet, Antoine", "André, Jacques" }, year = "2001", title = "Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine. Histoire des mots", location = "Paris", publisher = "Klicksieck", link = { isbn = "2-252-03359-2" }, }, -- F -- ["Forssman:1992"] = { title = "Die etymologische Erforschung des Lateinischen", year = "1992", author = "Forssman, Bernhard", chapter_of = { title = "Latein und Indogermanisch. Akten des Kolloquiums der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Salzburg, 23. – 26. September 1986", author = { "Panagl, Oswald", "Krisch, Thomas", type = "editor" }, location = "Innsbruck", series = { name = "Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft", number = "64", }, pages = "295–310", }, link = { isbn = "3-85124-612-8" }, }, -- G -- -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- ["Leumann:1977"] = { title = "Lateinische Laut- und Formenlehre", author = "en:|Leumann, Manu", year = "1977", location = "Munich", publisher = "C. H. Beck", series = { name = "Lateinische Gramamtik", number = "1", }, link = { isbn = "3-406-01426-7" }, }, -- M -- ["HNB"] = { alias = {"Marcgrave & Piso:1648", "Historia Naturalis Brasiliae"}, title = { text = "en:|la:Historia Naturalis Brasiliae", translation = "Brazilian Natural History" }, author = { "en:|Marcgrave, Georg", "威廉·皮索|Piso, Willem" }, year = "1648", publisher = "Elzevir", location = "Amsterdam", volumes = { [1] = { title = { text = "De Medicina Brasiliensi", translation = "Of Brazilian Medicine" }, }, [2] = { title = { text = "Historiae Rerum Naturalium Brasiliae", translation = "History of the Natural Things of Brazil" }, }, }, link = { url = "https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Historia_Naturalis_Brasiliae", ia = "marcgrave" }, page_url = { url = "https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Pagina:Historia_Naturalis_Brasiliae_(1648).pdf/$PAGE$", set_page = function(data) if data.id then return data.page + 18 else return data.page + 150 end end, } }, -- N -- -- O -- -- P -- ["Pokorny:1959"] = { title = "en:|Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch", author = "en:|Pokorny, Julius", location = {"Bern", "München"}, publisher = "Francke", year = "1959", page_url = { ia = function (data) if data.page < 349 then return "indogermanisches01pokouoft" elseif data.page < 771 then return "indogermanisches02pokouoft" else return "indogermanisches03pokouoft" end end, }, }, -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- ["Sihler:1995"] = { author = "en:|Sihler, Andrew L.", year = "1995", title = "New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin", location = {"Oxford", "New York"}, publisher = "Oxford University Press", link = { isbn = "0195083458" }, }, -- T -- -- U -- ["Untermann:2000"] = { author = "en:|Untermann, Jürgen", title = "Wörterbuch des Oskisch-Umbrischen", year = "2000", publisher = "Universitätsverlag C. Winter", location = "Heidelberg", series = { name = "Handbuch der italischen Dialekte", number = "3", }, link = { isbn = "3-8253-0963-0" }, }, -- V -- -- W -- ["Walde & Hofmann:LEW"] = { author = {"en:|Walde, Alois", "Hofmann, Johann Baptist"}, title = "Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch", volumes = { { year = "1938", title = "A–L", }, { year = "1954", title = "M–Z", } }, link = { ia = "walde" }, location = "Heidelberg", publisher = "C. Winter", }, -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- } } c9vcca3alxsb4nxbqfzc9ixaahqdvh9 828 3547497 9944328 2026-10-14T21:01:10Z TongcyBot 83009 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 89344633）；維基百科連結本地化（1 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944328 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- -- B -- ["BER"] = { import_from = "bg" }, -- C -- -- D -- ["DRMJ"] = { title = { text = "mk:Дигитален речник на македонскиот јазик", translation = "Digital dictionary of the Macedonian language", translit = true, }, default_pagename = true, site = "http://drmj.eu", entry_url = "http://drmj.eu/search/$ID|ENTRY$", }, -- E -- -- F -- -- G -- -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- ["Koneski:RMJ"] = { title = "Речник на македонскиот јазик во српскоxрватски толкувања", author = { "en:|Koneski, Blaže", "et al." }, volumes = { { title = "а–н", year = "1961" }, { title = "о–п", year = "1965" }, { title = "р–ш", year = "1966" }, }, location = "Skopje", publisher = 'Институт за македонски јазик "Крсте Мисирков"', default_pagename = true, }, -- L -- -- M -- ["MDA"] = { title = { text = "Македонски дијалектен атлас од ризницата на картотеката. Лексички материјали", translation = "Macedonian dialect atlas from the treasury of the dialectal archive. Lexical materials", }, year = "2024", location = "Skopje", publisher = { 'ИМЈ "Крсте Мисирков"', "МАНУ", -- Македонска академија на науките и уметностите }, author = { { text = "mk:Лаброска, Веселинка", translit_only = true }, "et al." }, link = { isbn = "978-608-220-090-3" }, }, -- N -- -- O -- ["ODRMJ"] = { title = { text = "mk:Официјален дигитален речник на македонскиот јазик", translation = "Official digital dictionary of the Macedonian language", }, link = "https://makedonski.gov.mk/corpus", default_pagename = true, entry_url = "https://makedonski.gov.mk/corpus/s?q=$ID|PAGENAME$", }, -- P -- ["Peev:RMG"] = { author = { text = "mk:|mk:Пеев, Коста", translit_only = true, }, title = { text = "Речник на македонските говори во југоисточниот егејски дел", translation = "Dictionary of Macedonian dialects in the South-East Aegean part of Macedonia", }, year = "1999–2011", publisher = 'НИП "Студентски збор"', location = "Skopje", volumes = { -- titles not in original [1] = { year = "1999", title = "а–г" }, [2] = { year = "2002", title = "ѓ–к" }, [3] = { year = "2004", title = "mk:л–н'" }, [4] = { year = "2006", title = "о–п" }, [5] = { year = "2009", title = "р–с" }, [6] = { year = "2011", title = "т–ш" }, }, default_pagename = true, }, -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- -- T -- -- U -- -- V -- -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- } } lyzn3xwczz7dcru1muffwcgwcf0nfnl 828 3547498 9944329 2026-10-14T21:01:14Z TongcyBot 83009 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 89664388）；維基百科連結本地化（3 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944329 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { ["Pușcariu:1905"] = { title = "Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache", volume = { number = 1, title = "Lateinisches Element", }, author = "en:|Pușcariu, Sextil", location = "Heidelberg", year = "1905", publisher = "Carl Winter", link = { ia = "bub_gb_8rFTkgY4JV8C" }, header = "ETY", }, ["Densusianu:HLR"] = { title = "Histoire de la langue roumaine", author = "en:|Densusianu, Ovid", location = "Paris", publisher = "Ernest Laroux", volumes = { { title = "Les origines", link = { ia = "histoiredelalang01densuoft", gb = "Zvk5qXNP_40C" }, page_url = { gb = true }, year = "1901", }, { title = "Le seizième siècle", link = { ia = "histoiredelalang02densuoft" }, year = "1938", }, }, header = "ETY", }, ["Meyer-Lübke:REW"] = { author = "en:|Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm", year = "1911", title = "Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch", location = "Heidelberg", publisher = "Carl Winter", link = { ia = "romanischesetymo00meyeuoft" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "ETY", }, } } b98o971gr3nt8jny8xgbtd970dobgts 828 3547499 9944330 2026-10-14T21:01:18Z TongcyBot 83009 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 89851550） 9944330 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- -- B -- -- C -- -- D -- -- E -- -- F -- -- G -- -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- -- M -- -- N -- ["Nikulin:2020"] = { author = "Nikulin, Andrey", year = "2020", title = { text = "pt:Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo", translation = "Proto-Macro-Jê: a reconstructive study" }, publisher = "Brasília UP", default_pagename = true, link = { url = "http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/38893", ia = "nikulin-2020-proto-macro-je" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" } }, -- O -- -- P -- -- Q -- -- R -- -- S -- -- T -- -- U -- -- V -- -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- } } lna8t5rt7evo3mrhl3lf05y7e9rcmg3 828 3547500 9944331 2026-10-14T21:01:22Z TongcyBot 83009 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 93419632）；維基百科連結本地化（5 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944331 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { ["Nişanyan:Sözlük"] = { alias = { "NS", "Nişanyan", "Nisanyan", "Nisanyan:Sozluk" }, author = "en:|Nişanyan, Sevan", title = "Nişanyan Sözlük", default_pagename = true, link = "http://www.nisanyansozluk.com", entry_url = "http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/kelime/$ID|ENTRY$", year = "2002–", }, ["Çağbayır:OTK"] = { alias = "OTK", author = "tr:|Çağbayır, Yaşar", title = "tr:|Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük", default_pagename = true, link = { ia = "OtukenTurkceSozluk" }, page_url = { ia = true }, location = "Istanbul", publisher = "Ötüken Neşriyat", year = "2007", }, ["Derleme Sözlüğü"] = { alias = "DS", title = { text = "Türkiye'de halk ağzından derleme sözlüğü", translation = "Compilation Dictionary of Popular Speech in Turkey", }, default_pagename = true, location = "Ankara", publisher = "Türk Dil Kurumu", year = "1963–1982", link = { isbn = "975-16-0532-6" }, volumes = { [1] = { title = "A", year = "1963", edition = "2nd", }, [2] = { title = "B", year = "1965" }, [3] = { title = "C–Ç", year = "1968" }, [4] = { title = "D", year = "1969" }, [5] = { title = "E–F", year = "1972" }, [6] = { title = "G", year = "1972" }, [7] = { title = "H–İ", year = "1974" }, [8] = { title = "K", year = "1975" }, [9] = { title = "L–R", year = "1977" }, [10] = { title = "S–T", year = "1978" }, [11] = { title = "U–Z", year = "1979" }, [12] = { title = "EK-I", year = "1982", link = { isbn = "975-16-0533-4" }, }, }, }, ["Güncel Türkçe Sözlük"] = { alias = "GTS", title = "Güncel Türkçe Sözlük", publisher = "Türk Dil Kurumu", edition = "online", link = "https://sozluk.gov.tr", default_pagename = true, entry_url = "https://sozluk.gov.tr/?ara=$ENTRY$", }, ["Jusuf:1987"] = { year = "1987", title = "Prizrenski turski govor", author = "tr:Süreyya Yusuf|Jusuf, Sureja", location = "Pristina", publisher = "Jedinstvo", link = { gb = "4p4PAAAAYAAJ", isbn = "86-7019-016-8" }, }, ["Tietze:TETTL"] = { author = "en:|Tietze, Andreas", title = { text = "Tarihi ve Etimolojik Türkiye Türkçesi Lügati", translation = "Historical and Etymological Dictionary of Turkish", }, default_pagename = true, location = {"Istanbul", "Vienna"}, publisher = {"Simurg Kitapçılık", "Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften"}, volumes = { { title = "A–E", year = "2002", link = { isbn = "975 7172 57 X", ia = "abdullahnidaiyik0000nida", }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "", } }, { title = "F–J", year = "2009", link = { isbn = "978-3-7001-6107-3" }, }, }, }, ["Kahane & Tietze:1958"] = { alias = { "LF", "Kahane:1958" }, author = {"en:|Kahane, Henry R.", "en:|Kahane, Renée", "en:|Tietze, Andreas"}, title = "The Lingua Franca in the Levant: Turkish Nautical Terms of Italian and Greek Origin", location = "Urbana", publisher = "University of Illinois", year = "1958", link = { hathi = "mdp.39015002655952" }, page_url = { hathi = true, set_page = 18 }, }, } } 3t9ri73yy20prp20dmorgm04t8k9dcn 828 3547501 9944332 2026-10-14T21:01:26Z TongcyBot 83009 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 91681327）；維基百科連結本地化（1 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944332 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- -- B -- -- C -- ["Corrêa da Silva:2010"] = { author = "Corrêa da Silva, Beatriz Carretta", year = "2010", title = { text = "pt:Mawé/Awetí/Tupí-Guaraní: relações linguísticas e implicações históricas", translation = "Mawé/Awetí/Tupí-Guaraní: linguistic relations and historical implications" }, publisher = "Brasília UP", default_pagename = true, link = { url = "http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/36838", ia = "correa-da-silva_2010" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" } }, -- D -- -- E -- -- F -- -- G -- -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- -- M -- ["Meira & Drude:2015"] = { author = { "Meira, Sérgio", "Drude, Sebastian" }, year = "2015", title = "A summary reconstruction of proto-maweti-guarani segmental phonology", journal = { name = "Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas", number = "10 (2)", pages = "275-296" }, publisher = "MCTI", location = "Belém", default_pagename = true, link = { url = "https://www.scielo.br/j/bgoeldi/a/srSyBhFKWNmL7ZZdyfbTJtN/?lang=en", doi = "10.1590/1981-81222015000200005" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.scielo.br/j/bgoeldi/a/srSyBhFKWNmL7ZZdyfbTJtN/?format=pdf&lang=en#page=$PAGE$", set_page = -274 }, }, -- N -- ["Nikulin:2020"] = { import_from = "sai-mje", }, -- O -- -- P -- -- Q -- -- R -- ["Rodrigues & Cabral:2012"] = { author = { "en:|Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna", "pt:|Cabral, Ana Suelly Câmara" }, title = "Tupían", chapter_of = { year = "2012", title = "The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide", author = { { text = "Campbell, Lyle", type = "editor" }, { text = "Grondona, Verónica", type = "editor" } }, location = { "Berlin", "Boston" }, publisher = "De Gruyter Mouton", pages = "495-574" }, link = { doi = "10.1515/9783110258035.495" }, }, -- S -- -- T -- -- U -- -- V -- -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- } } rvd1dcd3v9zvfqiiqawmrur2ap9udvo 828 3547502 9944333 2026-10-14T21:01:30Z TongcyBot 83009 自 enwikt 搬運（rev 92640687）；維基百科連結本地化（5 處改連中文維基百科條目、2 處無中文條目，加 en: 等前綴維持原目標） 9944333 Scribunto text/plain return { sources = { -- A -- -- B -- ["Barbosa:2020"] = { author = "Barbosa, Helena Lúcia Silveira", year = "2020", title = { text = "pt:A tradução de cantos e narrativas Tupi-Guarani (1970 - 2019): um diagnóstico historiográfico", translation = "The translation of Tupi-Guarani chants and narratives (1970-2019): a historiographical diagnosis", }, location = "São Paulo", publisher = "圣保罗大学|USP", link = { doi = "10.11606/D.8.2020.tde-31082020-150028" }, page_url = { url = "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8160/tde-31082020-150028/publico/2019_HelenaLuciaSilveiraBarbosa_VCorr.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "+2" }, header = "OTHER" }, -- C -- ["Corrêa da Silva:2010"] = { import_from = "tup", header = "PROTO" }, -- D -- -- E -- ["Edelweiss:1969"] = { title = { text = "pt:Estudos Tupis e Tupi-Guaranis: confrontos e revisões", translation = "Tupi and Tupi-Guarani Studies: collations and revisions", }, author = "pt:|Edelweiss, Frederico", year = "1969", location = "Rio de Janeiro", publisher = "Livraria Brasiliana Editôra", link = { url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:edelweiss-1969-estudos", gb = "SMcuAAAAYAAJ" }, page_url = { url = "https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Aedelweiss-1969-estudos/edelweiss_1969_estudos.pdf#page=$PAGE$", set_page = "/2" }, header = "OTHER" }, ["Edelweiss:1969-1972"] = { title = { text = "pt:Guasú e usú, na diacronia das línguas e dialetos tupi-guaranis", translation = "Guasú and usú, in the Tupi-Guarani languages and dialects", }, author = "pt:|Edelweiss, Frederico", year = "1969-1972", journal = { name = "Revista do Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros" }, volumes = { { -- 1 number = "7", year = "1969", pages = "33-45" }, { number = "8", year = "1970", pages = "51-64" }, { number = "9", year = "1970", pages = "65-80" }, { number = "10", year = "1971", pages = "29-62" }, { number = "11", year = "1972", pages = "77-89" }, { number = "12", year = "1972", pages = "59-78" }, }, link = { url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/artigo:edelweiss-1969-guasu", }, -- page_url = { -- url = "https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/artigo%3Aedelweiss-1969-guasu/edelweiss_1969-1972_guasu.pdf#page=$PAGE$", -- set_page = "/2" -- }, header = "OTHER" }, -- F -- -- G -- -- H -- -- I -- -- J -- -- K -- -- L -- ["Lemle:1971"] = { author = "Lemle, Miriam", year = "1971", title = "Internal classification of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family", chapter_of = { author = { "Bendor-Samuel, David", type = "editor" }, title = "Tupi Studies I", pages = "107–129" }, series = { name = "SIL Publications in Linguistics and Related Fields", number = "29" }, location = "諾曼 (奧克拉荷馬州)|Norman", publisher = "世界少数民族语文研究院|SIL of the University of Oklahoma", default_pagename = true, link = { url = "https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/8450", ia = "sil-tupi-studies" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "PROTO" }, -- M -- ["Meira & Drude:2015"] = { import_from = "tup", header = "PROTO" }, ["Mello:2000"] = { author = { "Mello, Antônio Augusto Souza", { text = "Vandresen, Paulino", type = "advisor" }, { text = "en:|Rodrigues, Aryon", type = "advisor" } }, year = "2000", title = { text = "pt:Reconstruções Lexicais e Cognatos", translation = "Lexical reconstructions and cognates", }, chapter_of = { title = "pt:Estudo histórico da família linguística tupi-guarani: aspectos fonológicos e lexicais", translation = "Historical study of the Tupi-Guarani language family: phonological and lexical aspects", pages = "150–210" }, location = "Florianópolis", publisher = "en:Federal University of Santa Catarina|UFSC", default_pagename = true, link = { url = "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/78560", ia = "mello_2000_tupi_guarani" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "PROTO" }, -- N -- ["Nikulin:2020"] = { import_from = "sai-mje", header = "PROTO" }, -- O -- -- P -- -- Q -- -- R -- ["Rodrigues & Cabral:2012"] = { import_from = "tup", header = "PROTO" }, -- S -- ["Sá e Silva:2024"] = { author = "Sá e Silva, Rauly Absher de", year = "2024", title = { text = "pt:Nasalidade em Proto-Tupí-Guaraní: uma reconstrução", translation = "Nasality in Proto-Tupí-Guaraní: a reconstruction", }, location = "Brasília", publisher = "巴西利亚大学|UnB", link = { url = "http://repositorio2.unb.br/handle/10482/51698" }, page_url = { url = "http://repositorio2.unb.br/bitstream/10482/51698/1/RaulyAbsherDeSaESilva_DISSERT.pdf#page=$PAGE$", }, header = "PROTO" }, ["Schleicher:1998"] = { author = "Schleicher, Charles Owen", year = "1998", title = "Comparative and internal reconstruction of the Tupi-Guarani language family", location = "Madison", publisher = "威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校|UW", default_pagename = true, link = { url = "http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:schleicher-1998", ia = "schleicher_1998_tupi-guarani" }, page_url = { ia = true, pref = "" }, header = "PROTO" }, -- T -- -- U -- -- V -- -- W -- -- X -- -- Y -- -- Z -- }, headers = [[ $OTHER$ ==Proto-Tupi-Guarani== $PROTO$ ]] } kuwoucnrst3w2v6pwqedyqo1iytdgbm 14 3547503 9944353 2026-10-14T21:03:38Z TongcyDai 53191 配合 [[Module:He-headword]] 同步 enwikt 新增的分類（內容譯自 enwikt 對應分類頁） 9944353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3547504 9944357 2026-10-15T01:16:58Z Chihunglu83 87715 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==高棉語== ===替代形式=== * {{l|km|រឿងប្រឌិតខាងវិទ្យាសាស្ដ្រ}} ===詞源=== {{com|km|រឿងប្រឌិត|ខាង|វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ}}. ===發音=== {{km-IPA|រឿង ប្រឌិត ខាង វិតទ្យាសាស}} ===名詞=== {{km-noun}} # [[科幻小說]]」的新頁面 9944357 wikitext text/x-wiki ==高棉語== ===替代形式=== * {{l|km|រឿងប្រឌិតខាងវិទ្យាសាស្ដ្រ}} ===詞源=== {{com|km|រឿងប្រឌិត|ខាង|វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ}}. ===發音=== {{km-IPA|រឿង ប្រឌិត ខាង វិតទ្យាសាស}} ===名詞=== {{km-noun}} # [[科幻小說]] c0lwep8hsbfzzp5qjb6ehi4qiqcs140 0 3547505 9944362 2026-10-15T03:16:32Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==日語== ===羅馬化=== {{ja-romaji}} # {{ja-romanization of|ほうめん}}」的新頁面 9944362 wikitext text/x-wiki ==日語== ===羅馬化=== {{ja-romaji}} # {{ja-romanization of|ほうめん}} 9x4wyied1axf3izu5ls08qlbsw0ip83 0 3547506 9944364 2026-10-15T03:18:18Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|democraties}} ==法語== ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA|démocracies}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Pamputt-démocraties.wav|a=奧爾日河畔布雷蒂尼}} * {{homophones|fr|démocratie}} * {{hyphenation|fr|dé|mo|cra|ties}} ===名詞=== {{head|fr|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{plural of|fr|démocratie}}」的新頁面 9944364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|democraties}} ==法語== ===發音=== * {{fr-IPA|démocracies}} * {{audio|fr|LL-Q150 (fra)-Pamputt-démocraties.wav|a=奧爾日河畔布雷蒂尼}} * {{homophones|fr|démocratie}} * {{hyphenation|fr|dé|mo|cra|ties}} ===名詞=== {{head|fr|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{plural of|fr|démocratie}} kwuj2j6u3jyzlwzdrnr1laslu9berml 0 3547507 9944365 2026-10-15T03:19:00Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==波斯語== {{wp|fa:}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|fa|دمکراسی|tr=demokrâsi}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|fa|fr|démocratie}}，源自{{der|fa|frm|democratie}}，源自{{der|fa|la-med|dēmocratia}}，源自{{der|fa|grc|δημοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱ}}。 ===發音=== {{fa-IPA|dari=damōkrāsī|ir=dimukrāsī}} ===名詞=== {{fa-regional|دموکراسی|دموکراسی|демукросӣ|dari2=دیموکراسی}} {{fa-noun|tr=demokrâsi}}…」的新頁面 9944365 wikitext text/x-wiki ==波斯語== {{wp|fa:}} ===其他形式=== * {{alt|fa|دمکراسی|tr=demokrâsi}} ===詞源=== {{bor+|fa|fr|démocratie}}，源自{{der|fa|frm|democratie}}，源自{{der|fa|la-med|dēmocratia}}，源自{{der|fa|grc|δημοκρᾰτῐ́ᾱ}}。 ===發音=== {{fa-IPA|dari=damōkrāsī|ir=dimukrāsī}} ===名詞=== {{fa-regional|دموکراسی|دموکراسی|демукросӣ|dari2=دیموکراسی}} {{fa-noun|tr=demokrâsi}} # [[民主]] #: {{syn|fa|مردم‌سالاری<tr:mardom-sâlâri>}} ====用法說明==== * 達利語推薦使用 {{l|prs|دیموکراسی|tr=dēmōkrāsī}} 的拼寫，但這個拼寫並不太常見。 ====相關詞彙==== * {{l|fa|دموکراتیک|tr=demokrâtik|t=民主的}} * {{l|fa|دموکرات|tr=demokrât|t=民主派，民主黨人}} * {{l|fa|دموکراتیزاسیون|tr=demokrâtizâsyon|t=民主化}} {{C|fa|政府}} ncvkfqxelj9ayfgm2318s3du1arcyr6 0 3547508 9944366 2026-10-15T03:21:00Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==阿拉伯語== ===詞源1=== {{ar-rootbox|د م ق ر ط}} {{ety|ar|:bor|grc:δημοκρατία|etydate=1027|id=民主|:root|د م ق ر ط|text=++|tree=1}} ====發音==== {{ar-pr|دِيمُقْرَاطِيَّة}} ** {{IPA|acw|/diː.muɡ.raː.tˤij.ja/|[diː.mʊq.raː.tˤij.ja]|a=漢志}} ====名詞==== {{wp|ar:}} {{ar-noun|دِيمُقْرَاطِيَّة|f|pl=+}} # {{lb|ar|政治}} [[民主]] =====變格===== {{ar-decl-noun|دِي…」的新頁面 9944366 wikitext text/x-wiki ==阿拉伯語== ===詞源1=== {{ar-rootbox|د م ق ر ط}} {{ety|ar|:bor|grc:δημοκρατία|etydate=1027|id=民主|:root|د م ق ر ط|text=++|tree=1}} ====發音==== {{ar-pr|دِيمُقْرَاطِيَّة}} ** {{IPA|acw|/diː.muɡ.raː.tˤij.ja/|[diː.mʊq.raː.tˤij.ja]|a=漢志}} ====名詞==== {{wp|ar:}} {{ar-noun|دِيمُقْرَاطِيَّة|f|pl=+}} # {{lb|ar|政治}} [[民主]] =====變格===== {{ar-decl-noun|دِيمُقْرَاطِيَّة|pl=sfp}} ===詞源2=== {{ar-rootbox|د م ق ر ط}} {{ety|ar|id=陰性形式|:af|دِيمُقْرَاطِيّ<t:民主派，民主黨人><pos:a><id:民主的>|ـَة<id:陰性><pos:陰性後綴>|text=++|tree=1}} ====發音==== {{ar-pr|دِيمُقْرَاطِيَّة}} ** {{IPA|acw|/diː.muɡ.raː.tˤij.ja/|[diː.mʊq.raː.tˤij.ja]|a=漢志}} ====名詞==== {{ar-noun+|دِيمُقرَاطِيَّة<tr:dimuqrāṭiyya>|f}} # {{female equivalent of|ar|دِيمُقْرَاطِيّ|tr=dimuqrāṭiyy}} =====變格===== {{ar-decl-noun|دِيمُقرَاطِيَّة/dimuqrāṭiyya|pl=دِيمُقرَاطِيَّات/dimuqrāṭiyyāt}} ====形容詞==== {{ar-head|adjf|دِيمُقرَاطِيَّة<tr:dimuqrāṭiyya>}} # {{feminine singular of|ar|دِيمُقْرَاطِيّ|tr=dimuqrāṭiyy}} ===參考資料=== * {{cite-web|ar|work={{w|lang=en|The Doha Historical Dictionary of Arabic}}|publisher={{w|lang=en|Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies}}|accessdate=25 September 2026|url=https://www.dohadictionary.org/root/ديمقراطية_يوناني|title=جذر ديمقراطية_يوناني}} {{cln|ar|含有後綴ية的詞}} {{C|ar|政府體制|民主}} e5b4j8imxb6wiqwzca04k0clf3snvjv 0 3547509 9944367 2026-10-15T03:21:53Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==高棉語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|km|sa|विद्या||學習；知識；智慧}} + {{bor|km|sa|शास्त्र||科學}}。 ===發音=== {{km-IPA|វិតទ្យាសាស}} ===名詞=== {{km-noun|head=[[វិទ្យា]][[សាស្ត្រ]]}} # [[科學]] ====近義詞==== * {{l|km|ស្យង់}}」的新頁面 9944367 wikitext text/x-wiki ==高棉語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|km|sa|विद्या||學習；知識；智慧}} + {{bor|km|sa|शास्त्र||科學}}。 ===發音=== {{km-IPA|វិតទ្យាសាស}} ===名詞=== {{km-noun|head=[[វិទ្យា]][[សាស្ត្រ]]}} # [[科學]] ====近義詞==== * {{l|km|ស្យង់}} mq0barftmb4sdmku1u98le08cgqqrid 0 3547510 9944368 2026-10-15T03:22:03Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==高棉語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|km|fr|science}}。 ===發音=== {{km-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{km-noun}} # [[科學]] ====近義詞==== * {{l|km|វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ}}」的新頁面 9944368 wikitext text/x-wiki ==高棉語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|km|fr|science}}。 ===發音=== {{km-IPA}} ===名詞=== {{km-noun}} # [[科學]] ====近義詞==== * {{l|km|វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ}} 36vl67wukav9mervfh5fuwlhrfxervc 0 3547511 9944373 2026-10-15T03:49:37Z Chihunglu83 87715 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|Appendix:"doda"的變體}} ==波拉布語== ===詞源=== {{ety|pox|:inh|sla-pro:*dědъ|text=+|tree=1}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|pox|/dʲɔdɐ/}} ===名詞=== {{pox-noun|m}} # [[祖父]]」的新頁面 9944373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Appendix:"doda"的變體}} ==波拉布語== ===詞源=== {{ety|pox|:inh|sla-pro:*dědъ|text=+|tree=1}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|pox|/dʲɔdɐ/}} ===名詞=== {{pox-noun|m}} # [[祖父]] j1kgxjstcqva6393yt1o1o83acbbcey 9944397 9944373 2026-10-15T07:39:02Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 名詞 */ 9944397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Appendix:"doda"的變體}} ==波拉布語== ===詞源=== {{ety|pox|:inh|sla-pro:*dědъ|text=+|tree=1}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|pox|/dʲɔdɐ/}} ===名詞=== {{pox-noun|m-pr}} # [[祖父]] f8gsek7x9bpkhyj2cgdxr7d14j48x8l 9944419 9944397 2026-10-15T09:40:43Z TongcyDai 53191 9944419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|Appendix:"doda"的變體}} ==波拉布語== ===詞源=== {{ety|pox|:inh|sla-pro:*dědъ|text=+|tree=1}} ===發音=== * {{IPA|pox|/dʲɔdɐ/}} ===名詞=== {{pox-noun|m}} # [[祖父]] {{c|pox|男性家庭成員}} c8lohi69mb8l9rw256f7wg07mq8ynjz 10 3547512 9944385 2026-10-15T06:25:58Z Chihunglu83 87715 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-thesis |entry={{{entry|{{{1|{{pagename}}}}}}}} |author=Richard Brian Applegate |title=Ineseño Chumash Grammar |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422131816/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/documents/dissertations/applegate-1972.pdf |year=1966 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |pageparam=page |allowparams=entry,1,2,page }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}{{refcat}}</noinclude>」的新頁面 9944385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-thesis |entry={{{entry|{{{1|{{pagename}}}}}}}} |author=Richard Brian Applegate |title=Ineseño Chumash Grammar |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422131816/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/documents/dissertations/applegate-1972.pdf |year=1966 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |pageparam=page |allowparams=entry,1,2,page }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}{{refcat}}</noinclude> ij954c1k9ykqxyqiju87u0ruw3kg3sr 0 3547513 9944386 2026-10-15T06:27:41Z Chihunglu83 87715 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==伊內塞諾語== ===發音=== {{rfp|inz}} ===數詞=== {{head|inz|numeral}} # [[8]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:inz:Applegate:1966|page=184}}」的新頁面 9944386 wikitext text/x-wiki ==伊內塞諾語== ===發音=== {{rfp|inz}} ===數詞=== {{head|inz|numeral}} # [[8]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:inz:Applegate:1966|page=184}} g52x698xr2jl5l42yytol07xsa3vxy6 9944399 9944386 2026-10-15T07:42:48Z Sayonzei 40728 /* 伊內塞諾語 */ 9944399 wikitext text/x-wiki ==芭芭雷諾語== ===詞源=== 對照{{cog|inz|malawa}}、{{cog|puy|malawa}} 和{{cog|veo|malawa}}。 ===發音=== {{rfp|boi}} ===數詞=== {{head|boi|數詞}} # [[八]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:boi:Whistler:1980|page=16}} ==伊內塞諾語== ===詞源=== 對照{{cog|boi|malawa}}、{{cog|puy|malawa}} 和{{cog|veo|malawa}}。 ===發音=== {{rfp|inz}} ===數詞=== {{head|inz|數詞}} # [[八]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:inz:Applegate:1966|page=184}} ==普利斯梅諾語== ===詞源=== 對照{{cog|inz|malawa}}、{{cog|puy|malawa}} 和{{cog|veo|malawa}}。 ===發音=== {{rfp|puy}} ===數詞=== {{head|puy|數詞}} # [[八]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:puy:Henry-Rodriguez:2021|page=17}} ==文圖雷諾語== {{number box|veo|8}} ===詞源=== 對照{{cog|boi|malawa}}、{{cog|inz|malawa}} 和{{cog|veo|malawa}}。 ===發音=== {{rfp|veo}} ===數詞=== {{head|veo|數詞}} # [[八]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:veo:mitsqanaqan}} swxn9sfj04j9ngnmopig17jmiiq2ymy 14 3547514 9944396 2026-10-15T07:20:58Z Chihunglu83 87715 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{auto cat}}」的新頁面 9944396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 828 3547515 9944398 2026-10-15T07:41:43Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「local export = {numbers = {}} local numbers = export.numbers export.numbers[1] = { cardinal = "pakeʼet" } export.numbers[2] = { cardinal = "ʼiškom̓" } export.numbers[3] = { cardinal = "masǝx" } export.numbers[4] = { cardinal = "tskumu" } export.numbers[5] = { cardinal = "yǝtipakeʼes" } export.numbers[6] = { cardinal = "yǝtiʼiškom̓" } export.numbers[7] = { cardinal = "yǝtimasǝx" } export.numbers[8] = { cardinal =…」的新頁面 9944398 Scribunto text/plain local export = {numbers = {}} local numbers = export.numbers export.numbers[1] = { cardinal = "pakeʼet" } export.numbers[2] = { cardinal = "ʼiškom̓" } export.numbers[3] = { cardinal = "masǝx" } export.numbers[4] = { cardinal = "tskumu" } export.numbers[5] = { cardinal = "yǝtipakeʼes" } export.numbers[6] = { cardinal = "yǝtiʼiškom̓" } export.numbers[7] = { cardinal = "yǝtimasǝx" } export.numbers[8] = { cardinal = "malawa" } export.numbers[9] = { cardinal = "tspa" } export.numbers[10] = { cardinal = "kaʼaškom̓" } export.numbers[11] = { cardinal = "tǝlu" } export.numbers[12] = { cardinal = "masǝx tskumu" } export.numbers[14] = { cardinal = "kaʼaškom̓ kasałtskumu" } export.numbers[60] = { cardinal = "sesanta" } export.numbers[100] = { cardinal = "tšixipš" } return export qf2thn1qrsmco7mgnhqsf5ef2ygf6hm 0 3547516 9944401 2026-10-15T09:26:47Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|sbirciare}}」的新頁面 9944401 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|sbirciare}} lpmm682now7l0ufegzxn1slt418pcje 0 3547517 9944402 2026-10-15T09:26:49Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|sbirciare}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=abciiorst|abortisci|tribasico}}」的新頁面 9944402 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|sbirciare}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=abciiorst|abortisci|tribasico}} 0a7fz2xmujxbedqrljg1i6ynhu9nuh5 0 3547518 9944404 2026-10-15T09:27:12Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|sbirciante}}」的新頁面 9944404 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|sbirciante}} ejorryzm7mxbv9r808ohn8qjdqy38fk 0 3547519 9944405 2026-10-15T09:27:27Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====名詞==== {{it-noun|f}} # [[斜視]]，[[瞥]] ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|sbirciato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aabciirst|sbraciati|tribasica}}」的新頁面 9944405 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====名詞==== {{it-noun|f}} # [[斜視]]，[[瞥]] ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|sbirciato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aabciirst|sbraciati|tribasica}} mhavw4luqvue1w2t301jmetdua9lolc 0 3547520 9944406 2026-10-15T09:27:29Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|sbirciato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=abciiirst|tribasici}}」的新頁面 9944406 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|sbirciato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=abciiirst|tribasici}} pzgshqwehydplumjswg8biq6kr2yqm2 0 3547521 9944407 2026-10-15T09:27:30Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|sbirciare||2|p|pres|ind//sub|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|sbirciato}} ===詞源3=== ====名詞==== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{plural of|it|sbirciata}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=abceiirst|berciasti}}」的新頁面 9944407 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|sbirciare||2|p|pres|ind//sub|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|sbirciato}} ===詞源3=== ====名詞==== {{head|it|名詞變格形|g=f}} # {{plural of|it|sbirciata}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=abceiirst|berciasti}} gftouezi2djh7z2tgs0w4gm5q0n0m3x 10 3547522 9944408 2026-10-15T09:29:43Z Chihunglu83 87715 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-journal |en |year=1921 |last=Dixon |first=Roland B. |title=Words for Tobacco in American Indian Languages |trans-title=美洲印地安語中表示煙草的詞彙 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=19–49 |publisher=American Anthropological Association |doi=10.1525/aa.1921.23.1.02a00040 |pageparam=1 |textparam=2 }}<!--…」的新頁面 9944408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-journal |en |year=1921 |last=Dixon |first=Roland B. |title=Words for Tobacco in American Indian Languages |trans-title=美洲印地安語中表示煙草的詞彙 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=19–49 |publisher=American Anthropological Association |doi=10.1525/aa.1921.23.1.02a00040 |pageparam=1 |textparam=2 }}<!-- --><noinclude>{{refcat|abe|alq|arn|arw|car|chh|chr|chy|cr|csi|dak|iow|kic|kju|kyh|lkt|men|mic|moe|mus|nah|nv|oj|otw|peb|pef|pej|peq|pqm|pom|poo|pot|qu|sac|tjm|tli|xnt|yuc}}{{documentation}}</noinclude> 2n16xg3xw5i66k7st9dmcva8aq8ixeb 0 3547523 9944410 2026-10-15T09:33:48Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|sbrogliare}}」的新頁面 9944410 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|sbrogliare}} 2nd6oumg2gmvuyjpvg2xr42g1eu8168 0 3547524 9944411 2026-10-15T09:33:50Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|sbrogliare}}」的新頁面 9944411 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|sbrogliare}} nktpadxwucht4wb2656c58wfpr60bbg 0 3547525 9944412 2026-10-15T09:34:24Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|sbrogliante}}」的新頁面 9944412 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|sbrogliante}} d0p6hepyf6ei2locvab6i5q6061jokd 0 3547526 9944413 2026-10-15T09:34:33Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|sbrogliato}}」的新頁面 9944413 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|sbrogliato}} 70lmdtfyv6k3x31vj4qhd4ezzgif3b6 0 3547527 9944414 2026-10-15T09:34:35Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|sbrogliare||2|p|pres|ind//sub|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|sbrogliato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=abegilorst|brogliaste}}」的新頁面 9944414 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|sbrogliare||2|p|pres|ind//sub|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|sbrogliato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=abegilorst|brogliaste}} dbty9mhxgrvw0cg8qy7f6w7h51vykrh 0 3547528 9944415 2026-10-15T09:34:36Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====發音==== {{it-pr|sbrogliàti}} ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|sbrogliato}} ===詞源2=== ====發音==== {{it-pr|sbrògliati}} ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|sbrogliarsi||2|s|impr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=abgiilorst|brogliasti|sbrigliato}}」的新頁面 9944415 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====發音==== {{it-pr|sbrogliàti}} ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|sbrogliato}} ===詞源2=== ====發音==== {{it-pr|sbrògliati}} ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|sbrogliarsi||2|s|impr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=abgiilorst|brogliasti|sbrigliato}} jehmq2r2fgnawxj22q0dkqarhpe044u 0 3547529 9944416 2026-10-15T09:35:00Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{it-verb|ò}} # {{reflexive of|it|sbrogliare}} # （從棘手的問題中）[[脫身]] ====變位==== {{it-conj|ò}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=abgiilorrss|assorbirgli}}」的新頁面 9944416 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===動詞=== {{it-verb|ò}} # {{reflexive of|it|sbrogliare}} # （從棘手的問題中）[[脫身]] ====變位==== {{it-conj|ò}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=abgiilorrss|assorbirgli}} gk1pnz2i2ja01m3mtxe7859v9csommc 14 3547530 9944417 2026-10-15T09:37:42Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat|巴布亞新幾內亞}} 5l69kmf62amy4vpu4toyzxssa8pf98g 118 3547531 9944418 2026-10-15T09:40:26Z TongcyDai 53191 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{reconstructed}} ==原始斯拉夫語== ===詞源=== {{ety|sla-pro|:inh|ine-bsl-pro:*dḗˀdas<ety:inh<ine-pro:*dʰeh₁dʰos<ety:af<*dʰeh₁dʰ-><*-os<id:非主題元音>>>>>|tree=1}} Derksen 認為此詞源自{{der|sla-pro|ine-bsl-pro|*dēˀd-}}，源自{{der|sla-pro|ine-pro|*dʰeh₁dʰos}}。和{{cog|lt|dė̃dė}}、{{m|lt|dė̃dis||叔伯}}、{{cog|lv|dȩ̀ds||老人}}、{{cog|grc|τήθη||祖母}} 同源。<ref name=EDSIL />最初…」的新頁面 9944418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{reconstructed}} ==原始斯拉夫語== ===詞源=== {{ety|sla-pro|:inh|ine-bsl-pro:*dḗˀdas<ety:inh<ine-pro:*dʰeh₁dʰos<ety:af<*dʰeh₁dʰ-><*-os<id:非主題元音>>>>>|tree=1}} Derksen 認為此詞源自{{der|sla-pro|ine-bsl-pro|*dēˀd-}}，源自{{der|sla-pro|ine-pro|*dʰeh₁dʰos}}。和{{cog|lt|dė̃dė}}、{{m|lt|dė̃dis||叔伯}}、{{cog|lv|dȩ̀ds||老人}}、{{cog|grc|τήθη||祖母}} 同源。<ref name=EDSIL />最初可能是模仿嬰兒說話的{{onomatopoeic|sla-pro}}。 ===名詞=== {{sla-noun|m|head=*dě̀dъ}}<ref name=EDSIL>{{R:sla:EDSIL|101|*dě̀dъ|m. o (a)}}</ref><ref>{{R:sla:CSAWL|dědъ / dědę|''a'' (SA 158; PR 131; RPT 98, 101)}}</ref> # {{c|sla-pro|家庭成員}} [[祖父]] ====變格==== {{sla-decl-noun|dě̀dъ|ap=a}} ====派生語彙==== {{hrow}} * 東斯拉夫語支： ** {{desc|orv|дѣдъ}} *** {{desc|be|дзед}} *** {{desc|ru|дед}} *** {{desc|rue|дїдо}} **** {{desc|rsk|дїдо|bor=1}} *** {{desc|uk|дід}} ** {{desctree|zle-ono|дѣде|noalts=1}} * 南斯拉夫語支： ** 古教會斯拉夫語： **: {{desc|sclang=1|cu|дѣдъ}} **: {{desc|sclang=1|cu|ⰴⱑⰴⱏ}} ** {{desc|bg|дя́до}} ** {{desc|mk|де́до}} ** 塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語： **: {{desc|sclang=1|sh|дје̏д}}、{{l|sh|де̏д}} **: {{desc|sclang=1|sh|djȅd}}、{{l|sh|dȅd}}、{{l|sh|dȉd}} ** {{desc/sl-tonal|dẹ̑d|dȅd}} * 西斯拉夫語支： ** {{desc|cs|děd}} ** {{desc|pox|ďodă}} ** {{desc|pl|dziad|dziád}} {{qualifier|方言}} *** {{desc|wym|dziodek|bor=1}} ** {{desc|zlw-osk|ded|deda|dedo}} *** {{desc|sk|dedo}} ** 索布語： *** {{desc|dsb|źěd}} *** {{desc|hsb|dźěd}} {{bl}} * {{desc|ltg|dzeds|bor=1}} * {{desc|olo|diedʹoi|bor=1}} * {{desc|yi|זיידע|bor=1|alts=1}} ====參見==== {{sla-pro-family}} ===參考資料=== {{reflist}} [[ru:*dědъ]] oxhoq9mgdiamjpj94jgvos0z5vx6xq3 14 3547532 9944420 2026-10-15T09:41:00Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547533 9944421 2026-10-15T09:41:07Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547534 9944422 2026-10-15T09:41:13Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 14 3547535 9944423 2026-10-15T09:41:19Z TongcyBot 83009 養貓 9944423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3547536 9944424 2026-10-15T09:43:00Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|it|fro|brouiller|brouiller}}（對應現代{{cog|fr|brouiller|t=使模糊，使混亂}}）。 ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===動詞=== {{it-verb|a/ò}} # {{lb|it|不及物}} [[陰謀]]，施[[詭計]] {{+aux|it|avere}} # {{lb|it|不及物|古舊}} [[扭動]] {{+aux|it|avere}} ====變位==== {{it-conj|a/ò}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|it |brogliaccio |broglio |imbrogliare |sbrogliare }} ===延伸閱讀===…」的新頁面 9944424 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源=== {{bor+|it|fro|brouiller|brouiller}}（對應現代{{cog|fr|brouiller|t=使模糊，使混亂}}）。 ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===動詞=== {{it-verb|a/ò}} # {{lb|it|不及物}} [[陰謀]]，施[[詭計]] {{+aux|it|avere}} # {{lb|it|不及物|古舊}} [[扭動]] {{+aux|it|avere}} ====變位==== {{it-conj|a/ò}} ====派生詞彙==== {{col|it |brogliaccio |broglio |imbrogliare |sbrogliare }} ===延伸閱讀=== * {{R:it:Hoepli}} * {{R:it:Garzanti}} * {{R:it:Olivetti|brogliàre}} * {{R:it:Sapere}} * {{R:it:Trec}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=abegilorr|broglierà}} hsbxx7dhdwqu03ubs09dihhez9r5k20 0 3547537 9944425 2026-10-15T09:43:12Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|brogliare}}」的新頁面 9944425 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|brogliare}} 1bgvesrtmnszct3fc6mfocuwo6hk24z 0 3547538 9944426 2026-10-15T09:43:13Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp|inv=1}} # {{past participle of|it|brogliare}}」的新頁面 9944426 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp|inv=1}} # {{past participle of|it|brogliare}} 6j2th2n93tz1r1i5vzv89tpw6uv7ntb 0 3547539 9944427 2026-10-15T09:43:28Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|brogliante}}」的新頁面 9944427 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|brogliante}} hi4bvxxzc1p8c1n8tq74bsjj6yfj35h 0 3547540 9944428 2026-10-15T09:44:02Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{also|brogliò}} ==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr|bròglio}} ===詞源1=== {{deverbal|it|brogliare}}。 ====名詞==== {{it-noun|m}} # [[陰謀]]；[[操縱]]；[[舞弊]] ===詞源2=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|brogliare||1|s|pres|indc}} =====相關詞彙===== * {{l|it|imbrogliare}}」的新頁面 9944428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{also|brogliò}} ==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr|bròglio}} ===詞源1=== {{deverbal|it|brogliare}}。 ====名詞==== {{it-noun|m}} # [[陰謀]]；[[操縱]]；[[舞弊]] ===詞源2=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|brogliare||1|s|pres|indc}} =====相關詞彙===== * {{l|it|imbrogliare}} p6to9lwvw0rkjrp7cscomvy9i1upwr1 0 3547541 9944432 2026-10-15T09:52:55Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|scaglionare}}」的新頁面 9944432 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|scaglionare}} 2z4exsqh53ckct06861uhprpagyloio 0 3547542 9944433 2026-10-15T09:52:57Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|scaglionare}}」的新頁面 9944433 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|scaglionare}} o2hfy2lu09h5721hflq7h1ywnhxqn66 0 3547543 9944434 2026-10-15T09:53:07Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|scaglionante}}」的新頁面 9944434 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|scaglionante}} jkbbie3y6sdyr8xioatvkstxx84z1yo 0 3547544 9944435 2026-10-15T09:53:09Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|scaglionato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacgiilnost|castigliano|consigliata}}」的新頁面 9944435 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|scaglionato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacgiilnost|castigliano|consigliata}} 2wj1xu8t0al9ghjv5ea0swbekusyo3z 0 3547545 9944436 2026-10-15T09:53:11Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|scaglionato}}」的新頁面 9944436 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|scaglionato}} b0j0buzac016hx8rldsqgna0b49297v 0 3547546 9944437 2026-10-15T09:53:15Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|scaglionare||2|p|pres|indc|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|scaglionato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacegilnost|congelatasi}}」的新頁面 9944437 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|scaglionare||2|p|pres|indc|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|scaglionato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacegilnost|congelatasi}} mvkuq1lem29nbjko4rm3no71ln6q61u 0 3547547 9944439 2026-10-15T09:57:44Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|scansare}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacennsst|scannaste}}」的新頁面 9944439 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|scansare}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacennsst|scannaste}} s47wqgovp2uxk07sinqbrd184lb9mhk 0 3547548 9944440 2026-10-15T09:57:45Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|scansare}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacnosst|nascosta}}」的新頁面 9944440 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-pp}} # {{past participle of|it|scansare}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacnosst|nascosta}} 1xr8n7mz45sj5rmuo6s3jb1wydl6j3g 0 3547549 9944441 2026-10-15T09:57:53Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===動詞=== {{it-verb|à}} # {{reflexive of|it|scansare}} # [[挪開]] # [[躲開]] ====變位==== {{it-conj|à}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacinrsss|scarnassi}}」的新頁面 9944441 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===發音=== {{it-pr}} ===動詞=== {{it-verb|à}} # {{reflexive of|it|scansare}} # [[挪開]] # [[躲開]] ====變位==== {{it-conj|à}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacinrsss|scarnassi}} 0ai80h5he1ja3rmsuk2bo3c1mium7g4 0 3547550 9944442 2026-10-15T09:58:00Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|scansante}}」的新頁面 9944442 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|scansante}} fwqh40qmklsozmduc7qc1ot8lzplad9 0 3547551 9944443 2026-10-15T09:58:08Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|scansato}}」的新頁面 9944443 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|scansato}} mfpv0wwqfm0lxukwixsviigeasef0jx 0 3547552 9944444 2026-10-15T09:58:10Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====發音==== {{it-pr|scansàti}} ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|scansato}} ===詞源2=== ====發音==== {{it-pr|scànsati}} ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|scansarsi||2|s|impr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacinsst|cantassi}}」的新頁面 9944444 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====發音==== {{it-pr|scansàti}} ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|scansato}} ===詞源2=== ====發音==== {{it-pr|scànsati}} ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|scansarsi||2|s|impr}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacinsst|cantassi}} 1p4a5ldkaxkhfe46czoq2dfb1ig1cul 0 3547553 9944445 2026-10-15T09:58:12Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|scansare||2|p|pres|indc|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|scansato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacensst|cantasse|cassante}}」的新頁面 9944445 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|scansare||2|p|pres|indc|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|scansato}} ===異序詞=== * {{anagrams|it|a=aacensst|cantasse|cassante}} sh5sj8oihdtgfq7f2r34x6488u08q06 0 3547554 9944447 2026-10-15T10:00:23Z Chihunglu83 87715 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==貝拉庫拉語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|blc|/sct͡suɬc/}} ===名詞=== {{head|blc|noun}} # [[心臟]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:blc:Nater:2022|page=177}}」的新頁面 9944447 wikitext text/x-wiki ==貝拉庫拉語== ===發音=== * {{IPA|blc|/sct͡suɬc/}} ===名詞=== {{head|blc|noun}} # [[心臟]] ===參考資料=== * {{R:blc:Nater:2022|page=177}} 6vx4n8o74ejgz98vzkkzctznggnrcc4 14 3547555 9944448 2026-10-15T10:00:42Z Chihunglu83 87715 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{auto cat}}」的新頁面 9944448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{auto cat}} eomzlm5v4j7ond1phrju7cnue91g5qx 0 3547556 9944449 2026-10-15T10:01:33Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|scarabocchiare}}」的新頁面 9944449 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{it-presp}} # {{present participle of|it|scarabocchiare}} hlp57p557ytd7kibfuydtgbzj6eplo8 0 3547557 9944451 2026-10-15T10:02:24Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|scarabocchiante}}」的新頁面 9944451 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|分詞變格形}} # {{plural of|it|scarabocchiante}} b828rwin624o9k3y3nluu9l1twfulww 0 3547558 9944453 2026-10-15T10:02:57Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|scarabocchiato}}」的新頁面 9944453 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-s}} # {{feminine singular of|it|scarabocchiato}} c3zi9e2hl03k910x0zzj49db6jmoxrd 0 3547559 9944454 2026-10-15T10:02:59Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|scarabocchiato}}」的新頁面 9944454 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===分詞=== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=m-p}} # {{masculine plural of|it|scarabocchiato}} nnmdsc5v6kfx2kd6zmd92nwmq49biha 0 3547560 9944455 2026-10-15T10:03:01Z Sayonzei 40728 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|scarabocchiare||2|p|pres|ind//sub|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|scarabocchiato}}」的新頁面 9944455 wikitext text/x-wiki ==意大利語== ===詞源1=== ====動詞==== {{head|it|動詞變位形式}} # {{inflection of|it|scarabocchiare||2|p|pres|ind//sub|;|2|p|impr}} ===詞源2=== ====分詞==== {{head|it|過去分詞變格形|g=f-p}} # {{feminine plural of|it|scarabocchiato}} 2rht4w4e67l6h6lmn0v3i2nn6thk0ve 0 3547561 9944458 2026-10-15T10:21:22Z Chihunglu83 87715 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「==平原克里語== ===詞源=== {{dercat|crk|aql-pro|inh=1}} 源自{{inh|crk|alg-pro|*le·kawi}}。 ===發音=== * {{crk-IPA}} * {{hyph|crk|yê|kaw}} ===名詞=== {{crk-noun|in||dim=yêkâs|loc=yêkâhk|ᔦᑲᐤ}} # [[沙子]] ====曲折==== {{crk-poss|ii}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:crk:Watkins:1865|Yākow|page=458}} * {{R:crk:Wolfart:1996|page=438}} * {{R:crk:Okimasis:2018|page=323}} * {{R:crk:IPCD|+}}」的新頁面 9944458 wikitext text/x-wiki ==平原克里語== ===詞源=== {{dercat|crk|aql-pro|inh=1}} 源自{{inh|crk|alg-pro|*le·kawi}}。 ===發音=== * {{crk-IPA}} * {{hyph|crk|yê|kaw}} ===名詞=== {{crk-noun|in||dim=yêkâs|loc=yêkâhk|ᔦᑲᐤ}} # [[沙子]] ====曲折==== {{crk-poss|ii}} ===參考資料=== * {{R:crk:Watkins:1865|Yākow|page=458}} * {{R:crk:Wolfart:1996|page=438}} * {{R:crk:Okimasis:2018|page=323}} * {{R:crk:IPCD|+}} erj079djlragwp1ggsyu1t12v6ltitv 10 3547562 9944459 2026-10-15T10:21:50Z Chihunglu83 87715 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-book |year=1865 |title=A dictionary of the Cree language as spoken by the Indians of the Hudson's Bay company's territories |author=E. A. Watkins |entry={{{1|}}} |pageparam=page |location=London |publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |allowparams=1 }}<noinclude>{{refcat}}</noinclude>」的新頁面 9944459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-book |year=1865 |title=A dictionary of the Cree language as spoken by the Indians of the Hudson's Bay company's territories |author=E. A. Watkins |entry={{{1|}}} |pageparam=page |location=London |publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |allowparams=1 }}<noinclude>{{refcat}}</noinclude> 8hbgoqj8p47ves85og76q8x3dxexehz 10 3547563 9944460 2026-10-15T10:22:07Z Chihunglu83 87715 [[w:WP:AES|←]]建立內容為「{{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-web |year=2019 |title={{#ifeq:{{{1|}}}|+|{{pagename}}|{{{1|}}}}} |url=https://itwewina.altlab.app/word/{{urlencode:{{#ifeq:{{{1|}}}|+|{{pagename}}|{{{1|}}}}}|PATH}}/?paradigm-size=full |work=itwêwina Plains Cree dictionary |publisher=Alberta Language Technology Lab |allowparams=1 }}<noinclude>{{refcat}}</noinclude>」的新頁面 9944460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:quote|call_template |template=cite-web |year=2019 |title={{#ifeq:{{{1|}}}|+|{{pagename}}|{{{1|}}}}} |url=https://itwewina.altlab.app/word/{{urlencode:{{#ifeq:{{{1|}}}|+|{{pagename}}|{{{1|}}}}}|PATH}}/?paradigm-size=full |work=itwêwina Plains Cree dictionary |publisher=Alberta Language Technology Lab |allowparams=1 }}<noinclude>{{refcat}}</noinclude> 82ao9yv2lo4rcxfo7q88c0f6gi5amaj