ISilo uDingane kaSenzangakhona

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    <title>ISilo uDingane kaSenzangakhona</title>
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      <text bytes="4359" sha1="bqy8tpezkcsxdkguzttfxcopnyflyuw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox royalty
| name        = Dingane kaSenzangakhona
| succession  = ISilo samaZulu
| image       = Gardiner - Dingane in Ordinary and Dancing Dresses (1836), crop.png
| caption     = uDingane ehlobe ngezokugiya
| reign       = 1828–1840
| coronation  = 1828
| predecessor = [[ISilo uShaka kaSenzangakhona]]
| successor   = [[Mpande]]
| spouse      = akaziwa
| issue       = 
| royal_house = [[Zulu royal family]]
| regnal_name = uVezi
| father      = [[Senzangakhona kaJama]]
| mother      = Mpikase kaMlilela Ngobese&lt;ref name=&quot;oko&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Okoye |first1=Felix |title=Dingane: A reappraisal |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1969_10_2/page/221 |journal=The Journal of African History |date=1969 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=221–235 |doi=10.1017/S002185370000949X |s2cid=161299851 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_date  = 1795
| birth_place = 
| death_date  = 18401/
| death_place = eHlatikhulu, [[IKwaZulu-Natali]]
}}
'''ISilo uDingane KaSenzangakhona Zulu''' (1795–29 January 1840), kwakungumtwanenkosi [[AmaZulu|yamaZulu]] eyaba iNkosi embusweni wakwaZulu ngowe-1828, emuva kokusoconga umfowabo [[Shaka kaSenzangakhona|uShaka]].&lt;ref&gt;Okoye, Felix N. C., &quot;[http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=3232000 Dingane: a reappraisal]&quot;, ''Cambridge University Press'', April 1969. Retrieved 17 March 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Wamisa isigodlo sakhe sobukhosi, [[uMgungundlovu]].&lt;ref&gt;Shalo Mbatha, Zulu Empire Decolonised: The Epic Story of the Zulu from Precolonial Times to the 21st Century, iZigi Publishing, 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Waphinde wakha izinkambu zamabutho eziningana eSigodini saseMakhosini eNingizimu noMfolozi Omhlophe, eduze nomthambeko obizwa ''Singonyama''.

==Ukuqhwakela esihlalweni==
UDingane waqhwakela esihlalweni ngowe-1828 ngemuva kokusoconga umfowabo [[ISilo uShaka kaSenzangakhona|ISilo uShaka]] ngosizo lomfowabo, [[Umhlangana]], kanye [[Mbopa|noMbopha]] insila yenkosi. Ngemuva kokufa kukanina uNandi, Following the death of [[Nandi (mother of Shaka)|Nandi]], ukucondoza kukaShaka kwaqhubeka nokudlumluka futhi amanye amalunga omndeni ayemsola ngokugodusa umama wakhe.&lt;ref&gt;Shalo Mbatha, Zulu Empire Decolonised: The Epic Story of the Zulu from Precolonial Times to the 21st Century, iZigi Publishing, 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Ungqondongqondo wokubulawa kukaShaka kwakunguNinalume wakhe u[[Mkabayi kaJama]], owaqaohela ukuthi uDingane uyena ozofaneleka ukuba iNkosi yamaZulu emva kwakhe. Ukusocongwa kwakhe kwenzeka [[KwaDukuza]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wheretostay.co.za/information/topic/3392 A history of King Shaka] {{Webarchive| url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120605183910/http://wheretostay.co.za/information/topic/3392 |date=5 June 2012}}, accessed 5 May 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Ngemuva kokukhothama kulweSilo uShaka, ISilo esisha uDingane noMkabayi bsbopha ugobe lokubulala uMbopha Kanye noMhlangana, ukuze uDingane angabi nezimbangi lapho ebusa.

==Ukuketulwa nokukhothama kwakhe==
Ngo January we-1840, uPretorius wayenebutho lamabhunu angama-400 elalekelela  u[[Mpande]] ukuba avukele umfowabo ISilo uDingane, nokwaholela ekuletulweni kombuso kaDingane nokukhothama kwakhe. UMpande welama uDingane kwesobukhosi. Empini eyayise [[Maqongqo]], iningi lamabutho kaDingane lahlubukela kwelikaMpande. Umkhuzi wamabutho akhe,  u[[Ndlela kaSompisi]], wasocongwa, futhi iNkosi nedlanzana labalandeli bayo, babaleke bayobhaca kwaNyawo ezintabeni zaseLubombo. Kodwa iqeqebana lakwaNyawo namaSwati lamsoconga ehlathini iHlathikhulu.&lt;ref&gt;John Laband, ''Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars'', Scarecrow Press, 2009, p. 62&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingcwaba likaDingane liseduze neNgwavuma khona eHlatikulu.
{{start box}}
{{King of the Zulu Nation|{{PAGENAME}}}}
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==Izithombe==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;160&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%; line-height:130%&quot;&gt;
Gardiner - Dingane in Ordinary and Dancing Dresses (1836).png|uDingane ehlobe ngezokugiya, umfanekiso odwetshwe nguAllen Francis Gardiner
Dingaan en Retief, paneel 12, Voortrekkermonument, b.jpg|uDingane ecikica isivumelwano no[[Piet Retief]], beboniswe eSikhumbuzweni samaVoortrekke
Zulu King Dingane kaSenzangakhona, Maropeng, South Africa, crop.jpg|Isichuse sikaDingane e[[Maropeng]], embukiswaneni we- ''Long March to Freedom'' 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Amaphatho==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dingane}}

[[Category:Abazalwa nge-1795]]
[[Category:Abafa nge-1840]]
[[Category:Amakhosi akwaZulu]]</text>
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Fulansi}}'''iFulansi''' (ngokomthetho: iRiphabhuliki yamaFulenshi; ngesiFulenshi: ''République française'') iyizwe entshonalanga [[IYurophu|Yurophu]] enezindawo kwemanaye [[IZwekazi|amazwekazi]] njengeGuyana yeFulansi [[IMelika Eningizimu|eNingizimu Melika]], iNgcwele Petru noMikheloni eNyakatho Atlantiki, iziNtshonalanga Ndiya yeFulansi, kanye neziqhingi eziningi elwandlekazini leNdiya kanye nePasifiki. iFulansi eseYurophu inemingcele neBhelijiyamu neLuksembhegi enyakatho, iJalimani ngasenyakatho-mpumalanga, iSuwisi ngasempumalanga, [[iTaliya]] neMonakho ngaseningizimu-mpumalanga, i-Andora ne[[ISpaniya|Spaniya]] ngase ntshonalanga kanye nomngcele wolwandle no[[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo|Mbuso oHlangeneyo]] ngaphesheya koMsele wamaNgisi noLwandle waseNyakatho.

Imingcele yeFulansi isuka kwimfula Rayini kufika kwilwandlekazi Atlantiki,  kusika kwulwandle waseMedithareniyeni kufika kuLwandlwa waseNyakatho kanye noMsele wamaNgisi. Inezifunda ezimqoka eziyi-18 (ezinhlanu zazo zingaphesheya kolwandle) eziqukatha ubungakho bedawo obuyizi-632,702 km2 (244,288 sq mi) kanye nenani yabantu abayizigidi ezi-69.1 ngama-2026. Isiqongo sayo kanye nedolobha nkulu, inkaba yomnotho nesiko siyiParisi, enenani labantu abayizidi eziyi-13. 

eFulansi yaseYurophu eNkathini yeNsimbi, kwakuhlala izizwe zamaKhelthi ezaziwa ngelika-Gauls (noma amaGole) ngaphambu kokuthi amaRoma abanqobe nge-51 BC ekuholele ekutheni kuvele usiko olungqayiveli wamaRoma namaGole. Ekuqaleni kweNkathi engaPhakathi, amaFranki asungule Umbuso waseFrankiya ebeyindawo engqangi yoMbuso wamaKharolingi. Umvumelwano waseVerdun wama-843 uhlephule umbuso, iNtshona Frankiya yaphenduka uMbuso waseFulansi. Enkathini ePhakathi yangaPhezulu iFulansi yayizwe enamandla kepha enezifunda eziziphathwa ngamakhosi kodwa emuva kokuthi iNgonyama uFiliphi ahlule uMbuso wama-Anjevini futhi waphumelela eMpini yaseBouvines, iFulansi uhulumeni waqinisa isandla sawo ezweni futhi yaba izwe elinamandla ukundlula wonke amazwe aseYurophu. Kusukela amakhulu ayi-14 kufika kwayi-15, iFulansi yaba nempi neNgilandi mayelana ubundlalifa basebukhosini okwakubizwa iMpi yemiNyaka eyiKhulu. eKhulwini le-16, usiko lwamaFulenshi lwahluma ngenkathi yeRenaissance yaseFulansi (Ukuvukakabusha) futhi umbuso wangaphesheya waseFulansi wavela okuholele ekutheni iFulansi ibumbe umbuso wangaphesheya owawuyinye yemibuso yalohlobo emikhulu emlandweni wasemhlabeni futhi amaFulenshi wayegqilaza abantu base-Afrika ukuthi basebenza kumakoloni abo waseMelika. Kwezangasekhaya, kwakunokulwa ngaphakathi kwoMuzi wamaHabsburg, kanye neziMpi zaseFulansi zeNkolo ngaphakathi kw[[ISonto lamaKatholika|amaKatolika]] namaHugenoti (inhlobo yama[[UbuProthestani|Prothestani]]). iFulansi iphumelelile eMpini yeMinyaka engamaShumi amaThathu futhi yakhulisa ithonya layo ngenkathi kubusa uLouis XIV. Ngaphansi kwombuso wakhe, iFulansi yayinebhutho elinamandla ukundula wonke amazwe aseYurophu, futhi kwahluma ubuciko nenzululwazi.

Umvukelambuso wamaFulenshi we-1789 umenule uMbuso wakuDala, kwazalwa isiMemezelo samaLungelo woMuntu ekuyisekela lemicabango yalelizwe kufika namuhla. iFulansi ifinyelele esiqongweni sethonyo namandla wezombusazwe nezempi ekhulwini le-19 ngaphansi ka[[Napoleon]] ngoba yanqoba iningi leYurophu lasezwekazini futhi yasungulula Umbusokazi Wokuqala wamaFulenshi. Emuva kokuthi uwe lombusokazi, iFulansi yaba nesikhathi sokudangala kulesosikhathi ekuholele ekubuyisweni koMuzi wamaBourbon ebukhosini okwakungabanga khona isikhathi eside ngoba kungasikudala kwabuyiswa iRiphabhuliki yesiBili yamaFulenshi. Kodwa, uNapoleon III, umenule leyoRiphabhuliki ukusungula uMbusokazi wesiBili wamaFulenshi. Lowombusokazi wawa emua kwempi neProyiseni ekuholele ekusungulweni kwoMbusokazi wesiThathu wamaFulenshi. Ngenkathi yamakhulu we-19 nama-20, iFulansi yakhe umbuso wesibili wangaphesheya wamakoloni emuva ngobukhulu kwoMbusokazi wamaBhulithani. Empini yokuQala yoMhlabawonke iFulansi yayiyinye yabanqobi kodwa yalahlelwa ingcebo nezimpilo eziningi. Yayingamanye wama-Allies empini yesibili yomhlabawonke kodwa yaphonsela ithawula mhla ihlaselwa yiJalimani nge-1940. Emuva kokuthi ikhululwe nge-199, iRiphabhuliki yesiNe yamaFulenshi yangusulwa kepha yawa kungasikudala emuva kweMpi yase-Aljeriya. Izwe lanamuhla, iRiphabhuliki yesiHlanu yamaFulenshi isungulwe nge-1958 nguMkhuzi uCharles de Gaule. i-Aljeriya neningi lamakoloni weFulansi amemeze ubuzimela ngeshumi le-1960 kodwa iningi labo ligcine ubuhlobo obusondele neFulansi.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fulansi}}

{{Amazwe eYurophu}}
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      <text bytes="18676" sha1="c5nixj5s5tur3e3td7nr2a836wrt5hp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Cow (Fleckvieh breed) Oeschinensee Slaunger 2009-07-07.jpg|thumb|339x339px|Insengakwazi enombala ohwanqakazi]]
'''IziNkomo''' uhlobo [[Izilwane|lezilwane]] ezifuywayo ezinesolosha. Yizona ezingamalungu aseqhulwini womndeni wezinkunda ''(Bovinae)'' futhi ziwumqhinqo osabalele wozalo lwezinkasha ''(Bos)''. Izinkomo ezikhulile zensikazi zibizwa iziNkomazi noma iziNsengwakazi, njengoba kuyizo ezisengwa [[ubisi]]. Bese izinkomo zeduna zona zibizwe iziNkunzi. Izinkomo ezincane zona zibizwa iziNkonyane, ezinsikazi kuthiwa iziThole, eziduna kuthiwa iziNkunzana, amathole noma izinkabi. Ibizo elithi inkabi libuye lisho isilwane seduna esitheniwe.
Izinkomo yizilwane ezifuywayo ukuze kutholwe inyama, ezomchago, umgquba, nesikhumba kuzo. Zibuye zisetshenziselwe ukudonsa izinqola, nemisheshane yokulima efana nekhuba. Ezinye izizwe ziyazihlonipha  izinkomo, futhi enkolweni yamaHindu kuyicala elibomvu ukubulala inkomo. 

[[Category:Izilwane]]

==Umsukagama==
Ibizo elithi ''inkomo'' liyigama elivela kwelithi '''khomo''', ngokwezigaba zamabizo leli gama liba sesigabeni ithoba (9) bese ubuningi bube sesigabeni seshumi (10). Isichazamazwi sikaVilakazi noDoke sibonisa ukuthi lisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kwinkunzi, inkomazi noma inkabi. Elithi &quot;inkomazi&quot; nalo lisuselwa egameni elithi '''khomazi''' elisho isilwane sensikazi esisengwayo &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|publisher=Witwatersrand University Press|author=Doke, Vilakazi|title=Zulu-English Dictionary|date=1972|page=400-401}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
Amanye amagama izinkomo ezibizwa ngawo kuye ngokwezigaba zawo ahamba kanje&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Mthembu, V.J., 2009. Ubumqoka beziNkomo eseZweni samaZulu. PhD Thesis. University of Zululand, KwaDlangwezwa, South Africa.&lt;/ref&gt;:
*umvemve - isigaba kusuka lapho izalwa
*inkonyane - isigaba lapho iqala ukudla utshani, ithanda ukudlala, itshakadule
*ithole - isigaba lapho ingexhofuzayo nxa incela, iqala ukuba namandla ekudleni utshani.
*iguqa - isigaba lapho kudingeka iguqe ngamanqina angaphambili lapho incela
Emva kwalesigaba sokugcina, isilwane sesiyinkomo ngokugcwele.

== Izinkondolo ==

=== Ingcaziso ===

{{multiple image
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 |image1=Скелет домашней коровы.jpg
 |caption1=Isikhehle senkomo
 |image2=Modelo didático bovino (fundo branco) (cropped).jpg
 |caption2=Unongo lomhlakahlo, luveza amakhikhi amane esigimbelo senkomo
}}

Izinkomo [[IsiNcelisi|ziyizincelisi]] ezibathuzayo ''(artiodactyl)'' ezinenselo, okusho ukuthi zinyathuza ngezinzwane ezimbili, olwesithathu nolwesine. Njengazo zonke izinkunda, zinezimpondo, kodwa ezingenawo amagatsha futhi ezingebuleki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives: Introduction |url=http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/i10713.pdf |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117012951/http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/i10713.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2024 |pages=1–23 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Izinkunzi zinkulu kunezinkomazi zesizalo esisodwa ngamakhilogremu angamakhulu ambalwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cattlenetwork.net/breeds/hereford.htm |title=Hereford cattle weight |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124050154/http://www.cattlenetwork.net/breeds/hereford.htm |archive-date=24 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eqinisweni izizalo zezinkomo nazo ziyahlukahluka ngokobungako.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chianina |url=https://www.thecattlesite.com/breeds/beef/44/chianina |website=The Cattle Site |access-date=26 March 2024 |date=29 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ngokwemvelo izinkomo ziphila iminyaka ephakathi kwama-25–30 ubudala. Izinkomo zenyama zona ziyahlatshwa lapho zinezinyanga ezili-18, futhi izinkomo zomchago noma iziNsengwakwazi zona zihlatshwa lapho zineminyaka emihlanu ubudala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cattle factsheet |url=https://education.rspca.org.uk/documents/1494931/0/FS+Cattle+Factsheet.pdf/7e17fe59-ca4d-fbec-ef60-fd1f2a9eff3f?t=1555165974046 |publisher=[[RSPCA]] |access-date=13 February 2024 |archive-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213105738/https://education.rspca.org.uk/documents/1494931/0/FS+Cattle+Factsheet.pdf/7e17fe59-ca4d-fbec-ef60-fd1f2a9eff3f?t=1555165974046 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Imibala yezinkomo iyahlukahluka kuye ngesizalo sazo; imibala evamile ngompisholo, omhlophe kanye nobomvu, ezinye ziba namabhadubhadu noma imibala exubene.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Rolf |first1=Megan |title=Color Patterns in Crossbred Beef Cattle |url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/color-patterns-in-crossbred-beef-cattle.html |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma]] Extension |access-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204134435/https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/color-patterns-in-crossbred-beef-cattle.html |archive-date=4 December 2023 |page=AFS-3173 |date=February 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Imibala yezinkomo ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Imibala yezinkomo nokuhloba kwayo
|-
! umbala omnyama
! Umbala obomvu
! Eminye imibala
|-
| Ebafazibewela
| Ebubende
ebubendekazi
| Uhlakuva
|-
| Ebhanqule
| Idube
idubekazi
| Ukholo
|-
| Ibhondwe
| Ifusa
ifusakazi
| Emakhwezikhwezi
emakhwezikhwezikazi
|-
| Ubhulomu
| Egwaqa
egwaqakazi
| Emanangananga
|-
| Ufipha
ufiphakazi
| imahwalahwala
imahwalahwalakazi
| Emaqandakacilo
|-
| Ufukufuku
ufukufukukazi
| Imahwaqahwaqa
imahwaqahwaqakazi
| Emaqandakahwayiba
|-
| Igambu
igambukazi
| Imampilimpili
imampilimpilikazi
| Emaqandeqelu
|-
| Ihhemu
ihhemukazi
| Imbondwe
imbondwekazi
| Emavakavaka
Emavakavakakazi
|-
| Ihunqu
ihunqukazi
| Umbomvu
umbomvukazi
| Emavovo
|-
| Ihwanqa
ihwanqakazi
| Emdokwe
| Emavukuthu
emavukuthukazi
|-
| Ijoli
ijolikazi
| Inhlabavu
Inhlabavukazi
| Ensiphozamabele
ensiphozamabelekazi
|-
| Ukhozi
| Ensundu
| Emseka
|-
| Iklilathi
iklilathikazi
| Umtoto
umtotokazi
| Intenjana
intenjanakazi
|-
| Ilunga
ilungakazi
| Insasa
insasakazi
| Umbungu
umbungukazi
|-
| Emaqgabhagqabha
Emagqabhagqabhakazi
| Inala
inalakazi
| Emvukuzi
emvukuzikazi
|-
| Emakhwifikhwifi
| Ephuzingwebu
| Umqungokazi
|-
| Emasavutshiwe
| Umkhandlu
| Inselekazi
|-
| Imfezi
imfezikazi
| Inco
incokazi
| Umthuqu
umthuqukazi
|-
| Umngquphane
| Itshinaha
| Emdaka
|-
| Impemvu
impemvukazi
| Umviyo
umviyokazi
| Impofu
impofukazi
|-
| Umsheko
umshekokazi
| Intusi
intusikazi
| Isiqanda
isiqandakazi
|-
| Umthika
| Inhlamvazana
| Engamunwe
|-
| Imvunduma
imvundumakazi
| Inzotha
inzothakazi
| Umhlophe
umhlophekazi
|-
| Umzondo
umzondokazi
| Inkone
inkonekazi
| Umlaza
umlazakazi
|-
| R32
|
|
|}

=== Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla ===
[[File:Cud-chewing cow, south of Ferny Knap Inclosure, New Forest - geograph.org.uk - 563528.jpg|thumb|Inkomo ethwetshulwe yetshisa ukudla]]

Izinkomo ziyizilwane ezetshisayo, okusho ukuthi uhlelo lokugaya lazo lwakhelwe ukudludlunga izithako zokudla ezifana notshani obunothe ngesincimfino ''(cellulose)'', okuyintshogcezi efukuthisayo, futhi izilwane eziningi ezihlulekayo ukuyigaya. Lokhu zikwenza zisebenzisana neziphilincinci ezifana [[Izinungwana|nezinungwana]], no[[Ukhunta|khunta]] – eziqukethe [[INzwayiza|izinzwayiza]] eziqephula isincimfino ngokoshukela lwaso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hua Hendriks Xiong Pellikaan 2022&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hua |first1=Dengke |last2=Hendriks |first2=Wouter H. |last3=Xiong |first3=Benhai |last4=Pellikaan |first4=Wilbert F. |title=Starch and Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen and Applications of Metagenomics on Ruminal Microorganisms |journal=[[Animals (journal)|Animals]] |volume=12 |issue=21 |date=3 November 2022 |pmid=36359144 |pmc=9653558 |doi=10.3390/ani12213020 |doi-access=free |page=3020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uma ukudla kwesilwane kuguquka emva kwesikhathi, isakhiwo seziphilincinci naso siyaguquka ngokufanayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kibegwa2023&quot; /&gt;

Izinkomo zinenqashambana yesigimbelo esinamakhikhi amane; ulusu ''(rumen)'', ingobo ''(Reticulum)'', inanzi ''(omasum)'', kanye netwani ''(abomasum)''. Ulusu luyikhikhi elikhulu futhi lithwele izingxenye ezibalulekile zeziphilincinci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kibegwa2023&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kibegwa |first1=Felix M. |last2=Bett |first2=Rawlynce C. |last3=Gachuiri |first3=Charles K. |last4=Machuka |first4=Eunice |last5=Stomeo |first5=Francesca |last6=Mujibi |first6=Fidalis D. |date=13 January 2023 |title=Diversity and functional analysis of rumen and fecal microbial communities associated with dietary changes in crossbreed dairy cattle |journal=[[PLOS One|PLOS ONE]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=e0274371 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0274371 |doi-access=free |pmid=36638091 |bibcode=2023PLoSO..1874371K |pmc=9838872}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingobo, okuyikhikhi elincane kanamanye, laziwa nangokuthi isandlwana. Umsebenzi wenanzi oyinhloko ukumunyunga amanzi nemisoco ekudleni okugayekayo. Itwani lona linomsebenzi ofanayo nowesisu somuntu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orr 2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Orr |first1=Adam I. |title=How Cows Eat Grass: Exploring Cow Digestion |url=https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/how-cows-eat-grass |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |access-date=13 February 2024 |date=28 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Izinkomo ziyabuyisa ukuze zikuhlafune kabusha ukudla kwazo ngenqubo ebizwa ukwetshisa, njengazo zonke izilwane ezetshisayo. Lapho zidla, izinkomo zigimbila ukudla kwazo; bese zikuqoqonga oluswini. Kamuva, lokho kudla kuzobuyiselwa emlonyeni ngamathamo, kwetshiswe, kuncushuzwe kube izinhlayiya ezincane. Bese ekugcineni lowo metshiso uyagwinywa  futhi ukuze uyogaywa yiziphilincinci esigimbelweni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orr 2023&quot;/&gt;

=== Ukucondoza kwazo ===

[[File:Oman_bullfighting_(2).jpg|thumb|Izibukeli kwelase-Oman zibheke Izinkunzi zidudulana.]]

Izinkomo zikleliswe ngokoqhiwu lokuchachaza. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isibaya esisodwa asikwazi ukuba nezinkunzi eziningi, futhi kuvamile ukubona izinkomo zizwana amandla. Okunye ezivame ukukwenza ukukhothana, njengoba ezichachazwayo kuyizona ezivame ukukhotha ezinye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://extension.psu.edu/animals/dairy/health/reproduction/insemination/ec402/signs-of-heat |title=Signs of Heat (Heat Detection and Timing of Insemination for Cattle) |website=Heat Detection and Timing of Insemination for Cattle (Penn State Extension) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105161839/http://extension.psu.edu/animals/dairy/health/reproduction/insemination/ec402/signs-of-heat |archive-date=5 November 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Stier_Charolais_Linnenbach.JPG|thumb|Izinkunzi zaluka utshani]]

Izinkomo zidla ukudla okuxubile, kodwa zincamela ukwaluka amaphesenti angama70 esithathe namaphesenti angama-30 otshani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Rutter |first=S.M. |year=2006 |title=Diet preference for grass and legumes in free-ranging domestic sheep and cattle: current theory and future application. |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=17–35 |doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2005.11.016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lapho zaluka, izinkomo zigubulunda ngezindlela ezingafani, ulimi lwazo nesihlathi kunyakaza ngendlela ehlukile lapho zigwaphuna utshani obude kunobufishane.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Laca |first1=E.A. |last2=Ungar |first2=E.D. |last3=Seligman |first3=N. |last4=Demment |first4=M.W. |year=1992 |title=Effects of sward height and bulk density on bite dimensions of cattle grazing homogeneous swards |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_grass-forage-science-british-grassland-society_1992-03_47_1/page/91 |journal=Grass and Forage Science |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=91–102 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2494.1992.tb02251.x |bibcode=1992GForS..47...91L }}&lt;/ref&gt; Izinkomo lapho zigubulunda ziyayigwema indawo egcwele amasimba wezinye izinkomo ukwedlula egcwele amasimba wezimvu,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Forbes |first1=T.D.A. |last2=Hodgson |first2=J. |year=1985 |title=The reaction of grazing sheep and cattle to the presence of dung from the same or the other species |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_grass-forage-science-british-grassland-society_1985-06_40_2/page/177 |journal=Grass and Forage Science |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=177–182 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2494.1985.tb01735.x |bibcode=1985GForS..40..177F }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodwa azinankinga nedlelo eligcwele amakaka womvundla.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=M.J. |last2=Ball |first2=N. |last3=Hutchings |first3=M.R. |last4=Greig |first4=A. |year=2001 |title=The grazing response of cattle to pasture contaminated with rabbit faeces and the implications for the transmission of paratuberculosis |journal=[[The Veterinary Journal]] |volume=161 |issue=3 |pages=306–313 |doi=10.1053/tvjl.2000.0550 |pmid=11352488 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ukufuya ==

[[File:Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations diagram.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Izinkomo ezifuyiwe ngokuvamile ezivunyelwa ukuya emadlelweni, njengoba zilethelwa ukudla.]]

&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=160&gt;
File:Hereford bull in a field by the B4452 (cropped).jpg|Uzalo lwezinkomo olubizwa Hereford olunenyama eningi
File:Cattle Selwyn Road Boulia Shire Central Western Queensland P1080822 (cropped).jpg|Izinkomo zase-Ostraliya emadlelweni
File:Aberdeen Angus im Gadental 2.JPG|inkomo ethandwa nevame ezweni lase-Austiya, igaxe insimbi 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Kwezomnotho ==

Izinkomo ziyafuywa ukuze zikhiqize inyama, ubisi, isikhumba futhi ukuze zisebenza lapho kulinywa.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO Cattle&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cattle |url=https://www.fao.org/livestock-systems/global-distributions/cattle/en/ |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |access-date=14 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; KwaZulu, izinkomo ziyigugu lesizwe njengoba zisetshenziswa noma zihlatshwe lapho [[ILobolo|kulotsholwa]], kuhlanzwa umuzi, kukhotheme iNkosi, lapho kwenziwa ihlambo, lapho kushwelezwa, kubikelwa abangasekho, [[UMkhosi woMhlanga|ngoMkhosi womhlanga]], ngoMkhosi weLembe, lapho kutshalwa iNkosi, lapho kwenziwa [[ISIKO LOMEMULO|umemulo]], [[UDWENDWE|ngomgcagco]] njll.

=== Inyama ===
[[File:Fresh_beef_meat.jpg|alt=Inyama yenkomo esaludlweza|right|280x280px]]
Inyama yenkomo iyisidlo esithandwa kakhulu KwaZulu nasemhlabeni jikelele. Akwenzeki ukuba umcimbi omkhulu ungabi nayo inyama. Izitho ezidliwayo zenkomo zinamagama azo, futhi kukhona izitho ezidliwa abantu besigaba esithile njengomama, abafana, abadala, abanumzane njll.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL |title=FAOSTAT |website=www.fao.org|access-date=25 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
====Izitho zenkomo ezidliwayo yilezi====
*Izitho ezidliwayo zangaphakathi - Ubende, ubhedu, ilulu, uluntu, amathumbu, umhlehlo, umminzo, impundu, umthala, umtshazo, imvali, umvimba, inazo, ingwaqo, ingobo, inhliziyo, iphaphu, upopopo, isibindi, usinyaka, isinye, isisu, ulusu, itwani, izinhlonhlo, izinso, neziphapha.

*Izitho ezidliwayo ezangaphandle - Ubebebe, ibele, icwiyo, idevu, ugalu, ikhala, ulimi, ilunda, amaguma, amanqina, amantshontsho, umgogodla, umhlathi, umhlubulo, umkhele, umkhono, umlenze, ungiklane, inhloko, insonyama, intamo, inyama yamehlo, uqwanga, isifuba, isikhaba, umsila, isinqe, isiphanga, isixhanti, ithebe, izimambo.

=== Ezomchago ===

Ubisi lutholakala ezinkomeni ezisengwayo, iziNsengwakazi kuphela, ezinamabele okuncelisa,&lt;ref name=ukcows&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ukcows.com/holsteinUK/publicweb/Education/HUK_Edu_DairyCows.aspx?cmh=66 |title=UK Dairy Cows |access-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518064015/http://ukcows.com/holsteinUK/publicweb/Education/HUK_Edu_DairyCows.aspx?cmh=66 |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIWF 2015&quot;/&gt; Futhi ubisi lwezinkomo kwenziwa ngalo imikhiqizo yezomchago eminingi efana [[IPhehlwa|nePhehlwa]], injibini, uBhobe, ubisi olukhothe, umQungo, [[uLaza]], umThubi, uLazaqhwa, amasi, ubisi olunguliwe, umHongo, uLaza olukhwixiwe, nomKhumuza wobisi.  Izinkomazi zomchago zigcinwa emapulazini akhethekile wokukhiqiza ubisi. iziNsengwakazi eziningi zisengwa kabili ngosuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;dairy science&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |url=http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302%2879%2983526-2/abstract |title=Milking 3 Times per day |journal=[[Journal of Dairy Science]] |volume=62 |issue=12 |pages=1941–1950 |doi=10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(79)83526-2 |pmid=541464 |year=1979 |last1=Pearson |first1=R.E. |last2=Fulton |first2=L.A. |last3=Thompson |first3=P.D. |last4=Smith |first4=J.W. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izinkomazi ukuze ziqhubeka nokukhiqiza ubisi, kufanele zizale kanye ngonyaka. Kodwana uma zizala eyeduna, ivame ukuhlatshwa ngenxa yokuthi kufuneka ezinye izinkomazi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm-animals/cows/veal-calves/ |title=About calves reared for veal |access-date=9 May 2015 |website=Compassion in World Farming |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074915/http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm-animals/cows/veal-calves/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Izinkomazi ubisi zilukhiqiza kuze kusale amasonto amathathu ngaphambi kokuzala.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIWF 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm-animals/cows/dairy-cows/ |title=Compassion in World Farming: Dairy Cattle |access-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074913/http://www.ciwf.org.uk/farm-animals/cows/dairy-cows/ |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

KwaZulu ukudla okuthandwa kakhulu ngamasi. Kunezigaba ezihlukene zamasi lapho afanele ukudliwa kuzo. Isigaba sokuqala, esamasi ayizaqheqhe noma izangqondo (izamfemfe).   okungamasi avuthwe kahle, angenawo umlaza.    

&lt;gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=220 heights=220&gt;
File:Cow female black white.jpg|Izinkomazi ezilukhozi ngombala yizona ezisengwa kakhulu.
File:Hand milking a cow at Cobbes Farm Museum.jpg|Ukusenga umsebenzi owenziwa ngesandla kusuka endulo
File:2014-07-25 Melkkarussel - Hemme Milch (5).jpg|Isindiyane sanamuhla okusengelwa kuso, eJalimani
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Izaga ezisuselwa ezinkomeni ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Ezenkonyane
!Ezenkunzi
!Ezenkomazi
|-
|Inkonyane yeqa lapha kweqe
khona unina
|Akukho zinkunzi zadla ndawonye
|Indlezane isengelwa phansi
|-
|Amathole akhethwa konina
|Izinkunzi ezirnbili azibusi 
esibayeni sinye
|Ikhaba abayisengayo
|-
|Inkonyane yethuka isisinga
|Nginjenjenje mntanethu ngoniwa 
inkunzi
|Inzimakazi izala iIungakazi
|-
|Yawuchitha umuthi inkonyane
|Inkunzi inqunywe amanqindi
|Isigqala sizala insengwakazi
|-
|Umbala ucaca enkonyaneni
|Inkunzi iyazibeka
|Ayimithi ingaphindwanga
|-
|Inkomo ixakelwe inkonyane
|Yeka ubambo lwenkabi 
ukudliwa kwandlwana
|Kazi iyozala nkomoni
|-
|Inkonyane ifuza unina
|Yayihlaba yema nayo
|Inkomo isengwa ngoyaziyo
|-
|Inkonyane yenye iyayiqhubulusha,
eyayo iyayikhotha
|Inkunzi isematholeni
|Kukwankomo isengwa ilele
|-
|Usenga inkomo nenkonyane
|
|Inkomo enomlomo kayinamasi
|-
|Inkonyane ikhethwa kusakhanya
|
|
|-
|Inkonyane iyashiyelwa
|
|
|}

==Imithombo==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>USanti Marino</title>
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        <username>Edwin Ndaba</username>
        <id>13909</id>
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|igama_native                 = Repubblica di San Marino
|igama      = USanti Marino
&lt;!--|common_name                 = San Marino--&gt;
|ifulegi                  = Flag of San Marino.svg
|alt_ifulegi                    = Flag of San Marino
|image_coat                  = Coat of arms of San Marino.svg
|isaga              = Freedom
|ibalazwe                   = Location San Marino Europe.png
|isiqongo                     = [[City of San Marino]]
|latd=43| latm=56|latNS=N &lt;!--capital's latitude degree/min/dir--&gt;
|longd=12 |longm=26 |longEW = E &lt;!--capital's longitude deg/min/dir--&gt;
|idolobha_elikhulu                = [[Dogana]]
|izilimi          = [[IsiTaliya]]
&lt;!--|ethnic_groups               = [[Italian people|Italian]]
|ethnic_groups_year          = &lt;!-Year of ethnic data (if provided)-&gt;
|demonym                     = Sammarinese
|government_type             = [[Parliamentary republic]]
|leader_title1               = [[List of Captains Regent of San Marino|Captains Regent]]
|leader_name1                = [[Gabriele Gatti]]&lt;br&gt;[[Matteo Fiorini]]
|sovereignty_type            = [[Independence]]
|established_event1          = from the [[Roman Empire]]
|established_date1           = 3 September 301 &lt;small&gt;(traditional)&lt;/small&gt;
|established_event2          = [[Constitution of San Marino|Constitution]]
|established_date2           = 8 October 1600
|area_rank                   = 219th
|area_magnitude              =
|area                        = {{convert|61.2|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;!-- major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first) --&gt;
|area_km2                    = 61.2 &lt;!-- major area size (in square km) --&gt;
|area_sq_mi                  = &lt;!-- area in square mi (requires area_km2) --&gt;
|area_footnote               = &lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;/&gt;
|percent_water               = 0
--&gt;
|inani_labantu         = 31,887 &lt;ref name=&quot;smpop&quot;&gt;[http://www.statistica.sm/on-line/Home/DatiStatistici/Popolazione.html?Categoria=2&amp;nodo=/on-line/Home/DatiStatistici/Popolazione/Strutturademografica.html], Upeceds, Government of San Marino. Accessed on March 31, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--|population_estimate_rank    = 211th
|population_estimate_year    = 31 March 2011
|population_census           =
|population_census_year      =
|population_density_km2      = 501
|population_density_sq_mi    =
|population_density_rank     =
|GDP_PPP                     = {{nowrap|$1.17 billion}}&lt;ref name=&quot;smgdp&quot;&gt;[http://www.statistica.sm/contents/instance15/files/document/14001294ContoGenRedNaz_2.pdf Conto della Generazione dei Redditi Nazionali], Upeceds, Government of San Marino. Accessed on June 6, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wdi&quot;&gt;[http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog World Development Indicators], [[World Bank]]. Note: &quot;PPP conversion factor, GDP (LCU per international $)&quot; for Italy was used.&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_PPP_rank                = 177th
|GDP_PPP_year                = 2008
|GDP_PPP_per_capita          = $35,928&lt;ref name=&quot;smgdp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wdi&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank     = 24th
|GDP_nominal                 = {{nowrap|{{US$|1.44}} billion}}&lt;ref name=&quot;smgdp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wdi&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_rank            = 163rd
|GDP_nominal_year            = 2008
|GDP_nominal_per_capita      = {{US$|44,208}}&lt;ref name=&quot;smgdp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wdi&quot;/&gt;
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 15th
|Gini                        =
|Gini_rank                   =
|Gini_year                   =
|Gini_category               =
|HDI                         =
|HDI_rank                    =
|HDI_year                    =
|HDI_category                =
|currency                    = [[Euro]]
|currency_code               = EUR
|time_zone                   = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset                  = +1
|time_zone_DST               = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST              = +2
|date_format                 =
|DST_note                    =
|drives_on                   = right
|cctld                       = [[.sm]]
|calling_code                = [[+378]]
|patron_saint                = [[Saint Agatha]]
|footnotes                   = &lt;ref name=&quot;cia&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;unece&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unece.org/stats/profiles2009/san_marino.pdf|title=San Marino|work=UNECE Statistics Programme|year=2009|publisher=[[UNECE]]|accessdate=13 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
--&gt;
}}
'''uSanti Marino''' (ngokomthetho: iRiphabhuliki kaSanti Marino; [[IsiTaliya|ngesiTaliya]]: ''Repubblica di San Marino'', isiteketiso: uSokuthula, ngesiTaliya: ''La Serenissima'') uyizwe eNingizimu [[IYurophu|Yurophu]] ezungezwe yiTaliya emahlangothini onke. Uyizwe yesibili esizungezwe yiTaliya, eyesibili yiDolobha laseVatikani. Ngenani labantu abayizi-33,500, uSanti Marino uyizwe elesihlanu ngobuncane kwenani labantu emhlabeni wonke. 

uSanti Marino usungulwe ngama-301 AD nguNgcwele Marinus. Kuthiwa wakhe isigodlo sezindela kulendawo emthambekweni wezintaba zakwa-Apenini. iDolobha lakwaSanti Marino yisigonga nedolobhankulu yalelizwe phezu kweNtaba Titano. Uhlaka lokomthethosisekelo wakaSanti Marino uyingqayiveli ngokuba uqukatha isishayamthetho esikhethwe yizakhamuzi esibizwa uMkhandlu Jikelele oMkhulu onamalunga angama-60 okhetha isinhloko zezwe ezimbili: ama-Capitani Reggenti amabili ahlala esikhundleni iminyanga emibili. uSanti Marino uyilizwe elisasekhona elizibusa isikhathi eside ukundlula amazwe onke akhona manje emhlabeni. Futhi iyiriphabhuliki endala ukuwandlula wonke. 

Ulimi olusemthethweni uyisiTaliya kodwa abantu abadala bakhuluma isiSamarini. Umuntu obuya eSanti Marino ubizwa umSamarini. Nakuba ungasiyulungu lo[[UBumbano waseYurophu|Bumbano waseYurophu]], uSanti Marino uvumelekile ukusebenzisa [[Euro|i-Euro]]. uSanti Marino uyilungu loMkhandlu waseYurophu. 

{{stub}}

{{Amazwe eYurophu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Santi Marino}}

[[Category:Amazwe eYurophu]]
[[Category:Amazwe]]
[[Category:IYurophu Eningizimu]]</text>
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    <title>Ibhola lezinyawo</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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| image1        = Olga Matīsa LVA.jpg
| caption1      = Umdlalo webhola elibhutshuzwayo wabesifazane
| image2        = Stoppage in an AFL game.jpg
| caption2      = Ibhola lezinyawo ngokwemithetho yase-Ostreliya
| image3        = Community Soccer Game 11.jpg
| caption3      = Umdlalo webhola elibhuthsuzwayo emgwaqeni
| image4        = Brent Grimes-Hamburg Sea Devils.jpg
| caption4      = Ibhola lezinyawo laseMelika naseKhanada
| image5        = Scotland v Italy 2013 RLWC (3).jpg
| caption5      = Ibhola lombhoxo nalo kuthiwa elezinyawo
| image6        = 2025 Rugby World Cup (Women) - Canada vs England (247).jpg
| caption6      = Ibhola lombhoxo labesifazane
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}}

'''Ibhola lezinyawo''' liyiqoqo lemidlalo yamaqembu lapho khona injongo kuwukweqisa [[ibhola]] ngale komugqa wezinti, noma ukulifaka phakathi kwezinti, kusetshenziswa umzimba, ngokubhubuza ibhola noma ngokuliphatha ngezandla noma ngokulijikijela.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Football {{!}} Equipment, Strategy &amp; History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/football-the-games |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116063430/https://www.britannica.com/sports/football-the-games |archive-date=16 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-14 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=Definition of FOOTBALL |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/football |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=football, n. |date=2024-10-10 |work=Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://oed.com/dictionary/football_n |access-date=2026-01-14 |edition=3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/OED/5981613106|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngokwenkulumo evamile, elithi ''ibhola lezinyawo'' lisho umdlalo webhola odumile lapho ibhola likhahlelwa ngezinyawo kuphela. . Kodwa miningana imidlalo ebizwa ngokuthi ibhola lezinyawo. Emazweni athile afana ne-Ostreliya, iKhanada, iNingizimu Afrika namanye, elithi ibhola lezinyawo lisho [[ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo]], phecelezi ''soccer''; bese kuba khona ezinye izinhlobo zomdlalo webhola lezinyawo ezihlukene ngokwamazwe. EMelika naseKhanada kunebholal lezinyawo elinemithetho ehlukile, bese kuba khona nebhola lezinyawo elibizwa ngokuthi [[Umbhoxo|ibhola lombhoxo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Reilly |first1=Thomas |last2=Gilbourne |first2=D. |title=Science and football: a review of applied research in the football code |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sports-sciences_2003-09_21_9/page/693 |journal=Journal of Sports Sciences |year=2003 |volume=21 |issue=9 |pages=693–705 |doi=10.1080/0264041031000102105 |pmid=14579867 |s2cid=37880342|issn = 0264-0414 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lezi zinhlobo zebhola lezinyawo zinemvelaphi efanayo futhi zonke zibizwa ngokufanele ngokuthi &quot;'''izinhlobo zebhola lezinyawo'''&quot;.

Maningi amaphathelelo aphathelene nemidlalo yebhola yasezikhathini zasendulo, eyayidlalwa ezindaweni ezihlukene zamazwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/the-game/Britain-home-of-football.html |title=History of Football – Britain, the home of Football |publisher=FIFA |access-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922082153/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/the-game/Britain-home-of-football.html |archive-date=22 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/413747/ |title=Bangkok Post article |author=Post Publishing PCL. |work=Bangkok Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa-or&quot; /&gt; Imithetho yanamuhla yebhola lezinyawo yavela emidlalweni yezikole zamaNgisi ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=History of Rugby in Australia |url=http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/wallabies.html#3 |publisher=Rugby Football History |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223091002/http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/wallabies.html#3 |archive-date=23 December 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bailey |first=Steven |title=Living Sports History: Football at Winchester, Eton and Harrow |journal=The Sports Historian |year=1995 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=34–53 |doi=10.1080/17460269508551675}}&lt;/ref&gt; Futhi ukukhula kwamandla nesiko loMbuso wamaNgisi kwenza imithetho yebhola lezinyawo ukuba isakazeke emazweni abiswa ngamaNgisi nasezindaweni onethonya kuzo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Perkin |first=Harold |author-link=Harold Perkin |title=Teaching the nations how to play: sport and society in the British empire and commonwealth |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |year=1989 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=145–155 |doi=10.1080/09523368908713685}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, kwase kuvele izinhlobo zezifunda zokudlala lomdlalo: ngokwesibonelo, ibhola lezinyawo laseGaelic, lona lalihlanganisa nemithetho yasendaweni yakidala yokudlala ukuze kulondolzwe ifagugu lakhona.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Reilly |first1=Thomas |last2=Doran |first2=D. |title=Science and Gaelic football: A review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sports-sciences_2001-03_19_3/page/181 |journal=Journal of Sports Sciences |year=2001 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=181–193 |doi=10.1080/026404101750095330 |pmid=11256823 |s2cid=43471221}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngonyaka we-1888, iligi yebhola lezinyawo yasungulwa kwelaseNgilandi, kwaba inhlangano yokuqala yobungcwepheshi bebhola lezinyawo. Ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka, kwavela izinhlobo ezimbalwa zebhola lezinyawo nazo ezaba nedumela elikhulu emhlabeni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bale&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bale |first=J. |title=Sports Geography |year=2002 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-0-419-25230-6 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hc9f-aKPPxAC |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180438/https://books.google.com/books?id=hc9f-aKPPxAC |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izici ezivamile ==
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| image4            = ST vs LOU espoirs 2013 (72).JPG
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| footer            = Isenzo sokukhahlela emidlalweni ehlukene yebhola lezinyawo, kunobhutshuzwayo, kugridiron, kumbhoxo nasebholeni lase-Ostreliya
}}

Izinhlobo ezihlukene zebhola lezinyawo zinezici ezifanayo futhi zingaqembulwa ngezigaba ezimbili: ''eliphathwayo'' njengebhola lezinyawo laseMelika, nebhola lezinyawo laseKhanada, nebholal lombhoxo, lapho khona ibhola lidluliswa ngezandla noma kugikinywa nalo ngezandla, bese kuba ''elibhutshuzwayo'' njengasebholeni likanobhutshuzwayo nebhola laseGaelic, lapho khona ibhola libhubuzwa ngemilenze futhi ukulibamba ngezandla kunemikhawulo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Douge&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Douge |first=Brian |title=Science and Football |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |isbn=978-0-415-50911-4 |pages=3–19 |edition=Second |chapter=Football: the common threads between the games |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCDBicFbsioC |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227180438/https://books.google.com/books?id=vCDBicFbsioC |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imithetho evamile yalemidalo ihlanganisa:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Law 1: The Field of Play – Football Rules &amp; Governance {{!}} The FA|url = http://www.thefa.com/football-rules-governance/laws/football-11-11/law-1---the-field-of-play|publisher = The Football Association|access-date = 27 September 2015|first = The Football|last = Association|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150910143142/http://www.thefa.com/football-rules-governance/laws/football-11-11/law-1---the-field-of-play|archive-date = 10 September 2015|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Amaqembu'' amabili anabadlali abaphakathi kwe-10 kuya kwi-18.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How Many Players are on Football Team? Know All About Them |url=https://www.howzat.com/blog/fantasy-football/how-many-players-in-football-team |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=howzat.com |language=en |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511175027/https://www.howzat.com/blog/fantasy-football/how-many-players-in-football-team |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Indawo ecacisiwe ezoba ibala likudlala umdlalo.
* Ukuzuza ''amanqaku'' noma ''amaphuzu'' ngokudikizisela ibhola engxenyeni yelinye iqembu futhi leqiswe emgqeni wezinti.
* Amanqaku noma amaphuzu awumohumela wokuthi abadlali bafake ibhola phakathi kwezinti ezimbili.
* Kumele elinye iqembu ''livikele'' umugqa wezinti ukuze ibhola lingeqiswa kuwo.
* Abadlali basebenzisa Imizimba yabo ukunyakazisa ibhola, akudingeki izinsiza ezifana nezinduku.
* Kuzosetshenziswa imbulungana ebizwa ibhola efakwa umoya.

Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zebhola lezinyawo, kunamakhono afana nokudlulisa ibhola, tackling, evasion of tackles, ukucupheza nokubhubuza. Kunemithetho evimbela ukuba umdlali abe lapho angafanele khona, futhi abadlali abashaya inqaku kufanele ibhola balifake ngaphansi noma ngaphezulu komjanjatho kodwa ngaphakathi kwezinti.

== References ==
* Mandelbaum, Michael (2004); ''The Meaning of Sports''; Public Affairs, ISBN 1-58648-252-1
* Green, Geoffrey (1953); ''The History of the Football Association''; Naldrett Press, London
* Williams, Graham ([[1994]]); ''The Code War''; Yore Publications, ISBN 1-874427-65-8

{{Wiktionary}}
{{Sister project links|Football}}

[[Category:Imidlalo webhola]]
[[Category:Ibhola lezinyawo| ]]
[[Category:Imidlalo wesiNgisi]]

== I-Etymology ==


Kunezincazelo eziphikisanayo zemvelaphi yegama elithi &quot;ibhola lezinyawo&quot;. Kucatshangwa kabanzi ukuthi igama elithi &quot;ibhola lezinyawo&quot; libhekisela esenzweni senyawo esikhokhela ibhola. Kunenye incazelo, ukuthi ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo ekuqaleni lalibhekisela emidlalweni ehlukahlukene IYurophu yangenkathi ephakathi eyayidlalwa ''ngezinyawo''. Kunobufakazi obuncane obuqanda&quot; ikhanda nganoma iyiphi incazelo.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>IsiCikizi</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>127127</origin>
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      <text bytes="10276" sha1="qbzg4fiyiqvalu4werc9z721hahz7ew" xml:space="preserve">{{multiple image
| perrow            = 2 / 2 / 2
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| image1            = Babbage Difference Engine (Setting the input parameters).jpg
| alt1              = Ukusetha amapharamitha okufaka
| image2            = Colossus.jpg
| alt2              = Ikhompyutha iColossus Mark 2 eqhutshwa nguDorothy Du Boisson (kwesobunxele) no-Elsie Booker (kwesokudla), ngo-1943
| image3            = ENIAC-changing_a_tube.jpg
| alt3              = Indoda ishintsha ipayipi elilodwa le-vacuum kwamakhulu kukhompyutha yokuqala
| image6            = LYF WATER 2 Smartphone.JPG
| alt6              = I-smartphone enesibonisi esifana nothingo lwenkosazana ibanjwe esandleni
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| alt5              = Ikhonsoli yomdlalo wevidiyo onsomi enesilawuli esinamathiselwe
| image4            = Summit (supercomputer).jpg
| alt4              = Imigqa yamakhabethe amakhulu, amnyama ekhompyutha egumbini elifana ne-warehouse
| footer            = IziCikizi nezilekeleli zezinkathi ezingafani.&lt;br&gt; Top row: Automatic mechanical calculator (1820) ([[Difference Engine]]), First-generation computer ([[Colossus computer]])&lt;br&gt; Middle row: Early vacuum tube computer ([[ENIAC]]), [[Supercomputer]] (IBM [[Summit (supercomputer)|Summit]])&lt;br/&gt;Bottom row: [[Video game console]] (Nintendo [[GameCube]]), [[Smartphone]] ([[LYF]] Water 2)}}

'''IsiCikizi''' [[INguxa|inguxa]] yezezibhangqiwe [[Ugesi|yamazuba]] [[Ukuhlelelisa isiCikizi|engahleleliswa]] ukuba yenze uchunge [[Ubuphicinani|lwezibalonqangi]] nemigidingo ehluzekile ngenhleleleko. Izicikizi zanamuhla zingenza imigidingo engamaqoqo avamile eyaziwa ngokuthi [[Inhleleliso yesiCikizi|izinhleleliso]]. Lezinhleleliso zinikeza isiCikizi igunya lokwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. '''Isimiso sesiCikizi''' siyisicikizi esiphelele esihlanganisa nezinye izinsiza ezidingekayo, njengehlelomgidingo ukuze sikwazi ukugidinga ngokugcwele. Legama libuye libhekisele eqoqweni leziCikizi ezixhunywe ukuba zisebenze ndawonye, [[UXhoxho lwesiCikizi|njengoXhoxho lweziCikizi]] noma isishomo seziCikizi.


&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Intertec Superbrain.jpg|Intertec Superbrain
File:Acer Aspire 8920 Gemstone.jpg|IsiCikizi Aspire se-Acer
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Imikhiqizo ehlukile yezezimboni neyabakhozi isebenzisa izicikizi njengezimiso zokulawula. Izilekeleli zenjongo ecacile njengechadaza ''(microwave oven)'' nezilawuli kude''(remote controls)'' ziyabalwa, kanjalo nezilekeleli zomkhando ezifana [[IsiThununu sezimboni|nezithununu zezimboni]] kanye nomklamo osizwa isicikizi, kuhlanganise nezilekeleli zenjongo ebanzi ezifana nesicikizi somuntu siqu nezilekeleli eziphathwayo ''(mobile devices)'' [[UMakhalipha|njengoMakhalipha]] ''(smartphone)''. Izicikizi zifukutha [[I-internethi|uxhakaxholo]] ngokukhongca izigidigidi zezinye izicikizi nabazisebenzisayo.

Izicikizi zokuqala zazihloselwe ukusetshenziselwa [[UkuQaqulula|uqaqululo]] ''(calculations)'' kuphela. Izinsiza ezifana ne-abacus sezisize abantu ekwenzeni uqaqululo kusuka endulo. Ekuqaleni kwenguquko yezimboni, izilekeleli zezinguxa zakhiwa ukuze zihleleleke ''(automate)'' imisebenzi emide ekhathazayo, njengokuqondisa isifanelo sesilukisi ''(loom)''. Izinguxa zamazuba zazenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yoqaqululo lwenzuko ''(analog calcuations)'' ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Izinguxa eziqaqululayo zamazuba zezezibhangqiwe zokuqala zakhiwa ngesikhathi sempi yomhlaba yesibili.

== uMsuka wegama==
[[File:X-4 with Female Computer - GPN-2000-001932.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|isiCikizi esingumuntu, noma uMcikizi, ohlezi nesibonancinci nesiqaqululi ngowe-1952.]]

Igama elithi &quot;isicikizi&quot; lisuselwa esenzweni sokucikiza, esinencazelo yokuqala esho &quot;ukubhala&quot;, eyesibili isho &quot;ukuhlaziya, ukuxazulula inkinga,&quot; njengalapho umuntu ecikiza isibalonqangi sezibalo. Liyafaneleka lelibizo uma  linesiqalo esithi 'isi' ngokwezigaba zamabizo. Umuntu ocikizayo yena uzoba &quot;uMcikizi&quot;.

Kubikwa ukuthi izicikizi zokuqala kwakungabantu, ikakhulu abesifazane, kwakuba yibo izicikizi ngoba babeholelwa imali encane kunabesilisa. Cishe ngonyaka we-1943, iningi lezicikizi ezingabantu kwakungabesifazane.

* Computer - [[isiCikizi]]
* Compute - [[UkuCikiza]]
* Human computer - [[UmCikizi]]
* Computation - [[Umcikizo]]

== uMlando ==

=== Ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-20 ===
[[File:Os d'Ishango IRSNB.JPG|thumb|upright=0.65|ithambo elibizwa Ishango, kwakuyithuluzi eliyithambo lase-Afrika yanguna]]
Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, kuye kwasetshenziswa iziLekeleli ekucikizeni, ikakhulu ukubala ngeminwe. Isilekeleli sokubala sokuqala kungenzeka kwakunguthi lokubala. Kamuva izinsiza zokugcina izibalo kulo lonke elaseMpuma ephakathi zazihlanganisa izingcezu zobumba, okwakubalwa ngazo ukudla okusanhlamvu, imfuyo, ezazigcinea emagobongweni aluhoshoba adikiselwe.

[[File:Abacus 6.png|thumb|upright=1.15|left|isihlohlo sokubala saseShayina. Inani elivezwe kulesihlohlo izi-6,302,715,408.]]

Isihlohlo i-Abacus sasungulelwa ukwenza imisebenzi yezobalonqangi. Isihlohlo saseRoma sathuthukiswa eziklamweni zaseBhabhiloni cishe ngowezi-2400 BCE.

[[File:NAMA Machine d'Anticythère 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Inguxa i-Antikithera, yaseGrisi lasendulo cishe ngowama -150-100 BCE, uyisiklamo sasendulo sokucikiza ngenzuko.]]
Inguxa i-Antikithera kukholwa ukuba iyisicikizi senzuko esiguxazelayo esaziwayo, ngokuka Derek J. de Solla Price.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/project/general/the-project.html ''The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428070448/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/project/general/the-project.html |date=28 April 2008 }}, The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 1 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Lenguxa yayiklanyelwe ukuqaqulula ukuma kwezinkanyezi. Yavubukulwa ngowei-1901 ekuphahlazekeni kwase-Antikithera eduze naseGrisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marchant |first=Jo |date=1 November 2006 |title=In search of lost time |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-11-30_444_7119/page/534 |journal=Nature |volume=444 |issue=7119 |pages=534–538 |doi=10.1038/444534a |pmid=17136067 |bibcode=2006Natur.444..534M |s2cid=4305761 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== IsiCikizi sokuqala ===
[[File:Charles Babbage. Wood engraving, 1871. Wellcome V0000259.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.90|uCharles Babbage]]
{{multiple image|direction=vertical
|footer= 
|align=right
|image1 = Difference engine plate 1853.jpg
|caption1 = Isazobe sengxenye yesilumbamdiki somehluko sikaCharles Babbage
|image2 = Differenceengine.jpg|width=165
|caption2 = Isilumbamdiki somehluko sesi-2 engqalabeni ebizwa ''Intellectual Ventures'' ese-Seattle}}

UCharles Babbage, wayengumngcikishi wezinguxanguxa neSazikwasani esaqhamuka nesicabango sesicikizi esihlelelisekwayo. Uthathwa &quot;njengengqalabutho yesiCikizi&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Halacy, Daniel Stephen |title=Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer |url=https://archive.org/details/charlesbabbagefa00hala |url-access=registration |year=1970 |publisher=Crowell-Collier Press |isbn=978-0-02-741370-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; uyena owacabanga futhi waqamba isicikizi esiyinguxa sokuqala.

== Izinhlobo ==
IziCikizi zingajinjwa ngezindlela ezihlukene, ezihlanganisa elandelayo:

=== Ngokwesakhiwo ===
* Isicikizi senzuko - ''analog computer''
* Isicikizi sezibhangqiwe - ''Digital computer''
* Isicikizi esxubile - ''Hybrid computer''
* Isakhiwo saseHarvard - ''Harvard architecture''
* Isicikizi semiyalo eyinkiya - ''Complex instruction set computer''
* Isicikizi semiyalo encishisiwe - ''Reduced instruction set computer''

=== Ngokobungako, isici nebomu ===

* [[IsiCikizikhulu]] - ''Supercomputer''
* Isicikizimqoka - ''Mainframe computer''
* [[Minicomputer]] (term no longer used),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Minicomputer&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=26&amp;smoothing=3&amp;direct_url=t1;,Minicomputer;,c0|title=Google Books Ngram Viewer|website=books.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Midrange computer]]
* Isiphakeli - ''Server''
** Isiphakeli esiyisihlohlo - ''Rackmount server''
** Isiphakeli esiyicembe - ''Blade server''
** Isiphakeli esiludlomothi - ''Computer tower''
* Isicikizi somuntusiqu - ''Personal computer''
** ''Workstation''
*** Isicikizi sasekhaya - ''Home computer'' (igama elingasasebenzi)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Home+computer&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2019&amp;corpus=26&amp;smoothing=3&amp;direct_url=t1;,Home+computer;,c0|title=Google Books Ngram Viewer|website=books.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Isicikizi sesinabalala - ''Desktop computer''
*** Isicikizi esiludlomothi - ''Computer tower''
*** Slimline desktop
**** Isicikizi sokudlala - ''Gaming computer''
*** Isicikizi somsubo - ''All-in-one PC''
*** Isicikizi esincane - ''Nettop, Mini PC'' 
***  Isicikizi seschofo - ''Keyboard computer''
*** Isicikizi esiphathwayo - ''Portable computer''
*** Isilekeleli soxhakaxholo - ''Internet appliance''
** Isicikizi esigonwayo - ''Laptop computer''
** Isicikizi sikamakhalekhukhwini - ''Mobile computer''
*** Isicikizi esiyisibhebhe - ''Tablet computer''
*** [[UMakhalipha]] - ''Smartphone''
*** Ultra-mobile PC
*** Pocket PC
*** Isicikizi sentende - ''Palmtop PC''
*** Isicikizi sesandla - ''Handheld PC''
*** Isicikizi sasekhukhwini - ''Pocket computer''
** Isicikizi esigqokwayo - ''Wearable computer''
*** Isithuba esithatha - ''Smartwatch''
*** Izibuko Esithatha - ''Smartglasses''
* Isicikizi soqwembelunye - ''Single-board computer''
* Isicikizi sesiqhaza - ''Plug computer''
* Isicikizi sothi - ''Stick PC''
* Isicikizi engosini - ''Computer-on-module''
* Uhlelo engosini - ''System on module''
* Uhlelo esishuquleni - ''System in a package''
* Uhlelo ezubeleni - ''System-on-chip'' (lwaziwa nangokuthi isidludlungi sehlelokusebenza lapho ongekho intandelo yomsakazo)

== Izigcoyi nezinhlelo ==
[[File:Computer Components.webm|thumb|Umbukiswano oveza izigcoyi ezivamile zesicikizi.]]

Ibizo elithi ''izigcoyi'' lihlanganisa zonke izigcoyi noma izingxenye zesicikizi eziphathekayo nezingokoqobo. Izintandelo, amazubela wesicikizi, amakhadi wezifanekiso, amakhadi womsindo, isikhumbuli, uqwembe olumqoka, izihenqo, izihlinzeki ngamandla, izindophi, amaqwembe wokuqhofoza, izishicileli, nezikhwence okuyiziklamo ezifakwayo, konke lokhu kuyozigcoyi.

== Imithombo ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khompyutha}}

[[Category:Ubuchwepheshe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Euro</title>
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    <id>4100</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-09T10:35:55Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="3194" sha1="rie19ozp7iym00vflnpffiw90fpzpln" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Euro logo plus character.png|right|200px| ]]
[[Euro|i-Euro]] (uphawu: €; [[inguqukezo]] ye[[Imali|sikhokhelisi]]: EUR) iyi[[Imali|mali]] yo[[UBumbano waseYurophu|Bumbano waseYurophu]]. Nakuba umvumelwano waseMaastricht uhlosa ukuba ubumbano wonke usebenzise i-Euro, amazwe ayisithupha angamalungu oBumbano agcine izikhokhelisi zabo. Amahlanu akakafezi izimfuneko zokuqondananisa ekimuvelisa ukuba asebenzisa i-Euro. Eyodwa ([[iDenimaki]]) inemvumo yokusalela ngaphandle (kanye nezindawo eziyinxenye zoMbuso waseDenimaki: i-Greenland kanye neziqhingi zaseFaroe). Kukhona amazwe angasingamalungu woBumbano waseYurophu njengezindawo ezingaphesheya emazwekazini amanye eziphansi kwamalungu wobumbano kanye namazwe amancane aseYurophu. Kukhona amazwe amabili (iKhosovo kanye ne[[IMontenegro|Montenegro]]).

== Umlando ==
[[Image:Euro accession Eurozone as single entity.svg|thumb|left|Indawo ye-Euro, 2023|268x268px]]
Umvumelwano waseMaastricht we-1992 umise imigomo nemibandela yeYurophu. Ukuze amazwe avunyelwe ukusebenzisa i-Euro nokuba yinxenye yendawo ye-Euro, kufanele afeze imigomo njengokuba nokushoda kosabelomali kahulumeni ongaphansi kwe-3%, isikweletu sikahulumeni esingaphansi kwama-60%, ukwehla kwamandla wemali okuphansi inzalo yemali esondelene esemdibini yamazwe aseYurophu. Kodwa, iningi yalemigomo okuqondanisa awalandelwanga ngamazwe amaningi angamalungu noma amazwe angawafezi avunyelwe ukungena ngenxa yezombangazwe (isb. iGreki).

Igama lika-Euro lamkelwe ngokomthetho eMadrid nge-1995 elaphakanyiswa ngumfundisi waseBheljiyamu, uGermain Pirlot. Izinga lomshintshinsano we-Euro kanye nemali yamazwe bekufanelwe inqunywe nguMkhandlu waseYurophu emuva kwemiphakamiso yeKhomishini yaseYurophu. Lokhu kwakwenzwe ngokuqhathanisa i-Euro eyodwa ne-European Currency Unit eyodwa. i-European Currency Unit yayingumngakonani w[[Ukudandanisa|okudandanisa]]. 

i-Euro ikhiqizwe kubantu nge-1999 (emabhangeni, ukudluliswa kwemali ngombaney, amasheki wabahambi). Kodwa, utho ophathekayo njengezinhlamvu zemali kanye namaphepha emali ukhiqizwe ngezi-2002. Izakhamuzi zazinikezwe iminyanga ukushintshisana izinhlamvu namaphepha kuqala nge-Jalimani (kodwa kwakunikezwe kufika ku-2022 ukushintshisana ama-escudo ase[[IPhothugali|Photugali]]).

Ngezi-2008 kufika ku-2011 ngenxa yehlekelele yomhlaba yezemali yezi-2008, inhlekelele yesikweletu yendawo ye-Euro iholele ekutheni kusabiwe ukuba amazwe amahlanu ngeke akhone ukukhokha izikweletu zawo: [[iPhothugali]], [[ITaliya]], [[iGreki]], [[i-Ayilendi]], ne[[ISpeyini|Spaniya]]. Ukugwema ukukhonakala kokuthi lamazwe angakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu zawo, uBumbano uhlanganise Uhlelo waseYurophu wezeMali wokuZinza ukwenzela imali ibekhona ukuze lamazwe akhone ukukhokha izikweletu zawo. Amazwe anothe kakhulu njengeJalimani neFulansi enikele imali eningi kulohlelo nakuba bangotholanga imali kuyo. 


[[Image:Euro coins and banknotes.jpg|right|200px]]
[[Image:Euro banknotes 2002.png|right|200px|border]]
{{-}}

== Amakhasi amangaphandle ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.bis-ans-ende-der-welt.net/Europa-B-En.htm|title=Euro - Izikhova|language=en,de|editor=Heiko Otto|accessdate=2017-01-02}}

{{stub}}

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  <page>
    <title>INyanga</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="23136" sha1="mspjxwmb1ldgrqgkg1woclxw9yvz6fq" xml:space="preserve">{{Lowercase title}}
{{infobox planet
| name = Inyanga
| apsis = gee
| symbol = [[File:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|24px|☾|class=skin-invert]] or [[File:Moon crescent symbol (bold).svg|24px|☽|class=skin-invert]]
| image = FullMoon2010.jpg
| image_alt = Full Moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varied circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta: impact craters.
| caption = Uhlangothi lwenyanga esilubonayo
| background = #fcbba9
| mpc_name = UMaqubituli
| alt_names = {{hlist |{{nowrap|INelekehle (isihlonipho)}}|{{nowrap|Impengu (isihlonipho)}}}}
| adjectives = 
| periapsis = {{gaps |362 |600}}&amp;nbsp;km&lt;br /&gt;({{gaps |356 |400}}–{{gaps |370 |400}}&amp;nbsp;km)
| apoapsis = {{gaps |405 |400}}&amp;nbsp;km&lt;br /&gt;({{gaps |404 |000}}–{{gaps |406 |700}}&amp;nbsp;km)
| mean_orbit_radius = {{val |384784|u=km}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NASAfactsheet&quot; /&gt;&lt;br/&gt;({{val |1.28 |u=[[light-second|ls]]}}; 1/384 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]; {{val |1.001|ul=LD}})
| semimajor = {{val |384399 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}({{val |1.28 |u=[[light-second|ls]]}}; 1/389 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]; {{val |1 |ul=LD}})&lt;ref name=&quot;W06&quot;/&gt;
| eccentricity = {{val |0.0549}}&lt;ref name=&quot;W06&quot;/&gt;
| period = {{longitem |{{val|27.321661 |ul=d}}&lt;br /&gt;(27&amp;nbsp;d 7&amp;nbsp;h 43&amp;nbsp;min 11.5&amp;nbsp;s&lt;ref name=&quot;W06&quot;/&gt;)}}
| synodic_period = {{longitem|{{val |29.530589 |u=d}}&lt;br /&gt;(29&amp;nbsp;d 12&amp;nbsp;h 44&amp;nbsp;min 2.9&amp;nbsp;s)}}
| avg_speed = {{val|1.022|ul=km/s}}
| inclination = 5.145° to the [[ecliptic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lang2011&quot;/&gt;{{efn|name=inclination|Between 18.29° and 28.58° to Earth's [[equator]]&lt;ref name=&quot;W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;!--Wieczorek et al. 2006; 18.29° when the longitude of the Moon's ascending node is 180°, 28.58° when it is 0°--&gt;}}
| asc_node = {{longitem|[[Lunar precession#Nodal precession|Regressing]] by one revolution in 18.61&amp;nbsp;years}}
| arg_peri = {{longitem|[[Lunar precession#Apsidal precession|Progressing]] by one&lt;br /&gt; revolution in 8.85&amp;nbsp;years}}
| satellite_of = [[Earth]]{{efn|name=near-Earth asteroids}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Morais2002&quot;/&gt;
| flattening = {{val|0.0012}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NSSDC&quot;/&gt;
| equatorial_radius = {{val|1738.1 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}&lt;br /&gt;(0.2725 of Earth's)&lt;ref name=&quot;NSSDC&quot;/&gt;
| polar_radius = {{val|1736.0|u=km}}{{nbsp|2}}&lt;br /&gt;(0.2731 of Earth's)&lt;ref name=&quot;NSSDC&quot;/&gt;
| mean_radius = {{val|1737.4|u=km}}{{nbsp|2}}&lt;br /&gt;(0.2727 of Earth's)&lt;ref name=&quot;W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NSSDC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=David E. |last2=Zuber |first2=Maria T. |last3=Neumann |first3=Gregory A. |last4=Lemoine |first4=Frank G. |title=Topography of the Moon from the Clementine lidar |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |date=1997 |volume=102 |issue=E1 |page=1601 |doi=10.1029/96JE02940 |bibcode=1997JGR...102.1591S |hdl=2060/19980018849 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| circumference = {{val|10921|u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}([[equator]]ial)
| surface_area = {{val|3.793|e=7|u=km2}}{{nbsp|2}}&lt;br /&gt;(0.074 of Earth's)
| volume = {{val|2.1958|e=10|u=km3}}{{nbsp |2}}&lt;br /&gt;(0.02 of Earth's)&lt;ref name=&quot;NSSDC&quot;/&gt;
| mass = {{val|7.346|e=22|u=kg}}{{nbsp |2}}&lt;br /&gt;({{val|0.0123}} of Earth's)&lt;ref name=&quot;W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NSSDC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Top 10 of Everything |first=Paul |last=Terry |publisher=Octopus Publishing Group Ltd |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-600-62887-3 |page=226}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| density = {{val|3.344|ul=g/cm3}}&lt;ref name=&quot;W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NSSDC&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{val|0.606}} × Earth
| surface_grav = {{cvt|1.622|m/s2|ft/s2}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NSSDC&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{cvt|1.622|m/s2|g0|disp=out|lk=out}}
| moment_of_inertia_factor = {{val|0.3929|0.0009}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams1996&quot; /&gt;
| escape_velocity = {{convert|2.38|km/s|km/h mph|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=x|&lt;br /&gt;(|)}}
| rotation = {{longitem|{{val|29.530589|u=d}}&lt;br /&gt;(29&amp;nbsp;d 12&amp;nbsp;h 44&amp;nbsp;min 2.9&amp;nbsp;s;}}
| sidereal_day = {{val|27.321661|u=d}}{{nbsp|2}}(spin-orbit locked)
&lt;!-- Wieczorek et al. 2006 --&gt;| rot_velocity = {{nowrap|4.627 m/s}}
| axial_tilt = {{ublist|1.5424° to [[ecliptic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;SolarViews&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--1.533° according to Conn 2007--&gt;|6.687° to [[Orbital plane (astronomy)|orbit plane]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lang2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;!--6.4° according to Grego;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grego2005&quot;&gt;Grego, Peter, [https://books.google.com/books?id=z6Pgt9xEW9gC&amp;pg=PA48 ''The Moon and How to Observe It''], Springer, 2005&lt;/ref&gt; 6.6783° according to Conn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Conn2007&quot;&gt;Conn, David (2007); ''Lednorf's Dilemma'', AuthorHouse, Bloomington (IN)&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;|24° to Earth's equator&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Makemson |first=Maud W. |year=1971 |title=Determination of selenographic positions |journal=The Moon |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=293–308 |doi=10.1007/BF00561882 |bibcode=1971Moon....2..293M }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| epoch = [[J2000]]
| uncertainty = 0
| right_asc_north_pole = {{plainlist|
* {{RA|17|47|26}}
* 266.86°&lt;ref name=&quot;report&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Archinal |first1=B.A. |last2=A'Hearn |first2=M.F. |last3=Bowell |first3=E. |last4=Conrad |first4=A. |last5=Consolmagno |first5=G.J. |last6=Courtin |first6=R. |last7=Fukushima |first7=T. |last8=Hestroffer |first8=D. |last9=Hilton |first9=J.L. |last10=Krasinsky |first10=G.A. |last11=Neumann |first11=G. |last12=Oberst |first12=J. |last13=Seidelmann |first13=P. K. |last14=Stooke |first14=P. |last15=Tholen |first15=D.J. |last16=Thomas |first16=P.C. |last17=Williams |first17=I.P. |title=Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2009 |journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=101–135 |date=February 2011 |bibcode=2011CeMDA.109..101A |doi=10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
| declination = 65.64°&lt;ref name=&quot;report&quot; /&gt;
| albedo = {{val|0.136}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Saari&quot;/&gt;
| temp_name1 = Equator
| min_temp_1 = 100&amp;nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]]
| mean_temp_1 = 250&amp;nbsp;K
| max_temp_1 = 390&amp;nbsp;K&lt;ref name=Bugby_et_al_2010&gt;{{cite conference |last1=Bugby |first1=D.C. |last2=Farmer |first2=J.T. |last3=O'Connor |first3=B.F. |last4=Wirzburger |first4=M.J. |last5=Abel |first5=E.D. |last6=Stouffer |first6=C.J. |title=Two-Phase Thermal Switching System for a Small, Extended Duration Lunar Surface Science Platform |series=AIP Conference Proceedings |volume=1208 |pages=76–83 |date=January 2010 |bibcode=2010AIPC.1208...76B |hdl=2060/20100009810 |hdl-access=free |doi=10.1063/1.3326291}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| temp_name2 = 85°N&amp;nbsp;
| min_temp_2 = 
| mean_temp_2 = 150&amp;nbsp;K
| max_temp_2 = 230&amp;nbsp;K&lt;ref name=&quot;Vasavada1999&quot;/&gt;
| surface_equivalent_dose_rate = {{convert |1.369 |mSv/d |μSv/h |disp=out}}&lt;br /&gt;(during lunar daytime)&lt;ref name=&quot;surface-radiation&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang S, Wimmer-Schweingruber RF, Yu J, Wang C, Fu Q, Zou Y, Sun Y, Wang C, Hou D, Böttcher SI, Burmeister S |display-authors=6 |title=First measurements of the radiation dose on the lunar surface |journal=Science Advances |year=2020 |volume=6 |issue=39 |article-number=eaaz1334 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz1334 |pmc=7518862 |pmid=32978156 |bibcode=2020SciA....6.1334Z |quote=We measured an average total absorbed dose rate in silicon of 13.2 ± 1 μGy/hour ... LND measured an average dose equivalent of 1369 μSv/day on the surface of the Moon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| surface_absorbed_dose_rate = 13.2 μGy/h&lt;br /&gt;(during lunar [[daytime]])&lt;ref name=&quot;surface-radiation&quot;/&gt;
| magnitude = {{ublist|−2.5 to −12.9{{efn |name=maxval}}|−12.74{{nbsp |2}}(mean [[full moon]])&lt;ref name=&quot;NSSDC&quot;/&gt;}}
| abs_magnitude = 0.2&lt;ref name=&quot;IMCCE&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia – the brightest bodies |website=IMCCE |url=https://promenade.imcce.fr/en/pages1/101.html |access-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321023334/https://promenade.imcce.fr/en/pages1/101.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| angular_size = 29.3 to 34.1 [[arcminutes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NSSDC&quot;/&gt;{{efn |name=angular size}}
| atmosphere = trace
| atmosphere_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;L06&quot;/&gt;
| surface_pressure = 
| atmosphere_composition = {{hlist|[[Helium|He]]|[[Argon|Ar]]|[[Neon|Ne]]|[[Sodium|Na]]|[[Potassium|K]]|[[Hydrogen|H]]}}
}}
[[File:Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour.jpg|thumb|iNyanga edilingene]]

'''iNyanga''' (uphawu: [[file:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|16px|☾]]) iwukuphela [[Iduna|kweduna]] elizungeza [[uMhlaba]]. INyanga izungeza uMhlaba isebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayizi-384,399. INyanga iqeda uzungezo lwayo ngesikhathi esiyinyanga eyodwa, noma ngezinsuku ezingama-29.5. INyanga noMhlaba zibanjwe ukuheha [[UmNyondo|komnyondo]] onamandla emacaleni azo abukene. Lokhu kwenza kube neziphoqi zamabuya  okuyizona ezidala amabuya eMhlabeni, futhi zadonsa iNyanga ukuba ibuke uMhlaba ngohlangothi olulodwa kuphela. Lokhu kukhweqa kwamabuya ngokomphumela kwenza uzungezo lweNyanga (usuku lwayo) ukuba luhambisane nenkathi ezungeza ngayo uMhlaba (inyanga eyodwa).  

[[Uzungezohlelo lweLanga|Kuzungezohlelo lweLanga]], iNyanga iyiduna elikhulu nelinesisindo ukwedlula [[Umzulane oyisichwe|nemizulane esichwe]] eyaziwayo, futhi iyiduna lesihlanu elikhulu. Umnyondo wobuso bayo ulingana nengxenye eyodwa yesithupha yomnyondo woMhlaba, okuyisigamu somnyondo kaNotshezi, futhi ungowesibili omkhulu ezinyageni zozungezohlelo lweLanga kulandela inyanga kaMkhulukhulwana ebizwa uSontshaba. Umzimba weNyanga umahlukohluko futhi uhlabathi, unengcosana yamanzimbulunga, umoyambulunga newonga. Ubuso benyanga bumbozw nge-regolith, equkethe izincushuzo eziphafuke egobohleni ngenxa yokugadlazeke. Ingakho kuthiwa umaqubintuli, futhi igobohla lakhe [[Isigqabhozi sokugadlazeka|linezigqabhozi zokugadlazeka]] eziningi.  Inyanga yake yaba nobuqhebeqhebe bezintshabamlilo eminyakeni eyisigidinqindi (1.2 billion) edlule. Indabuko yeNyanga ayaziwa, kodwa kukhona abahlawumbisela ukuthi yabumbeka ngezithako zoMhlaba, ezaphafuka lapho ugadlazwa indikimba elingana noNotshezi ebizwa gokuthi uThiyana eminyakeni eyizigidinqindi ezi-4.51 edlule, ngemva kokubumbeka koMhlaba.

Ebangeni elikuyo, izimo zobusuku nemini zikamaqubintuli thina sizibona [[Izimo zenyanga|kuyizimo zenyanga]], nalapho iNyanga idlula ethunzini loMhlaba kuba [[UNyezibomvu|noNyezibomvu]].  Ubungako obubonwayo beNyanga esibhakabhakeni cishe balingana nobeLanga, okwenza ukwazi ukulisitheza ngokugcwele lapho [[Insitholanga|kunensitholanga]] egcwele. INyanga iyindikimba eqhakazayo ebusuku ngenxa yokulwentuza ukukhanya. 

INyanga ibilokhu ingumthombo obalulekile wogqozi nolwazi emlandweni ikakhulu kwezenkolo, ubuciko, [[Inzululwazi yemvelo]], nokundiza emkhathini. Izindizamkhathi zokuqala ezaya endikimbeni esemkhathini zaya eNyangeni, kusuka ngowe-1959 lapho kuyingeleza i-Luna 1 (eyathunyelwa i Soviet Union), Kanye ne- Luna 2 yaba nohlonze emhlabeni wonke, ezalandelwa ngowe-1966 umcababalo othambile we- Luna 9 nozungezo lwe- Luna 10. Abantu baqala ukunyatuela ebusweni heNyanga ngo July 20, 1969, besebenzisa indizamkhathi i-Apollo 11. Ngowe-1972,  kwase kuthunyelwe izindizamkhathi iziyisithupha, kwacababala abantu abayishumi nambili eNyangeni. Maduze kulindelwe ukuba uhlelo lwe-Artemis lubuyosele abantu eNyangeni.

==uMsukagama==
Igama lesiZulu elithi ''inyanga'' liyibizonto leduna loMhlaba elibonakala ngonyezi ebusuku. Aligcini ekubeni igama lendikimba esemkhathini njengoba kubalwa isikhathi ngokuhambisana nozungezo lwayo. Uzungezo olulodwa lezinsuku ezingama-29 lubizwa iNyanga. 
Umsuka walo usolimini olwandulela isintu kwelithi -mʊ̀gàngà elisebenza kokubili [[Inyanga (umelaphi)|kumuntu owelaphayo]] nasendikimbeni esemkhathini.

Ngokwesichazamazwi sikaVilakazi elinye igama lenyanga nguMaqibuntuli. Elithi 'unyezi' libhekisela ekukhanyeni kwayo ebusuku, lihlobene nesijobelelo esithi ''nyezi'' esisemagameni inkanyezi, ubhaqanyezi, iqhumanyezi.
Igama lesiZulu lokuhlonipha lenyanga elithi impengu nelithi inelekehle.

==uMlando wendalo==
=== Ukubumbeka kwayo ===
[[File:Big Splash Theia.gif|thumb|Umdwebo onyakazayo obonisa ukubumbeka kwenyanga lapho umzulane, obizwa uNomthiya, olingana noNotshezi ungqubuzana noMhlaba.]]

Ukuhlolwa kwamachembe ezangulo zenyanga kusikisela ukuthi inyanga yabumbeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 ngemuva kokuvela [[Uzungezohlelo lweLanga|kozungezohlelo lweLanga]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Early Moon formation inferred from hafnium-tungsten systematics |last1=Thiemens |first1=Maxwell M. |last2=Sprung |first2=Peter |last3=Fonseca |first3=Raúl O. C. |last4=Leitzke |first4=Felipe P. |last5=Münker |first5=Carsten |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=696–700 |date=July 2019 |doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0398-3 |pmid=39649009 |bibcode=2019NatGe..12..696T |pmc=7617097}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Age&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.universetoday.com/143025/the-moon-is-older-than-scientists-thought/ |title=The Moon is older than scientists thought |website=Universe Today |access-date=August 3, 2019 |archive-date=August 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803125139/https://www.universetoday.com/143025/the-moon-is-older-than-scientists-thought/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngokomlando, kunezindlela ezimbalwa eziphakanyiswayo zokubumbeka kwayo,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1602365 |pmid=28097222 |pmc=5226643 |journal=Science Advances |date=2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |title=Early formation of the Moon 4.51 billion years ago |last=Barboni |first=M. |author2=Boehnke, P. |author3=Keller, C. B. |author4=Kohl, I. E. |author5=Schoene, B. |author6=Young, E. D. |author7=McKeegan, K. D. |article-number=e1602365 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E2365B}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodwa ayikho enencazelo echaza izici zohlelo lwenyanga-nomhlaba ngokukholisayo. Abanye bathi inyanga iwucezu olwaklewuka eMhlabeni endulo, abanye bathi inyanga yayizidlulela emkhathini yabanjwa umnyondo woMhlaba, abanye bona bathi uMhlaba nenyanga zadalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kodwa asikho kuzo zonke lezi zihlawumbiselo, esichaza ngengoni yomjijiyane wohlelo lenyanga-nomhlaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=D. J. |title=Origin of the moon–The collision hypothesis |journal=[[Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences]] |date=1987 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=271–315 |bibcode=1987AREPS..15..271S |doi=10.1146/annurev.ea.15.050187.001415 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umchachiso oseqhulwini wohlelo lwenyanga-nomhlaba uthi inyanga yabumbeka lapho uMhlaba wanguna ugadlazwa indikimba ewumzulane olingana [[UNotshezi|noNotshezi]], ebizwa uNomthiya. Lokhu kugadlazeka kwaqhumisa futhi kwasakaza izingcezu zoMhlaba esibhakabhakeni futhi zaqala ukuzungeza uMhlaba futhi ihlumelelo lazo labumba inyanga&lt;ref name=&quot;taylor1998&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150416-asteroids-scars-moon-formation-space/ |title=Asteroids Bear Scars of Moon's Violent Formation |date=April 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008160812/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150416-asteroids-scars-moon-formation-space/ |archive-date=October 8, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; eduze nomngcele kaRoche.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Scaling in global tidal dissipation of the Earth–Moon system |last=van Putten |first=Maurice H. P. M. |journal=New Astronomy |volume=54 |pages=115–121 |date=July 2017 |doi=10.1016/j.newast.2017.01.012 |arxiv=1609.07474 |bibcode=2017NewA...54..115V }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuthiwa ukugadlazeka kwaloluhlobo kwakuyinsakavukela ezinsukwini zokuqala [[Uzungezohlelo lweLanga|kozungezohlelo lweLanga]]. Imifefenyeko yesicikizi yalokhu kungqubuzana iveza iziphumo ezifanayo futhi  ezihambisana nesisindo sikaMaqubintuli nengoni yomjijiyane wohlelo lwenyanga-noMhlaba. Le [[UmFefenyeko|mifefenyeko]] ibonisa ukuthi iningi lezakhi zenyanga livela endikimbeni eyagadlaza uMhlaba wanguna..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Canup |first=R. |author1-link=Robin Canup |author2=Asphaug, E. |title=Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of Earth's formation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2001-08-16_412_6848/page/708 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=412 |pages=708–712 |date=2001 |doi=10.1038/35089010 |pmid=11507633 |issue=6848 |bibcode=2001Natur.412..708C }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodwa, izinongo zowezi-2007 nakamuva zisikisela ukuthi ucezu olukhulu lwenyaga lwaluvela eMhlabeni wanguna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/12/071219-moon-collision.html |title=Earth–Asteroid Collision Formed Moon Later Than Thought |magazine=[[National Geographic]] |date=October 28, 2010 |access-date=May 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418171528/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/12/071219-moon-collision.html |archive-date=April 18, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=2008 Pellas-Ryder Award for Mathieu Touboul |journal=Meteoritics and Planetary Science |volume=43 |issue=S7 |pages=A11–A12 |date=2008 |bibcode=2008M&amp;PS...43...11K |last1=Kleine |first1=Thorsten |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2008.tb00709.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature06428 |title=Late formation and prolonged differentiation of the Moon inferred from W isotopes in lunar metals |date=2007 |last1=Touboul |first1=M. |last2=Kleine |first2=T. |last3=Bourdon |first3=B. |last4=Palme |first4=H. |last5=Wieler |first5=R. |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=450 |issue=7173 |pages=1206–1209 |pmid=18097403 |bibcode=2007Natur.450.1206T }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150408-moon-form-giant-impact-earth |title=Flying Oceans of Magma Help Demystify the Moon's Creation |magazine=[[National Geographic]] |date=April 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409220422/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150408-moon-form-giant-impact-earth/ |archive-date=April 9, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinye izindikimba zozungezohlelo lweLanga ezifana noNotshezi noma umhlabana obizwa uNovolo (Vesta), ngokweziphololwane ezikuyo, zinezigubo [[IChembe|zamachembe]] wesOhwe nomZithowe ahlukile kunawoMhlaba. Kodwa uMhlaba kanye neNyanga ziqukethe izigubo ezicishe zifana ncamashi. Ukulingana kwamachembe wohlelo lwenyanga-noMhlaba kungachazwa ngokokuxubana kwezithako ezihwamukeli okwenzeka emva kokungqubuzana, nakuba kunempikiswano ngalomchachiso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Nield |first=Ted |title=Moonwalk (summary of meeting at Meteoritical Society's 72nd Annual Meeting, Nancy, France) |magazine=[[Geoscientist (magazine)|Geoscientist]] |volume=19 |page=8 |date=2009 |url=http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/geoscientist/geonews/page6072.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927034348/http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/geoscientist/geonews/page6072.html |archive-date=September 27, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukugadlazeka koMhlaba kwadedela isidlakalasi esanele ukuba siketshezise (liquefy) kokubili ezingcezu ezivela eMhlabeni kanye negobohla loMhlaba, kanjalo kwabumbeka ulwandle lwentshekeza (magma).&lt;ref name=&quot;Warren1985&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Tonks |first=W. Brian |author2=Melosh, H. Jay |date=1993 |title=Magma ocean formation due to giant impacts |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=98 |issue=E3 |pages=5319–5333 |bibcode=1993JGR....98.5319T |doi=10.1029/92JE02726}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inyanga esanda kubunjwa kungenzeka yayinolwayo ulwandle lomtshekeza.

Nakuba lo mchachiso wokugadlazeka uchaza ngendlela eyenza umqondo ubufakazi obukhona, kusanemibuzo engakaphendulwa iningi layo ethinta isigubo senyanga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |author=Daniel Clery |title=Impact Theory Gets Whacked |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-10-11_342_6155/page/183 |volume=342 |pages=183–185 |date=October 11, 2013 |doi=10.1126/science.342.6155.183 |bibcode=2013Sci...342..183C |issue=6155 |pmid=24115419}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izinongo ezithi iNyanga yakhiwe ngoMhlaba wanguna zikuthola kunzima ukucacisa imininingo yezinhlwa zevange ezifana neZambedu, isOhwe,, iSiphemba nezinye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Zirconium isotope constraints on the composition of Theia and current Moon-forming theories |first1=W. |last1=Akram |first2=M. |last2=Schönbächler |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=449 |date=September 1, 2016 |pages=302–310 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.022 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.449..302A |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/117905 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ucwaningo lowezi-2022, olwasebenzisa umfefenyeko womgqamophezulu lwathola ukuthi ukugadlazeka okunjalo kunamandla wokudala iduna elinesisindo nesiqikili sensimbi esingangesinyanga emkhathini ukuba lizungeze uMhlaba likude nomngcele kaRoche. Ngisho [[Isivoko|nezivoko]] ezidlula emngceleni kaRoche ziyakwazi ukuqhubeka zisebenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kegerreis |first1=J.A. |last2=Ruiz-Bonilla |first2=S. |last3=Eke |first3=V.R. |last4=Massey |first4=R.J. |last5=Sandnes |first5=T.D. |last6=Teodoro |first6=L.F.A. |display-authors=1 |date=October 4, 2022 |title=Immediate Origin of the Moon as a Post-impact Satellite |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=937 |issue=L40 |pages=L40 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac8d96 |arxiv=2210.01814 |bibcode=2022ApJ...937L..40K |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mhla zil-1 kuNovemba wezi-2023, osonzululwazi babika ukuthi ngokwemifefenyeko yesicikizi, izinsalela zikaNomthiya kungenzeka zisekhona eMhlabeni.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20231101&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=A 'Big Whack' Formed the Moon and Left Traces Deep in Earth, a Study Suggests – Two enormous blobs deep inside Earth could be remnants of the birth of the moon. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/01/science/moon-formation-theia.html |date=November 1, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101164127/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/01/science/moon-formation-theia.html |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |access-date=February 23, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NAT-20231101&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Yuan |first1=Qian |last2=Li |first2=Mingming |last3=Desch |first3=Steven J. |last4=Ko |first4=Byeongkwan |last5=Deng |first5=Hongping |last6=Garnero |first6=Edward J. |last7=Gabriel |first7=Travis S. J. |last8=Kegerreis |first8=Jacob A. |last9=Miyazaki |first9=Yoshinori |last10=Eke |first10=Vincent |last11=Asimow |first11=Paul D. |title=Moon-forming impactor as a source of Earth's basal mantle anomalies |journal=Nature |date=2 November 2023 |volume=623 |issue=7985 |pages=95–99 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06589-1 |pmid=37914947 |bibcode=2023Natur.623...95Y }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|Umhlaba enyanga ngoKhisimusi 1968
File:Aldrin Apollo 11 original.jpg|Abahambi amafu: u[[Neil Armstrong]] ubethatha isithombe ngo-[[Buzz Aldrin]] enyanga, 1969
File:Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpg|Ukuhlwa kwelanga ngo-1999
File:STEREO-B solar eclipse.jpg|Inyanga phambi kwelanga ngo-2007&lt;ref&gt;Tony Phillips [https://science.nasa.gov/Science@NASA]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Stereo Eclipse 12 March 2007|17 March 2010|[https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610082213/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm |date=2008-06-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Main lunar core en.jpg|Amaqeqeba wenyanga
File:Lunar libration with phase Oct 2007 (continuous loop).gif|Izikhathi wenyanga
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Uhambo amafu]]
[[Category:Ukufunda umkhathi]]</text>
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    <title>The Ambassadors (Holbein)</title>
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| image_file=Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_The_Ambassadors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
| title=The Ambassadors
| artist=[[Hans Holbein the Younger]]
| year=1533
| type=[[Oil painting|Oil]] on [[oak]]
| height=207
| width=209.5
| city=[[ILondon]]
| museum=[[National Gallery, London|National Gallery]]}}

'''''The Ambassadors''''' (1533) singumdwebo nga-[[Hans Holbein the Younger]] e-[[National Gallery, London]].

{{stub}}

== References ==

*{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.2307/751384
| issn = 0075-4390
| volume = 62
| pages = 93–125
| last1 = Dekker
| first1 = Elly
| last2 = Lippincott
| first2 = Kristen
| title = The Scientific Instruments in Holbein's Ambassadors: A Re-Examination
| journal = Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
| year = 1999
| ref = harv
| publisher = The Warburg Institute
| jstor = 751384
}}
*{{cite book|first=Susan |last=Foister|coauthors=Ashok Roy and Martin Wyld|title=Making and Meaning: Holbein's Ambassadors|publisher=National Gallery Publications|location=London|year=1997|isbn=1857091736}}
*{{cite book|first=Mary |last=Hervey|title=Holbein's Ambassadors: The Picture and the Men|publisher=George Bell and Sons|location=London|year=1900}}
*{{cite journal|first=Giles |last=Hudson|title=The Vanity of the Sciences|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-science_2003-04_60_2/page/201 |journal=Annals of Science|volume=60 |issue=2|date=April, 2003|pages=201–205|doi=10.1080/0003379021000047112}}
*{{cite book |first=Christin J. |last=Mamiya |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages 12th ed|publisher=Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning, Inc|location=California|year=2005|isbn=0155050907}}
*{{cite book|first=John |last=North|title=The Ambassadors' Secret: Holbein and the World of the Renaissance|publisher=Phoenix|location=London|year=2004|isbn=184212661X}}
*{{cite book|first=John |last=Rowlands|title=Holbein: The Paintings of Hans Holbein the Younger|publisher=David R. Godine|location=Boston|year=1985|isbn=0879235780}}
*{{cite book|first=Jeanette |last=Zwingenberger|title=The Shadow of Death in the Work of Hans Holbein the Younger|publisher=Parkstone Press|location=London|year=1999|isbn=1859954928}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://www.googleartproject.com/museums/nationalgallery/the-ambassadors Google ''Art Project'' HQ scan of the painting]
*[http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/4/holbein/hans-holbein-the-younger-the-ambassadors.html Educational film on the painting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322003423/https://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/4/holbein/hans-holbein-the-younger-the-ambassadors.html |date=2023-03-22 }}
*[http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/work?workNumber=NG1314 The National Gallery article on the painting]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060423155438/http://www.newcastle.edu.au/school/fine-art/arttheoryessaywritingguide/analysisofhansholbeinstheambassadors.html Essay on the meaning of the painting]
*[http://smarthistory.us/site/the-reformation/holbein-ambassadors smARThistory: ''The Ambassadors'']{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite web
 | last = Quaerentia | title = Holbein's The Ambassadors:  unlocking hidden mysteries |date = 2009-07-21 
 | url=http://markmeynell.wordpress.com/2009/07/21/holbein%E2%80%99s-the-ambassadors-unlocking-hidden-mysteries
 | accessdate = 2012-02-17}}


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| Name = Isifo sohudo
| Image = Multiple rotavirus particles.jpg
| Caption = I-electron micrograph [[ye-rotavirus]], yimbangela ecishe ibe-40% yokulaliswa esibhedlela ngenxa yesifo sohudo ebantwaneni abangaphansi kweminyaka yobudala emihlanu.&lt;ref name=WHO2010a/&gt;
| DiseasesDB = 3742
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|09||a|00}}, {{ICD10|K|59|1|k|55}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|787.91}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus = 003126
| eMedicineSubj = ped
| eMedicineTopic = 583
| MeshID = D003967
}}

&lt;!-- Definition and Characteristics --&gt;
'''Uhudo''' or '''ukukhishwa yisisu''' yisimo sokukaka into ethambile noma engamanzi okungenani izikhathi ezintathu  [[ukunyakaza kwesisu]] ngosuku.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;  --&gt; Kujwayele ukuthi kube yizinsukwana ezimbalwa kanti futhi kungaholela [[ekuphelelweni amanzi emzimbeni]] ngenxa yokulahlekelwa amanzi amaningi.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;  --&gt; Izimpawu zokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni zijwayele ukuqala ngokuphelelwa ukunwebeka okujwayelekile kwesikhumba kanye nokushintsha kwendlela umuntu ayiyo.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;  --&gt; Lokhu kungaqhubeka kunciphise [[ukuchama]], [[ukushintsha kombala wesikhumba|ukulahlekelwa umbala wesikhumba]],  [[ukushaya kwenhliziyo ngendlela engajwayelekile|ukushaya kwenhliziyo ngamandla]], kanye [[nokwehla kwezinga lokunaka|ukwehla kwezinga lokuphendula]] ngenkathi kuya kulokhu kukuqinisa.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;  --&gt;Amakaka athambile kodwa angemanzi ebantwaneni  [[abancela ubisi lwebele]], kungenzeka, kube yinto ejwayelekile.&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;

&lt;!-- Cause and Diagnosis --&gt;
Imbangela ejwayelekile kuvamise ukuba ukutheleleka ngesifo [[samathumbu]] kungaba ngenxa [[yegciwane]], [[ibhaktheriya]], [[isilwanyana esiphila ngokudla igazi]], noma isimo esaziwa [[gastroenteritis]].&lt;!--&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt; --&gt;Lokhu kutheleleka ngezifo kuvamise ukutholakala ekudleni noma emanzini angcoliswe amakaka, noma komunye umuntu naye othelelekile.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt; --&gt; Kungahlukaniswa kube yizinhlobo ezintathu: uhudo olungamanzi lwesikhathi esifishane, uhudo olunegazi lwesikhathi esifishane, kanti uma kuqhubeka kuze kuphele amasonto angaphezulu kwamabili, kubizwa ngohudo olubeleselayo.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt; --&gt; Uhudo olungamanzi lwesikhathi esifishane lungaba yimbangela yokuthelelwa [[ikholera]].&lt;!--&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt; &amp;nbsp;--&gt;&amp;nbsp;Uma kunegazi kuphinde kwaziwe ngokuthi [[dysentery]].&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;&amp;nbsp;Zikhona nezinye izinto eziningi ezingabanga uhudo kodwa ezingathelelani ngezifo ezifana: [[hyperthyroidism]], [[okungezwani ne-esidi]], [[isifo sokuvuvukala kwamathumbu]], imithi eminingi, kanye [[nesifo samathumbu angakwazi ukubekezelela okuthile]] phakathi kokunye.&lt;ref name=CEM2013&gt;{{cite book|last1=Doyle|first1=edited by Basem Abdelmalak, D. John|title=Anesthesia for otolaryngologic surgery|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=1107018676|pages=282–287}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezikhathini eziningi [[izintwana ezihlala emakakeni]] azidingeki ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yizo yini imbangela.&lt;ref name=NEJM2014/&gt;

&lt;!-- Prevention and Treatment --&gt;
Indlela esingavikela ngayo ukutheleleka ngohudo kungaba ukwenza ngcono [[ukuthuthwa kwendle]], [[ukuphuza amanzi]] ahlanzekile, kanye [[nokuwasha izandla]].&lt;!--&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt; --&gt;[[Ukuncelisa ubisi lwebele]] okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha zokuqala kuyanconywa ngoba kuwumgomo [[rotavirus |wokugomela igciwane le-rotavirus]].&lt;!--&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt; --&gt; [[Ukwelashwa kokoma ngokuphuza ngomlomo|ingxube eyisisombululo sokoma ephuzwa ngomlomo]] (i-ORS), okungamanzi ahlanzekile anosawoti ongemningi kanye [[noshukela]], yikona kwelapha ongakukhetha.&lt;!--&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt; --&gt;[[I-zinc#esiza ekudleni|amaphilisi e-zinc]] nawo ayanconywa.&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;Lokhu kwelapha kulinganiselwa ekusindiseni izingane eziyizigidi ezingama-50 eminyakeni engama-25 eyedlule.&lt;ref name=WHO2010a&gt;{{cite web |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf |title=whqlibdoc.who.int |format=PDF |work=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=2015-07-14 |archive-date=2010-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108051648/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598415_eng.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uma abantu benesifo sohudo kuyanconywa ukuthi baqhubeke nokudla ukudla okunempilo kanti nabantwana baqhubeke nokunceliswa ubisi lwebele.&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt; Uma ingxube yokuphuza eyi-ORS edayisayo ingekho, ungasebenzisa ozenzele yona ekhaya.&lt;ref name=Prober2012&gt;{{cite book|last1=Prober|first1=edited by Sarah Long, Larry Pickering, Charles G.|title=Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|location=Edinburgh|isbn=9781455739851|page=96|edition=4th |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=TN2Gu2Af1BIC&amp;pg=PA96}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kulabo asebephelelwe amanzi kakhulu emzimbeni, kungase kudingeke ukuthi bafakelwe amanzi ngemithambo yegazi okwaziwa, [[intravenous fluids]].&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt; Isikhathi esiningi; kodwa, kungalungiseka nangokuphuza izinto eziluketshezi ngomlomo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=ACEP|title=Nation’s Emergency Physicians Announce List of Test and Procedures to Question as Part of Choosing Wisely Campaign|url=http://www.choosingwisely.org/nations-emergency-physicians-announce-list-of-test-and-procedures-to-question-as-part-of-choosing-wisely-campaign/|website=Choosing Wisely|accessdate=18 June 2014|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517042652/http://www.choosingwisely.org/nations-emergency-physicians-announce-list-of-test-and-procedures-to-question-as-part-of-choosing-wisely-campaign/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Okulwa namagciwane]]s, noma kungajwayele ukusetshenziswa, kunganconywa kulabo abanohudo olunegazi kanye nokushisa kakhulu komzimba, labo abakhishwa isisu kakhulu emva kohambo ngemoto[[uhudo ngohambo ngemoto|ukukhishwa yisisu emva kohambo ngemoto]], kanye nalabo abamilwa yibhakutheriya ethile noma izilwanyana eziphila ngegazi emakakeni abo.&lt;ref name=NEJM2014/&gt; [[I-loperamide]] ingasiza ukunciphisa izikhathi zokunyakaza kwesisu kodwa akunconywa kulabo abanesifo esinamandla.&lt;ref name=NEJM2014&gt;{{cite journal|last1=DuPont|first1=HL|title=Acute infectious diarrhea in immunocompetent adults.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2014-04-17_370_16/page/1532|journal=The New England journal of medicine|date=Apr 17, 2014|volume=370|issue=16|pages=1532–40|pmid=24738670|doi=10.1056/nejmra1301069}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Epidemiology and Prognosis --&gt;
Balinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-1.7 kuya kwezi-5 abantu ababa nesifo sohudo ngonyaka.&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=CEM2013/&gt; Kujwayeleke kakhulu [[emazweni asathuthuka]], lapho izingane ezincane ziba nesifo sohudo okungenani kathathu onyakeni.&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt; Emhlabeni jikelele, ngonyaka wezi-2012, yikho okuyimbangela ejwayelekile [[yokushona kwezingane|yokushona ezinganeni]] ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu yobudala (isigidi esiyi-0.76 noma 11%).&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2013/&gt; Iziqubu ezijwayelekile zohudo zivamise ukubangelwa [[ukungondleki]] kanti futhi yikho okuyimbangela kulabo abancane abangaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu yobudala.&lt;ref name=WHO2013&gt;{{cite web|title=Diarrhoeal disease Fact sheet N°330|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/|website=World Health Organization|accessdate=18 June 2014|date=April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinye izinkinga zesikhathi eside zingaba imiphumela yokungakhuli kahle komzimba nengqondo.&lt;ref name=CDC2013&gt;{{cite web|title=Global Diarrhea Burden|url=http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/diarrhea-burden.html|website=CDC|accessdate=18 June 2014|date=January 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Amareferensi==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Ezempilo]]</text>
      <sha1>71vgtlyqcg4w3n0msoxeye11dq4ht4t</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ithoyilethe lomgodi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-08T20:45:52Z</timestamp>
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        <id>15036</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>127099</origin>
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      <text bytes="8987" sha1="nwq63ednv859c6v5wq8pe28c1pvz5jx" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Defecating into a pit (schematic) Zulu.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Ukudweba indlu yangasese yomgodi okulula ngokusebenzisa ipani lokuzikhulula kanye nesembozo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=WEDC|title=Latrine slabs: an engineer’s guide, WEDC Guide 005|publisher=Water, Engineering and Development Centre The John Pickford Building School of Civil and Building Engineering Loughborough University|isbn=978 1 84380 143 6|pages=22|url=http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/booklets/G005-Latrine-slabs-on-line.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
 &lt;!-- Definition and benefits --&gt;
I-'''ndlu yangasese yomgodi''' noma '''ithoyilethe lomgodi''' wuhlobo [[lwendlu yangasese]] eqoqa [[indle yabantu]] emgodini emhlabathini. Aziwasebenzisi amanzi noma zisebenzisa amancane angaba amalitha amathathu abawathelayo ukuhambisa indle endlini yangasese enomgodi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Till2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph. and Zurbrügg, C.|title=Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies|date=2014|publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)|location=Dübendorf, Switzerland|isbn=9783906484570|edition=2|url=http://www.sandec.ch/compendium}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uma zakheke kahle futhi zinakekeleka kahle zingakunciphisa ukusabalala kwezifo ngokunciphisa inani lendle yabantu endalweni okutholakala [[ngokuhlala kwendle obala]].&lt;ref name=WHO3.4/&gt;&lt;ref name=UN2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Call to action on sanitation|url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf|website=United Nations|accessdate=15 August 2014|format=pdf|archive-date=13 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513064157/http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokhu kunciphisa ukudluliseka [[kwamagciwane]] phakathi kwendle kanye nokudla kwezimpukane.&lt;ref name=WHO3.4/&gt; Lawa magciwane yiwona ayimbangela enkulu [[yesifo sohudo]] kanye [[ne-helminthiasis|nokuba nezikelemu]].&lt;ref name=UN2015/&gt;  Isifo sokuho esithathelanayo sabangela ukushona kwezingane eziyizigidi eziyi-0.7 ezineminyaka engaphansi kwemihlanu ngonyaka wezi-2011 kanye nokuphutha esikoleni izinsuku eziyizigidi ezingama-250.&lt;ref name=UN2015/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=CL|last2=Rudan|first2=I|last3=Liu|first3=L|last4=Nair|first4=H|last5=Theodoratou|first5=E|last6=Bhutta|first6=ZA
 |last7=O'Brien|first7=KL|last8=Campbell|first8=H|last9=Black|first9=RE|title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-20-26-2013_381_9875/page/1405|journal=Lancet|date=Apr 20, 2013|volume=381|issue=9875|pages=1405–16|pmid=23582727|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60222-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izindlu zangasese zomgodi yiyona ndlela eshibhile yokuhlukanisa indle nabantu.&lt;ref name=WHO3.4/&gt;

&lt;!-- Ukwakhiwa nokuthululwa--&gt;Indlu yangasese yomgodi ivamise ukuba nezingxenye ezintathu ezinkulu: umgodi emhlabathini, itshe noma iphansi elinembob encane, kanye nesembozo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Till2014&quot; /&gt; Indlu yangasese yomgodi ivamise ukuba ngamamitha ama-3&amp;nbsp; (izinyawo ezi-10&amp;nbsp;) ukuya phansi kanaye nemitha eli-1 (izinyawo ezi-3.2) ukuya eceleni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Till2014&quot; /&gt;  [[INhlangano yezempilo yomhlaba]] incoma ukuthi kwakhiwe kuqhelelane nomuzi ukuze kungatholakali amagciwane ahogelwayo.&lt;ref name=WHO3.4/&gt; Ukuba kude kusuka [[emanzini angaphansi]] kanye [[namanzi angaphezulu]] kumele kube kukhulu ukuze kugwemeke ukunukubezeka kwamanzi. Imbobo esetsheni eliphansi akumele ibe ngaphezulu kwamasentimitha angama-25 (9.8 amayintshi) ukuvikela izingane zingaweli phakathi.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO3.4/&gt; --&gt; Kumele ukugweme ukungena kwelanga emgodini wendlu yangasese ukuze kunciphe ukungena kwezimpukane.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO3.4/&gt; --&gt; Lokhu kungadinga ukuthi kusetshenziswe isivalo ukuze simboze umgodi uma ungasetshenziswa.&lt;ref name=WHO3.4&gt;{{cite web|title=Simple pit latrine (fact sheet 3.4)|url=http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/Js13461e/3.4.html|website=who.int|date=1996|accessdate=15 August 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223440/http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/Js13461e/3.4.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uma umgodi ugcwala uze ufike ku-0.5 wemitha (izinyawo eziyi-1.6) phezulu, kumele uthululwe noma kumbiwe umgodi omusha endaweni entsha.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIP2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=François Brikké|title=Linking technology choice with operation and maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9241562153|page=108|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241562153.pdf|access-date=2015-09-19|archive-date=2005-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105100412/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241562153.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukulawula [[udaka lwendle]] olukhishwe emgodini kunzima. Kungaba nobungozi endalweni nakwezempilo uma kungenziwanga ngendlela eyiyo.

&lt;!-- Improvements --&gt;Indlu yangasese yomgodi ingathuthukiswa ngezindlela eziningi. Eyokuqala kungaba ukufaka ipayipi elizokhipha iphunga lisuke ngaphakathi emgodini liphumele ngaphandle ngaphezulu kwesakhiwo leso.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=VIP2003/&gt; --&gt; Lokhu kwenza ngcono ukungena komoya kuphinde kunciphise nephunga lendlu yangasese.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=VIP2003/&gt; --&gt; Kuphinde kunciphise nezimpukane uma ingaphezulu lepayipi livalwe ngento ebizwa nge-mesh (imvamisa isuke yakhiwe [[nge-fiberglass (ukhethe olusangilasi oluxutshwe noplastiki)]]).&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=VIP2003/&gt; --&gt; Kulezi zinhlobo zezindlu zangasese asidingeki isivalo sokuvalaumgodi ophansi.&lt;ref name=VIP2003/&gt; Okunye okungenziwa ukwenza ngcono lezi zindlu zangasese kubandakanya iphansi elakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi uketshezi lungene emgodini bese kuthi ingaphezulu lomgodi lakhiwe ngezitini noma ngosimende ukuze liqine kahle.&lt;ref name=&quot;Till2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=VIP2003/&gt; 

&lt;!-- Usage, Society and Culture --&gt;Ngokwezibalo zangowezi-2013 izindlu zangasese zomgodi zisetshenziswa abantu abayizigidigidi ezingu.1.77.&lt;ref name=Graham2013&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Graham|first1=JP|last2=Polizzotto|first2=ML|title=Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review.|journal=Environmental health perspectives|date=May 2013|volume=121|issue=5|pages=521–30|pmid=23518813|doi=10.1289/ehp.1206028}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokhu kujwayeleke kakhulu [[esizweni esisathuthuka|emhlabeni osathuthuka]] kanjalo [[nasezindaweni zasemakhaya]] kanye nasezindaweni [[ezisemaphandleni]]. Ngonyaka wezi-2011 abantu abangalinganiselwa ezigidigidini ezingu-2.5 babengenazo izindlu zangasese ezisesimweni esihle kwathi abayisigidigidi esisodwa baqoma [[ukuzikhulula ezindaweni ezivulekile]] ngalapho behlala khona.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN2014Report&quot; /&gt; [[E-Asia eseNingizimu]] kanye [[ne-Afrika ese-Sub-Saharan]] yizona zindawo ezingenazo izindlu zangasese.&lt;ref name=UN2014Report&gt;{{cite book|title=Progress on sanitation and drinking-water - 2014 update.|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=9789241507240|pages=16–20|url=http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf|format=pdf|access-date=2015-09-19|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171208/http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/JMP_report_2014_webEng.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emazweni asathuthuka indlu yangasese yomgodi ibiza phakathi kuka-25 no-60 USD.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiley-Blackwell&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Selendy|first1=Janine M. H.|title=Water and sanitation-related diseases and the environment challenges, interventions, and preventive measures|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=9781118148600|page=25|edition=|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=nZlS4ZfUOZUC&amp;pg=PA25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukuyinakekela okuqhubekayo kubiza phakathi kuka-1.5 no-4 USD umuntu ngamunye ngonyaka okuyizinto ezingavamisile ukubhekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa Where Do We Stand?|date=2013|publisher=Intl Water Assn|isbn=9781780405414|page=161|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=_CkDAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA161}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwezinye izingxenye zezindawo zasemakhaya [[e-India]] kusetshenziswe umkhankaso obizwa nge-&quot;No Toilet, No Bride&quot; (okungukuthi uma ungenayo indlu yangasese angeke umthole umfazi) ukukhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zangasese ngokugqugquzela abesifazane ukuthi banqabe ukushada nendoda engenayo indlu yangasese.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cambridge University Press&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Global Problems, Smart Solutions: Costs and Benefits|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107435247|page=623|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=g9tRAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA623}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://blogs.worldbank.org/impactevaluations/haryanas-scarce-women-tell-potential-suitors-no-loo-no-i-do-guest-post-by-yaniv-stopnitzky|title = Haryana's scarce women tell potential suitors: &quot;No loo, no I do&quot;|date = 12 December 2011|accessdate = 17 November 2014|website = Development Impact|publisher = Blog of World Bank|last = Stopnitzky|first = Yaniv}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Amareferensi==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ezempilo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ukungondleki</title>
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      <comment>Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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| Name           = Ukungondleki
| Image          = Orange ribbon.svg
| Caption        = Iribhini elisawolintshi— [[iribhini lokuqwashisa]] ngokungondleki.
| Width = 120
| DiseasesDB     = 
| ICD10          =
| ICD9           = 263.9
| ICDO           =
| OMIM           =
| MedlinePlus    = 000404
| eMedicineSubj  = ped
| eMedicineTopic = 1360
| MeshID         = D044342
 }}
&lt;!-- Incazelo kanye neziMpawu --&gt;
'''Ukungondleki''' noma '''ukungabi namsoco''' isimo esidalwa ukudla okungenazo [[izakhimzimba]] ezanele noma okunezakhamzimba eziningi zize zibange izifo.&lt;ref&gt;{{DorlandsDict|five/000062745|malnutrition}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FFL2010&gt;{{cite book|first1=UNICEF|title=Facts for life|date=2010|publisher=United Nations Children's Fund|location=New York|isbn=978-92-806-4466-1|pages=61 and 75|edition=4th ed.|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|access-date=2015-09-19|archive-date=2018-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izakhamzimba ezibalwayo zingabandakanya: [[amakhalori]], [[amaprotheni]], [[isitashi]], [[amavithamini]] noma [[izinto ezidingekayo ekudleni|amaminerali]].&lt;ref name=FFL2010/&gt; Kuvamise ukusetshenziselwa ukubiza  '''ukudla okungenazo izakhamzimba ezanele''' uma amakhalori, iphrotheni noma  [[izakhamzimba ezincane ezibalulekile]] engenele; kodwa, kuphinde kubandakanye [[ukudla okunezakhamzimba eziningi ngokweqile]].&lt;ref name=Young2012&gt;{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=E.M.|title=Food and development|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=9781135999414|pages=36–38|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&amp;pg=PA36}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Jones2011&gt;{{cite book|title=Essentials of International Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=9781449667719|page=194|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&amp;pg=PA194}}&lt;/ref&gt;Uma ukushoda kwezakhamzimba kwenzeka ngesikhathi [[ukhulelwe]] noma ngaphambi kweminyaka emibili yobudala kungase kudale izinkinga zesikhathi eside ekukhuleni ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo.&lt;ref name=FFL2010/&gt; Ukungabi nawo kakhulu umsoco, okwaziwa [[ngendlala]], kungaba nezimpawu ezibandakanya: ukuba mfishane, umzimba owondile, amazinga aphansi kakhulu omdlandla, kanye nokuvuvukala kwemilenze kanye [[nesisu]].&lt;ref name=FFL2010/&gt;&lt;ref name=Young2012/&gt;Abantu futhi bavamise ukuthola izifo kanti futhi bajwayele [[ne-hypothermia, ukwehla kakhulu kwamazinga okushisa komzimba okungaba yingozi|ukugodola]].&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=Young2012/&gt; --&gt; Izimpawu [[zokungabi nazo izakhamzimba ezincane ezibalulekile]] kuya ngokuthi yisiphi isakhamzimba esishodayo.&lt;ref name=Young2012/&gt;

&lt;!-- Cause --&gt;
Ukungabi nawo umsoco imvamisa kudalwa ukungatholi ukudla okusezingeni eliphezulu esingakudla.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Lokhu kuvamise ukudalwa amanani aphezulu okudla kanye [[nenhlupheko]].&lt;ref name=FFL2010/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Uma ungazange [[uncelise ubisi lwebele]] kungase kube nomthelela, ngoba eziningi [[zezifo ezithelelanayo]] ezifana: [[ne-gastroenteritis (ukuvuvukala kwesisu namathumbu)]], [[inyumoniya]], [[umalaleveva]] kanye [[nesimungumungwana]] okukwenyusa isidingo somsoco wezakhamzimba.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zokungabi namsoco: [[ukungabi namsoco wephrotheni yamandla]] kanye nokungabi namsoco ekudleni esikudlayo.&lt;ref name=Jones2011/&gt; Ukungabi namsoco wephrotheni yamandla kunezindlela ezimbili ezimbi kakhulu: [[i-marasmus]] (ukuntuleka kwephrotheni nekhalori) kanye [[nekhwashu]] (ukuntuleka kwephrotheni).&lt;ref name=Young2012/&gt; Ukungabi khona komsoco okujwayelekile kubandakanya: ukuntuleka [[ukushoda kwe-ayoni|i-ayoni]], [[ukushoda kwe-ayodini|i-ayodini]] kanye [[nokushoda kukavithamini A|vithamini A]].&lt;ref name=Young2012/&gt; Ngesikhathi [[sokukhulelwa]], ngenxa yokunyuka kwesidingo salezi zakhamzimba, ukushoda kwazo kuba yinto ejwayelekile.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Konje|first1=editor, Mala Arora ; co-editor, Justin C.|title=Recurrent pregnancy loss|date=2007|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788184480061|edition=2nd ed.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamanye [[amazwe asathuthuka]] ukuba nomsoco ongaphezulu kodingekayo ngokuba [[yisidudla]] sekuthanda ukujwayeleka emphakathini njengokungabi namsoco.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Progress For Children: A Report Card On Nutrition|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=2015-09-19|archive-date=2021-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112154958/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinye izimbangela zokungondleki zibandakanya [[i-anorexia nervosa (ukonda ngokweqile)]] kanye [[ne-bariatric surgery]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Prentice|first1=editor-in-chief, Benjamin Caballero ; editors, Lindsay Allen, Andrew|title=Encyclopedia of human nutrition|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780080454283|page=68|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&amp;pg=RA1-PA68}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781455738120|page=324|edition=6th ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&amp;pg=PA324}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubantu [[abadala]] ukungondleki kuba yimvamisa ngenxa yezinto ezithinta umzimba, ingqondo kanye nenhlalakahle.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=editors|first1=Ronnie A. Rosenthal, Michael E. Zenilman, Mark R. Katlic,|title=Principles and practice of geriatric surgery|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=9781441969996|page=78|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&amp;pg=PA87}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Treatment --&gt;
Imizamo yokwenza ngcono [[izakhamzimba]] yizona zindlela ezisebenzayo [[zokusiza ukukhula]].&lt;ref name=UK2012/&gt; Ukuncelisa ubisi lwebele nakho kunganciphisa ukungondleki kanye nokushona ebantwaneni,&lt;ref name=FFL2010/&gt; kanti nemizamo yokukhuthaza ukwenziwa kwalokhu iyawenyusa amazinga.&lt;ref name=Bh2013/&gt; Ezinganeni ezincane ukuzinika ukudla phezu kobisi lwebele uma sebephakathi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya eminyakeni emibili kuyenza ngcono imiphumela.&lt;ref name=Bh2013/&gt; Kukhona nobufakazi obuhle obeseka [[izinsiza zokudla|ukusebenzisa izinsiza zokudla]] ezitholakala emsocweni odingekayo ngesikhathi ukhulelwe nasezinganeni ezincane ezweni elithuthukayo.&lt;ref name=Bh2013/&gt; Ukuyisa ukudla kubantu abakudinga kakhulu okungaba ukuhambisa ukudla kanye nokuhambisa imali ukuze abantu bezothenga ukudla ezitolo eziseduze nabo nakho kuyasebenza.&lt;ref name=UK2012/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Food Programme, Cash and Vouchers for Food|url=http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/communications/wfp246176.pdf|website=WFP.org|accessdate=5 July 2014|date=April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukunika abantu ukudla esikoleni kuphela akwenele.&lt;ref name=UK2012/&gt; Ukulawulwa kokungondleki okukhulu ekhaya lalowo muntu [[ukudla okwelaphayo#Ukudla okwelaphayo osekulungele ukudliwa|ukudla okwelaphayo osekulungele ukudliwa]] kungenzeka isikhathi esiningi.&lt;ref name=Bh2013/&gt; Kulabo abangondlekile okwenziwa nzima ezinye izimo zezempilo kunconywa ukuthi balashelwe esibhedlela.&lt;ref name=Bh2013/&gt; Lokhu kuvamise ukubandakanya ukulawula [[i-hypoglycemia (ukukhuphuka kwezinga likashukela)|ukwehla kwezinga likashukela egazini]], [[i-hypothermia (isimo sokwehla kakhulu okuyingozi kwezinga lokushisa emzimbeni)|izinga lokushisa emzimbeni]], [[ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni]], kanye nokudla kancane kancane.&lt;ref name=Bh2013/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2003&gt;{{cite book|first1=World Health Organization. Authors: Ann Ashworth|title=Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9241546093}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kunconywa ukuphuzwa [[kwama-antibiotic]] ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lobungozi besifo.&lt;ref name=WHO2003/&gt; Izindlela zesikhathi eside zibandakanya: ukuthuthukisa ezolimo,&lt;ref name=solcultivateplanet&gt;{{cite journal |author=Jonathan A. Foley, Navin Ramankutty, Kate A. Brauman, Emily S. Cassidy, James S. Gerber, Matt Johnston, Nathaniel D. Mueller, Christine O’Connell, Deepak K. Ray, Paul C. West, Christian Balzer, Elena M. Bennett, Stephen R. Carpenter, Jason Hill1, Chad Monfreda, Stephen Polasky1, Johan Rockström, John Sheehan, Stefan Siebert, David Tilman1, David P. M. Zaks |title=Solutions for a cultivated planet |journal=Nature |volume=478 |issue=7369 |pages=337–342 |date=October 2011|pmid=21993620|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v478/n7369/full/nature10452.html |doi=10.1038/nature10452}}&lt;/ref&gt; ukuze kuzoncipha inhlupheko, kuthuthukiswe [[ukuthuthwa kwendle]], kanye [[nokuhlonyiswa kwabesifazane|ukuhlonyiswa kwabesifazane]].&lt;ref name=UK2012/&gt;

&lt;!-- Epidemiology, Society and Culture --&gt;
Ngonyaka wezi-2010 abantu ababengondlekile babeyizigidi ezingama-925&amp;nbsp; emhlabeni, okwakunyuke ngezigidi ezingama-80&amp;nbsp; kusukela ngonyaka we-1990.&lt;ref name=FAO2010&gt;{{cite web|title=Global hunger declining, but still unacceptably high International hunger targets difficult to reach|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=1 July 2014|date=September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Fao2008&gt;{{cite book|last1=Food|last2=(FAO)|first2=Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|title=The state of food insecurity in the world, 2008 : high food prices and food security : threats and opportunities|date=2008|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)|location=Rome|isbn=978-92-5-106049-0|page=2|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0291e/i0291e00.htm|quote=FAO’s most recent estimates put the number of hungry [actually, malnourished] people at 923 million in 2007, an increase of more than 80 million since the 1990–92 base period.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Esinye isigidigidi sabantu naso silinganiselwa ukuthi sintula amavithamini kanye nezakhamzimba.&lt;ref name=UK2012&gt;{{cite web|title=An update of ‘The Neglected Crisis of Undernutrition: Evidence for Action’|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|website=www.gov.uk|publisher=Department for International Development|accessdate=5 July 2014|date=Oct 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngonyaka wezi-2010 [[ukushoda komsoco wephrotheni yamandla]] kuthiwa yaholela ekushoneni kwabantu abangama- 600,000 okwehla kusuka kwabangama- 883,000 ngonyaka we-1990.&lt;ref name=Loz2012/&gt; Okunye ukuntuleka kwezakhamzimba, okubandakanya [[ukushoda kwe-ayodini]] kanye [[nokushoda kwe-ayoni]], nakho kwabanga ukushona kwabantu abangama-84,000.&lt;ref name=Loz2012&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukungondleki ngonyaka wezi-2010 kwaba ngu-1.4% wembangela yabo bonke [[ababa nokukhubazeka ezimpilweni zabo]].&lt;ref name=UK2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Murray2012&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Murray|first1=CJ|title=Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2197|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2197–223|pmid=23245608|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kukholakala ukuthi kulinganiselwa kokuthathu kokuyishumi kuyimbangela yokushona kwezingane ngenxa yokungondleki; kodwa-ke, akuvamisile ukuthi kushiwo lokhu njengesizathu sokushona kwengane.&lt;ref name=WHO2014&gt;{{cite web|title=Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health|url=http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=4 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngonyaka wezi-2010 kuthiwa ukungondleki kwaba nomthelela ekushoneni kwabesifazane nezingane eziyisigidi esi-1.5&lt;ref name=Lim2012&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. |title=A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2224–60 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245609 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2224}}&lt;/ref&gt; yize noma isilinganiso sesibalo singaba ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-3&amp;nbsp;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bh2013&quot;/&gt; Ezinye izingane ezingaphezulu kwezigidi eziyi-165 [[ukukhula okufanele]] kulesi sifo.&lt;ref name=Bh2013&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Bhutta|first1=ZA|last2=Das|first2=JK|last3=Rizvi|first3=A|last4=Gaffey|first4=MF|last5=Walker|first5=N|last6=Horton|first6=S|last7=Webb|first7=P|last8=Lartey|first8=A|last9=Black|first9=RE|last10=Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review|first10=Group|last11=Maternal and Child Nutrition Study|first11=Group|title=Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_august-3-9-2013_382_9890/page/452|journal=Lancet|date=Aug 3, 2013|volume=382|issue=9890|pages=452–77|pmid=23746776|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukungondleki kuvamisile [[emazweni asathuthuka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Liz Young|title=World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development|date=2002|isbn=9781134774944|page=20|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Amareferensi==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Ezempilo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ukuvuvukala kwesibindi A</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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| Name           = Ukuvuvukala kwesibindi A
| Image          = Jaundice eye.jpg
| Caption        = Isifo sejondisi esibangwa ukuvuvukala kwesibindi A
| ICD10          = {{ICD10|B|15||b|15}}
| ICD9           = {{ICD9|070.0}}, {{ICD9|070.1}}
| DiseasesDB     = 5757
| MedlinePlus    = 000278
| eMedicineSubj  = med
| eMedicineTopic = 991
| eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|977}}
| MeshID         = D006506
}}

'''I-Hepatitis A''' (kudala eyayaziwa ngesifo '''ngokuvuvukala kwesibindi okuthelelanayo''') yisifo [[Esibucayi (ngokokwelashwa)|sibucayi]] [[isifo esithelelanayo]] sesi[[bindi]] esidalwa ukuvuvukala kwesibindi okwaziwa nge-hepatitis A virus (HAV).&lt;ref name=Sherris&gt;{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 541–4 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Izikhathi eziningi kuba nezimpawu ezincane noma zingabi khona nhlobo ikakhulukazi kulabo abancane.&lt;ref name=AFP2012/&gt; Isikhathi phakathi kokutheleleka nokuvela kwezimpawu, kulabo ababa nazo izimpawu, kuba yisikhathi esiphakathi kwamasonto amabili nayisithupha.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16271543&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| author=Connor BA| title=Hepatitis A vaccine in the last-minute traveler| journal=Am. J. Med.| volume=118 |issue=Suppl 10A| pages=58S–62S| year=2005| pmid=16271543| doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uma izimpawu zikhona zivamise ukubonakala kuze kuphele amasonto ayisishiyagalombili kanti kungabandakanya lezi: ukucanuzelelwa yinhliziyo, ukuphalaza, ukukhishwa yisisu, [[ijondisi|isikhumba esiphuzi]], umkhuhlane, kanye nokuphathwa yiqolo.&lt;ref name=AFP2012/&gt; Bangalinganiselwa phakathi kuka-10 -15% abantu abangaba nezimpawu ezifanayo esikhathini esiyizinyanga eziyisithupha emva kokutheleleka kokuqala.&lt;ref name=AFP2012/&gt; [[Ukuhluleka kwesibindi okubucayi]] akuvamisile ukwenzeka kuvamise kakhulu kubantu abadala.&lt;ref name=AFP2012/&gt;

&lt;!-- Cause --&gt;
Imvamisa sisatshalaliswa ukudla noma ukuphuza okuphuzwayo noma amanzi angcolile anamakaka athelelekile.&lt;ref name=AFP2012&gt;{{cite journal|last=Matheny|first=SC|last2=Kingery |first2=JE|title=Hepatitis A.|journal=Am Fam Physician |date=1 December 2012|volume=86|issue=11|pages=1027–34; quiz 1010–2|pmid=23198670 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1027.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[I-Shellfish]] engaphekiwe yavuthwa kahle ivamise ukuba yiyona mbangela ejwayelekile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bellou | first1 = M. | last2 = Kokkinos | first2 = P. | last3 = Vantarakis | first3 = A. | title = Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review. | journal = Food Environ Virol | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–23 |date=March 2013 | doi = 10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6 | pmid = 23412719 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaphinde isabalale ngokusondelana eduze nomuntu othelelekile.&lt;ref name=AFP2012/&gt; Njengoba isikhathi esiningi izingane zingavamisile ukuba nezimpawu ezibonakalayo uma zithelelekile nazo ziyakwazi kodwa ukuthelela abanaye.&lt;ref name=AFP2012/&gt; Emva kokutheleleka kanye umuntu akabe esatheleleka impilo yakhe yonke.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases|year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=9780816069903|page=105|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HfPU99jIfboC&amp;pg=PA105}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukuxilongwa kudinga ukuthi kuthathwe igazi ngoba izimpawu ziyafana nezinye zezinye izifo eziningi.&lt;ref name=AFP2012/&gt; Ingeyodwa yamagciwane aziwayo e-[[hepatitis]]: A, [[hepatitis B|B]], [[hepatitis C|C]], [[hepatitis D|D]], kanye ne- [[hepatitis E|E]].

&lt;!-- Prevention and Treatment --&gt;
Umjovo [[wokugomela i-hepatitis A]] isivikeli esisebenzayo.&lt;ref name=AFP2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=Irv2012&gt;{{Cite journal  | last1 = Irving | first1 = GJ. | last2 = Holden | first2 = J. | last3 = Yang | first3 = R. | last4 = Pope | first4 = D. | title = Hepatitis A immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis A. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 7 | issue =  | pages = CD009051 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009051.pub2 | pmid = 22786522 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Amanye amazwe ancoma ukuthi kwenziwe kuzo zonke izingane kanye nalabo abasengcupheni kakhulu abangakaze bajovelwe ukugomela lesi sifo.&lt;ref name=AFP2012/&gt;&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt; Kubonakala kusebenza isikhathi eside.&lt;ref name=AFP2012/&gt; Ezinye izindlela zokuvikela zibandakanya [[ukugeza izandla]] kanye nokupheka ukudla kuvuthwe kahle.&lt;ref name=AFP2012/&gt; Akukho okwelapha okuqondene ngqo, kunconywa ukuphumula nemithi  [[yokucanuzelelwa yinhliziyo]] noma [[ukukhishwa yisiu]] uma kunesidingo.&lt;ref name=AFP2012/&gt; 

&lt;!-- Epidemiology --&gt;
Emhlabeni jikelele kuba khona izimpawu ezingaba izigidi eziyi-1.5 ezibonakala unyaka nonyaka&lt;ref name=AFP2012/&gt; okungaba izigidi ezingamashumi amaningi ezithelelekile kuzo zonke.&lt;ref name=Was2006&gt;{{cite journal|last=Wasley|first=A|author2=Fiore, A |author3=Bell, BP |title=Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination.|journal=Epidemiol Rev |year=2006|volume=28|pages=101–11|pmid=16775039 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxj012 |url=http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/101.long}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kuvamise kakhulu ezifundeni ezisendaweni ezingenazo izinsiza zokuthuthwa kwendle nalezi ezingenawo amanzi ahlanzekile.&lt;ref name=WHO2013&gt;{{cite web|title=Hepatitis A Fact sheet N°328|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=20 February 2014|date=July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Emhlabeni osathuthuka]] zilinganiselwa ku-90% izingane ezithelelekayo uma zineminyaka e-10 yobudala bese lokho kwenza ukuthi zingabe zisatheleleka uma sezindala.&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt; Kuvamise ukuqubuka emazweni asemaphakathi nentuthuko lapho izingane zingalitholi leli gciwane ngenkathi zisencane kuphinde futhi kungabi khona mijovo yemigomo ekhishwayo.&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt; Ngonyaka wezi-2010, i-hepatitis A ebucayi yabulala abantu abayi-102,000.&lt;ref name=Loz2012&gt;{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Usuku lomhlaba lwe-Hepatitis]] lugujwa njalo unyaka nonyaka mhla zingama-28 kuNtulikazi ukuze kuxwayiswe abantu [[ngegciwane lokuvuvukalelwa yinhliziyo elaziwa nge-hepatitis]].&lt;ref name=WHO2013/&gt;

==Imithombo==
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  <page>
    <title>Umalaleveva</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="7827" sha1="s2vlsn4gz3kh7q61jjjqxmx2w39t8am" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox disease
 | Name           = Umalaleveva
 | ICD10          = {{ICD10|B|50||b|50}}-{{ICD10|B|54||b|54}}
 | ICD9           = {{ICD9|084}}
 | Image          = Malaria.jpg
 | Caption        = ''I-plasmodium'' esematheni kamasikido wesifazane ehamba ezicubini zikamasikido.
 | DiseasesDB     = 7728
 | MedlinePlus    = 000621
 | OMIM           = 248310
 | eMedicineSubj  = med
 | eMedicineTopic = 1385
 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|305}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1357}}
 | MeshName       = Umalaleveva
 | MeshNumber     = C03.752.250.552
 }}
&lt;!-- Definition and symptoms --&gt;
'''Umalaleveva''' noma '''uvuvatha''' [[uyisifo esithwala omasikido|isifo esithelelanayo esithwalwa omasikido]] esiphatha abantu kanye nezinye izilwane esibangelwa ukucinzwa umasikido [[protozoans]] (uhlobo lwesicubu esisodwa [[i-microorganism]]) sohlobo ''[[lwe-Plasmodium]]''.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Umalaleveva ubanga izimpawu ezibandakanya [[umkhuhlane]], [[ukukhathala|ukutubeka]], [[ukuphalaza]] kanye [[nokuphathwa yikhanda]].&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=EBMED2014/&gt; --&gt; Uma kukubi kakhulu kungabangela [[ijondisi|isikhumba esiphuzi]], [[ukuxhuzula]], [[i-coma]] noma [[ukufa]].&lt;ref name=EBMED2014/&gt; Lezi zimpawu zivamise ukuqala ezinsukwini ezilishumi kuya kwezilishumi nanhlanu emva kokuncinzwa umasikido.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt;Kulabo abangalashwanga kahle isifo singaphinde sibuye emva kwezinyanga.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Kulabo abasindile ekuthelelekeni, uma uphinda utheleleka kuvamise ukuba nezimpawu ezincane.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=EBMED2014/&gt; --&gt; Lokhu [[kugomeka|kuvimbeleka]] kwesikhashana kuyaphela emva kwezinyanga noma iminyaka uma ungaphindanga waba sendaweni engaba nomalaleveva.&lt;ref name=EBMED2014/&gt;

&lt;!--Cause and diagnosis--&gt;
Imvamisa, isifo sihanjiswa ukuncizwa umasikido wesifazane onesifo owaziwa ''[[nge-Anopheles]]''.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Lokhu kuncizwa kungenisa izilwane eziphila ngegazi ezisuka ematheni kamasikido ziye kumuntu[[emithanjeni ehambisa igazi|egazini]].&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Izilwane eziphila ngegazi zibe seziya esibindini lapho ezifike zikhule khona zizalane zande.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=EBMED2014/&gt; --&gt; Izinhlobo ezinhlanu ''ze-Plasmodium'' zingathelela abantu baphinde bazisabalalise.&lt;ref name=EBMED2014/&gt; Ukufa imvamisa kubangelwa ''[[yi-Plasmodium falciparum|P.&amp;nbsp;falciparum]]'' ne ''[[Plasmodium vivax|P.&amp;nbsp;vivax]]'', ''[[Plasmodium ovale|P.&amp;nbsp;ovale]]'', kanye ''[[Plasmodium malariae|P.&amp;nbsp;malariae]]'' okujwayele ukubangela umalaleveva ongenawo amandla kakhulu.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=EBMED2014/&gt; Lezi zilwanyana ''[[Plasmodium knowlesi|P.&amp;nbsp;knowlesi]]'' azivamisile ukubanga isifo kubantu.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Umalaleveva uvamise ukuxilongwa ngokuhlola ngezipopolo kwegazi kusetshenziswa [[amafilimu egazi]], noma [[nge-antigen]]- [[ukuhlolela ukuthola umalaleveva nge-antigen|ukuhlola okusheshayo]].&lt;ref name=EBMED2014/&gt;  izindlela ezisebenzisa [[i-polymerase chain reaction]] ukuze kutholakale izilwanyana eziphila ngegazi [[DNA]] isisunguliwe, kodwa azikasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinomalaleveva [[oshaya ubhuqe (umbulalazwe)|ojwayele]] ngenxa yezindleko zayo kanye nokuba nzima kwayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nadjm 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Nadjm B, Behrens RH |title=Malaria: An update for physicians |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2012-06_26_2/page/243 |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |year=2012 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=243–59 |pmid=22632637 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!--Prevention and treatment--&gt;
Ubungozi besifo bungancipha ngokuvimbela ukuncinzwa omasikido ngokusebenzisa [[inethi yomasikido]] kanye [[nemithi exosha izilwanyana]], noma ngezindlela zokulawula omasikido ezifana nokufutha [[imithi ebulala izilwanyana]] kanye nokumoma amanzi amile.&lt;ref name=EBMED2014/&gt; Imithi eminingi ikhona [[malaria prophylaxis|yokuvikela umalaleveva]] kulabo abavakashayo ezindaweni ezijwayele ukuba nalesi sifo.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Ukuphuza umuthi ngezikhathi ezithile [[sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine]] kuyadingeka [[ezinganeni]] kanye nasemva [[kwezinyanga ezintathu zokuqala]] uma [[ukhulelwe]] ezindaweni ezinesibalo esiphezulu samalaleveva.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Yize isidingo sikhona, awukho [[umuthi]] okhona, kodwa-ke kusenziwa imizamo yokuwuthola.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Ukwelashwa okunconywayo kokwelapha umalaleveva ukuhlanganisa [[imithi elwisana nomalaleveva]] ebandakanya [[artemisinin]].&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=EBMED2014/&gt; Umuthi wesibili kungaba yi [[mefloquine]], [[lumefantrine]], noma i-sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.&lt;ref name=WHO2010&gt;{{cite book|last1=Organization|first1=World Health|title=Guidelines for the treatment of malaria|date=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241547925|page=ix|edition=2nd ed.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Quinine]] ndawonye ne [[doxycycline]] ingasetshenziswa uma i-artemisinin ingatholakali.&lt;ref name=WHO2010/&gt; Kunconywa ukuthi ezindweni lapho isifo sivamise khona, umalaleveva uqinisekisiwe ukuthi ukhona ngaphambi kokuthi uqale nokwelashwa ngenxa yokunyuka [[kokungasebenzi komuthi]].&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt;Ukungazweli sekuvamile emithini eminingi; isibonelo, ukungazweli [[kwe-chloroquine]] ''P.&amp;nbsp;falciparum'' sekusabalale cishe izindawo eziningi ezinomalaleveva, kanti nokungazweli kwe-artemisinin sekube yinkinga kwezinye izingxenye ze-Eshiya eseNingizimumpumalanga .&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;

&lt;!--Epidemiology--&gt;
Isifo sisabalele ezifundeni ezizungeze i-equator|zizungeze i-equator [[tropics|tropical]] kanye nezifunda eziphakathi kwe-equator ne-temperate [[subtropical]] ezikhona emhlabeni jikelele ezizungeze [[equator]].&lt;ref name=EBMED2014&gt;{{cite journal|last=Caraballo|first=Hector|title=Emergency Department Management Of Mosquito-Borne Illness: Malaria, Dengue, And West Nile Virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|date=May 2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&amp;topic_id=405}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokhu kubandakanya eziningi [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], [[I-Eshiya]], kanye [[Latin America]].&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; [[Inhlangano yezeMpilo yoMhlaba]] ilinganisa ukuthi ngonyaka wezi-2012, kwaba khona abantu abayi-207 wezigidi ababenomalaleveva.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Ngalowo nyaka, isifo kulinganiselwa ukuthi sabulala abantu abaphakathi kuka-473,000 no-789,000, abaningi babo kwakuyizingane zase-Afrika.&lt;ref name=WHO2014&gt;{{cite web|title=Malaria  Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umalaleveva ujwayele ukuhlanganiswa nenhlupheko kanti futhi unomthelela omubi [[ekuthuthukeni komnotho]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IftSoL&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |author=Gollin D, Zimmermann C |title=Malaria: Disease Impacts and Long-Run Income Differences |date=August 2007 |publisher=[[Institute for the Study of Labor]] |url=http://ftp.iza.org/dp2997.pdf |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Worrall 2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Worrall E, Basu S, Hanson K |title=Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tropical-medicine-and-international-health_2005-10_10_10/page/1047 |journal=Tropical Health and Medicine |year=2005 |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=1047–59 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x |pmid=16185240}} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt; E-Africa kulinganiselwa ukuthi balahlekelwa $12 wezigidigidi zase-USD ngonyaka ngenxa yokunyuka kwezindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukungakwazi ukusebenza kanye nomthelela kwezokuvakasha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenwood 2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA |title=Malaria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-23-29-2005_365_9469/page/1487 |journal=Lancet |year=2005|volume=365 |issue=9469 |pages=1487–98 |pmid=15850634 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Imithombo==
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  <page>
    <title>Utshwala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9543</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127107</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-08T20:56:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>15036</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>127107</origin>
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      <text bytes="13293" sha1="ima40jtpi7lfirnqttm9bfkyh2o5pqj" xml:space="preserve">[[File:GravityTap.jpg|thumb|Ubhiya]]

'''Utshwala''' buyisiphuzo sendakisa esikhiqizwa ngokuphisa nokuvubela okusahlamvu —ikakhulu umnhlayi (barley), nakuba kwesinye kusetshenziswa umdloyo (wheat), ummbila, izindumbuluzana, umthanca (oats).  Okusanhlamvu kuyancushuzwa ukuze umfukutho okuwo uphenduke izincithi, izincibilikayo emanzini kube inhlese. Ukuvutshelwa kwenhlese ngemvubelo kukhiqiza umzambiya noma ukucalahla kotshwala. Utshwala buyindakisa endala nephuzwa kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi budume kakhulu kuneinye izindakisa. Utshwala banamuhla buvutshelwa umbangu (hop), onezithokelo ezibabayo, ezikwazi nokuba isiphatheli sokukhweza nokuzinzisa isinambitho. Ezinye iziphatheli zokuthokela ezifana namakhambi, noma izithelo, nazo ziyafakwa esikhundleni sombangu. Kekuvuthselweni kwezentengiselwano, ukucalahla kwemvelo kufakelelwa ngokucalahla okuphoqiwe. 

Utshwala busatshalaliswa ngamagabha, nangamakani, futhi buthengiswa ematshwaleni nasezipotini.  Imboni yotshwala uhwebo lwembulunga yonke, futhi kukhonya izinkampani ezinkulu kanye anabathengisi abaningi nabakhiqizi bezifunda.{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhiya}}

[[Category:Iziphuzo]]

==uMsukagama==
Elithi utshwala livela egameni lolimi olwandulela isintu, elaliphinyiswa kanje ''ubu + ala''  okwakuyindlela yokubiza uphuzo endulo, lapho elithi ''ala'' lihlanganiswa nesiqalo 'ubu',  kodwa ngenxa yokulwangisa esizulwini, isiqalo 'ubu' sagcina sesinyamalele kwasale sekuthiwa utshwala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|publisher=Witwatersrand University Press|author=Doke, Vilakazi|title=Zulu-English Dictionary|date=1972|page=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;Lendlela yokuphimisa isabonakala ezilimini ezifana nesiLamba sona esithi ''ubwalwa'', isiSuthu esithi ''joala'' nesiShona esithi ''bgabga''. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|publisher=Witwatersrand University Press|author=Doke, Vilakazi|title=Zulu-English Dictionary|date=1972|page=824}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanti igama lokuhlonipha utshwala elithi ubuwala, liwubufakazi bokuthi lena kwakuyindlela yokuphimisa yangaphambi kwemiphumela yokulwangisa.
Ukulwangiswa kwamagama into eyaziwayo, njengoba negama elithi utshani nalo livela kwelithi ''ubu + ani'' okuthi lapho kulwangiswa kusale utshani ngoba sinyamalele olwangeni isiqalo.
Amanye amagama wokuhlonipha utshwala ahlanganisa elithi ubucwanta, ubuhabulo, ubunatho, intantiya, ubuphuzo.

== uMlando ==

=== Endulo ===

[[File:Stèle Mercenaire syrien 18ème dynastie Neues Museum image éclaircie et perspective corrigée.jpg|thumb|Umdwebo waseGibhithe lasendulo, kumlibo we-18th, kubusa u-Akhenaten, {{Circa|1300 BC}}, oveza izidlova zaseSiriya ziphuza utshwala zisebenzisa omadonsela.]]

Utshwala buyisiphuzo esiphiswayo esidala kakhulu eMhlabeni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Ben |last=McFarland |year=2009 |title=World's Best Beers: One thousand craft brews from cask to glass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHh-4M_QxEsC&amp;pg=PA10 |publisher=[[Sterling Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4027-6694-7 |page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubufakazi bemivubukulo bokuvubela buhlanganisa izinsalela zotshwala ezindala ngeminyaka eyizi-13,000, ezazisetshenziselwa imicikilisho abantu abayizimbadule, abake bahlala emigedeni esezintabeni zasKameli kwaIsirayeli.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2018 oldest brewery&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title='World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers |date=15 September 2018 |website=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-45534133 |access-date=15 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=13,000&amp;nbsp;year-old brewery discovered in Israel – the oldest in the world |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/13000-year-old-brewery-discovered-in-israel-the-oldest-in-the-world/ |date=2018-09-12 |last1=Borschel-Dan |first1=Amanda |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=16 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi utshwala babukhiqizwa naseGöbekli Tepe, eminyakeni eyizi-10000 edlule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dietrich |first1=Oliver |last2=Heun |first2=Manfred |last3=Notroff |first3=Jens |last4=Schmidt |first4=Klaus |last5=Zarnkow |first5=Martin |date=September 2012 |title=The role of cult and feasting in the emergence of Neolithic communities. New evidence from Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antiquity_2012-09_86_333/page/674 |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=86 |issue=333 |pages=674–695 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00047840 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubufakazi obucacile botshwala obukhiqiizwe ngomnhlayi batholalakala okokuqala ezintabeni zaseZagros entshonalanga nase-Irani.&lt;ref name=McGovern-2009&gt;{{cite book |last=McGovern |first=Patrick |year=2009 |title=Uncorking the Past |isbn=978-0-520-25379-7 |pages=66–71|publisher=University of California Press }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Jar in Iranian ruins betrays beer drinkers of 3500 B.C. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/05/world/jar-in-iranian-ruins-betrays-beer-drinkers-of-3500-bc.html |date=1992-11-05 |last1=Wilford |first1=John Noble |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=10 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Utshwala babunathwa naseGibhithe lasendulo,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Beer |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britanica]] |edition=online |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-66615/beer |access-date=27 August 2023 |via=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Homan |first1=Michael M. |date=June 2004 |title=Beer and its drinkers: An ancient Near Eastern love story |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_near-eastern-archaeology_2004-06_67_2/page/84 |journal=[[Near Eastern Archaeology (journal)|Near Eastern Archaeology]] |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=84–95 |doi=10.2307/4132364 |jstor=4132364 |s2cid=162357890 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kukhona abavubukuli abaqagela ukuthi utshwala babunesandla ekwakhekeni kwezimoucuzeko ezihlukene.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Archeologists link rise of civilization and beer's invention |date=8 November 2010 |website=[[CBS News]] |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/archeologists-link-rise-of-civilization-and-beers-invention/ |access-date=10 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu baseSumeri babephuza izinhlobonhlobo zotshwala, eziyisiphohlongo zikhandwa ngomhlayi, eziyishumi nambili ezomdloyo nezintathu zokusanhlamvu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gately 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gately |first=Iain |title=Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4406-3126-9 |location=East Rutherford |pages=3–4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngenkathi kwakhiwa izitshopolonco zaseGibhithe, isisebenzi ngasinye sasinikezwa isamukezo saso samalitua ayisihlanu otshwala, ukuze Sithole umsonco futhi sehlise ukoma ukuze siqhubeke nomsebenzi wokwakha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |first=Abigail |last=Tucker |date=August 2011 |title=The beer archaeologist |magazine=[[Smithsonian Magazine]] |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-beer-archaeologist-17016372/ |access-date=30 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

EShayina isiphuzo sasivutshelwa  ngezindumbulizana ''(rice)'' nangezithelo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McGovern |first1=Patrick E. |last2=Zhang |first2=Juzhong |last3=Tang |first3=Jigen |last4=Zhang |first4=Zhiqing |last5=Hall |first5=Gretchen R. |last6=Moreau |first6=Robert A. |last7=Nuñez |first7=Alberto |last8=Butrym |first8=Eric D. |last9=Richards |first9=Michael P. |last10=Wang |first10=Chen-Shan |last11=Cheng |first11=Guangsheng |last12=Zhao |first12=Zhijun |last13=Wang |first13=Changsui |display-authors=5 |year=2004 |title=Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China |journal=[[PNAS]] |volume=101 |issue=51 |pages=17593–17598 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0407921102 |pmid=15590771 |pmc=539767 |bibcode=2004PNAS..10117593M |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Li wine: The beer of ancient China |date=15 July 2009 |series=China Beer Festivals |volume=2009 |website=echinacities.com |url=http://www.echinacities.com/Special/Beer-Festival/Content.aspx?n=3223 |access-date=21 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719014915/http://www.echinacities.com/special/Beer-Festival/Content.aspx?n=3223 |archive-date=19 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Jiajing |last2=Liu |first2=Li |last3=Ball |first3=Terry |last4=Yu |first4=Linjie |last5=Li |first5=Yuanqing |last6=Xing |first6=Fulai |title=Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China |journal=[[PNAS]] |volume=113 |issue=23 |date=2016-06-07 |pmid=27217567 |pmc=4988576 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1601465113 |doi-access=free |pages=6444–6448 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6444W |url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/113/23/6444.full.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezweni laseNdiya, abantu basendulo bashiya ubufakazi bokuthi nabo babeshwabadela utshwala obubizwa ''sura''.&lt;ref name=Eraly2002&gt;{{cite book |first=Abraham |last=Eraly |year=2002 |title=Gem in the Lotus |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-93-5118-014-2 |page=165 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YokatCwNG90C&amp;pg=PT165}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prakash2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book |first=Om |last=Prakash |year=2005 |title=Cultural History of India |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1587-2 |page=503 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzpYb5UOeiwC&amp;pg=PA503 |access-date=8 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Utshwala basakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu busakazwa amaJalimani namaSeltik.&lt;ref name=Nelson-2005&gt;{{cite book |first=Max |last=Nelson |year=2005 |title=The Barbarians' Beverage: A history of beer in ancient Europe |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-31121-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xul0O_SI1MC |pages=1-2, 110, 1025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Beer history |publisher=Dreher Breweries |place=Hungary |url=http://www.dreherrt.hu/portal/main.php?heading_id=27&amp;article_id=&amp;language=en |access-date=21 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709015742/http://www.dreherrt.hu/portal/main.php?heading_id=27&amp;article_id=&amp;language=en |archive-date=9 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Utshwala obabuphizwa ngaleso sikhathi babuqukethe izithelo, uju, izonhlobo zezitshalo, izinongo, nezinye iziqa ezifana namakhambi ayizinkovo. Into eyayingekho kwakuyimibangu ''(hops)'', eyafika kamuva, njengoba ukuphathwa kwayo kwaqala ngowe-822 nguCarolingian Abbot&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Richard W. |last=Unger |year=2004 |title=Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance |page=57 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=0-8122-3795-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMNf-p1mu6AC&amp;dq=hops+Carolingian+Abbot&amp;pg=PA57}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngowe-1516, uWilliam IV, wavela nendlela ebizwa ''Reinheitsgebot'' (uMthetho wokucweba), okwaba umthetho wokulawula izingabunjalo lokudla osasetshenziswa nanamuhla,  owawuthi imiqobelo eyamukelekile yokuphisa utshwala amanzi, imibangu, nomnhlayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=492&amp;nbsp;years of good beer: Germans toast the anniversary of their beer purity law |date=23 April 2008 |magazine=[[Der Spiegel]] |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/492-years-of-good-beer-germans-toast-the-anniversary-of-their-beer-purity-law-a-549175.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622065706/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/492-years-of-good-beer-germans-toast-the-anniversary-of-their-beer-purity-law-a-549175.html |archive-date=22 June 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukusetshenziswa kwamagabha angamabhodlela angamunwe kwaqalaIn ngowe-1912, inkampani ebizwa Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company yaseMilwaukee, eMelika. Lolo candululo lisasetshenziswa nanamuhla njengoba luvimbela imisebe yeLanga ukuba yehlise izingabunjalo botshwala ngaphakathi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlitz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=A chronological history |department=Joseph Schlitz Brewing Co. |via=slahs.org |url=http://www.slahs.org/history/brewery/schlitz/history4.htm |access-date=16 March 2019 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020150826/http://www.slahs.org/history/brewery/schlitz/history4.htm |archive-date=20 October 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Utshwala buyisiphuzo esiphizwa kakhulu nesithandwa kakhulu eMhlabeni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Volume of world beer production |website=European Beer Guide |url=http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/eustats.htm#production |access-date=17 October 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ucwaningo owashicilelwa kakhulu lowezi-2018 lwasikisela ukuthi ukwehla komkhiqizo womnhlayi ngenxa yesomiso kuzohamba isikhathi kubangele ukungazinzi kwentengo nokutholakala kotshwala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Xie |first1=Wei |last2=Xiong |first2=Wei |last3=Pan |first3=Jie |last4=Ali |first4=Tariq |last5=Cui |first5=Qi |last6=Guan |first6=Dabo |last7=Meng |first7=Jing |last8=Mueller |first8=Nathaniel D. |last9=Lin |first9=Erda |last10=Davis |first10=Steven J. |display-authors=5 |year=2018 |title=Decreases in global beer supply due to extreme drought and heat |journal=[[Nature Plants]] |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=964–973 |pmid=30323183 |doi=10.1038/s41477-018-0263-1 |bibcode=2018AGUFMGC31E1301X |s2cid=53085959 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-018-0263-1 |access-date=16 October 2018|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Amagama otshwala ngesiZulu==
[[File:Indigenous_African_Beer_(Pito).jpg|thumb|utshwala besintu okhambeni]]
Izitshabadu

IsiTshodo - flat beer

Isitshu - sour beer

Amabele

Ifumuka

Amaganu

Ugavini

Ingwebu

Igwele

Amahewu

Inhlanzelo

Injemane - corn wine

Ijiki

Isilahlane

iHiya

Umabhavana

uMaconsane

Isimehle

Inhlese

Izintshilontshilo

Isishimeyana - sweet cider

uMshudo

Imvingci

Isigomfane

Inkankatho

Imondiya

Isiqatha

Isiqombothi - bad beer

Imbamba

==Amaphatho==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khuzani Mpungose</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9567</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127142</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-09T09:17:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sk sikza</username>
        <id>26912</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Izikhombo */</comment>
      <origin>127142</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5506" sha1="c9ssdngqhm4aapguaukdq3y66ug8baj" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|South African singer}}incazelo emfushane
{{Infobox musical artist|Name=Khuzani|image=File:Khuba2021.jpg|caption=UKhuzani egqoke iskipa sakhe sokunyusa i-album yakhe yonyaka ka 2021|image_size=120|Birth_name=Khuzani 
Nkosikhona Innocent Mpungose|Alias={{hlist| Ndlam'lenze | Khuba|}}|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1989|12|03|df=y}}|birth_place=Cofimvaba, Eastern  Cape|Genre=[[Maskandi]]|Occupation=Singer-songwriter Actor|Instrument={{hlist| Vocals | guitar }}|Years_active=2009–present|Label={{flatlist|
* Izingane Zoma Production {{small|(former)}} 
* Indlamlenze Group &amp; Production  {{small|(current)}}
}}}}
U'''Khuzani Nkosikhona Innocent Mpungose''' (owazalwa ngoZibandlela 3, 1989), owaziwa ngokuthi uKhuzani noma u-khuba ungumculi waseNingizimu Afrika futhi ungusomabhizinisi. Wazalelwa futhi wakhulela eNkandla, [[IKwaZulu-Natali|KwaZulu Natal]], waduma ngemuva kokubamba iqhaza ku-albhamu kaMgqumeni ka-2010 iSecret.

== Umsebenzi ==
UKhuzani Nkosikhona Innocent Mpungose wazalwa ngoDisemba 3, 1989, [[Inkandla|I-Nkandla]], KwaZulu-Natal. Ubhalisile eSibhakabhaka High School ngo-2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;briefly&quot; /&gt;

Ngalowo nyaka, uMpungose waqokwa nguShobeni Khuzwayo ukuqedela i-albhamu kaMgqumeni ongasekho iSecret.

I-albhamu yakhe yokuqala ye-studio i-''IBahluleke Bonke'' yakhululwa ngo-2011. Yawina i-albhamu ethengiswa kakhulu kumamatshontsho ka Maskandi Awards.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dailysun&quot; /&gt;

Ngo-Ephreli 7, 2017, i-albhamu yakhe yesikhombisa ye-studio i-''Isixaxa Samaxoki'' yakhululwa. I-albhamu yaqinisekiswa ngegolide yi-Recording Industry of South Africa (RiSA) emasontweni amabili ngemuva kokukhululwa kwayo.

Engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2019, wabamba iqhaza ku-Gcwalisa iMabhida Maskandi Concert.

I-single yakhe ethi &quot;Ijele&quot; eno-Lubi Dubazane yakhululwa ngoNovemba 27, 2020. Yawina i-Ukhozi FM Top 10 Song of the Year ngamavoti angu-900k acishe abe ngamavoti ayisigidi.

Ngo-October 2021, uMpungose wadlala e-Dubai Expo.

== Udumo ==
Ngo-Ephreli 2021, uMpungose wahlonishwa eMiklomelweni yeNkandla Mayoral ngenxa yempumelelo yakhe evelele ohlotsheni lweMaskandi.

== Izimpikiswano ==
UKhuzani ubelokhu ephikisana nomculi wo-maskandi [[Mthandeni SK &quot;Igcokama Elisha&quot; Manqele|UMthandeni SK]] kanye nosopolitiki futhi owayengumdlali womsakazo uNgizwe Mchunu.

Ngo-30 September 2023, uKhuzani washaya umuntu onethonya uQuality Biyela emcimbini waseSettlers Park eLadysmith.

== I-discography ==

=== Ama-albhamu e-studio ===

* ''Bahluleke Bonke'' (2011) 
* ''Amampunge'' (2012) 
* Sixosha Amambuka (2013) 
* Inj'emnyama (2014) 
* ''Isihlahla Samavukane'' (2015) 
* ''Inyoni Yomthakathi'' (2016) 
* ''Isixaxa Samaxoki'' (2017) 
* ''Inhlinini Yoxolo Ingxenye 1'' (2018) 
* ''Inhlinini Yoxolo Ingxenye 2'' (2018) 
* ''Inhloko Nes'Xhanti'' (2019) 
* ''Ispoki Esingafi'' (2020) 
* ''Inja Nogodo'' (2021) 
* ''Umqhele nethawula'' (2022) 
* ''Aliboli Icala'' (2023) 
* ''Angidlali Nezingane'' (2024) 
* ''Inhlanhla Izanebhadi'' (2025) 

=== Ukuvela kwezivakashi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:14em;&quot; |Isihloko
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Unyaka
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Abanye abadwebi
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |I-albhamu
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;I-Angimale&quot;
|2020
|USimmy
|''I-Tugela Fairy (Ukwenziwa Kwezinkanyezi) ''
|}

== Ezinye izingoma ezibhalwe phansi neziqinisekisiwe ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+Uhlu lwezinye izingoma ezibhalwe eshadini, ezinezikhundla ezikhethiwe ze-chart kanye neziqinisekiso, ezibonisa unyaka okhishwe negama le-albhamu
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Isihloko
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Unyaka
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Izikhundla eziphakeme zebalazwe
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:12em;&quot; |Izitifiketi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |I-albhamu
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:100%;&quot; |I-ZA&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |&quot;Angidlali Nezingane&quot; (Khuzani eveza uThibela) 
|2024
|21
|
|''I-Angidlali Nezingane''
|-
| colspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; |&quot; - &quot; kusho irekhodi elingazange libe ne-chart noma elingazange likhululwe kuleyo ndawo.
|}

== Imiklomelo nokuqokwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Imiklomelo/Umkhosi
! Unyaka
! Isigaba
! Imiphumela
! {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| [[South African Music Awards|Imiklomelo Yomculo YaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2017
| I-albhamu kaMaskandi Engcono Kakhulu|{{Won}}
| 
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Amantshontsho kaMaskandi Awards
| Ingoma Yonyaka|{{Won}} 
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
|-
| Okudayiswa Kakhulu|{{Won}}
|-
| I-albhamu Ehamba Phambili|{{Won}}
|-
| Imiklomelo Yezokuzijabulisa yase-KZN
| 2020
| Okuthandwa Kakhulu e-KZN|{{Won}}
| 
|-
| Imiklomelo Yomculo Wendabuko waseNingizimu Afrika
| 2021
||{{Won}}
| 
|-
| Imiklomelo Yomculo YaseNingizimu Afrika
| 2023
| I-albhamu kaMaskandi Engcono Kakhulu| {{Won}} 
| 
|-
| Imiklomelo ye-HAPA
| 2025
| Umculi Ongcono Kakhulu Wesilisa (wase-Afrika)| {{Won}}
|-
| Imiklomelo ye-HAPA
| 2025
| Umculi Ozimele Ohamba Phambili|{{Won}} 
|-
| [[South African Music Awards|Imiklomelo Yomculo YaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2025
| I-albhamu kaMaskandi Engcono Kakhulu|{{Won}}
|}

== Izikhombo ==
1.https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/khuzani-elevates-maskandi-on-mainstream-platforms-20260313-0648

2.https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/2025-11-03-khuzani-mpungose-wins-best-independent-artist-african-at-hollywood-and-african-prestigious-awards/
[[Category:Abazalwa nge-1989]]
[[Category:Abantu baphilayo]]
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>c9ssdngqhm4aapguaukdq3y66ug8baj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>User:GerardM/Finance ministers of Algeria</title>
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      <parentid>122806</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T07:36:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>10758</id>
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      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>127138</origin>
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      <text bytes="5300" sha1="kuhb2a7r48trdzus90g2qb1naslv6h4" xml:space="preserve">{{Wikidata list
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{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112913805|Ibrahim Jamal Kassali]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 2022-06-14
| 2023-03-16
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30728993|Abd ar-Rahman Rawia]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 2022-02-17
| 2022-06-14
| [[File:Abderrahmane Raouya - Radio Algérienne — Corp.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96612848|Ayman ibn Abd ar-Rahman]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 2020-06-23
| 2022-02-17
| [[File:Aymen-Benabderrahmane-2021 (cropped).png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30728993|Abd ar-Rahman Rawia]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 2020-01-04
| 2020-06-23
| [[File:Abderrahmane Raouya - Radio Algérienne — Corp.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62638293|Muhammad Loukal]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 2019-03-31
| 2020-01-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30728993|Abd ar-Rahman Rawia]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 2017-05-25
| 2019-03-31
| [[File:Abderrahmane Raouya - Radio Algérienne — Corp.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24689725|Haji Baba Ammi]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 2016-06-11
| 2017-05-24
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19953017|Abd ar-Rahman ibn Khalifa]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 2015-05-14
| 2016-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16855291|Muhammad Jalab]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 2014-05-05
| 2015-05-14
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3193179|Karim Judi]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 2007-06-04
| 2014-04-29
| [[File:Karim Djoudi (2011).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58145|Murad Madalsi]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 2005-05-01
| 2007-06-04
| [[File:Mourad Medelci 2012.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108861195|Abdelatif Benachenhou]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 2003-05-05
| 2005-05-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97479674|Muhammad Tarbashi]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 2002-06-04
| 2003-05-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58145|Murad Madalsi]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 2001-05-31
| 2002-06-04
| [[File:Mourad Medelci 2012.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108861195|Abdelatif Benachenhou]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 1999-12-23
| 2001-05-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97480019|Abd al-Karim Harshawi]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 1996-09-26
| 1999-12-23
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q401173|Ahmed ibn Bitour]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 1994-04-11
| 1996-09-26
| [[File:Ahmed Benbitour.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97480454|Murad ibn Ashinhu]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 1993-09-04
| 1994-04-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q327019|Belaid Abdesselam]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 1992-07-08
| 1993-08-21
| [[File:Belaid Abdesselam.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q327010|Sayyid Ahmed Ghazali]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 1991-10-16
| 1992-06-19
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97480618|Hocine Benissad]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 1991-06-04
| 1991-10-16
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19629326|Ghazi Hidouci]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 1989-09-09
| 1991-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q327010|Sayyid Ahmed Ghazali]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 1988-11-09
| 1989-09-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19629324|Abd al-Aziz Khalaf]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 1986-02-18
| 1988-11-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2911915|Bualam ibn Hammouda]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]
| 1982-01-12
| 1986-02-18
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3272341|Muhammad Yala]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 1979-03-08
| 1982-01-12
| [[File:M'hamed-Yala-ministre.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q510018|Muhammad Siddiq ibn Yahia]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 1977-04-23
| 1979-03-08
| [[File:BenYahia.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19629323|Abd al-Malek Tammam]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 1976-02-14
| 1977-04-23
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19629322|Ismail Mahrouq]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 1970-07-21
| 1976-02-14
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2827618|Ahmad Madghari]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 1970-03-17
| 1970-07-21
| [[File:Ahmed-Medeghri-dit-Si-Houcine.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2972065|Chérif Belkacem]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 1968-03-07
| 1970-03-17
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2827618|Ahmad Madghari]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 1967-12-14
| 1968-03-07
| [[File:Ahmed-Medeghri-dit-Si-Houcine.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3194523|Ahmad Qaid]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 1965-07-10
| 1967-12-14
| [[File:Cdt-slimane.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2827618|Ahmad Madghari]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 1965-06-20
| 1965-07-10
| [[File:Ahmed-Medeghri-dit-Si-Houcine.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2878321|Bachir Boumaza]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 1963-09-04
| 1964-12-02
| [[File:Bachir-Boumaza-1965.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2827553|Ahmed Francis]]''
| 
| [[I-Aljeriya|IAljiriya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 1962-09-27
| 1963-09-04
| [[File:Ahmed-francis.jpg|center|128px]]
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>kuhb2a7r48trdzus90g2qb1naslv6h4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:GerardM/Members of the National Assembly of Ivory Coast</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>9841</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127042</id>
      <parentid>126271</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T14:42:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>10758</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>127042</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6227" sha1="lchelat6o87u0nkmx763mql94gybh15" xml:space="preserve">{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item ?from ?to WHERE { ?item p:P39 ?position . ?position ps:P39 wd:Q21295981
OPTIONAL { ?position pq:P580 ?from }
OPTIONAL { ?position pq:P582 ?to }
}
|section=
|sort=?from
|sort_order=desc
|one_row_per_item=no
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,?from:Start date,?to:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| ''[[:d:Q138645801|Kouassi Koffi Kra Paulin]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2025-12-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q138645775|Adama Bakayoko]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2025-12-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q138603107|Ballo Nouho]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2025-12-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q138603263|Flore Lago Kouassi]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2025-01-01
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3426681|René Netro]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2023-01-01
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137455539|Marcellin Dapa Kouakou]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2021-01-01
| 
| [[File:Marcellin DAPA KOUAKOU.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137120883|Soumaïla Bredoumy]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2021-01-01
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q119295728|Dominique Zegoua]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2021-01-01
| 
| [[File:Le député Zegoua Dominique.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108666080|Tiemoko Antoine Assalé]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2021-01-01
| 2025-01-01
| [[File:Assalé Tiémoko.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96678215|Adama Bictogo]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2011-12-11
| 
| [[File:Adama Bictogo at United States Institute of Peace on May 9, 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q49500308|Célestine Olibé Trazéré]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2011-12-11
| 
| [[File:Honorable Olibé Célestine Trazéré.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3126401|Hamed Bakayoko]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2011-12-01
| 2021-03-10
| [[File:Hamed Bakayoko (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q129984590|Adjaratou Traoré]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2011-01-01
| 2016-01-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107466549|Amy Toungara]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2011-01-01
| 
| [[File:Amy Toungara.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107136438|Souleymane Roel Kone]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2011-01-01
| 2016-01-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q68770341|Amadou Soumahoro]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2011-01-01
| 2019-01-01
| [[File:Amadou SOUMAHORO.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27757660|Yasmina Ouégnin]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2011-01-01
| 2016-01-01
| [[File:Yasmina Ouegnin 01.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3011884|Dagobert Banzio]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 2000-12-01
| 
| [[File:Dagobert Banzio.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q437761|Simone Gbagbo]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 1996-01-01
| 2004-01-01
| [[File:Simone Gbagbo usembassy 2006 crop.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2838739|Ally Coulibaly]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 1994-12-01
| 1999-12-01
| [[File:Ally Coulibaly.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3588311|Émile Atta Brou]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 1990-01-01
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1441795|Francis Wodié]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 1990-01-01
| 1995-01-01
| [[File:Wodie.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100341292|Marthe Solange Achy Brou]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 1986-01-01
| 1990-01-01
| [[File:Marthe Solange Achy Brou.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100341292|Marthe Solange Achy Brou]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 1976-01-01
| 1980-01-01
| [[File:Marthe Solange Achy Brou.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28860034|Jeanne Gervais]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 1965-01-01
| 1980-01-01
| [[File:Jeanne Gervais.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q138697719|Dion Rémi]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q138685417|Kokousseu Tomin Alexis]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q138603256|Sidibe Beri]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q138603236|Sidibé Berry]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q138603146|Soumaila Diarrasouba]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q138603135|Bamba Cheich Lancina]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q138603129|N'guessan Kouassi Edouard]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126454028|Jérôme Kablan Brou]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104437318|Laurent Tchagba]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Laurent Tchagba 2.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q91611446|Bernard Koné Dossongui]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Bernard Koné Dossongui 03.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q59397217|Kouassi Kouamé Patrice]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Kkp.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56457061|Madeleine Tchicaya]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43012487|Véronique Aka]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Veronique AKA.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28860033|Gladys Anoma]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19956304|Gnangbo Kacou]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3557204|Victor Capri Djédjé]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3379201|Philippe Adou]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3310039|Michel Konan Blédou]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3271529|Léonard Offoumou Yapo]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3218990|Laurent Akoun]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3216756|Lamine Fadiga]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3151391|Innocent Anaky]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3140836|Hortense Aka-Anghui]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Hortense Aka-Anghui.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3098923|Gaston Boka Mené]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2881744|Bamba Kartiahouan]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2824847|Adolphe Konan Saraka]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Dr Saraka Konan Adolphe.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2804030|Auguste Denise]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2388022|Émile Boga Doudou]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:BogaDoudou1.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1888117|Mamadou Koulibaly]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Pr. Mamadou Koulibaly (LIDER).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q424732|Aké Loba]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q179242|Laurent Gbagbo]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Laurent Gbagbo (2008).jpg|center|128px]]
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>lchelat6o87u0nkmx763mql94gybh15</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:GerardM/Members of the National Assembly of Malawi</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>9867</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127148</id>
      <parentid>126965</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T10:34:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>10758</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>127148</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27797" sha1="2cmdi6imzfgs8lpz9zxhyxvccmn6jmd" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a member of the National Assembly of Malawi who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q21295990 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q21295990/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q21295990/P580:Start date,P39/Q21295990/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57388|Joyce Banda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009&lt;br/&gt;2004
| 
| [[File:Joyce Banda Department for International Development photo crop.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4477067|Khumbo Kachali]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Khumbo-kachali1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4662402|Aaron Sangala]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4693103|Agnes Penemulungu]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4714730|Aleke Banda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Aleke Banda (crop1).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4762593|Angela Zachepa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4765557|Anita Kalinde]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4767130|Anna Kachikho]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20&lt;br/&gt;2009&lt;br/&gt;2004
| 
| [[File:Mrs. Anna Kachikho (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4823200|Austin Muluzi]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Atupele Muluzi 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4875246|Bazuka Mhango]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4912820|Billy Kaunda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5022768|Callista Chimombo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004
| 
| [[File:Callista Chimombo (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5052586|Catherine Chipembere]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1994
| 
| [[File:Catherine (Ajizinga) Chipembere 1950s (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5052701|Catherine Gotani Hara]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009&lt;br/&gt;2025
| 
| [[File:Catherine Gotani Hara at the U.S. Embassy (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5099300|Chimango Mughogho]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5099455|Chimunthu Banda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| [[File:H.F. Chimunthu Banda (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5232353|David Chiwanga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5241922|Davis Katsonga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Davis Katsonga 2006 (profile).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5277990|Dindi Gowa Nyasulu]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5296903|Donton Samuel Mkandawire]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5379277|Enoch Chihana]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5382250|Ephraim Chiume]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Ephraim Mganda Chiume - 2014 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5409759|Eunice Kazembe]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| [[File:Eunice Kazembe in New Delhi on March 15, 2010 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5534573|Geoffrey Du Mhango]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5537823|George Chaponda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:George Chaponda 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5672821|Harry Thomson]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 2019-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5720163|Henry Dama Phoya]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984656|Ibrahim Matola]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6170933|Jean Kalilani]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20&lt;br/&gt;2009
| 
| [[File:Jean Kalilani 2015 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6187716|Jessie Kabwila-Kapasula]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Jessie Kabwila in 2017 (sq cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6211102|Joe Manduwa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6390741|Kenneth Thindwa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6429058|Kondwani Nakhumwa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6547705|Lilian Patel]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20&lt;br/&gt;1994&lt;br/&gt;2004&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 
| [[File:Foreign Minister Lilian Estella Patel (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6692314|Loveness Gondwe]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6697476|Lucius Banda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6754140|Mapopa Chipeta]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1994
| 1999
| [[File:Mapopa O.J. Chipeta (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6759847|Margaret Roka Mauwa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6963035|Nancy Tembo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2019&lt;br/&gt;2004
| 
| [[File:Nancy Tembo UNFCCC Glasgow Climate Dialogues.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6967325|Nasrin Pillane]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6967631|Nasser Kara]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7109043|Otria Moyo Jere]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7145664|Patricia Kaliati]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20&lt;br/&gt;2009&lt;br/&gt;2004&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 
| [[File:Patricia Kaliati (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7145836|Patricia Shanil Muluzi]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 2024-06-10
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7287727|Ralph Jooma]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7306925|Reen Kachere]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| [[File:Reen Kachere (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7412241|Samuel Mpasu]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16116111|Theresa Gloria Mwale]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| [[File:Theresa Mwale 2011 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16216577|Sosten Gwengwe]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2017-10-17
| 
| [[File:Sosten Gwengwe 2013 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16731106|Moses Kunkuyu]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Moses Kunkuyu 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16733055|Henry Mussa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Henry Mussa (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17037425|Friday Jumbe]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Hon- Friday Anderson Jumbe 2014-06-21 14-39.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17285561|Gertrude Maseko]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| [[File:Gertrude Maseko.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18390332|Richard Msowoya]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20731772|Colin Cameron]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Colin Cameron lawyer and Malawian minister.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29982289|Grace Chiumia]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q40039690|Francis Kasaila]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Francis Kasaila 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779063|Aboo Naliwa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779418|Abubakar M'baya]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779442|Adbul Gaffar]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779467|Aggrey Masi]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779486|Agness Nyalonje]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Hon Agnes Nyalonje Minister for Education via Zoom (sq cropped).png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779512|Aisha Adams]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Aisha Mambo-Adams (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779534|Akajuwe Banda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779554|Alekeni Menyani]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779582|Alex Chitete]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779603|Alex Major]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779624|Alexander Dzonzi]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779646|Alice Ngoma]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779667|Allan Ngumuya]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779688|Amon Nkhata]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779701|Amos Mailosi]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779717|Angie Kaliati]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779733|Assan Lipande]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779759|Baudeni Mtonga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779780|Beatrice Mwale]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20&lt;br/&gt;2025
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779804|Benedicto Chambo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779828|Bon Kalindo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779853|Bonex Malunga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779875|Boniface Kadzamira]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779894|Canaan Kaphamtengo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779916|Cecilia Chazama]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20&lt;br/&gt;2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779939|Charles Tikhiwa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779958|Charles Mchacha]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45779982|Chizamsoka Mulwafu]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780004|Chrissy Tembo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780029|Christopher Mnyenyembe]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780053|Clarke Lowe]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780072|Clement Mukumbwa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780095|Clement Mlombwa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780116|Collings Kajawa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780134|Commodius Nyirenda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780157|Damson Chimalira]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780179|Daniel Chiwere]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780202|Daudi Chida]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780220|David Bisnowaty]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780239|David Lally]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780254|Davies Kadzinja]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780268|Dennis Namachekecha]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780291|Deus Banda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780313|Divelias Zaipa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780336|Allan Chiyembekeza]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780352|Clement Chiwaya]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780367|Elias Chakwera]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780387|Emmanuel Fabiano]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Ministerial Roundtable LDCs and Business Executive (30597140897).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780403|Francis Mkungula]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780444|Joseph Malunga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780487|Patrick Makina]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780507|Peter Kumpalume]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780531|Uladi Mussa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780554|Edmans Kaduya]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780575|Elias Kamanga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780599|Emily Phiri]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20&lt;br/&gt;2025
| 
| [[File:Honourable Emily Phiri MP (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780622|Emmanuel Lozo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780638|Enock Luka]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780661|Enoss Chitatanga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780678|Ernest Yahaya]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780692|Esther Jolobala]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780707|Esther Mcheka-Chilenje]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20&lt;br/&gt;2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780722|Everson Makowa-Mwale]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780744|Everton Chimulirenji]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Everton Chimulirenji.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780763|Ezekiel Ching'oma]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780788|Felix Jumbe]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780812|Felton Mulli]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780836|Filipo Chinkhondo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780880|Francis Phiri]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780901|Francis Billiati]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780924|Frank Mapondo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780944|Frank Mphande]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780971|Frank Mwenifumbo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45780997|Gabu Khamisa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781016|Geoffrey Chiwondo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781040|George Kamwanja]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781060|Godfrey Mnkhondya]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781080|Godwin Kanjere]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781099|Grant Ndecha]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781124|Grezelder Jeffrey]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20&lt;br/&gt;2025
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781150|Harry Mkandawire]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781169|Harry Chipeni]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781189|Henry Shaba]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781210|Horace Chipuwa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781228|Idi Kalosi]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781249|Ilyas Karim]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781265|Jacob Hara]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781283|Jacqueline Kouwenhoven]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781300|James Kamwambi]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781321|James Munthali]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781339|Jappie Mhango]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781358|Jephter Mwale]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781379|John Chikalimba]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781398|Joseph Mwanamvekha]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781413|Joseph Njobvuyalema]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781438|Juliana Lunguzi]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781461|Justin Majawa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781481|Kamlepo Kalua]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781496|Kassim Liguluwe]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781515|Kayo Zimchetera]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781532|Kennedy Maluwa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781556|Kennedy Kachingwe]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781572|Khumbize Chiponda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Khumbize Chiponda, Malawi Minister of Health, speaks at the opening of the World Cancer Day 2024 at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, Austria on 1 February 2024 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781588|Langton Kamwendo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781611|Leonard Njikho]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781626|Lingson Belekanyama]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 2021-01-12
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781650|Lloyd Malola]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781675|Lyana Tambala]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781700|Mac Salijeni]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781716|Madalitso Kazombo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Madalitso Kazombo at the SMP 2020 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781733|Mahomed Osman]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781753|Malani Mtonga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781774|Maquenda Chunga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781791|Mark Botomani]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781810|Marko Ching'onga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781830|Martha Lunji]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20&lt;br/&gt;2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781850|Mary Mpanga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781872|Mary Maulidi Khembo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Honourable Mary Maulidi Khembo MP in Malawi 45.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781893|Mary Navicha]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Mary Navicha visiting Edinburgh City Chambers hosted by Scotland Malawi Partnership 2 March 2026.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781912|Maxwell Thyolera]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781929|Mussa Kapichira]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781951|Mwai Kamuyambeni]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781963|Naomi Kilekwa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45781980|Noah Chimpeni]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782004|Noel Masangwi]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782025|Olipa Chimangeni]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782054|Olipa Chiluba]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782075|Patricia Kainga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782101|Patricia Mkanda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782141|Patrick Themu]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782154|Patrick Chilondola]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782169|Paul Chibingu]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782180|Pemba Msusa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782198|Peter Chakhwantha]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782216|Peter Dimba]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782235|Peter Bvalani]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782245|Peter Mazizi]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782265|Peter Chalera]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782278|Rabson Shaba]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782298|Rachael Zulu]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20&lt;br/&gt;2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782317|Raphael Mhone]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782334|Christopher Ngwira]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782354|Malison Ndau]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136513486|Mwalone Jangiya]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 2014
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136539393|Stella Warren]]''
| 
| 
| 2025
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136661938|Annie Namani Chibwana]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2025
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136812809|Milliam Jekapu]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2025
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137261326|Khadija Chunga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2025
| 
| [[File:Honourable Khadijah Leah Chunga MP in Malawi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137829126|Aida Mchenga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2025
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137829391|Phoebe Chikaonda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2025
| 
| [[File:Honourable MP Phoebe Chiku Chikaonda (2 3 cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139718480|Gloria Ireen Ntopi]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140775383|Marium Ajida]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2025
| 
| [[File:Honourable Mariums Ajida MP in Malawi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782371|Wilson Ndomondo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782388|Rhino Chiphiko]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782405|Richard Chimwendo-Banda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| [[File:Richard Chimwendo Banda (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782421|Rodger Sithole]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782440|Rodrick Khumbanyiwa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782465|Sam Kawale]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782484|Shaibu Kaliati]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782504|Susan Ndalama]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782531|Themba Mkandawire]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782546|Thomson Kamangira]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782568|Timothy Solomoni]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782584|Trasizio Gowelo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782608|Vasco Chimbalu]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782628|Victor Musowa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782649|Victor Mbewe]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782674|Vincent Ghambi]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782694|Vitus Mwale]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782719|Wallace Chawawa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782743|Watson Ngozo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782760|Werani Chilenga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782778|Willard Gwengwe]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782793|Willet Karonga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782819|William Kalima]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782837|Yaumi Mpaweni]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45782850|Zaheer Issa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45787935|Sam S. Ganda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 2017-05-16
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45787953|Bentry Namasasu]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 2017-03-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45787968|Highton L. Jiya]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2014-05-20
| 2017-01-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45789819|Lawrence Sitolo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2017-10-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45789837|Ulemu Msungama]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2017-10-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60198059|Michael Hill Blackwood]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 1966
| 1973
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104794304|Edda Ella Chitalo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1994
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106423215|Jacquiline Chikuta]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2019
| 2021-01-27
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109729497|Nancy Chaola Mdooko]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2019
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109729519|Jean Muonaowauza Sendeza]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009&lt;br/&gt;2004
| 
| [[File:Jean Sendeza 2025.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110732685|Monica Chang’anamuno]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2019
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q123694802|Annie Lemani]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131561998|Roseby Gadama]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2019
| 
| [[File:Hon. Roseby Gadama MP on Malawi Parliamentary Women’s Caucus (sq cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131605225|Abigail Shariff]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2019
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131725522|Lonnie Phiri]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| [[File:Lonnie Chijere Phiri Chairing the Parliamentary Women's Caucus (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131785023|Ireen Mambala]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2019
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132124939|Esther Kathumba]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2019
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q133294441|Ebbie Mathanda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q133521589|Wezzie Gondwe]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2019
| 2021-09-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q133972260|Janet Longwe]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1968
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q133972447|Kate Kainja]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1994&lt;br/&gt;2004&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134004357|Christina Chiwoko]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134005678|M. M. Banda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1994
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134005722|Lillian Kapanda Phiri]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1994
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134005779|L. M. Changwamnjira]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1994
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134008495|Margaret Perpetual Maimba]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1994
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134008585|Alice Sumani]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1994&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134008607|Lizzie Lossa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1994
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134037250|Grenner Nkhata]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134038049|Mandebvu Agness Chatipwa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| [[File:Ntchisi District Hospital hosts Agnes Mandebvu Chatipwa (2 3 cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134038686|Deriah Kankhwani]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134039924|Ellen Thokozani Solomon Chisale]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134040754|Maureen Katani Bondo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134041510|Hyacinta Palingana Chikaonda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134042481|Olivia Anita Thundu]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134051543|Jenipher Deborah Chilunga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134052645|Grace Zinenani Maseko]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134052737|Joyce Azizi Banda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134052907|Philomena Mononga Kasambwe]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134053064|Juliana Nanyoni Mphande]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134053113|Eunice Napolo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134053130|Bernadetta Mlaka Maliro]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134053140|Gladys Benson Tembo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134053162|Vera Chilewani Faramenga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134053214|Elizabeth Aipiran]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134053228|Ettinor Pamela Koloviko]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134053233|Angela Kachepa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134053276|Bertha Masiku]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134053295|Juliana Josephine Guga]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134053301|Trifonia Dafter]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134053307|Inna Mezalumo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134053319|Olive Masanza]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134053398|Elvey Kalonga-Mtafu]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134053446|Gertrude Andilimbira Kamange Phiri]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134068546|Alice Ntodwa Mwale]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134069664|Marjorie Ngaunje]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134070095|Joyce Chiyendausiku Ng'oma]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134136431|Papano Patricia Mwafulirwa]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134136950|Gertrude Nya Mkandawire]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134297272|Honesta Msola]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134297371|Elizabeth Talumba Kumakanga Lamba]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134300865|Mary Kaphwereza Banda]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134301185|Martha Nasho]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134301821|Anne Mary Fletcher]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1999
| 2004
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134301856|Gillian Loveness Mulombe]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134302067|Lizzy Alpha Mpinganjira]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136341089|Margaret Ali]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136432145|Florence Shapiro Khimbi]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2025
| 
| [[File:Honourable Florence Shapiro Khimbi MP in Malawi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136434490|Faless Debrah Moyo]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2025
| 
| [[File:Honourable MP in Malawi Falesi Debrah Moyo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136434673|Catherine Mzumara]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2025
| 
| [[File:Catherine Mzumara in the video 'African women transforming food systems'.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136438286|Madalitso Chidumu  Baloyi]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2025
| 
| [[File:Madalitso Baloyi in 2024 at Ndodani village (sq cropped).png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136439458|Mines Ng'oma]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2025
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136439603|Martha Munthali]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2025
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136446086|Dorothy Chikonje]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2025
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136483776|Tiaone Hendry]]''
| 
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2025-09-16
| 
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>2cmdi6imzfgs8lpz9zxhyxvccmn6jmd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:GerardM/Members of the National Assembly of Niger</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>9889</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127145</id>
      <parentid>126964</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T09:26:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>10758</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>127145</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18916" sha1="tolz54ucwzse3c3qbgd9v0xg44j3gkz" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a member of the National Assembly of Niger who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q21295995 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q21295995/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q21295995/P580:Start date,P39/Q21295995/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57482|Mahamadou Issoufou]]''
| usombusazwe, INayighe
| [[INayighe]]
| 1993
| 2009
| [[File:Mahamadou Issoufou-IMG 3645.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57877|Brigi Rafini]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2004-12
| 2009-05
| [[File:Brigi Rafini - June 2012 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q220227|Mamadou Tandja]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Tandja in Nigeria June 2007.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q319430|Mahamane Ousmane]]''
| usombusazwe, INayighe
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Mahamane Ousmane.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q331201|Hamid Algabid]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q356237|Amadou Cheiffou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q420397|Akoli Daouel]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 1970
| 1974
| [[File:Ejh. Akoli Daouel, en 1983.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q452276|Amadou Gaoh]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q452297|Amadou Hassane]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q544141|Hama Amadou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Hama Amadou.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q703987|Seyni Oumarou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| [[File:Seyni Oumarou (cropped).png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q895031|Boukary Sabo]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 1959
| 1969
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1567506|Hadiza Moussa Gros]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1735274|Kassoum Mamane Moctar]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2755794|Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 1993
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2830749|Albadé Abouba]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2912103|Boubou Hama]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Instruments de musique traditionnelle au Musée BOUBOU HAMA de Niamey.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3318398|Mohamed Bazoum]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 1993
| 2021
| [[File:Mohamed Bazoum at the European Commission - P060245-844068 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665136|Abdou Daouda]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665143|Abdou Labo]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665174|Abdoulaye Hamani Diori]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4739087|Amadou Ali Djibo]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5221545|Daouda Marthé]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5431991|Falké Bacharou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5474228|Foumakoye Gado]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Foumakoye Gado.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5612787|Grémah Boucar]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5636746|Habi Mahamadou Salissou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5680106|Hassoumi Massoudou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2021-03-05
| 2004
| [[File:Hassoumi Massoudou.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6087974|Issa Lamine]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6353461|Kalla Ankourao]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 1993&lt;br/&gt;2004-12&lt;br/&gt;2021-03-05
| 1995&lt;br/&gt;2023
| [[File:Kalla Ankourao 2019.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6370490|Karidjo Mahamadou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| [[File:Mahamadou Karidio 2015.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6890945|Mohamed Abdoulahi]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| [[File:Mohamed Abdoulahi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6919199|Aïssata Mounkaïla]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6926188|Moussa Moumouni Djermakoye]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7110324|Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| [[File:Book of Condolence (52366561634) (cropped) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7110501|Oumarou Sidikou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7418898|Sanoussi Jackou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15431173|Dandi Abarchi]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 1993
| 1995
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15432114|Boubacar Cissé]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15437568|Moutari Moussa]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15819843|Ibrahim Yacouba]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| [[File:Ibrahim Yacouba 2014.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16123823|Ousmane Issoufou Oubandawaki]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Ousmane Issoufou Oubandawaki 2020.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19259177|Amadou Salifou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Amadou Salifou 2015-07-30.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19956213|Issaka Issoufou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| [[File:Issaka Issoufou-IMG 4351.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20027758|Noma Kaka]]''
| 
| [[IFulansi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23060908|Attaher Abdoulmoumine]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23062821|Mahamane Jean Padonou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23062948|Laouan Magagi]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26715424|Habib Moctar]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26980205|Ali Sirfi]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2000
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27825306|Ousseini Tinni]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Tinni Ousséini, President of the National Assembly of Niger, Niamey, 2016 02.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q40704839|manirou housseini]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q41074316|Habibou Allélé]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q41748339|Yahaya Tounkara]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43380162|Hama Assah]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q46996069|Jeannette Schmidt Degener]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57274601|Ibrahim Nomao]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57834669|Adamou Namata]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58806803|N’Gadé Nana Hadiza Noma Kaka]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q81112514|Kalla Moutari]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| [[File:Flintlock 2018 Opening Ceremony (27523512838).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q89716691|Aïchatou Maïnassara]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2016
| 2020
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q92159374|Mohamed Ben Omar]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99521146|Souna Hadizatou Diallo]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 1989
| 1991
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99628785|Marie Lebihan]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 1989
| 1991
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99630863|Roukayatou Abdou Issaka]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 1989
| 1991
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99630890|Bibata Adamou Dakaou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 1989
| 1991
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99823830|Oumarou Alma]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 2025-03-07
| [[File:Oumarou Alma 2015.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106510370|Mounkaïla Issa]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106637549|Ibrahim Idi Ango Ousmane]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110004769|Sani Maïgochi]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| [[File:Sani Maïgochi 2018.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110399010|Rabi Maitournam Moustapha]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110399463|Hadiza Seyni Zarmakoye]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110537732|Abdou Rabiou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110537922|Hadiza Douara Kafougou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117306297|Abaché Chaibou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 1989-12
| 20th century
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117306374|Abdoulkarim Abani]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 1989-12
| 1991
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679516|Ibrahima Souleymane]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679520|Hadizatou Kafougou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679526|Amadou Djibo Ali]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679530|Mahamadou Karidio]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679537|Abdallah Mahamadou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-05-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679538|Abdou Adamou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679539|Abdou Boubacar]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679540|Abdou Hamza]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679541|Abdou Mani]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679543|Adam Efangal]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679544|Ahmed Elhadji Gondji]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679545|Ahmet Hameda]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679547|Aichatou Abba]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679548|Aichatou Barko Amadou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679550|Aissatou Abdoulaye Tondi]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679551|Algabi Elhadji Atta]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679552|Alhader Samro]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679553|Alio Namata]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679554|Alkabouss Jalaoui]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-05-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679555|Amadou Dioffo]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679556|Amadou Goulo Abdou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679557|Amadou Harouna]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679558|Amadou Idrissa]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679559|Amadou Mahaman Sani]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679677|Samuila Sanoussi]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679679|Sani Sanoussi]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679680|Sanoussi Moussa Maraini]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679682|Souley Dioffo]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679683|Souley Oumarou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679684|Souleymane Arzika]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679685|Soumana Gaoh Yacoubou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679686|Soumana Hassane]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679687|Soumana Sanda]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679688|Tanimoune Oumarou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679690|Tidère Ahamani]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679691|Yacine Ben Mohamed]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-05-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679692|Zakari Garba]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679694|Zeinabou Maïga Adama]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-05-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q133162145|Abdallah Mahamadou Aboussah]]''
| 
| 
| 2021-03
| 2023-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679560|Amadou Massalatchi]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679561|Amadou Oumarou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679562|Amina Abdou Souna]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679563|Amina Elhadji Ousmane Barmo]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679564|Amina Saminou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679565|Aminata Garanké]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679566|Aminatou Habibou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679567|Assane Dit Koubou Marou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679568|Assoumana Karoua]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679569|Assoumi Tahirou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679570|Bachir Sidi Abdoul Aziz]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679571|Badi Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679572|Baraka Mamane]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679573|Barakatou Laouali]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679576|Bibata Seyni Djibo]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679577|Boubacar Oumarou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679578|Boucary Sani]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679579|Dardaou Zanaidou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679580|Djibo Madougou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679582|Doulla Moussa Afmad]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679583|Elhadji Boulou Mamadou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679585|Fatima Doubou Dogo]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-05-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679586|Fatouma Abdoulaye Sambo]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679587|Fatsima Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679588|Fougou Boukar]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679589|Hadidjiatou Haladou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679591|Hadizatou Gado]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679592|Hadizatou Yacouba Bozari]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679593|Halidou Hama]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679594|Hambali Ali]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679595|Hamissou Abdoua]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679597|Hamza Boka]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679598|Hamza Garba]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679599|Haoua Hassane]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679600|Hapsatou Djibrilla]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679601|Hassana Boubacar]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679602|Hassane Ali Abdourahamane]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679603|Hassane Saley]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679604|Hassia Hassan]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679606|Ibrahim Eka]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679607|Idi Ango Ousmane]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679609|Illia Labo]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679610|Illiassou Hamadou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679611|Ismaël Issoufou Salifou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679612|Issaka Assoumane]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679613|Kadi Zakari]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679614|Khalid Hamadi]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679615|Khalil Oumbarik]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679617|Laila Attoujani]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679618|Lantana Oumarou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679620|Laouali Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679621|Laouré Elhadji Sanoussi]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679623|Maazou Hamidou Dadé]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679624|Magagi Issaka]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679625|Mahamadou Amadou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679626|Mahaman Bachir Abdou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679627|Mahaman Issa Maifada]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679628|Mahaman Kabirou Ibrahim Maidaji]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679629|Mahaman Laoual Bako Galadima]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679630|Mahamane Sani Laouali]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-05-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679632|Mahmoud Sagdoun]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679633|Malam Moctar Garba]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679634|Maman Rabiou Maina]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679635|Mamane Bako]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679636|Mamane Harouna]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679637|Mamane Laouali Zabèye Moussa]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679638|Mamani Malan Goga]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679639|Maria Saidou Soulé]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679640|Mariama Adamou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679641|Mariama Elhadji Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679642|Mariama Iro]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679643|Mariama Mamadou Maïna]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679644|Massaoudou Galy]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679646|Moussa Ousmane]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679647|Moussa Salé]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679648|Moustapha Assan]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679650|Moutari Ousmane]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679652|Nana Aicha Laouali]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679653|Nana Djoubie Harouna]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679654|Nouhou Arba]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679655|Oumarou Dogari Moumouni]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679657|Oumarou Harouna]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679658|Oumarou Tanja Mamadou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679659|Oumarou Yahaya]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-05-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679660|Ousmane Mahamane]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679661|Ousseyna Madougou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679662|Rabi Hassane]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679663|Rabi Kiassa]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679664|Rachida Mani Ali]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679665|Rakiatou Ali Beidi]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679666|Ramatou Hima]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679667|Ramnatou Issa Mayaki]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679669|Saadé Oumarou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679670|Sahadatou Saley]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679671|Saïda Mohamed Cheloutan]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679672|Saidou Ama]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679673|Salé Djibrillou]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679674|Salifou Moussa]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679675|Salissou Elh Alio]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131679676|Samaila Maika]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2021-03-05
| 
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>tolz54ucwzse3c3qbgd9v0xg44j3gkz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:GerardM/Members of the Senate of Nigeria</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>9894</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127115</id>
      <parentid>126915</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T21:07:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>10758</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>127115</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="57117" sha1="24ehg6psfnk1kjgeku8irtfm4eosevv" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a Members of the Senate who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q19822359 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q19822359/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q19822359/P580:Start date,P39/Q19822359/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6399043|Khairat Abdulrazaq-Gwadabe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6503559|Lawali Shuaibu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[File:Lawal Shuaibu.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6503822|Lawrence Ayo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6514449|Lee Maeba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6732156|Magnus Ngei Abe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6734487|Mahmud Kanti Bello]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6736241|Maina Maaji Lawan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2015&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6737104|Maitama Bello Yusuf]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2007-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6745774|Mamman Bello Ali]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| [[File:Senator Mamman B- Ali 2014-01-21 00-09.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6774871|Martin Agbaso]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1992&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 1999
| [[File:Martin agbaso.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6785804|Mas’ud El-Jibril]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6790933|Matthew Mbu Junior]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6812232|Melford Okilo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6892866|Mohammed Adamu Bello]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-09
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6892960|Mohammed Alkali]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6892988|Mohammed Aruwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2007-05-29
| [[File:Mohammed Aruwa.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6893057|Mohammed Daggash]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| [[File:Daggash at council meeting.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6893162|Mohammed Kabiru Jibril]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6893191|Mohammed Magoro]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6893199|Mohammed Mana]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6893308|Mohammed Saleh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6893329|Mohammed Shaaba Lafiagi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6893384|Mohammed Tukur Liman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6895059|Mojisoluwa Akinfenwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6933348|Mujitaba Mohammed Mallam]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6936675|Munirudeen Adekunle Muse]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7026337|Nicholas Ugbane]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7042547|Nkechi Justina Nwaogu]]''
| osombusazwe waseNigeria
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7068794|Nuhu Aliyu Labbo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2011-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7070730|Nwafor Orizu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Nwafor Orizu Akwaeke.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7077836|Odion Ugbesia]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-04&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7082910|Olabiyi Durojaiye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7088837|Olugbenga Onaolapo Obadara]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-05-29
| 2015-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7088857|Oluremi Tinubu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 2015-06-04
| [[File:Her Excellency Remi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7088869|Olusola Adeyeye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7089709|Omar Hambagda]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7090619|Omololu Meroyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7106495|Oserheimen Osunbor]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2007-05-29
| [[File:Prof. Oserheimen Osunbor.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7106879|Osita Izunaso]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7108462|Otaru Salihu Ohize]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7145448|Patricia Akwashiki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| [[File:Patricia Akwashiki.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7147437|Patrick Osakwe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2011-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7185532|Philip Aduda]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7360373|Roland Owie]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7395446|Sa'idu Ahmed Alkali]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2010-08
| 2023-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7399413|Sahabi Alhaji Yaú]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2023-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7399992|Saidu Dansadau]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7399996|Saidu Kumo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7404851|Salisu Matori]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7408942|Sama’ila Mamman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7418244|Sani Daura]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[File:NSZD Portrait.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7426552|Satty Davies Gogwim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7446085|Sefiu Adegbenga Kaka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7517631|Simeon Oduoye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7518155|Simon Ajibola]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2004-06-29
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[File:Simeon Ajibola.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7530281|Sirika Hadi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2012-01-01
| 2015-06-01
| [[File:HadiSirika.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7543924|Smart Adeyemi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-12-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2023-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7561969|Sonni Ogbuoji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06-09
| [[File:Sonni Ogbuoji.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7607111|Oduah Stella]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| [[File:Princess Stella Oduah-Ogiemwonyi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7607115|Stella Omu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7635965|Sulaiman Mohammed Nazif]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7636116|Suleiman Asonya Adokwe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-04&lt;br/&gt;2007-05-29
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7639331|Sunday Awoniyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1993&lt;br/&gt;1993-07
| 1993&lt;br/&gt;1993-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7639385|Sunday Fajinmi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| [[File:Senator Sunday Fajinmi 2014-06-06 15-59.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7660727|Sylvanus Ngele]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7660767|Sylvester Anyanwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7660769|Sylvester Ayodele Arise]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7689220|Tawar Umbi Wada]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7705525|Teslim Folarin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[File:Picture of Senator Oloye Teslim Kolawole Folarin 2014-03-14 03-26.jpeg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7852884|Tunde Ogbeha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003-05&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7877282|Udoma Udo Udoma]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7881142|Umar Usman Dukku]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7881169|Abubakar Umar Argungu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7881173|Umaru Dahiru]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7881179|Umaru Tanko Al-Makura]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7902039|Usman Albishir]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| [[File:Late Senator Usman Albishir.gif|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7902041|Usman Bayero Nafada]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| [[File:Usman Bayero Nafada.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7926084|Victor Lar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7926217|Victor Oyofo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2007-05-29
| [[File:Senator Victor Oyofo (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8022970|Wilson Asinobi Ake]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8039285|Iyalode Wuraola Adepeju Esan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1960
| 1964
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8053833|Yisa Braimoh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8061881|Yushau Anka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8061938|Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed 2022.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8061976|Yusuf Musa Nagogo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8064832|Zainab Abdulkadir Kure]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-05-29
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q10951112|Joseph Olatunji Ajayi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q10987178|Ita Enang]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q10998235|Abubakar Atiku Bagudu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04
| [[File:Abubakar Bagudu - 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q11058541|Gbenga Daniel]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[File:Dinner night.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q11282486|Adams Oshiomhole]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[File:AdamsOshiomhole.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140373|Abubakar Maikafi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140563|Alex Kadiri]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140570|Aniette Okon]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140574|Anthony Adeniyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140602|Bashir Mustapha]]''
| 
| 
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140609|Bode Olowoporoku]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140618|Christopher Nshi]]''
| 
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140619|Clement Awoyelu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140620|Christopher Nwankwo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140621|Cosmos Niangwan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140623|Dalha Ahmed Danzomo]]''
| 
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140624|Daisy Danjuma]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140636|Emmanuel Anosike]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140637|Emmanuel Okpede]]''
| 
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140638|Emmanuel A. Azu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140645|Faruk Bello]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140651|Fred Aghogho Brume]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140663|Gyang Datong]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140665|Haruna Garba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140666|Haruna Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140667|Heineken Lokpobiri]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[File:Heineken Lokpobiri at WEF Special Meeting on Global Collaboration, Growth and Energy for Development, 2024.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140669|Hosea Ehinlanwo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140670|Hosea Ayoola Agbola]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140679|Ibrahim Mantu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140681|Ibiapuye Martyns-Yellowe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140686|Ikechukwu Abana]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140687|Ike Ekweremadu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06
| [[File:Huriwa2gk-is-565.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140688|Ikechukwu Obiorah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140695|Isah Maina]]''
| 
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140697|Isa Mohammed (ọmọ Ilé Alàgbà)]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140698|Isa Muhammed Galaudu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140701|Itak Bob Ekarika]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140704|Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-04-28
| 2011-05
| [[File:Iyabo Obasanjo.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140705|Iyiola Omisore]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[File:Iyiola-Omisore.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140708|James Kolawole]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140712|John Brambaifa]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140714|John Danboyi]]''
| 
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140721|Jubril Martins-Kuye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Jubril M-K.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140744|Mohammed Abba Aji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140747|Mohammed A. Muhammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140749|Mohammed Ohiare]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140754|Matthew Ifeanyi Nwagwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140760|Nimi Barigha-Amange]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140761|Nnamdi Eriobuna]]''
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140776|Olufemi Lanlehin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-06
| [[File:Senator Olufemi Lanlehin.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140814|Patrick Aga]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140815|Paulinus Igwe Nwagu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140820|Peter Olawuyi]]''
| 
| 
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140828|Ramoni Olalekan Mustapha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140831|Robert Koleoso]]''
| 
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140832|Rochas Okorocha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06
| 2023-06
| [[File:Governor Rochas Okorocha (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140833|Rufaisanbi Hanga]]''
| 
| 
| 2003-05
| 2007-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140845|Silas Janfa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140852|Sola Akinyede]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140854|Sule Yari Gandi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140855|Suleiman Ajadi]]''
| 
| 
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140867|Timothy Adudu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140868|Tokunbo Afikuyomi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140874|Tupele-Ebi Diffa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140875|Ugochukwu Uba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140876|Ugbane Yahaya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140877|Umar Ibrahim Tsauri]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140881|Usman Sanni Sami]]''
| 
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140882|Usman Kibiya Umar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-05
| [[File:Sen Usman Kibiya Umar.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140884|Usman Adamu]]''
| 
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140890|Wahab Dosunmu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-06-03
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140908|Zik Sunday Ambuno]]''
| osombusazwe waseNigeria
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-05
| 2007-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13651011|Mudasiru Oyetunde Hussein]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13651307|Musiliu Obanikoro]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q14479598|Wahab Dosumu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15437956|Iyorchia Ayu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1992-12-05
| 1993-11-17
| [[File:Iyorchia Ayu 2023.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16105634|Idi Othman Guda]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16149860|Adedayo Clement Adeyeye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-11-14
| [[File:IMG PRINCE ADEYEYE.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16150077|Kanu Godwin Agabi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16734134|Monsurat Sunmonu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 
| [[File:Monsurat-sunmonu-pic.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16886055|Baba Tela]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17541203|Ameh Ebute]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1992-12-05
| 1993-11-17
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18719291|Ipalibo Banigo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19560093|Binta Garba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19668719|Patrick Abba Moro]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19668818|Abubakar Sani Bello]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[File:Lolo Hot Springs, Lolo, MT, 2011 1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19895375|Osinakachukwu Ideozu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19938118|Solomon Olamilekan Adeola]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
| [[File:Solomo Adeola.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20155621|Ben Murray-Bruce]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604089|Adamu Bala]]''
| 
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604108|Ahmed Zuruq]]''
| 
| 
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604138|Amah Iwuagwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604280|Chris Adighije]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604335|Gilbert E. Nnaji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604383|Iyabo Anisulowo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604409|Joshua Adagba]]''
| 
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604439|Kola Ogunwale]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604483|Nurudeen Abatemi Usman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604531|Olubunmi Adetunbi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604611|Sani Kamba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2003-05
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2007-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604624|Spiff Inatim Rufus]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604644|Tokunbo Ogunbanjo]]''
| 
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604659|Titus Olupitan]]''
| 
| 
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20684806|Michael Opeyemi Bamidele]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20774324|Olaka Nwogu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982202|Mao Arukwe Ohuabunwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982222|David Nweze Umahi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Dave Umahi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21063207|Dino Melaiye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-08-23
| [[File:Dino Melaye at AMVCA 2020 02.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21175232|Shehu Sani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21598122|Haliru Dantoro]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1992
| 1992
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21997883|Gyang Pwajok]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2012-10
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22704987|Fatimat Olufunke Raji-Rasaki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| [[File:Sen Adefemi Kila &amp; Sen Raji Rasaki.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22806954|Rose Okoji Oko]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2020-03
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22807281|Uche Ekwunife]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| [[File:Senator Uche Ekwunife.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q82535|Ibrahim Shekarau]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| [[File:HMA Bob Dewar with Governor Ibrahim Shekarau of Kano State (3541397335).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q339008|Ahmed Makarfi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-11-14
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q378378|Victor Ndoma-Egba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q379530|Jeremiah Useni]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q459205|David Mark]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-06-03
| 2019-06-09
| [[File:Abdul Ningi and David Mark.jpeg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q548710|Jaja Wachuku]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q738816|Orji Uzor Kalu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1945914|Chris Anyanwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[File:Chris Anyawu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2526739|Vincent Usulor]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2967578|Chuba Wilberforce Okadigbo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| [[File:Chuba-okadigbo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3381247|Ike Omar Sanda Nwachukwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3509330|Ibrahim Saminu Turaki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3509922|Rabiu Kwankwaso]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-05
| 2019-05
| [[File:Kwankwaso and Rochas at PGLS 1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3509941|Mohammed Ali Ndume]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| [[File:Muhammad8.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3510270|Uche Chukwumerije]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[File:Uche Chukwumerije.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3510706|Mohammed Danjuma Goje]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-05&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-05
| [[File:Muhammad Damjuma Goje.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3510712|Adamu Aliero]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3510720|Ahmad Sani Yerima]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3510727|Ali Modu Sheriff]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| [[File:Ali Modu Sherrff crop 2007.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3510785|Nenadi Esther Usman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3510794|Chris Nwabueze Ngige]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3510803|George Akume]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3510864|Sam Egwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-05-29
| 
| [[File:Sam Egwu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3510881|Chimaroke Nnamani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2011-06-06
| [[File:Senator Chimaroke Nnamani 1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3510938|Theodore Orji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 
| [[File:Theodore orji A.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3511417|Iya Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-05&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2007-05
| [[File:Prof Iya Abubakar portrait.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3511510|Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[File:Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3511513|Robert Ajayi Boroffice]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| [[File:Robert Boroffice.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4664673|Abdallah Wali]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665219|Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665254|Abdul Ahmed Ningi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-02-25
| 
| [[File:Abdul Ningi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665765|Abdul Yandoma]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665773|Abdulahi Bala Adamu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665788|Abdulazeez Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2007-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665816|Abdulaziz Usman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4666120|Abdullahi Adamu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2022-04
| [[File:Abdullahi Adamu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4666129|Abdullahi Ibrahim Gobir]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4666168|Abdulmumini M. Hassan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4667894|Abiola Ajimobi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670223|Abu Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670486|Abubakar Girei]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670492|Abubakar Mahdi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670495|Abubakar Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670498|Abubakar Olusola Saraki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670503|Abubakar Sodangi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670506|Abubakar Tanko Ayuba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-04
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670507|Abubakar Umar Gada]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670509|Abubakar Umar Tutare]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4680074|Adebayo Salami]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4680542|Adamu Garba Talba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4680543|Adamu Gumba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4680546|Adamu Sidi Ali]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4680928|Adawari Pepple]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4681508|Adefemi Kila]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| [[File:Senator adefemi kila.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4681514|Adego Erhiawarie Eferakeya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06
| 2011-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4681916|Adeleke Mamora]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4682371|Adeseye Ogunlewe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-04
| 2003-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4684485|Adolphus Wabara]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| [[File:Sen. Adolphus Wabara.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4689299|Afolabi Olabimtan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4695272|Ahmad Babba Kaita]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06
| 2023-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4695844|Ahmed Hassan Barata]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4695864|Ahmed Lawan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| [[File:Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4695931|Ahmed Mohammed Inuwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[File:Mohammed Ahmed Sadek 1927.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4695944|Ahmed Muhammad Maccido]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4696007|Ahmed Sani Stores]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4696044|Ahmed Tijani Ahmed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4696069|Ahmed Zanna]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4699144|Aisha Jummai]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| [[File:Runcie C.W. Chidebe, Executive Director, Project PINK BLUE with Sen. Aisha J. Alhassan, Minister of Women Affairs &amp; Social Dev.; Dr. Ramatu Hassan, Rep. Minister of Health, Chidinma Ekile, Toke Makinwa, Annie Idibia at World Cancer Day.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4701045|Akin Babalola Kamar Odunsi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4701060|Akinlabi Olasunkanmi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 2007-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4701094|Patrick Ayo Akinyelure]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4701580|Akpor Pius Ewherido]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4727549|Aliyu Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-20
| 2003-05-20
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4727555|Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| [[File:Aliyu Magatakarda Wamakko.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4727635|Alkali Abdulkadir Jajere]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4734691|Aloysius Akpan Etok]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4735427|Alphonsus Obi Igbeke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2010-05-25
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4746479|Aminu Waziri Tambuwal]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[File:Aminu Waziri Tambuwal (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4746481|Aminu Sule Garo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4756255|Andrew Babalola]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4769401|Annie Okonkwo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| [[File:Prince Don Okonkwo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4771979|Anthony Agbo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4772581|Anthony George Manzo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4778249|Anyimchukwu Ude]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4778251|Anyim Pius Anyim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| [[File:Anyim P Anyim (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4799853|Arthur Nzeribe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999-05
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4799876|Ifeanyi Okowa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-05-29
| [[File:Ifenanyi Okowa.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4820221|Audu Idris Umar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4831545|Ayo Oni]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4831550|Ayoade Ademola Adeseun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4831565|Ayogu Eze]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4837432|Babafemi Ojudu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4837564|Babayo Garba Gamawa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4840567|Badamasi Maccido]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4849691|Bala Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-04-08
| 2010-04-08
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4861327|Barnabas Andyar Gemade]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| [[File:Gemade.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4866793|Basheer Garba Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4868127|Bassey Ewa-Henshaw]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4868129|Bassey Otu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| [[File:Sen otu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4884084|Bello Hayatu Gwarzo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2008-12-08&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2007-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2015-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q93342274|Margery Chuba-Okadigbo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2012-07
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96359151|Obinna Ogba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96973629|Abubakar Sani Danladi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-05
| 2017-06-23
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97158668|Sunday Marshall Katung]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[File:Katung at SK Fest 2024 offstage.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q101438711|Haruna Manu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106572540|Nora Daduut]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020&lt;br/&gt;2020-12
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106782564|Saliu Mustapha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[File:Saliu Mustapha.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107491747|Omotayo Alasoadura]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108063138|Kabir Barkiya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06
| 2023-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110977332|Chukwuma Frank Ibezim]]''
| 
| 
| 2021-04
| 
| [[File:Chukwuma Frank Ibezim.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111086547|Moses Cleopas]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111087716|Mustapha Bukar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2018-04-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111087840|Muhammad Shitu]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111087846|Joseph Dada]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-06
| 2019-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111087847|Donald Omotayo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111087850|Baba Garba]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111087852|Yele Omogunwa]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111087856|Rilwan Akambi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-05
| 2019-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141491|Chris Emeka Azubogu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141676|Simon Mwadkwon]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148458|Mike Ajegbo]]''
| 
| 
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152093|Lekan Balogun]]''
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153363|Muhammed Hassan]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111164990|Danladi Bamaiyi]]''
| 
| 
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111164999|Salman Is'haq]]''
| 
| 
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111328753|Stephen Adi Odey]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 2021-07-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113541090|Abubakar Sadiku Ohere]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q114130099|Olubiyi Fadeyi]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116963143|Ireti Kingibe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[File:Ireti Kingibe 2023.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012486|Abbas Aminu Iya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-02-25
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012757|Aniekan Bassey]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-02-25
| 
| [[File:Aniekan bassey.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117013147|Akpan Ekong Sampson]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-02-25
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021365|Victor Umeh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-02-25
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021455|Umar Shehu Buba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-02-25
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117289474|Joel-Onowakpo Thomas]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117808443|Napoleon Bali]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-12
| 2023-09-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117811710|Kelvin Chukwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117844531|Garba Maidoki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118158688|Benson Sunday Agadaga]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118830663|Onyesoh Alwell]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q119768366|Eteng Jonah Williams]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120001918|Osita Ngwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120720782|Bernards Neda Imasuen]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120721069|Monday Okpebholo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06
| 
| [[File:Monday Okpebholo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120721332|Anthony Siyako Yaro]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120722364|Shehu Kaka Lawan]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120722678|Abiodun Sharafadeen Alli]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120722779|Ahmed Mallam- Madori Abdulhamid]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120736736|Olusegun Cyril Oluwole Fasuyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q121009467|Onyekachi Nwaebonyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124791290|Amos Yohanna]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-10-16
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4884085|Bello Jibrin Gada]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4884086|Bello Mohammed Tukur]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06
| 2015-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4885148|Ben-Collins Ndu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2001-03
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4887251|Benedict Ayade]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Ben-ayade-1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4914035|Bindo Jibrilla]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4933535|Bob Nwannunu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4936432|Bode Olajumoke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4940288|Boluwaji Kunlere]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4968131|Brimmo Yusuf]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4986810|Bukar Abba Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4986999|Bukola Saraki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| [[File:Bukola Saraki, October 2017 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5019332|Caleb Zagi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5112997|Omoworare Babajide]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5132325|Clever Ikisikpo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5208840|Dahiru Awaisu Kuta]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2014-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5208841|Dahiru Bako Gassol]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5210857|Dalhatu Tafida]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[File:Dalhatu Tafida.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5210858|Dalhatu Umaru Sangari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5214947|Danboyi Usman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-05
| 2007-05
| [[File:Sen- Saleh Usman Danboyi 2014-03-08 22-17.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5218701|Daniel Saror]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5219980|Danladi Abdullahi Sankara]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2015-06
| [[File:D Sankara.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5231744|David Brigidi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5242118|Davou Zang]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5258823|Dennis Osadebay]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5290341|Domingo Alaba Obende]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5294316|Donald Etiebet]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5347498|Effiong Dickson Bob]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5348580|Ehigie Edobor Uzamere]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5370301|Eme Ufot Ekaette]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5373159|Emmanuel Bwacha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5373202|Emmanuel Dangana Ocheja]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| [[File:APC Rally.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5373222|Emmanuel Essien]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5373308|Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-05
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5373326|Emmanuel Paulker]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-05-29
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5381464|Enyinnaya Harcourt Abaribe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5415377|Evan Enwerem]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5442241|Felix Ibru]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5442251|Felix Kolawole Bajomo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5442802|Femi Okurounmu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5445889|Festus Olabode Ola]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-30
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5446766|Fidelis Okoro]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2007-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5460658|Florence Ita Giwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-06
| [[File:Florence ita-giwa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5515869|Gabriel Suswam]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5521330|Ganiyu Solomon]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[File:Ganiyu Solomon.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5521971|Garba Yakubu Lado]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5529326|Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5529328|Gbenga Bareehu Ashafa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09
| [[File:GBAprofile.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5529329|Gbenga Aluko]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5529332|Gbenga Ogunniya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5545186|George Thompson Sekibo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2023-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5576947|Godswill Obot Akpabio]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-02-25
| 2019-06
| [[File:Godswill Obot Akpabio (2012).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5581828|Goni Modu Bura]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5591175|Grace Folashade Bent]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5607086|Gregory Ngaji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5623995|Gyang Dalyop Datong]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2012-07-08
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5675846|Haruna Aziz Zeego]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5679766|Hassan Muhammed Gusau]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-05-29
| 2022-02-23&lt;br/&gt;2011-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5702218|Helen Esuene]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;1979
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;1983
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5720323|Seriake Dickson]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5899569|Hope Uzodimma]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5953576|Hyde Onuaguluchi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984059|Ibikunle Oyelaja Amosun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-06
| 2007-06-05
| [[File:Amosun-1-270x350 c.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984545|Ibrahim Gaidam]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-05&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| [[File:Ibrahim Geidam.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984636|Ibrahim Kura Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984638|Ibrahim Kuta]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984642|Ibrahim Lame]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1992
| 1993
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984649|Ibrahim M. Ida]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2007-05-29
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984682|Ibrahim Muhammed Kirikasama]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2007-05-29
| [[File:Ibrahim Mohammed Kirikasama.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984684|Ibrahim Musa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5989581|Idris Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5991127|Ifeanyi Ararume]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999-05
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6075725|Isa Mohammed Bagudu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2007-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6075829|Isaac Alfa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| [[File:Senisaacalfa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6078472|Isaiah Balat]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6080812|Isiaka Adetunji Adeleke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-05
| 2011-05&lt;br/&gt;2017-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6138857|James Manager]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6197222|Jim Ifeanyichukwu Nwobodo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6201682|Jimoh Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6213354|Joel Danlami Ikenya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6219847|John Azuta-Mbata]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-04&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-02
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6241500|John James Akpan Udo-Edehe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6250148|John Nanzip Shagaya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6251174|John Okechukwuemeka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6271867|Jonah David Jang]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6274897|Jonathan Zwingina]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6280933|Joseph Akaagerger]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6287738|Joseph Waku]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6287826|Joseph Wayas]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1979
| 1983
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6289751|Joshua Dariye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6290036|Joshua M. Lidani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6297113|Joy Emodi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2005-02-20
| 2010-03-25
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6301957|Jibril Aminu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 2011-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6310120|Julius Ucha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6344204|Kabir Garba Marafa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-09
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| [[File:Kabir Garba Marafa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6344250|Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[File:Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya Nigerian politician.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6349100|Kaka Mallam Yale]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6359013|Kamorudeen Adekunle Adedibu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6374297|Kashim Shettima]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-05-29
| [[File:Kashim Shettima office portrait.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6380074|Kawu Peto Dukku]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6388239|Ken Nnamani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23636295|Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23765700|Bassey Albert]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2023-05&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23933538|Patrick Ifeanyi Ubah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-02-25
| 2024-07-27
| [[File:FC IFEANYI UBAH visit to WestHam United fc....... 7.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24574659|John Owan Enoh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| [[File:John Enoh.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24975774|Hamisu Musa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25753711|Abubakar Kyari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26251124|Tokunbo Abiru]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27517405|Lere Oyewumi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27662340|Onyewuchi Francis Ezenwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-06
| 2022-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27919789|Oluranti Adebule]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| [[File:The Vice President, Shri M. Hamid Ansari and Smt. Salma Ansari being received by the Deputy Governor of Lagos, Dr. (Mrs.) Oluranti Adebule, on their arrival, at Murtala Muhammed International Airport, in Lagos, Nigeria.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28420151|Buruji Kashamu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| [[File:Buruji Kashamu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28530040|Lanre Tejuosho]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 2019-06-09
| [[File:Lanre tejuosho.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28600192|Francis Alimikhena]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 2023-06-11
| [[File:Francis Alimikhena.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29363716|Nelson Effiong]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29452297|Tony Nwoye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-02-25
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30673985|Ned Naoko]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Ned Nwoko.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q32946601|Ademola Adeleke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2017
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q33113565|Christopher Stephen Ekpenyong]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Chris Ekpenyong.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536657|Betty Apiafi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Betty Apiafi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536955|Gumau Yahaya lawal]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2018-03&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2023-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| [[File:Senator Lawal Yahaya Gumau.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537790|Aishatu Dukku]]''
| osombusazwe waseNigeria
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538185|Agom Jarigbe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-09-15&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 
| [[File:Jarigbe Agom.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539317|Darlington Nwokocha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-11
| 2023-11-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539352|Jika Haliru]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539386|Douye Diri]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2020-02-11
| [[File:Diri walking to the stage at SK Fest 2024 01.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539437|Abubakar Lado]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539499|Emmanuel Yisa Orker-Jev]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540252|Istifanus Gyang]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q41693557|Jibrin I Barau]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 
| [[File:Barau I Jibrin cropped portrait.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q41805511|Andrew Uchendu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q42563987|Barry Mpigi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47456115|Abdullahi Abubakar Gumel]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48816941|Franca Afegbua]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50345435|Suleiman Othman Hunkuyi]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50526702|Abiodun Olujimi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q52274670|Clifford Ordia]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
| [[File:Ordia.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q53844501|David Umaru]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2014-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q53844504|Sabi Abdulahi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55080914|Ovie Omo-Agege]]''
| ummeli waseNigeria nosopolitiki
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55808166|Raji Ayoola Adeleke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56222206|Samuel Anyanwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q59828951|Friday K. Benson]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61594827|Tu Ajibola Bashiru]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61731589|Abdul-Aziz Nyako]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-06-06
| 2019-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61743048|Ahmad Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61756840|Bala Ibn Naallah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61761286|Isah Misau]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61942446|Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61992005|Malam Wakili]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 2018-03-17
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62036544|Tolu Odebiyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62050387|Ibrahim Yahaya Oloriegbe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06
| 2022
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62072676|Adebayo Osinowo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-06
| 2020-06-15
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62140847|Oyelola Yisa Ashiru]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Lola Ashiru.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62594993|Foster Ogola]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62604069|Uba Sani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| [[File:Mal Uba Sani.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62604235|Abdulfatai Buhari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62604245|Gershom Bassey]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62733959|Peter Nwaoboshi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62894523|Joseph Ogbau]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2023-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63016244|Bello Mandiya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63016717|Ibrahim Hassan Hadejia]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06
| 2023-06
| [[File:Ibrahim Hassan Hadejia1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63029332|Suleiman Abdu Kwari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63050503|Tijjani Yahaya Kaura]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63117844|Matthew Urhoghide]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63142317|Utazi Chukwuka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63190460|Duro Faseyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 2019-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63190467|Benjamin Uwajumogu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-12-18
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63819587|Sandy Ojang Onor]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64010361|Kurfi Umaru]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-06
| 2019-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64744009|Ibrahim Mohammed Bomai]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| [[File:Ibrahim-Bomai.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64852980|Akon Eyakenyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| [[File:Akon Eyakenyi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64976705|Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| [[File:Aishatu Binani.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65030774|Mohammed Kola Balogun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06
| 2023-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65038583|Yaroe Binos Dauda]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-02-25&lt;br/&gt;2023-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65048215|Ishaku Elisha Abbo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-10-16
| [[File:Senator Ishaku Abbo 2.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q66005216|Yakubu Oseni]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q66291380|Danjuma Laah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2023-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| [[File:Danjuma Laah at Afan 2024.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q66606809|Olubunmi Ayodeji Adetunmbi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q67080058|Adelere Adeyemi Oriolowo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72764183|Shuaibu Isa Lau]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2017-07-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83688127|Dimka Ayuba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06
| 2023-06
| [[File:Hezekiah Dimka.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83688256|Ignatius Datong Longjan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2020-02-10
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83689174|Lawali Hassan Anka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83689398|Adamu Muhammad Bulkachuwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83689501|Francis Adenigba Fadahunsi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83802158|Suleiman Sadiq Umar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83947188|Godiya Akwashiki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06
| 2023-06
| [[File:Godiya.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84579883|Nicholas Tofowomo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84712546|Ibrahim Abdullahi Danbaba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84721887|Jibrin Isah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2023-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84724262|Biobarakuma Wangagha Degi Eremienyo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84991358|Abdullahi Abubakar Yahaya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06
| [[File:Senator Yahaya Abubakar Abdullahi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85176801|Lawal Hassan Anka]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85748522|Amos Bulus Kilawangs]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85785167|Michael Ama Nnachi]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85799574|Sani Mohammed]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85912730|Mohammed Sabo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| [[File:Nakudu 2023.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q86452500|Muhammad Bima Enagi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q86513299|Aliyu Sabi Abdullahi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
| [[File:Sen. Aliyu Sabi Abdullahi, Chair, Senate Committee on Media &amp; Public Affairs, Abuja.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q86520249|Sani Musa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Mr Mohammed Sani Musa.jpg|center|128px]]
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>24ehg6psfnk1kjgeku8irtfm4eosevv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:GerardM/Members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>9895</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127144</id>
      <parentid>126963</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T09:25:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>10758</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>127144</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="125105" sha1="op5soioccmv4g9lqyylfqwzbflcn3jm" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a Members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q21290864 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q21290864/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q21290864/P580:Start date,P39/Q21290864/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1225695|Dimeji Bankole]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-11-01&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[File:Oladimeji Sabur Bankole.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3509922|Rabiu Kwankwaso]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1993
| 2019
| [[File:Kwankwaso and Rochas at PGLS 1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3509941|Mohammed Ali Ndume]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[File:Muhammad8.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3510720|Ahmad Sani Yerima]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3510785|Nenadi Esther Usman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665219|Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665254|Abdul Ahmed Ningi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2008
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[File:Abdul Ningi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4666128|Abdullahi Balarabe Salame]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-06
| 2022-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4666159|Abdulmumin Jibrin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-11-01
| [[File:Jibrin Abuja Event.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4667738|Abike Dabiri]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06
| 2015-06
| [[File:Abike Dabiri-Erewa -crop.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670499|Abubakar Rimi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Seal of Kano.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670509|Abubakar Umar Tutare]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4680546|Adamu Sidi Ali]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4695844|Ahmed Hassan Barata]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4695864|Ahmed Lawan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2007
| [[File:Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4727557|Aliyu Musa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4746475|Aminu Kano]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2046345|Colonial Nigeria]]''
| 
| 
| [[File:Aminu Kano.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4746476|Aminu Safana]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4746479|Aminu Waziri Tambuwal]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[File:Aminu Waziri Tambuwal (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4831550|Ayoade Ademola Adeseun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4868127|Bassey Ewa-Henshaw]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4868129|Bassey Otu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[File:Sen otu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4884085|Bello Jibrin Gada]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4914035|Bindo Jibrilla]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4936432|Bode Olajumoke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5095351|Chibudom Nwuche]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5116055|Chukwuemeka Chikelu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5116057|Chukwuemeka Ihedioha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2015-06-06
| [[File:Rt. Hon. Emeka Ihedioha (cropped).png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5116059|Chukwuemeka Ngozichineke Wogu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5132325|Clever Ikisikpo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5238181|David Obadiah Lot]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5261085|Ahmed Idris Wase]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| [[File:Headshot-photograph-ahmed-idris-wase.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5363283|Elizabeth Ogbaga]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5373159|Emmanuel Bwacha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5393316|Ernest Ikoli]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5423303|Eziuche Ubani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5436177|Farouk Lawan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29
| 
| [[File:Farouk Lawan.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5442793|Femi Gbaja Biamila]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[File:Femi Gbajabiamila 2018.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5515869|Gabriel Suswam]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5521330|Ganiyu Solomon]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| [[File:Ganiyu Solomon.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5529326|Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5545186|George Thompson Sekibo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5555270|Ghali Umar Na'Abba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| [[File:Ghali Na'Abba at an interview with This Day Newspaper.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5623995|Gyang Dalyop Datong]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06
| 2007-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5720323|Seriake Dickson]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5984495|Ibrahim Bio]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5989581|Idris Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6075720|Isa Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6213354|Joel Danlami Ikenya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6283021|Joseph Fadahunsi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6301957|Jibril Aminu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6309967|Julius Momo Udochi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Dinner in Honor of President Kennedy, Given by Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Prime Minister of Nigeria (03).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6344204|Kabir Garba Marafa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| [[File:Kabir Garba Marafa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6380072|Kawu Sumaila]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6708540|Lynda Chuba-Ikpeazu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-09-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;1999&lt;br/&gt;2022-03
| 2022-03&lt;br/&gt;2021-09-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6892990|Mohammed Arzika]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2001
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6893184|Mohammed Lawal]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6967190|Nasiru Sule Garo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6983832|Nduese Essien]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7026337|Nicholas Ugbane]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7042547|Nkechi Justina Nwaogu]]''
| osombusazwe waseNigeria
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7088869|Olusola Adeyeye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7145570|Patricia Etteh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 
| [[File:Hon. Patricia O. Etteh (Speaker, House of Representative 2008).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7185532|Philip Aduda]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7299041|Raymond Njoku]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Raymond Njoku.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7404851|Salisu Matori]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2006
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7418244|Sani Daura]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:NSZD Portrait.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7495678|Shettima Ali Monguno]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| No/unknown value
| No/unknown value
| [[File:Nigerian Public Domain Files 06.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7639331|Sunday Awoniyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1971
| 1975
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7668102|T. A. Doherty]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7902041|Usman Bayero Nafada]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2007-11-02&lt;br/&gt;2003-06
| 2011-06-02
| [[File:Usman Bayero Nafada.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7926221|Victor Ozodinobi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8022970|Wilson Asinobi Ake]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q10987178|Ita Enang]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q10998235|Abubakar Atiku Bagudu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003
| 2007
| [[File:Abubakar Bagudu - 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140815|Paulinus Igwe Nwagu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140854|Sule Yari Gandi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13651011|Mudasiru Oyetunde Hussein]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16106000|Eddie Mbadiwe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16187120|Julius Ihonvbere]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16189427|Olajumoke Okoya-Thomas]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16194615|John Dyegh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2021-12-13&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16195524|Gbenga Elegbeleye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| [[File:Gbenga Elegbeleye.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16196905|Bimbo Daramola]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16207418|Nnenna Elendu Ukeje]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16230616|Aliyu Ibrahim Gebi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| [[File:Honorable Aliyu Ibrahim Gebi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17385635|Beni Lar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-12
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-12&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18129932|Khadija Bukar Abba Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18618880|Usman Shehu Bawa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19518229|Saviour Friday Udoh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19559941|Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19560093|Binta Garba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19564268|Danburam Abubakar Nuhu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19604976|Raphael Nomiye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19667180|Otunba Akin Alabi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19895375|Osinakachukwu Ideozu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19938118|Solomon Olamilekan Adeola]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06
| 
| [[File:Solomo Adeola.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19957516|Dogara Yakubu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| [[File:3R3A5379.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20604335|Gilbert E. Nnaji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20675885|Anthony Eze Enwereuzor]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536670|Ossy Prestige]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2021-02-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536681|Olajide Olatubosun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-07
| 2022-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536706|Sunday Oladimeji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536718|Emmanuel Ukoete]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536730|Rimamnde Kwewum]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536740|Ofongo Henry]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536754|Isah Murtala]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536761|Asabe Bashir]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536774|Gafaru Akintayo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536789|Ajayi Adeyinka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536800|Aliyu Danladi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536806|Hassan Omale]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536820|Umar Yakubu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536833|Oyewole Diya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536858|Aliyu Ahman-Pategi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536874|Bulus Solomon]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536888|Aminu Ashiru]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2022-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536916|Ahmed Garba Bichi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536928|Ajayi Ayantunji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536941|Yunusa Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536955|Gumau Yahaya lawal]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2018-03&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| [[File:Senator Lawal Yahaya Gumau.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536987|Kabir Shaibu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537062|Raphael Nnanna Igbokwe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537143|Ahmad Babba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537153|Talatu Yohanna]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537164|Iboro Ekanem]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537174|Emmanuel Ekon]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-05-07
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537188|Olugbenga Ayode]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537204|Yusuf Tajudeen]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537221|Husaini Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537233|Akinlaja Joseph]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537251|Mohammed Mahmud]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537263|Agbedi Yeitiemone]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537276|Marshal Sunday]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537290|Shehu Saleh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-02-10&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-04-16
| 2022-04-16&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-12
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537300|Dauda Kako Are]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537315|Razak Atunwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537324|Asadu Patrick]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537339|Oghene Emmanuel]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537352|Umaru Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537367|Abubakar Amuda-kannike]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537380|Philip Ahmad]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 2019-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537391|Chukwukere Austine]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537404|Abubakar Garba Lawal]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537416|Abubakar Adamu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537427|Tarkighin Dickson]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537439|Aliyu Madaki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537449|Lazarus Ogbee]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-09-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537462|Iduma Igariwey]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| [[File:IDUMA IGARIWEY ENWO.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537474|Muntari Dandutse]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537487|Shoyinka Olatunji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537499|Ochepo Adamu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537514|Abubakar Dahiru]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-06-25
| 2022-06-10
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537525|Akeem Adeyemi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Akeem Adeniyi Adeyemi in Oyo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537536|Shehu Aliyu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-10-30&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537550|Babatunde Kolawole]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Babatunde G. Kolawole.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537561|Stella Ngwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537572|Olemija Stephen]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537605|Baderinwa Bamidele White]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537616|Johnbull Shekarau]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537627|Abiodun Olasupo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537638|Olatubosun Oladele]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537650|Isah Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537657|Uthman Munir]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537669|Owoidighe Ekpoatai]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537692|Suleiman Aminu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537705|Gideon Gwani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537718|Danladi Baido]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-04-25
| 2022-04-25
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537755|Chime Oji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537766|Binta Bello]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q376241|Gombe State]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q7500408|Shongom]]''
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537777|Thaddeus Aina]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537790|Aishatu Dukku]]''
| osombusazwe waseNigeria
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537802|Nicholas Shehu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537813|D. Muhammad]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537828|Jones Onyereri]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537842|Edwin Anayo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537853|Ibrahim Baba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537862|Mukaila Kassim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537872|Enitan Badru]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537883|Ayuba Badamasi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05-13
| 2022-05-13&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537895|Jibrin Santumari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537904|Sani Umar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537917|Abdulahi Faruk]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537928|Pwajok Gyang]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537940|Zakari Salisu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537964|Munir Danagundi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-09-10&lt;br/&gt;2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537977|Adewale Oluwatayo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35537989|Akinyede Awodumila]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538029|Nicholas Mutu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538044|Bolaji Ayinla]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538057|Ibrahim Abdullahi Dutse]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538080|Kurmi Gashaka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538089|Randolph Brown]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538097|Nasiru Baballe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538106|Nkem Uzoma]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538117|Ogbeide-ihama Omoregie]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538123|Goni Bukar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538136|Nassir Ali]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538144|Adamu Salihu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538158|Samuel Olusegun Williams]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-05&lt;br/&gt;2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20676277|Clifford Ohiagu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20676550|Boniface S. Emerengwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20685008|Tajudeen Obasa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20740791|Alhassan Doguwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2020-01-29&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-11-04&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20774324|Olaka Nwogu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982174|Macebuh Chinonyerem]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982195|Njoku Nnamdi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982197|Nwakanwa Chimaobi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982201|Iheanacho Obioma]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982202|Mao Arukwe Ohuabunwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982219|Uchechukwu N. Maduako]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982221|Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06
| 2015-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21063010|Onofiok A. Luke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Rt. Hon. (Barr) Onofiok Luke, Speaker, Akwa Ibom State House of Asembly.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21063207|Dino Melaiye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06
| 
| [[File:Dino Melaye at AMVCA 2020 02.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22005748|Kayode Oladele]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| [[File:Kayode Oladele.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22087359|Chukwuemeka Ujam]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22276914|Martins Azubuike]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22279489|Omosede G. Igbinedion]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22806954|Rose Okoji Oko]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06
| 2015-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22807281|Uche Ekwunife]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04
| [[File:Senator Uche Ekwunife.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23304614|Yusuf Sulaimon Lasun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| [[File:YussuffLasun.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23409635|Chinyere Igwe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23414656|Adekoya Adesegun Abdel-Majid]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| [[File:Hon. Adekoya adesegun.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24565203|Musa Sarkinadar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24574659|John Owan Enoh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[File:John Enoh.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24668829|Abdussamad Dasuki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Abdussamad Dasuki.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25753711|Abubakar Kyari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25938875|Joan Onyemaechi Mrakpor]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26704784|Austin Opara]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26896971|Julius Gbabojor Pondi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27063414|Ephraim Nwuzi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2020-10-07
| 2020-10-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27517391|Ben Nwankwo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27662340|Onyewuchi Francis Ezenwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27662959|Ogbonna Nwuke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27959962|Mojeed Alabi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28030538|Ugonna Ozurigbo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-13&lt;br/&gt;2022-04-23
| 2022-04-23
| [[File:Ozbpice.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28051589|Samaila Suleiman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-03-16
| 2022-03-08
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28203607|Janet Febisola Adeyemi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28606434|Philip Shaibu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2016-03
| [[File:Philip Shaibu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28839608|Olatoye Tempitope Sugar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-03-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28967996|Samuel Ikon]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28968008|Nse Ekpenyong]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 2022-04-23
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28968132|Ogor Okuweh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28968135|Umar Barde Yakubu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29033506|Henry Okon Archibong]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-05&lt;br/&gt;2023-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29452315|Folake Olunloyo]]''
| osombusazwe waseNigeria
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Nkeiruka Onyejeocha]]
| usopolitiki
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29834852|Abdulrahman Shuaibu Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| [[File:Abdulrahman Shuaibu Abubakar.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30643909|Obinna Chidoka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-11-19
| 2019-06
| [[File:Hon. Obinna Chidoka.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30673985|Ned Naoko]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| [[File:Ned Nwoko.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q32534468|Patrick Obahiagbon]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35523688|Iorember Wayo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35523709|Eke Bede]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536081|Mallam Gana]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536093|Tijjani Abdul Kadir]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2022-05-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536112|Dekor Dumnamene]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536127|Faleke Abiodun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536141|Okechukwu Eze]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536154|Usman Shiddi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2020-12-15
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536164|Ehiozuwa Agbonayinma]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536176|Ederin Idisi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536189|Ado Musa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536199|Ajibola Famurewa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536212|Muhammed Ajanah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536223|Sunday Karimi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| [[File:Senator Sunday Karimi on the floor of the Nigerian Senate.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536240|Husseni Suleiman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536249|Jimoh Ojugbele]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536262|Angulu Zakari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536282|Johnson Oghuma]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536291|Umar Jibril]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536302|Sani Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536314|Jimoh Abdul]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536324|Rabiu Garba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536336|Sani Saidu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536347|Toby Okechukwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536361|Aja Samson]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-11-19&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536375|Joseph Edionwele]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536386|Albert Adeogun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536398|Ngoro Agibe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536416|Omar Tata]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536424|Abdullahi Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536436|Yusuf Buba Yakub]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536446|Tasir Raji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536456|Ibrahim Danmazari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536465|Nwokolo Victor]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536478|Eucharia Okwunna]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536492|Chukwuma Nwazunku]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536498|Khamisu Ahmed Mailatantarki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Khamisu Ahmed Mailantarki.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536512|Kehinde Agboola]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-21
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536524|Bello Sani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536539|Bello Abdullahi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536547|Ohiozojeh Akpatason]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-07-03&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536561|Jerome Eke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536570|Suleiman Salisu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536581|Ahmed Rufai]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536601|Okafor John]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-09-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536614|Herman Hembe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2020-12-08&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2022-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2022-05-26&lt;br/&gt;2020-12-08&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536630|Rita Orji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536640|Adeyemi Adepoju]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35536657|Betty Apiafi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-06
| 2011-06-06
| [[File:Betty Apiafi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539361|Ahmed Abu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539368|Mohammed Ogoshi Onawo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539376|Mustapha Bala]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539394|Adams Jagaba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539407|Yusuf Tijani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539419|Muhammed Ali]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539429|Fakeye Olufemi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539437|Abubakar Lado]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539447|Sulaiman Romo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539457|Olamide Oni]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539466|Dayyabu Ahmed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539474|Lawal B/tudu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539491|Ali Isa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539499|Emmanuel Yisa Orker-Jev]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539511|Balarabe Abdullahi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539522|Edim Eta]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539530|Jephthah Foingha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539542|Yusuf Saidu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539553|Garba Sabo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539560|Salisu Koko]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539569|Muhammad Umar Jega]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539579|Yakub Balogun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539590|Saadu Nabunkan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539599|D Boma]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539610|Muhammad Abdu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539620|Mohammed Danlami]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539631|Adamu Gurai]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539642|Olufunke Adedoyin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539661|Samuel Onuigbo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539674|Sergius Ogun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539686|Musa Sarkin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539699|Adekunle Abdulkabir Akinlade]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| [[File:Hon.Adekunle-Abdulkabir-Akinlade.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539721|Ibrahim Isiaka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539733|Ayo Omidiran]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539745|Mutiu Shadimu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-04
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539756|Amiruddin Tukur]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-07-25
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539769|Chukwuka Onyema]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539780|Henry Nwawuba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Henry Nwawuba.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539790|Emmanuel Ombugadu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539804|Babajimi Benson]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Babajinmi benson.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539816|Gaza Gbefwi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-07-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-06
| 2022-06&lt;br/&gt;2021-07-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539827|Simon Arabo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539838|Effiong Daniel Asuquo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539853|Mohammed Zakari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539863|Olabode Ayorinde]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539872|Yayaha Suleiman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539882|Awaji-inombek Abiante]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539892|Mahhud Maina]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539906|Sylvester Ogbaga]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539919|Memga Emmanuel]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539932|Da'u Magaji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539944|Akinloye Babajide]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539970|Garba Umar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 
| [[File:Umar Garba Danbatta - 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539979|Idagbo Ochiglegor]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-06-29&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2021-06-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540012|Lawali Hassan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540024|Egwu Emmanuel]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540036|Garba Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540047|Evelyn Omavowan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540061|Gabriel Onyenwife]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540072|Timothy Golu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540082|Nicholas Ossai]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540096|Ayodeji Joseph]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540105|Hassan Adamu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540116|Daniel Reyenieju]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| [[File:Reyenieju.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540130|Kabiru Achida]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540141|Ogunwuyi Segun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540150|Muhammad Boyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540162|Abiodun Awoleye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540174|Aminu Shagari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540184|Muhammadu Muktar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540198|Fijabi Akinade]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540239|Barambu Kawuwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2016-01
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540252|Istifanus Gyang]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35540267|Peter Madubueze]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q41693557|Jibrin I Barau]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| [[File:Barau I Jibrin cropped portrait.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q41694176|Garba Shehu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q41805511|Andrew Uchendu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q42306280|Dakuku Peterside]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06
| [[File:Dakuku Peterside in London - 2017 (38714062172) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q42563987|Barry Mpigi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43250114|Nwofe Alexander]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47456115|Abdullahi Abubakar Gumel]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48816896|Justina Eze]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Amb Hon Justina Chinweudo Eze; Nigerian Diplomat and Elder stateswoman.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50379543|Mulikat Adeola Akande]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q51120626|Ibrahim Makama Misau]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q51754799|Isa Hassan Jama'are]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q52151627|Richard Bamisile]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Richard Olufemi Bamisile.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54913558|Osita Chidoka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56229522|Bauchi Tongo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2022-01-24&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2022-01-22
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56229525|Joseph Bamgbose]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56229557|Dorathy Mato]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2017
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56678163|Shina Peller]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-06-21
| 2022-06-17
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56798462|Fateema Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57242033|Peace Uzoamaka Nnaji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58836571|Bassey Dan-Abia]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60800545|Yusuf Barnabas Bala]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61743048|Ahmad Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020-01-30
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61756840|Bala Ibn Naallah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61942446|Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63190460|Duro Faseyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64736713|Bello Matawalle]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64756796|Farah Dagogo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:DAGODO-INTRODUCING-A BILL RIVERS HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64976705|Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| [[File:Aishatu Binani.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65548435|Chisom Dike]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2021-09-16
| 2021-09-16
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65580973|Alphonsus Gerald Irona]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65929260|Mohammed Umar Bago]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
| [[File:Mohammed Umar Bago.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q66901800|Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-07-24&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2019-08-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-07-24
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q67099464|Tajudeen Adeyemi Adefisoye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2020-12-16
| 2020-12-16
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q68621515|David Idris Zacharias]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:David Idris Zacharias.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q69541341|Victor Mela Danzaria]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71333232|Unyime Idem]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Hon Unyime Idem at an event in 2023.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q77224538|Ifeanyi Chudy Momah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q77569924|Abiola Makinde]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2021-02-23
| 2021-02-23
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q79234960|Fred Agbedi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q80574278|Muhammadu Gawo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-12-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85912730|Mohammed Sabo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| [[File:Nakudu 2023.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q87451110|Saidu Musa Abdul]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q90325412|Kabir Tukura Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q93108645|Juliet Akano]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q93121041|Maimunat Adaji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q93122031|Martha Bodunrin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q95692830|Taofeek Abimbola Ajilesoro]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Taofeek ABIMBOLA oladele AJILESORO.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96003761|Otunba Adewunmi Onanuga]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96632100|Uchechukwu Madukaku Chukwuocha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97097318|Agboola Ajayi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97483725|Babatunde Hunpe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Hon. Babatunde Hunpe.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q98153229|Francis E. Waive]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99162710|Mustapha Baba Shehuri]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q101244291|Zainab Gimba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q102187913|Miriam Onuoha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020-01-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q102199040|Blessing Onuh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020-12-08&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2020-12-08
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q102228500|Tolulope Akande-Sadipe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q102229778|Ogunlola Olubunmi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104479987|Abdullahi Gaya Mahmud]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q682571|Kano State]]''
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104521447|Abdulrauf Abdulkadir Modibbo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-06-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104521800|Abdulsalam Gambo Mubarak]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-07-16
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104525030|Abubakar Kabir Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104530929|Abubakar Yabo Umaru]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104530957|Abubakar Yahaya Kusada]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104530981|Raphael Adeyemi Adaramodu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104531081|Adebayo Olusegun Balogun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104531146|Adedayo Isaac Omolafe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2021-08-16
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104531233|Zayyad Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-07-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105393512|Raheem Olawuyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105445777|Kabiru Alhassan Rurum]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2022-05-08
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105783149|Gagdi Adamu Yusuf]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2023-06-11
| [[File:Yusuf Gagdi.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105981510|Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo (2024) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106653074|Sha'aban Ibrahim Sharada]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107001123|Zakariyau Galadima]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107062536|Benjamin Kalu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 
| [[File:Benjamin Okezie Kalu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107185292|Karu Simon Elisha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107337717|Uchechukwu Nnam-Obi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107528203|Dachung Musa Bagos]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2023-06-11
| [[File:Dachung Musa Bagos.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107547621|Yuguda Hassan Kila]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2021-03-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107596091|Ali Abdullahi Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107598364|Solomon Bob]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108028236|Chukwuma Micheal Umeoji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-10-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2021-10-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108753199|Satomi Ahmad]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109105116|Tukur Bello Ingawa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109561665|Balarabe Shehu Kakale]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-11-26
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109781189|Alli Adeyemi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111087856|Rilwan Akambi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1992
| 1993
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111140605|Yerima Lawal Ngama]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141384|Abdulganiyu Saka Cook Olododo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 2022-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141429|Abdulkareem Usman Isah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-10-24
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141430|Abdulkarim Usman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141431|Abdullahi Mamudu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141433|Abdullahi Sa'ad Abdulkadir]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141434|Abdulmumin Muhammed Ari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141435|Abdulyekeen Alajagusi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141438|Abubakar Kani Faggo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141439|Abubakar Nalaraba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141443|Abubakar Yerima Idris]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141444|Adedeji Stanley Olajide]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141446|Adejoro Adeogun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141447|Ademorin Kuye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141450|Ado Sani Kiri]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141451|Ahmad Abdullahi Kalambaina]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141452|Ahmadu Usman Jaha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141453|Ahmed Abubakar Ndakene]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141454|Ahmed Bakura Muhammad]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2021-07-06
| 2021-07-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141455|Ahmed Madaki Gololo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020-02-04
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141456|Ahmed Munir]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-09-15
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141457|Ahmed Usman Liman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141458|Ajibola Muraina]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-04-30
| 2022-04-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141459|Alex Egbona]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020-01-29&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-11-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141460|Ali Datti-Yako]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020-12-15&lt;br/&gt;2020-01-29
| 2020-12-15
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141464|Amobi Yinusa Akintola]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141465|Amos Gwamna Magaji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141466|Aniekan Umanah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141467|Armaya'u Abdulkadir]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2022-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141470|Babangida Alhassan Abdullahi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141471|Bala Kokani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141472|Bamidele Salam]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-07
| 
| [[File:Bamidele Salem Image.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141473|Basher Isah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141475|Bashir Uba Mashema]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141477|Bashiru Dawodu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141478|Bello Hassan Shinkafi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-07-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2021-07-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141482|Bello Kaoje]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141483|Ben Igbakpa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141484|Benjamin Mzondu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538173|Abdulrazak Namdas]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538185|Agom Jarigbe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2021-09-15
| [[File:Jarigbe Agom.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538195|Goodluck Opiah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538206|Ebenyi Kingsley]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538221|Usman Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538233|Chinda Ogundu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538247|Muhammed Gudaji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538256|Abdul-malik Zubairu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538265|Adabah Christian]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538276|Muhammed Idirisu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-10-28&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05-21
| 2022-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-10-28&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538290|Afe Olowookere]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538300|Mohammed Sani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538315|Emmanuel Akpan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538328|Mayowa Akinfolarin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| [[File:Samuel Mayowa Akinfolarin.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538337|Dapo Lam Adesina]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Dapo Lam Adesina.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538350|Hamman-julde Garba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-12
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538360|Busayo Oke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538372|Ismaila Hassan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538383|Muhammad Soba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538396|Sadiq Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538405|Mark Gbillah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2022-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538416|Hassan Yuguda]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538425|Zaphaniah Jisalo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538438|Irom Michael]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538448|Olusunbo Samson]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538458|Odeneye Olusegun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538473|Tony Nwulu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538484|Olufemi Adebanjo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538496|Gogo Tamuno]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538524|Sidi Yakubu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538536|Uchechirun Nnam-obi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538548|Malle Aminu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-06-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538559|Bashir Babale]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538569|Emeka Idu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538581|Akintola Taiwo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538592|Solomon Ahwinahwi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538605|Segun Adekola]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538616|Abdullahi Hassan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538626|Aliyu Muktar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538647|Tope Olarinoye Olayonu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538657|Onwana Musa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538667|Ayeola Abayomi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538678|Aisowieren Patrick]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538688|Nsiegbe Ibibia]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538702|Hassan Abubakar III]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019&lt;br/&gt;2019-10-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538715|Faruk Muhammadu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538727|Dennis Amadi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538738|Jacobson Barineka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538751|Michael Omobgehin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538760|Tajudeen Abbas]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538773|Adamu Muhammadu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538787|Alagboso Jerry]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538799|Dennis Agbo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538817|Sodaguwo Festus-omoni]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538828|Sheriff Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538841|O. Pally Iriase]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538857|Mohammed Monguno]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538869|Umar Muhammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538879|Bala Yusuf]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538891|Victor Akinjo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Kolade Victor Akinjo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538903|Ismaila Gadaka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538916|Linus Okorie]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538931|Ugwuegede Ikechukwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538940|Kwamoti Laori]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538952|Essien Ayi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2023&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538966|Chukwuemeka Anohu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538977|Abdullahi Garba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538989|Abdukadir Rahis]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35538997|Francis Uduyok]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539008|Taofeek Adaranijo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539019|Adebutu Oladipupo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| [[File:PictureofOladipupoAdebutu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539032|Olusegun Odebunmi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539046|Mohammed Garba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-11-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539057|Sani Aminu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539072|Hassan Saleh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539092|Muhammad Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539099|Kenneth Chikere]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539108|Isa Salihu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539118|Garba Muhammad]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2019-06&lt;br/&gt;2023-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539127|Anayo Nnebe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539133|Ikani Okolo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539140|Awulu Adaji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539149|Galadima Zakariya'u]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539162|Azubago Ifeanyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539173|Muhammad Lawal]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539187|Oninubuariri Obinna]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539198|Aminu Isa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539211|Solomon Adaelu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2022-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539224|Babangida Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2022-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539236|Oluwarotimi Agunsoye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Oluwarotimi Ojo Agunsoye.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539248|Mohammed Sanda]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539259|Yahaya Chado]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539272|Muhammad Usman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539282|Fulata Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539294|Uko Nkole]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539303|Sopuluchukwu Ezeonwuka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539317|Darlington Nwokocha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-06-02
| 2022-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539330|Okon Michael]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539342|Adamu Kamale]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35539352|Jika Haliru]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06-09
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141485|Boma Goodhead]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141487|Chimaobi Ebisike]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-04-21
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141489|Chinedu Obidigwe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141490|Chinedu Ogah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-11-19
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141491|Chris Emeka Azubogu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-09-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-03-10
| 2022-03-10&lt;br/&gt;2021-09-30&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141492|Chris Ngoro Adigbe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141493|Cornelius Nnaji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141494|David Abel Fuoh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2020-10-07
| 2020-10-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141498|David Agada Ogewu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-09-24
| 2019-10-18
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141500|Dennis Idahosa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Dennisida.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141501|Dozie Nwankwo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-11-21
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141502|Efe Afe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141503|Emeka Chinedu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141505|Emmanuel Ukpong-udo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141506|Fatahu Muhammad]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141507|Francis Ottah Agbo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141508|Gabriel Saleh Zock]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141510|Ganiyu Johnson]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141513|Gboluga Dele Ikengboju]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Dele Gboluga Ikengboju.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141515|Gibeon Goroki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141516|Godday Samuel]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-09-28&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2023&lt;br/&gt;2021-09-28
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141517|Hafiz Ibrahim Kawu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141518|Hamisu Ibrahim Kubau]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141519|Hamza Dalhatu Batagarawa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141520|Haruna Isah Dederi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141521|Haruna Maitala]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2019
| 2021-04-02&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141522|Haruna Mshelia]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141523|Hassan Abdullahi Baiwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141524|Hassan Usman Sokodabo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141525|Ibrahim Almustapha Aliyu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141526|Ibrahim Babajide Obanikoro]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141527|Ibrahim Hamza]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141528|Ibrahim Kunle Olanrewaju]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141529|Ibrahim Mohammed Bukar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141531|Ibrahim Umar Potiskum]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141532|Ifeanyi Ibezi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-10-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141535|Ikenna Elezieanya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141537|Ismail Tijani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141538|Israel Sunny-Goli]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141539|Ja'afar Abubakar Magaji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141540|Ja'afaru Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141541|Ja’afaru Iliyasu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-07-04
| 2019-12-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141543|Jacob Ajao Adejumo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2019-11-09&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2019-11-09&lt;br/&gt;2022-05-23
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141546|Jafaru Suleiman Ribadu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-09-24
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141547|James Owolabi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141549|Jerry Alagbaoso]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020-01-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-11-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141550|Joseph Bello]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141551|Jude Ise-Idehen]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2022-07-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141552|Kabiru Adjoto]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-06-21
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141553|Kabiru Amadu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2021-07-14&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2021-06-29&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141556|Kabiru Idris]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141557|Kabiru Yahaya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141558|Kasimu Bello Maigari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-07-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141560|Kasimu Danjuma]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020-03-19
| 2020-09-21
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141561|Kayode Moshood Akiolu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141562|Kolapo Korede Osunsanya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020-01-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-09-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141563|Kolawole Lawal]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020-10-10&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2023&lt;br/&gt;2021-03-17
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141564|Komsol Longgap]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141566|Kpam Sokpo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-07-02
| 2022-07-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141567|Lanre Edun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141569|Lawal Rabiu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-12-18&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2020-10-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141571|Lawan Abdullahi Ken-Ken]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141572|Lawan Shettima Ali]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141573|Lawrence Babatunde Ayeni]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141574|Leke Abejide]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141576|Livinus Makwe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141577|Mahmoud Muhammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-06-25
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141578|Makki Abubakar Yalleman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141579|Mani Maishinko Katami]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141581|Mansur Aliyu Mashi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141583|Mansur Manu Soro]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-03-20
| 2022-03-20
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141584|Martins Oke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141585|Micah Jiba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141586|Mohammed Omar Bio]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141587|Mohammed Saidu Bargaja]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2020-02-04
| 2019-08-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141590|Mufutau Egberongbe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141591|Muhammad Abubakar Mamadi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-06-14
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141593|Muhammad Ali Wudil]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141594|Muhammad Auwal Jatau]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020-01-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141595|Muhammad Bello Yakubu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-03-31
| 2022-03-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141596|Mukhtar Ahmed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141597|Mukhtar Shehu Ladan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141599|Mukhtar Zakari Chawai]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141602|Murtala Isah Kankara]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141603|Musa Muhammad Pali]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141605|Musa Muhammadu Fagen-Gawo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020-03-19
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141606|Musa Umar Garo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141608|Mustafa Muhammad Saidu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141609|Nasiru Abduwa Gabasawa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-07-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141612|Nazifi Sani Gumel]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141613|Ndudi Elumelu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141615|Nnolim Nnaji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141617|Nsikak Ekong]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020-01-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2019-11-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141619|Obinna Onwubuariri]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-09-18
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141621|Obua Azibapu Fred]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141623|Ofor Gregory Chukwuegbo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141624|Okwudili Ezenwankwo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2021-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141625|Olaide Adewale Akinremi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141627|Olaifa Jimoh Aremu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-03-17&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2021-03-17
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141632|Olalekan Rasheed Afolabi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149259|Yusuf Saleh Dunari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149296|Ahmed Maiwada]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149298|Inuwa M. Aliyu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149299|Asake Jonathan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149301|Audu Ado Dogo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2003-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149302|Aya Florence Diya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149303|Dansa Audu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149304|Haruna Mohammed Mikalu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149305|Yakubu M Isiaku]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149306|Koji Binta Garba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149310|Liiloro Mohammed Hussain]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149311|Paki Tijjani Sani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149312|Tanko Yahaya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149314|Tukur Abdul'Rauf]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149316|Usman Abdukadir]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149395|Abdurrahamman Suleiman Kawu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149405|Ahmad Audi Zarewa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149407|Alhassan Uba Idris]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149417|Danlami Hamza]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149419|Garba Mohammed Batalawa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149421|Ibrahim Muazzam Bichi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 2007-05-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149423|Ibrahim Umar Ballah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149425|Isah Idris Alhaji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149430|Kiru Ubale Jakada]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149436|Labaran Y. Dambatta]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149629|Bala Ali]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149633|Biburim Bashir Yusuf]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149637|Bichi Mahmoun Baba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149638|Bunkure Yusuf Malam]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149639|Butalawa Garba Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149640|Fanda Adamu Abdul]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149642|Gora Muhtan Abdulrazaq]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149643|Gwarzo Hamza Zakari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149644|Harisu Srajo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149646|Haruna Shehu Lambu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149647|Hausawa Aminu Ghali]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149649|Kachako Aliyu Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149656|Muktar Ad'hama Ismail]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149660|Sarai Bako]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149662|Tsanyawa Umaru Aliyu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149663|Wudil Sirajo Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149664|Yako Aliyu Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149666|Yammedi Shehu Aliyu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149689|Abdullahi Musa Nuhu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149695|Aminu Bello Musari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149705|Adamu Saidu Daura]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149707|Funtua Lawal Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149709|Makera Sabiu Hassan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149710|Mashi Abdu Haro]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149722|Nadabo Tukur Idris]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149723|Nasarawa Usman Mani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149725|Safana Amina Yakubu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149748|Shehu Abubakar Garba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149749|Tsagero Muazu Lemamu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149751|Yahaya Shuaib Baure]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149753|Yar'adua Abubakar Sadiq]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149755|Abubakar Lamido Sadiq]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149801|Abdullahi Umar Faruk]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149803|Aminu Musa Koko]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149806|Garba Abdullahi Bagudu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149807|Garba Gulma]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149808|Halima Hassan Tukur]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149809|Ibrahim Bawa Kamba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149810|Muhammed Umar Jega]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149827|Abdulkarim Saliu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149831|Badamasuiy Abdulrahaman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149832|Mohammed Ibrahim Idris]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149833|Karim Sunday Steve]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149834|Tom Ogijo Zakari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149835|Ismail Inah Hussein]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149837|Asema M. Sadiq]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149839|Umar Buba Jibrin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149840|Atai Usman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149841|Samuel Aro Bamidele]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149842|Ihiabe Samson Positive]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149843|James Idachaba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149847|Suleiman Y. Kokori Abdul]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149874|Abiodun Ojo Samuel]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149876|Ineke Itaka Frank]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149878|Jimba Isaac Ruzama]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149879|Muazu Abimaje]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149882|Musa Adamu Osuku]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149884|Olorunshola Ojo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149887|Samari Adamu Ahmadu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149890|Abdul Stephen E Sani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150077|Oni Bashir Bola]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150085|Sarouk Farouk Abdul Wahab]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150086|Shittu Rauf Kolawole]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150087|Yinusa Yahaya Ahmed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150099|Michael Abayomi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150107|Bashiru O. Bolarinwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150117|Babatunde Kazeem]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150121|Babatunde Akinloye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150124|Ganiyu Oladunjoye Hamzat]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150125|Lanre Mukaila]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150127|Abiodun Muniru]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150131|Owolabi Alao]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150134|Moruf Akindelu Fatai]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150135|Ojelabi C. Oyefolu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150140|Oyewole Adenekan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148472|Frederick A.U. Okeke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148474|Celestine Nnaemeka Ughanze]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148476|Jerry Sonny Ugokwe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148479|Okwudili Uzoka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148485|Ahmed Misau]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148487|Dahiru Saleh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148488|Abdulrazak Nuhu Zaki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148490|Clement T. Andie]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148492|Graham Ipigansi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148493|Okoto Foster Bruce]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148494|Torukurobo Epengule Mike]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148495|Wuku Dieworio Wilson]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148498|Warman W. Ogoriba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148500|Dickson Henry]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148501|Donald Egberibin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148502|Nelson Belief]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148513|Aboho Ityokumba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148518|Jime Emmanuel]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148519|Alaaga Demnenge]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148550|Agidani Solomon Umoru]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148552|Gbande Moses Akuha Tor]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148573|Idikwu Altine Oga]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148574|Jooji Tachia]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148578|Malherbe Zakarie Andiir]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148582|Samuel Onazi Obande]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148602|Terngu Tsegba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148613|Cletus Kinga Upaa Tivnongu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148614|Goddy Igbaraav Ikerave]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148638|Khadi Kaamuna]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148639|Terab Abba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148641|Msheliza Musa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148645|Maina Lawan Maina]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148646|Lawan Isa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148648|Biye Gumtha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148649|Gujbawu Kyari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148653|Abba Dawud Lawan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148655|Baba Gana Tijani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148657|Ishaku Sharah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148658|Kaka Adam Mustapha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148660|Modu Alhaji Musa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148667|Shettima Shehu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148706|Asuquo Nya Eyoma]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148707|Igbodor Peter Leja]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2004
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148708|Nyambi Alobi Odey]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148710|Obeten Obeten Okon]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2007
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148713|Mike O. Ogar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148714|Patrick Ene Okon]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148715|Agbor Patrick Orok]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148717|Tangban EbutaAmba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148723|Agoda John Halim Ochuko]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148724|Aguariavwodo Emmanuel Edesiri]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148725|Almona-Isei Mercy]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148726|Gabriel M. Dumi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148727|Efekodha Anthony Onomuefe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148729|Emibra Agbeotu Efiriaendi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148730|Harriman Temi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148731|Irabor Nduka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148733|Nwoko Ned Munir]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148813|Chukwuemeka Tobias Okwuru]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148814|Peter Oge Ali]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148816|Edeh Onyemaechi Peter]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148831|Omo Christopher Isu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148832|Chima Innocent Ugo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148836|Okereke D. Onuabunchi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148859|Aguebor Sunday Ikponmwonsa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148860|Alegbe Benson]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148862|Aziegbemi Anthony]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148863|Ehimen Oiboh Gabriel]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148865|Idahosa EhiogieWest]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148866|Lakoju Joseph Babatunde]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148867|Augustine U. Obozuwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148869|Ogbiede Enoma Willie]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148935|Adedayo Fajura Charles]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148937|Ajayi Joseph Aderemi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148938|Aladejebi Francis Oluyemi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148939|Olusegun Raphael Ojo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148940|Owoola Ogunsanmi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148941|Ropo Ige]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149048|Ogbuefi Ozomgbachi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149049|Kanayo Graham-Burton Oguakwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149050|Paul Okwudili Eze]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149152|Matthew Omegara]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149154|Uwazurike Patrick]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149177|Anyanwu Tony]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149180|Cajethan O. Dike]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149196|Greg C. Egu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149206|Eze Okere Tony]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149219|Ezeani Nnamdi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149227|Ibekwe Maurice Obasi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149228|Nwole Uchenna]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149229|Oguike Levi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149230|Christopher Chukwuemeka Osuala]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149246|Abba Anas Adamu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149247|Bashir Adamu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149249|Hussein Namadi Abdulkadir]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149250|Ibrahim Chaicai]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149251|Ibrahim Garba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149252|Ibrahim Yusha’u Kanya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149254|Mustapha Khabeeb]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111149258|Safiyanu Taura]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152120|Gbede Aderemi Waheed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152121|Oyedokun Oladepo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152122|Kareem Tajudeen Abisodun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152124|Mudashiru Kamil Akinlabi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152126|Agoro Lanre Adeniran]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152132|Segun Moses Oladimeji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 2007-09-14
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152144|Adebukola A. Ajaja]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152148|Olayemi Sikiru Busari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152151|Kola Olabiyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152153|Muritala Kayode Adewale]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152158|Ibrahim Adeniyi Olaifa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152175|Odebunmi O. Dokumu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152186|Jimoh Afiss Adelowo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152238|Binuwai Josiah Gobum]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152239|Adeh Lumumba Dah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152240|Ja'afaru Damulak]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152244|Dung Daniel Sunday]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152245|Lar Victor Rampyal]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152246|Song Isa Chungwom]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152248|Yero Ibrahim Bello]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2007-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152249|Barminas Ali Yilkes]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152258|Davies Sokonte Huttin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152261|Asita Honourable]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152262|Dawari George]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152263|Maurice Propnen]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152270|Kalipa John]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152273|Kunaiyi-Akpanah Daemi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152274|Aguma Igochukwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152275|Deeyah Emmanuel Nwika]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152276|Nwosu George Ford]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152279|Ike B. S. Chinwo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2004
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152281|Berewari Christopher]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152283|Sodienye Swerve]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152295|Jeffreys M. Owor]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152300|Longjohn Tonye Tamuno]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152302|Promise Iderifama T. Abibo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152303|Adokiye Young-Harry]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152305|Amadi Lasbry Onusegbu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152307|Appolos E. Amadi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152308|Barida Mikko Bernard]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152309|Nwala Iwezor Jacob]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152312|Ogonda Oludi Edwin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153183|Ismaila Usman Balarabe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153185|Mukhtar Dikko]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153186|Sirajo Marafa Gatawa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153188|Zubairu S. Magori]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153190|Mohammed Usman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153191|Arewa S. Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153192|Aliyu Umar Sanyinna]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153194|Zakari Muhammed Shinaka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153197|Kiryo Yabo Hassan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153307|Albert Taminu Sam-Tsokwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153310|Babangida S.M Nguroje]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153313|Henry M. Shawulu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153325|Ishaika Mohammed Bawa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153328|Jerimon S. Manwe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153332|Kabiru Jalo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153390|Baba Bukar Machinama]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153392|Ismail Ahmad Gadaka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153417|Goni Bukar Haruna]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153421|Ali Yakubu Mainasara]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153422|Hassan K Badawy]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153426|Baba Gishiwari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153431|Lawan Mohammed Kori]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153432|Zakari Yau Galadima]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153435|Babale Jibrin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153436|Geidam Almajir]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2003-05-29
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153441|Isiyaku Suleiman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153446|Jonga Hassan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153458|Shugaba Bello]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153505|Abubakar Shehu Bunu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153512|Bello Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2011-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153516|Dahiru Zubairu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153519|Idris Mohammed Keta]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153539|Mohammed Sani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;1999-04&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153543|Abubakar Makwashi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153544|Aliyu Sahabi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153546|Sani Ibrahim R. Forward]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-04&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153548|Godal Lawali Ibrahim Nasarawa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-04
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153552|Moriki Bello Abubakar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-04&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153555|Sani Anka Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111153572|Ado Sidi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111199552|Mayokun Lawson-Alade]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2022-02-28
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111199628|Jude Ngaji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2022-02-26
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111199670|Musa Agah Avia]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2022-02-26
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113334421|Isa Ashiru Kudan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113484921|Shaba Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116822006|Saudatu Sani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116970312|Chimaobi Sam Atu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06
| 
| [[File:Chimaobi Atu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116972570|Doris Uboh-Ogunkoya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116980876|Atiwurcha Sylvanus]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116983078|Dozie ferdinand]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116993297|Barr. Emah Bassey]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117002050|Zanna Laisu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117005837|Samson Raphael Osagie]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117005874|Faruk Dange]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117007945|Nsini Umossoh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117011693|Abaribe eyinnaya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012124|Ezekiel Anaka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012141|Bassy Etim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141633|Olubukola Oyewo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141634|Olumide Ojerinde]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-07-05
| 2022-07-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141635|Olumide Osoba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-06
| 2015-06-04&lt;br/&gt;2011-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141636|Oluokun Akintola]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141639|Olusola Steve Fatoba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141640|Oluwatimehin Adelegbe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141641|Oluyemi Adewale Taiwo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141642|Paschal Chigozie Obi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020-02-13&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-04-16
| 2022-04-16&lt;br/&gt;2020-02-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141645|Pat Asadu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141647|Patrick Ifon]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141648|Peter Owolabi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-07-10
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141650|Preye Influence Goodluck Oseke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141651|Richard Gbande]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141653|Rima Kwewum]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141654|Robert Tyough]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141656|Rotimi Agunsoye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141657|Sada Soli]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| [[File:Sada Soli.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141658|Salisu Iro Isansi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141660|Sam Onwuaso]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141661|Samuel Babatunde Adejare]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141662|Sani Ma'aruf Nass]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141663|Sani Umar Dan-Galadima]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2021-06-30&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2021-06-30&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141668|Shamsudeen Bello Dambazau]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05-29
| 2022-05-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141669|Shehu Ahmed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2021-07-06&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2021-07-06&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141672|Shehu Barwa Beji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141673|Shehu Mohammed Koko]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141675|Simon Atigwe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141676|Simon Mwadkwon]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141677|Stephen Azaiki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141678|Sulaiman Abubakar Gumi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2021-07-06&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2021-07-06&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141680|Suleiman Aliyu Lere]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-02-16&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11
| 2021-04-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-11-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141683|Taiwo Kolawole]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141684|Taiwo Oluga]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141687|Thomas Ereyitomi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141688|Tijjani Zannah Zakariya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141689|Uju Kingsley Chima]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020-02-13&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05
| 2022-05&lt;br/&gt;2020-02-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141690|Umar Abdulkadir Sarki]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141693|Umar Abdullahi Kamba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-06
| 2022-05-27
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141694|Umar Muda Lawal]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141695|Umar Saidu Doka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141696|Usman Abdullahi Gbatamangi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141697|Usman Bello Kumo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-11
| 
| [[File:Usman Bello Kumo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141698|Usman Zannah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141699|Valentine Ayika]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-11-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141701|Vincent Ofumelu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-09-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-04
| 2022-04&lt;br/&gt;2021-09-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141702|Yakubu Nuhu Danja]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2019-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141703|Yakubu Shehu Abdullahi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-02-16&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2022-05-24&lt;br/&gt;2022-06
| 2022-05-24&lt;br/&gt;2021-02-16&lt;br/&gt;2022-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141705|Yusuf Ahmad Badau]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141709|Yusuf Shitu Galambi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2021-06-29&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141710|Yusuf Isah Kurdula]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141711|Yusuf Sa'idu Miga]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111141715|Zakaria Dauda Nyampa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-13
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111143021|Shehu Balarabe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148275|Atuma Emeka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148277|Mba Ajah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148280|Nnanna Uzor Kalu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148281|Anayo Damian Ozurumba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148283|Stanley U. Ohajuruka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148284|Nnenna Ijeome Ukeje]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148285|Nkiru Onyejiocha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148286|Uduma Kalu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148288|Chineye Fredinard Ike]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148291|Udo Ibeji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148293|Arua Arunsi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148296|Uzo Azubuike]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148320|Nwangubi Fons]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148322|Nathaniel Kauda]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148328|Haske Francis Hananiya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148335|Mahmud Wambai]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148337|Aminu Hamman Tukur Ribadu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148340|Ganawa Kwaga]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148341|Anthony Madwate]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2003-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148344|Eno Sampson Akpan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148345|AsuquoEmah Bassey]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148347|Esu Tony Ibana]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148348|Eyo Akaninyene Eno]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148349|Minimah Iquo-Inyang]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148351|Udoh Esio Oquong]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148352|Bernard Ambrose Udoh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148353|Emaeyak Nkana Ukpong]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148356|Aniedi Ikpong King]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148357|Bassey Effiong Etim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148359|Ekperikpe Ekpo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148360|Eseme Sunday Eyiboh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148361|Ini Akpan Udoka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2011-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148362|Patty Etete Ineme]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148363|Peter Linus Umoh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148364|Sabbath Sandy Obot]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148365|Effiong Akpan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148366|Ekpenyong Etim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148367|Udoh Micah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148368|Archibong Edet]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148369|Francis Udoh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148370|Uwak Edet]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148372|Ukoette Isaac]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-09
| 2015-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148461|Anosike Emma Obiajulu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148465|Duru Chidi Okechukwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148466|Bertrand Maduka Efobi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148469|Chudi Offodile]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111148470|Udeh Okechukwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150142|Ekundayo Ajebiosu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150147|Adewale Babatunde]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150148|Akanni Balogun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150149|Tunji Ganiyu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150150|Habib Jakande]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150154|Arinola Onabamiro]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150223|Adebayo F. Odulana]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150243|Adefolabi Morufdeen]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150274|Emmanuel Oyeyemi Adedeji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150282|Fancy Akeem Arole]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150292|Habeeb Fashiro]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150320|Ibrahim Adebola Moshood]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150330|Joseph Ajatta]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150339|Monsuru Owolabi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150394|Salau Tunde]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150402|Setonji G. Koshoedo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150410|Amele Moshood Tokunbo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150464|Abiola Edewor]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150472|Adeyemi Olwole]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150499|Femi Obayomi Davies]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150513|Adeyanju Simon Aderemi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150519|Tugbobo Aima]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150582|Olakunle Amunkoro]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150644|Onimole Olufemi Olawale]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150691|Mudashiru Oyetunde Husaini]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150706|Ogunbajo Olu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150719|Wunmi Bewaji Mabayoje]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111150726|Oludotun Animashaun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151338|Ahmed D. A. Wadada]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151364|Isa U. Ambaka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151374|Mohammed A. Al-Makura]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151383|Samuel Egya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151400|Shuaibu H. Abdullahi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151475|Alhaji Baba Agaie]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151483|Bala Adamu Kuta]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151492|Isah Shaba Ibn Bello]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151502|James Baitachi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151512|Mikail Al-Amin Bmitosahi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151520|Mohammed Jibo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151529|Mohammed K. Darangi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151554|Muktar M. Ahmed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151614|Buraimo Taofeek]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151616|Abudu Abiodun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151620|Adeyemi Adekunle]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151621|Razaq Tunde]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151623|Isiaq Akinlade]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06&lt;br/&gt;2007-05
| 2015-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151629|Ogunola Tunde]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151660|Salako Oladapo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151661|Anthony Ogunbanjo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151662|Sowande Abayomi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151664|Amusan Kayode]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151667|Razak Adewusi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151677|Adedeji Amusa Suraj]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151679|Babatunde Olokun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151681|Laosihe Abraham Lanare]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151683|Mustapha Olabode]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151685|Odutan Kamaorun Alabi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151687|Onadeko Onamusi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151689|Owolabi Ashamu Ola]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151691|Rasheed Babawale Remi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151699|Abayomi Sowande Collins]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151711|Abiodun Aderin Adesida]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151713|Adedeji Omotayo Emmanuel]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151717|Alaba Ojomo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151723|Niyi J. Akinyugha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151726|Oladoyinbo-Ojomo Alaba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151727|Olakunde Oluwole]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151731|Ologunagba J. Debo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151734|Tayo Fawehinmi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151979|Orimoloye Peter Saka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151986|Abayomi Sheba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151991|Dada Busari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151993|Fagbite Lawrence Akinyele]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151997|Oladejo Akinnifesi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111151999|Omoseebi Rufus Akinwumi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152000|Omotosho Michael]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152073|Adeyemi Adejare]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152079|Falade Ajibade Michael]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152080|Fasogbon John Olawole]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152082|Jolaoya George]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152083|Kayode Idowu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152084|Kolawole Ismaila]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152094|Adekunle Jenrade Kareem]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152096|Ademola Adeniyi Tajudeen]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152098|Adeshile Adedeji Kazeem]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152099|Alli Lateef Adebola]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152100|Sanusi Sadiq Anwo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152101|Balogun Alli]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152102|Gbadamosi Lateef Durojaiye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152103|Hussein Adesiyan Ajani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152104|Oduyoye Babatunde]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152105|Ojegoke Rafiu Oladeni]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152106|Oluwasegun Taiwo Dele]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152107|Oyebanji Folaranmi Simeon]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152108|Temilola Segun Adibi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152110|Sheik Mudathir Sekoni]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152113|Festus Adegoke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152114|Abass Olopoenia]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152116|Olusegun Olayiwola Akinloye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111152117|Omotayo Paul Oyetunji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2008-01-26
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012165|C. I. D. Maduabum]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012181|Ugochukwu Nedu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012193|Nzeribe Chuma]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012209|Kalango youpele]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012250|Nev Tarhule]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117012265|Ibom Irem Oka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117018062|Gozie G. Agbakoba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117018186|Ogodo Patience]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117018869|Gilibert Emeka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117019048|Adamu Gorah kauba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117020989|Segun Osibote]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021248|Alex Ikor Ukam]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2003-06
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021421|Abasi Ogwime Braimah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021437|Ahmed Tsoho Kargi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021544|Abdul Wahab Isa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021555|Abdulaziz Ahmed Tijani]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021560|Abdulkadir M. Nasir]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021584|Jim Kwawo Audu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021761|Usman Bapparu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021781|Ihedioha Nkem]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03&lt;br/&gt;2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021800|Saido Miga]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117021842|Babangida jibrin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117023322|Christian Enemuo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117024363|Ozodinobi Ibezimako]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117024771|Egwuatu Osita C.]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029104|Adegoke Festus Adewale]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029111|Adewusi Babatunde]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029119|Adikpe Agbonu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029250|Akindahunsi Titilayo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029257|Akinade Ibiodun Isiaq]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029274|Akinwale Florence Atinuke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029293|Aliyu Ahaman Pategi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029297|Aliyu Diko]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117029921|Aribisala Adewale]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117030149|Auwalu Gwalabe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117030262|Leo Adejare Awoyemi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117037326|Alphonsus Uba Igbeke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2013
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117038128|Farouk Mustapha]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117038135|Seth Alhassan Karfe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117038145|Mohammed Labaran]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117038157|Bala Abduallahi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117038161|Dikko Samaila]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117038167|Moddibo Ahmed]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117039600|Sani Ahmed Toro]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117040345|Abdulahmed Ningi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117040552|Hamisu Mu'azu Shira]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117040614|Isa Musa Matori]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117041019|Indiamaowei Sylva]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117041775|Badamasi Kabir]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117041835|Bala Almu Banye]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117042021|Ebikekeme Ere]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117042160|Ogah Agbo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117042501|Atii Terfa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-06-06
| 2015-06-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117044553|Okino moses]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117044724|Faniyi Joseph Juwon]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-05-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117044775|Simon Aondona]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117044852|Durosinmi Meseko]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117044996|Ali Aidoko Atai]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117045178|Ogundairo Ajibade]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117045293|Edun oladimeji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2004
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117046081|Suleiman Adamu Gummi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117046175|Uzairu Suleiman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117048960|Khanin Tauru Titus]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117048971|Nasiru Balarabe  Asara]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117048977|Balkore Usman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2008
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117049004|Jeffrey’s moses owor]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117049014|Tonye Long john]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117049102|Aguma Nnamdirim]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2005
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117049133|Austin Okpara adiele]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117049180|Tijani Kumaila]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117049249|Idoko Onobi David]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117050931|Fanta Baba Shehu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117060528|Wihioka Chidi Frank]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2015-06
| 2019-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117071359|Mohammed Kumaila]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117074200|Moroof Akinwande]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117074214|Francis Dayo Oguniyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117074221|Ifedayo abegunde]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117075994|Haruna Yerima]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117076029|Mustapha Gajibo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117076107|Adahi Andeshi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117083221|Kaze Bitrus]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05&lt;br/&gt;2011-06-06
| 2011-06-06&lt;br/&gt;2015-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117083279|Chile Igbawua]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117083294|Chinenye Ferdinard Ike]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117084342|Dave Oladapo Salako]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117084357|Demnege Alaaga]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117084591|Eze Chukwudi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117084631|Eze Chukwudi Leonard]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117084655|Falake Lunloyo Oshinowo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117086162|Essien Ekpeyong Agi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117086245|Alex Akam]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117086386|Gbinije Napoleon]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117086543|Tamarautare Brisibe]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117086685|Mercy Almona-Isei JP]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117086833|Ojougboh Cairo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117087622|Adigwe Lord-Michael]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117089629|Friday Itulah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117089677|Gabriel Ekpishoko Edi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117089821|George Edward Daika]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117089852|Godfrey Ali Gaiya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117100775|Haliru Garba Gidan Hamma]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117101450|Aroh Eusebius Aroh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117101534|Elem Francis]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117112512|Abubakar Momoh]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117115109|Oroh Abdul Shaibu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117130916|Ibejiako Ifeanyi Ernest]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117131424|Ogbeide Ifaluyi-Isibor]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117132104|Iho David Mzenda]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117133475|Isah Egah Dobi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117186474|Emmanuel Arigbe-Osula]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117195820|Adeyemo Isiaq Tunde]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117195839|James Yakwen Ayuba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117195864|Anota Joshua Ola]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117195881|Gumbari Mataimaki Joseph]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117220347|Kabir Ahmed Kofa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117220567|Kolawole A. Yusuf]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117220761|Gumbari M. Joseph]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117220899|Makanjuola Gbenga Peter]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117273690|Mohammed Sani Abdu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007-06-05
| 2011-06-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118119449|Mauren Gwacham]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q119705900|Aliyu Wakili Boya]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120197328|Isa'ac Kwallu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-12
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120731945|Thimnu Kobis Ari]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120767908|Innocent Zeitet Tirsel]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120785340|Emmanuel Lokji Luka Goar]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120785866|Wuyep L. Musa]]''
| 
| [[INayighe]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120786048|Josiah Binuwai G.]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120786380|Barminasa Yikes]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120786615|Longhor Adamu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003-06-03
| 2007-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120786798|Aminu Punwet Jonathan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2011-05
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120788141|David Ishaya Lalu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120792525|Isa Chungwon Song]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999-05
| 2003-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120793899|Ango Sadiq Abdullahi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120798250|Ojo R. Olasegun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q121096143|Auwwal Tukur]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q121096310|Bete Mamman]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q123361360|Yusuf T. Sununu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q123371049|Ikenga Ugochinyere]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124034514|Willie I. Ogbeide]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124034686|Arigbe O. Osaigbovo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2003
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124035140|Akogun Babatunde Ainukhatemon]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124036887|Gabriel E. Orbor]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124038065|Abolagba Johnson Aigbudu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124038579|Pius E. Mwen]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124050804|Osaro Murphy Omoruyi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023-06-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124497652|Erhiatake Ibori-Suenu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126119498|Moenwul John Dafaan]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q130684454|Pius Odubu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 1999
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131421870|Chinedu Tochukwu Okere]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131421933|Okechukwu Eugene Dibiagwu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131422163|Onwuegbuchulam Jonas Okeke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131695375|Abass Adekunle Adigun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019-06-11
| 2023-06-11
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131702702|Garba Mohammed Chiroma]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131920966|Akin Rotimi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135917821|Ibrahim Gbadebo Abdullahi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135917837|Salinsile Rasaq Ayobami]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2006
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139820325|Hon. Ahmed wali Doho]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q376241|Gombe State]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q6450109|Kwami]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139830239|Babangida Adamu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q376241|Gombe State]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q6958144|Nafada]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139832154|Sani Ahmad Haruna]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q376241|Gombe State]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139843503|Baffa Shinge]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q682691|Jigawa State]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4827336|Auyo]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139849568|Liya Suleiman Jatau]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q376241|Gombe State]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q6354502|Kaltungo]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139860886|Joseph Badejo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q836657|Ogun State]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10301003|Ijebu North East]]''
| 
| 
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>op5soioccmv4g9lqyylfqwzbflcn3jm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:GerardM/Members of the National Assembly of Senegal</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>9909</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127134</id>
      <parentid>126517</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T01:23:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>10758</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>127134</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12820" sha1="1r2n90g3j89g5hj7c6wgu0m0rmf67m5" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a Member of the National Assembly of Senegal who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q20757571 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q20757571/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q20757571/P580:Start date,P39/Q20757571/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135439707|Abdoulaye Vilane]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2018
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135779364|Ndèye Fatou Diouf]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2012-07-30
| 2022-09-14
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135779555|Pape Biram Touré]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2012
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135781422|Awa Guèye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2012
| 2024
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135822309|Fatou Thiam]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2012
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135829545|Samba Dang]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135854488|El Hadji Gueye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-12-02
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135868146|Mairame Kane]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2022-07-30
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135937426|Lamine Faye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136085608|Alphonse Mané Sambou]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2022-07-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136085712|Bacary Diedhiou]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2022-07-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136085751|Grasse Faye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136085899|Ousmane Ciss]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136092812|Insa Danfa]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136093064|Diaraye Bâ]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136093404|Saye Cissé]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136098310|Saliou Ndione]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2025
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136100764|Mohamed Ayib Salim Daffe]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136100871|Mame Mariama Dary]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136101655|Mamadou Seye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136309071|Alioune Badara Diagne]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136309102|Anthia Dieng]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136309127|Massamba Dieng]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136309170|Youngaré Dione]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136309211|Marie Ange Mame Selbé Diouf]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136318273|Abdoulaye Tall]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2025
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136324396|Tambedou Elhadji Ababacar]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-12-02
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136324588|Ndack Thiam]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-12-02
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136325374|Ousmane Thiouf]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2025-12-02
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136325493|Babacar Varore]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-12-02
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136326788|Ismaila Mamadou Abdoul Wone]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136399067|Mamadou Lamine Souaré]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136401498|Amdiatta Diaby]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2025-12
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136402036|Amy Ndiaye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-12-02
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136565048|Adja Awa Guèye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2012
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136687871|Sène Aliou]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136694714|Maimouna Dieng]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136694810|Diogomaye Diaw]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136694877|Ismaila Diallo]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136695657|Mohamed Sall]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136695883|Diouf Marie Hélène Ndofene]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136697275|Alioune Ndao]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136699019|Anta Dia]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136699202|Mouramani Kaba Diakite]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137041607|Khady Sow]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1639|Lamine Diack]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 1978
| 1993
| [[File:Lamine Diack (2011-07-28).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q284311|Aida Mbodj]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2007-07
| 2011-05
| [[File:Aïda mbodj h.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q308367|Abdoul Aziz Ndao]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q468055|Habib Thiam]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Habib Thiam 1996.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q525063|Iba Der Thiam]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q527782|Demba Diop]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q561533|Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Souleymane ndéné ndiaye .jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q739956|Mamadou Dia]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Mamadou Dia 1962.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1165453|Daouda Sow]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1951094|Moustapha Niasse]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Moustapha niasse.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2308862|Abdoulaye Diack]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2608966|Jacques Diouf]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Jacques Diouf.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2821341|Abdou Fall]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2821358|Abdoulaye Baldé]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Abdoulaye Balde.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2821364|Abdoulaye Bathily]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Abdoulaye Bathily - 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2821374|Abdoulaye Fofana]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2821382|Abdoulaye Makhtar Diop]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Grand Serigne.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2821403|Abdourahmane Sow]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2821404|Abdourahmane Sy]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2828782|Aïcha Mama Kane]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2837084|Aliou Dembo Sow]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Aliou sow.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2840844|Amadou Assane Ndoye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2840858|Amadou Cissé Dia]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2840878|Lamine Guèye]]''
| 
| [[IFulansi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ISenegal]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMali]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Amadou Lamine-Guèye en 1946.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2841351|Amath Dansokho]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Amath Dansokho 2.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2843389|Aminata Mbengue Ndiaye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2001
| 2007
| [[File:Aminata Mbengue Ndiaye.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2843396|Aminata Tall]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2874643|Awa Diop]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2877741|Babacar Sèye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2912002|Boubacar Guèye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Boubacar Gueye.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2939995|Caroline Faye Diop]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 1963
| 1978
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2962096|Cheikh Bamba Dièye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:AssisesNationalesSénégal47.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2962114|Cheikh Sadibou Fall]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3026328|Diaraf Diouf]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3032921|Djibo Leyti Kâ]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3037889|Doudou Wade]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Doudou Wade.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3050868|Elhadji Diouf]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3103530|Georges Tendeng]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3125323|Habib Sy]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3158206|Jacques Baudin]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3182467|John Sleight]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3196025|Khalifa Sall]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Khalifa Ababacar Sall en 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3217062|Landing Savané]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3276099|Madior Diouf]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Professeur Madior Diouf.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3276586|Magatte Lô]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Magatte Lô.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3284806|Mamadou Bamba Ndiaye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2003
| 2012
| [[File:Photo Mamadou Bamba NDIAYE.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3284870|Mamadou Seck]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Aaseck.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3303502|Mbaye Ndiaye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Mbaye Ndiaye.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3303505|Mbaye-Jacques Diop]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Maitre Mbaye jacques diop m.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3326366|Moustapha Mamba Guirassy]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Moustapha Mamba Guirassy 2025.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3348544|Obèye Diop]]''
| 
| [[IFulansi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3358301|Oumar Khassimou Dia]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3358513|Ousmane Ngom]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Ousmane ngom.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3358520|Ousmane Tanor Dieng]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Tanor Dieng.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3362782|Pape Diop]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Pape diop m.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3395969|Robert Sagna]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Robert Sagna-2009.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3514537|Talla Sylla]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Talla Sylla 3.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3524092|Thierno Bâ]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Thierno Ba.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3524093|Thierno Diop]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3572777|Youba Sambou]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3572967|Youssou Diagne]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3579816|Édouard Diatta]]''
| 
| [[IFulansi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665146|Abdou Latif Guèye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7408951|Samba Diouldé Thiam]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15542603|Aissata Tall Sall]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Aïssata Tall Sall.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15974724|Cherif El Waly Diop]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16267249|Assane Diagne]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16664872|Modou Fada Diagne]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16668814|Papa Babacar Mbaye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q40946691|Aïda Mbaye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 1983
| 1986
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q41694165|Mata Sy Diallo]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q41750334|Arame Diène]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 1983
| 2001
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43378615|Ramatoulaye Seck]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 1983
| 1993
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57202236|Joseph Gomis]]''
| usombusazwe, IFulansi
| [[IFulansi]]
| 
| 
| [[File:Joseph Gomis ASVEL Euroleague 20250313.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62626626|Fara Ndiaye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 1978
| 1986
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84030842|Balla Moussa Daffe]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q86838114|Haoua Dia Thiam]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q93315809|Famara Sarr]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q103958052|Fatoumata Ka]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 1983
| 1992
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q103959291|Mantoulaye Guene]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 1983
| 1991
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106316254|Amadou Barry]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106613038|Sokhna Dieng Mbacké]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2012-07
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109684191|Christian Valantin]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 1968
| 2000
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110790179|Barthélémy Dias]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2012&lt;br/&gt;2022
| 2016
| [[File:Barthélémy Dias.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113681283|Coumba Ndoffène Bouna Diouf]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 1993
| 1998
| [[File:Coumba Ndoffène Bouna DIOUF.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q114440109|Alioune Dieye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-11-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116976699|Adji Diarra Mergane Kanouté]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118793240|Aminata Gueye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2012
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125333713|Ndèye Fatou Guissé]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2022
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125352678|Daouda Dia]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2012-07-01
| 
| [[File:Daouda dia.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131935228|Rokhy Ndiaye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-12-02
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131935230|Khady Sarr]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-12-02
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131935260|Oulimata Sidibé]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131935325|Maïmouna Bousso]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-12-02
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132125559|Mbène Faye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024-12-02
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134297114|Maguette Sène]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134297356|Jacqueline Sagna]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2024
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135152714|Khoudia Mbaye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2012
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135152753|Ousmane Masseck Ndiaye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135439565|Babacar Diamé]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2012
| 2017
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>1r2n90g3j89g5hj7c6wgu0m0rmf67m5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:GerardM/Members of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People of Tunisia</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>9942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127052</id>
      <parentid>126911</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T18:55:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>10758</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>127052</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30313" sha1="1tcms2cuc0bdor9hr9q7ptbn9ryh2em" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a Members of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People of Tunisia who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q29169698 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q29169698/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q29169698/P580:Start date,P39/Q29169698/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580466|Leila Zahaf]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580468|Mohamed Ramzi Khmiss]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580470|Faycel Khelifa]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580471|Mohamed Kamel Besbes]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Mohamed Kamel Besbes - Mai 2015.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580472|Ahmed Mechergui]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:AhmedMechregui 2014.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580473|Salah Bargaoui]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580475|Mondher Belhaj Ali]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Mondher Belhaj Ali, Nawaat, janvier 2016, Tunisie.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580478|Chaker Ayadi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580479|Mohamed Jalel Ghedira]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580480|Zouhair Rejbi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580481|Mohamed Ghannem]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Mohamed Ghannem.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580482|Safia Khalfi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580483|Mohamed Anouar Adhar]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580485|Bechir Ellazzem]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:PortraitBechirLazzem2014.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580486|Souad Zaouali]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580488|Adnane Hajji]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580489|Mohamed Mahjoub]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Mohamed Mahjoub.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580490|Abderraouf El May]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580492|Zohra Driss]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580493|Abdennaceur Chouikh]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580495|Chafik Ayadi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580496|Mahmoud Kahri]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580499|Lotfi Nabli]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580500|Lakhdhar Belhouchat]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580503|Sami Fetnassi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Sami Fetnassi photo2 سامي الفطناسي.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580504|Mohamed Zrig]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:Mohamed Zrig photo1 محمد زريق.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29581143|Mustapha Ben Ahmed]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30012117|Mohamed Abdellaoui]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2017-02-28
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60171938|Amira Zoukari]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2017-10-18
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60171944|Hayet Kebaier]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2015-10-20
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60171952|Maroua Bouazzi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2018-07-28
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60172009|Nesrine Laamari]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2018-07-13
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60172198|Abdelwahab Ouerfelli]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2017-04-30
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60172220|Jihen Abbadi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2018-12-01
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60172365|Hajer Triki]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2018-11-30
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q86140333|Yosri Daly]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2019-11-13
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97177810|Nabil Hajji]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2019-11-13
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100563142|Rached Khiari]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2019-11-13
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106149291|Zied Ghanney]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2019-11-13
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106164113|Jalal Zayati]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2019-11-13
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q119862501|Yassine Mami]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2023-05-11
| 
| [[File:Yassine Mami.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128857532|Ayachi Zammel]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2019-11-13
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q129169085|Anouar Marzouki]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2023-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q129169086|Saoussen Mabrouk]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2023-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577417|Nozha Biaoui]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2015-02-20
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577419|Hedi Soula]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577420|Emna Ben Hmayed]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577421|Zouhair Maghzaoui]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577422|Tarek Fetiti]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:Tarek Fetiti photo2 طارق فتيتي.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577423|Mahbouba Ben Dhifallah]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577426|Nizar Amami]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Nizar Amami, Nawaat Tunisie, janvier 2016.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577427|Ikram Moulahi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577429|Lotfi Ali]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577430|Hassouna Nasfi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577431|Soulef Ksantini]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577434|Youssef Jouini]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577437|Fayçal Tebbini]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577440|Sameh Bouhaouel]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:SamehBouhaouel-Sayada-Mai-2017-1.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577442|Zeineb Brahmi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577445|Mahmoud Gouiaa]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:PortraitMahmoudGouiaa 2014.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577449|Taoufik Jemli]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577450|Mohamed Kamel Hamzaoui]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2018-07-28
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577452|Ibrahim Ben Said]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577454|Imen Ben Mhamed]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:ImenBenAhmed Ennahdha 2014.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577455|Taieb Medni]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577456|Ibtissem Jebabli]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577457|Ahmed Khaskhoussi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577458|Mohamed Ennaceur Jbira]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577459|Ridha Dellai]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577460|Noureddine Mrabti]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577462|Aymen Aloui]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Aymen Aloui photo1 أيمن علوي.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577464|Najia Ben Abdelhafidh]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577465|Mohamed Hedi Gueddich]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577468|Abdelkader Ben Dhifallah]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577470|Mounir Hamdi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577472|Sana Salhi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577473|Mohamed Rachdi Bouguerra]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577474|Houda Tekaya]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577475|Sahbi Ben Fraj]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577478|Imed Ouled Jebril]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577479|Sameh Dammak]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577482|Neji Jmal]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:NéjiJmal Ennahdha 2014.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577483|Tahar Fdhil]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577484|Bechir Ben Amor]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577485|Karim Helali]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Karim Helali photo1 كريم الهلالي.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577487|Houssem Bounenni]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577488|Heger Bouzemmi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577490|Ismail Ben Mahmoud]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577491|Abada Kefi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2018-07-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577492|Mohamed Troudi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577493|Ahmed Seddik]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Ahmed Seddik, Nawaat, Tunisie.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577494|Mohamed Ben Souf]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577495|Amal Souid]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Amal Souid أمل سويد.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577497|Leila Bougatef]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577498|Maher Madhioub]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577499|Mohamed Sidhom]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577500|Bechir Khelifi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577502|Ahmed Ameri]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577503|Mohamed Lakhdhar Lajili]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577504|Monia Brahim]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577505|Wafa Makhlouf]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577506|Hedi Ben Braham]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577507|Dalila Babba]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Dalila Babba 2018.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577508|Mohamed Fadhel Ben Omrane]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577510|Basma Jebali]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2018-11-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577511|Mohamed Ali Bedoui]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577512|Ali Belakhoua]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577513|Sabri Dekhil]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577514|Walid Jalled]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577516|Kalthoum Badreddine]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:PortraitKalthoumBadreddine Jan2014 01.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577517|Mohamed Nejib Torjmane]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577519|Sofien Toubel]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:Sofien Toubel photo2 سفيان طوبال.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577521|Imed Khemiri]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577522|Abderraouf Cherif]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2018-12-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577523|Naceur Channoufi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577524|Mabrouk Hrizi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577525|Belgacem Dkhili]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580310|Mohamed Amine Kahloul]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580315|Kamel Harraghi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580316|Brahim Nacef]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580350|Salem Hamdi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2017-02-28
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580351|Mohamed Ben Youssef El Hamdi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580353|Fathi Chamkhi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580354|Abdelmoumen Belanes]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:AbdelmoumenBelanes-Sayada-Mai-2017-1.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580357|Tarek Barrak]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580358|Ahmed Saidi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580420|Rim Thairi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580422|Fatma Mseddi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580426|Dorra Yaacoubi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580429|Radhia Toumi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580435|Hatem Ferjani]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2018-02-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580438|Abdelaziz Kotti]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Abdlaziz Kotti.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580442|Issam Matoussi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580444|Meriem Boujbel]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580447|Lamia Mlayah]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580449|Asma Abou Hana]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580452|Olfa Soukri]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580454|Abderraouf Chebbi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580455|Jamila Jouini]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580459|Hssan Amri]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580461|Ramzi Ben Fraj]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Ramzi Ben Fraj.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580462|Kamel Dhaouadi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580463|Souad Bayouli]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29580465|Abir Abdelli]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q281184|Ali Laarayedh]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:AliLarayedhpicture.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q668526|Noureddine Bhiri]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:Noureddine Bhiri.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2821016|Abdelfattah Mourou]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:CroppedMourou.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2821154|Abdellatif Mekki]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Abdellatif Mekki.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2821275|Abderrazak Cherait]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2836146|Ali Ben Salem]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2836158|Ali Bennour]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Ali Bennour, Sayada, 23 mars 2017.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2842788|Amer Larayedh]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:Amer Laarayedh.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2947600|Chahida Ben Fraj Bouraoui]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:ChahidaFraj-Mai-2017-1.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3125673|Hafedh Zouari]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3196141|Khemais Ksila]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Khmaies Ksila.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3218481|Latifa Habachi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:Latifa Habachi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3220051|Lazhar Akremi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2015-02-20
| [[File:Lazher Akermi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3304538|Meherzia Labidi Maïza]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-01-22
| [[File:Meherzia Labidi Maiza.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3318419|Mohamed Ben Salem]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:MohamedBenSalemANC2011.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3318530|Mohamed Ennaceur]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Mohamed Ennaceur.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3318553|Mohamed Frikha]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Mohamed Frikha CandidatEnnahda 2014.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3320447|Moncef Sellami]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:SellamiCoupeTunisieFootball2009Rades.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3461533|Sahbi Atigue]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:SahbiAtigpicture.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3470837|Samir Dilou]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:Dilou.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3486675|Slim Besbes]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:SlimBesbesSep2014.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3571481|Yamina Zoghlami]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:Yamina Zoghlami Cropped.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3571955|Yassine Brahim]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2015-02-20
| [[File:CroppedYassineBrahim.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7961932|Walid Bennani]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Walid Bennani.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q10514449|Mehdi Ben Gharbia]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02&lt;br/&gt;2019-11-13
| 2016-09-16&lt;br/&gt;2021-12-13
| [[File:PortraitMehdiBenGharbia Jan2014 01.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q10591389|Iyed Dahmani]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2016-09-16
| [[File:IyedDahmani.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q11775942|Salem Labiadh]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:Salem Labiedh.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q12251558|Yassine Ayari]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2018-02-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-11-13
| 2019-11-13&lt;br/&gt;2021-12-13
| [[File:Yassine Ayari, The Munathara Initiative - Feb 3, 2020.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q12352837|Nadhir Ben Ammou]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Nadhir Ben ammou.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q12886365|Imed Daïmi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Imed Daimi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q14182276|Touhami Abdouli]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2015-02-20
| [[File:PortraitTouhamiAbdouliJan2012 01.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16027791|Farida Labidi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:PortraitFaridaLabidi2013 01.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16128314|Samia Abbou]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:Samia Abbou, Nawaat capture 19 novembre 2015.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16185697|Mongi Rahoui]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:MongiRahoui.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16642407|Houcine Jaziri]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Houcine Jaziri.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16666126|Naoufel Jammali]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:PortraitNaoufelJammali Sep2014.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17007718|Zied Lakhdhar]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Ziad Lakhdhar.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19285470|Mbarka Aouania]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Mbarka Aouania (02), FSM, Tunis 25 mars 2015 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19345818|Selma Elloumi Rekik]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2015-02-20
| [[File:Selma elloumi rekik.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19346113|Khaoula Ben Aicha]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Khawla Ben Aicha.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19346156|Ons Hattab]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19346167|Ibtihej Ben Helal]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19346186|Hela Omrane]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:HelaOmrane-Sayada-Mai-2017-1.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19543800|Souhail Alouini]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:SouhailAlouini-Février2015.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19544687|Sabrine Goubantini]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19631455|Bochra Belhaj Hmida]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Bochra Belhaj Hmida, Nawaat, 2 décembre 2014.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19951842|Faouzia Ben Fodha]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Faouzia Ben Fodha - Présidents de l'ARP, Tunisie, capture de Nawaat (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19955807|Noomane Fehri]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2015-02-20
| [[File:Noomane Fehri 2 (cropped).JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20851199|Jihen Aouichi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20961773|Ridha Charfeddine]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:Ridha Charfedddine, Nawaat, 2 décembre 2014 (01) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21084499|Boutheina Ben Yaghlane]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2015-02-20
| [[File:PortraitBoutheinaBenYaghlaneSep2014.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21091626|Nawel Tayech]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21511555|Ghazi Chaouachi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2020-02-27
| [[File:Ghazi chaouachi.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21606879|Noomane El Euch]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22930198|Fathi Ayadi]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22934436|Hamdi Guezguez]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2015-07-22
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23073234|Rim Mahjoub]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2015-02-20
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Rym mahjoub.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23109390|Oussama Essghaier]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Oussama Essghaier.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25451738|Hayet Omri]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:Hayat omri.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25452581|Lajmi Lourimi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Ajmi Lourimi ANC.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25453450|Sayida Ounissi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02&lt;br/&gt;2019-11-13
| 2016-09-16&lt;br/&gt;2021-12-13
| [[File:Sayda Ounissi, member of Ennahdha.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27758476|Khaled Chouket]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2016-02-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28045699|Karima Taggaz]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2016-09-16
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Karima Taggaz photo2 كريمة التقاز.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28055867|Aroua Ben Abbas]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2021-12-13
| [[File:PortraitArouaBenAbbas Sep2014.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28055870|Badreddine Abdelkefi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28465976|Jamila Ksiksi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2022-03-30
| [[File:PortraitJamilaDebbechKsiksiSep2014.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28530089|Sana Mersni]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28716311|Habib Khedher]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Habib Khedher.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577371|Marouan Felfel]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2016-02-09
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577373|Taoufik Ouali]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2015-10-20
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577374|Taher Battikh]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2015-02-20
| 2017-10-18
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577375|Ridha Zghondi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577377|Olfa Jouini]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2016-02-09
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577378|Ammar Amroussia]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Ammar Amroussia, Nawaat 2 décembre 2014.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577380|Wafa Attia]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2015-02-20
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577382|Houda Slim]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2015-02-20
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577383|Mohamed Saidane]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577384|Nadia Zangar]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577385|Rabha Ben Hassine]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577386|Noura Amri]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2015-07-22
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577388|Hssine Yahyaoui]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577389|Leila Ouled Ali]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577390|Lamia Gharbi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2015-02-20
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577391|El Khansa Ben Harrath]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577392|Mongi Harbaoui]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577395|Leila Oueslati]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577397|Faten Oueslati]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2016-09-16
| 2017-04-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577398|Lamia Dridi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2016-09-16
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577399|Riadh Jaidane]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| [[File:Le Député Riadh JAIDANE à l'Assemblée des Représentants du Peuple (Tunisie).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577401|Leila Hamrouni]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577403|Najla Saadaoui]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577404|Moez Belhaj Rhouma]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2015-02-20
| 2021-12-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577405|Heger Ben Cheikh Ahmed]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2016-09-16
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577406|Mourad Hamaidi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577407|Heger Laaroussi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577409|Chakib Bani]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577410|Lilia Younes Ksibi]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2015-02-20
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577411|Noureddine Ben Achour]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577413|Mohamed Mohsen Soudani]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29577414|Haykel Belgacem]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2014-12-02
| 2019-11-13
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>1tcms2cuc0bdor9hr9q7ptbn9ryh2em</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:GerardM/OkayAfrica 100 women</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>9964</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127056</id>
      <parentid>126708</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T19:50:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>10758</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>127056</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32070" sha1="5stj6dbjjpjhsn3m6hlfkez37lc7vk7" xml:space="preserve">==Listeria list for all those recognised by the OkayAfrica==
{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P166 wd:Q54889438 }
|section=
|sort=P166/Q54889438/P585
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P166/Q54889438/P585:Year,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Year
! Image
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23816363|Imbolo Mbue]]''
| 
| [[IKamerooni]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2017
| [[File:Imbolo Mbue 2.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23899788|Simi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2018
| [[File:Simi singer from Nigeria born 1988 at NdaniTV session.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24049156|Alexis Okeowo]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2018
| [[File:Alexis Okeowo Resisting Extremism in Africa- Ordinary Lives, Extraordinary Acts.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24248220|Ethel Delali Cofie]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 2017
| [[File:Ethel D Cofie.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24255698|Niniola]]''
| umlobi wengoma waseNigeria
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019
| [[File:Niniola Nigerian Singer songwriter.png|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Nomzamo Mbatha]]
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24713124|Adesua Etomi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2018
| [[File:Adesua Etomi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24851630|Bozoma Saint John]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IGana]]
| 2018&lt;br/&gt;2017
| [[File:Bozoma Saint John at Essence Festival of Culture July 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25199129|Alsarah]]''
| 
| [[ISudan]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2018
| [[File:Alsarah 06332.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25344489|Angelica Nwandu]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2018
| [[File:Angelica Nwandu 2020.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26263150|Naomi Ruele]]''
| 
| [[IButswana]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26436159|Ilhan Omar]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2017&lt;br/&gt;2019
| [[File:Ilhan Omar, official portrait, 116th Congress.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26905832|Fadumo Dayib]]''
| 
| [[ISomaliya|ISomalia]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27062883|Aminatou Sow]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27063353|Tope Oshin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2018
| [[File:Tope Oshin.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27063905|Lisa Folawiyo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2018
| [[File:Lisa Folawiyo Designer.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27450115|Funke Opeke]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2018
| [[File:Funke Opeke - ITU Telecom World 2016 - Industry Leaders Roundtable.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27469042|Oreoluwa Lesi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2020
| [[File:Oreoluwa Somolu Lesi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27494203|Luvvie Ajayi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27744678|Rebeca Gyumi]]''
| 
| [[IThanzaniya|ITanzania]]
| 2019
| [[File:Rebeca Gyumi.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27999600|Touria El Glaoui]]''
| 
| [[IMorokho]]
| 2017
| [[File:Touria El Glaoui.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28025952|Yvonne Orji]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2017
| [[File:Yvonne Orji.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Babes Wodumo]]
| ungumculi waseNingizimu Afrika
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28648829|Clarisse Iribagiza]]''
| 
| [[IRuwanda]]
| 2017
| [[File:Clarisse Iribagiza 2014.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28654904|Shekhinah]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2019
| [[File:Shekhinah.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28736612|Nadia Rose]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28841772|Salome Asega]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28859681|Adama Delphine Fawundu]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28859847|Halima Aden]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2018
| [[File:Halima Aden Paris Fashion Week Autumn Winter 2019.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28911657|Lady Skollie]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28967562|Adwoa Aboah]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2019
| [[File:Adwoa aboah 2019 1.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29160452|Jessica O. Matthews]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29413652|Khoudia Diop]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29418661|Tomi Adeyemi]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]&lt;br/&gt;[[INigeria]]
| 2019
| [[File:NBF2024-tomi-adeyemi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29886137|Cherrie]]''
| 
| [[ISwidi]]
| 2019
| [[File:Cherrie in 2021.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29912279|Yrsa Daley-Ward]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2018
| [[File:Yrsa Daley Ward.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30228170|Delphine Diallo]]''
| 
| [[IFulansi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ISenegal]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30571413|Ade Hassan]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| [[Sho Madjozi]]
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2019
| [[File:Sho Madjozi March 2019.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q37793136|Aya Nakamura]]''
| 
| [[IFulansi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMali]]
| 2019
| [[File:Aya Nakamura IMG 4756 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q41221013|Adelle Onyango]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2018
| [[File:Adele Onyango on Hustle Yako.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q42997985|Loza Maléombho]]''
| 
| [[Ugu Emhlophe]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43396455|Asma Khalifa]]''
| 
| [[ILibhiya|ILibiya]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q44845816|Vanessa Kingori]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2018
| [[File:Vanessa Kingori at SXSW London June 2025.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45354341|Kemiyondo Coutinho]]''
| 
| [[IYuganda]]
| 2019
| [[File:Playwright Kemiyondo Coutinho.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q46067386|Maame Biney]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IGana]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47031031|Adut Akech]]''
| 
| [[I-Ostreliya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[INingizimu Sudan|ISudan yaseNingizimu]]
| 2019
| [[File:Adut Akech at Roberto Cavalli FW22.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48219695|Akuoma Omeoga]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50345169|Okwui Okpokwasili]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]&lt;br/&gt;[[INigeria]]
| 2019
| [[File:Okwui Okpokwasili in Visceral Disruptions.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50346875|Sarah Waiswa]]''
| 
| [[IYuganda]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50379528|Seko Shamte]]''
| 
| [[IThanzaniya|ITanzania]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50720240|Lina Iris Viktor]]''
| 
| [[ILiberia]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q51289615|Hania Morsi Fadl]]''
| 
| [[ISudan]]
| 2018
| [[File:Hania Morsi Fadl (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q53567553|Duckie Thot]]''
| 
| [[I-Ostreliya]]&lt;br/&gt;[[INingizimu Sudan|ISudan yaseNingizimu]]
| 2019
| [[File:Duckie Thot after fashion show.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54892135|Kasiva Mutua]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54896828|Velma Makhandia]]''
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54897214|Kahindo Mateene]]''
| umklami wemfashini waseCongo
| 
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54897483|Philomena Kwao]]''
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54897722|Jackie Aina]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]&lt;br/&gt;[[INigeria]]
| 2017&lt;br/&gt;2018
| [[File:Jackie Aina 2021 (3x4 cropped).png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54898564|Tony Gum]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54898628|Benny Bonsu]]''
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54898654|Agang Ditlhogo]]''
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54898803|Wayétu Moore]]''
| 
| 
| 2017
| [[File:Wayétu Moore.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54899839|Lina Gadi]]''
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54899918|Hanta Tiana Ranaivo Rajaonarisoa]]''
| usomabhizinisi waseMalagasy
| [[IMadagasika]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54900027|Louise Umutoni]]''
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54907588|Eniola Mafe]]''
| usomabhizinisi waseNigeria owazalwa eLondon
| 
| 2018
| [[File:Eniola Mafe in Geneva.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54907679|Isis Nyong’o Madison]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54907772|Michelle Ntalami]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54907829|Tebogo Anna Mashego]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54907935|Ebele Okobi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2018
| [[File:Ebele Okobi at International Journalism Festival 2024 in Perugia 4.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54908063|Sara Menker]]''
| 
| [[I-Itiyopiya|I-Ithiopia]]
| 2018
| [[File:Sara Menker 2017.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54912300|Yagazie Emezi]]''
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54912328|Zim Ugochukwu]]''
| usomabhizinisi wokuhamba waseNigeria
| [[INigeria]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54912330|Evelyn Ngugi]]''
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54912341|Jojo Abot]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 2017
| [[File:Jojo Abot.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54914089|Tsitsi Masiyiwa]]''
| 
| [[IZimbabwe]]
| 2018
| [[File:Mrs Tsitsi Masiyiwa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54914118|Graça Maria Sanches]]''
| 
| [[IKhepi Vedhi]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54914125|Moiyattu Banya]]''
| 
| [[ISiera Liyoni]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54915207|Sethembile Msezane]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2018
| [[File:Sethembile Msezane- Portrait.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54921386|Ghada Wali]]''
| 
| [[IGibhithe]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54921442|Kelechi Okafor]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54921856|Katlego Kai Kolanyane-Kesupile]]''
| umculi, umlobi kanye ne-LGBTQ isishoshovu esivela eButswana
| [[IButswana]]
| 2018
| [[File:Performance artist Kat Kai Koi-Kes.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54921998|Malin Fezehai]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54927244|Abrima Erwiah]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54928547|Diana Opoti]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54928698|Heroda Berhane]]''
| 
| [[I-Eritrea]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54928778|Hermon Berhane]]''
| 
| [[I-Eritrea]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54928956|Susy Oludele]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54929000|Sarah Diouf]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54931014|Amy Sall]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54932082|Solange Lusiku Nsimire]]''
| 
| [[IKhongo-Kinshasa|IRiphabliki Labantu weKongo]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54935401|Anyiko Owoko]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| [[File:Anyiko Owoko in the video 'Fena Gitu - I'm A Square Peg In A Round Hole'.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54935411|Ainehi Edoro-Glines]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54939026|Kay Oyegun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54939128|Nicole Amarteifio]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54939343|Unoma Ndili Okorafor]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2018
| [[File:Unoma Okorafor at Gem Tech Awards 2016.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54953801|Joy Chebet Bii]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54953914|Tshiamo Legoale]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54954016|Amel Ben Abda]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5834|Caster Semenya]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2017
| [[File:Caster Semenya (42411013704) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5998|Vivian Cheruiyot]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2017
| [[File:Vivian Cheruiyot Rio 2016.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q51700|Juliana Rotich]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2017
| [[File:Juliana Rotich - World Economic Forum on Africa 2012.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Zanele Muholi]]
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2018&lt;br/&gt;2017
| [[File:Zanele Muholi, 2011 (cropped).JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q229029|Thandiwe Newton]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2019
| [[File:Thandiwe Newton Peabody Awards, June 2021.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q230113|Gabourey Sidibe]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2018
| [[File:Gabourey Sidibe at PaleyFest 2014 - 13491368805.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]]
| umlobi waseNigeria
| [[INigeria]]
| 2017
| [[File:2025-06-16 Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie no Fronteiras do Pensamento 2025 em São Paulo, 013 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q231276|Angelique Kidjo]]''
| 
| [[IBenini]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IFulansi]]
| 2018
| [[File:25o Premio da Musica Brasileira (14004847740).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q237106|Marie NDiaye]]''
| 
| [[IFulansi]]
| 2018
| [[File:Marie Ndiaye 01.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q256531|Iman]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ISomaliya|ISomalia]]
| 2017
| [[File:Iman 1996.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q289462|Seun Adigun]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2017&lt;br/&gt;2018
| [[File:Seun Adigun in 2022.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q290220|Leila Aboulela]]''
| 
| [[ISudan]]
| 2018
| [[File:Leila Aboulela (2010).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q443884|Aïssa Maïga]]''
| 
| [[IFulansi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ISenegal]]
| 2017
| [[File:Aïssa Maïga, 2022 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q445463|Mayra Andrade]]''
| 
| [[IKhepi Vedhi]]
| 2019
| [[File:.Mayra Andrade. (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q452213|Francine Niyonsaba]]''
| 
| [[IBhurundi|IBurundi]]
| 2017
| [[File:Francine Niyonsaba Rio 2016.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q457420|Wangechi Mutu]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q467094|Oumou Sangaré]]''
| 
| [[IMali]]
| 2018
| [[File:(Oumou Sangaré) De la poesía a la música de raíz, sonidos de la segunda noche de San Isidro.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q510629|Jemima Sumgong]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2017
| [[File:PortraitJemimaJelagatSumgongRio2016.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q636653|Danai Gurira]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IZimbabwe]]
| 2017&lt;br/&gt;2019
| [[File:Danai Gurira 2024 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q707255|Fatoumata Diawara]]''
| 
| [[IMali]]
| 2017
| [[File:Fatoumata Diawara Rudolstadt 11 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q773793|Sona Jobarteh]]''
| 
| [[IGambia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2017&lt;br/&gt;2019
| [[File:Aid for Trade Global Review 2017 – Day 1 Sona Jobarteh tuning kora.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1400134|Hedaya Malak]]''
| 
| [[IGibhithe]]
| 2017
| [[File:Hedaya Malak Rio2016b.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1475185|Kah Walla]]''
| 
| [[IKamerooni]]
| 2018
| [[File:Kwalla.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2053031|Flaviana Matata]]''
| 
| [[IThanzaniya|ITanzania]]
| 2017
| [[File:Flaviana.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2514348|Titica]]''
| 
| [[I-Angola]]
| 2018
| [[File:Titica por Rachel Teixeira.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2839100|Almaz Ayana]]''
| 
| [[I-Itiyopiya|I-Ithiopia]]
| 2017
| [[File:Almaz Ayana Beijing 2015.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3439879|Rokhaya Diallo]]''
| 
| [[IFulansi]]
| 2017
| [[File:Europa21 - 2.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3453629|Ruth Negga]]''
| 
| [[I-Itiyopiya|I-Ithiopia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[I-Ayilendi]]
| 2017
| [[File:Ruth Negga by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3566180|Wanuri Kahiu]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2018&lt;br/&gt;2019
| [[File:Wanuri Kahiu at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3614333|Aminatta Forna]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2019
| [[File:Aminatta Forna 5190258.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3658171|Phiona Mutesi]]''
| 
| [[IYuganda]]
| 2017
| [[File:Phiona Mutesi 2013.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3840847|Lupita Nyong'o]]''
| 
| [[IMekisiko]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2017
| [[File:LupitaNyongo-byPhilipRomano3.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3877423|Nnedi Okorafor]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]&lt;br/&gt;[[INigeria]]
| 2018&lt;br/&gt;2017
| [[File:Nnedi Okorafor at National Book Festival 2025.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4680087|Adama Ndiaye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2019
| [[File:Adama Paris Fashion Week 24 Nov 2016 on NdaniTV.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4696644|Aida Muluneh]]''
| 
| [[I-Itiyopiya|I-Ithiopia]]
| 2017
| [[File:Aida Mulune.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4696652|Aïda Touré]]''
| 
| [[IGabhoni|IGaboni]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4747087|Amma Asante]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2017
| [[File:Amma Asante at MIFF.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4945158|Unity Dow]]''
| 
| [[IButswana]]
| 2017
| [[File:Unity Dow - PopTech 2011 - Camden Maine USA (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5509330|Funmi Iyanda]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2017
| [[File:Funmi Iyanda.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5530444|Gelila Bekele]]''
| 
| [[I-Itiyopiya|I-Ithiopia]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6079886|Isha Sesay]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ISiera Liyoni]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2019
| [[File:Nima Elbagir and Isha Sesay, May 2015.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6547427|Little Simz]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2019
| [[File:Little Simz - Openair Frauenfeld 2019 05.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6766135|Mariéme Jamme]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2017
| [[File:Web Summit 2018 - Forum Rostra - Day 2, November 7 SMX 0270 (30827501057).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6778538|Marwa Amri]]''
| 
| [[IThuniziya|ITunisia]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6835591|Michaela DePrince]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ISiera Liyoni]]
| 2017
| [[File:191008 Mind the Mind Now - 48865568151 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6917040|Mosunmola Abudu]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[INigeria]]
| 2017
| [[File:Mosunmola Abudu 1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7037531|Nima Elbagir]]''
| 
| [[ISudan]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2019
| [[File:Nima Elbagir and Isha Sesay at the 74th Annual Peabody Awards.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7074927|Obiageli Katryn Ezekwesili]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019
| [[File:Obiageli Katryn Ezekwesili, 2009 World Economic Forum on Africa (cropped).png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7423050|Saran Kaba Jones]]''
| 
| [[ILiberia]]
| 2017
| [[File:Saran Kaba Jones.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7484811|Taiye Selasi]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2018
| [[File:TaiyeSelasi P1030135.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7560413|Somi]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2017
| [[File:SOMI, концерт в рамках фестиваля &quot;Акваджаз&quot; в &quot;Зимнем театре&quot;.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7704911|Terry Pheto]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2017
| [[File:Terry Pheto cropped.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7810465|Tiwa Savage]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[INigeria]]
| 2018
| [[File:Tiwa Savage's studio portrait.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7830609|Toyin Ojih Odutola]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13560267|Issa Rae]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2017
| [[File:Issa Rae, producer, writer, and actress, at SXSW 2025 01 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q14941915|Uzo Aduba]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2018
| [[File:Uzo Aduba 2014 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16198724|Sanaa Benhama]]''
| 
| [[IMorokho]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16208867|Efya]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 2018
| [[File:Efya at an event.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16211105|Idil Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[ISomaliya|ISomalia]]
| 2018
| [[File:Idilibrahim1.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16211548|Vanessa Mdee]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2017
| [[File:VeeMoney.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16216180|Hodan Nalayeh]]''
| 
| [[ISomaliya|ISomalia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IKhanada]]
| 2019
| [[File:Hodan Nalayeh Somalia (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16231679|Rosalyn Gold-Onwude]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2019
| [[File:RGOIndiana2016.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16231862|Amaka Osakwe]]''
| umklami wemfashini waseNigeria
| [[INigeria]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16232420|Warsan Shire]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16297487|Regina Agyare]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 2019
| [[File:Regina Honu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16727436|Farida Bedwei]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 2017
| [[File:Farida Bedwei 2.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16728813|Ilwad Elman]]''
| 
| [[ISomaliya|ISomalia]]
| 2018&lt;br/&gt;2017
| [[File:Ilwadelman2 (cropped 2).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Thuli Madonsela]]
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2018
| [[File:Thuli Madonsela April 2014.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16745368|Khanyi Dhlomo]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2018
| [[File:Khanyi Dhlomo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16761673|Seinabo Sey]]''
| 
| [[ISwidi]]
| 2019
| [[File:Seinabo Sey.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16821687|Semhar Araia]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2018
| [[File:Semhararwh.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17022430|Faarrow]]''
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17109424|Toke Makinwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2017
| [[File:NdaniTV Toke Makinwa OAP Nov 2018.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17306137|Kelela]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2018
| [[File:Kelela Piknik i Parken 2018 (205003).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17747951|Asisat Oshoala]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2018
| [[File:Asisat Oshoala 2019 Champions League.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18016138|Yemi Alade]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2017
| [[File:Yemi Alade studio portrait.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18148871|Charlo Greene]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18216886|Kemi Adetiba]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2017
| [[File:Kemi Adetiba.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18217812|Okwiri Oduor]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18534020|Maria Borges]]''
| 
| [[I-Angola]]
| 2017
| [[File:Maria borges at 82nd Venice International Film Festival-3 (cropped2).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18637243|Michaela Coel]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2017
| [[File:Michaela Coel Peabody Awards, June 2021.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18637627|Bonang Matheba]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2017
| [[File:Bonang Matheba.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19513511|Monica Geingos]]''
| 
| [[INamibhiya]]
| 2018
| [[File:MonicaGeingos.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19589575|Émilie Béatrice Epaye]]''
| 
| [[Central African Republic|i-Central African Republic]]
| 2017
| [[File:Beatrice Epaye (Central African Republic) - International Women of Courage Awards 2015.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19630433|Grace Mahary]]''
| 
| [[IKhanada]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19885291|Ayọ Tometi]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]&lt;br/&gt;[[INigeria]]
| 2017
| [[File:Ayọ Tometi - 2021 (51648565860) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20013339|Bibi Bakare-Yusuf]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20022984|Ameenah Gurib-Fakim]]''
| 
| [[IMorishisi]]
| 2017
| [[File:Ameenah Gurib-Fakim.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20640678|Julie Adenuga]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20679792|Uche Eze]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| [[I-Pearl Thusi]]
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20975327|Ngozi Onwumere]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20981886|Rapelang Rabana]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2017
| [[File:Rapelang Rabana.jpeg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982032|Redi Tlhabi]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2018
| [[File:Redi Thlabi Mandela Washington Fellowship 2017 (34818508705).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21448010|Tebello Nyokong]]''
| 
| [[OSotho]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21592474|Cynthia Erivo]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2018
| [[File:Cynthia Erivo - Wicked-FYC-1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22097089|Vera Songwe]]''
| 
| [[IKamerooni]]
| 2018
| [[File:Vera Songwe at the UK-Africa Investment Summit 2020 (49418317753) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22097343|Haben Girma]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2018
| [[File:Haben girma.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22277592|Anna Diop]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2019
| [[File:Anna Diop (2016) (close-up).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23000953|Chika Oduah]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2018
| [[File:Chika Oduah El Mundo Spain Madrid.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54954376|Natsai Audrey Chieza]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54954455|Baratang Miya]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54954627|Urenna Onyewuchi]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54956679|Mennat El Ghalid]]''
| isazi sezinto eziphilayo zaseGibhithe esiseParis esicwaninga isikhunta
| [[IGibhithe]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54968655|Zintle Ntshikila]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54974228|Jane Mukami]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54974244|Simi Adeagbo]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54974284|Joyline Cherotich]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54974310|Winnie Okoth]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54974345|Keolebogile Mokolopo]]''
| umncintiswano nomqeqeshi wezintambo ezivela eNingizimu Afrika
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54974949|Glory Okon Edim]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54975165|Malebo Sephodi]]''
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54975390|Koleka Putuma]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2018
| [[File:Koleka Putuma, P1080548.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54975478|Upile Chisala]]''
| imbongi nososayensi waseMalawi
| [[IMalawi]]
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55044984|Yasmin Belo-Osagie]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IGana]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55051826|Umra Omar]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55053089|Mari Malek]]''
| 
| [[INingizimu Sudan|ISudan yaseNingizimu]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55056554|Ammara Brown]]''
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55056941|Makho Ndlovu]]''
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55057723|Zeinebou Mint Taleb Moussa]]''
| isishoshovu samalungelo esifazane eMauritania
| [[IMoritaniya]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55057812|Nunu Ntshingila-Njeke]]''
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55057843|Patricia Nzolantima]]''
| 
| [[IKhongo-Kinshasa|IRiphabliki Labantu weKongo]]
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55057949|Karen Attiah]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2017
| [[File:Karen Attiah Resisting Extremism in Africa- Ordinary Lives, Extraordinary Acts - 37860453116 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55057972|Yousra Elbagir]]''
| umlobi wezindaba waseSudan
| [[ISudan]]
| 2017
| [[File:Yousra Elbagir at the International Journalism Festival 2024 in Perugia, Italy 1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55058779|Clare Muhoro]]''
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55080910|Adesuwa Aighewi]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2019
| [[File:Adesuwa Aighewi Paris Fashion Week Autumn Winter 2019.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56043265|Kawira Mwirichia]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58301979|Teni]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019
| [[File:Teni à la célébration du Voudoun Days 2024 à Ouidah au Bénin (cropped).png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58641607|Yomi Adegoke]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2019
| [[File:Yomi Adegoke at the 2024 Edinburgh International Book Festival 2.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58915901|Chidera Eggerue]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2019
| [[File:Chidera Eggerue November 2017.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58918446|Elizabeth Uviebinené]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60441895|Nadine Ijewere]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60836183|Muthoni Drummer Queen]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2017
| [[File:Festival des Vieilles Charrues 2019 - Muthoni Drummer Queen - 039.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61082400|Doreen Peter Noni]]''
| 
| [[IThanzaniya|ITanzania]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61483352|Clemantine Wamariya]]''
| 
| [[IRuwanda]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2019
| [[File:Clemantine Wamariya.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Moonchild Sanelly]]
| umculi
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2019
| [[File:Moonchild Sanelly sings on preview of MTV Down South 2019.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64532867|Oyinkan Braithwaite]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]
| 2020
| [[File:Oyinkan Braithwaite1150112.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q66311684|Amarachi Nwosu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019
| [[File:Amarachi-Nwoso-2.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q70082614|Kiki Mordi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2022
| [[File:Kiki Mordi (Keynote Speaker) - 54310879195.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71960124|Ama Marfo]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71962455|Amy Aniobi]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71975784|Aweng Chuol]]''
| 
| [[INingizimu Sudan|ISudan yaseNingizimu]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71976238|Besidone Amoruwa]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71976585|Brenda Katwesigye]]''
| 
| [[IYuganda]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71976779|Bose Ogulu]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019
| [[File:Bose Ogulu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71977385|Charlene Akuamoah]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71978867|Claude Lavie Kameni]]''
| 
| [[IKamerooni]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71979350|Cleopatra Kambugu Kentaro]]''
| 
| [[IYuganda]]
| 2019
| [[File:Cleopatra Kambugu Kentaro.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71979515|Dami Olonisakin]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71979668|Damilola Odufuwa]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019
| [[File:Dami Odufuwa.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71981497|Chao Mbogo]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71982517|Soull Ogun]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71982639|Dynasty Ogun]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72048285|Fatuma Zarika]]''
| 
| [[IKhenya|IKenya]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72149956|Lillian Ahenkan]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72150351|Ifunaya Maduka]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72151308|Lucy Fye]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72151669|Anna Fye]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72151812|YaAdam Fye]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72152087|Jainaba Fye]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72154227|Grace Ladoja]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72154653|Hend Riad]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72154914|Mariam Hazem]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72156142|Iziegbe Odigie]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2019
| [[File:Trybedances Izzy Odigie NdaniTV Dec 2018.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72157022|Jenn Nkiru]]''
| 
| [[Umbuso Ohlangeneyo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[INigeria]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72157232|Jessica Nabongo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72160701|Karen Okonkwo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72160878|Koketso Moeti]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72161059|Kovie Biakolo]]''
| 
| [[INigeria]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72161461|Laylah Amatullah Barrayn]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72161724|Lee Litumbe]]''
| 
| [[IKamerooni]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72164228|Luam Keflezgy]]''
| 
| [[I-Eritrea]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72164624|Manthe Ribane]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| [[File:Manthe Ribane, 2016.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72165987|Mapule Ndhlovu]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72166398|Massah David]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72167178|Miatta Johnson]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72167940|Monica Ahanonu]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72169974|Nikiwe Diova]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72170463|Nyma Tang]]''
| 
| [[INingizimu Sudan|ISudan yaseNingizimu]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72171565|Oronike Odeleye]]''
| 
| [[IMelika]]
| 2019
| [[File:Oronike Odeleye for ArtsATL Kindle Award.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72171866|Penda N'diaye]]''
| 
| [[ISenegal]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72172094|Phiona Okumu]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72172657|Refilwe Ledwaba]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72177802|Shauna Barbosa]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72180840|Sherrie Silver]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72181398|Sisonke Msimang]]''
| 
| [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]
| 2019
| [[File:Sisonke Msimang - TEDxSoweto 2014 - arm raised (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72182118|Teni Adeola]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72182776|Tiffany Aliche]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72183276|Tsion Gurmu]]''
| 
| [[I-Itiyopiya|I-Ithiopia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[IMelika]]
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72184324|Sierra King]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72184433|Brittany Spell]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72184541|Maureen Nicol]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72184713|Amina Cush]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72184818|Zainab Aliyu]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q130752444|Ley Uwera]]''
| 
| [[IKhongo-Kinshasa|IRiphabliki Labantu weKongo]]
| 
| [[File:Ley Uwera.jpg|center|128px]]
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>5stj6dbjjpjhsn3m6hlfkez37lc7vk7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:GerardM/Fellows of the Nigerian National Academy of Sciences</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>11112</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127040</id>
      <parentid>126898</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T12:25:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>10758</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>127040</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="67800" sha1="atwrudmzczfmtf1ho6epbzkuqryl4hc" xml:space="preserve">[https://tools.wmflabs.org/reasonator/?q=Q69092328 Fellows of the Nigerian National Academy of Sciences] 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=
SELECT 
  DISTINCT ?item 
  (COUNT(DISTINCT ?publications) AS ?count)
  (REPLACE(STR(?item), &quot;.*Q&quot;, &quot;Q&quot;) AS ?qid)
  (CONCAT( &quot;[[toolforge:scholia/author/&quot;, ?qid , &quot;|&quot;, ENCODE_FOR_URI(?count), &quot;]] / &quot;, &quot;[[toolforge:scholia/author/&quot;, ?qid , &quot;/missing{{!}}📖]]&quot;) AS ?scholia)

WHERE { 
  ?item wdt:P166 wd:Q69092328 .
  OPTIONAL { ?publications wdt:P50 ?item }
}
GROUP BY ?item|section=
|sort=P166/Q69092328/P585
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,P106,P496,P1960,P214,P166/Q69092328/P585:Date conferred,P18:Image,?scholia:Publications (known/missing)
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! occupation
! ORCID
! Google Scholar author ID
! VIAF
! Date conferred
! Image
! Publications (known/missing)
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75112716|Charles Okechukwu Esimone]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12416358|vice-chancellor]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1753-6763 0000-0002-1753-6763]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/305561378 305561378]
| 2017
| [[File:Prof. Charles Esimone.png|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75112716|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75112716/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75833792|Alex Boyo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3332427|clinical pathologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q17156912|malariologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3126128|geneticist]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| [[File:A.E. Boyo. Photograph. Wellcome V0028066 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75833792|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75833792/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75833964|Babatunde Olusiji Osunkoya]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75833964|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75833964/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75113556|Edith Oriabure Ajaiyeoba]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75113556|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75113556/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75113702|Chidi Emmanuel Akujor]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75113702|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75113702/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64878034|Adesola Ogunniyi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2946-8956 0000-0002-2946-8956]
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q64878034|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q64878034/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75114533|Peter Achuike Akah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75114533|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75114533/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75114791|Richard Adebayo Adegbola]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75114791|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75114791/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64735479|Ayodele Olajide Falase]]''
| [[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q69948825|medical faculty]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q21281706|academic administrator]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[umbhali]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/12370842 12370842]
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q64735479|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q64735479/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75836662|Gabriel Ediale Osuide]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75836662|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75836662/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q74107303|Olapeju Aiyelaagbe]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-4104 0000-0003-2281-4104]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=xCFGB1QAAAAJ xCFGB1QAAAAJ]
| 
| 2024
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q74107303|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q74107303/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85354126|Ganiyu Oboh]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2919046|biochemist]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5167-9779 0000-0001-5167-9779]
| 
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q85354126|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q85354126/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75839440|Samuel Alasoadura]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75839440|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75839440/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75839463|Emmanuel Ayotunde Yoloye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75839463|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75839463/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64738505|Charles Igwe Arizechukwu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q520549|geologist]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2021
| [[File:THE NEW VC READING ANGLICAN HYMS DURING HIS INAUGRATION AT EKPO REFECTORY UNN.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q64738505|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q64738505/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75839678|Patrick Iloba Amenechi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75839678|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75839678/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75839685|Frank Mene Adedemiswanye Ukoli]]''
| ''[[:d:Q350979|zoologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q27497422|helminthologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12773412|parasitologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/70271313 70271313]
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75839685|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75839685/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75839691|Samuel Afolabi Toye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75839691|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75839691/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75839696|Ayodele Tella]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75839696|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75839696/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75839861|Mosobalaje Olaloye Oyawoye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75839861|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75839861/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71804243|Bede Okigbo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/31022139 31022139]
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q71804243|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q71804243/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7072146|O. O. Adewoye]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|engineer]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2007
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7072146|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7072146/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17164819|Chukwuedu Nwokolo]]''
| [[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]
| 
| 
| 
| 1986
| [[File:Chukwuedu Nwokolo and Family 4.JPG|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q17164819|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q17164819/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105829346|Christine Oppong]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[umbhali]]
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4488-5405 0000-0003-4488-5405]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=6mZcjt4AAAAJ 6mZcjt4AAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/22288059 22288059]
| 1998
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q105829346|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q105829346/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75266550|Akintoye Olusegun Coker]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3368718|pathologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3779582|microbiologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75266550|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75266550/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43549311|Olanike Adeyemo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q202883|veterinarian]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3404-5090 0000-0003-3404-5090]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=AbsyqJgAAAAJ AbsyqJgAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/305638553 305638553]
| 2016
| [[File:Prof Olanike Adeyemo portrait .jpeg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q43549311|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q43549311/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75699562|Olabopo Osuntokun]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12013238|ophthalmologist]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1998
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75699562|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75699562/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75699847|Vincent E. Aimakhu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1998
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75699847|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75699847/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75267821|Sunday A. Bwala]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75267821|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75267821/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15725998|Francisca Nneka Okeke]]''
| [[umfundindalo]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/182166797 182166797]
| 2010
| [[File:Prof. Francisca Okeke.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q15725998|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q15725998/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6932958|Muhammed K. Abubakar]]''
| [[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;[[UNgqongqoshe]]
| 
| 
| 
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6932958|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6932958/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21062079|Isaac Folorunso Adewole]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2640827|gynecologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q13638192|obstetrician]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[UNgqongqoshe]]
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5341-2514 0000-0002-5341-2514]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/246152742984427732066 246152742984427732066]
| 2011
| [[File:Prof. Isaac F. Adewole (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21062079|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21062079/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75270070|Alphonso C.I. Anusiem]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75270070|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75270070/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21062192|Kehinde Oluwatoyin Ladipo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q520549|geologist]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21062192|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21062192/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21062369|Isa Marte Hussaini]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21062369|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21062369/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75270408|Lekan S. Salimonu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75270408|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75270408/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21062618|Nicholas Agiobi Damachi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q81096|engineer]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2010
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21062618|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21062618/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43697544|Anthony I. Okoh]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9770-085X 0000-0002-9770-085X]
| 
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q43697544|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q43697544/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21063465|Oluwole Akinyele Agbede]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21063465|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21063465/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21063472|Uche Veronica Amazigo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12773412|parasitologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q864503|biologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21063472|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21063472/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21063473|Sunny Edet Ohia]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21063473|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21063473/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16017608|Fabian Anene Ositadimma Udekwu]]''
| [[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q774306|surgeon]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16017608|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16017608/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71811551|Oluwafeyisola Sylvester Adegoke]]''
| ''[[:d:Q520549|geologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1662561|paleontologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q30059961|paleobotanist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/161366269 161366269]
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q71811551|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q71811551/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75128324|Jude U. Ohaneri]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75128324|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75128324/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50331388|Oluwatoyin Ogundipe]]''
| [[umbhali]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Umqaqathi]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2374149|botanist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12416358|vice-chancellor]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q723682|dean]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/219152138567310980964 219152138567310980964]
| 2017
| [[File:Prof Ogundipe.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q50331388|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q50331388/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64748489|Donald E U Ekong]]''
| ''[[:d:Q593644|chemist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/84158185823020062190 84158185823020062190]
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q64748489|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q64748489/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18326258|Tolu Olukayode Odugbemi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7597-8666 0000-0002-7597-8666]
| 
| 
| 1997
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18326258|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18326258/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75275218|Gabriel O. Ajayi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75275218|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75275218/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21933512|Friday Okonofua]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2640827|gynecologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q13638192|obstetrician]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q21281706|academic administrator]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-2606 0000-0002-8777-2606]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=lWa_57sAAAAJ lWa_57sAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/31975441 31975441]&lt;br/&gt;[https://viaf.org/en/viaf/46200996 46200996]
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21933512|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21933512/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21934164|Babalola Chinedum Peace]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12416358|vice-chancellor]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9173-8032 0000-0001-9173-8032]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Lvw32FsAAAAJ Lvw32FsAAAAJ]
| 
| 2011
| [[File:Professor Babalola Chinedum Peace.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21934164|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21934164/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4778204|Anya Oko Anya]]''
| ''[[:d:Q864503|biologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/72739525 72739525]
| 1979
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q4778204|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q4778204/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75279014|Salihu Mustafa]]''
| ''[[:d:Q81096|engineer]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2002
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75279014|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75279014/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7086859|Olikoye Ransome-Kuti]]''
| [[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1919436|pediatrician]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[UNgqongqoshe]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/35882343 35882343]
| 1992
| [[File:Family Ransome Kuti c1940.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7086859|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7086859/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71100029|Ebenezer Farombi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2919046|biochemist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/54152682509123311242 54152682509123311242]
| 2014
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q71100029|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q71100029/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7088847|Olumbe Bassir]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2919046|biochemist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7088847|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7088847/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7088876|Benjamin Oluwakayode Osuntokun]]''
| ''[[:d:Q783906|neurologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/45860555 45860555]
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7088876|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7088876/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75282910|Pius J.  Egbelu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2002
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75282910|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75282910/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q42412314|Iruka N. Okeke]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3779582|microbiologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q864503|biologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1694-7587 0000-0002-1694-7587]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=KCc3tdAAAAAJ KCc3tdAAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/124748506 124748506]
| 2018
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q42412314|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q42412314/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75145837|Joseph Olorunfemi Ojo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2014
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145837|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145837/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75145843|Patrick Oladipo Aina]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2014
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145843|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145843/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75145840|Adekunle Odunsi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2014
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145840|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145840/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75145841|Chidi Adonis Ibe]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2014
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145841|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145841/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75145883|Dennies Edokpaigbe Agbonlahor]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2014
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145883|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145883/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75145886|Ogoamaka Patience Osadebe]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145886|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145886/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75145884|John Okhienaiye Agbenin]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2014
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145884|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145884/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75145885|John Adeyinka Adekoya]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2014
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145885|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145885/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75145892|Sunday Ayodele Odunfa]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145892|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145892/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75145903|James Adeche Momoh]]''
| 
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/85217213 85217213]
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145903|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145903/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75145906|Oladele O. Kale]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145906|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145906/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75145907|John Alechenu Idoko]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145907|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75145907/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75146079|Chukwudozie Daniel Ezeokoli]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75146079|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75146079/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75146215|Tola Atinmo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75146215|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75146215/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75146291|Sunday Ene-ojo Atawodi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75146291|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75146291/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75146363|Alfred B.O. Soboyejo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75146363|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75146363/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75146547|Akinyhinka Omokolapo Omigbodun]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75146547|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75146547/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75146946|Akaehomen O. Akii Ibhadode]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75146946|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75146946/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20650974|Akpanoluo Ikpong Ikpong Ette]]''
| [[umfundindalo]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20650974|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20650974/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100233959|Grace Olusola Gbotosho]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2114605|pharmacologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2020
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q100233959|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q100233959/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75148458|Victor Onwubalili Anosa]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75148458|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75148458/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21229527|Abel Idowu Olayinka]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12094958|geophysicist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/56062335 56062335]
| 2012
| [[File:Abel Idowu Olayinka.JPG|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21229527|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21229527/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22671516|Ekanem Ikpi Braide]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12416358|vice-chancellor]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12773412|parasitologist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/28596456 28596456]
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q22671516|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q22671516/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75149847|Kayode Oyebode Adebowale]]''
| [[Usonzululwazi|imfundondalo]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q21281706|academic administrator]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2012
| [[File:IMG-20230611-WA0020.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75149847|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75149847/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18204919|Akinpelu Oludele Adesola]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q774306|surgeon]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1985
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18204919|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18204919/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18205082|Babatunde Kwaku Adadevoh]]''
| [[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3368718|pathologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[umbhali]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/65322217 65322217]
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18205082|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18205082/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72558558|Nduka Okafor]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1979
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72558558|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72558558/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q69963952|Babafemi Taiwo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q482980|author]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2020
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q69963952|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q69963952/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71694570|Joseph I. Okogun]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1979
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q71694570|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q71694570/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75298842|Gabriel I. Ekeke]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2002
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75298842|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75298842/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18209595|Oyewusi Ibidapo Obe]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18209595|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18209595/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q87845157|Musa Toyin Yakubu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3310-5795 0000-0002-3310-5795]
| 
| 
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q87845157|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q87845157/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q66940683|Charles Wambebe]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1627196|Pharmazeut]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7231-1874 0000-0002-7231-1874]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/68669936 68669936]
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q66940683|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q66940683/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75303109|E. Efiom Ene-Obong]]''
| 
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/21879208 21879208]
| 2000
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75303109|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75303109/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75303346|Timothy A. I. Akeju]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2000
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75303346|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75303346/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75303536|Yetunde Mercy Olumide]]''
| [[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/38596181 38596181]
| 2000
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75303536|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75303536/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q86837542|Bamidele I Olu-Owolabi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4668-6004 0000-0003-4668-6004]
| 
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q86837542|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q86837542/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56274103|Joseph Abiodun Balogun]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8106-3828 0000-0001-8106-3828]
| 
| 
| 2017
| [[File:Joseph Abiodun Balogun, PT, Ph.D., FACSM, FNSP, FAS, FRSPH.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q56274103|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q56274103/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18359012|Oyewale Tomori]]''
| [[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15634281|virologist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/21066260 21066260]
| 1991
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18359012|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18359012/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3509767|Victor Omololu Olunloyo]]''
| [[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1989
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q3509767|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q3509767/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3511417|Iya Abubakar]]''
| [[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[USolwazi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[UNgqongqoshe]]
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| [[File:Prof Iya Abubakar portrait.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q3511417|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q3511417/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5097406|Chike Obi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[USonkondlo|imbongi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5097406|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5097406/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21005784|Oluwole Babafemi Familoni]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5480-232X 0000-0002-5480-232X]
| 
| 
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21005784|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21005784/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q51858251|Mojisola Adeyeye]]''
| ''[[:d:Q105186|pharmacist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q51858251|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q51858251/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q51858371|Musbau Adewumi Akanji]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2919046|biochemist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4476-454X 0000-0003-4476-454X]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ScOP4eEAAAAJ ScOP4eEAAAAJ]
| 
| 2016
| [[File:FUT.Minna Prof. Musbau A. Akanji.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q51858371|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q51858371/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q51858431|Joseph Ahaneku]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2014
| [[File:Joseph Ahaneku.png|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q51858431|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q51858431/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q51858437|Michael Umale Adikwu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[umbhali]]
| 
| 
| 
| 2009
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q51858437|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q51858437/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16105317|Deborah Ajakaiye]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12094958|geophysicist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q520549|geologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/4616798 4616798]
| 1980
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16105317|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16105317/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6301957|Jibril Aminu]]''
| [[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q193391|diplomat]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3264451|cardiologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[UNgqongqoshe]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/72930256 72930256]
| 1992
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6301957|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6301957/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30090012|Oye Gureje]]''
| ''[[:d:Q211346|psychiatrist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0094-5947 0000-0003-0094-5947]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/311810867 311810867]
| 2013
| [[File:POG.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q30090012|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q30090012/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55176086|Catherine Falade]]''
| [[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-6033 0000-0003-4755-6033]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/316552768 316552768]
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q55176086|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q55176086/missing|📖]]
|-
| [[Ogbonnaya Onu]]
| [[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q7888586|chemical engineer]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[UNgqongqoshe]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/27963581 27963581]
| 2020
| [[File:Ogbonnaya Onu - 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q13655513|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q13655513/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4718223|Alexander Animalu]]''
| [[umfundindalo]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=WYCcrnkAAAAJ WYCcrnkAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/36492346 36492346]
| 1980
| [[File:Alexander Animalu.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q4718223|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q4718223/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54313807|Thomas Adesanya Ige Grillo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q54313807|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q54313807/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111982496|Adenike Oladiji]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2919046|biochemist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2020
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q111982496|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q111982496/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4865269|Bartholomew Nnaji]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;[[UNgqongqoshe]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/113602104 113602104]
| 1997
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q4865269|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q4865269/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75798588|Njidda Mamadu Gadzama]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3743-8239 0000-0002-3743-8239]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/116395774 116395774]
| 1997
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75798588|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75798588/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75798728|Patrick Obi Ngoddy]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q131512|farmer]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q63179158|food engineer]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1996
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75798728|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75798728/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75799110|Alfred A. Susu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1994
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75799110|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75799110/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75799475|Mark Nwagwu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[USonkondlo|imbongi]]
| 
| 
| 
| 1994
| [[File:Prof Mark Nwagwu.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75799475|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75799475/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75511268|Emmanuel Uche Odigboh]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1998
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75511268|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75511268/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75799649|Paul O. Okonkwo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1979
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75799649|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75799649/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75799736|Elijah D. Mshelia]]''
| 
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/85639901 85639901]
| 1994
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75799736|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75799736/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113141638|Babatunde Lawal Salako]]''
| ''[[:d:Q20739489|nephrologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2020
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141638|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141638/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113141639|Bolanle Adeniyi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q105570105|pharmaceutical scientist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3779582|microbiologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=n2EBeXsAAAAJ n2EBeXsAAAAJ]
| 
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141639|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141639/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113141636|Anthony Attama]]''
| ''[[:d:Q105570105|pharmaceutical scientist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-2280 0000-0002-5751-2280]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=PKTI5ggAAAAJ PKTI5ggAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/305609745 305609745]
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141636|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141636/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113141637|Augustine Ubachukwu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q752129|astrophysicist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=qj1tUXQAAAAJ qj1tUXQAAAAJ]
| 
| 2020
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141637|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141637/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113141642|Lateef Sanni]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1781198|agronomist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3363-6091 0000-0003-3363-6091]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Q3H6FEMAAAAJ Q3H6FEMAAAAJ]
| 
| 2020
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141642|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141642/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113141643|Timothy Odiaka]]''
| ''[[:d:Q34463094|organic chemist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141643|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141643/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113141640|James Ogbonna]]''
| ''[[:d:Q864835|biotechnologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=xasaLiYAAAAJ xasaLiYAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/128165747316053932169 128165747316053932169]
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141640|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141640/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113141641|Joseph Olusegun Ayo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2055046|physiologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=nUOfarcAAAAJ nUOfarcAAAAJ]
| 
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141641|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q113141641/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75226075|Oyebiodun Longe]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2007
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75226075|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75226075/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75082227|Jacob Kwada Paghi Kwaga]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6922-0998 0000-0002-6922-0998]
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75082227|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75082227/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75514799|Emmanuel O. Anosike]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1998
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75514799|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75514799/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75226666|Ifeanyi Charles Ume]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2007
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75226666|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75226666/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75082585|Suleiman Elias Bogoro]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Usonzululwazi|imfundondalo]]
| 
| 
| 
| 2018
| [[File:Suleiman Elias Bogoro.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75082585|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75082585/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75226809|Gabriel N. Egbunike]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2007
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75226809|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75226809/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19865586|Olufemi Bamiro]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|engineer]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/39057210 39057210]
| 2008
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q19865586|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q19865586/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75226925|Abayomi Olusola Akanji]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2007
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75226925|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75226925/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72202313|Samuel Nwachuku Chukuenye Okonkwo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q126368762|agricultural scientist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/78353836 78353836]
| 1979
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72202313|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72202313/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q70618710|Pius Nwankwo Okeke]]''
| [[USolwazi]]
| 
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ApO-U6cAAAAJ ApO-U6cAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/271139961 271139961]
| 1998
| [[File:PROF. PN OKEKE AS PROF. EMERITUS- 2015.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q70618710|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q70618710/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75234885|Emmanuel Chukwuemeka Okafor]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75234885|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75234885/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75811825|Alexander D. Wozuzu Acholonu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12773412|parasitologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q107622091|academic dean]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/18924672 18924672]
| 1992
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75811825|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75811825/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16846432|Ifedayo Oladapo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q81096|engineer]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16846432|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16846432/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75236118|Akinola Muritala Salau]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75236118|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75236118/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75236706|Babatunde Owolabi Onadeko]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15401884|medical researcher]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75236706|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75236706/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55629671|Cornelius Adedapo Kogbe]]''
| 
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/196156051 196156051]
| 1985
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q55629671|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q55629671/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75237164|Gabriel Kayode Falade]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75237164|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75237164/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75814686|Ephraim Efiong]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1991
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75814686|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75814686/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58371457|Mayowa O Owolabi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1146-3070 0000-0003-1146-3070]
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q58371457|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q58371457/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75816990|Gordian Obuneme Ezekwe]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1991
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75816990|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75816990/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75817925|Idris Mohammed]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1990
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75817925|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75817925/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75818012|Joseph Yusuf Yayock]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1990
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75818012|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75818012/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75243183|Israel F Adu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75243183|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75243183/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75820200|Sulaiman Adeniyi Adekola]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1990
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75820200|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75820200/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75821486|Joshua Ajadi Faniran]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1988
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75821486|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75821486/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75821589|Olusegun Ladimeji Oke]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1988
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75821589|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75821589/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75825781|Andrew Oteku Evwaraye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1987
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75825781|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75825781/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75826028|Adelola Adeloye]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q9385011|neurosurgeon]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1987
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75826028|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75826028/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75826547|Gabriel Ayodele Makanjuola]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1986
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75826547|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75826547/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75826831|Charles Okolo Okafor]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1986
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75826831|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75826831/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75826944|Henry Ehikpehale Enahoro]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1985
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75826944|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75826944/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75106127|Samuel Olusegun Akande]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75106127|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75106127/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75827429|Anthony Malomo Adia Imevbore]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1983
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75827429|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75827429/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75827746|George Joseph Folayan Esan]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1982
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75827746|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75827746/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64871722|Sunday W. Petters]]''
| ''[[:d:Q520549|geologist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/29606422 29606422]
| 2000
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q64871722|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q64871722/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75829999|Osondu John Eze-Uzomaka]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1981
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75829999|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75829999/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75830255|Cornelius O. Orangun]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1981
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75830255|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75830255/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75109736|J. Chukwuemeka Agunwamba]]''
| ''[[:d:Q13582652|civil engineer]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[umbhali]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Umqaqathi]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/284593770 284593770]
| 2018
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75109736|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75109736/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75109908|Mufutau Babs Oyeneyin]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75109908|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75109908/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75254131|Olusegun Ekundayo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75254131|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75254131/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75110097|Martins Olusola Olorunfemi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75110097|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75110097/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75832021|Oladipo Olujimi Akinkugbe]]''
| [[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20739489|nephrologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/276415261 276415261]
| 1980
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75832021|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75832021/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75832117|Timothy Ajibola Taylor]]''
| ''[[:d:Q56677038|agricultural biologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3055126|entomologist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/303937339 303937339]
| 1980
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75832117|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75832117/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75832592|Cyril Obiora Enwonwu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1979
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75832592|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75832592/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75112392|Emiola O. Olapade-Olaopa]]''
| ''[[:d:Q17345122|urologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75112392|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75112392/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75112516|Karniyus Shingu Gamaniel]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75112516|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75112516/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75164951|Obioma Nwaorgu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12773412|parasitologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12765408|epidemiologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1476215|human rights defender]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75164951|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75164951/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75165166|Boniface C.E. Egboka]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75165166|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75165166/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56999820|Olubukola O Babalola]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Umqaqathi]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15253558|activist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q17989045|vice president]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4344-1909 0000-0003-4344-1909]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=rmHHG2UAAAAJ rmHHG2UAAAAJ]
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q56999820|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q56999820/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75167018|Babajide Ibitayo Alo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75167018|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75167018/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75168259|Siyanbola Malomo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2010
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75168259|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75168259/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75168424|Sonny F. Kuku]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2010
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75168424|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75168424/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q12887060|Aderemi Kuku]]''
| ''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/111184030 111184030]
| 1989
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q12887060|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q12887060/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q89442182|Abdulrazaq G Habib]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4219-8724 0000-0003-4219-8724]
| 
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q89442182|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q89442182/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75169925|O. Sodeinde]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2009
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75169925|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75169925/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q59167174|David Mba]]''
| ''[[:d:Q81096|engineer]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7278-4623 0000-0001-7278-4623]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=V9tO4J8AAAAJ V9tO4J8AAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/46290755 46290755]
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q59167174|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q59167174/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q12888834|Charles Chidume]]''
| ''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/104314245 104314245]&lt;br/&gt;[https://viaf.org/en/viaf/81470209 81470209]
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q12888834|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q12888834/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19664934|Abba Gumel]]''
| ''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8413-1248 0000-0002-8413-1248]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=MpJ7daYAAAAJ MpJ7daYAAAAJ]&lt;br/&gt;[https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=nEZt41cAAAAJ nEZt41cAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/68352879 68352879]
| 2010
| [[File:Gumel-May2022.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q19664934|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q19664934/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72431255|Ikenna Onyido]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2008
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72431255|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72431255/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20675871|Andrew Jonathan Nok]]''
| ''[[:d:Q593644|chemist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2919046|biochemist]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20675871|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20675871/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20675886|Anthony Afolabi Adegbola]]''
| ''[[:d:Q350979|zoologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20675886|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20675886/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20675920|Augustine Njoku Obi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15634281|virologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20675920|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20675920/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7412307|Samuel Okoye]]''
| [[umfundindalo]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q752129|astrophysicist]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[umbhali]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/45840335 45840335]
| 1982
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7412307|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7412307/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20676177|Caleb Olaniyan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q350979|zoologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20676177|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20676177/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20676391|David Okali]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1989
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20676391|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20676391/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20676554|Emmanuel Ndubisi Maduagwu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q593644|chemist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20676554|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20676554/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20676556|Emmanuel Emovon]]''
| ''[[:d:Q593644|chemist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20676556|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20676556/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20676572|Etim Moses Essien]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3144914|hematologist]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1990
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20676572|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20676572/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19667396|Abubakar Sani Sambo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q81096|engineer]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2002
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q19667396|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q19667396/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q12891436|Haroon Tejumola]]''
| ''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1991
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q12891436|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q12891436/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20676674|Gabriel Babatunde Ogunmola]]''
| ''[[:d:Q593644|chemist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/122320023 122320023]
| 1987
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20676674|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20676674/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q12891811|James O. C. Ezeilo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''
| 
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=JCLL7-sAAAAJ JCLL7-sAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/2919173973177923810006 2919173973177923810006]
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q12891811|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q12891811/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20677132|Jarlath Udoudo Umoh]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6021-6397 0000-0001-6021-6397]
| 
| 
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20677132|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20677132/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105881986|Lawrence Ikechukwu Ezemonye]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/305731117 305731117]
| 2020
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q105881986|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q105881986/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137023080|S. Kwame Karikari]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1996
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137023080|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137023080/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20679495|Victor Adenuga Oyenuga]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/190682891 190682891]
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20679495|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20679495/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q12894384|Micah Osilike]]''
| ''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q12894384|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q12894384/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16211147|Adeyinka Gladys Falusi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3144914|hematologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12773412|parasitologist]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3064-3336 0000-0002-3064-3336]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/63491918 63491918]
| 2009
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16211147|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16211147/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q69122806|Henrietta Ene-Obong]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9125-6751 0000-0002-9125-6751]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/86278507 86278507]
| 2018
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q69122806|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q69122806/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75178546|Rotimi A. Oderinde]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2009
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75178546|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75178546/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q59752625|Mike Onyekonwu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4406-6285 0000-0002-4406-6285]&lt;br/&gt;[https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8690-9105 0000-0002-8690-9105]
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q59752625|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q59752625/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q12897525|Sunday Iyahen]]''
| ''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/16288103 16288103]
| 1981
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q12897525|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q12897525/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75179014|Tom A. Aire]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2009
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75179014|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75179014/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75900303|Anthony Momodu Oseni]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2083925|botanical collector]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75900303|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75900303/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20683859|Awele Maduemezia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20683859|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20683859/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75901226|Theophilus Oladipo Ogunlesi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/46517165 46517165]&lt;br/&gt;[https://viaf.org/en/viaf/8230160667773703560004 8230160667773703560004]&lt;br/&gt;[https://viaf.org/en/viaf/8764160668122903560009 8764160668122903560009]
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75901226|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75901226/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75901435|Agu U. Ogan]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75901435|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75901435/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20684458|Lateef Akinola Salako]]''
| ''[[:d:Q593644|chemist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1981
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20684458|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20684458/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20684849|Mojeed Olayide Abass]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20684849|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20684849/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20684880|Kalu Mosto Onuoha]]''
| ''[[:d:Q520549|geologist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/12398146 12398146]
| 1998
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20684880|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20684880/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20685015|Domingo Okorie]]''
| ''[[:d:Q593644|chemist]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20685015|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20685015/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20685016|Olaitan Soyannwo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q28837|anesthesiologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15978655|consultant]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20685016|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20685016/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20685026|Olusoga Sofola]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5532-0488 0000-0002-5532-0488]
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20685026|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20685026/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20685033|Cyril Agodi Onwumechili]]''
| [[umfundindalo]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| [[File:Onwumechili wiki pix.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20685033|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20685033/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4682391|Adetokunbo Lucas]]''
| [[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/50821596 50821596]
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q4682391|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q4682391/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75902610|Theodore Idibiye Francis]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75902610|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75902610/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47501298|Obinna Onwujekwe]]''
| ''[[:d:Q188094|economist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1214-4285 0000-0002-1214-4285]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=lVcCp5gAAAAJ lVcCp5gAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/305447338 305447338]
| 2020
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q47501298|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q47501298/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75902834|Akinyele Fabiyi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75902834|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75902834/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20685746|Temitayo Shokunbi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7819-6862 0000-0002-7819-6862]
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20685746|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20685746/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72587424|David Okpako]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2114605|pharmacologist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/60630064 60630064]
| 1991
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72587424|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72587424/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75903479|Mark O. Chijioke]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75903479|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75903479/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20687464|Umaru Shehu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| [[File:Nigerian Public Domain 563.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20687464|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20687464/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75906548|Olumuyiwa Awe]]''
| 
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/38219967 38219967]
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75906548|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75906548/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q70717390|Olukayode Oladipo Amund]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=i3EyYBMAAAAJ i3EyYBMAAAAJ]
| 
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q70717390|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q70717390/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75907555|J. B. E. Awachie]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12773412|parasitologist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/140151352041252601833 140151352041252601833]
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75907555|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75907555/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75907853|I. A. Akinrele]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1781198|agronomist]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75907853|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75907853/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q35828655|Celestine Onwuliri]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2009
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q35828655|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q35828655/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75043290|Bertram Ekejiuba Nwoke]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75043290|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75043290/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75043412|Gabriel Ayowole Kolawole]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75043412|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75043412/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75043478|Matthew Olusoji Ilori]]''
| ''[[:d:Q414528|academician]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1675-0047 0000-0002-1675-0047]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Tf4RNV4AAAAJ Tf4RNV4AAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/30157412214616050053 30157412214616050053]
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75043478|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75043478/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71727708|Timothy U. Obi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q71727708|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q71727708/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75043642|Isaac Uzoma Asuzu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75043642|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75043642/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48805875|Herbert C. Kodilinye]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1977
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q48805875|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q48805875/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16945811|Augustine Esogbue]]''
| ''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2000
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16945811|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16945811/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62071484|Erelu Kuti]]''
| ''[[:d:Q8125919|political adviser]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3144914|hematologist]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q62071484|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q62071484/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16946670|John Amazigo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1985
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16946670|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16946670/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55873686|Folahan A. Adekola]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4411-669X 0000-0003-4411-669X]
| 
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q55873686|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q55873686/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4837550|Babatunde Osotimehin]]''
| [[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3368718|pathologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[UNgqongqoshe]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/9599149619472104010006 9599149619472104010006]
| 2006
| [[File:Babatunde Osotimehin at the London Summit on Family Planning.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q4837550|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q4837550/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q42322998|Jonathan Oyebamiji Babalola]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-6677 0000-0002-1407-6677]
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q42322998|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q42322998/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75194536|Olukayode Dada]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2008
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75194536|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75194536/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75194690|Martin Anthony C. Aghaji]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2008
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75194690|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75194690/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6282107|Joseph Chike Edozien]]''
| [[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3368718|pathologist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/38409550 38409550]
| 1980
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6282107|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6282107/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18249304|Babatunde Adetokunbo Sofoluwe]]''
| ''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18249304|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18249304/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57896470|Benjamin Uzochukwu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12765408|epidemiologist]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0794-0455 0000-0002-0794-0455]
| 
| 
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q57896470|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q57896470/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q52707368|Olayinka Olusola Omigbodun]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q211346|psychiatrist]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3808-8530 0000-0003-3808-8530]
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q52707368|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q52707368/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18684381|Azikiwe Peter Onwualu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q81096|engineer]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5970-4836 0000-0001-5970-4836]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/1870807 1870807]
| 2009
| [[File:Peter-o.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18684381|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18684381/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18685013|Nimi Briggs]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2640827|gynecologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q13638192|obstetrician]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/1683162669350155500004 1683162669350155500004]&lt;br/&gt;[https://viaf.org/en/viaf/68327375 68327375]
| 2007
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18685013|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18685013/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q89329083|Simeon Cadmus]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3281-2316 0000-0002-3281-2316]
| 
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q89329083|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q89329083/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22290342|Grace Oladunni Taylor]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2919046|biochemist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/173967033 173967033]
| 1997
| [[File:Grace Oladunni Taylor.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q22290342|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q22290342/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72606389|Turner T. Isoun]]''
| [[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;[[UNgqongqoshe]]&lt;br/&gt;[[USolwazi]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/31069080 31069080]
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72606389|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72606389/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57901802|Emmanuel A Ameh]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2386-3039 0000-0003-2386-3039]
| 
| 
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q57901802|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q57901802/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75491065|Raifu Isola Salawu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75491065|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75491065/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20562459|Samuel A. Ilori]]''
| ''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20562459|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20562459/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75491735|Cajetan Ezeani Okeke]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75491735|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75491735/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q75492019|Edward ‘B. Attah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75492019|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q75492019/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q41900805|Oluwatoyin A. Odeku]]''
| ''[[:d:Q105186|pharmacist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q16515647|mentor]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0732-1304 0000-0002-0732-1304]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Ti-T_nsAAAAJ Ti-T_nsAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/302282669 302282669]
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q41900805|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q41900805/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56753366|Folasade Ogunsola]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7734-685X 0000-0001-7734-685X]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=HemfnRwAAAAJ HemfnRwAAAAJ]
| 
| 2017
| [[File:230201-N-DK722-1004 - NAVEUR-NAVAF Band visits Nigerian National Museum and University of Lagos.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q56753366|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q56753366/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56753367|Stella Ifeanyi Smith]]''
| ''[[:d:Q864835|biotechnologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15401884|medical researcher]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2163-1189 0000-0003-2163-1189]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=szjhfkcAAAAJ szjhfkcAAAAJ]
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q56753367|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q56753367/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q70593706|Effiom Edem Antia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2017
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q70593706|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q70593706/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q11051763|Adegoke Olubummo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/31056653 31056653]
| 1980
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q11051763|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q11051763/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q74632009|Nduka Ekere]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9955-8244 0000-0002-9955-8244]
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q74632009|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q74632009/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8026145|Winston Wole Soboyejo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q10497074|military flight engineer]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|engineer]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2007
| [[File:Winston Soboyejo.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q8026145|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q8026145/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q98565719|Adekunle A. Bakare]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9829-1587 0000-0001-9829-1587]
| 
| 
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q98565719|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q98565719/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21004706|Ibrahim Garba]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q520549|geologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q21281706|academic administrator]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1231865|pedagogue]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/8973156223673205400008 8973156223673205400008]
| 2020
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21004706|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21004706/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21004730|Isaac Adebayo Adeyemi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21004730|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21004730/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21004729|Adeyinka Afolayan]]''
| ''[[:d:Q593644|chemist]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[USolwazi]]
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21004729|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21004729/missing|📖]]
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>atwrudmzczfmtf1ho6epbzkuqryl4hc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:GerardM/Members of the National Academy of Sciences and Techniques of Senegal</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>11114</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127143</id>
      <parentid>125747</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T09:23:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>10758</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>127143</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15565" sha1="n24lot87epvm4aaz2so5wz5apm79dqw" xml:space="preserve">[https://tools.wmflabs.org/reasonator/?q=Q80543203 Members of the National Academy of Sciences and Techniques of Senegal] 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=
SELECT 
  DISTINCT ?item 
  (COUNT(DISTINCT ?publications) AS ?count)
  (REPLACE(STR(?item), &quot;.*Q&quot;, &quot;Q&quot;) AS ?qid)
  (CONCAT( &quot;[[toolforge:scholia/author/&quot;, ?qid , &quot;|&quot;, ENCODE_FOR_URI(?count), &quot;]] / &quot;, &quot;[[toolforge:scholia/author/&quot;, ?qid , &quot;/missing{{!}}📖]]&quot;) AS ?scholia)

WHERE { 
  ?item wdt:P166 wd:Q80543203 .
  OPTIONAL { ?publications wdt:P50 ?item }
}
GROUP BY ?item|section=
|sort=P166/Q80543203/P585
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,P106,P496,P1960,P214,P166/Q80543203/P585:Date conferred,P18:Image,?scholia:Publications (known/missing)
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! occupation
! ORCID
! Google Scholar author ID
! VIAF
! Date conferred
! Image
! Publications (known/missing)
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83771436|Momar Marème Dieng]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83771436|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83771436/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83773633|Ousseynou Fall Dia]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83773633|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83773633/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83773896|Mactar Seck]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83773896|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83773896/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83775777|Abdoulaye Samb]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2002
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83775777|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83775777/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2608966|Jacques Diouf]]''
| [[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q193391|diplomat]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|engineer]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/232508484 232508484]
| 1999
| [[File:Jacques Diouf.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q2608966|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q2608966/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83776786|Ben Sikina Toguebaye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2002
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83776786|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83776786/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83776855|Abdoulaye Dia]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2003
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83776855|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83776855/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83776858|Ahmadou Wague]]''
| [[umfundindalo]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2003
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83776858|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83776858/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83776878|Yaye Kène Gassama]]''
| [[Usonzululwazi|imfundondalo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83776878|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83776878/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83777618|Louis Alexandrenne]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2005
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83777618|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83777618/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83777951|Cheikh Bécaye Gaye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2010
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83777951|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83777951/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83778027|Papa Ibra Samb]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2014
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83778027|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83778027/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83778138|Salimata Wade]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/32061735 32061735]
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83778138|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83778138/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3337478|Ndioro Ndiaye]]''
| [[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]&lt;br/&gt;[[UNgqongqoshe]]
| 
| 
| 
| 2010
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q3337478|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q3337478/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26838734|Seydou Madani Sy]]''
| [[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q185351|jurist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q635734|archivist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q17132038|palaeographer]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/90953181 90953181]
| 2010
| [[File:Seydou Madani Sy.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q26838734|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q26838734/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q69375654|Aminata Sall Diallo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2010
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q69375654|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q69375654/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3491657|Souleymane Mboup]]''
| ''[[:d:Q105186|pharmacist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q47064|military personnel]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3779582|microbiologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15634281|virologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Usonzululwazi|imfundondalo]]
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7968-3320 0000-0002-7968-3320]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/11146937865313832621 11146937865313832621]&lt;br/&gt;[https://viaf.org/en/viaf/149165628821942480008 149165628821942480008]
| 1999
| [[File:Souleymane Mboup on Dakaractu TV.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q3491657|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q3491657/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24690765|Papa Abdoulaye Seck]]''
| [[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;[[UNgqongqoshe]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/2609724 2609724]
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q24690765|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q24690765/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24701669|Amadou Alpha Sall]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15634281|virologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3708-7600 0000-0002-3708-7600]
| 
| 
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q24701669|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q24701669/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19956189|Iba Mar Diop]]''
| [[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q26481809|sports executive]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/283125610 283125610]
| 1999
| [[File:Université de Tours - Iba Mar Diop.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q19956189|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q19956189/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q12893947|Mamadou Sanghare]]''
| ''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q12893947|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q12893947/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q74176044|Moctar Toure]]''
| 
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/106583276 106583276]
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q74176044|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q74176044/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83692828|Djibril Sene]]''
| [[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/22165621 22165621]
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83692828|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83692828/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83693253|Ousmane Kane]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83693253|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83693253/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83693359|Mouhamadou Diop]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83693359|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83693359/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83693575|Moussa Bakhayokho]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83693575|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83693575/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83693805|Mamadou Guèye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2003
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83693805|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83693805/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83694079|Cheikh Ly]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2003
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694079|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694079/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83694150|Jean Pierre Ndiaye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694150|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694150/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83694529|Taïb Diouf]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2005
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694529|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694529/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83694535|El Hadji Salif Diop]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2007
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694535|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694535/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83694538|Ababacar Ndoye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2008
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694538|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694538/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83694539|Gora Beye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2010
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694539|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694539/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83694540|El Hassane Diop]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2007
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694540|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694540/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83694772|Dogo Seck]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694772|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694772/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83694857|Abdoul Aziz Sy]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694857|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83694857/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83695000|Safiétou Fall Touré]]''
| ''[[:d:Q202883|veterinarian]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2003
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83695000|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83695000/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83695974|Moustapha Kasse]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83695974|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83695974/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83696043|Issiaka P. Laleye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2010
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83696043|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83696043/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83696096|Rokhaya Sene]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2010
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83696096|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83696096/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16946312|Galaye Dia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16946312|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16946312/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83697634|Diéry Seck]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2010
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83697634|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83697634/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83697931|Abd El Kader Boye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/3763248 3763248]
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83697931|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83697931/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84130835|Baye Assane Diagne]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84130835|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84130835/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84131045|Guelaye Sall]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84131045|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84131045/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84131288|Seydina Issa Laye Seye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84131288|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84131288/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84131425|Aynina Cisse]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84131425|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84131425/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84131533|Oumar Gaye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84131533|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84131533/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4695660|Ahmadou Lamine Ndiaye]]''
| ''[[:d:Q202883|veterinarian]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q4695660|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q4695660/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72606263|Samba Diallo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72606263|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72606263/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20562999|Souleymane Niang]]''
| ''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/78117474 78117474]
| 1999
| [[File:Pr SNIANG.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20562999|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20562999/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2830682|Alassane Dialy Ndiaye]]''
| [[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|engineer]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q2830682|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q2830682/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83718274|Abdoullah Cisse]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83718274|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83718274/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83719395|Aloyse Raymond Ndiaye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83719395|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83719395/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83864015|Doudou Ba]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83864015|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83864015/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83719997|Ramatoulaye Diagne Mbengue]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopher]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[umbhali]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q26973007|professor of philosophy]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/24148120858594792860 24148120858594792860]&lt;br/&gt;[https://viaf.org/en/viaf/46148933751354302638 46148933751354302638]
| 2015
| [[File:Ramatoulaye-Diagne-Mbengue.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83719997|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83719997/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83864926|Alassane Wade]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83864926|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83864926/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83864930|René Ndoye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83864930|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83864930/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83864928|Ahmadou Moustapha Sow]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83864928|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83864928/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83722623|Omar Sylla]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83722623|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83722623/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83723306|Oumar Sock]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83723306|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83723306/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83737778|Mamadou Mansour Kane]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2003
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83737778|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83737778/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84030055|l Hadj Ibrahima Diop]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84030055|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84030055/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84030842|Balla Moussa Daffe]]''
| [[Usonzululwazi|imfundondalo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;[[UNgqongqoshe]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/289048409 289048409]&lt;br/&gt;[https://viaf.org/en/viaf/5120161211584240070009 5120161211584240070009]
| 2002
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84030842|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84030842/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84030858|Ibrahima Pierre Ndiaye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2002
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84030858|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84030858/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3296247|Mary Teuw Niane]]''
| [[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q170790|mathematician]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| [[File:Mary Teuw Niane - December 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q3296247|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q3296247/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q83167708|Saydil Mouktar Toure]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83167708|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q83167708/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84033412|Pape Salif Sow]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2007
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84033412|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84033412/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84035164|Cheikh Tidiane Toure]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2007
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84035164|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84035164/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84035177|Mamadou Ndoye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2009
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84035177|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q84035177/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2874649|Awa Marie Coll-Seck]]''
| [[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Inyanga (umelaphi)|inyanga]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|umcwaningi]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[UNgqongqoshe]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/24803823 24803823]
| 2002
| [[File:Awa Marie Coll-Seck (48290955477) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q2874649|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q2874649/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62129309|Amadou Tidiane Bâ]]''
| [[Usopolitiki|usombusazwe]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/en/viaf/239471441 239471441]
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q62129309|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q62129309/missing|📖]]
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>n24lot87epvm4aaz2so5wz5apm79dqw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:GerardM/Nigerian universities et al</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>11167</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127131</id>
      <parentid>126936</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T22:45:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>10758</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>127131</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22023" sha1="78jrueogb8s1f9kfc360n8kjomy4qf6" xml:space="preserve">The [https://tools.wmflabs.org/scholia/country/Q1033 Scholia for Nigeria]

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=
SELECT
  ?number_of_authors
  ?number_of_works
  ?item
  (REPLACE(STR(?item), &quot;.*Q&quot;, &quot;Q&quot;) AS ?qid)
  (CONCAT( &quot;[[toolforge:scholia/organization/&quot;, ?qid , &quot;|&quot;, ENCODE_FOR_URI(?number_of_works), &quot;]] / &quot;, &quot;[[toolforge:scholia/organization/&quot;, ?qid , &quot;/missing|📖]]&quot;) AS ?scholia)

WITH {  
  SELECT
    ?item
    (COUNT(DISTINCT ?author) AS ?number_of_authors)
    (COUNT(DISTINCT ?work) AS ?number_of_works)
  WHERE {
    ?item wdt:P17 wd:Q1033 .
    ?author wdt:P108 {{!}} wdt:P463 {{!}} wdt:P1416/wdt:P361* ?item .
    ?work wdt:P50 ?author .
  }
  GROUP BY ?item 
} AS %results
WHERE {
  INCLUDE %results
  SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language &quot;[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en,da,es,fr,jp,nl,no,ru,sv,zh&quot;. }
}
ORDER BY DESC(?number_of_authors) DESC(?number_of_works) ?item ?qid ?scholia

|columns=label:Organization,?number_of_authors:Number of authors,?scholia:Publications (known/missing)
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Organization
! Number of authors
! Publications (known/missing)
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1169487|University of Ibadan]]''
| 34
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1169487|207]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1169487/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1782980|University of Lagos]]''
| 16
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1782980|178]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1782980/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q927304|University of Nigeria]]''
| 13
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q927304|76]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q927304/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21015871|Nigerian Academy of Science]]''
| 9
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q21015871|11]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q21015871/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3511498|Bayero University, Kano]]''
| 8
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3511498|34]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3511498/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7895546|University of Ilorin]]''
| 7
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7895546|18]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7895546/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6345764|Kaduna State University]]''
| 6
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6345764|14]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6345764/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2008672|Obafemi Awolowo University]]''
| 5
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2008672|22]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2008672/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65058260|Nigerian Library Association]]''
| 5
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q65058260|10]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q65058260/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q401034|Ahmadu Bello University]]''
| 5
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q401034|8]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q401034/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5103051|University of Port Harcourt]]''
| 4
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5103051|42]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5103051/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1816069|University of Benin]]''
| 4
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1816069|13]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1816069/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1142738|International Institute of Tropical Agriculture]]''
| 4
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1142738|9]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1142738/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50828855|African Continental Free Trade Area]]''
| 4
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q50828855|5]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q50828855/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3509668|University of Maiduguri]]''
| 3
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3509668|10]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3509668/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140995|Federal Government of Nigeria]]''
| 3
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q13140995|5]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q13140995/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q59536624|French Institute for Research in Africa]]''
| 3
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q59536624|5]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q59536624/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q193272|Economic Community of West African States]]''
| 3
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q193272|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q193272/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3509297|University of Abuja]]''
| 3
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3509297|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3509297/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13140900|Nnamdi Azikiwe University]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q13140900|20]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q13140900/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16933611|Nigerian Bar Association]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q16933611|11]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q16933611/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7032918|Nigerian Institute of International Affairs]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7032918|11]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7032918/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7305700|Redeemer's University]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7305700|10]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7305700/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3509319|Abia State University, Uturu]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3509319|9]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3509319/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6966612|Nasarawa State University]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6966612|9]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6966612/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6974165|National Library of Nigeria]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6974165|5]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6974165/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104844764|Librarians' Registration Council of Nigeria]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q104844764|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q104844764/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3509289|University of Calabar]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3509289|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3509289/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4689777|African Groundnut Council]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4689777|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4689777/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55394436|KolaDaisi University]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q55394436|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q55394436/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5581122|Gombe State University]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5581122|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5581122/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6974654|National Open University of Nigeria]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6974654|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6974654/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7895022|Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7895022|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7895022/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19599670|College of Medicine, University of Ibadan]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q19599670|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q19599670/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16734211|Kwara State University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q16734211|71]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q16734211/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1951159|Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1951159|26]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1951159/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18207057|Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q18207057|21]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q18207057/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7984264|West African Pilot]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7984264|18]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7984264/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131935571|Rivers State College of Education]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q131935571|11]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q131935571/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7338307|Rivers State government]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7338307|11]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7338307/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100947155|Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100947155|8]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100947155/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104224086|Linguistic Association of Nigeria]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q104224086|8]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q104224086/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3341382|Nigerian Television Authority]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3341382|8]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3341382/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5440356|Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5440356|8]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5440356/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106181847|Daily Trust]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q106181847|6]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q106181847/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6344671|Kachifo Limited]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6344671|5]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6344671/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6797236|Mayflower School]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6797236|5]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6797236/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84557195|Polytechnic of Ibadan, Library]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q84557195|5]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q84557195/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20065273|Ibadan Grammar School]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q20065273|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q20065273/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30260381|Federal University of Kashere]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30260381|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30260381/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5209383|Daily Times of Nigeria]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5209383|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5209383/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108884970|University of Nigeria, Nsukka library]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q108884970|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q108884970/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3509369|Supreme Court of Nigeria]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3509369|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3509369/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4681526|Adekunle Ajasin University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4681526|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4681526/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5322769|Bingham University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5322769|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5322769/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q653638|Babcock University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q653638|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q653638/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7032755|Niger Delta University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7032755|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7032755/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7032906|Nigerian Federal Ministry of Information and Communications]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7032906|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7032906/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7988329|Western State]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7988329|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7988329/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q86347000|Anambra State Library Board, central library]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q86347000|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q86347000/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105544769|Kano State Government]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q105544769|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q105544769/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107477946|College of Education, Warri]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q107477946|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q107477946/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125924402|Federal Ministry of Communications, Innovation and Digital Economy]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q125924402|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q125924402/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1412551|University of Jos]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1412551|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1412551/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17091794|Independent National Electoral Commission]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q17091794|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q17091794/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25043045|Lagos State Government]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q25043045|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q25043045/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5440303|Federal Ministry of Health]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5440303|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5440303/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65084726|Nigerian Society of Engineers]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q65084726|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q65084726/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7032895|Nigerian Defence Academy]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7032895|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7032895/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100943604|Ebonyi State University Faculty of Clinical Medicine]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100943604|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100943604/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100945302|Redeemer's University College of Natural Sciences]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100945302|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100945302/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100946962|Federal University of Technology Akure School of Sciences]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100946962|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100946962/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100947288|University of Jos Faculty of Natural Sciences]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100947288|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100947288/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q101546378|Niger state government]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q101546378|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q101546378/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104089551|Delta State University Teaching Hospital]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q104089551|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q104089551/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104224094|Jos Linguistic Circle]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q104224094|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q104224094/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104224385|National Institute for Nigerian Languages]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q104224385|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q104224385/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105081706|Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q105081706|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q105081706/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106080093|Federal Department of Forest Research]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q106080093|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q106080093/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107478052|Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q107478052|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q107478052/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108885072|Nimbe Adedipe Library]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q108885072|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q108885072/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112252191|Anambra State College of Health Technology, Obosi]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q112252191|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q112252191/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117836812|University of Africa, Toru-Orua]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q117836812|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q117836812/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q121159438|Nigerian Environmental Society]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q121159438|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q121159438/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140794259|Reformed Theological Seminary, Mkar]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q140794259|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q140794259/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15043613|Prince Abubakar Audu University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q15043613|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q15043613/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1671299|Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1671299|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1671299/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16733645|Igbobi College]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q16733645|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q16733645/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16733761|Lead City University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q16733761|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q16733761/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1707397|Nigerian Air Force]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1707397|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1707397/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18354916|Federal University, Birnin Kebbi]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q18354916|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q18354916/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18354935|Federal University Gusau]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q18354935|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q18354935/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24254508|Edo State University, Iyamho]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q24254508|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q24254508/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28406142|College of Medicine, Lagos State University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q28406142|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q28406142/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28449098|Lagos State University Teaching Hospital]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q28449098|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q28449098/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30254204|Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30254204|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30254204/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30260635|Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30260635|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30260635/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30267820|African Field Epidemiology Network]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30267820|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30267820/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30282267|National Veterinary Research Institute]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30282267|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30282267/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670504|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4670504|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4670504/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4671154|Academic Staff Union of Universities]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4671154|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4671154/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4741757|Ambrose Alli University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4741757|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4741757/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4890689|Benue State University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4890689|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4890689/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5440481|Federal University of Lafia]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5440481|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5440481/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5440486|Federal University of Technology Akure]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5440486|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5440486/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6378037|Al-Qalam University, Katsina]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6378037|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6378037/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6728391|Madonna University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6728391|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6728391/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6833225|Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6833225|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6833225/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6973410|National Hospital Abuja]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6973410|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6973410/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7032921|Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Asaba]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7032921|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7032921/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7060262|Northwest University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7060262|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7060262/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7738431|The Guardian]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7738431|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7738431/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7782222|Theological College of Northern Nigeria]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7782222|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7782222/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7895014|Ekiti State University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7895014|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7895014/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7902729|Usmanu Danfodiyo University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7902729|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7902729/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q93945846|Nigerian Union of Journalists]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q93945846|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q93945846/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96394946|National Centre for Women Development]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q96394946|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q96394946/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96576558|Classical Association of Nigeria]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q96576558|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q96576558/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97356654|ECWA Theological Seminary]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q97356654|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q97356654/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q98955788|Nigerian Army University Biu]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q98955788|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q98955788/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99285477|University of Nigeria - Enugu Campus]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q99285477|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q99285477/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99298825|Babcock University Benjamin Carson Senior School of Medicine]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q99298825|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q99298825/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99298839|Usmanu Danfodiyo University College of Health Sciences]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q99298839|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q99298839/missing|📖]]
|}
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32366" sha1="7xabxot4gbo3cnzfpeff7vzydoub0ou" xml:space="preserve">[[File:UniverseEvolution WMAP zulu.jpg|thumb|Umdwebo wokulwiza komkhathilibe]]

'''Inzululwazi''' futhi '''ISayensi''' iyisigabavu esihleliwe nendlela yokuzuza lonke [[ULwazi|ulwazi]] olungaba khona emhlabeni [[UMkhathilibe|nakumkhathilibe]] wonke. Kwinzululwazi kukhona izindlela zokuhlela izincazelo ezivivinyayo nokubikezela ngomkhathi. &lt;ref name=&quot;EOWilson1999a&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=E.O.|title=Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Heilbron&quot;&gt;&quot;...&amp;nbsp;modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions.&quot;— p.vii&amp;nbsp;{{Cite book|last=Heilbron|first=J.L. (editor-in-chief)|title=The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubalulekile kakhulu kwinzululwazi ukuba imiphumela yezivivinyo nocwaningo kube eqinisekiswe osonzululwazi abaningi ukuze amaqiniso ayo angaphuma odwa kuvezwa amaphutha. Kwencikene kakhulu nokusizana kuhlanganwe.  

Izimpande zokuqala zenzululwazi ziseGibhithe lasendulo naseMesopotamiya kusukela cishe ngowezi-3500 kuya ku-3000 BCE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lindberg1&quot;&gt;&quot;The historian&amp;nbsp;... requires a very broad definition of &quot;science&quot;&amp;nbsp;– one that&amp;nbsp;... will help us to understand the modern scientific enterprise. We need to be broad and inclusive, rather than narrow and exclusive&amp;nbsp;... and we should expect that the farther back we go [in time] the broader we will need to be.&quot; &amp;nbsp;p.3—{{Cite book|last=Lindberg|first=David C.|year=2007|chapter=Science before the Greeks|title=The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context|pages=1–27|edition=Second|location=Chicago, Illinois|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-48205-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Grant2007a&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Grant|first=Edward|year=2007|chapter=Ancient Egypt to Plato|title=A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century|pages=1–26|edition=First|location=New York, New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-052-1-68957-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amagalelo abo [[Umchazazibalo|kwezomchazazibalo]], [[izinkanyezi|ezomchazamkhathi]], kanye [[Ezokwelapha|nezokwelapha]] angena futhi abumba iFilosofi yemvelo yamaGreki yenkathi yakudala, okuyilapho kwenziwa khona imizamo emisiwe yokuqhamuka nezincazelo ezisekelwe emsukeni ongokwemvelo wezinto ezenzeka endaweni ebonwa ngamehlo. Ngemuva kokuwa koMbuso oseNtshonalanga WaseRoma, ulwazi lwemiqondo yamaGrikhi ngomhlaba lwehla eNtshonalanga Yurophu phakathi neminyaka engamakhulu amane yokuqala (eyama-400 kuya kwe-1000 CE) weNkathi Ephakathi &lt;ref name=&quot;Lindberg9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lindberg|first=David C.|year=2007|chapter=The revival of learning in the West|title=The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context|pages=193–224|edition=Second|location=Chicago, Illinois|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-48205-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; kepha lwalondolozwa emazweni obuSulumane ngesikhathi se- nkathi yokuChuma kobuSulumane. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lindberg8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lindberg|first=David C.|year=2007|chapter=Islamic science|title=The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context|pages=163–92|edition=Second|location=Chicago, Illinois|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-48205-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukubuyiselwa nokuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi yamaGrikhi nemibuzo yamaSulumane eNtshonalanga Yurophu kusuka ngekhulu le-10 kuye le-13 kwavuselela &quot;iFilosofi yemvelo&quot;,  &lt;ref name=&quot;Lindberg10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lindberg|first=David C.|year=2007|chapter=The recovery and assimilation of Greek and Islamic science|title=The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context|pages=225–53|edition=2nd|location=Chicago, Illinois|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-48205-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamuva eyaguqulwa yinguquko yenzululwazi eyaqala ngekhulu le-16 &lt;ref name=&quot;Principe2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Principe|first=Lawrence M.|year=2011|chapter=Introduction|title=Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction|pages=1–3|edition=First|location=New York, New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-199-56741-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; njengoba amasu amasha kanye nokusanda-kufunyanwa kwayishiya imiqondo namasiko wamaGrikhi kwangaphambili. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lindberg1990&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lindberg|first=David C.|year=1990|chapter=Conceptions of the Scientific Revolution from Baker to Butterfield: A preliminary sketch|title=Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution|pages=1–26|edition=First|location=Chicago, Illinois|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-34262-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Lindberg14&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lindberg|first=David C.|year=2007|chapter=The legacy of ancient and medieval science|title=The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context|pages=357–368|edition=2nd|location=Chicago, Illinois|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-48205-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Stanford Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|last=Del Soldato|first=Eva|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|edition=Fall 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Grant2007c&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Grant|first=Edward|year=2007|chapter=Transformation of medieval natural philosophy from the early period modern period to the end of the nineteenth century|title=A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century|pages=274–322|edition=First|location=New York, New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-052-1-68957-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indlela-su yenzululwazi ngokushesha yadlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni kolwazi futhi kuze kwaba ngekhulu lam-19 lapho izici eziningi zezikhungo nokucwephesha zenzululwazi ezaqala ukwakheka; &lt;ref name=&quot;Cahan Natural Philosophy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=978-0-226-08928-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' dates the origin of the word &quot;scientist&quot; to 1834.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Lightman 19th&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lightman|first=Bernard|title=Wrestling with Nature : From Omens to Science|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226317830|chapter=13. Science and the Public}}&lt;/ref&gt; kanye nokushintshwa &quot;kwefilosofi yemvelo&quot; kube isayensi yemvelo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Harrison|first=Peter|title=The Territories of Science and Religion|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|pages=164–165|isbn=9780226184517}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Inzululwazi yanamuhla ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe yaba amagatsha amathathu amakhulu aqukethe [[inzululwazi yemvelo]] (isib, [[umchazampilo]], [[umchazatho]], kanye [[umchazandalo|nomchazandalo]]), efunda  imvelo ngomqondo obanzi; [[inzululwazi yezenhlalo]] (isib, [[Ezomnotho]], ezengqondo, kanye nezenhlalo), ezifunda abantu ngabanye nemiphakathi; kanye nenzululwazi yesimo (isib. umhluzaqondo, [[umchazazibalo]], kanye nesayensi yesiCikizi semibhalo), ephathelene nezimpawu ezilawulwa yimithetho. Kodwa kukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye, &lt;ref name=&quot;Bishop1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Bishop|first1=Alan|year=1991|chapter=Environmental activities and mathematical culture|title=Mathematical Enculturation: A Cultural Perspective on Mathematics Education|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AgrBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA54#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|pages=20–59|location=Norwell, Massachusetts|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|isbn=978-0-792-31270-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Bunge 1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Philosophy of Science: Volume 1, From Problem to Theory|last1=Bunge|first1=Mario|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-765-80413-6|location=New York, New York|pages=3–50|chapter=The Scientific Approach}}&lt;/ref&gt; ekutheni inzululwazi ehlelekile empeleni yakha inzululwazi njengoba ingasekelwe ebufakazini obungcwetile. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fetzer2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Fetzer|first1=James H.|year=2013|chapter=Computer reliability and public policy: Limits of knowledge of computer-based systems|title=Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are not Machines|pages=271–308|location=Newcastle, United Kingdom|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|isbn=978-1-443-81946-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imikhakha esebenzisa ulwazi olukhona lwenzululwazi ngezinjongo ezisebenzayo, enjengo[[UmNgcikisho|mNgcikisho]],  [[ezokwelapha]], zichazwa njengenzululwazi esetshenziswayo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2014|last1=Fischer|first1=M.R.|title=Thinking and acting scientifically: Indispensable basis of medical education|pages=Doc24}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Abraham|first1=Reem Rachel|title=Clinically oriented physiology teaching: strategy for developing critical-thinking skills in undergraduate medical students|pages=102–04|year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sinclair|first1=Marius|title=On the Differences between the Engineering and Scientific Methods|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Engineering Technology :: Engineering Technology :: Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, IUPUI}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ulwazi olusha lwenzululwazi luthuthukiswa [[ucwaningo]] [[Umfundindalo|losonzululwazi]] abagqugquzelwa ilukuluku ngokuphathelene nomhlaba kanye nayisifiso sokuxazulula izinkinga. Ucwaningo lwenzululwazi lwanamuhla lwenziwa ngokubambisana okukhulu futhi luvame ukuqhutshwa amathimba  akwezemfundo, izikhungo zokucwaninga, izikhungo zikahulumeni nez[[inkampani]]. Umthelela osebenzayo ocwaningweni lwenzululwazi uholele ekuqubukeni kwezinqubomgomo zesayensi ezifuna ukuthonya umhwebo wenzulukeazi ngokubeka phambili ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo yezentengiso, izikhali, ukunakekela impilo, futhi ukuvikelwa kwemvelo.

== uMsuka ==
Igama elithi inzululwazi elisetshenziswa ukuhumusha elithi ''science'' lisho 'isimo sokwazi noma ulwazi olunzulu ngendalo ezungezile.
Igama elithi inzululwazi liyinhlanganisela yamabizo amabili athi 'nzulu + ulwazi' ngoba loluhlobo lolwazi lunzulu, ludinga ukufundwa kabanzi nokucwaningwa ngokujulile. Lingcono kakhulu kunalelo elingumfakela othi ''isayensi''. Leli liyibizo lesintu okufanele silisebenzise. Nansi indlela yokulisebenzisa lona kanye namanye ahlobene nalo:

* ''science'' - inzululwazi
* ''scientist'' - usonzululwazi
* ''scientific'' - okwenzululwazi
== uMlando ==
=== uMlando wakuqala ===
[[File:Plimpton_322.jpg|thumb|Isibhebhe sase-Plimpton, seziqoshwa zaseBhabhiloni, esabhalwa cishe ngowe-1800 BCE|alt=Clay tablet with markings, three columns for numbers and one for ordinals]]
Inzululwazi ayinawo umsuka owodwa vo. Kunalokho, izindlelasu ezihleliwe zavela lusilili ngokuhamba kwesikhathi seminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane,&lt;ref name=&quot;cognitive-basis&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Carruthers |first=Peter |title=The roots of scientific reasoning: infancy, modularity and the art of tracking |date=2002-05-02 |work=The Cognitive Basis of Science |pages=73–96 |editor-last=Carruthers |editor-first=Peter |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511613517.005 |isbn=978-0-521-81229-0 |editor2-last=Stich |editor2-first=Stephen |editor3-last=Siegal |editor3-first=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;causal-cognition&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Lombard |first1=Marlize |last2=Gärdenfors |first2=Peter |date=2017 |title=Tracking the Evolution of Causal Cognition in Humans |journal=Journal of Anthropological Sciences |volume=95 |issue=95 |pages=219–234 |doi=10.4436/JASS.95006 |pmid=28489015 |issn=1827-4765}}&lt;/ref&gt; ngezimo ezingafani ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba, futhi inbalwa imininingwane ekhona emayelana nokuthuthuka kwayo endulo. Kungenzeka abesifazane babeneqhaza elikhulu kwinzululwazi yasendulo,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Graeber |first1=David |last2=Wengrow |first2=David |author-link1=David Graeber |author-link2=David Wengrow |date=2021 |title=[[The Dawn of Everything]] |page=248 }}&lt;/ref&gt; njengoba kunjalo nangemicikilisho yezenkolo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=The Faerie Smith Meets the Bronze Industry: Magic Versus Science in the Interpretation of Prehistoric Metal-Making |jstor=124782 |last1=Budd |first1=Paul |last2=Taylor |first2=Timothy |journal=World Archaeology |year=1995 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=133–143 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1995.9980297 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinye izazi zisebenzisa ebizo elithi 'inzululwazi yanguna' ukuze bagqabe ubuqhebeqhebe basendulo obunenswebu yenzululwazi yanamuhla kulwangu lwayo;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Tuomela |first=Raimo |year=1987 |chapter=Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience |editor-last1=Pitt |editor-first1=J.C. |editor-last2=Pera |editor-first2=M. |title=Rational Changes in Science |series=Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science |volume=98 |pages=83–101 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-3779-6_4|isbn=978-94-010-8181-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/599864 |first=Pamela H. |last=Smith |title=Science on the Move: Recent Trends in the History of Early Modern Science |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_renaissance-quarterly_summer-2009_62_2/page/345 |journal=Renaissance Quarterly |volume=62 |number=2 |year=2009 |pages=345–375|pmid=19750597 |s2cid=43643053 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fleck |first=Robert |date=March 2021 |title=Fundamental Themes in Physics from the History of Art |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00016-020-00269-7 |journal=Physics in Perspective |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=25–48 |doi=10.1007/s00016-020-00269-7 |bibcode=2021PhP....23...25F |s2cid=253597172 |issn=1422-6944}}&lt;/ref&gt; nokho, lomgqabo uye wahlatshwa kakhulu njengothunazayo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last=Scott |first=Colin |encyclopedia=The Postcolonial Science and Technology Studies Reader |title=Science for the West, Myth for the Rest? |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham |editor-last=Harding |editor-first=Sandra |isbn=978-0-8223-4936-5 |date=2011 |oclc=700406626 |page=175 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv11g96cc.16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; noma osikisela ngokweqile umbono wobumanjemanje ''(Presentism)'', njengoba ubhekwa Lobo buqhebeqhebe ngeso lemijinjo yanamuhla.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/007327531205000203 |first=Peter |last=Dear |title=Historiography of Not-So-Recent Science |journal=History of Science |volume=50 |number=2 |year=2012 |pages=197–211|s2cid=141599452 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ubufakazi obuqandikhanda bemidludlungu yenzululwazi baqala ukucaca ekufikeni kwezimiso zokubhala emiphakathini yasendulo njengaseGibhithe naseMesopothamiya, kanjalo kwaqopheka iziqoshwa zokuqala emlandweni wenzululwazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Grant2007a&quot; /&gt; Nakuba amazwi nezicabangelo ezithi 'inzululwazi' nesithi 'imvelo' zazingeyona ingxenye yenkulumo yangaleso sikhathi, imiphakathi yasendulo yaba namagalelo abalulekile naba nendawo kwinzululwazi yamaGrikhi nasenkathini ephakathi.

Abantu baseMesopothamiya lasendulo basebenzisa ulwazi olumalungana nezakhi ezihlukene zeziqa ukuze bakhiqize amakhamba, izindindimana, inhlaka, insipho, izinkimbi, isinomfiya, nesivimbamanzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;McIntosh2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1= McIntosh|first1= Jane R.|author-link= Jane McIntosh|title= Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives|date= 2005|publisher= ABC-CLIO|location= Santa Barbara, California, Denver, Colorado, and Oxford, England|isbn= 978-1-57607-966-9|pages= 273–76|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9veK7E2JwkUC&amp;q=science+in+ancient+Mesopotamia|access-date= October 20, 2020|archive-date= February 5, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210205162758/https://books.google.com/books?id=9veK7E2JwkUC&amp;q=science+in+ancient+Mesopotamia|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bacwaninga uchazomzimba lwezilwane, ukucondoza kwezilwane, nomchazanyezi ngezinjongo zokubhula.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title= Scientific Astronomy in Antiquity|last= Aaboe|first= Asger|author-link= Asger Aaboe|journal= [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]|volume= 276|issue= 1257|date= May 2, 1974|pages= 21–42|doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0007|bibcode=1974RSPTA.276...21A|jstor= 74272|s2cid= 122508567}}&lt;/ref&gt; AbaseMesopothamiya babenentshiseko enkulu kwezokwelapha&lt;ref name=&quot;McIntosh2005&quot; /&gt; futhi iziyalo zemitho zokuqala zavela ngolimi lwamakhaledi ngoSendo lwesithathu lwase-Uri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title= Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health in Ancient Mesopotamia |first= R D. |last= Biggs |journal=Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies |volume= 19 |number= 1 |year= 2005 |pages= 7–18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babegxile kakhulu ekufundeni izihloko zenzululwazi ezazisebenziseka kwezenkolo nasempilweni futhi babengakuthakaseli ukugculisa ilukuluku.&lt;ref name=&quot;McIntosh2005&quot; /&gt;

=== Enkathini yanguna ===
[[File:MANNapoli 124545 plato's academy mosaic.jpg|left|thumb|Imvanganiso yobungqandavu buka Plato, obukhandwe maphakathi nonyaka we-100 BCE kuya  kowama-79 AD, oveza osonjulalwazi abaningi bamaGreki nezazishows|alt=Framed mosaic of philosophers gathering around and conversing]]
Enkathini yanguna, babekhona osonzululwazi abafundile, abayizicukuthwane, futhi ikwakungabesilisa abavevame ukwenza uphenyo ngemvelo lapho bethola isikhathi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lehoux |first1=Daryn |editor1-last=Shank |editor1-first=Michael |editor2-last=Numbers |editor2-first=Ronald |editor3-last=Harrison |editor3-first=Peter |title=Wrestling with Nature: From Omens to Science |year=2011 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-31783-0 |page=39 |chapter=2. Natural Knowledge in the Classical World}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngaphambi kokuqanjwa noma ukuvubukulwa kwesicabango esibizwa ''[[phusis]]'' nona imvelo osonjulabuchopho bangaphanbi kukaSokrati, lamazwi ayevame ukusetshenziswa ukuchazisa indlela engokwemveli youkhula kwesitshalo,&lt;ref&gt;An account of the pre-Socratic use of the concept of φύσις may be found in {{cite book |last=Naddaf |first=Gerard |year=2006 |title=The Greek Concept of Nature |publisher=SUNY Press |postscript=,}} and in {{cite journal |last1=Ducarme |first1=Frédéric |last2=Couvet |first2=Denis |year=2020 |title=What does 'nature' mean? |journal=[[Palgrave Communications]] |volume=6 |issue=14 |article-number=14 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |doi=10.1057/s41599-020-0390-y |doi-access=free |url=https://hal.science/hal-02554932/file/s41599-020-0390-y.pdf |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816053756/https://hal.science/hal-02554932/file/s41599-020-0390-y.pdf |url-status=live}} The word φύσις, while first used in connection with a plant in Homer, occurs early in Greek philosophy, and in several senses. Generally, these senses match rather well the current senses in which the English word ''nature'' is used, as confirmed by {{cite book |last=Guthrie |first=W. K. C. |title=Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus |postscript=none}} (volume 2 of his ''History of Greek Philosophy''), Cambridge University Press, 1965.&lt;/ref&gt;

Izinjulabuchopho zamaGriki zesikole saseMilita esasungulwa uThalesi waseMilita kamuva esasiphethwe uAnazimanda waseMilita, kwaba abakoqala ukuzama ukuchaza isimongotho semvelo ngaphandle kokufaka amandla angavamile.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=O'Grady |first1=Patricia F. |author-link=Patricia O'Grady |title=Thales of Miletus: The Beginnings of Western Science and Philosophy |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7546-0533-1 |page=245 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTUlDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Thales+of+Miletus+first+scientist&amp;pg=PA245 |access-date=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abalandelu bakaPhayithagora baqhamuka nenjulalwazi yamanani eyinkimbinkimbi&lt;ref name=&quot;Burkert1972&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Burkert |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Burkert |date=1 June 1972 |title=Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qqp4Vk1zG0C&amp;q=Pythagoreanism |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-53918-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|467–468}} futhi baba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukeni komchazazibalo. Umchachiso wamachwe wona wathuthukiswa injulabuchopho engumgriki ebizwa uLusiphas nomfundi wakhe uDemokritu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Pullman |first1=Bernard |title=The Atom in the History of Human Thought |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-515040-7 |pages=31–33 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQs5hur-BpgC&amp;q=Leucippus+Democritus+atom&amp;pg=PA56 |bibcode=1998ahht.book.....P |access-date=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Cohen |editor1-first=Henri |editor2-last=Lefebvre |editor2-first=Claire |title=Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science |year=2017 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-0-08-101107-2 |page=427 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIrCDQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Leucippus+Democritus+atom&amp;pg=PA427 |access-date=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamuva, uEpikuru wathuthukisa ikosmoloji yemvelo ephelele esebenzisa ubuchwe (atomism) futhi wamukela umthetho (indinganiso) eyayimisa indlela yokuhlola Iqiniso lenzululwazi. iNyanga engumGriki uHippokrati wasungula isiko lendlelasu yenzululwazi yezokwelapha ehlelekile.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Margotta |first=Roberto |year=1968 |title=The Story of Medicine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFZrAAAAMAAJ |location=New York |publisher=[[Golden Press]] |access-date=18 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Touwaide |first1=Alain |title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia |year=2005 |editor1-last=Glick |editor1-first=Thomas F. |editor2-last=Livesey |editor2-first=Steven |editor3-last=Wallis |editor3-first=Faith |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-96930-7 |page=224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77y2AgAAQBAJ&amp;q=Hippocrates+medical+science&amp;pg=PA224 |access-date=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; futhi waziwa ngokuthi &quot;uYise Wezokwelapha&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Leff |first1=Samuel |last2=Leff |first2=Vera |year=1956 |title=From Witchcraft to World Health |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjNrAAAAMAAJ |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |access-date=23 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emlandweni wezinjulabichopho zenzululwazi zakuqala, izinto zajika lapho uSokrati, esebenzisa injulalwazi ekufundeni ngezindaba zabantu, isimo semiphakathi yezombusazwe, ngolwazi loluntu ngokwalo. Indlela kaSokrati njengoba ichazwa kwizinkulumongxoxo zikPlato eyindlelasu yomthamundo yokucinga isihlawumbiselo: Isihlawumbiselo esingcono sitholwa ngokuhlonza nokususa lezo eziziphikisayo. Indlela kaSokrati icinga amaqiniso aziwayo nezinkolelo ngokuwaphiyizela ubuqatha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D17 |title=Plato, Apology |page=17 |access-date=1 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129145253/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D17 |archive-date=29 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; USokrati wayigxeka indlela endala yokufunda umchazandalo njengeqagela kakhulu futhi esilela ukuzigxeka-siqu nokuzilungisa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D27 |title=Plato, Apology |page=27 |access-date=1 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129145253/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DApol.%3Apage%3D27 |archive-date=29 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ekhulwini lesine BCE, uAristotile wakhanda uhlelo oluyisimiso senjulalwazi yeteleology.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Aristotle |title=Nicomachean Ethics |edition=H. Rackham |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0054%3Abekker%20page%3D1139b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317140402/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc= |archive-date=17 March 2012 |access-date=22 September 2010 |at=1139b}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekhulwini lesithathu BCE, ugqayinyanga ongumGriki uAristarkhasi waseSamos waba owokuqala oveza unongo lozungezilanga lomkhathilibe, lapho iLanga lisenkabeni futhi Imizulane ilizungeza..&lt;ref name=&quot;McClellan2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=McClellan |first1=James E. III |last2=Dorn |first2=Harold |title=Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction |year=2015 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-1-4214-1776-9 |pages=99–100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ah1ECwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Aristarchus+heliocentrism&amp;pg=PA99 |access-date=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unongo luka-Aristarkhasi lwanqantuzwa kabanzi ngoba kwakuthiwa luphula imithetho yemvelo, kuyilapho oluka Ptolemy olubizwa ''[[Almagest]]'', oluqukethe ingcaziso yozungezumhlaba kuzungezohlelo lwelanga, yamukelwa kabanzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Graßhoff |first=Gerd |title=The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue |year=1990 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4612-8788-9 |series=Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences |volume=14 |location=New York |doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-4468-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hoffmann |first=Susanne M. |title=Hipparchs Himmelsglobus |year=2017 |publisher=Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden |isbn=978-3-658-18682-1 |location=Wiesbaden |language=de |doi=10.1007/978-3-658-18683-8 |bibcode=2017hihi.book.....H}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umqambi nomchazi wezibalo uArkhimedes waseSyracuse waba namagalelo ekusebenzeni kwesiqaqulu ([calculus).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=C. H. Jr. |title=The Historical Development of the Calculus |year=1979 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-0-387-94313-8 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilrlBwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Archimedes+calculus&amp;pg=PA75 |access-date=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; UPliny omdala kwakungumbhali waseRoma nesazikwasani esabhala ingqoqelolwazi ebizwa ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |title=Science in the Ancient World: An Encyclopedia |year=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1-85109-539-1 |pages=190–191 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AY1ALzh9V0C&amp;q=Pliny+the+Elder+encyclopedia&amp;pg=PA190 |access-date=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Murphy |first1=Trevor Morgan |title=Pliny the Elder's Natural History: The Empire in the Encyclopedia |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926288-5 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NC_T_tG9lQC&amp;q=Pliny+the+Elder+encyclopedia |access-date=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Doody |first1=Aude |title=Pliny's Encyclopedia: The Reception of the Natural History |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-48453-4 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoEhAwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Pliny+the+Elder+encyclopedia |access-date=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Enkathini ephakathi ===
[[File:ViennaDioscoridesEndpaperPeacock.jpg|thumb|Ikhasi lokuqala lencwadi yangekhulu lesi-6 ethi ''Vienna Dioscurides'' libonisa impigogo|alt=Picture of a peacock on very old paper]]
Ngenxa yokuwa kombuso waseRoma, ikhulu lesi-5 lambozwa ukwehla kwezingqithabuchopho nokuwohloka kolwazi olwalukhona endulo.

=== Enkathini yokukhanyiselwa ===
[[File:Newton's Principia title page.png|thumb|Ikhasi lesihlokosiqu sohlelo lokuqala lowe1687 lwencwadi ethi ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'' ka-Isaac Newton|alt=see caption]]
Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhanyiselwa, uIsaac Newton wakha isisekelo sobunguxa basendulo ngencwadi ethi ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica'', eyaba nethonya elikhulu kwezomchazandalo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Gribbin|first=John|title=Science: A History 1543–2001|year=2002|page=241|publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0-7139-9503-9|quote=Although it was just one of the many factors in the Enlightenment, the success of Newtonian physics in providing a mathematical description of an ordered world clearly played a big part in the flowering of this movement in the eighteenth century}}&lt;/ref&gt; U-Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz wasebenzisa amabizo womchazandalo wobu-Aristotile, okuyiwona asetshenziswa ngendlela entsha.

== Ucwaningo ==
Ucwaningo lwenzululwazi lungaba oluyisisekelo noma lube olusetshenziswayo. Ucwaningo oluyisisekelo liwukucwaningwa kolwazi bese ucwaningo olusetshenziswayo lona lube ukucwaningwa kwezixazululo zezinkinga kusetshenziswa lolo lwazi. Ukuqondwa kokuningi kuvela ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ucwaningo olusetshenziswayo luhlozinga izinkinga ezithile. Lokhu kuholela ekuphefukeni kwezobuchwepheshe okwakungalindelwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articles/91 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113522/http://richarddawkins.net/articles/91 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |title=To Live at All Is Miracle Enough |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |publisher=RichardDawkins.net |date=10 May 2006 |access-date=5 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Indlelasu yeNzululwazi ===
[[File:The Scientific Method.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|A diagram variant of scientific method represented as an [[Scientific method#Elements of the scientific method|ongoing process]]|alt=6 steps of the scientific method in a loop]]

hb Ucwaningo lwenzululwazi lubandakanya ukusebenzisa [[Indlelasu yenzululwazi]], efuna ukuchaza ngokungachemi izenzakalo [[Imvelo|zemvelo]] ngendlela enyalizekayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;di Francia1976&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=di Francia |first=Giuliano Toraldo |chapter=The method of physics |title=The Investigation of the Physical World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1976 |pages=1–52 |isbn=978-0-521-29925-1 |quote=The amazing point is that for the first time since the discovery of mathematics, a method has been introduced, the results of which have an intersubjective value!}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osonzululwazi ngokuvamile balishaya indiva iqoqo leziqazikelo eziyisiseko ezidingekayo ukuze bahlanguze Indlelasu yenzululwazi: kukhona ingempela elingachemi labo bonke abayizibgqapheli; le ngempela elingachemi libuswa imithetho yemvelo: lemithetho yavubukulwa kusetshenziswa inkangelo ehleliwe nemigcanso. Umchazazibalo umqoka ekwakhiweni [[IsiHlawumbiselo|kwezihlawumbiselo]], [[Umchachiso|imichachiso]], nemithetho, ngoba usetshenziswa kakhulu ekunongozeni komngakonani, ekukhangeleni nasekuqoqeni [[izilinganiso]]. Izibalomininingo ziyasetshenziswa ekufingqeni nasekuhlaziyeni Imininingo, okuyinto evumela osonzululwazi ukuba bahlole ukwethembeka kweziphumo zomgcanso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Diggle |first1=Peter J. |author-link=Peter Diggle |title=Statistics and Scientific Method: An Introduction for Students and Researchers |last2=Chetwynd |first2=Amanda G. |author2-link=Amanda Chetwynd |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-954318-2 |pages=1–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kundlelasu yenzululwazi umgcanso womcabango ochazayo noma Isihlawumbiselo silethwa ezithebeni njengencazelo kusetshenziswa insingo kaOccam futhi kulindelwe ukuba kufunwe ukungaguquki;– ifane nezinye islziminya ezamukelwe ezihlobene nenkangelo noma umbuzo wenzululwazi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Edward |title=Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge |publisher=Vintage |location=New York |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-679-76867-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izinkomba ==
{{reflist}}

== Izixhumanisi ezingaphandle ==

* [http://www.euroscience.org/ Euroscience] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412080435/http://www.euroscience.org/ |date=2010-04-12 }}
* [http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-57;toc.depth=1;toc.id=dv1-57;brand=default Classification of the Sciences]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} in ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas''. (Isimo esisha se-elekthronikhi sinobhomu kabi, okufakiwe ngemuva kokuthi &quot;Idizayini&quot; ingafinyeleleki. ''Internet Archive'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20080619205103/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-57 inguqulo yakudala]).
* [http://www.science.gov/ United States Science Initiative] Imininingwane ekhethiwe yesayensi enikezwe izinhlaka zikaHulumeni wase-US, kufaka phakathi ucwaningo nemiphumela yokuthuthuka
* [http://undsci.berkeley.edu/index.php How science works] ''University of California Museum of Paleontology''

[[Category:ISayensi]]</text>
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    <title>Ukubhoboza impumulo</title>
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      <text bytes="16077" sha1="9xihy78ensc0ordckixqilz6i78qkcd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Piercing_a_nose_in_Jalalabad_-a.jpg|alt=Ukubhoboza impumulo|thumb|Ukubhoboza impumulo]]
'''Ukubhoboza impumulo''' ukubhobozwa kwesikhumba noma i-cartilage eyakha noma iyiphi ingxenye yempumulo, imvamisa ngenhloso yokugqoka ubucwebe, obubizwa ngokuthi i-nose-jewelry. Kwezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukene zokubhoboza impumulo, ukubhoboza impumulo yikhona okuvame kakhulu. Ukubhoboza impumulo kunguhlobo lwesithathu oluvame kakhulu lokubhobozwa ngemuva kokubhobozwa kwe-earlobe nokubhoboza izilimi. [Kucashunwa edingekayo]

== Ukubhoboza uNostril ==
Ukubhoboza uNostril kuwumkhuba wokubhoboza umzimba ngenhloso yokugqoka ubucwebe, kufana nokubhoboza impumulo, okuyiwona ngokuyinhloko ohlotshaniswa kakhulu namasiko nemfashini yamaNdiya kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi kutholakala kakhulu eNdiya, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, futhi kulo lonke elaseNingizimu ngisho naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ukubhobozwa kukaNostril kubuye kube yingxenye yesiko lendabuko lase-Australia lase-Australia namasiko ama-Ilocano, isizwe ePhilippines.
[[File:Nose_piercing.jpg|alt=Ukubhoboza impumulo|thumb|Ukubhoboza impumulo]]
Ngokuvela, ukuvezwa, kanye nokusakazeka kwemfashini namasiko amaNdiya, ukubhoboza okungenamsoco emashumini eminyaka amuva nje sekuthandwa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele, njengoba kunezinye izindlela zokubhoboza umzimba, ngemuva kwezinkomba namasiko wentsha alandelayo 'ngeminyaka yama-80s' nama-90s okwamukele lokhu uhlobo lokubhoboza. Namuhla, ukubhoboza kwempumulo kudumile emhlabeni obanzi kufaka phakathi iNingizimu Melika, i-United States of America, iCanada, iCaribbean, i-Australia, i-Afrika, iJapan kanye ne-Europe, kanti ukubhoboza kwenziwa ngakwesokunxele noma kwesokunxele. Kwamanye amasiko, lokhu kwenziwa kumhlobiso, kanti nakwabanye kuyimikhuba yenkolo. Ekuqaleni eMelika, lo mkhuba wawenzelwe ama-subcultures futhi wabonwa ukuthi uhlotshaniswa nentsha encane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8dkzXo0nW_4C&amp;pg=PA117&amp;dq=nose+piercing+first+started+date#v=onepage&amp;q=nose%20pierced&amp;f=false|title=Immigration and Crime: Ethnicity, Race, and Violence|last=Martinez|first=Ramiro|date=July 2006|website=Google Books|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=6/1/19|isbn=9780814796054}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngo-1990s, ukubhoboza impumulo kwakuhlotshaniswa ngokuqondile nobucayi bobuzwe. Namuhla, lo mkhuba usabalale kuleli qembu eMelika futhi emhlabeni wonke usaqhubeka usetshenziselwa izizathu eziningi. Naphezu kokuba kusabalele, lokhu kubhoboza kusaxhunyaniswa nemininingwane engemihle. Isibonelo, ocwaningweni olwenziwe embonini yezihambi, ama-81% abaphathi abaqashiwe athi ukubhoboza kanye nama-tattoos kuthinta ukubona kwabo okhethwayo kabi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Swanger|first=Nancy|date=2006-03-01|title=Visible body modification (VBM): evidence from human resource managers and recruiters and the effects on employment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-hospitality-management_2006-03_25_1/page/154|journal=International Journal of Hospitality Management|volume=25|issue=1|pages=154–158|doi=10.1016/j.ijhm.2004.12.004|issn=0278-4319}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngokomlando ku-Indian Subcontinent, ukubhoboza impumulo kwenziwa ngabesifazane kuphela. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda kwale ndlela sekudale ukuthi bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane babe nokubhoboza okungekho embonweni emhlabeni obanzi. Izinhlobo eziningana ezahlukahlukene zamasongo wasemakhaleni ziyatholakala. Phakathi kokuthandwa kakhulu yi-loop, i-stud enovalwa nge-L-bar, isudi evaliwe ngebhola, kanye ne-stud enokwethenjwa okuyisicaba.

ENdiya, ingaphandle lengxenye yomzimba wesobunxele [ukukhonishwa okudingekayo] yisikhundla esithandwayo sokubhobozwa. Lokhu kulandelwa abanye abantu abangama-orlando futhi ngoba umuthi we-Ayurvedic uhlobanisa le ndawo nezitho zokuzala zabesifazane. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Naked Woman|chapter=The Nose|first=Desmond|last=Morris|authorlink=Desmond Morris|year=2004|page=69|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VLHrxDy-hMC&amp;pg=PA69&amp;dq=indian+nose+piercing+on+the+left&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=ytqhUYHCKsntiAeB54GoBw&amp;ved=0CFsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&amp;q=indian%20nose%20piercing%20on%20the%20left&amp;f=false|isbn=9780099453581}}&lt;/ref&gt; ENdiya, njenganoma yimuphi omunye ubucwebe, ukubhoboza ubucwebe nobucwebecwecwa kubhekwa njengophawu lobuhle nokuma komphakathi kanye nokuhlonipha umHindu kuParvati, unkulunkulukazi womshado. Ukubhoboza impumulo kusathandwa eNdiya nase subcontinent. Ukubhoboza imvamisa kuyingxenye ebalulekile yobucwebe bomshado baseNdiya. EMaharashtra, abesifazane bagqoka izingcezu ezinkulu zekhala eziyinkimbinkimbi ezivame ukumboza umlomo noma uhlangothi lobuso.

Lo mkhuba uvame kakhulu phakathi kwabesifazane baseBangali nabesifazane baseNingizimu Indian. Abesifazane abangamaTamil ngokwesiko bayihlaba ikhala labo lokunene. Amasiko amaningi ahambisana nawo. Abesifazane abaningi abavela e-Indian subcontinent bashiswa ngezikopelo zabo zekhala njengoba ubucwebe bususwa ngaphambi komngcwabo. Abafelokazi baseNdiya bavame ukukhipha izikopelo zempumulo zabo njengesibonakaliso senhlonipho. Ukubhoboza impumulo bekungavunyelwe ngokomthetho kunqatshelwe ngokuphelele emindenini eminingi yaseKashmiris eyakwaButt, iDar, iLone neMiri izinze ePakistan, njengoba ukubhoboza kwakhala kokhokho babo kuhlangene nabantu bezizukulwane zakudala zomphakathi waseKashmiri.

Ukubhoboza impumulo kungabhalwa ngezikhathi zangaphambi kuka-Columbian kanye nelamakoloni kuyo yonke iNyakatho neNingizimu Melika. Imikhosi eminingi yesimo ihlelwe eThempelini Eliphezulu leBallcourt enkulu eChichin Itza. Enye yalezi zinkundla umcimbi wokugobhoza impumulo okukhonjiswe eNyakatho Temple egumbini. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=A nose piercing ceremony in the north temple of Great Ballcourt at Chichén Itzá|last=Villela, Khristaan, Verfasser|date=1993|publisher=Center of the History and Art of Ancient American Culture of the Art Dep. of the Univ. of Texas|oclc=1073558164}}&lt;/ref&gt; Esikhundleni sokubonisa umhlatshelo, ingqikithi ejwayelekile yemidwebo yasethempelini, isithombe esiyisisekelo sikhonjiswa sihlose lokho okungenzeka ukuthi kuyisihluthulelo sethambo ukubhoboza ekhaleni lomfanekiso. Isiko lokugwazwa kwempumulo libonisa isimo esiphakeme salesi sibalo. Indawo yakhe emphakathini ifanekiselwa ukubhobozwa kwakhala. Ngokufanayo, ukubhoboza impumulo kwakufanekisela isimo esiphakeme eColombia Maya. Amakhosi amabili aqavile, u-Ajpop no-Ajpop K'ama, wakwaK'iche, agwazwa ekhaleni endaweni ephakeme yomkhosi obabazekayo. Ngokufana nokugcotshwa kwenkosi umqhele, ukubhoboza ekhaleni kwakukhombisa ubuholi babo obusha bukaK'iche.

E-Yucatan, abahloli bamazwe u-Oviedo y Valdes, uHerrera y Tordesillas, u-Diego de Landa noJeronimo de Aguilar bonke baphawula ukubhoboza ekhaleni okuhlukile abakuqaphele eMayans nakwamanye amasiko eYucatan bebonke. Babika ukuthi amatshe ahlukene angaba nezincazelo ezihlukile ngaphakathi kwempucuko ngayinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakholelwa ukuthi ukufakwa nobukhulu obuhlukile nokwakheka kobuhlalu kungasho umphakathi othize umuntu avela kuwo. AbakwaToltec kwakukholakala ukuthi babhoboze i-ala yempumulo eyayigcotshwe ngensimbi. Ngenkathi abakwaMeyi behlaba phakathi kwe-septum futhi bekubandakanya ubuhlalu obukhulu kunokuba bube nobubanzi.

== Ukubhoboza i-Sepumi ==
[[File:Body_Piercing_Septum_Tusks.jpg|alt=Ukubhoboza i-Sepumi|thumb|Ukubhoboza i-Sepumi]]
I-septum yamanxeba udonga oluhlukanisa i-cartilaginous phakathi kwamakhala. Ngokuvamile, i-cartilage ngokwayo ayihlatshwa, kepha kunalokho igebe elincane eliphakathi kwenqobelo kanye nekhala lekhala (kwesinye isikhathi elibizwa ngokuthi &quot;indawo emnandi&quot;), ngokujwayelekile ku-14ga (1.6 mm) yize livame ukwelulwa kugeji enkulu ( usayizi). Lokhu kubhoboza kuphulukisa kungakapheli inyanga nengxenye kuya ezinyangeni ezintathu futhi kuya ngomuntu ngamunye. Kufanele welulwe ngu-1mm kuphela ngasikhathi, futhi ulinde okungenani inyanga phakathi kokunwebeka kuyalulekwa. [Kucashunwa edingekayo] Uma iphuzu elithile lidlulisiwe, imvamisa cishe nge-8mm, i-cartilage iphoqelelwa iye phezulu kwempumulo, engakwazi ungakhululeki.

Izinhlobo eziningi zobucwebe zivame ukugqokwa ekubhobozeni i-septum, njengokuthi: Amasongo we-Bead ethumba (CBRs), izindandatho ezivala ngensimbi eboshwe maphakathi nokudonswa kwendandatho, imishini ejikelezayo (njengoba kukhonjisiwe esithombeni), a umugqa oyindilinga onobuhlalu obhekelela kunoma iyiphi imiphetho, &quot;i-husk&quot; eyicezu lezinto eliqondile noma elakhiwe lakhiwe ngokujwayelekile emaphethelweni, noma emaceleni. Kumapulangwe amakhulu wegeji, abantu abaningi bakhetha ukugqoka ama-plugs, njengoba ama-plugs engazinaki amakhala awo phansi, okuwusizo ekuphulukiseni. Lesi silinganiso sivumela ukubhoboza ukuthi kungonakaliswa ukunyakaza okungazelelwe kobucwebecwebe.

Enye inketho isitoreji septum, esibunjiweyo. Lolu hlobo lokubhoboza impumulo kulula kakhulu ukulufihla lapho lufiswa, ngokwesibonelo ukuhambisana nekhodi yokugqoka. Isilondolozi septum senza sikwazi ukuguqula ubucwebe buse ekhaleni, ngaleyo ndlela sikufihle. Ngobucwebe obumnyama obufakwe emakhaleni, lokhu kubhoboza kungenziwa kungabonakali. Imikhiqizo eyindilinga futhi ingafihlwa ngokuyicindezela ingemuva ekhaleni, kepha ingahle ingakhululeki.

Ukubhobozwa kweSumum kuwumkhuba odumile phakathi kwabadansi baseSouth Indian (Kuchipudi, Bharatnatyam) naphakathi kwabantu bomdabu baseMelika emlandweni; abaholi bamaShawnee uTecumseh noTenskwatawa, ngokwesibonelo, babenokubhoboza okunjalo.

Ukubhobozwa kwe-septum kuyathandwa emaphandleni aseNdiya, eNepal, naseBangladesh. ENdiya, ukubhoboza okunjalo kubizwa ngokuthi yi- 'Nathori' futhi kuthandwa nezinhlanga zamaBanjara kanye nezizwe zakwa-Adivasi. U-Lord Krishna nozakwabo onguRadharani bavame ukuboniswa begqoka izingcezu zekhala lika-Nathori.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/septum-piercing-dangers.html|title=Septum Piercing Dangers|accessdate=17 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abesifazane abangamaBengali ngokwesiko babegqoka i-nathori njengophawu lokuthi ungumfazi oshadile. I-nathori yayiba igolide nge-teardrop eyayihamba eceleni kwendandatho. Abesifazane abaningi abanamabanga aphansi ezindaweni zasemakhaya zaseBengal basaligcina leli siko. Lo mkhuba manje uyehla njengoba abesifazane abaningi bethanda izikopelo zempumulo.

Eningizimu yeNepal, ukubhoboza i-septum kusavamile. Abesifazane abaningi asebekhulile basahlobisa amakhala abo ngawo womabili amasongo e-septum nawesokunxele. Abesifazane abaningi banezimbobo zegolide zegolide ukukhombisa isimo sabo senhlalo, yobuzwe, nenkolo emphakathini.

ECentral Australia, ukubhoboza impumulo kwakuphakathi nentuthuko yomfana endodeni. I-Arunta, isizwe esingumdabu eCentral Australia, isiko lokudlula komfana. Umkhosi wokudlulela waqala ngemiculo yokudansa futhi wakhula waba umfana wangena ekamu lamadoda futhi wafunda ukuzingela. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/spiritualtattooc00rush|title=Spiritual tattoo : a cultural history of tattooing, piercing, scarification, branding, and implants|last=Rush, John A.|date=2005|publisher=Frog|isbn=1583941177|oclc=56876792|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abafana bavame ukuba phakathi kweminyaka eyishumi nanye nantathu. Abesifazane ekuqaleni baphonsa umfana emoyeni abese enikezwa amadoda ukuba amjikijele emoyeni ukufanekisela umfana womuntu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuye phambili. Umfana ufunda ukudoba izilwane ezinkulu ezidinga isethi yekhono lobuhlakani ezazingadingeki imidlalo emincane. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, umthungo womlomo womfana wagwazwa wafakwa ngethambo nguyise noma umkhulu wakhe ukuthambisa ikhala ngokusho kwe-aesthetics.

Ngokufanayo, uphawu lwamantombazane lokufika eminyakeni yobudala kwakugwazwa kwakhala kodwa kwenziwa ngumyeni wakhe ngemuva komshado. Ngokwesiko, ukubhoboza kwakukhombisa isimo senhlalo somuntu kanye nelungelo labo lokuthola eminye imikhosi. Kwabesifazane, kwabonisa amandla abo okuthola umyeni. Ngoba umyeni ubonisiwe ungumnini futhi ilungelo kumkakhe. Kwabesilisa, kwethula umfana manje njengendoda nendawo yakhe emphakathini enamadoda. Wayengaseyena neze wezingane nabesifazane abamkhulisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, manje wayesenelungelo lemikhosi efana nokusoka nokuzithoba kanye nesikhundla esiphakeme emphakathini.

== Izingozi ==
I-septum noma i-pua septum udonga lwe-cartilaginous oluhlukanisa emakhaleni amabili. I-cartilage, nokho, imvamisa ayihlatshwa. Umucu omncane wesikhumba esithambile kakhulu futhi oguquguqukayo, phakathi kwe-cartilage nangaphansi kwempumulo, lapho ukubhoboza i-septum kwenziwa kakhulu. Ukubhoboza isikhumba esikhundleni se-cartilage kungabunciphisa kakhulu ubuhlungu, kanye nezinye izinto ezihlukumezeka ezihambisana nalolu hlobo lokugwazwa komzimba. Lokhu kubhoboza kufanele kwenziwe ngenaliti kuphela. Ngokuphathelene nobucwebecwebe, izindandatho ze-bead ezithunjiwe, i-barbells eyindilinga, ama-plugs, ama-tile, ama-curls, kanye ne-septum retainers zingasetshenziswa. Ezinye izinsimbi ezisetshenziselwa izindandatho zempumulo ziphephile kepha zingadala i-allergies noma uzwela. Ingozi yokutheleleka ngegciwane nayo ikhona echibini lokubhukuda, izidumbu zamanzi nokugeza.

Zonke izinhlobo zokubhobozwa komzimba, kufaka phakathi ukubhoboza i-septum, kuhlotshaniswa nengozi yokuthola izifo ezithile ezibangwa yigazi, njenge-hepatitis, kusuka ezinalwaneni nasezihlolweni zokubhoboza ezisetshenziswa inqubo. Le ngozi ingancishiswa ngokwenza ukuthi ukubhobozwa kwenziwe ngumbhobozi ohlonishwayo futhi uqiniseke ukuthi lowo obhoboza usebenzisa izinaliti ezingasebenzisi loyedwa kuphela. Ingozi elandelayo ejwayelekile ehambisana cishe nazo zonke izinhlobo zokubhoboza ubungozi bokutheleleka nobuhlungu. Lezi zingqinamba zingancishiswa kakhulu uma ukubhoboza kwenziwa esikhunjeni esithambile futhi esiguquguqukayo esiphakathi kwe-cartilage nangaphansi kwempumulo. Ngokuqondene nezingozi zokutheleleka ezithintekayo, zingalawulwa ngokubhoboza okufanele ngemuva kokunakekelwa.

Lokhu kubhoboza kwesinye isikhathi kungaholela 'ku-heptoma ye-septal' - ukulimala kwezicubu ezithambile ngaphakathi kwe-septum okungaphazamisa imithambo yegazi kubangele ukunqwabelana kwegazi nokugeleza kwamanzi ngaphansi kolayini. I-Nasal septum hematoma ingahle idale ukucinana kwamakhala futhi iphazamise ukuphefumula kanye nokubangela ubuhlungu nokuvuvukala. Uma singalashwa ngokushesha, lesi simo ekugcineni singadala ukwakheka komgodi ku-septum, okuholele ekuxinaniseni kwamakhala. Kwesinye isikhathi, leyo ngxenye yempumulo ingahle iwe, iholele ekulimaleni kokugcoba, okwaziwa ngokuthi 'ikhala lesidumbu'.

== Ukubhobozwa kwebhuloho ==
[[File:Erl-piercing.jpg|alt=Ukubhobozwa kwebhuloho|thumb|Ukubhobozwa kwebhuloho]]
Ukubhobozwa kwebhuloho kufakwa esikhunjeni ngaphezulu kwakhala, phakathi kwamehlo. Izithonjana ezingama-curved kanye nama-software aqondile yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kulokhu kubhoboza, kanti izindandatho ezingenamthungo nezithunjwa azinconywa. Ukwenza ukubhobozwa kwebhuloho kuyingozi kakhulu kunezinye ukubhoboza ekhaleni, kuvame ukuba nenkinga, kuthutha, futhi kubangele ukunqaphaza lapho kunganakekelwa kahle. Ukubhobozwa kwebhuloho kudinga ama-anatomy acacisiwe kakhulu, ukugcinwa ngokucophelela nokugcinwa, futhi kaningi izinguquko eziningi zobucwebe. Ukubhobozwa kwebhuloho kufakwa engxenyeni emincanyana yebhuloho lekhala, izicubu ezithambile ngaphezu kwe-cartilage enzima. Kuvame ukubhobozwa ngenaliti engu-14 yejiji, kube nobucwebecwebe obuyi-14, ngokuya ngokuthandwa yichobo kanye ne-anatomy.
== Ukwemukelwa komphakathi kokubhoboza impumulo ==
Izinkampani eziningi ngokwengeziwe emsebenzini ziye zanekeka kakhulu ezindabeni ezinjengokubhoboza kanye nekhodi yokugqoka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Joyce&quot;&gt;Joyce, Amy. &quot;Fashion Leads by a Nose.&quot; The Washington Post. (2013) Website.&lt;/ref&gt;


Ukwemukelwa kokuguqulwa okwengeziwe komzimba kubonakaliswa ukuthi yinto eyejwayelekile emphakathini. Uma izinkampani zingazange ziqashe abasebenzi nge-tattoo noma ukubhoboza impumulo, inani labasebenzi besikhathi esizayo izinkampani abangaziqasha lizoba nomkhawulo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dobosh&quot;&gt;Dobosh, Sara. &quot;Piercing the Workplace Stereotype.&quot; Fox Business. (2010) Website.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imithombo ==
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'''Ikhambi lokugoma''' ikhambi elinyusa amandla wamasosha omzimba ukuze ezolwa nasifo thizeni. Ikhambi lokugoma luvamise ukwakhiwa ngenxenye yegciwane elidala izifo. Kujwayele ukuthi lengxenye yegciwane kube amagciwane abulewe noma amacezu akhomba uhlobo legciwane. Lawa macezu aqeqesha amasosha omzimba ukuthi akwazi ukubona igciwane ukuze amasosha omzimba alwe nalo alibulale uma sekufika igciwane langempela.

Ukunika umuntu umuthi oqeqesha amasosha omzimba kuthiwa ukugoma. Akukho okuhlula ukugoma ekuvimbeni ukutheleleka ngezifo ezidalwa amagciwane.&lt;ref&gt;*United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). [https://www.cdc.gov/oid/docs/ID-Framework.pdf ''A CDC framework for preventing infectious diseases.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829133723/https://www.cdc.gov/oid/docs/ID-Framework.pdf |date=2017-08-29 }} Accessed 11 September 2012. &quot;Vaccines are our most effective and cost-saving tools for disease prevention, preventing untold suffering and saving tens of thousands of lives and billions of dollars in healthcare costs each year.&quot;
*American Medical Association (2000). [http://www.immunizationinfo.org/es/pressroom/2000-06-01/vaccines-and-infectious-diseases-putting-risk-perspective ''Vaccines and infectious diseases: putting risk into perspective.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205193837/http://www.immunizationinfo.org/es/pressroom/2000-06-01/vaccines-and-infectious-diseases-putting-risk-perspective |date=2015-02-05 }} Accessed 11 September 2012. &quot;Vaccines are the most effective public health tool ever created.&quot;
*Public Health Agency of Canada. [http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/im/vpd-mev/index-eng.php ''Vaccine-preventable diseases.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313131826/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/im/vpd-mev/index-eng.php |date=2015-03-13 }} Accessed 11 September 2012. &quot;Vaccines still provide the most effective, longest-lasting method of preventing infectious diseases in all age groups.&quot;
*United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). [http://virtualbiosecuritycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Library-NIAID-Biodefense-Research-Agenda-for-Category-B-and-C-Priority-Pathogens.pdf ''NIAID Biodefense Research Agenda for Category B and C Priority Pathogens.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065419/http://virtualbiosecuritycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Library-NIAID-Biodefense-Research-Agenda-for-Category-B-and-C-Priority-Pathogens.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} Accessed 11 September 2012. &quot;Vaccines are the most effective method of protecting the public against infectious diseases.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Umlando utshengisa ukuthi
ukugoma kwaqeda izifo okubalwa kuzo ingxibongo, kwaphinde kwanciphisa amazinga ezifo
okubalwa kuzo i-polio, isimungumungwane, kanye ne-tetanus. Imithi kugoma kwaziwa igwema
izifo okubalwa kuzo umkhuhlane,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |vauthors=Fiore AE, Bridges CB, Cox NJ |title=Seasonal influenza vaccines |journal=Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. |volume=333 |issue= |pages=43–82 |year=2009 |pmid=19768400 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_3 |url= |series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |isbn=978-3-540-92164-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; i-HPV,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Chang Y, Brewer NT, Rinas AC, Schmitt K, Smith JS | title = Evaluating the impact of human papillomavirus vaccines | journal = Vaccine | volume = 27 | issue = 32 | pages = 4355–62 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19515467 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kanye nenqubulunjwana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Liesegang TJ | title = Varicella zoster virus vaccines: effective, but concerns linger | journal = Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology | volume = 44 | issue = 4 | pages = 379–84 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19606157 | doi = 10.3129/i09-126 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7a8870d019b79f046138cca99b6301e9fcd9d4d1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Igama lomuthi womgongo kuthiwa i-vaccine [[IsiNgisi|ngesiNgisi]] okuyigama elaqanjwa ngu-Edward Jenner owalisungula olimini lwesiLathini olusho inqubulunjwana yezinkomo ngesitkhathi eqamba umuthi wokuligoma.

===Ukusebenza kwalo===

Imithi yoku goma iphephile futhi iyasebenza kahle ukulwa nezifo ezithelelanayo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Orenstein WA, Bernier RH, Dondero TJ, Hinman AR, Marks JS, Bart KJ, Sirotkin B | title = Field evaluation of vaccine efficacy | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 63 | issue = 6 | pages = 1055–68 | date = 1985 | pmid = 3879673 | pmc = 2536484 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/01/11/vaccines-autism-public-health-expert/|title=The science is clear: Vaccines are safe, effective, and do not cause autism|last=Jan 11|first=Hub staff report / Published|last2=2017|date=2017-01-11|website=The Hub|access-date=2019-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ellenberg SS, Chen RT | title = The complicated task of monitoring vaccine safety | journal = Public Health Reports | volume = 112 | issue = 1 | pages = 10–20; discussion 21 | date = 1997 | pmid = 9018282 | pmc = 1381831 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/Vaccine-Safety-The-Facts.aspx|title=Vaccine Safety: The Facts|website=HealthyChildren.org|access-date=2019-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodwa ke, kukhona izindawo lapho ugugoma kuba buthaka khona.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19393917&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Grammatikos AP, Mantadakis E, Falagas ME | title = Meta-analyses on pediatric infections and vaccines | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2009-06_23_2/page/431 | journal = Infectious Disease Clinics of North America | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 431–57 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19393917 | doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2009.01.008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amandla emithi yomgomo anqunyelwe izinto eziningi njenge:
* Isifo (imithi yokugoma ethize isebenza kangcono kuneminye ngokuhambisana nesifo)
* Uhlobo lomuthi womgomo (eminye imithi yomgomo ethize isebenza kangcono uma ibhekene nesifo eqondene naso)&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10435956&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Schlegel M, Osterwalder JJ, Galeazzi RL, Vernazza PL | title = Comparative efficacy of three mumps vaccines during disease outbreak in Eastern Switzerland: cohort study | journal = BMJ | volume = 319 | issue = 7206 | pages = 352 | date = August 1999 | pmid = 10435956 | pmc = 32261 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.319.7206.352 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Uma isikhathi sokuthola umgomo sakhiwe kahle
* Wonke umuntu unendlela yakhe yokuthi imithi yomgomo isebenza kanjani kuye
* Ezinye izizathu kungabalwa kuzo ubuzwe, ubudala, kanye nofuzo.

Uma umuntu ogonyiwe uyasithola isifo agonyelwe sona (lokhu kuthiwa isifo esingena ngenkani) kuvamile ukuthi kwehle ukuthelelanana kwalesi sifo kwabanye abantu abangagonyiwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12955637&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Préziosi MP, Halloran ME | title = Effects of pertussis vaccination on disease: vaccine efficacy in reducing clinical severity | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2003-09-15_37_6/page/n59 | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 37 | issue = 6 | pages = 772–9 | date = September 2003 | pmid = 12955637 | doi = 10.1086/377270 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okulandelayo izinto okumele ziqaphelwe ukuze luzosebenza kahle uhlelo lokugoma abantu:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=E.|last2=Beverley|first2=P. C. L.|last3=Salisbury|first3=D. M.|date=2002-07-01|title=Vaccine programmes and policies|journal=British Medical Bulletin|volume=62|issue=1|pages=201–211|doi=10.1093/bmb/62.1.201|pmid=12176861|issn=0007-1420|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Ukwenziwa kahle izibalo ezitshengisa ukuthi mangakanani amazinga okugoma adingekayo kusukela esikhathini esincane kuya kwesilandelayo.
# Ukuqhubeka ukuqapha isimo sesifo zikhathi zonke.
# Ukuqhubeka namazinga aphezulu okugoma ngisho esehlile amazinga esifo emphakathini.

Ukugoma sekwaqeda izifo ezifana nengxibongo, eyaziwa njengenye yezifo ezazithelelana zibhubhisa abantu emhlabeni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/en/|title=WHO {{!}} Smallpox | date=|website=WHO|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status= |access-date=2019-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinye izifo kubalwa kuzo i-rubella, i-polio, isimungumungwane,
i-mumps, i-chickenpox, kanye nei-typhoid eseza cishe zaphela ngenxa yokugoma
okwakusabalele.

Uma iningi labantu bangomile. Kuba nzima kakhulu ukuthi isifo sibhebhetheke. Lokhu kwaziwa
ngokuthi ukuphepha komhlambi.

Ukugoma kuvimba ukuqala kokumelana nokusebenza komuthi obulala amagciwane. Umzekelo; izinhlelo zomgomo sezehlise amazinga ukumelana nokusebenza kwemithi efana ne-penicillin ebulala amagciwane anjenge-Streptococcus pneumoniae edala inyumoniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-01711-6|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722121157/http://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-01711-6|url-status=dead|title=19 July 2017 ''Vaccines promoted as key to stamping out drug-resistant microbes'' &quot;Immunization can stop resistant infections before they get started, say scientists from industry and academia.&quot;|archivedate=July 22, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umgomo wesimungumungwana uvimbela ukufa kwabantu abangama 1-million minyaka yonke.&lt;ref name=&quot;sullivan2005&quot;&gt;{{cite news | last=Sullivan | first=Patricia | name-list-format = vanc | date=2005-04-13 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48244-2005Apr12.html | title=Maurice R. Hilleman dies; created vaccines | work=Wash. Post | access-date=2014-01-09 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020102622/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48244-2005Apr12.html | archive-date=2012-10-20 }}{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Imithelela emibi===

Ukugoma kwabantwana kuphephile.&lt;ref name=Mag2014&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Maglione MA, Das L, Raaen L, Smith A, Chari R, Newberry S, Shanman R, Perry T, Goetz MB, Gidengil C | title = Safety of vaccines used for routine immunization of U.S. children: a systematic review | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 134 | issue = 2 | pages = 325–37 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 25086160 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2014-1079 | url = http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2f93s53t | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Imithelela emibi ijwayele ukuba mncane.&lt;ref name=CDC2013&gt;{{cite web|title=Possible Side-effects from Vaccines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/side-effects.htm|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=24 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317050028/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/side-effects.htm|archive-date=17 March 2017|date=2018-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imithelela ijwayele ukuba imfiva, ubuhlungu endaweni yokujova, kanye nezinhlungu zomsipha. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013&quot; /&gt;

Imithelela emibi kakhulu ayijwayelekile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mag2014&quot; /&gt;

===Izinhlobo===

Imithi yomgomo yakhiwe ngezincezu zamagciwane.

Ziningi izihlobo ezisetshenziswayo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/vaccines/Pages/typesVaccines.aspx|title = Vaccine Types|publisher = [[NIAID|National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]]|date = 2012-04-03|access-date = 2015-01-27|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905205720/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/vaccines/Pages/typesVaccines.aspx|archive-date = 2015-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Okucishiwe===

Kukhona imithi yomgomo eyakhiwe ngamagciwane acishiwe kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali,
ukushisa, noma imisebe endmandla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types/index.html|title=Types of Vaccines | date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729161636/https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types/index.html|archive-date=2017-07-29|url-status=live|access-date=October 19, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imizekelo kungabalwa kuyo imithi yokugoma elwa nezifo ezifana ne-polio, hepatitis A, amarabi, kanye nomkhuhlane.&lt;ref name=&quot;historyofvaccines.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/different-types-vaccines|title=Different Types of Vaccines {{!}} History of Vaccines|website=www.historyofvaccines.org|access-date=2019-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Okuncishisiwe===

Kukhona imithi yomgomo enamagciwane aphilayo, ancishisiwe. Le nhlobo yomgomo yenza
umzimba ube namandla anyukile ukulwa nezifo kodwa awuphephile ukusetshenziswa kubantu
abamasosha omzimba abuthaka.

===Obekunobuthi===
Kukhona indlela yokuthatha into ewubuthi, bucishwe ubuthi bayo ukuze kwakhiwe ngayo umuthi yomgomo obizwa nge-toxoid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/different-types-vaccines|title=Different Types of Vaccines {{!}} History of Vaccines|website=www.historyofvaccines.org|access-date=2019-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Okuyingxenye===

Kukhona umuthi wokugoma owakhiwa ngengxenye yegciwane thizeni ukuze
kuzoqeqesheka amasosha omzimba.

===Okuhlangene===

Kukhona amagciwane ambozwe ngento okuthiwa i-polysaccharide edala ukuthi ifihleke
kumasosha omzimba. Abacwaningi bakwazi ukuthatha i-polysaccharide emboze igciwane
ayihlanganise neprotheni thizeni ezokwenza ukuthi amasosha omzimba akwazi ukulibona
igciwane.

===Imizamo emisha===

Miningi imithi yomgomo emisha eqanjwayo kumanje.
Yize imithi yokugoma eminingi yakhiwa kusetshenziswa amagciwane abulewe kanye
nezingxenye zamanye amagciwane, kukhona imithi yokugoma eyokwenziwa eyakhiwe ngezinto
ezingatholakazi emvelweni.

===I-valence===
Imithi yokugoma ingaba isimo sokuba-monovalant noma ibe multivalant. Umuthi wokugoma one
simo sokuba-monovalant wakhelwe ukuthi ulwe nomazisi wegciwane elilodwa noma igciwane
elilodwa. Umuthi wokugoma one simo sokuba-multivalant ukwazi ukubona ilwe namagciwane
amaningi.

===I-Heterotypic===
Kukhona imithi yokugoma eyakhiwa ngokusebenzisa amagciwane aqhamuka ezilwaneni ukuze
asetshenziswe kumuntu noma olunye uhlobo lwesilwane.

====Ukuqeqesha amasosha omzimba====
Uma amasosha omzimba athola umuthi wokugoma egazini awubona njengento eqhamuka ngaphandle komzimba, ayibulale bese “ayayikhumbula”. Uma sekufika igciwane langempela
emzimbeni, amasosha omzimba ayakwazi ukukhumbulu bese:
# Ayalibulala igciwane ngaphambi kokuthi litholane nezithwana zomzimba;
# Ayalibona igciwane abulale lona kanye nesithwana somzimba lapho igciwane selingene khona.

====Okusizayo kanye nokugcinayo====
Imithi yokugoma ijwayele ukuhlanganisa nezinto ezisiza ukugoma eziqinisa amasosha omzimba.
Kuyenzeka ukuthi imithi yokugoma ixutshwe nezinto ezenza ukuthi umuthi ugcineke ungaboli
uma uhlaselwa amanye amagciwane kanye nesikhunta.

====Uhlelo====
Kufuneka ukuthi abantwana bathole umgomo ngesikhathi lapho khona imizimba yabo isikwazi
isikwazi ukuba namasosha omzimba “anamandla aphelele”. Lokhu kuhambisana nohlelo
lokugoma oluyinkimbinkimbi.
Miningi imithi yokugoma ehambisana nezigaba zokukhula komuntu mpilo yonke. Umzekelo,
isimungumungwana, i-tetanus, umkhuhlane, kanye nenyumoniya. Kuvamise ukuthi imithi
yokugoma enikwa abantu asebekhulile kakhulu ibhekane nenyumoniya kanye nomkhuhlane.

====Umlando====
Ngaphambi kokuthi kube khona imithi yokugoma enamacezu aqhamuka kwingxibongo yezinkomo, abantu babekwazi ukuthelelelana ngamabomu ngegciwane lengxibongo. Kunobufakazi emlandweni obutshengisa ukuthi izwe laseShayina laseliqalile ukugomela ingxibongo eminyakeni engu-1000 edlule.&lt;ref name=&quot;needham volume 6 part 6 154&quot;&gt;Needham, Joseph. (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.154&lt;/ref&gt;

Eminyakeni yangama-1760s, u- Edward Jenner wathola ukuthi abantu abasengayo kwakungenzeki ukuthi bathole ingxibongo ngoba basebetheleleke ngengxibongo yezinkomo.
Ngonyaka ka 1796, u-Jenner wabuka ukhunta oluqhamuka esandleni somuntu osengayo otheleleke ngengxibongo yezinkomo, waluhlikihla esandleni somfana oneminyaka eyisi-8 okwatholakala ukuthi usegomekile ekutholeni ingxibongo emva kwamaviki ayisi-6. Kwatholala ukuthi akayitholanga ingxobongo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stern-Markel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Stern AM, Markel H | title = The history of vaccines and immunization: familiar patterns, unew challenges | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_health-affairs_may-june-2005_24_3/page/n26 | journal = Health Affairs | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 611–21 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15886151 | doi = 10.1377/hlthaff.24.3.611 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Dunn&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Dunn PM | title = Dr Edward Jenner (1749-1823) of Berkeley, and vaccination against smallpox | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition | volume = 74 | issue = 1 | pages = F77-8 | date = January 1996 | pmid = 8653442 | pmc = 2528332 | doi = 10.1136/fn.74.1.F77 | url = http://fn.bmjjournals.com/content/74/1/F77.full.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110708080506/http://fn.bmjjournals.com/content/74/1/F77.full.pdf | archive-date = 2011-07-08 | access-date = 2020-06-14 | archivedate = 2011-07-08 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110708080506/http://fn.bmjjournals.com/content/74/1/F77.full.pdf | deadurl = yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

U-Jenner waqhubeka nalolucwaningo kwathi ngonyaka ka-1798 wabika ukuthi umuthi wakhe wokugoma usebenza ngokuphelile ezinganeni nakwabadala. Isizukulwane salomuthi wokugoma saqhamuka ngeminyaka yama-1800 ngu-Louis Pasteur.

Iminyaka yama-1900 yabona ukuqala kwemithi yokugoma eminingi, okubalwa kuyo imithi elwa ne-diphtheria, isimungumungwana, i-mumps, kanye ne-rubella. Kwa igxathu elikhulu ukutholakala komgomo we-polio ngeminyaka yo-1950 lapho okwaphinde kwanqotshwa khona ingxibongo eminyakeni yo-1960 no-1970. u-Maurice Hilleman waba nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni yalemigomo.

Ukwakhiwa kwamakhambi okugoma amaningi kuze kube manje ime ngokuxhaswa uhulumeni, izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme kanye nabasizi bomphakathi abazimele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Olesen OF, Lonnroth A, Mulligan B | title = Human vaccine research in the European Union | journal = Vaccine | volume = 27 | issue = 5 | pages = 640–5 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19059446 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.064 | pmc = 7115654 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Amakhambi okugoma
amaningi awabizanga kakhulu aphinde asiza abezempilo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jit M, Newall AT, Beutels P | title = Key issues for estimating the impact and cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination strategies | journal = Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 834–40 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23357859 | pmc = 3903903 | doi = 10.4161/hv.23637 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhambi okugoma kunyuke kakhulu eminyakeni eyedlule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Newall AT, Reyes JF, Wood JG, McIntyre P, Menzies R, Beutels P | title = Economic evaluations of implemented vaccination programmes: key methodological challenges in retrospective analyses | journal = Vaccine | volume = 32 | issue = 7 | pages = 759–65 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24295806 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.067 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugonywa kwezilwane kusiza ukuthi zingatholi izifo nokuthi zingatheleli abantu ngezifo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roser|first=Max|last2=Vanderslott|first2=Samantha|date=2013-05-10|title=Vaccination|url=https://ourworldindata.org/vaccination|journal=Our World in Data}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Amadokodo okuqamba====
Ukufaka idokodo lokuqamba ikhambi lokugoma kungaba ingqinamba ekuqanjweni kwamakambi okugoma amasha ngenxa yokuthi lawa madokodo awavikelekile kahle. Ukwenziwa
kwamadokodo kwenzelwa ukuthi ligcineke liyimfihlo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hardman Reis T |title= The role of intellectual property in the global challenge for immunization |journal= J World Intellect Prop |year=2006 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=413–25 |doi=10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00284.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Isigungu sezempilo umhlaba wonke i-WHO ithi into evimba ukuthi kwenziwe amakhambi okugoma emazweni azathuthuka imali, izinsiza kusebenza nabasebenzi abawaziyo umsebenzi.

====Izindlela zokuthumela====

Ukuthuuthukiswa kwezindlela ezintsha zokuthumela izinto, kunyusa ithemba lokwakhuwa kwamakhambi okugoma azothunyelwa ngokuphepha bese eyasetshenziswa.
Izindlela ezincomekayo zokunikwa kwabantu abakhambi okugoma abala imigomo ethathwa
ngomlomo. Ikhambi lokugoma elithathwa ngomlomo labonakala lisebenziseka kalula uma lisetshenziswa abasebenzi abangaqeqeshiwe.
Ikhambi lokugoma elingasebinzisi umjovo&lt;ref&gt;[[World Health Organization|WHO]] to trial Nanopatch needle-free delivery system| [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]], 16 Sep 2014| {{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-16/vaxxas-says-needle-free-polio-vaccine-a-game-changer/5748072 |title=Needle-free polio vaccine a 'game-changer' |access-date=2015-09-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402210010/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-16/vaxxas-says-needle-free-polio-vaccine-a-game-changer/5748072 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |date=2014-09-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; lisahlolwa ngezilwane okwamanje.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Australian scientists develop 'needle-free' vaccination|url=http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/needleless-trial-set-for-start-20130417-2i0qw.html|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=18 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925012246/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/needleless-trial-set-for-start-20130417-2i0qw.html|archive-date=25 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.brw.com.au/p/tech-gadgets/brisbane_nanopatch_the_reverse_brain_DPyEGHC1ih6919r8X37SdO |website=Business Review Weekly |title=Vaxxas raises $25m to take Brisbane's Nanopatch global |access-date=2015-03-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316002836/http://www.brw.com.au/p/tech-gadgets/brisbane_nanopatch_the_reverse_brain_DPyEGHC1ih6919r8X37SdO |archive-date=2015-03-16 |date=2015-02-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwakhiwe istembu esincane esifanisa nebhandishi elinamathelayo esinama-microscopic projections angu-20 000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Australian scientists develop 'needle-free' vaccination|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/australian-scientists-develop-needlefree-vaccination/article2493365.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 September 2011|location=Chennai, India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101162738/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/australian-scientists-develop-needlefree-vaccination/article2493365.ece|archive-date=1 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Imikhuba====
Ukwakhiwa kwamakhambi omgomo kunemikhuba ejwayelekile:&lt;ref name=Plotkin&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Plotkin SA | title = Vaccines: past, present and future | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 4 Suppl | pages = S5-11 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15812490 | doi = 10.1038/nm1209 | pmc = 7095920 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Imigomo eminingi ibibhekiswe ebantwaneni kodwa manje sekubhekwe abasha nabadala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plotkin&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | vauthors = Carlson B | year=2008 | title=Adults now drive growth of vaccine market | work=Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News | volume=28 | issue=11 | pages=22–3 | url=http://www.genengnews.com/gen-articles/adults-now-drive-growth-of-vaccine-market/2490/ | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110004822/http://www.genengnews.com/gen-articles/adults-now-drive-growth-of-vaccine-market/2490/ | archive-date=2014-01-10 }}{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ukuxutshwa kwamakhambi okugoma sekuyinto ejwayelekayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plotkin&quot; /&gt; 
* Kubhekwa ezinye izindlela zokunika abantu imigomo
* Amakhambi akhandelwa ukuthi agqugquzele amashosha omzimba angaphakathi nashintshashintshayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plotkin&quot; /&gt; 
* Kunemizamo eyenziwayo ukuze kwakhiwe ikhambi lokugomela izifo ezibucayi kakhulu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plotkin&quot; /&gt; 
* Kukhona amakhambi okugoma akhandelwa ukuvikela ekuhlaselweni ngemithi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plotkin&quot; /&gt; 
* Ososayensi bazama ukwakha amakhambi okugoma okuzenzela ngokusebenzisa ingaphandle legciwane. Lokhu kuzosisa kubantu abangalizweli ikhambi lokugoma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url = http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/03/28/world/safer-vaccine-created-without-virus/#.VcLHxGCPKM_|title = Safer vaccine created without virus|last = Staff|date = 28 March 2013|work = [[Jpn. Times|The Japan Times]]|access-date = 2013-03-28|via = |agency = Agence France-Presse – Jiji Press|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130330142043/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/03/28/world/safer-vaccine-created-without-virus/#.VcLHxGCPKM_|archive-date = 30 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Imithombo===
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>3a55qij5px1my442lz7tmovuvlbah70</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:GerardM/Ghanese hospitals</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>12673</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127133</id>
      <parentid>126293</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T00:29:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>10758</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>127133</origin>
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      <text bytes="43419" sha1="jzw01rm0lvnbqnrthgbix92a40n38n6" xml:space="preserve">{{Wikidata list
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{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! In administrative entity
! Geo Coordinate
! Image
! Locator map image
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5061762|Central Regional Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| {{Coord|5.133201|-1.266|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7309070|Wa Regional Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| {{Coord|10.087306|-2.5215|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7309217|Regional hospitals of Ghana]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30279986|Holy Family Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64576107|sanatorium in Ghana]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64576134|Gold Coast Hospital, Accra]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64576135|Aburi sanatorium]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64576174|Colonial hospital, Accra]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64576176|District Hospital Akatsi]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| {{Coord|6.128802|0.798548|display=inline}}
| [[File:Akatsi District Hospital 1.jpeg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64576181|Maamobi Polyclinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| {{Coord|5.59143|-0.19903|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107733791|Accra Medical Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| {{Coord|5.56887|-0.185997|display=inline}}
| [[File:Accra Medical Centre 8.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107734363|Police Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| {{Coord|5.568731|-0.181614|display=inline}}
| [[File:Police Hospital 3.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110751910|Holy Family Teaching Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| {{Coord|7.618345|-1.933855|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110894332|West Mamprusi District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110894386|Karaga District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110894436|Lawra Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q115023837|St. Gregory's Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q115907502|Abana hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116234577|Nanumba North District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| {{Coord|8.85797|0.05519|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118742058|Ellembelle District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118742112|Nsoatre District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118742475|Bunkpurugu-Nanton District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118742530|Jomoro District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118742839|Atwima mponua District hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118742947|Brong Ahafo Regional Psychiatric Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118743033|Kintampo south District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118743153|Manhyia Palace Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118743166|St. Peter's Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| {{Coord|6.349471|-1.673681|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118743267|Nkoranza North District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118743498|Dormaa Municipal hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118743507|Pru East District hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118743729|Atwima kwanwoma district hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118743731|Berekum Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118743778|Pru West District hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118743806|Brong Ahafo Regional eye clinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744003|Jaman North District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744054|Sene Wast District hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744065|Jaman South District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744080|St. Francis Xavier Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744085|Holy Family Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744097|Sene East District hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744105|Tano North District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744108|Calvary Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744139|Ridge Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744152|Nhyiaeso Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744160|Q118744160]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744164|Lighthouse Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744171|Faith Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744176|Nalerigu teaching hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744220|Herbal Technology Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744235|Offinso Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744249|Bengali Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| {{Coord|5.66734|-0.019579|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744258|Sissala East District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744265|Jomoro polyclinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744272|Sissala West District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744279|Builsa South District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744289|Aflao Government Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744291|Hohoe Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744304|Keta Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744351|Sissala  West District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744361|Vhedzi Traditional Council Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744396|Nkoranza North Municipal Hosp]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744438|Zabzugu District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744475|Daffiama -Bussie-Issa District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744506|Tolon District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744525|Nadowli District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744621|Kumbungu District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744822|Nanumba South District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744848|Gushiegu District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744850|Jirapa District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744872|Nanumba  North District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744889|East Mamprusi District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744959|Nandom District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744985|East Gonja District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118745011|Sawla-Tuna-Kalba District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118745255|Bunkpurugu-Yunyoo District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118746631|Twifo-Herman-Lower Denkyira Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118746647|Mfantsiman Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118746662|Gino’s East Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118746678|Asikuma-Odoben-Brakwa Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118746699|Gomoa West Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118746714|Nkoranza Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118749089|Takoradi Pharmacy]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118749463|Sekondi Pharmacy]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118749821|Axim Pharmacy]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118770437|Wassa Amenfi East Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118772064|Wassa Amenfi Central Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118773292|Sekondi Takoradi Metropolitan Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118774593|Takoradi Teaching Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118779714|Ekumfi Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118779741|Abura-Asebu-kwamankese District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118779812|Asunafo North Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118779819|Catholic Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118779846|Evangelical Presbyterian Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118779851|Sutifi North District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118779881|Lifeline Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118779916|At.Francis Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118792974|Wassa Amenfi West Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118793148|Ellembelle Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118793174|Koforidua Teaching Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118793181|Akim Oda Government Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118793293|Vivian I-Anhwiaso-Bekwai Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118793297|Tarkwa Nsuaem Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118798649|Yendi Government Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118802857|Birim Central Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118803453|Yilo Krobo Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118803834|Asuogyaman Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118804134|Akuapim North Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118804416|Akuapim South Municipal  Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118804930|Atiwa District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118829405|Kwahu East District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118829965|Kwahu West District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118830530|Akyem Abuakwa South District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118839148|Salaga District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118847690|Bibiani -Anhwiaso-Bekwai Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118850653|Wast Gonja District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118877699|Twifo-Heman-Lower Denkyira Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118877768|Gomoa East Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118958757|Asutifi North District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120061551|University of Education, Winneba, hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| {{Coord|5.370284|-0.629565|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q121359412|Weta District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| {{Coord|6.100901|0.976224|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q130457581|Bawjiase Polyclinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| 
| {{Coord|5.685462|-0.551745|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140450405|St. Martin's Memorial Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q55566711|Ablekuma North Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.57936|-0.273375|display=inline}}
| [[File:St. Martins Memorial Hospital, Odorkor (IMG 7111).jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20088939|Greater Accra Regional Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q284556|Accra Metropolitan District]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q431729|Greater Accra Region]]''
| {{Coord|5.561618|-0.198676|display=inline}}
| [[File:Ridge Hospital Accra.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110555349|The Trust Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q284556|Accra Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.560995|-0.187143|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110826752|Impact Medical and Diagnostic Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q284556|Accra Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.570643|-0.201514|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110826994|Achimota Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q284556|Accra Metropolitan District]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q106638847|Okaikwei North Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.629758|-0.217016|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110827041|Hill Top Surgical Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q284556|Accra Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.611566|-0.299557|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110827051|Airport Women's Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q284556|Accra Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.617884|-0.178866|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110843840|C&amp;J General Hospital (Ghana)]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q284556|Accra Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.629983|-0.06814|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110844165|Prime Care Medical Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q284556|Accra Metropolitan District]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3761|i-Accra]]''
| {{Coord|5.561156|-0.246771|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110845821|Justab Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q284556|Accra Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.533593|-0.429337|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110845868|Atta Quarshie Memorial Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q284556|Accra Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.55963|-0.212851|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110845914|Efah Victory Clinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q284556|Accra Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.630925|-0.091767|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110845936|North Legon Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q284556|Accra Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.669442|-0.182474|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110867752|Bemuah Royal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q284556|Accra Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.645967|-0.156963|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q138839902|Accra Psychiatric Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q284556|Accra Metropolitan District]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q431729|Greater Accra Region]]''
| {{Coord|5.56334|-0.20459|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30688554|Kumasi Military Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q30688556|Afari]]''
| {{Coord|6.684806|-1.789677|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20047291|Tetteh Quarshie Memorial Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q4701922|Akuapim-Mampong]]''
| {{Coord|5.9216|-0.133|display=inline}}
| [[File:TQuarshieMemHospSouthWest.png|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110659130|Akormaa Memorial SDA Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q425533|Amansie West District]]''
| {{Coord|6.439755|-1.538422|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110659581|Juaso District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q720966|Asante Akim South District]]''
| {{Coord|6.592549|-1.121253|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6428308|Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q398417|Ashanti Region]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q740294|Kumasi Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|6.697479|-1.63169|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110659075|SDA Hospital-Wiamoase]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q398417|Ashanti Region]]''
| {{Coord|7.052414|-1.518659|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110659198|Asafo-Agyei Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q398417|Ashanti Region]]''
| {{Coord|6.641984|-1.618906|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118742321|Okomfo Anokye Teaching  Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q398417|Ashanti Region]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118743480|Kumasi South Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q398417|Ashanti Region]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744112|Kwame Nkrumah  University of Science and technology Medical Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q398417|Ashanti Region]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744117|Nsuta hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q398417|Ashanti Region]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15045457|Nsuta]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744148|OKomfo Anokye Teaching Hospital  Plyclinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q398417|Ashanti Region]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744169|St.Patrick's Hospital Polyclinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q398417|Ashanti Region]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744185|Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and technology Polyclinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q398417|Ashanti Region]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744201|Manhyia Palace  Hospital Polyclinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q398417|Ashanti Region]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120646982|Aburaso Methodist Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q398417|Ashanti Region]]''
| {{Coord|6.665091|-1.673065|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120648387|Royal Ash Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q398417|Ashanti Region]]''
| {{Coord|6.664908|-1.672747|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140345057|Mampong Government Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q398417|Ashanti Region]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1785381|Mampong Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|7.04228|-1.40652|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110751672|Municipal Hospital, Goaso]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q752417|Asunafo North Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|6.802163|-2.514834|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110826088|Sankore Health Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q752420|Asunafo South District]]''
| {{Coord|6.503081|-2.501657|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110826061|Acherensua Government Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q752527|Asutifi District]]''
| {{Coord|6.980282|-2.29694|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110826697|Kwahu Government Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q4815760|Atibie]]''
| {{Coord|6.580094|-0.733637|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110659360|Frimpong-Boateng Medical Center]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q2646829|Atwima Nwabiagya Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|6.661502|-1.820525|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q139957457|Mother and Child Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q55604571|Awutu Senya East Municipal District]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q846323|Central Region]]''
| {{Coord|5.61606|-0.773686|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64548970|Hospital in Ghana]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q792509|Axim]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16733301|37 Military Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q55566994|Ayawaso East Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.58858|-0.183246|display=inline}}
| [[File:37 Military Hospital Sign Post.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55636721|University of Ghana Medical Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q55567033|Ayawaso West Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.63247|-0.18546|display=inline}}
| [[File:University of Ghana Medical Centre 07.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q122871962|Bawku Presby Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q812036|Bawku]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q477813|Bawku Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|11.060126|-0.232968|display=inline}}
| [[File:Bawku, Ghana - panoramio.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110894407|Zebilla Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q107622257|Bawku West]]''
| {{Coord|10.93757|-0.474938|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110929982|Bibiani Government Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q856281|Bibiani/Anhwiaso/Bekwai Municipal Assembly]]''
| {{Coord|6.2752|-2.263|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140344262|Holy Family Hospital Techiman]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q60764358|Bono East Region]]''
| {{Coord|7.58271|-1.93382|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110659497|Janie Speaks AME Zion Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q688682|Bosomtwe District]]''
| {{Coord|7.408116|-1.962386|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110894400|Sandema Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q15620043|Builsa]]''
| {{Coord|10.733428|-1.287881|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110868227|Binde Medical Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q631255|Bunkpurugu-Yunyoo District]]''
| {{Coord|10.565574|-0.02901|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16734213|University of Cape Coast Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q221283|Cape Coast]]''
| {{Coord|5.105335|-1.282972|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140918992|Ewim Government Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q221283|Cape Coast]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110826684|Pakphase Medical Center]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q922863|Cape Coast Metropolitan District]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140332077|St. Gregory Catholic Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q846323|Central Region]]''
| {{Coord|5.523889|-0.475278|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140334410|Our Lady of Grace Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q846323|Central Region]]''
| {{Coord|5.58053|-0.99615|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q115907448|Chereponi hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q5091888|Chereponi District]]''
| {{Coord|10.130871|0.286627|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112033217|Dallung clinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q68653366|Dallung Community Library]]''
| {{Coord|9.630422|-1.009268|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110827072|Dodowa District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q104901433|Dangme West District]]''
| {{Coord|5.886222|-0.092757|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110931396|Nana Hima Dekyi Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q1231673|Dixcove]]''
| {{Coord|4.849|-2.0273|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118742838|Euracare Diagnostic and Heart Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q20630214|East Legon]]''
| {{Coord|5.570688|-0.176503|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118743487|Cocos Orthopaedics]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q20630214|East Legon]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124334647|St. Dominic Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q405670|Eastern Region]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q55561076|Denkyembour District]]''
| {{Coord|6.047656|-0.798456|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7590037|St. Martin Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q5349276|Eikwe]]''
| {{Coord|4.965213|-2.469751|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110659327|Ejisu Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q1321974|Ejisu-Juaben Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|6.720961|-1.470349|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110659353|Ejura Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q688667|Ejura/Sekyedumase Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|7.389292|-1.351032|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110843719|Abokobi District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q2553691|Ga East Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.733333|-0.2|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110846215|New Ashongman Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q2553691|Ga East Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.685473|-0.231491|display=inline}}
| [[File:The Community Hospital, Ashongman Estate.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110867839|A&amp;A Medlove Medical Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q2553691|Ga East Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.71551|-0.204422|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140164654|Ga East Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q2553691|Ga East Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.673171|-0.229254|display=inline}}
| [[File:Ga East Municipal Hospital- Entrance.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110845998|St John's Hospital &amp; Fertility Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q65121877|Ga North Municipal District]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q431729|Greater Accra Region]]''
| {{Coord|5.645578|-0.247606|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110843639|Finney Hospital and Fertility Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q5515198|Ga South Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.550631|-0.355719|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110868213|Aneeja Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q2553740|Ga West Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.641741|-0.259927|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20538207|University of Ghana Teaching Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q431729|Greater Accra Region]]''
| {{Coord|5.632335|-0.185922|display=inline}}
| [[File:Emergency Center - UGMC.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q59938292|Manna Mission Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q431729|Greater Accra Region]]''
| {{Coord|5.6071|-0.1087|display=inline}}
| [[File:Manna Mission Hospital.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107142333|Nyaho Medical Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q431729|Greater Accra Region]]''
| {{Coord|5.618083|-0.186041|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q135233435|Oduman Polyclinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q431729|Greater Accra Region]]''
| {{Coord|5.641806|-0.330389|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140267697|Tema Women’s Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q431729|Greater Accra Region]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2723511|Tema Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.654|0.018|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140267999|Pentecost Hospital Madina]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q431729|Greater Accra Region]]''
| {{Coord|5.66415|-0.15719|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140288289|Cocoa Clinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q431729|Greater Accra Region]]''
| {{Coord|5.571944|-0.236389|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7309069|Ho Teaching Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q615006|Ho]]''
| {{Coord|6.60126|0.48404|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110916023|Hohoe District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q2314574|Hohoe Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|7.0497|0.4125|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6432357|Korle - Bu Teaching Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q3761|i-Accra]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4668085|Ablekuma South]]''
| {{Coord|5.537833|-0.227408|display=inline}}
| [[File:Korle-Bu hospital.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118780449|Q118780449]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q3761|i-Accra]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118854293|Vicom specialist hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q3761|i-Accra]]''
| {{Coord|5.551118|-0.265573|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118878154|Yeboah hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q3761|i-Accra]]''
| {{Coord|5.63257|-0.152271|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118900005|Otobia memorial hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q3761|i-Accra]]''
| {{Coord|5.612562|-0.224963|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118900746|OEL International hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q3761|i-Accra]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118901119|Kind David hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q3761|i-Accra]]''
| {{Coord|5.593567|-0.206099|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118901424|Methedist hospital,ankaase]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q3761|i-Accra]]''
| {{Coord|6.848151|-1.549431|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118902557|True vine hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q3761|i-Accra]]''
| {{Coord|6.66687|-1.616303|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110916062|Jasikan District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q1432676|Jasikan District]]''
| {{Coord|7.4055|0.4597|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110916073|Worawora District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q1432676|Jasikan District]]''
| {{Coord|7.4055|0.4597|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744598|Jirapa district hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q6202983|Jirapa]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744901|Jirapa district hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q6202983|Jirapa]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110916028|Keta District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q1432726|Keta Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.9403|0.8675|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110915876|Ketu South Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q16733720|Ketu South Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|6.11738|1.180057|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110929921|Central Aflao Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q16733720|Ketu South Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|6.1518|0.9821|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118743581|Akyem Abuakwa North district hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q6404011|Kibi]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140919004|Kibi Government Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q6404011|Kibi]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q405670|Eastern Region]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5330410|Eastern Regional Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q406358|Koforidua]]''
| {{Coord|6.09766|-0.2572|display=inline}}
| [[File:Koforidua Central Hospital.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744084|Eastern Reginal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q406358|Koforidua]]''
| {{Coord|6.097557|-0.25642|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744120|St Josephs hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q406358|Koforidua]]''
| {{Coord|6.101466|-0.272634|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110894377|Kpandai District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q6435710|Kpandai District]]''
| {{Coord|8.460167|-0.011402|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110915883|Anfoega Catholic Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q2405656|Kpando Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|6.9906|0.2949|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110916034|Margret Marquart Catholic Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q2405656|Kpando Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|6.9906|0.2949|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7985093|West End Hospital, Kumasi]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q182059|Kumasi]]''
| {{Coord|6.683546|-1.643985|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118780362|Hospi]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q182059|Kumasi]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118780631|Trinity health hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q182059|Kumasi]]''
| {{Coord|6.752611|-1.583471|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118780684|County hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q182059|Kumasi]]''
| {{Coord|6.744637|-1.660208|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118780718|City hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q182059|Kumasi]]''
| {{Coord|6.689917|-1.605303|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118780751|Kumasi south hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q182059|Kumasi]]''
| {{Coord|6.744633|-1.566255|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118854297|Tophill hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q182059|Kumasi]]''
| {{Coord|6.760246|-1.647226|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118854310|Global evangelical mission hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q182059|Kumasi]]''
| {{Coord|6.669528|-1.494354|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118876921|Mater die hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q182059|Kumasi]]''
| {{Coord|6.673328|-1.641662|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118878183|Tofo hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q182059|Kumasi]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118878417|Meter die hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q182059|Kumasi]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140438053|KNUST Teaching Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q182059|Kumasi]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q398417|Ashanti Region]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110659484|Asafo-Boakye Specialist Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q740294|Kumasi Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|6.628255|-1.647859|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110659679|Kokofu Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q740294|Kumasi Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|6.499092|-1.523114|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110659828|Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q740294|Kumasi Metropolitan District]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110751495|Pima hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q740294|Kumasi Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|6.747139|-1.592472|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110751547|Suntresu Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q740294|Kumasi Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|6.702622|-1.642169|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136305115|Dalung clinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q20855070|Kumbungu District]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65067984|Donkorkrom Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q55565966|Kwahu Afram Plains South District]]''
| {{Coord|7.048636|-0.076785|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q59882197|La General Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q48796194|La-Dade-Kotopon Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.5557|-0.1666|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q92826507|The Bank Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q48796194|La-Dade-Kotopon Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.58513|-0.162|display=inline}}
| [[File:The Bank Hospital 01.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744547|Lawra district hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q3828119|Lawra]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140919031|Lawra Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q55616652|Lawra Constituency]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q715805|Upper West Region]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125464154|Atua Government Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q6693593|Lower Manya Krobo Municipal District]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125464311|St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Agormanya]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q6693593|Lower Manya Krobo Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|6.144167|0.015|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744094|Mampong Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q992747|Mampong]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110657717|Mercy Women's Catholic Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q6750511|Mankessim]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q846323|Central Region]]''
| {{Coord|5.265611|-1.007694|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110894412|Ahmadiyya Muslim Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q1315544|Nadowli-Kaleo District]]''
| {{Coord|6.509933|-1.536537|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110894440|Nadowli Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q1315544|Nadowli-Kaleo District]]''
| {{Coord|10.361616|-2.657594|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110894442|Nandom Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q55579382|Nandom Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|10.838444|-2.772294|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125498599|Nanton Health Center]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q65121881|Nanton District]]''
| {{Coord|9.55031|-0.73087|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125498770|Tampion Health Center]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q65121881|Nanton District]]''
| {{Coord|9.5812|-0.6764|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125338282|Millennium Health Services]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q3335812|Nanumba North Municipal District]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118878275|St.theresa's hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q1994359|Nkoranza]]''
| {{Coord|7.691942|-1.707287|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110916011|Evangelical Presbyterian Church Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q3531554|North Tongu District]]''
| {{Coord|6.1526|0.3748|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110916051|Adidome Government Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q3531554|North Tongu District]]''
| {{Coord|6.1526|0.3748|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64576146|Savelugu Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q502215|Northern Region]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q105473441|Savelugu Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|9.61872|-0.8293|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q115794079|Marshal Medical Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q502215|Northern Region]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q25112635|Sagnarigu Municipal District]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q24696637|Gurugu]]''
| {{Coord|9.468699|-0.871299|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744372|Yendi municipal  Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q502215|Northern Region]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q639066|Yendi]]''
| {{Coord|9.4449|-0.0044|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110948852|Saint John of God Hospital (Ghana)]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q991487|Nzema East Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.1388|-2.3814|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110659252|Ashanti Goldfields Company Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q674826|Obuasi Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|6.195313|-1.660502|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110659295|Bryant Mission Hospital (Ghana)]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q674826|Obuasi Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|6.192007|-1.646041|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110843885|Lapaz Community Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q106638847|Okaikwei North Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.608739|-0.253726|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110894307|Saboba Medical Centre, Northeast region]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q106911478|Saboba-Chereponi District]]''
| {{Coord|9.710137|0.318611|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116006605|Ummah Medical Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q25112635|Sagnarigu Municipal District]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q502215|Northern Region]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15229609|Jisonaayili]]''
| {{Coord|9.454216|-0.856299|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125464662|Aisha Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q25112635|Sagnarigu Municipal District]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125467289|The Spinal Clinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q25112635|Sagnarigu Municipal District]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125468028|St Lucy Polyclinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q25112635|Sagnarigu Municipal District]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125468526|Tania Special Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q25112635|Sagnarigu Municipal District]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q134379330|Tamale Technical University Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q25112635|Sagnarigu Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|9.432345|-0.866909|display=inline}}
| [[File:Tamale Technical University Hospital.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140333734|St. Anne's Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q60764352|Savannah Region]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3110546|West Gonja Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|9.0853|-1.81165|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140353735|Salaga Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q60764352|Savannah Region]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q825097|East Gonja Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|8.5505|-0.5197|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110894368|Savelugu Municipal Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q105473441|Savelugu Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|9.619051|-0.829332|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110894371|Bruham Medical Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q105473441|Savelugu Municipal District]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q115647650|Savelugu Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q105473441|Savelugu Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|9.61972|-0.83088|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110929963|Abdul Baki Specialist Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q7447324|Sekondi Takoradi Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|4.9432|-1.7441|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110930041|Sycamore Medical Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q7447324|Sekondi Takoradi Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|4.9432|-1.7441|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110931053|Essikado Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q7447324|Sekondi Takoradi Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|4.9432|-1.7441|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110931358|Nagel Memorial Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q7447324|Sekondi Takoradi Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.641|-2.3814|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5347421|Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q243293|Sekondi-Takoradi]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q7447324|Sekondi Takoradi Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|4.923896|-1.744604|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110659301|Effiduase Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q745202|Sekyere East District]]''
| {{Coord|6.847931|-1.393427|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110915864|Tumu Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q1508154|Sissala East Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|10.877805|-1.98652|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110915867|Virtue Medical Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q1508154|Sissala East Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|10.7049|-1.7539|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110916040|Peki Government Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q3019338|South Dayi District]]''
| {{Coord|6.621|0.187|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110915929|Richard Novati Catholic Hospital (Comboni Centre)]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q1433337|South Tongu District]]''
| {{Coord|6.0252|0.6394|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q130442017|Lucy Memorial Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q20986347|Sowutuom]]''
| {{Coord|5.645244|-0.276835|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110826730|Suhum Government Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q105063214|Suhum Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|6.038169|-0.445759|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110825880|Third Medical Reception Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q1786388|Sunyani Municipal District]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110825938|Owusu Memorial Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q1786388|Sunyani Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|7.326962|-2.332516|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7680590|Tamale Teaching Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q217040|Tamale]]''
| {{Coord|9.3934|-0.82376|display=inline}}
| [[File:Tamale Teaching Hospital 4.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113122586|Tamale Central Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q7680587|Tamale Central]]''
| {{Coord|9.40596|-0.83719|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110868250|Haj Adams Medical Centre]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q240319|Tamale Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|9.402012|-0.846054|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110868263|Habana Medical Service]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q240319|Tamale Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|9.458705|-0.842203|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113107324|Tamale West Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q240319|Tamale Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|9.40372|-0.851413|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125338375|One-Heart Medical Center]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q240319|Tamale Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|13.779837|-1.03061|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125464469|Kabsad Scientific Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q240319|Tamale Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|9.39889|-0.82742|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125467625|Rabito Clinic]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q240319|Tamale Metropolitan District]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118744102|St. Luke's hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q995439|Tarkwa]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110931420|Tarkwa Government Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q7686296|Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.30542|-1.97652|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q133852291|Apinto Government Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q7686296|Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.305857|-1.986278|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30672825|list of hospitals in the Atwima Nwabiagya District]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q964069|Techiman]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110826108|Valley View Adventist Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q957996|Techiman Municipal Assembly]]''
| {{Coord|7.575092|-1.961386|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q98275651|Tema General Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q2723511|Tema Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.6742|-0.0252|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110827066|Narh-Bita Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q2723511|Tema Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.658671|-0.010748|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110845638|Provita Specialist Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q2723511|Tema Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.652387|-0.019882|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110845753|Jubail Specialist Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q2723511|Tema Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.625914|-0.051917|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110846082|Sakumono Community Multiplex Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q2723511|Tema Metropolitan District]]''
| {{Coord|5.591354|-0.319836|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q59881745|Lekma Hostpital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q1062602|Teshie]]''
| {{Coord|5.6031|-0.1202|display=inline}}
| [[File:Lekma Hospital.jpg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110826406|Dunkwa Goldfields Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q15045670|Upper Denkyira West District]]''
| {{Coord|5.963653|-1.776226|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118798652|Bawku Regional Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q712828|Upper East Region]]''
| {{Coord|11.06|-0.24|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110931027|Christina Adcock and Sons Christian Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q2550228|Wassa Amenfi East Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.8111|-1.9099|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110931071|Father Thomas Alan Rooney Memorial Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q765209|Wassa Amenfi West Municipal District]]''
| {{Coord|5.641|-2.3814|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q140919024|Hawa Memorial Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q1432741|West Akim Municipal District]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q405670|Eastern Region]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110894390|Zabzugu Tatale District Hospital]]''
| 
| [[IGana]]
| ''[[:d:Q3574480|Zabzugu-Tatale District]]''
| {{Coord|5.630611|-0.176441|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>jzw01rm0lvnbqnrthgbix92a40n38n6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Edirne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13864</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127079</id>
      <parentid>96774</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T20:22:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>15036</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>127079</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7192" sha1="3dndewwolx5o7ds4db1855o5zfghr8m" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Edirne
| native_name             = Edirne
| native_name_lang        = TR
| settlement_type         = [[Idolobha]]
| image_skyline           = 
| imagesize               =
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = 
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = 
| pushpin_map             = Turkey
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = Indawo ye-Edirne ngaphakathi kweTheki
| pushpin_label_position  = Bottom
| latd=41|latm=40|lats=37|latNS=N
| longd=26|longm=33|longs=20|longEW=E
| coordinates_type        = type:city
| coordinates_display     = inline
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = [[ITheki]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Izifunda zeTheki|Izifunda]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Isifunda saseMarmara|Marmara]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Izifundazwe zaseTheki|Isifundazwe]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Isifundazwe sase-Edirne |Edirne]]
| subdivision_type3       = 
| subdivision_name3       = 
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = 
| government_footnotes    = 
| government_type         = 
| governing_body          = 
| leader_party            = [[w:en:Republican People's Party (Turkey)|CHP]]
| leader_title            = [[w:en:Mayor#Turkey|IMeya]]
| leader_name             = [[w:en:Recep Gürkan|Recep Gürkan]]
| leader_title1           = [[w:en:Wali (governor)#Turkish term|Umbosi]]
| leader_name1            = Dursun Ali Şahin
| leader_title2           = 
| leader_name2            = 
| leader_title3           = 
| leader_name3            = 
| leader_title4           = 
| leader_name4            = 
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = [[Isifundazwe sase-Edirne|Isifundazwe]]
| area_blank2_title       = Idolobha
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 6.098
| area_blank2_km2         = 844
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 42
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_as_of        = 2018
| population_total        = 180.327
| population_density_km2  = 196.7
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset1             = +3
| timezone1_DST           = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = +2
| blank_info              = 22
| blank_name              = [[w:en:Turkish car number plates|Ipuleti lelayisense]]
| postal_code_type        = [[Postal code]]
| postal_code             = 22000
| area_code_type          = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code(s)]]
| area_code               = +90-284
| iso_code                = TR-22
| website                 = {{URL|www.edirne.bel.tr}}
| module                  = 
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''Edirne''' ({{lang-fa|ادرنه}}; {{lang-ar|أدرنة}}; {{lang-el|Αδριανούπολη|Adrianoúpoli}}; {{lang-bg|Одрин|Odrin}}), ngokomlando eyaziwa ngokuthi '''i-Adrianople''' ({{lang-la|Hadrianopolis}}; eyasungulwa [[uMbusi WaseRoma | WaseRoma]] [[uHadrian]] ohlangothini lwesakhiwo sangaphambilini [[seTurachians|seTracacian]] esiqanjwe ngegama ''Uskudama''), ungumuzi osenyakatho-ntshonalanga [[ITheki|Theki]] [[Isifundazwe i-Edirne|Isifundazwe sase-Edirne]] esifundeni se [[i-East Thrace]], eduze komngcele weTurkey [[Umngcele weGeiki-iTheki|imingcele neGreki]] ​​kanye [[Umngcele weBulgariya-Itheki|iBulgariya]]. U-Edirne wasebenza njengenhloko-dolobha ye- [[Umbuso wase-Ottoman]] ukusuka ngo-1369 kuya ku-1453,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance.&quot; [http://www.kultur.gov.tr/–EN,33810/ottoman-capital-bursa.html ''Ottoman Capital Bursa'']. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 19 December 2014. Contradicted by refs cited in [[Conquest of Adrianople]]&lt;/ref&gt; ngaphambi kuka [[Ottoman Constantinople|Constantinople]] (namuhla [[Istanbul]]), [[Ukuwa kweConstantinople|kwaba]] inhlokodolobha yesine neyokugcina phakathi kuka-1453 no-1922. Inani labantu ababalelwa kuleli dolobha ngonyaka we-2014 lalingama-165,979.

== I-Etymology ==

== Umlando ==

=== I-Antiquity ===

=== Isikhathi seNkathi Yomusa ===

=== Isikhathi sanamuhla ===

== Umlando we-Orthodoxastical ==

== Ukuma komhlaba ==

=== Isimo sezulu ===

== Umnotho ==

== Odadewethu amadolobha ==

== Abantu abaphawulekile ==

== Izinkomba ==
{{reflist}}

== Ukuqhubeka kokufunda ==
*{{cite book | last=Gökbilgin | first=M. Tayyib | year=1991 | chapter=Edirne | title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 2 | edition=2nd | publisher=Brill | place=Leiden | pages=683–686 | isbn=90-04-07026-5 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/02.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.LewPelScha.etc.UndPatIUA.v2.C-G.4th.Leid.EJBrill.1965.1991.#page/n709/mode/1up }}
*{{cite journal|author=Wasti, Syed Tanvir|title=The 1912-13 Balkan Wars and the Siege of Edirne |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2004-07_40_4/page/59|journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies]]|volume=40|issue=4|date=July 2004|pages=59–78|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis, Ltd.]]|jstor=4289928|doi=10.1080/00263200410001700310}}
*{{cite journal|author=Yerolympous, Alexandra|url=https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/viewFile/2539/2563|title=A Contribution to the Topography of 19th Century Adrianople|journal=[[Balkan Studies]]|pages=49–72|access-date=2020-07-25|archivedate=2019-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719230510/https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/viewFile/2539/2563|deadurl=yes}}

== Izixhumanisi ezingaphandle ==
{{commons|Edirne}}
* [http://www.edirne.bel.tr/ www.edirne.bel.tr]

[[Category:ITheki]]

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  <page>
    <title>Isithembu</title>
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      <text bytes="28635" sha1="n119357q0nril3hc9abcutdjshf051s" xml:space="preserve">'''Isithembu''' (kusuka ku- [[IsiGreki|Late Greek]] {{Lang|grc|πολυγαμία}} , ''Polygamía,'' &quot;isimo somshado ukuba abangane bomshado abaningi&quot; ) umkhuba eshada amaningi owakwakhe . Lapho owesilisa eshade nabafazi abangaphezu koyedwa ngasikhathi sinye, ososayensi bezokuhlalisana kwabantu bakubiza lokhu ngesithembu.Lapho owesifazane eshade nabesilisa abangaphezu koyedwa ngasikhathi, kubizwa nge- polyandry .

Ngokuphambene nesithembu, ukuba nomfazi oyedwa ngumshado oqukethe amaqembu amabili kuphela. Njenge &quot;monogamy&quot;, igama elithi &quot;isithembu&quot; livame ukusetshenziswa ngomqondo we- ''de facto'', lisetshenziswe kungakhathalekile ukuthi umbuso uyabubona yini ubudlelwano. &lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot;&gt;For the extent to which states can and do recognize potentially and actual polygamous forms as valid, see [[Conflict of marriage laws]].&lt;/ref&gt; Ngo sociobiology futhi kwezilwane, abacwaningi babuye basebenzise ''isithembu'' ngomqondo obanzi ukuze kusho noma yiluphi uhlobo amaningi kokuzalela .

Emhlabeni jikelele, imiphakathi eyahlukahlukene iyasikhuthaza, iyasamukela noma isenqabele isithembu. Emiphakathini evumela noma isineke isithembu, ezimweni eziningi ifomu elamukelwayo yi-polygyny. Ngokwe- &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwLw&quot;&gt;Ethnographic Atlas Codebook&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (1998), emiphakathini engu-1 231 ephawuliwe, ama-588 ayenesithembu kaningi, ama-453 ayenesithembu ngezikhathi ezithile, abangu-186 babenomfazi oyedwa kanti abane babene-polyandry – yize ucwaningo lwamuva nje lukhombisa ukuthi i-polyandry ingavela ngokujwayelekile kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili. &lt;ref name=&quot;Starkweather/Hames 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Starkweather|first=Katherine E|title=A Survey of Non-Classical Polyandry}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emasikweni asebenzisa isithembu, ukwanda kwaso kuleso sabantu kuvame ukuhambisana nesimo sekilasi nezomnotho.h

Ngokombono wezomthetho buka, emazweni amaningi, nakuba umthetho ibona imishado monogamous kuphela (umuntu angaba omunye, futhi isithembu akukho emthethweni), ukuphinga akuyona emthethweni, okuholela isimo ''de empeleni waba'' isithembu bavunyelwa, nakuba ngaphandle kokuqashelwa ngokomthetho &quot;kwabashadile&quot; abangekho emthethweni.

Izifundo zesayensi zihlukanisa uhlelo lokukhwelana komuntu njengoluyinkosikazi eyodwa kuphela, ngomkhuba wamasiko wesithembu ngobuncane, osuselwe kokucwaninga kwenani labantu emhlabeni, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Measures of polygyny in humans}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Murdock GP (1981) ''Atlas of World Cultures''. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press&lt;/ref&gt; nasezincwadini zomzimba womuntu wokuzala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Sperm competition: motility and the midpiece in primates}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Sexual selection, seminal coagulation and copulatory plug formation in primates}}
&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite journal|title=Testis weight, body weight and breeding system in primates}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izinhlobo ==
Isithembu sikhona ngezindlela ezintathu eziqondile:

* Ipolygyny, lapho indoda inabafazi abaningi ngasikhathi sinye
* IPolyandry, lapho owesifazane enabayeni abaningi ngasikhathi sinye
* Umshado weqembu, lapho uphiko lomndeni lunabayeni abaningi namakhosikazi amaningi aneminyaka esemthethweni

=== Isithembu sowesifazane ===
 
[[File:Prince_Manga_Bell_and_favorite_wives.jpg|alt=Postcard photo of Prince Manga Bell seated for portrait with four women nearby, possibly late-19th century style|thumb| INkosana Manga Bell namakhosikazi abathandayo]]
Isithembu, umkhuba lapho owesilisa enabafazi abangaphezu koyedwa ngasikhathi sinye, yiyona ndlela ejwayelekile kakhulu yesithembu. Abaningi  emazweni amaSulumane-iningi futhi kwamanye amazwe nge ezincane ezishisiwe Muslim ukwamukela polygyny ukuba extents obuhlukahlukene kokubili ngokomthetho nakutemasiko; amanye amazwe omhlaba afana [[India|neNdiya]] nawo ayemukela ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Umthetho wamaSulumane noma i- ''sharia'' umthetho wezenkolo owenza ingxenye [[Islam|yesiko lamaSulumane]] elivumela isithembu.Kususelwa ezimisweni zenkolo yamaSulumane, ikakhulukazi iQuran nehadith . Ngo -Arabhu, ''i-Shari'ah'' gama libhekisela kuNkulunkulu ka- ( Arabhu : الله Allāh ) ezingeguquleke umthetho waphezulu futhi ziqhathaniswa ''Fiqh'', obhekisela ukutolika zawo ezingabantu yezazi.

I-Polygyny isabalele kakhulu e- [[IAfrika|Afrika]] kunanoma iliphi elinye izwekazi, &lt;ref&gt;Clignet, Remi, ''Many Wives, Many Powers'', Northwestern University Press, Evanston (1970), p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt;ikakhulukazi eNtshonalanga Afrika, kanti ezinye izifundiswa zibona umthelela wokuhweba ngezigqila kumanani wobulili besilisa nabesifazane njengento ebalulekile ekuveleni nase ukuqiniswa kwemikhuba yesithembu ezifundeni zase-Afrika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Henrich|first=Joseph|date=2012-03-05|title=The puzzle of monogamous marriage}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umuntu oyisazi Jack Goody ka- lesifundvo sekucatsanisa umshado emhlabeni wonke sisebenzisa Ethnography Atlas wabonisa ukuhlanganisa zomlando phakathi umkhuba wokusebenzisa olubanzi eshintshashintshayo ukulima futhi isithembu e iningi imiphakathi-sub-Saharan Afrika.Edweba ngomsebenzi ka- Ester Boserup, uGoody uphawula ukuthi ukwehlukaniswa kwabasebenzi ngokobulili kuyahlukahluka phakathi kwezolimo ezilawulwa kakhulu ngabesilisa ezivamile e-Eurasia kanye nokulinywa kwezitshalo okuguquguqukayo okutholakala e-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara. Kwezinye izifunda ezinabantu abambalwa lapho ukulima okushintshayo kwenzeka e-Afrika, abesifazane benza umsebenzi omningi. Lokhu kuvuna imishado yesithembu lapho abesilisa befuna ukulawula ukukhiqizwa kwabesifazane &quot;abaziswa njengabasebenzi nanjengabathwali bezingane&quot;. UGoody, nokho, ubona ukuthi ukuhlangana akuphelele futhi kwehlukile, futhi ubuye axoxe ngezindlela zokulima ezilawulwa kakhulu ngabesilisa yize ziziningi kakhulu njengalezo ezikhona kakhulu eNtshonalanga Afrika, ikakhulukazi e- savanna yaseNtshonalanga Afrika, lapho umsebenzi omningi wezolimo wenziwa khona amadoda, futhi lapho i-polygyny ifunwa ngabesilisa ngaphezulu ekwakhiweni kwezizukulwane zesilisa ezisebenza kanzima. &lt;ref&gt;Goody, Jack. &quot;Polygyny, Economy and the Role of Women&quot;. In: ''The Character of Kinship''. London: Cambridge University Press, 1973, pp.&amp;nbsp;180–190.&lt;/ref&gt;

Izazi ze-anthropologists uDouglas R. White noMichael L. Burton baxoxa futhi basekela umbono kaJack Goody maqondana nezinhlelo zokulima zabesilisa base-Afrika ku- &quot;Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;White &amp; Burton 1988&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=White|first1=Douglas|last2=Burton|first2=Michael|title=Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1988-12_90_4/page/871|journal=American Anthropologist|volume=90|issue=4|date=December 1988|pages=871–887|doi=10.1525/aa.1988.90.4.02a00060}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 884 lapho laba balobi bebhala khona:
[[File:Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children,_Cairns,_1904_(9623512597).jpg|thumb| Umfuduki waseChina enabafazi bakhe abathathu nezingane eziyishumi nane, uCairns, ngo-1904]]
Ukuhlaziywa nguJames Fenske (2012) kutholakale ukuthi ukushona kwezingane kanye nokwethuka kwezomnotho okuhlobene nemvelo kunokubambisana okukhulu namanani esithembu e-subsaharan Africa, kuneminikelo yezolimo yabesifazane (okuvame ukuba ncane eSavana naseSahel yaseNtshonalanga Afrika, lapho amazinga e-polygyny aphezulu), ukuthola ukuthi amanani e-polygyny ancipha kakhulu ngezinga lokufa kwezingane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fenske|first=James|author-link=James Fenske|title=AFRICAN POLYGAMY: PAST AND PRESENT|url=https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/12544/csae-wps-2012-20.pdf|publisher=Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford|pages=1–30|date=November 2012|access-date=27 September 2019|archivedate=22 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005828/https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/12544/csae-wps-2012-20.pdf|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Izinhlobo zesithembu ====
Imishado yesithembu iwela ezinhlotsheni ezimbili: i- ''sorgy polygyny'', lapho amakhosikazi ''asebenzelana khona engodadewabo, futhi engewona awokuthakatha'', lapho amakhosikazi angahlangene engahlobene khona. UPolygyny unikeza abayeni inzuzo yokubavumela ukuba babe nezingane eziningi, angabanikeza inani elikhulu labasebenzi abakhiqizayo (lapho abasebenzi beyimindeni), futhi abavumele ukuba bakhe ubuhlobo obusebenzayo bezepolitiki abanenani elikhulu lamaqembu ezihlobo .Abafazi asebekhulile nabo bangazuza lapho ukwengezwa kwamakhosikazi amancane emndenini kunciphisa umthwalo wabo wokusebenza. Isimo sabafazi ', ikakhulukazi abafazi asebekhulile', emphakathini singakhuphuka ngokwengezwa kwamanye amakhosikazi, afaka isandla ekuchumeni komndeni noma akhombisa ukusetshenziswa okugqamile (njengendlu enkulu, usizo lwasekhaya, noma amaholide abizayo asebenza ezweni lasentshonalanga ) . Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, abafazi asebekhulile kwesinye isikhathi basebenza kanzima noma banikele kokutholakala emithwalweni yabo ukuze amadoda abo akwazi ukuqongelela ilobolo lomfazi owengeziwe.

I-Polygyny nayo ingahle ibangelwe umkhuba wokushada ngokudla . Ezimweni ezinjalo, indlalifa kamufi ingadla ifa lomkayo kanye nenkosikazi yakhe; noma, ngokujwayelekile, abafowabo bangashada nomfelokazi.Lokhu kunikeza ukwesekwa komfelokazi nezingane zakhe (imvamisa futhi kungamalungu eqembu lezihlobo zabafowethu) futhi kugcina ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaqembu ezihlobo zabesilisa nabafazi. I-Sororate ifana nemali evulekile, ngoba umfelwa kufanele ashade nodadewabo womkakhe ongasekho. Umndeni kankosikazi ongasekho, ngamanye amazwi, kufanele unikeze ozothatha indawo yakhe, ngaleyo ndlela ugcine ubuhlobo bomshado. Kokubili ukuvuza kanye nobuthakathi kungaholela ekutheni indoda ibe namakhosikazi amaningi.
[[File:Chef_de_village_et_ses_femmes_(Guinée).jpg|thumb| Induna yesigodi namakhosikazi ayo eGuinea, c. 1910]]
Emiphakathini eyodwa, amadoda acebile futhi anamandla asungula ubudlelwano obuhlala njalo, futhi asungula amakhaya ahlukene, abalingani besifazane abaningi, ngaphandle kwamakhosikazi abo asemthethweni; umkhuba owamukelwa e-Imperial China kuze kube yiQing Dynasty yango-1636–1912. Lokhu kwakha uhlobo lwe- ''[[wiktionary:de facto#Adjective|de&amp;nbsp;i-facto]]'' polygyny ebizwa ngokuthi '''isancinza.'''

==== Ukuhlelwa kwemizi ====
Umshado yisikhathi lapho kwakhiwa khona umndeni omusha, kepha amalungiselelo ahlukile angenzeka ngokuya ngohlobo lomshado futhi eminye imishado yesithembu ayiholeli ekwakhiweni komuzi owodwa. Emishadweni eminingi yesithembu abafazi bomyeni bangahlala emakhaya ahlukene. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Baloyi|first=Elijah M.|date=August 2013|title=Critical reflections on polygamy in the African Christian context|url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0256-95072013000800006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en|access-date=2021-07-20|archivedate=2020-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728085752/http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0256-95072013000800006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngaleyo ndlela bangachazwa ngokuthi &quot;uchungechunge lwemindeni yenuzi exhumene 'nobaba' ngokufana&quot; 

=== I-Polyandry ===
 
I-Polyandry, umkhuba wokuthi owesifazane abe nabayeni abangaphezu koyedwa ngasikhathi sinye, kuncane kakhulu kune-polygyny futhi manje akukho emthethweni cishe kuwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni. Kwenzeka kuphela emiphakathini ekude. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.eldiario.es/consumoclaro/vida_sexual/demostrado-humano-monogamo-naturaleza_0_744375896.html ¿Está demostrado que el ser humano es monógamo por naturaleza? ]&lt;/ref&gt;

I-Polyandry kukholakala ukuthi ivame kakhulu emiphakathini enezinsiza zemvelo eziyindlala, njengoba kukholakala ukuthi ikhawulela ukukhula kwabantu futhi ithuthukise ukusinda kwengane. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stone2006&quot;&gt;(Linda Stone, Kinship and Gender, 2006, Westview, 3rd ed, ch 6) [http://www.case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanSociety/marriage.htm The Center for Research on Tibet] Papers on Tibetan Marriage and Polyandry. Retrieved 1 October 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Kuyindlela engavamile yomshado ekhona hhayi kuphela phakathi kwemindeni empofu, kodwa futhi ne-elite. &lt;ref&gt;Goldstein, Pahari and Tibetan Polyandry Revisited, Ethnology. 17(3): 325–327, 1978, from [http://www.case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanSociety/marriage.htm The Center for Research on Tibet]. Retrieved 1 October 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Isibonelo, ezintabeni zaseHimalaya i-polyandry ihlobene nokuntuleka komhlaba; ukushada kwabo bonke abazalwane emndenini kumfazi oyedwa kuvumela umhlaba womndeni ukuthi uhlale ungaphelele futhi ungahlukaniswa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Starkweather|first=Katherine E.|date=June 2012|title=A Survey of Non-Classical Polyandry|pages=149–172|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&amp;context=anthropologyfacpub}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uma wonke umzalwane eshada ngokwehlukana futhi enezingane, umhlaba womndeni ubuyohlukaniswa ube yiziqinti ezincane ezingasimami. EYurophu, lo mphumela wagwenywa ngomkhuba wenhlalo wefa elingatholakali, lapho iningi lezelamani laliyothola ifa ngaphansi kwalo.

==== Izinhlobo ====
''I-Frandernal polyandry'' ngokwesiko yayijwayele ukwenziwa phakathi kwabantu baseTibetan [[Nepal|abayimizulane eNepal]], izingxenye ezithile [[IShayina|zeChina]] nengxenye yasenyakatho yeNdiya, lapho abazalwane ababili noma ngaphezulu babezoshada nowesifazane ofanayo. Kuvame kakhulu emiphakathini ephawulwe ngokufa okuphezulu kwabesilisa. Ihlotshaniswa ''nobaba obufanayo'', inkolelo yamasiko yokuthi ingane ingaba nobaba abangaphezu koyedwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Starkweather2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Starkweather|first=Katherine|title=A Survey of Non‑Classical Polyandry|year=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''I-polyandry engeyona eyabazali'' yenzeka lapho amadoda amakhosikazi engahlobene, njengasesizweni saseNayar saseNdiya, lapho amantombazane enza umshado wesiko ngaphambi kokuthomba, &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.everyculture.com/South-Asia/Nayar-Marriage-and-Family.html Nayar - Marriage and Family]&lt;/ref&gt; futhi indoda yokuqala yamukelwa njengobaba wazo zonke izingane zayo. Kodwa-ke, owesifazane kungenzeka angaze ahlalisane naleyo ndoda, athathe abathandi abaningi esikhundleni salokho; la madoda kumelwe aqaphele ubuyise izingane zabo (futhi ngalesosizathu bakhombise ukuthi akukho lombhalo enqabelo kwephulwe) ngokukhokha umbelethisi. Abesifazane bahlala emakhaya abo omama, bahlala nabafowabo, futhi impahla idluliswa ngokomthetho . &lt;ref name=&quot;Gough&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gough|first=E. Kathleen|title=The Nayars and the Definition of Marriage|journal=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|year=1959|volume=89|issue=1|pages=23–34|doi=10.2307/2844434|jstor=2844434}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uhlobo olufanayo lomshado, i-de facto polyandry ingatholakala esikhungweni somshado ohambayo phakathi kwesizwe samaMosuo eChina.

=== I-serial monogamy ===
I-serial monogamy ibhekisa ekushadweni kabusha ngemuva kwesahlukaniso noma ukushona komuntu oshade naye emshadweni oyedwa, okungukuthi imishado eminingi kepha umlingani oyedwa osemthethweni ngasikhathi sinye (uchungechunge lobudlelwano bomuntu oyedwa).

Ngokusho kwesazi saseDenmark uMiriam K. Zeitzen, izazi zesayensi yabantu zithatha i- serial monogamy, lapho kwenzeka khona isehlukaniso nokuphinde ushade, njengendlela yesithembu njengoba nakho kungasungula uchungechunge lwemindeni engaqhubeka nokuboshwa ngobaba obabelwe kanye nemali ehlanganyelwe.Ngakho-ke, ziyefana nokwakheka kwendlu okwenziwe ngedivosi nangomfazi oyedwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=FALEN|first=DOUGLAS J.|title=Polygamy: a cross-cultural analysis by Zeitzen, Miriam Koktvedgaard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I-serial monogamy idala uhlobo olusha lwesihlobo, i- &quot;ex-&quot;. &quot;Owayengunkosikazi&quot;, ngokwesibonelo, angahlala eyingxenye esebenzayo yempilo yakhe &quot;yowayengumyeni&quot; wakhe, njengoba engahlanganiswa ngokuxhaswa ngokomthetho noma ngokugunyazwa okungagunyaziwe kwezomnotho, okungahlala iminyaka, kufaka phakathi imali yesondlo, isondlo sengane, kanye nelungelo lokuhlala ndawonye . UBob Simpson, isazi sezenhlalo saseBrithani, uphawula ukuthi kwakha &quot;umndeni owandisiwe&quot; ngokuhlanganisa ndawonye imindeni eminingi, kufaka phakathi izingane ezihambahambayo.Uthi abaseBrithani bangahle babe nabesifazane abebengabafazi babo noma abeyizelamani zabo, kodwa hhayi ''ingane yakudala'' . Ngokusho kwakhe, le &quot;mindeni engacaci kahle&quot; ayihambisani nesikhunta somndeni wenuzi owodwa. 

=== Umshado weqembu ===
Ukushada ngamaqembu kuyilungiselelo elinjengelomuntu oyedwa lomshado lapho abantu abadala abathathu noma ngaphezulu behlala ndawonye, bonke bazithatha njengabalingani, babelana ngezimali, izingane kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo yasendlini. I-Polyamory isaqhubeka ngokuqhubeka kwezibopho zomndeni ezibandakanya ukushada kweqembu.Leli gama alibhekiseli kwisithembu njengoba kungekho simangalo sokuthi ushade ngendlela esemthethweni eyenziwe. 

== Isimo senkolo ngesithembu ==

=== UbuBuddha ===
[[UbuBudha|Buddhism]] akusho babheka umshado njengesibopho isakramente ; kuyindaba yezwe nje, futhi imvamisa izindela zamaBuddha azihlanganyeli kuyo (yize kwamanye amahlelo abapristi nezindela bayashada). Ngakho-ke umshado awutholi unswinyo lwenkolo.Izinhlobo zomshado, ngenxa yalokho, ziyehluka ngokwamazwe. IParabhava Sutta ithi &quot;owesilisa ongagculisekile ngowesifazane oyedwa futhi ofuna abanye besifazane usendleleni yokwehla&quot;. Ezinye izingcezu ezisembhalweni wamaBuddha zibukeka zisiphatha kabi isithembu, okuholela ekutheni abanye ababhali baphethe ngokuthi ubuBuddha ngokuvamile abusamukeli noma babuthathe njengesibonelo somshado esibekezelelwayo, kodwa esingaphansi.

I-Thailand yathola isithembu ngokusemthethweni ngo-1955. IMyanmar yavala isithembu ngo-2015. [[Sri Lanka|ESri Lanka]], i-polyandry yayisemthethweni embusweni waseKandy, kepha yaxoshwa yiBrithani ngemuva kokunqoba umbuso ngo-1815. Lapho imibhalo yamaBuddha ihunyushelwa olimini lwesiShayina, izancinza zabanye zanezelwa ohlwini lwabalingani abangafanele. I-Polyandry eTibet yayijwayelekile ngokwesiko,  njengoba kwakunjalo ngesithembu, futhi ukuba namakhosikazi noma abayeni abaningana akukaze kuthathwe  njengokuya ocansini nabalingani abangalungile.Ngokuvamile, i-polyandry yobuzalwane iyenziwa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ubaba nendodana banenkosikazi efanayo, okuyisakhiwo somndeni esihlukile emhlabeni. Ezinye izinhlobo zomshado nazo zikhona, njengomshado weqembu nomshado womuntu oyedwa. I-Polyandry (ikakhulukazi i-polyandry yobuzalwane) iyinsakavukela phakathi kwamaBuddha eBhutan, eLadakh, nakwezinye izingxenye zezwekazi laseNdiya .

=== Amasiko amaCelt ===
Amanye amaqaba aseCeltic angaphambi kobuKristu ayaziwa ukuthi enza isithembu, yize abantu baseCeltic babedlikiza phakathi kwaso, umfazi oyedwa kanye nesithembu kuye ngokwesikhathi nendawo. Kwezinye izindawo lokhu kwaqhubeka ngisho nangemva kokuqala kobuKrestu, ngokwesibonelo imithetho yaseBrehon yaseGaelic Ireland yasivumela ngokusobala isithembu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwesigaba esihle. Ezinye izinkolo zanamuhla ezingamaCeltic zobuqaba zamukela umkhuba wesithembu ngamazinga ahlukahlukene, yize kungaziwa ukuthi lomkhuba usabalele kangakanani kulezi zinkolo.

=== UbuKristu ===
Yize iTestamente Elidala lichaza izibonelo eziningi zesithembu phakathi kwabazinikele kuNkulunkulu, amaqembu amaningi angamaKristu ngokomlando awenqabile umkhuba wesithembu futhi asekele isithembu esisodwa njengokujwayelekile. Yize kunjalo, amanye amaKristu amaqembu ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene asenze, noma njengamanje enza isithembu.Amanye amaKristu aphikisana ngenkuthalo ngokuthi ngabe iTestamente Elisha noma izimiso zobuKristu ziyasivumela noma siyasenqabela isithembu.

Yize iTestamente Elisha lingasho lutho ngesithembu, abanye bakhomba ukuphindaphinda kukaJesu imibhalo yangaphambilini, bephawula ukuthi indoda nomfazi &quot;bayoba nyamanye&quot;. Nokho, abanye bebheka uPawulu imibhalo awalobela [[1 Korinte|Korinte]] : &quot;Anazi yini ukuthi lowo ohlanganiswe nesifebe ungumzimba munye naso na? Ngoba, njengoba kulotshiwe, 'Llaba ababili bayoba nyamanye. Abasekeli besithembu bathi lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi leli gama lisho okomzimba, hhayi okomoya  inyunyana. 

Ezinye izazi zemfundiso yenkolo ezingamaKrestu  uthi Matthew 19:3-9 futhi ebhekise Genesis 2:24 uJesu usho ngokusobala ukuthi indoda kufanele ibe nenkosikazi eyodwa kuphela:

==== ISonto LamaRoma Katolika ====
ISonto LamaRoma Katolika liyasilahla isithembu; ''iCatechism of the Catholic Church'' ikubeka esigabeni 2387 ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi &quot;Amanye amacala aphikisana nesithunzi somshado&quot; futhi ithi &quot;ayihambisani nomthetho wokuziphatha.&quot; Futhi esigabeni 1645 ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi &quot;The Goods and Requirements of Conjugal Love&quot; uthi &quot;Ubunye bomshado, obaziwa ngokusobala yiNkosi yethu, benziwa bucace ngesithunzi somuntu esilinganayo okufanele sinikezwe indoda nowesifazane ngokuthandana nokungenakuzibamba . Isithembu siphikisana nothando lokuhlangana olungahlukani futhi olukhethekile. &quot;

USanta Augustine wabona ukungqubuzana nesithembu seTestamente Elidala. Wayeka ukwahlulela izinzalamizi, kepha akazange athathe emikhubeni yabo ukwamukeleka okuqhubekayo kwesithembu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, wathi isithembu soBaba, esasibekezelelwa nguMdali ngenxa yenzalo, sasiyisiphambuka ohlelweni Lwakhe lwasekuqaleni lomshado wesintu. U-Augustine wabhala: &quot;Kodwa-ke, ukuthi injongo enhle yomshado, ithuthukiswa kangcono yindoda eyodwa enomfazi oyedwa, kunokuba yindoda enabafazi abaningana, kukhonjiswa ngokusobala ngokwanele ngokuhlangana kokuqala kwabantu abashadile, okwenziwa yi Ngobunkulunkulu uqobo. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[[wikisource:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume V/On Marriage and Concupiscence/Book I/Chapter 10|''On Marriage and Concupiscence'', I,10]]&lt;/ref&gt;

U-Augustine wafundisa ukuthi isizathu sokuthi okhokho babenabafazi abaningi kwakungekhona ngenxa yobufebe, kodwa ngoba babefuna izingane eziningi. Wasekela kwesisekelo yakhe ngokubabonisa ukuthi imishado yabo, lapho umyeni wayeyinhloko, kwahlelwa ngokuvumelana nemithetho ka ukuphathwa kahle: labo ''abasesikhundleni umyalo'' ''(quae principantur)'' emphakathini wabo zazihlale elisebunyeni, kuyilapho ''abangaphansi'' ''(subiecta)'' babe amaningi . Wanikeza izibonelo ezimbili ''zalobudlelwano: i-dominus-servus'' - inkosi-inceku (ekuhumusheni okudala: ''isigqila'' ) nomoya ''kaNkulunkulu'' . IBhayibheli livame ukufanisa ukukhonza onkulunkulu abaningi, okusho ukukhonza izithombe nobufebe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Idolatry In The New Testament}}&lt;/ref&gt; U-Augustine ulandisa ngalokho: &quot;Ngenxa yalokhu akekho uNkulunkulu Weqiniso wemiphefumulo, ngaphandle kwaMunye: kepha umphefumulo owodwa ngokusebenzisa onkulunkulu abaningi bamanga ungaziphatha kabi ngokobulili, kodwa ungazali.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[[wikisource:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume III/Moral Treatises of St. Augustin/On the Good of Marriage/Section 20|Augustine, ''On the Good of Marriage'', ch. 20]]; cf. [[wikisource:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume V/On Marriage and Concupiscence/Book I/Chapter 10|''On Marriage and Concupiscence'', I,10]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngenkathi abantu besizwe bekhula, inzalo yayingasekho isizathu esivumelekile sesithembu: &quot;kwakusemthethweni phakathi kobaba basendulo:noma ngabe kuvumelekile manje, ngangingeke ngiphangise ukusho (utrum et nunc fas sit, non temere dixerim).Ngoba manje asisekho isidingo sokuzala izingane, njengoba kwakunjalo ngaleso sikhathi, lapho, noma ngabe abafazi bethatha izingane, kwavunyelwa, ukuze kube nenzalo eningi kakhulu, ukushada nabanye abafazi ngokwengeziwe, okuyinto manje engekho emthethweni. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;St. Augustin [[wikisource:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume III/Moral Treatises of St. Augustin/On the Good of Marriage/Section 17|''On the Good of Marriage'', ch.17]]; cf. [[wikisource:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume V/On Marriage and Concupiscence/Book I/Chapter 9|''On Marriage and Concupiscence'', I,9.8]]&lt;/ref&gt;

UMkhandlu waseTrent usilahla isithembu: &quot;Uma kukhona othi, kuvumelekile ukuthi amaKrestu abe namakhosikazi amaningi ngasikhathi sinye, nokuthi lokhu akuvinjelwa yinoma yimuphi umthetho waphezulu; makaqalekiswe. . &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/trent/twenty-fourth-session.htm PapalEncyclicals: Council of Trenty, 24th Sessions]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ezikhathini zanamuhla idlanzana lezazi zemfundiso yenkolo yamaRoma Katolika liphikise ukuthi isithembu, yize singesihle, singaba yindlela esemthethweni yomshado wamaKristu ezifundeni ezithile, ikakhulukazi e-Afrika.Isonto LamaRoma Katolika lifundisa kuCatechism yalo ukuthi

Ukungabi semthethweni kwesithembu ezindaweni ezithile kudala, ngokwamanye amavesi eBhayibheli, kunezimpikiswano ezengeziwe eziphikisana naso. UPaul Umphostoli ubhala ukuthi &quot;thobelani abasemagunyeni, hhayi ngenxa yokujeziswa kuphela kepha nangenxa kanembeza&quot; (KwabaseRoma 13: 5), ngoba &quot;amagunya akhona amiswe nguNkulunkulu.&quot; (KwabaseRoma 13: 1) USt Peter uyavuma lapho ethi &quot;zithobeleni ngenxa yeNkosi kuwo wonke amagunya amiswe phakathi kwabantu: kungaba enkosini, njengegunya eliphakeme, noma kubabusi, abathunyelwe nguye ukujezisa labo yenza kabi, ubancome abenza okulungile. &quot; ([[1 Petru]] 2: 13,14) Izithembu ezinesithembu zithi, inqobo nje uma izithembu zingazitholi amalayisense asemthethweni emishado noma zifune &quot;isimo somshado ojwayelekile womthetho&quot; kwabanye abalingani, ayikho imithetho ephoqelelwe ephulwayo njengalapho imibhangqwana eyayingumfazi oyedwa hlalisana ngokufanayo ngaphandle kwelayisensi yomshado. 

==== Isonto lamaLuthela ====
ILutheran World Federation ibambe ingqungquthela yesifunda e-Afrika, lapho kwamukelwa ukwamukelwa kwezithembu ngobulungu obugcwele yiSonto lamaLuthela eLiberia njengoba kuvunyelwe.Isoonto LamaLuthela eLiberia, nokho, alibavumeli abantu abanesithembu asebephenduke amaKrestu ukuthi bashade namakhosikazi amaningi ngemuva kokuba sebethole isakramente le- Holy Baptism .Izithunywa zevangeli ezingamaLuthela eMaasai nazo ziyakubekezelela ukwenziwa kwesithembu naseNingizimu yeSudan, ezinye izithembu ziba ngamaKrestu angamaLuthela. 

===== ISonto likaJesu Kristu Lama-Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) =====
Ngemuva kokuthi uJoseph Smith abulawe yisixuku ngomhla ka-27 Juni 1844, umzimba omkhulu wamaLatter Day Saints washiya iNauvoo walandela [[Brigham Young|uBrigham Young]] waya [[Utah|e-Utah]] lapho kwaqhubeka khona umkhuba wokushada ngobuningi.  Ku-1852, uBrigham Young, umongameli wesibili weSonto LDS, wavuma obala umkhuba wokushada ngobuningi ngentshumayelo ayinikeza. Kwalandelwa izintshumayelo ezengeziwe zabaholi abaphezulu bamaMormon ngobuhle besithembu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Personality of God — His Attributes — Eternal Life, etc.|url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/JournalOfDiscourses3/id/4640}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 128 Impikiswano yalandelwa lapho isithembu saba yimbangela yezenhlalo, ababhali baqala ukushicilela imisebenzi egxeka isithembu. Ipulangwe ukhiye we Republican Party ka- 1856 platform kwaba &quot;lokwenqabela ezindaweni labo izinsalela ezimbili ubuqaba, isithembu nokugqilazwa.&quot;Ngo-1862, iCongress yakhipha umthetho iMorrill Anti-Bigamy Act owawucacisa ukuthi umkhuba wesithembu wawungekho emthethweni kuzo zonke izindawo zase-US . ISonto le-LDS likholelwa ukuthi umkhuba wabo osuselwa enkolweni wokushada ngobuningi uvikelwe nguMthethosisekelo wase- [[IMelika|United States]],Nokho, ngazwilinye isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sango- ''1878 uReynolds v.'' ''I-United States'' imemezele ukuthi isithembu besingavikelwe nguMthethosisekelo, ngokususelwa kumgomo omude wokuthi &quot;imithetho yenzelwa uhulumeni wezenzo, futhi ngenkathi engenakuphazamisa inkolelo nemibono yenkolo nje, angahle enze nemikhuba.&quot; 

=== UbuHindu ===
IRig Veda ibalula ukuthi ngesikhathi seVedic, indoda ingaba nabafazi abangaphezu koyedwa.Lo mkhuba kufakazelwa kuma-epics afana noRamayana neMahabharata . IDharmashastras ivumela owesilisa ukuthi ashade nabesifazane inqobo nje uma unkosikazi wokuqala evuma ukumshada. Naphezu kokuba khona kwayo, kwakuvame ukwenziwa ngamadodaasezingeni eliphezulu. Abantu abavamile babevunyelwe kuphela umshado wesibili uma unkosikazi wokuqala engakwazi ukuzala indodana noma abe nengxabano ethile ngoba awukho umthetho wedivosi enkolweni yamaHindu.
[[File:Legality_of_polygamy.svg|thumb|300x300px|&lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 0.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;{{Bulleted list|In India, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore polygamy is only legal for [[Muslim]]s.|In Nigeria and South Africa, polygamous marriages under customary law and for Muslims are legally recognized.|In Mauritius, polygamous unions have no legal recognition. Muslim men may, however, &quot;marry&quot; up to four women, but they do not have the legal status of&amp;nbsp;wives.|style=margin:0.5em 0.5em 0.25em;border-top:1px solid#aaa;font-size:94%;|item_style=line-height:1.3em;}}]]

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    <title>Imibono yezenkolo ezithombeni ezingcolile</title>
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      <text bytes="27142" sha1="d7np8kz7kad2ms7s3pxoorcf4je58t3" xml:space="preserve">'''Imibono yezenkolo ezithombeni ezingcolile''' isuselwa emibonweni ebanzi yezenkolo ngesizotha, isithunzi somuntu, ezocansi nezinye izimfanelo ezinhle ezingakhonjiswa noma ezinciphiselwe abantu abenza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sherkat and Ellison|date=1997|jstor=2580526|title=The Cognitive Structure of a Moral Crusade|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-forces_1997-03_75_3/page/958|journal=Social Forces|volume=75|issue=3|page=958|doi=10.2307/2580526}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaqembu ezenkolo ahlukene abuka izithombe zocansi nezocansi ngokwehlukile.

Abantu abazikhomba njengabakholelwa kakhulu enkolweni futhi abadla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile banamathuba amaningi okuzibheka njengomlutha wezocansi (umlutha ongaziwa encwadini yezengqondo i-DSM-5 )kuneqembu lesethenjwa elingeyona inkolo ngokusho kocwaningo lwe-2013, kepha cha Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinga lokuzinikela ngokwenkolo kanye nenani le-porn elidliwe kuboniswe kuleso sifundo. 

== Izinkolo zika-Abraham ==

=== UbuJuda ===
 
UMichael Coogan uthe iTanakh ayinayo imithetho ethile ephathelene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi ubuJuda buhlale bunesimo esihle kwezocansi. &lt;ref name=&quot;silver&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Silver|title=Q&amp;A: 'God and Sex' Author Michael Coogan on the Bible|journal=Time|date=2010-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eqinisweni, abanye abahlaziyi baphawula, iBhayibheli ngokwalo liqukethe inkanuko, njengeNgoma [[Ingoma kaSolomoni|Yezingoma]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;silver&quot; /&gt;

UMaimonides, encwadini yakhe iMishneh Torah, ubhala, ngokususelwa kwiTalmud, &lt;ref&gt;Shabbat 64b&lt;/ref&gt; ukuthi &quot;Umuntu ogqolozela ngisho umunwe omncane wowesifazane ngenhloso yokuthola injabulo uthathwa sengathi ubheka isitho sakhe sangasese. Kuvinjelwe ngisho ukuzwa izwi lowesifazane okungavunyelwe ukuba nobulili naye, noma ukubheka izinwele zakhe.Lokhu kubuye kuhlanganiswe kwiKhodi Yomthetho WamaJuda, okubandakanya okunye ukwenqatshelwa (okususelwa kwiTalmud) njengokuthi &quot;ukubukela abesifazane njengoba benza ilondolo.&quot; Ngakho-ke, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zazingavunyelwe i-fortiori.

Ngokwengeziwe, imithetho yamaJuda yesizotha nokuthobeka ( ''tzniut'' ) idinga ukuthi amadoda nabesifazane abangamaJuda bagqoke ngendlela efanele. Umthetho wamaJuda ngakho-ke uvimbela amadoda nabesifazane abangamaJuda ekuzibandakanyeni ekulingiseni noma ekwenzeni izinto zocansi, ngaphandle kwezinye izenzo zokungabi nasizotha. 

Lolu daba futhi, ngokusho kwe-Chabad.org, lunokulawulwa komuntu siqu ekunxenxeni komuntu, okususwa yizithombe zobulili ezingcolile. 

=== Isifundo seBhayibheli ===
Akukho ukuvinjelwa okuqondile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eBhayibhelini. Kodwa-ke, amaKristu amaningi asekela imibono yawo ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile kuMathewu 5: 27-28 (ingxenye ye- Expounding of the Law ):&lt;blockquote&gt;Nizwile kwathiwa kwabasendulo : 'Ungaphingi.' Kepha mina ngithi kini: Yilowo nalowo obuka owesifazane, amkhanuke, usephingile naye enhliziyweni yakhe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Melton&quot;&gt;J. Gordon Melton (1989), ''The Churches Speak on Pornography: Official Statements from Religious Bodies and Ecumenical Organizations'', Gale Research, p. xxi-xxii&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Arthur J. Mielke (1995), ''Christians, Feminists, and the Culture of Pornography'', University Press of America, p. 57-58,62&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Lawler&quot;&gt;Ronald David Lawler, Joseph M. Boyle, William E. May (1998), ''Catholic Sexual Ethics: A Summary, Explanation &amp; Defense'', Our Sunday Visitor Publishing, p. 30&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson&quot;&gt;Larry J. Nelson, Laura M. Padilla-Walker, Jason S. Carroll (2010). Ralph L. Piedmont, ed. &quot;&quot;I Believe It Is Wrong But I Still Do It&quot;: A Comparison of Religious Young Men Who Do Versus Do Not Use Pornography&quot;. ''Psychology of Religion and Spirituality''. American Psychological Association. Vol 2 (3), p. 137. DOI 10.1037/a0019127&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Iqukethe owodwa weMiyalo Eyishumi,u-Eksodusi 20:14 noma uDuteronomi 5:18, obuye usetshenziswe kaningi njengevesi elisekelayo lokulahla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. &lt;ref name=&quot;Melton&quot;&gt;J. Gordon Melton (1989), ''The Churches Speak on Pornography: Official Statements from Religious Bodies and Ecumenical Organizations'', Gale Research, p. xxi-xxii&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Lawler&quot;&gt;Ronald David Lawler, Joseph M. Boyle, William E. May (1998), ''Catholic Sexual Ethics: A Summary, Explanation &amp; Defense'', Our Sunday Visitor Publishing, p. 30&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson&quot;&gt;Larry J. Nelson, Laura M. Padilla-Walker, Jason S. Carroll (2010). Ralph L. Piedmont, ed. &quot;&quot;I Believe It Is Wrong But I Still Do It&quot;: A Comparison of Religious Young Men Who Do Versus Do Not Use Pornography&quot;. ''Psychology of Religion and Spirituality''. American Psychological Association. Vol 2 (3), p. 137. DOI 10.1037/a0019127&lt;/ref&gt; 

UMichael Coogan ubika ukuthi, ngokususelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kwangaphambilini,umkhankaso wokulwa nemicabango yenkanuko waba nomphumela wokuqothula iNgoma Yezingoma emaBhayibhelini atholakalela abafundela ubufundisi. &lt;ref name=&quot;silver&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Silver|title=Q&amp;A: 'God and Sex' Author Michael Coogan on the Bible|journal=Time|date=2010-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UKen Stone ucaphuna amazwi ka-Origen athi ukufunda iNgoma Yezingoma kungashukumisa inkanuko yabafundi 'benyama': &quot;Kodwa uma noma yimuphi umuntu ophila kuphela ngokwenyama esondela [kwiNgoma Yezingoma], ukufundelwa onjalo kwalo mBhalo kuzoba yisikhathi sengozi encane nobungozi. Ngoba yena, engazi ukuzwa ulimi lothando ngokuhlanzeka nangezindlebe ezimsulwa, uzosontisa yonke indlela yokuzwa kwakhe kude nomuntu ongaphakathi ongokomoya futhi aye ngaphandle nangokwenyama; futhi uzosuswa emoyeni aye enyameni, futhi azokhuthaza izifiso zenyama kuye, futhi kuzobukeka sengathi yimiBhalo Engcwele lena emnxenxa futhi imqhubela enkanukweni yenyama! &quot; UStone wengeza ngokuthi &quot;ukusetshenziswa okunzima kwezithombe zokudla encwadini akusona isithiyo ekuchazeni kahle&quot; izithombe zocansi &quot;.&quot;

URichard Hess uchaza umbono kaCarey E. Walsh ngokuthi: &quot;UWalsh unqume ukuthi ukugcizelelwa kwale ngoma kulele ekuvezeni isifiso phakathi kwabathandi ababili. Akusikho ukuphela kocansi okubaluleke kakhulu, kepha isifiso uqobo esiqhubela abathandi ndawonye. Kulokhu uhlukanisa inkanuko yezocansi. Lesi sakamuva sithinta ubulili kuphela, futhi kulokhu sihluke ngokweziqu ngokweNgoma. Lapha ucansi ludlala indima yesibili ukufisa. Noma ngabe kukhona nhlobo ucansi enkondlweni — futhi njengenganekwane kungenzeka kungabikho iqiniso elinjalo lapha — ukhiye weNgoma uhlala unesifiso esenza umfundi afunde isikhathi sokulinda. Nakho-Hebrew ibekwe obuyigugu kakhulu ku nogqozi.Esho ukuthi iNgoma Yezingoma &quot;yi-erotica&quot;, hhayi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, uthi bobabili bahlukile okungenani ngezindlela ezintathu: (1) I-Erotica ithambekele &quot;emizweni nasemhlabeni wangaphakathi&quot; wendaba yokufuna uzwela, kuyilapho &quot;ukuthambekela kwemizwa kocansi&quot; &quot;ihlose ukuzanelisa ngokocansi;I-Erotica igxile ekulangazelelekeni ukufinyelela &quot;ukuphela&quot;, okungenzeka &quot;ekubambezelekeni okunzima&quot;, kanti izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zimayelana &quot;nezenzo&quot; zokuzifinyelela ngokushesha okukhulu kanye &quot;nokuxokozela kokuphindaphinda&quot;; U-Erotica usebenzisa umcabango njengomuntu obambe iqhaza &quot;ongabonakali nosebenza njalo&quot; ngaphandle kokuveza &quot;imfihlakalo yothando&quot;, kuyilapho izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyindaba nje ecacile yocansi.

=== UbuKristu ===

==== UbuRoma Katolika ====
Imagisterium yeSonto LamaKatolika ihumusha uMathewu 5: 27-28 ukuthi kusho ukuthi njengoba inhloso yezithombe zocansi ukudala inkanuko, kuyisono, ngoba ukukhanuka kufana nokuphinga . Njengoba ''iCatechism of the Catholic Church'' ichaza:&lt;blockquote&gt;''Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile'' ziqukethe ukususa izenzo zangempela noma ezenziwe ngokocansi ebuhlotsheni babalingani, ukuze uziveze ngamabomu kubantu besithathu. Kuyacasula ubumsulwa ngoba kuguqula isenzo sokuhlangana, ukunikelana okusondelene kwabashadile komunye nomunye. Kulimaza kakhulu isithunzi sabahlanganyeli bayo (abalingisi, abathengisi, umphakathi), njengoba ngamunye eba yinto yokuthokozisa nenzuzo engekho emthethweni kwabanye. Icwilisa bonke ababandakanyeka ekukhohlisweni komhlaba wamaphupho. Kuyicala elikhulu. Iziphathimandla zomphakathi kufanele zivimbele ukukhiqizwa nokusatshalaliswa kwezinto ezinocansi. &lt;ref&gt;CCC 2354.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;UKhadinali Karol Wojtyla, ngaphambi kokuba abe uPapa John Paul II, wabhala ku- ''Love and Responsibility'' : &quot;Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile wumkhuba ogqamile wokugcizelela ubulili lapho kukhiqizwa kabusha umzimba womuntu noma uthando lomuntu emsebenzini wobuciko, ngenhloso yokuheha umfundi noma umbukeli akholelwe ukuthi izindinganiso zocansi zingukuphela kwezindinganiso zangempela zomuntu, nokuthi uthando aluyilutho olunye ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho, okukodwa noma okwabelwana ngakho, kwalezo zimiso kuphela. &quot; U-Edward Sri uchaza ngesihloko sobuciko nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, okuxoxwa ngaso encwadini ngokuqhathanisa imisebenzi [[Michelangelo|kaMichelangelo]] ''noPlayboy'', ngokuthi &quot;ubuciko obuhle busiholela ekucabangeni ngokuthula kweqiniso, okuhle nokuhle, kufaka phakathi iqiniso, ubuhle nobuhle bomzimba womuntu &quot;, kuyilapho izithombe zobulili ezingcolile&quot; zisikhuthaza ukuthi silangazelele umzimba womunye umuntu njengento okufanele isetshenziswe ukuze sijabulele thina &quot;futhi, uma iyekwa ingalawulwa,&quot; sizoba yizigqila kukho konke okuvuselela isifiso sethu senyama &quot;.Lapho umuntu ehlale ebuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ezigxile kuphela &quot;kokubonwayo nokuvusa inkanuko yengqondo&quot;, futhi kwehlise umuntu ongumuntu kulokho okubonakalayo ngamehlo, uzoba nobunzima obuhlobene nabantu bobulili obuhlukile empilweni yangempela,ngoba noma wayezojwayela ukuzibona &quot;njengezinto ezizosetshenziswa&quot;. 

Ochungechungeni lwezinkulumo ezibizwa ''ngeTheology of the Body'', uPapa John Paul II uthi eminye imisebenzi yobuciko iveza abantu abanqunu ngaphandle kokuvusa inkanuko, kodwa &quot;yenza kube nokwenzeka ukugxila, ngandlela thile, kulo lonke iqiniso lomuntu, kanye isithunzi nobuhle - futhi nobuhle 'obungenakuqhathaniswa' - bobudoda nobufazi bakhe &quot;, nokuthi imisebenzi enjalo&quot; ithwala ngaphakathi kubo, cishe kufihliwe, isici se-sublimation &quot;. Ugcizelela ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyinkinga ngoba &quot;yehluleka ukuveza konke okungabantu&quot;.

==== I-Eastern Orthodox ====
ISonto Lase-Eastern Orthodox liyazenqabela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nobulili ngaphambi komshado . Ukubheka ngenkanuko kulingana nokuphinga ngemfundiso kaKristu, futhi kuxhumene nobufebe . &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191020200949/http://myocn.net/position-pornography/ Position on pornography]. ''myocn.net''. Retrieved 2019-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.b92.net/tehnopolis/vesti.php?yyyy=2015&amp;mm=11&amp;nav_id=1061473 &quot;Sveti WiFi: Ruska crkva svima nudi besplatan internet&quot;] [Holy Wi-Fi: Russian Church offers free Internet for everyone] (in Serbian). B92. Retrieved 2019-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nezavisne.com/novosti/ex-yu/Mitropolit-Amfilohije-Pornografija-je-opasnija-za-ljude-od-bilo-koje-droge/174421 &quot;Mitropolit Amfilohije: Pornografija je opasnija za ljude od bilo koje droge&quot;] [Metropolitan Amfilohije: Pornography is more dangerous for humans than any addiction] (in Serbian). ''nezavisne.com''. Retrieved 2019-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== UbuProthestani ====
UHarry Reid uphawula ukuthi, ngesikhathi seNguquko, &quot; inhloso kaCalvin yayiqonde ngqo, uma ifuna ukuvelela; wayefuna ukwakha umphakathi wamaKrestu ophelele lapho wonke umuntu ebheka wonke umuntu. . . Unxenxe umkhandlu ukuthi ushaye umthetho wokuphinga, ukuthengisa ngomzimba, izithombe zocansi, ukugembula, ukudakwa nokunye okuningi. &quot; 

Ngokusho kukaManetsch,iGenevan Consistory yayijwayele ukugxeka izincwadi ezibona ziyingozi ekuziphatheni komphakathi, kubandakanya nezithombe zocansi. 

U-Oboler uphawula nokuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zacutshungulwa eGeneva nasePuritan New England ngenhloso yokuvikela &quot;inkanuko yokungamhloniphi uNkulunkulu&quot;. 

UMax Weber waphikisa ngokuthi kwakukhona ukukhathazeka ngokuthi inkanuko yobulili yayiwuhlobo oluthile lokukhonza izithombe olwaluphikisana nomthetho kaNkulunkulu onengqondo wobulili ngomshado kuphela. 

UMartin E. Marty uphawula ukuthi, namuhla, amaProthestani ajwayelekile futhi ashumayela ivangeli aphikisana kakhulu nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokuthi uzothola &quot;izincazelo ezimbalwa kakhulu zezenkolo eziveza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.&quot; 

===== UbuLuthela =====
Ngo-1990, iSonto LaseLuthela lase-Australia lalahla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokushicilela isikhundla esisemthethweni &quot;kumavidiyo alinganiselwe i-X&quot;. 

UDokotela John Kleinig, uMfundisi Emeritus e- Australian Lutheran College, uthi, &quot;Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ukushaya indlwabu uhlobo oluthile lokulutha ngokocansi. Lapho uPaul ekhuluma ngokungcola nokuhaha ngokocansi njengokukhonza izithombe kwabase-Efesu 5: 3-7 nakweyabaseKolose 3: 5, uchaza ngokunembile ukuthi kusebenza kanjani. Kuqala ngokungcola ngokobulili, ukungcoliswa komcabango wethu ngokukhonjiswa kocansi okuveza imizimba enqunu njengezithixo esizithandayo. Ukugxila kwethu kulezi zithombe kuvusa izifiso ezingakhubazeki futhi kusenze sihahele ngokwengeziwe ukwaneliseka ngokocansi ezintweni uNkulunkulu angasinikanga zona ukuze sizijabulele. Noma kunjalo behluleka ukusanelisa futhi basebenzela kuphela ukondla isifiso sethu esikhulayo ngabo. . . Lapho kuhileleke khona ukushaya indlwabu ... lapho siba namahloni ngokwengeziwe, siba nemfihlo eyengeziwe; lapho siba nemfihlo ngokwengeziwe futhi lapho sicasha ngokwengeziwe ebumnyameni, kulapho siba sengozini kakhulu ekumangalelweni nasekulahlweni nguSathane. . . Kumele uqaphele ukuthi uSathane angahlanekezeli umbono wakho ngokukukhohlisa futhi akwenze ugxile kokungalungile. Akukho ndawo eBhayibhelini lapho ukushaya indlwabu kungavunyelwe khona. Kunesizathu esihle salokhu ngoba inkinga ayiveli ekushayeni indlwabu, yona ngokwayo ayilungile noma imbi, kepha imicabango yokuphinga ehambisana nayo, njengoba uKristu enza kucace kuMathewu 5:28. Leyo yinkinga ngokomoya! . . . USathane usibamba kanjalo ngemicabango yethu. Uma usebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukushaya indlwabu, ubeka omunye umuntu wesifazane, isithixo esithembisa izulu futhi esikunikeza isihogo, ngokocansi, esikhundleni somkakho. Kuvusa ukuhahela kwakho lokho ongenakho, ukuhahela okunganikwanga uNkulunkulu ukuba ukujabulele, ukuhaha okwandayo njengoba unikezela kukho. Lapho uzitika kakhulu, kulapho ungagculiseki futhi ungabi nalutho ngokwengeziwe. &quot;  

I- Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) iyazigxeka izithombe zocansi.ISonto liyenqaba ukufaka imali kunoma iyiphi inkampani ekhiqiza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, lathi, &quot;Isithunzi somuntu sincike enkolelweni yokuthi abesifazane nabesilisa badalwe ngomfanekiso kaNkulunkulu.Lokhu kubangela ukuthunywa ukuvikela lesi sithunzi ekubonisweni okwehlisayo, okwehlisayo, noma okwehlisa isithunzi.Ukuhlaziywa kwalo mbandela akumele kubhekwe kuphela imikhiqizo yezocansi, kepha futhi nabakhiqizi bamavidiyo abonisa udlame kanjalo nemidlalo yekhompyutha ekhombisa ubudlova. &quot;

Esitatimendeni ngeqhaza labezindaba, isigungu se-EKD sango-1997 sathi, &quot;Ngokwamasonto, ukusakazwa komphakathi kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni inkululeko yemibono nokuthola imininingwane ehlukahlukene eJalimane. Ukugcina nokuqinisa lolu hlelo, &quot;olwehlukile&quot; emhlabeni, &quot;kubalulekile&quot;, kusho uMbhishobhi Engelhardt. . . Ngenxa yenkululeko yayo enkulu ekukhiqizeni izinhlelo, &quot;inesibopho esikhethekile sokulawula ngokuzithandela&quot;.Manje njengoba &quot;ukwephulwa kwamathebhu nemikhuba&quot; kukhula njalo, ukulawula komphakathi nokuzilawula kwabezindaba kumele kukhuliswe. Lokhu kusebenza nasekuvikelweni &quot;kwezinkolelo zenkolo&quot;, kusho uMbhishobhi Lehmann. Imizamo yokuqala eyenziwe abahlinzeki be-Intanethi baseJalimane yokwethula ukuzilawula ngokuzithandela idinga ukwenziwa ngcono. Akukho lutho oludumisa ubudlova, olubangela inzondo yobuhlanga, olwephula isithunzi somuntu, oluqhakambisa impi noma izithombe zocansi okufanele lutholakale ku-inthanethi. . . &quot; 

Isigungu se-EKD sika-1997 naso &quot;sakhuluma ngokulwa nezithombe zocansi ezinganeni kwi-Intanethi. Zonke izindlela zomthetho kumele zisetshenziswe ukulwa nazo. Ukwengeza, uhulumeni waseJalimane kufanele aqhubeke nokuthatha izinyathelo ezinqala zobugebengu ezibhekiswe kubantu abahambisa abantu besifazane. &quot; 

ISonto LaseSweden limemezele, &quot;Akuvumelekile [kithina] ukutshala imali ezinkampanini zabezindaba ezinokuxhumana okucacile nezithombe zocansi.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.svenskakyrkan.se/default.aspx?id=1393444]&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Inkolo KaCalvin =====
I- United Protestant Church of France (EPUdf) ifundisa ukuthi izithombe zocansi ziyisono. Ngokusho kukaMfundisi Gilles Boucomont, &quot;IBhayibheli alikhulumi ngezithombe zocansi. Ithi ezocansi ziphilwa ngendlela efanele njengengxenye yokuzibophezela, umshado. Ngaphandle kwalo mongo, ezocansi ukuphinga uma umuntu eseshadile noma ukungaziphathi kahle kwezocansi uma engakashadi. Ukungaziphathi kahle nokuphinga kuphula ubunye uNkulunkulu abufunayo kowesilisa nowesifazane abashadile (1 KwabaseKorinte 6 no 7, Marku 10: 1-12). . . Ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile akwenzi isenzo sobulili nanoma ubani, impela. Kodwa-ke, uJesu ubheka ukuthi ukuphinga kuqala esweni (Mathewu 5,28). Akunasidingo futhi sedisensi enkulu yokuchaza ukuthi ukubuka amafilimu anjalo akuvuni ukwakheka noma ukuqhubeka kwemibhangqwana ezinzile. Isici sesibili senkinga yethu silele ekubhekaneni kwethu nabantu abashutha amafilimu anjalo. UJesu usicela ukuba sithande umakhelwane wethu njengoba sizithanda thina. Uma singacabangi ukuthi kufanele sinikele ngemizimba yethu ngemali, ngoba lokho akuyona intando enhle kaNkulunkulu ngomuntu, asikwazi ukuwusekela lo mkhuba. &quot; [[Indlwabu|Ukushaya indlwabu]] nakho kubhekwa njengesono. 

Esihlokweni sobunqunu obungezona ezocansi, i-EPUdf ifundisa ukuthi, &quot;Isono yiso esingihlukanisa noNkulunkulu noma sivela ekuhlukaneni kwami Naye. Ngakho-ke, ubunqunu, noma ngabe buyocansi noma cha, kufanele bucatshangwe kumongo wobudlelwano noNkulunkulu nabanye. Ukuya ku-sauna exubile ... uma kungowakwami kuphela, ngokombono wami, angiyiboni inkinga. . .Uma kunabanye abantu, kubonakala kimi kufanelekile ukubuza imibuzo mayelana nesilingo esingavela nezizathu ezingenza ngihambe.Uma sekuvele kunomkhuba wobunqunu empucukweni engikuyona, kungahle futhi kungabi okwemvelo ukungiphazamisa kuNkulunkulu..Ngicabanga ukuthi kuyafana nakwinqunu. &quot; 

ISonto LamaProthestani LaseSwitzerland nalo liyazilahla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Umfundisi uJean-Charles Bichet uyabhala, &quot;Izithombe zocansi ... zinikeza isithombe esonakele ngobulili. Kungadala izinkinga eziningi kunokuzixazulula. . . Futhi into ebuhlungu ngakho konke lokhu ukuthi inika ithuba lokuhweba okumnandi. Abantu abavuma ukufaka izithombe noma ukudlala izigcawu ezilinganisiwe ze-X abakhethi bonke ukwenza lokho. Ngokusebenzisa i-porn, abantu nabo bathatha umthwalo walolu hlobo lokushushumbisa. Ngalo mqondo, siyizoni ngoba sizithola sibandakanyeka kule nkinga ejwayelekile yomphakathi. IBhayibheli alikhulumi ngokukhethekile ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kodwa livame ukwenza izahlulelo ezinokhahlo ngokuxhashazwa kwabantu nobufebe. Kusikhumbuza ukuthi sonke sidalwe ngomfanekiso kaNkulunkulu, ukuthi singabafowabo nodadewabo abancane bakaJesu, iNdodana kaNkulunkulu, sihlala kubantu abakhululiwe futhi abajabulayo. IBhayibheli lisikhumbuza njalo ukuthi akekho kithi oyigugu. Akekho kithi okufanele aphathwe njengehembe elilahlwayo. &quot; 

Ngawo-1980, iSonto Elikhululekile lasePresbyterian (USA) laveza umbiko owawunesihloko esithi, ''Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile: Kude neNgoma Yezingoma'', ethi, &quot;Ngamazwi nangemifanekiso, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zehlisa izipho zikaNkulunkulu ezihlosiwe zothando nesithunzi kwezocansi zabantu ... siphila enkathini ebuye yaphawulwa ngokuchithwa kwemikhuba eminingi yokuziphatha kanye nokulahlekelwa okulandelayo kokuzibamba kokuziphatha. Esikhathini esinjalo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile sezandile. Iqembu elijutshiwe likholelwa ukuthi isonto libizelwe ukuthi libhekisise lolu daba. . . Okukhonjisiwe esihlokweni salo mbiko ukukholwa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zimelela ukungezwani kwabantu, kude nentokozo yezocansi eboniswa eBhayibhelini engomeni yezingoma. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziwuphawu oluphawulekayo lokuphuka komuntu nokuhlukaniswa noNkulunkulu nakwabanye. . . Ngokombono wokuqondwa kweBhayibheli kanye nesiko lamaReformed, izithombe zocansi zimele ukubonakaliswa okucacile kokuhlukaniswa kwabantu: kusuka kumdali uNkulunkulu owenza izivumelwano futhi omunye komunye njengabalingani besivumelwano sikaNkulunkulu. &quot; 

Kumagazini walo wesonto, iSonto LasePresbyterian eCanada liphikisana nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesizathu sokuthi ziyalutha, ziguqula ubuchopho, ukuthi abathwebuli bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bazama ukwenza le mboni ibe yinto ejwayelekile nokuthi ingaphazamisa amaKristu azama ukukhonza ebusuku. 

===== Indlela =====
I- United Methodist Church ifundisa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile &quot;zimayelana nodlame, ukwehliswa kwesithunzi, ukuxhashazwa, nokuphoqelelwa&quot; futhi &quot;zihlambalaza zonke izinhlobo zokuhweba, ukuhlukunyezwa, nokuxhashazwa kwezocansi&quot;, futhi ichaza izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuthi &quot;izinto ezibeka obala ezocansi ezibonisa ubudlova, ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuphoqelelwa, ukubuswa, ukuthotshiswa, noma ukwehliswa isithunzi ngenhloso yokuvuka.Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma ikuphi okwezocansi okukhombisa izingane kuyizithombe zocansi &quot;.I-S''exual Ethics Task Force ye-United Methodist Church'' ithi &quot;Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi [izithombe zocansi] akuyona 'into engenacala.' Iyingozi futhi ngokuvamile iyalutha.Abantu abayimilutha yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bayashintsha ngokomzimba, njengombono wabo, ubudlelwano namakholwa kanye nomndeni, kanye nemibono yabo ngamantombazane nabesifazane. &quot;

I- Uniting Church yase-Australia ethanda inkululeko iyalahla nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi isebenza emphakathini ukuxazulula le nkinga.

===== AmaQuaker =====
Ngo-1990, amaQuaker athi, &quot;Njengoba izithombe zocansi zikhuthaza futhi zisabalalisa indlela yokuphila ebandakanya imisebenzi elahlwa yiZwi likaNkulunkulu futhi ilinge ababukeli ukuthi benze isono senkanuko (Mathewu 5: 27-28: Roma 13:14; II Peter 2: 14, 18-19), Abangane ngakho-ke bayanxuswa ukuthi bagweme ngokucophelela ukuvezwa ezintweni ezinjalo.Ngenxa yesibopho sethu njengezakhamizi ezingamaKrestu(uMathewu 5: 13; Izaga 14: 34) futhi ngenxa yemiphumela emibi, yokuxhaphaza, neyonakalisayo yezithombe zocansi kubantu, emindenini, nasemphakathini wethu,Abangane bayakhuthazwa ukuthi baphikise ukukhiqizwa nokusatshalaliswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile emiphakathini yangakubo, kanye nasezingeni likahulumeni kanye nelizwe (Efesu 5:11). &quot;

==== Amanye amahlelo ====

===== UMormonism =====
UGordon B. Hinckley, umongameli we- The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) kusuka ngo-1995 kuya ku-2008, wayaziwa ngaphakathi kwezenkolo ngokuchaza imizwa yenhlangano yakhe mayelana nezithombe zocansi.ISonto le-LDS lifundisa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile &quot;noma yikuphi okubonisa noma okuchaza umzimba womuntu noma ukuziphatha kocansi ngendlela evusa imizwa yezocansi. Kuyingozi emoyeni njengoba nogwayi, utshwala nezidakamizwa emzimbeni. Amalungu eBandla kufanele ngigweme izithombe ezingcolile nganoma iyiphi indlela futhi kufanele melanani ukukhiqizwa yayo, ukusatshalaliswa, futhi ukusetshenziswa. &quot; 

Njengengxenye yokufundisa umthetho wobumsulwa, abaholi beSonto LDS bakugxekile kaningi ukusetshenziswa kwemibhalo evusa ucansi nezinto ezibonakalayo amashumi eminyaka.

=== AmaSulumane ===
Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziphikisana ngqo nenhliziyo yezimfundiso zamaSulumane, okugcizelelwa yiTaqwa ukuthola ukuzithiba okungcono.

Evesini le-151 elidumile lalesi sahluko elibizwa nge-An'am, phakathi kwemiyalo emihlanu eyinhloko, kowesine u-Allah uthi, &quot;futhi ungadonsi ngisho nasezintweni eziyihlazo - kungaba zivulekile noma ziyimfihlo.&quot; 

I-Qur'an 24:30 ithi, &quot;Tshela amadoda avumayo ukuthi ehlise amehlo awo futhi aqaphe izitho zawo zangasese, ngoba lokho kuhlanzekile kubo. UNkulunkulu wazi kahle okwenzayo. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;Edip-Layth (Quran: A Reformist Translation)&lt;/ref&gt;

I-Qur'an 24:31 ithi &quot;Futhi tshela abesifazane abakholwayo ukuthi behlise amehlo abo futhi baqhubeke bemboze izitho zabo zangasese, nokuthi bangabukisi ngobuhle babo ngaphandle kwalokhu okusobala, futhi mabaphonse amashawuli phezu komklamo wabo. Futhi mabangabukisi ngobuhle babo ngaphandle kwabayeni babo. . . &quot; Ngakho-ke, izazi ezingamaSulumane zisho ukuthi umuntu angabheka ngokukhanuka ubunqunu noma umzimba womuntu oshade naye, futhi uma umSulumane ebona umuntu noma okuthile okubavusayo, kufaka phakathi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kufanele bagweme ukubuka kuso.Ngakho-ke, isizathu sokumemezela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze- haram e-Islam.

== Izinkolo zaseNdiya ==

=== UbuSikh ===
Yize kungekho ukuvinjelwa okuqondile kwezithombe zocansi eSikhism, amaSikh aphikisa ngokuthi izincwadi namafilimu ezocansi, ukuthengisa ngomzimba nenkanuko kuholela ekuphingeni. Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuthiwa zikhuthaza inkanuko ( Kaam ), okuwumqondo ochazwe njengokuthambekela okungenampilo kocansi nokwenza ucansi. UKaam ubalwa njengomunye ' Wezinswelaboya Ezinhlanu ', okuyizici zobuntu ezidangele kakhulu kumaSikh, ngoba &quot;angakha imigoqo emelene noNkulunkulu ezimpilweni zabo&quot;. 

=== UbuHindu ===
Yize kungekho ukusekelwa, noma ukudikibala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (ezinkulu noma ezincane), kepha zikhona ezinye izici ezikukhubaza ngokuqinile ukuhlangana, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezindaba ezingezona ezibonakalayo zombhangqwana oshadile noma zombili.Noma kunjalo, lesi sihloko singatholakala naku- ''vedas'', ''puranas'', njll.

Abanye abazinikele kuVaishnava bakholelwa ukuthi uma ikhompiyutha isetshenziselwa ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, iba ngokungcolile ngokwesiko, ngakho-ke ayinakusetshenziselwa izinjongo zokukhulekela ( &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAV8&quot;&gt;puja&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Vaishnava Cyber-Puja: Problems of Purity and Novel Ritual Solutions|url=https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/religions/article/view/9391}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubusathane ==
[[Inkolo yobusathane|I-Contemporary Satanism]] ivame ukusekela ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, futhi amaSathane nawo abambe iqhaza ekukhiqizeni amafilimu ezocansi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Faxneld|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|editor2-last=Lewis|first2=Jesper Aagaard|last2=Petersen|access-date=2021-07-20|isbn=978-1-137-38643-4|doi=10.1057/9781137386434_8|language=en|place=New York|first=Per|series=Palgrave Studies in New Religions and Alternative Spiritualities|editor-first=Henrik|editor-last=Bogdan|pages=165–181|work=Sexuality and New Religious Movements|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137386434_8|date=2014|title=Cult of Carnality: Sexuality, Eroticism, and Gender in Contemporary Satanism|editor2-first=James R.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodwa-ke, amalungu amaningi eSonto likaSathane agxeka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezivamile, kepha ngobuhle hhayi ngezizathu zokuziphatha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Izinkomba ==
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      <text bytes="6794" sha1="fktnk812992goy5zmzuhambincspkik" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Nic_G_half_inch_micropenis.jpg|thumb|280px|Nic_G_half_inch_micropenis]]
'''i-Micropenis''' kuw[[umthondo]] omuncane,umbandela evamile iyi amaphiko(kulinganiswa phezulu) uqonde penile obuphelele okungenani 2.5 ngeziphambeko ejwayelekile lincane kusho ubukhulu womuntu umthondo, &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid7366061&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lee PA|display-authors=3|last7=Migeon|first6=J|last6=Money|first5=RM|last5=Blizzard|first4=J|last4=Amrhein|author3=Danish R|title=Micropenis. I. Criteria, etiologies and classification|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_johns-hopkins-medical-journal_1980-04_146_4/page/156|author2=Mazur T|pmid=7366061|year=1980|pages=156–63|issue=4|volume=146|journal=The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal|first7=CJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;noma umncane kakhulu kunalokho mayelana  yomuntu omdala uma kuqhathaniswa nokwakhiwa okumaphakathi kwe- {{Convert|12.5|cm|0}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;ScienceDaily04&quot;&gt;ScienceDaily.com (2004). &quot;[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041206205001.htm Surgeons Pinch More Than An Inch From The Arm To Rebuild A Micropenis],&quot; 6 Dec. 2004, URL accessed 2 April 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Isimo sivame ukuqashelwa ngemuva nje kokuzalwa.Leli gama livame ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha lapho lonke ipipi, i- scrotum, ne- perineum zingenakho ukungacaci, njenge- hypospadias .I-Micropenis yenzeka cishe ku-0.6% wabesilisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ScienceDaily04&quot; /&gt;
[[Category:Izifo zomthondo]]

== Izimbangela ==
Ezimweni ezingajwayelekile ezihlotshaniswa ne-micropenis, iningi lezimo zokuncishiswa kokukhiqizwa kokubeletha kwe-androgen noma umphumela, njengokuthuthuka okungavamile kwamasende (i-testicular dysgenesis), i- Klinefelter syndrome, i- Leydig cell hypoplasia, amaphutha athile we- testosterone noma i-dihydrotestosterone synthesis ( 17,20-lyase defence, 5α-reductase defence ), androgen insensitivity syndromes, insider pituitary stimulation ( gonadotropin defence), nezinye izinhlobo ze- hypogonadism yokuzalwa. I-Micropenis nayo ingenzeka njengengxenye yama-syndromes amaningi we-malformation symromes angafaki ama-chromosomes ocansi. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyisibonakaliso sokuntuleka kokukhula kwama-hormone noma i-congenital hypopituitarism .Izakhi zofuzo eziningana ze- homeobox zithinta usayizi wepipi nowedijithi ngaphandle kokungajwayelekile kwe-hormone.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuvezweni kwe-utero kweminye imishanguzo yokuzala esuselwe ku-estrogen efana ne- diethylstilbestrol (DES) ixhunyaniswe nokungajwayelekile kwezitho zobulili noma ipipi elincane kunejwayelekile.

Ngemva kokuhlaziywa ukuthola noma yimaphi izimo ezichazwe, micropenis zingaqhubekela iphathwa isakhasa nge imijovo ahlukahlukene hormone, ezifana womuntu gonadotropin chorionic futhi testosterone . 

Iningi labafana abaneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili kuya kweleshumi nane ubudala abathunyelwe kuma-micropenis abanaso isimo se-micropenis. Ukukhathazeka okunjalo kuvame ukuchazwa ngokulandelayo: 

* a umthondo ithukuswe amafutha suprapubic (lwamafutha engeziwe emhlabeni Mons pubis )
* umzimba omkhulu nohlaka uhlaka lwangaphambi kokubeletha oluvele luvele lincane kakhulu
* ukubambezeleka kokuthomba ngezizathu zonke zokulindela ukukhula kwesikhathi esizayo

== Ukwelashwa ==

=== Ukwelashwa kweHormone ===
Ukukhula kwendoda kokubili ngaphambi kokuzalwa nangesikhathi sobuntwana nokuthomba kuthonywa kakhulu yi- testosterone futhi, ngezinga elincane, i- hormone yokukhula . Kodwa-ke, ama-hormone endogenous kamuva anenani elikhulu ekwelapheni i-micropenis ebangelwa ukusilela kwamahomoni, njenge- hypopituitarism noma i- hypogonadism .

Kungakhathalekile ukuthi iyini imbangela ye-micropenis, uma yaziwa isencane, inkambo emfushane ye-testosterone ivame &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15201804&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Testosterone enanthate therapy is effective and independent of SRD5A2 and AR gene polymorphisms in boys with micropenis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-urology_2004-07_172_1/page/319|journal=J. Urol.|volume=172|issue=1|pages=319–24|year=2004|pmid=15201804}}&lt;/ref&gt; (imvamisa azikho ngaphezu kwezinyanga ezintathu). Lokhu kuvame ukukhuthaza ukukhula okuncane, okuqinisekisa amathuba okukhula okuqhubekayo lapho usuthomba, kepha kuyaqabukela kufinyelele kusayizi ojwayelekile. Ayikho i-testosterone eyengeziwe enikezwa ngesikhathi sobuntwana, ukugwema i- virilization engadingeki nokuvuthwa kwamathambo . (Kunobunye ubufakazi bokuthi ukuphatha i-testosterone ngaphambi kwesikhathi kungaholela ekwehliseni usayizi wepenis kumuntu omdala. ) &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid7609189&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Micropenis: does early treatment with testosterone do more harm than good?|journal=J. Urol.|volume=154|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=825–9|year=1995|pmid=7609189}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukwelashwa kwe-testosterone kuqalwa kabusha ebusheni kubafana abane-hypogonadism kuphela. Ukukhula kwePenile kuqedwa ekugcineni kokuthomba, kufana nokuqedwa kokukhula kokuphakama, nokunikezwa kwe-testosterone eyengeziwe kubantu abadala abangemva kokubeletha kuveza ukukhula okuncane noma okungekho okunye.

=== Ukuhlinzwa ===
Ngoba ukwelashwa kwehomoni akuvamile ukufeza usayizi ojwayelekile, amasu amaningana okuhlinza afana ne- phalloplasty yokwandiswa kwepipi ahlelwe futhi enziwa, kepha ngokuvamile awathathwa njengempumelelo ngokwanele ukwamukelwa kabanzi futhi awavamile ukwenziwa ebuntwaneni. 

Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu ze-micropenis, awunawo noma yimuphi umphini, futhi i-glans ibonakala ihlala cishe esikhunjeni se-pubic. Kusukela ngawo-1960 kuya ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970, bekuvamile ukuthi kunconywe ukuphinda kunikezwe ucansi nokuhlinzwa. Lokhu bekungenzeka ikakhulukazi uma ubufakazi buphakamisa ukuthi impendulo ku-testosterone eyengeziwe ne-pubertal testosterone izoba mpofu. Ngokwamukelwa ngumzali, umfana wayezophinde anikezwe kabusha futhi aqanjwe kabusha njengentombazane, futhi kwenziwa ukuhlinzwa ukususa ama-testes nokwakha [[Isibunu|isitho sangasese sangasese]] . Lokhu kwakususelwa kumqondo osubuzwa manje wokuthi ubunikazi bobulili babunjwe ngokuphelele kusukela ekuhlalisweni komphakathi, nokuthi indoda enepipi elincane ayitholi ndawo eyamukelekayo emphakathini.

Isibhedlela iJohns Hopkins, isikhungo esaziwa kakhulu ngale ndlela, senze izabelo eziyishumi nambili kusukela ngo-1960 kuya ku-1980, ikakhulukazi owaDavid Reimer (onqenqemeni lwendoda yakhe lwacekelwa engozini yokusoka), enganyelwe nguJohn Money . Maphakathi nawo-1990s, ukwabelwa kabusha kwakungavamisile ukunikezwa, futhi womathathu amagceke ayephonswe inselelo. Izifundo zangaphambili zokuhlinzwa okunjalo, zizwakalisa ukungagculiseki kwazo ngomphumela wabantu abadala, zabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuqedeni lo mkhuba. Ukunikezwa kabusha kwezocansi akuvamile ukwenziwa namuhla nge-micropenis ebucayi (yize kwesinye isikhathi kusadingidwa ngombuzo wokukhulisa umfana njengentombazane). 

== Imithombo ==
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      <text bytes="6695" sha1="p1idaf14b0vbf5rne6kzejraxdspk7q" xml:space="preserve">Kunezindima eziningana eBhayibhelini [lesiHeberu] naseTestamenteni Elisha ezichazwe njengokubandakanya [[Isitabane|izenzo zobulili bobulili obufanayo]] nezifiso. Izindima ezikhuluma ngobungqingili eBhayibhelini lesiHeberu ziqala ekuqaleni kweTorah (izincwadi ezinhlanu zokuqala [[IBhayibheli|zeBhayibheli]] ).Omibhalo eminingana eTestamenteni Elisha nayo ikhuluma ngobungqingili, kufaka phakathi iVangeli ezincwadini zikaMathewu, uLuka, nezincwadi ezahlukahlukene ezivela kuSanta Paul ziya emasontweni okuqala e- [[I-Eshiya|Asia]] Minor .

== IBhayibheli lesiHeberu ==

=== ULevitikusi 18 no-20 ===
Izahluko 18 no-20 [[Levitikusi|zencwadi kaLevitikusi]] ziyingxenye yekhodi yobuNgcwele kanye nohlu lwezindlela zokulala ezingavunyelwe,kufaka phakathi amavesi alandelayo:

* &quot;Ungalali nowesilisa njengowesifazane; kuyisinengiso.&quot; Isahluko 18 ivesi 22 
* “Uma owesilisa elala nowesilisa njengowesifazane, bobabili benze [[isinengiso]]; bobulawa nokubulawa, igazi labo libe phezu kwabo.” Isahluko 20 ivesi 13 

La mavesi amabili ngokomlando ahunyushwe amaJuda namaKrestu njengemikhawulo ecacile isiyonke yokulwa nezenzo zobungqingili jikelele.Ukuhumusha kwakamuva kugxila kokuqukethwe yindima njengengxenye yeKhodi yobuNgcwele, ikhodi yokuhlanzeka ehlose ukuhlukanisa indlela ama-Israyeli aziphatha ngayo kumaKhanani anezinkulunkulu eziningi .Enye yalezo zincazelo ivela kuJanet Edmonds, othi:&lt;blockquote&gt;Ukuhumusha lezi ziqephu zikaLevitikusi, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi le ncwadi yeBhayibheli igxile ekuhlanzekeni kwabakwa-Israyeli, nokubeka izinkombandlela kuma-Israyeli ukuze azihlukanise nomakhelwane babo abangamaqaba, abaseGibhithe nabaseKhanani, ababehlala emazweni ngaphambi zahlaliswa ngamaJuda. Lokhu kukhonjiswa kuLevitikusi Izahluko 18 no-20 ngezindatshana zemibhalo ethile (uLevitikusi 18: 2–3, 18:24 no-20: 23) ezithi ama-Israyeli akufanele enze okwenziwa ngabaseGibhithe nabaseKhanani.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ukuhlaziywa nguSaul Olyan, uProfesa Wezenkolo kanye noMqondisi we-Judaic Studies Programme eBrown University, K. Renato Lings, nabanye bagxila kokungaziwa okufakwe esiHeberwini sokuqala, bethi lokhu kungacaci kungahle kungavimbeli konke ukukhuluma okuvusa inkanuko phakathi kwamadoda kepha kunalokho kuvinjelwe ukulalana kwezihlobo phakathi kwamalungu omndeni wesilisa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Olyan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 1994}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Lings&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=11 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bathi abahumushi besiNgisi bakaLevitikusi bangeze embhalweni wokuqala ukunxephezela ama- lacunae abonakalayo embhalweni weBhayibheli; kodwa ngaleyo ndlela yashintsha incazelo yaleli vesi. ULevitikusi 18:22 ufundeka kanje:
{|
|
: &lt;center&gt; isiHebheru sokuqala&lt;/center&gt;
: w'eth-zäkhār lö 'tiškav miškevē' iššâ
|
: &lt;center&gt; ukuhumusha ngokoqobo &lt;/center&gt;
: Ungalali nowesilisa ngokulala kowesilisa.
|
: &lt;center&gt; I-NRSV&lt;/center&gt;
: Ungalali nowesilisa njengowesifazane;
|
|}
Lings phikisana iinthombe bondzaweni hhayi kakhulu emibhalweni yokuqala futhi ukuhunyushwa Levitikusi 'ngenye unattested miškevē lokuku Genesise (ie, miškevē itholakala kuphela ngaphakathi Levitikusi 18:22 kanye 20:13, futhi Genesise 49: 4) Kubalulekile ukukhanyisa ukuqondana kwezihlobo okwenzeka esihlokweni, futhi ukuhunyushwa kwe-miškevē ekukhanyeni kukaGenesise kuholela ekutheni umbhalo kaLevitikusi 18 no-20 ubumbane. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lings&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lings|first1=K. Renato|title=The 'Lyings' of a Woman: Male-Male Incest in Leviticus 18.22?|url=https://archive.org/details/theology-sexuality_2009_15_2/page/231|journal=Theology &amp; Sexuality|date=11 August 2009|volume=15|issue=2|pages=231–250|doi=10.1558/tse.v15i2.231}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLings2009&quot;&gt;Lings, K. Renato (11 August 2009). &quot;The 'Lyings' of a Woman: Male-Male Incest in Leviticus 18.22?&quot;. ''Theology &amp; Sexuality''. '''15''' (2): 231–250. [[I-Doi (isihlonzi)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1558/tse.v15i2.231|10.1558/tse.v15i2.231]]. [[I-S2CID (isihlonzi)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170582258 170582258].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ISodoma neGomora ===
[[File:Sodoma_-_Aldegrever.jpg|thumb| ''ULoti uvimba abaseSodoma ukuthi'' bangadlwenguli izingelosi, nguHeinrich Aldegrever, 1555]]
[[File:John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg|thumb| ''Ukubhujiswa kweSodoma neGomora'', uJohn Martin, ngo-1852]]
Indaba yokubhujiswa kweSodoma neGomora [[Genesise|kuGenesise]] ayikhombisi ngokusobala ubungqingili njengesono ababhujiselwa sona. Abanye abahumushi uthole indaba iSodoma indlela efanayo kubaHluleli 19 ekulahleni ukudlwengula zobudlova izivakashi ezingaphezu kuka-ubungqingili,kodwa ukudlula uye emlandweni ngokuhunyushwa ngaphakathi UbuJuda futhi ubuKristu njengoba jeziso ubungqingili ngenxa incazelo ukuthi amadoda aseSodoma ayefisa ukudlwengula, noma ukulala naye, nezingelosi ezabuyisa uLoti. &lt;ref name=&quot;dict&quot;&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngenkathi abaprofethi bamaJuda bekhuluma kuphela ngokusweleka kwesisa senhliziyo njengesono seSodoma,incazelo yezocansi kuphela yanda kakhulu emiphakathini yamaKrestu kangangokuthi igama elithi &quot;Sodoma&quot; laba yisisekelo segama elithi &quot;sodomy&quot;, elisengumqondo ofanayo osemthethweni izenzo zocansi zobungqingili nokungazalelisi, ikakhulukazi [[Ucansi Lwendunu|ucansi lwendunu]] noma lomlomo. 

Ngenkathi abaprofethi bamaJuda u-Isaya, uJeremia, u-Amose noZefaniya bebhekisa ngokungafanele esonweni saseSodoma, uHezekeli ucacisa ukuthi idolobha labhujiswa ngenxa yokuthunyelwa kwalo kokungabi nabulungiswa kwezenhlalo kanye nokuthunyelwa kwalo &quot;okunengekayo:&quot; 

Isiko leTalmud njengoba lalibhalwe phakathi kuka c. U-370 no-500 babuye bahumushe isono seSodoma njengokuntuleka kwesisa senhliziyo, ngokuzama ukudlwengulwa kwezingelosi kube wukubonakaliswa kokwephulwa komthetho komphakathi kwezokungenisa izihambi.

Amasiko akamuva ngesono saseSodoma, njengamaTestamente ''Abapristi Abayishumi Nambili'', ayithatha njengeyindlela engavumelekile yokuhlangana kwabantu bobulili obuhlukile.[[EkaJuda|KuJuda]] 1: 7-8 iBhayibheli lithi ngeSodoma neGomora:&lt;blockquote&gt;NjengeSodoma neGomora nemizi yangakhona, bazinikela ekuphingeni, balandela inyama engaziwa, babekiwe baba yisibonelo, behlushwa impindezelo yomlilo waphakade. Ngokunjalo nalabo ''baphuphi'' abangcolisa inyama. . . &quot; &lt;/blockquote&gt;Lokhu kuhunyushwe njengokukhomba ubungqingili ngabathile kanye nenkanuko yezocansi yabantu abafayo ngemuva kwezingelosi ngabanye.  Ababhali abangamaJuda uPhilo (d. AD 50) noJosephus (37&amp;nbsp;- c. 100) babengabantu bokuqala ababikiwe abagomela ngokusobala ukuthi ubungqingili babuphakathi kwezono zaseSodoma. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala AD, amaJuda ajwayele ukukhomba isono saseSodoma ngemikhuba yobungqingili. 

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    <title>Khaya</title>
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      <text bytes="3927" sha1="9vnzbx61cbwdb5j2wyzmv0ywe56olti" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox dot-com company|image=Khaya senegalensis MS 2037.JPG|image_caption=''Khaya senegalensis'' in habitat|taxon=Khaya|authority=[[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]]|subdivision_ranks=Species|subdivision=See text}}
{| class=&quot;infobox biota&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot; |''Khaya''
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|''[[Khaya]]''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|Juss.]]&lt;/small&gt;
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Khaya}}

'''''UKhaya wuhlobo''''' lwezinhlobo ezinhlanu [[Isihlahla|zezihlahla]] emndenini wama-mahogany iMeliaceae.Ugodo ''lukaKhaya'' lubizwa ngokuthi yi- '''African mahogany''', futhi luthathwa njengolungena esikhundleni se-American mahogany ( ''sohlobo'' lwe-Swietenia). &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wood-database.com/african-mahogany/ African Mahogany - The Wood Database]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Incazelo ==
Uhlobo luvela e- [[IAfrika|Afrika]] [[IMadagasika|eshisayo naseMadagascar]].Zonke izinhlobo zikhula zizungeze u-30-35m ubude, akuvamile ukuba yi-45m, nesiqu esingaphezu kobubanzi obuyi-1m, esivame ukuboshelwa phansi.

Amaqabunga aphinyiwe, anezincwajana ezingama-4-6, ipheshana lokugcina alikho; Ipheshana ngalinye linobude obungu-10-15 cm obuzungezwe ngokungazelelwe phezulu, kepha imvamisa linethiphu le-acuminate.Amaqabunga angaba yi- deciduous noma i- evergreen kuye ngezinhlobo.Izimbali zenziwa ngama- inflorescence akhululekile, imbali ngayinye incane, inamacembe amane aphuzi aphuzi kanye ne-stameni eziyishumi. Izithelo ziyi-globose capsule ezine noma ezinhlanu-valve 5-8&amp;nbsp;cm ububanzi, oqukethe imbewu enamaphiko eminingi.

== Izinhlobo ==

* ''Khaya anthotheca'' ( syn. ''K. nyasica'' )
* ''Khaya grandifoliola''
* ''Khaya ivorensis''
* ''Khaya madagascariensis''
* ''Khaya senegalensis''

== Imisebenza ==
Ugodo ''lukaKhaya'' lubizwa nge- &quot;mahogany yase-Afrika&quot;, ngezakhiwo zokhuni ngokuvamile ezibhekwa njengeziseduze kakhulu ne- mahogany yangempela. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wood-database.com/wood-articles/mahogany-mixups-the-lowdown/ Mahogany Mixups: the Lowdown - The Wood Database]&lt;/ref&gt;

Imbewu ka ''K. senegalensis'' inokuqukethwe kukawoyela okungama-52.5%, okuqukethe i-21% palmitic acid, 10% stearic acid, 65% oleic acid, ne-4% &quot;ye-asidi engaziwa&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00190-4|title=Fatty acid composition of the seed oil of Khaya senegalensis|url=https://archive.org/details/bioresource-technology_1999-09_69_3/page/279|journal=Bioresource Technology|volume=69|issue=3|pages=279–280|year=1999|last1=Okieimen|first1=F.E|last2=Eromosele|first2=C.O}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I eliqinile le iba nsundu ngokubomvu ukhuni ''K. anthotheca'' isetshenziselwa canoes elenjiweko noma makoros futhi njengoba ugodo jikelele, umnyango Uhlaka kanye semfenisha ugodo okuyinto somuhlwa futhi borer ukumelana. &lt;ref&gt;Joffe, Pitta: (2007),'' Indigenous Plants of South Africa'', Briza Publications, pg 123&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izinkomba ==

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    <title>Ukudlwengulwa kwabesilisa</title>
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      <text bytes="13130" sha1="8g47s7evjbdui3h5ve13uy1i9lxqebt" xml:space="preserve">Inani lezisulu zokudlwengulwa noma ezinye izehlakalo zodlame locansi ngabesilisa.Ngokomlando, ukudlwengulwa kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuyicala elenziwa kuphela kubantu besifazane.Le nkolelo isabanjiwe kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, kepha '''ukudlwengulwa kwabesilisa''' manje sekuyicala lobugebengu futhi sekuxoxiswane kakhulu kunakuqala. 

[[File:Rape of the Sabine Women 1583 by Giambologna at the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence Italy MH 01.jpg|Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_1583_by_Giambologna_at_the_Loggia_dei_Lanzi_in_Florence_Italy_MH_01]]


Kudlwengulwa kwabesilisa namanje Taboo, futhi isetshenziswe ngomqondo ongathandeki phakathi kwabobulili futhi zobungqingili amadoda.Abahlinzeki bomphakathi nabahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo bavame ukusabela ngendlela ehlukile kubantu abahlukunyezwayo besilisa ngokuya ngesimo sabo sobulili kanye nobulili babenzi babo. &lt;ref&gt;Davies, 2002&lt;/ref&gt;Kungaba nzima kulabo abahlukunyezwayo besilisa ukubika ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi ababhekana nakho, ikakhulukazi emphakathini onomkhuba oqinile wobudoda.Bangesaba ukuthi abantu bazokungabaza ukuthanda kwabo ezocansi futhi bababize ngobungqingili, ikakhulukazi uma bedlwengulwe owesilisa, noma ukuthi bangabonwa njengabangewona abesilisa ngenxa yokuthi bayisisulu.

Isikhathi esiningi, izisulu zesilisa zizama ukufihla ziphike ukuhlukunyezwa kwazo, ngokufana nezisulu zabesifazane, ngaphandle kwalapho zilimele kakhulu emzimbeni.Ekugcineni, izisulu zabesilisa zingase zingacaci kahle ekuchazeni ukulimala kwabo lapho befuna usizo lwezempilo noma lwezengqondo. &lt;ref name=&quot;richard&quot;&gt;Richard Tewksbury. Department of Justice Administration, University of Louisville. [http://www.prearesourcecenter.org/sites/default/files/library/effectsofsexualassaultsonmen-physicalmentalandsexualconsequences.pdf Effects on Sexual Assaults on Men: Physical, Mental and Sexual Consequences]. International Journal of Men's Health, Vol 6, No 1, Spring 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ucwaningo nezibalo ==

=== Jikelele ===
[[File:US_Sexual_Victimization_2014.png|right|thumb|450x450px| Uma ubheka imithombo eyahlukene yohlolo lukahulumeni, unyaka onikeziwe iziboshwa zabantu abadala nezentsha kulinganiselwa ukuthi zihlushwe kaningana izehlakalo zokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kunabesifazane ababoshiwe. Iziboshwa zabesilisa nabesifazane azifakiwe ocwaningweni oluningi lukazwelonke lokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Stemple&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Stemple|first1=Lara|last2=Meyer|first2=Ilan H.|title=The Sexual Victimization of Men in America: New Data Challenge Old Assumptions|journal=American Journal of Public Health|date=June 2014|volume=104|issue=6|pages=e19–26|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2014.301946|pmid=24825225|pmc=4062022}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ucwaningo mayelana nokudlwengulwa kwabantu besilisa lwalusanda kuqala ukuvela ngo-1980, lugxile kakhulu ezinganeni zesilisa.Izifundo zokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi ezikhungweni zokuhlunyeleliswa kwezimilo ezigxile ikakhulukazi emiphumeleni yalolu hlobo lokudlwengula zazitholakala ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980, kodwa akukho okwakutholakala eminyakeni eyedlule.Iningi lezincwadi eziphathelene nokudlwengulwa nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi ligxile kakhulu kubantu abahlukunyeziwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;richard&quot;/&gt;

== Izinganekwane eziphathelene nezisulu zabesilisa zokudlwengulwa ==

=== Abesilisa ababisengozini ===
Ngokuzihlanganisa ngokobulili besilisa, kucatshangwa ukuthi abesilisa, noma besilisa abasebasha, abakwazi ukuba yizisulu zokudlwengulwa, noma nokuthi basengozini. Kweminye imiphakathi, kuthathwa njengokuyihlazo nokungabi yindoda uma kukhala umntwana wesilisa, ngoba inkolelo-mbono yabesilisa iveza abesilisa bekwazi ukuzivikela, okungenzeka kungabi njalo. &lt;ref name=&quot;hurt&quot;&gt;Hidden Hurt. 2011. [http://www.hiddenhurt.co.uk/male_victims_of_domestic_violence.html Male Victims of Domestic Violence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908235111/http://www.hiddenhurt.co.uk/male_victims_of_domestic_violence.html |date=2023-09-08 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;Abafana abancane bangaba buthakathaka futhi babe sengozini yezelelesi, ezivame ukuba namandla. Abenzi bokubi bangasebenzisa noma yini abanayo ukuhlukumeza ingane, kufaka phakathi imali noma okunye ukufumbathiswa. &lt;ref name=&quot;male&quot;&gt;Male Survivor.[http://www.malesurvivor.org/myths.html Male Sexual Victimization Myths &amp; Facts] {{Webarchive}}.&lt;/ref&gt;Owesilisa osekhulile naye angaba namandla okuzilwela, noma esabe ukukwenza lokho ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka aboshwe ngokushaya kanye / noma ngebhethri ngenxa yezindinganiso eziphindwe kabili zomphakathi maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ekuzivikeleni phakathi kobulili, kwezinye izimo abenzi bobubi besifazane (le ndlela ephindwe kabili iyafana nokukhathazeka kokuzivikela kwabesilisa ekuhlukunyezweni ngokocansi ngabesifazane).

=== Abesilisa bahlala befuna ucansi ===
Inkolelo ejwayelekile yomphakathi ukuthi owesilisa kufanele avuswe uma ethola ukwakheka noma enesitho, ngakho-ke lokho kusho ukuthi uzimisele futhi ujabulela noma yimuphi umsebenzi wobulili. Roy J. Levin noWilly Van Berlo babhale ku-athikili ku- ''Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine'' ukuthi ukukhuthazwa okuncane kwezitho zangasese noma ukucindezeleka kungadala ukuphazamiseka &quot;yize kungekho ukukhuthazwa kocansi okuthile okukhona&quot;.Ukwakhiwa akusho ukuthi amadoda ayavuma ukuya ocansini. &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot;&gt;Sarah LeTrent. October 10, 2013. CNN, [http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/09/living/chris-brown-female-on-male-rape/ Against his will: Female-on-male rape].&lt;/ref&gt;Abesilisa bangathola ama-erections noma ezimeni zocansi ezihlukumezayo noma ezibuhlungu, futhi lokhu akubonisi ukuvuma. 

Ngokufana nempendulo ye-erectile yabesifazane, impendulo yomuntu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Sexual molestation of men by women|year=1982}}&lt;/ref&gt;okusho ukuthi indoda ayidingi ukuvuswa ukuze ipipi layo liqine; ukukhuthazwa kwemishini konke okudingekayo.Ukuvuka nokuvuselela izinto ezihlukile.Ukukhuthazeka kuyimpendulo ebonakalayo ekuvuseleleni.Amadoda angakhuthazwa ngokomzimba ngaphandle kokuzizwa evukile futhi ngaleyo ndlela abangele ukwakhiwa.Abesilisa bangesaba futhi besatshiswe ukwakhiwa, ikakhulukazi uma umuntu emdala noma eyisiphathimandla. 

=== Ukuya ocansini ===
UHenry Leak, usihlalo wenhlangano iSurvivors, uthe ukudlwengulwa kwabesilisa, njengabesifazane, kuhlobene kakhulu namandla kunokuya ocansini, futhi akwenzeki kuphela ngaphakathi komphakathi wobungqingili. &lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;Kathy Marks. 15 October 1992. The Independent, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/man-abducted-from-train-and-raped-1557478.html Man abducted from train and raped].&lt;/ref&gt; Ukuya ocansini kuyinkinga eyinkimbinkimbi, futhi iningi labenzi bobubi besilisa abafuna abafana ababona ongqingili. 

== Ngesikhathi sokulwa kuhlonyiwe ==
 
Ukudlwengulwa kwabesilisa ngesikhathi sempi kubikwe ukuthi kudlangile kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, [[IKhongo-Kinshasa|njengeDemocratic Republic of Congo]], esanda kuba nezimpi zombango . &lt;ref name=&quot;Melhado&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Melhado|first=L.|title=Rates of Sexual Violence Are High in Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health|volume=36|pages=210|number=4|year=2010|jstor=41038670}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Autesserre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Autesserre|first=Séverine|title=Dangerous Tales: Dominant Narratives on the Congo and their Unintended Consequences|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_2012-04_111_443/page/202|journal=African Affairs|volume=111|year=2012|pages=202–222}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E-Afrika yonkana, amadoda adlwengulwayo avamise ukubhekana nokucwaswa emphakathini nokugconwa ngokuthi “abuthaka” nokwehluleka ukuvimbela ukudlwengulwa.Bangasolwa [[Isitabane|nangobungqingili]] (okuyinto engekho emthethweni emazweni amaningi esifunda).Isibonelo, lapho ababaleki besilisa abavela eCongo befuna ukwelashwa e-Uganda, bashushiswa ngobungqingili, ''kubika i-The Economist'' ngo-2012. 

Enyakatho ye-Uganda, eminyakeni edlule kube nokuhlaselwa okuqhubekayo ngamaqembu amavukelambuso emelene namabutho kahulumeni.Phakathi nalezi zingxabano, amadoda avamile ahlaselwe kaningi, athunjwa, adlwengulwa futhi aphoqeleka ukuba alwele amaqembu amavukelambuso.Izisulu zokudlwengulwa zivame ukubhekana nokuhlukumezeka okukhulu ngokomzimba, ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo ngenxa yesipiliyoni sabo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imiphumela ==

=== Imiphumela yomzimba ===
Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kubanga ukuhlukumezeka okukhulu ngokomzwelo futhi kaningi ngokomzimba . &lt;ref name=&quot;male2&quot;&gt;Male Survivor. [http://www.malesurvivor.org/survivors.html Survivors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233233/http://www.malesurvivor.org/survivors.html |date=2016-03-03 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;Kubantu abahlukunyezwa ngokocansi abangaphezu kuka-18, 31.5% wabesifazane kanye nabesilisa abangu-16.1% bathe balimale ngaphandle kwezitho zangasese kulokhu kuhlaselwa. &lt;ref&gt;National Institute of Justice. 2006. Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Rape Victimization: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;

Izisulu zesilisa zathola ukulimala okuthe xaxa futhi zazisengozini enkulu yokwesatshiswa ngesikhali ngumenzi wobubi.Izimpawu nokulimala okuqapheleka kakhulu ikhanda elibuhlungu, izilonda, isicanucanu, i-colitis, imihuzuko yomphimbo, amehlo amnyama namathambo aphukile.Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngabakwaStermac nozakwabo (2004) luphawule ukuthi ama-45% ezisulu zabesilisa abaya esikhungweni sokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi esibhedlela banezinhlobo ezithile zokulimala ngokomzimba (25% ukulimala kwezicubu ezithambile , ukuqaqeka okungu-20%). &lt;ref name=&quot;irish&quot;&gt;Deborah Condon. April 4th 2014. Irish Health. [http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=23456 Male rape 'still a taboo subject'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103109/http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=23456 |date=2018-03-08 }}. Comments of Dr Maeve Eogan and Deirdra Richardson in ''Modern Medicine, the Irish Journal of Clinical Medicine''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;richard&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;donald&quot;&gt;S. McDonald and A. Tijerino (Research and Statistics Division-Department of Justice Canada. 2013. [http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/victim/rr13_8/rr13_8.pdf Male Survivors of Sexual Abuse and Assault: Their Experiences] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912080017/https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/victim/rr13_8/rr13_8.pdf |date=2023-09-12 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Imiphumela yesikhathi eside ====
Uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa abangakaze bahlukunyezwe ngokocansi, amadoda ahlukunyezwa ngokocansi ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala eyi-18 asengozini enkulu yokuba nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo, kufaka phakathi izimpawu zesifo sokucindezeleka kwangemva kwenhlekelele nokudangala; ukuphuza ngokweqile nokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa; imicabango yokuzibulala nemizamo yokuzibulala; izinkinga ebuhlotsheni obuseduze; nokungaphumeleli kahle esikoleni nasemsebenzini. &lt;ref name=&quot;1in6&quot;&gt;1in6.org. [https://1in6.org/the-1-in-6-statistic/ The 1 in 6 Statistic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324154255/http://1in6.org/the-1-in-6-statistic/ |date=2017-03-24 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngenxa yokulindelwa ubulili, ukuba yisisulu sengane yesilisa yokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kungaholela ku: &lt;ref&gt;Living Well. [http://www.livingwell.org.au/managing-difficulties/dealing-with-the-effects/ Dealing with the effects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605015708/https://livingwell.org.au/managing-difficulties/dealing-with-the-effects/ |date=2023-06-05 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

# Ingcindezi yokufakazela ubudoda bakhe ngokomzimba nangokobulili (ukuqina nokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okuyingozi noma okunodlame; ukuba nabalingani abaningi besifazane ocansini).
# Ukudideka ngobulili nobunikazi bobulili.
# Umuzwa wokuba yindoda enganele.
# Umuzwa wamandla alahlekile, ukulawula nokuzethemba ebudodeni bakhe.
# Izinkinga ngokusondelana nokusondelana.
# Izinkinga zocansi. &lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;William H. Masters in his study (1986) finds sexual dysfunction and disorder to the men who have been raped by women. He may also been unable to respond his female partner physically, even to two years after the raping. They lost their &quot;sense of personal dignity and confidence in [their] masculinity.&quot; (&quot;Sexual dysfunction as an aftermath of sexual assault of men by women&quot;, Journal of Sex &amp; Marital Therapy 12, no. 1: 35–45. Cited from Jai Vipra. July 2013. CCS working Paper #286, [http://ccsinternship.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/286_case-for-gender-neutral-rape-laws-in-india_jaai-vipra.pdf A Case for Gender-Neutral Rape Laws in India].)&lt;/ref&gt;
# Ukwesaba ukuba 'ngongqingili' noma 'isitabane'.
# Ukuthandana nabantu bobulili obufanayo .

=== Ukwelapha ===
Izisulu zokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi zidinga ukwelashwa okukhulu ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo ngemuva kokudlwengulwa, kodwa abasindile besilisa akunakwenzeka ukuthi bawakhulume amacala abo.U-Elizabeth Donovan, udokotela wezifo zengqondo, uthe; &quot;Abesilisa banomthwalo owengeziwe wokubhekana nomphakathi ongakholelwa ukuthi ukudlwengulwa kungenzeka kubo ... nakancane.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot;/&gt;
[[Category:Ukudlwengulwa]]
[[Category:Ukudlwengulwa kwamadoda]]
[[Category:Ubulili besilisa]]
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    <title>Ugwayi</title>
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      <text bytes="11973" sha1="t3jfks3bzwmc5oxrck3ctiikh3ngusg" xml:space="preserve">[[File:A_traditional_tobacco_drying_kiln_in_Myrtleford,_Victoria,_Australia.jpg|thumb| Isikhuni sokomisa ugwayi eMyrtleford, Victoria, Australia, 2018. Lo mlilo wakhiwa ngo-1957, wathuthela eRotary Park ngo-2000. Ama-Kilns alesi sakhiwo enziwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1930 kuya ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960.]]
[[File:Basma-tobacco-drying.jpg|thumb| Amagwayi kagwayi waseBasma ayoma elangeni esigodini sasePomak eXanthi, eGrisi]]
'''Ugwayi''' igama elivamile izitshalo ezimbalwa ''Nicotiana'' bohlobo we Solanaceae umndeni, kanye ligama lelivamile yimuphi umkhiqizo okulungiselelwe kusukela belashwa amahlamvu kulezi izitshalo.Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-70 zikagwayi ziyaziwa, kodwa isivuno esikhulu sokuhweba yi- &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwJg&quot;&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . tabacum. Ukwahluka okunamandla kakhudlwana &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwKA&quot;&gt;N. rustica&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; kuyasetshenziswa nakwamanye amazwe.

Amaqabunga kagwayi omisiwe asetshenziselwa ukubhema osikilidi nogwayi, kanye namapayipi kanye nama- shisha.Zingasetshenziswa njenge- snuff, ugwayi ohlafunwayo, ukucuba ugwayi kanye nesnus.

Ugwayi liqukethe kakhulu umlutha ivuselela alkaloid -nicotine kanye alkaloids harmala Ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi kuyimbangela noma ingozi engozini yezifo eziningi ezibulalayo; ikakhulukazi lezo ezithinta inhliziyo, isibindi, namaphaphu, kanye nomdlavuza eminingi .Ngo-2008, i- World Health Organisation yabiza ukusetshenziswa kogwayi njengenye yezimbangela zokufa ezivikelwa kunazo zonke emhlabeni. 

Igama lesiNgisi elithi ''ugwayi'' lisuselwa egameni lesiSpanish nelesiPutukezi elithi &quot;tabaco&quot;.Imvelaphi eqondile yaleli gama iyaphikiswa, kepha ngokuvamile kucatshangwa ukuthi ithathwe, okungenani ngokwengxenye, kusuka eTaíno, ulimi lwase- Arawakan lwaseCaribbean.ETaíno, kwathiwa kushiwo umqulu wamaqabunga kagwayi (ngokusho kukaBartolomé de las Casas, 1552), noma ku- ''tabago, uhlobo lwepayipi elimise okwe'' -L elisetshenziselwa ukuhogela intuthu kagwayi (ngokusho kuka-Oviedo, namaqabunga uqobo okukhulunywa ngakho njenge- ''cohiba'' ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Ernst&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=On the etymology of the word tobacco|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448956}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodwa-ke, mhlawumbe kwaqondana nje, amagama afanayo ngeSpanishi, isiPutukezi kanye nesiNtaliyane asetshenziswa kusuka ku-1410 ukuthola amakhambi athile okwelapha.Lezi kungenzeka lisukela Arabhu {{Lang|ar|طُبّاق}} ṭubbāq (futhi {{Lang|ar|طُباق}} ṭubāq ), igama elibikwa ukuthi langekhulu le-9, elibhekisa kumakhambi ahlukahlukene. &lt;ref&gt;[http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=h660,ll=1916,ls=5,la=2636,sg=645,ha=438,pr=97,vi=240,mgf=549,mr=381,mn=839,aan=360,kz=1457,ulq=1133,uqa=265,uqw=990,umr=652,ums=546,umj=489,uqq=210,bdw=549,amr=392,asb=593,auh=947,dhq=338,mht=549,msb=147,tla=68,amj=481,ens=1,mis=1311 Lane's Lexicon]. page 1879.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Umlando ==
[[File:William_Michael_Harnett_(American,_1848-1892)._Still_Life_with_Three_Castles_Tobacco,_1880.jpg|right|thumb| UWilliam Michael Harnett (waseMelika, 1848-1892), uStren ''Life with Three Castles Tobacco'', 1880, eBrooklyn Museum .]]

=== Ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko ===
[[File:Chute_tobacco.JPG|thumb| Isiboniso sokuqala sendoda yaseYurophu ebhemayo, isuka ''Ugwayi'' ngu- Anthony Chute, ngo-1595.]]
[[File:Rajput_(Jodhpur)_(8411728143).jpg|thumb| Indoda yaseNdiya ebhema ugwayi ehookah, eRajasthan, eNdiya .]]
Ugwayi sekuyisikhathi eside usetshenziswa emazweni aseMelika, kunezindawo ezithile zokulima eMexico ezisukela emuva ngonyaka we-1400-1000 BCE. &lt;ref&gt;Goodman, Jordan. &lt;/ref&gt;Izizwe eziningi zomdabu waseMelika ngokwesiko zitshala futhi zisebenzise ugwayi.Ngokomlando, abantu abavela emasikweni aseNyakatho -mpumalanga yeWoodlands baye bathwala ugwayi emaphaketheni njengento yokuhweba eyamukelwa kalula.Kwabhenwa kokubili emphakathini nasemikhosini, njengokufaka isivumelwano sokuthula noma isivumelwano sokuhweba. &lt;ref&gt;e.g. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;They smoke with excessive eagerness&amp;nbsp;... men, women, girls and boys, all find their keenest pleasure in this way.&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;Kwamanye amasiko aboMdabu, ugwayi uthathwa njengesipho esivela kuMdali, lapho intuthu kagwayi eyimikhosi ihambisa imicabango nemikhuleko kuMdali. &lt;ref&gt;Jack Jacob Gottsegen, ''Tobacco: A Study of Its Consumption in the United States'', 1940, p. 107.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ukuthandwa ===
[[File:A_Smoking_Club.jpeg|thumb| Umdwebo ovela kuGwayi likaFrederick William Fairholt '', iHistory and Association'', ngo-1859]]
[[File:KITLV_-_26868_-_Kleingrothe,_C.J._-_Medan_-_Tobacco_plant_and_tobacco_leaf,_Deli_-_circa_1905.tif|thumb| Isitshalo sikagwayi neqabunga likagwayi eziqhamuka emasimini eDeli eSumatra, ngo-1905]]
Ukukhiqizwa kukagwayi wokubhema, ukuhlafuna, nokuhogela isinemfu kwaba imboni enkulu eYurophu nasemakoloni ayo ngonyaka we-1700. &lt;ref&gt;Eric Burns, ''The Smoke of the Gods: A Social History of Tobacco'' (2006), A popular history focused on the US.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jordan Goodman, ''Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence'' (1993), A scholarly history worldwide.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ugwayi ube yisilimo esikhulu semali eCuba nakwezinye izingxenye zeCaribbean kusukela ngekhulu le-18. Ama-cigar aseCuba adume umhlaba wonke. &lt;ref&gt;Charlotte Cosner, ''The Golden Leaf: How Tobacco Shaped Cuba and the Atlantic World'' (Vanderbilt University Press; 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, ugwayi waduma. UJames Bonsack wasungula umshini wokuzenzela ukukhiqizwa kogwayi.Lokhu kwanda komkhiqizo kwavumela ukukhula okukhulu embonini kagwayi kuze kube ukuvela kwezempilo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. &lt;ref&gt;Richard Kluger, ''Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War'' (1996)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Allan Brandt, ''The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America'' (2007)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Okwamanje ===
Ngemuva kokudalulwa kwesayensi maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, ugwayi wagwetshwa njengengozi yezempilo, futhi ekugcineni waziwa njengembangela yomdlavuza, kanye nezinye izifo zokuphefumula nezokujikeleza kwegazi.E-United States, lokhu kwaholela esivumelwaneni seTobacco Master Settlement Agreement, esaxazulula amacala amaningi asezweni laseMelika ngokushintshanisa ngokuhlanganiswa kwemali ekhokhwa minyaka yonke ezifundazweni kanye nemikhawulo yokuzithandela yokukhangisa nokumaketha kwemikhiqizo kagwayi.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Ngawo-1970, uBrown &amp;amp;amp; Williamson bahlanganisa uhlobo lukagwayi ukuze bakhiqize i- Y1, uhlobo oluqukethe okuqukethwe kwe-nicotine ephezulu ngokungajwayelekile, cishe okuphindwe kabili kusuka ku-3.2-3.5% kuya ku-6.5%.Ngawo-1990, lokhu kwagqugquzela abakwaFood and Drug Administration ukuthi basho ukuthi izinkampani zikagwayi zazisebenzisa ngenhloso okuqukethwe ugwayi.

Isifiso sababhemayo abaningi ababhemayo sokuyeka ukubhema siholele ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo yokuyeka ugwayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Commissioner|first=Office of the|date=2020-09-09|title=Want to Quit Smoking? FDA-Approved Products Can Help|url=https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/want-quit-smoking-fda-approved-products-can-help|journal=FDA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngo-2003, ngenxa yokukhula kokusetshenziswa kukagwayi emazweni asathuthuka, i-World Health Organisation yahlanganisa ngempumelelo amazwe ayi-168 ukuthi asayine i-Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.Isivumelwano senzelwe ukuphoqa ukuthi umthetho usebenze kahle kuwo wonke amazwe ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi kagwayi. 

Phakathi kuka-2019 no-2021, ukukhathazeka ngokunyuka kwezingozi zezempilo ze-COVID-19 ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kukagwayi kwasiza ukunciphisa ukubhema nokuyeka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-08-01|title=How the COVID-19 pandemic impacts tobacco addiction: Changes in smoking behavior and associations with well-being|journal=Addictive Behaviors|volume=119|pages=106917|doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106917|last1=Yang|first1=Haiyang}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibhayoloji ==

=== ''UNicotiana'' ===
[[File:Nicotine skeletal.svg|thumb| I-Nicotine iyinhlanganisela ebhekele isimo sokulutha sokusebenzisa ugwayi.]]
[[File:Native_American_tobacco_flower.jpg|thumb| Imbali kagwayi ( ''Nicotiana rustica'' ), amaqabunga, namahlumela]]
Izinhlobo eziningi zikagwayi zisezinhlotsheni ''zamakhambi uNicotiana'' .Kuyinto ingxenye nightshade umndeni ( Solanaceae ) zendabuko [[IMelika Enyakatho|North]] futhi [[IMelika Eningizimu|i-Ningizimu Melika]], [[I-Ostreliya|e-Australia]], eningizimu ntshonalanga [[IAfrika|Afrika]], kanye naseNingizimu Pacific. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Albert|title=Tobacco in New Guinea|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_january-march-1931_33_1/page/134|journal=The American Anthropologist|date=1931|volume=33|issue=1|pages=134–139|doi=10.1525/aa.1931.33.1.02a00290}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ama-nightshades amaningi aqukethe inani elihlukahlukene le- nicotine, i- neurotoxin enamandla ezinambuzaneni .Kodwa-ke, ama-tobaccos athanda ukuba ne-nicotine ephakeme kakhulu kunaleyo eminye.Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zeSolanaceae, aqukethe ama-tropane alkaloids, avame ukuba nobuthi kubantu nakwezinye izilwane.

Yize iqukethe i-nicotine eyanele namanye amakhemikhali afana ne- germacrene ne- anabasine namanye ama- alkaloid e-piperidine (ahlukahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo) ukuvimbela imifino eminingi edliwayo,izilwane eziningi ezinjalo ziguqule ikhono lokudla ''izinhlobo zezinhlobo zeNicotiana'' ngaphandle kokulimala.Yize kunjalo, ugwayi awunambitheki ezinhlotsheni eziningi ngenxa yezinye izici zalo.Isibonelo, yize iklabishi looper iyisilokazane esijwayelekile, i-gummosis kagwayi nama-trichomes kungalimaza ukusinda kwezibungu zakuqala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=December 1, 1967}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ngenxa yalokhu, ezinye izitshalo zikagwayi (ikakhulukazi ''iN. Glauca'' ) sezakhiwe njengokhula oluhlaselayo kwezinye izindawo.

=== Ukukhangisa ===
Imboni kagwayi ikhangisa imikhiqizo yayo ngezinhlobonhlobo zezindaba, okubandakanya ukuxhaswa, ikakhulukazi ngemicimbi yezemidlalo.Ngenxa yobungozi bezempilo bale mikhiqizo, manje lokhu kungenye yezindlela zokulawula ezilawulwa kakhulu.Ezinye noma zonke izinhlobo zokukhangisa ngogwayi zivinjelwe emazweni amaningi. 

== Izinkomba ==

== Izixhumanisi zangaphandle ==

* [http://www.tobaccoleaf.org Inhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Abalimi Bakagwayi]
* [http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_niru.pdf Ishidi Lezitshalo Zokulondolozwa Kwemvelo Yemvelo - Ugwayi wasendle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110714224351/http://www.obarsiv.com/english/archive.html Ottoman Back Archives and Research Center]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3300769.stm Imibuzo ngokuvinjelwa okuyingxenye kwe-European Union kweminye imikhiqizo kagwayi engenantuthu ( ''ie'' snus)]
* [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100506153800/http://www.tobacco.org/resources/history/Tobacco_History.html Isikhathi somlando kagwayi]
* [http://www.savetobaccogrowers.com/ Iwebhusayithi yabalimi bakagwayi baseYurophu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129095421/http://www.savetobaccogrowers.com/ |date=2011-11-29 }}
* [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ Umtapo Wezincwadi Zelifa Likagwayi]
* [[iarchive:tobaccoarchives|Iqoqo le-UCSF Lezimboni Zogwayi]]
* [https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm CDC - Ukubhema Nogwayi Ishidi Leqiniso]
* I-TobReg - Iqembu Lokufunda le-WHO [https://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/en/ mayelana Nokulawulwa Komkhiqizo Wogwayi]
* [http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/secondhand-smoke - Izibalo nolwazi olujwayelekile mayelana nemiphumela yokubhema ugwayi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107025355/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/secondhand-smoke |date=2017-01-07 }}
* [http://m.voanews.com/a/a-13-2005-11-30-voa79-67514457/284004.html Ososayensi Bacinga Ukusetshenziswa Okunempilo Kogwayi]
* {{Cite journal|volume=97|issue=6|title=Medicinal uses of tobacco in history|journal=J R Soc Med|pages=292–6|last1=Charlton A|doi=10.1258/jrsm.97.6.292}}
[[Category:Izidakamizwa]]
[[Category:Ugwayi]]
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="14372" sha1="qxykk0xgiyc2ppl3l8h0h4h637u06ri" xml:space="preserve">[[File:A_small_cup_of_coffee.JPG|thumb| I-caffeine, equkethwe [[Ikhofi|yikhofi]] nezinye iziphuzo, iyisidakamizwa esisetshenziswa kakhulu se-psychoactive emhlabeni.90% abantu abadala [[IMelika Enyakatho|baseNyakatho Melika]] basebenzisa le nto nsuku zonke. ]]
[[File:Aspirine_macro_shot.jpg|thumb| Uncoated aspirin amaphilisi, ehlanganisa mayelana 90% acetylsalicylic acid, kanye lemali ezincane fillers inert futhi binders. I-Aspirin yisidakamizwa esenziwa ngemithi esivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwelapha ubuhlungu, umkhuhlane nokuvuvukala .]]
'''Isidakamizwa''' yinoma iyiphi into yamakhemikhali edala ushintsho kokuphilayo komzimba noma kwengqondo lapho idliwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;diccom&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/drug}}&lt;/ref&gt;Izidakamizwa zivame ukuhlukaniswa [[Ukudla|nokudla]] nezinto ezinikeza ukwesekwa kokudla okunempilo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kungaba nge-inhalation, [[Umjovo wezidakamizwa|umjovo]], [[Smoking|ukubhema]], [[ukungenisa]], [[Ukuncela (isikhumba)|ukumunca]] [[Isikhumba sedermal|ngesiqeshana]] esikhunjeni, i- suppository, noma [[Ukuphathwa kwezilimi ezimbili|ukuncibilika ngaphansi kolimi]].

Kwi-pharmacology, umuthi uyisithako samakhemikhali, uqobo esakheke esaziwayo, okuthi, uma sinikezwa into ephilayo, siveze umphumela webhayoloji.Umuthi owenza imithi, obizwa nangokuthi umuthi noma umuthi, uyinto yamakhemikhali esetshenziselwa ukwelapha, ukwelapha, ukuvimbela noma [[UKuhlolwa kwesifo|ukuxilonga]] isifo noma ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle . &lt;ref name=&quot;diccom&quot;/&gt;Ngokwesiko izidakamizwa zitholwe ngokukhishwa ezitshalweni zokwelapha, kepha muva nje futhi ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphilayo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review|journal=Biotechnol Adv|date=December 2015|volume=33|issue=8|pages=1582–614|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001|pmid=26281720|pmc=4748402}}&lt;/ref&gt;Izidakamizwa ezithaka imithi zingasetshenziswa isikhathi esilinganiselwe, noma njalo ngezifo ezingalapheki.

== I-Etymology ==
EsiNgisini, ibizo &quot;umuthi&quot; kucatshangwa ukuthi livela ku-Old French &quot;drogue&quot;, okungenzeka ukuthi litholakala kwelithi &quot;droge (vate)&quot; elisuka ku-Middle Dutch elisho ukuthi &quot;eyomile (imigqomo)&quot;, ebhekisa ezitshalweni zokwelapha ezigcinwe njengezomile emigqonyeni.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tupper KW|date=2012|title=Psychoactive substances and the English language: &quot;Drugs,&quot; discourses, and public policy.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contemporary-drug-problems_fall-2012_39_3/page/n130|journal=Contemporary Drug Problems|volume=39|issue=3|pages=461–492|doi=10.1177/009145091203900306}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imithi ==
[[File:Nexium_(esomeprazole_magnesium)_pills.JPG|right|thumb| I-Nexium (Esomeprazole) iyisithibisi se- proton-pump inhibitor . Isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwesisu esiswini.]]
U''muthi'' noma ''imithi'' kuyinto izidakamizwa kuthathwe ukwelapha noma ukunciphisa noma yiziphi izinkomba ezisheshe i ukugula noma isimo sezokwelapha.Ukusetshenziswa futhi kungaba njengomuthi wokuvikela onezinzuzo zesikhathi esizayo kepha ongaziphathi izifo noma izimpawu ezivele zikhona noma zivele zikhona.Ukudlulisela imithi ngokuvamile kulawulwa ohulumeni ku ezintathu categories- ''phezu-the-counter'' imithi, olutholakalayo Pharmacy kanye nezitolo ezinkulu ngaphandle kwemingcele ekhethekile; ''ngemuva-the-counter'' nemithi, okuyinto okukhishwa ngumuntu wemithi ngaphandle kokudinga somuthi nokusetshenziswa kwawo sikadokotela, futhi ''kadokotela kuphela imithi'', okuyinto okumele lunqunywe ngumuntu ilayisensi kudokotela, ngokuvamile udokotela.

E-United Kingdom, imishanguzo engemuva kwekhawunta ibizwa ngokuthi yimithi ekhemisi engathengiswa kuphela emakhemisi abhalisiwe, ngaphansi noma ngaphansi kweso likasokhemisi.Le mithi iqokwa ngohlamvu P kwilebula.Ububanzi bemithi etholakala ngaphandle kwencwadi kadokotela buyehluka kuye ngezwe.Imithi ijwayele ukukhiqizwa yizinkampani ezenza imithi futhi ivame ukuba nobunikazi bokunikeza unjiniyela amalungelo akhethekile okuyikhiqiza.Lokho okungenalo ilungelo lobunikazi (noma obunamalungelo obunikazi aphelelwe yisikhathi) kubizwa ngokuthi yimithi ejwayelekile ngoba ingakhiqizwa ezinye izinkampani ngaphandle kwemingcele noma amalayisense avela kumnikazi welungelo lobunikazi. 

== Ukusetshenziswa ngokomoya nangokwenkolo ==
[[File:Chaman Amazonie 5 06.jpg|left|thumb|Inyanga]]
[[File:Flowering_San_Pedro_cactus.jpg|thumb|I-psychoactive cactus.]]
Ezinye izinkolo, ikakhulukazi izinkolo zobuzwe, zisekelwe ngokuphelele ekusetshenzisweni kwemithi ethile, eyaziwa ngokuthi i- entheogens, okuyizinto ikakhulukazi ama- hallucinogens, - ama- psychedelics, ama- dissociatives, noma ama- deliriants .Eminye imithi esetshenziswa njengoba entheogens zihlanganisa kava okuyinto ingaba njengesihluthulelo ivuselela, a sine, a euphoriant futhi izinzwa.Izimpande zesitshalo se-kava zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza isiphuzo esidliwa kuwo wonke amasiko oLwandlekazi iPacific.

Amanye ama-shaman avela kumasiko ehlukene asebenzisa ama-entheogens, achazwa ngokuthi &quot;ukudala oNkulunkulu ngaphakathi&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Entheogen}}&lt;/ref&gt; ukufeza injabulo yenkolo .Ama-shaman ase-Amazonia asebenzisa i- ayahuasca (yagé) i-hallucinogenic brew ngale njongo.Izazi zakwaMazatec zinenkambiso ende futhi eqhubekayo yokusetshenziswa kwenkolo ''kaSalvia divinorum'' isitshalo esisebenza ngokwengqondo.Ukusetshenziswa kwayo ukwenza lula izimo zombono wokuqonda ngesikhathi sokuphulukiswa ngokomoya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Valdés1983p287&quot;&gt;[[Drug#refValdes1983|Valdés, Díaz &amp; Paul 1983]], p.&amp;nbsp;287.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Silene undulata|I-Silene undulata]] ithathwa ngabantu [[Abantu abangamaXhosa|abangamaXhosa]] njengesitshalo esingcwele futhi isetshenziswa njenge-entheogen.Izimpande zawo ngokwesiko zisetshenziselwa ukwenza amaphupho acacile (futhi ngokusho kwesiXhosa, isiprofetho) ngesikhathi sokuqalisa kwamaShaman , ebeka i-oneirogen eyenzeka ngokwemvelo efana nomuthi owaziwa kakhulu wamaphupho ''u-Calea ternifolia'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Psychoactive Spiritual Medicines and Healing Dynamics in the Initiation Process of Southern Bantu Diviners|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-psychoactive-drugs_july-august-2012_44_3/page/n31|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|date=July 2012|volume=44|issue=3|pages=216–223|doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.703101|pmid=23061321}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I-Peyote i-cactus encane engenayo i-cactus ibe ngumthombo omkhulu we-psychedelic mescaline futhi mhlawumbe isetshenziswe ngabantu baseMelika okungenani iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu. &lt;ref name=&quot;prehistoric&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Prehistoric peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas|journal=J Ethnopharmacol|volume=101|issue=1–3|pages=238–42|date=October 2005|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.022}}&lt;/ref&gt;Iningi le-mescaline manje selitholakala ezinhlotsheni ezimbalwa ze-columnar cacti ikakhulukazi kusuka eSan Pedro hhayi kwi-peyote esengozini. 

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-insheogenic yensangu nakho bekusetshenziswa kabanzi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Jurema-Preta (Mimosa tenuiflora [Willd.] Poir.): a review of its traditional use, phytochemistry and pharmacology}}&lt;/ref&gt; amakhulu eminyaka.Rastafari ukusetshenziswa insangu (Ganja) njengoba isakramente e zabo emikhosini yenkolo .

Amakhowe e-Psychedelic (ama-psilocybin mushroom ), abizwa kakhulu ngokuthi ''amakhowe omlingo'' noma ama- ''shrooms'' nawo asetshenziswa kudala njenge-entheogens.

== Izidakamizwa ezihlakaniphile nezidakamizwa zomklami ==
AmaNootropics, abuye abizwe ngokujwayelekile ngokuthi &quot;izidakamizwa ezihlakaniphile&quot;, yizidakamizwa okuthiwa zithuthukisa amakhono abantu okuqonda. Ama-nootropics asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa inkumbulo, ukugxila, ukucabanga, imizwa, nokufunda.I-nootropic esetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo phakathi kwabafundi, eyaziwa nangokuthi ''umuthi wokutadisha'', i- methylphenidate ebizwa ngokuthi i- ''Ritalin'' futhi isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kokushoda kokunakwa kwe-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) kanye ne- narcolepsy . &lt;ref name=&quot;Abelman&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Mitigating risks of students use of study drugs through understanding motivations for use and applying harm reduction theory: a literature review}}&lt;/ref&gt;Emithamo ephezulu i-methylphenidate ingaba umlutha kakhulu . &lt;ref name=&quot;Smith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Are prescription stimulants &quot;smart pills&quot;? The epidemiology and cognitive neuroscience of prescription stimulant use by normal healthy individuals.}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ukulutha ngokweqile kungaholela ekuphazamisekeni kwengqondo, ukukhathazeka nezinkinga zenhliziyo, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sidakamizwa kuhlobene nokwanda kokuzibulala, nokudlula ngokweqile.Ubufakazi bokusetshenziswa ngaphandle kwezilungiselelo zabafundi bunqunyelwe kepha buveza ukuthi kuvamile. &lt;ref name=&quot;Abelman&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Smith&quot; /&gt;Ukusetshenziswa okufakwayo kwe-methylphenidate kungaholela ekulimaleni kwemiphunga emaphashini, okwaziwa ngokuthi ''yiRitalin lung.''

Ezinye izidakamizwa ezaziwa ngokuthi yimiklami yezidakamizwa ziyakhiqizwa. Isibonelo sokuqala salokho namuhla okungabizwa ngokuthi 'isidakamizwa esingumklami' kwakuyi- LSD, eyayihlanganiswa ne- ergot.Ezinye izibonelo zifaka ama-analogs ezidakamizwa ezisebenza ezinjenge-designer steroids ezithathwe ukuthuthukisa amandla omzimba futhi kwesinye isikhathi zisetshenziselwa (ngokusemthethweni noma cha) ngale njongo, imvamisa ngabadlali abangochwepheshe. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22191595&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Impact of the emergence of designer drugs upon sports doping testing|journal=Bioanalysis|volume=4|issue=1|pages=71–88|pmid=22191595|doi=10.4155/bio.11.291}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ezinye izidakamizwa eziklama zilingisa imiphumela yezidakamizwa ezisebenza ngengqondo.Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990 kuye kwaba nokuhlonza eziningi zalezi zidakamizwa ezihlanganisiwe.EJapan nase-United Kingdom lokhu kukhuthaze ukwengezwa kwezidakamizwa eziningi zabaqambi ekilasini elisha lezinto ezilawulwayo ezaziwa njengomuthi wesikhashana wesigaba .

Ama-cannabinoids okwenziwa akhiqizwe isikhathi eside futhi asetshenziselwa i- cannabis yokwenziwa komuthi wezidakamizwa.

== Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zokuzijabulisa ==
[[File:Macro_cannabis_bud.jpg|right|thumb| I-Cannabis isidakamizwa esivame ukusetshenziswa kwezokungcebeleka. ]]
Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zokuzijabulisa ukusetshenziswa kwesidakamizwa (esisemthethweni, esilawulwayo, noma esingekho emthethweni) ngenhloso yokuqala yokuguqula isimo sokwazi ngokushintsha kwesistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi ukuze kudaleke imizwa nemizwa emihle.I-hallucinogen LSD iyisidakamizwa esisebenza ngengqondo esivame ukusetshenziswa njengesidakamizwa sokuzithokozisa. 

Eminye imithetho kazwelonke iyakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezehlukene zokuzijabulisa; nemithi yokwelapha enekhono lokusebenzisa ezokungcebeleka ivame ukulawulwa kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kunezidakamizwa eziningi zokuzijabulisa ezisemthethweni ezindaweni eziningi futhi zamukelwa kabanzi ngokwamasiko. I-Cannabis yisidakamizwa sokuzilibazisa esilawulwa kakhulu emhlabeni (kusukela ngo-2012).Ukusetshenziswa kwayo emazweni amaningi akukho emthethweni kepha kusetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni emazweni amaningana imvamisa ngombandela wokuthi ingasetshenziselwa ukuzisebenzisela wena kuphela.Kungaba olusetshenziswe ifomu ''iqabunga'' insangu ''(utshani),'' noma ngesimo resin ka insangu.Insangu yindlela emnene yensangu kune-hashish.

Kungabakhona umkhawulo weminyaka ekusetshenzisweni nasekuthengweni kwezidakamizwa zokuzijabulisa ezisemthethweni.Eminye imishanguzo yokuzijabulisa esemthethweni neyamukelwa ezindaweni eziningi ifaka phakathi utshwala, [[ugwayi]], i- betel nut, nemikhiqizo ye-caffeine, kanti kwezinye izindawo emhlabeni ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okufana ne- khat kuvamile. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kciy&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Al-Mugahed|title=Khat Chewing in Yemen: Turning over a New Leaf: Khat Chewing Is on the Rise in Yemen, Raising Concerns about the Health and Social Consequences|year=2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kunezidakwa eziningana zomthetho ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ''ukuphakama kwezomthetho'' okusetshenziselwa ukuzijabulisa.Okusetshenziswa kakhulu kulezi utshwala.

== Ukuphathwa kwezidakamizwa ==
 
Yonke imishanguzo, ingalawulwa ngemizila eminingi, futhi eminingi ingalawulwa ngaphezulu kweyodwa

== Ukulawulwa kwezidakamizwa ==
Kunamahhovisi amaningi kahulumeni emazweni amaningi abhekene nokulawulwa nokwenganyelwa kokwenziwa nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, kanye nokuqaliswa kwemithetho ehlukahlukene yezidakamizwa.I- Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://drvitamin.vn/ Dr Vitamin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525033506/https://drvitamin.vn/ |date=2023-05-25 }}&quot; Kulandwe ngomhlaka 25 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yisivumelwano samazwe omhlaba esenziwa ngo-1961 ukwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okonga labo abasetshenziselwa ucwaningo lwezokwelapha kanye nokwelashwa.Ngo-1971, kwenziwa isivumelwano sesibili i- Convention on Psychotropic Substances okwakumele yethulwe ukubhekana nezidakamizwa ezintsha zokuzithokozisa ezithaka ingqondo nezingama-psychedelic.

Isimo esisemthethweni seSalvia divinorum siyahluka emazweni amaningi ngisho nasezifundazweni ezise-United States.Lapho kusemthethweni khona ngokumelene nezinga lokwenqatshelwa nakho kuyehluka.

I -Food and Drug Administration (FDA) e-United States kuyinto ejensi kahulumeni obhekene ukuvikela kanye nasekugqugquzeleni lwezempilo lukahulumeni ngokusebenzisa isiqondiso nokugada ukuphepha kokudla, imikhiqizo kagwayi, Izithako zokudla, imithi kanye phezu-the-counter imithi, [[Ikhambi lokugoma|imithi yokugoma]], biopharmaceuticals, ukumpontshelwa igazi, imishini yokwelapha , imishini ekhipha imisebe kagesi, izimonyo, ukudla kwezilwane nemithi yezilwane .

ENdiya, iNarcotics Control Bureau (abbr. '''NCB''' ), i- Indian federal law enforcement and intelligence agency ngaphansi koMnyango Wezasekhaya, uHulumeni wase-India ubhekene nomsebenzi wokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa nokusiza ukusetshenziswa kwamazwe omhlaba ngezinto ezingekho emthethweni ngaphansi kwemibandela yoMthetho Wezidakamizwa Nezidakamizwa Ze-Psychotropic Act . 

=== Uhlu lwezidakamizwa ===

* [[Uhlu lwezidakamizwa]]
* [[Uhlu lwezinkampani ezithaka imithi]]
* [[Uhlu lwezitshalo ezithinta ingqondo]]
* [[Uhlu lweSheduli I izidakamizwa (US)]]
[[Category:Izidakamizwa]]
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  <page>
    <title>Ukubhema</title>
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      <text bytes="7207" sha1="coyfkdmx6rf240dfcjr3ah8b9m8fzdq" xml:space="preserve">'''Ukubhema''' kuwumkhuba lapho into ethile ishiswa khona bese intuthu eholelwa kuyo iphefumulelwa ukunambitheka nokufakwa egazini.Ngokuvamile, into esetshenziswayo amaqabunga omisiwe esitshalo [[Ugwayi|sogwayi]], asongwe engxenyeni encane yephepha eligingqikayo ukuze enze isilinda esincane esiyindilinga esibizwa ngokuthi &quot; ugwayi &quot;.Ukubhema kwenziwa ikakhulukazi njengendlela yokuphatha yokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zokuzijabulisa ngoba ukuvutha kwesitshalo esomile kushiya kuphefumule futhi kuhambise izinto ezisebenzayo emaphashini lapho zingena khona ngokushesha egazini futhi zifinyelele ezicutshini zomzimba.Endabeni yokubhema ugwayi lezi zinto ziqukethwe enhlanganisweni yezinhlayiya ze-aerosol namagesi futhi kufaka ne-alkaloid nicotine esebenzayo ekhemisi; ukuphefumula kudala i-erosol evuthayo negesi ibe yifomu evumela ukuhogela kanye nokungena okujulile emaphashini lapho ukumunceka khona egazini lezinto ezisebenzayo kwenzeka.Kwamanye amasiko, ukubhema kwenziwa futhi njengengxenye yamasiko ahlukahlukene, lapho ababambiqhaza bekusebenzisa khona ukusiza ukubhebhetheka kwezimo ezifana nokuthi, bakholelwa ukuthi, kungaholela ekukhanyeni okungokomoya.
[[File:Nama_Woman_Smoking_Kalahari_Desert_Namibia_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG|right|''umama obhemayo'']]

Ukubhema kungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zokuzijabulisa.Ukubhema ugwayi kuyindlela ethandwa kakhulu, eyenziwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa emhlabeni jikelele, iningi labo emazweni asathuthuka.Izidakamizwa ezingandile kakhulu zokubhema zifaka i- cannabis ne- opium.Ezinye zezinto zihlukaniswa njengama- narcotic anzima, njenge- heroin, kepha ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto kunomkhawulo njengoba kuvame ukungatholakali ngokuthengisaOsikilidi bakhiqizwa ngokuyinhloko ezimbonini kodwa futhi bangasongwa ngesandla kusuka kugwayi ovulekile kanye nephepha eligingqikayo.Ezinye izinto zokubhema zifaka phakathi amapayipi, ama- cigar, ama- bidis, ama- hookah nama- bongs.

== Izinto nezinto zokusebenza ==
Uhlobo lwento ethandwa kakhulu olubhemayo [[Ukubhema ugwayi|ugwayi]].Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezilimo zikagwayi ezenziwe ngezingxube nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Ugwayi uvame ukuthengiswa okunongiwe, imvamisa unamaphunga ahlukahlukene ezithelo, into ethandwa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa ngamapayipi amanzi, njengama- hookahs.Into yesibili evame kakhulu ukubhema insangu, eyenziwe ngezimbali noma amaqabunga ''eCannabis sativa'' noma ''eCannabis indica.''Le nto ithathwa njengokungekho emthethweni emazweni amaningi emhlabeni nasemazweni abekezelela ukusetshenziswa komphakathi, kwesinye isikhathi kuvunyelwa into engekho mbumbulu.Ngaphandle kwalokhu, iphesenti elikhulu labantu abadala emazweni amaningi lizamile nabambalwa abancane abakwenzayo njalo.Njengoba i-cannabis ingekho emthethweni noma ibekezelelwa kuphela ezindaweni eziningi, akukho ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kogwayi ezimbonini, okusho ukuthi indlela yokubhema ejwayelekile kakhulu ngogwayi abasongwe ngesandla (ovame ukubizwa ngamajoyinti ) noma ngamapayipi.Amapayipi amanzi nawo ajwayelekile; amapayipi amanzi asetshenziselwa insangu afaka phakathi imiklamo eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-bongs nama-bubblers, phakathi kokunye.
[[File:Fangspipe_ubt.jpeg|thumb|200x200px| Ipayipi elihlotshiswe kahle]]
Ezinye izidakamizwa ezimbalwa zokuzilibazisa zibhenywa ngabancane abancane.Iningi lalezi zinto ziyalawulwa, kanti ezinye zidakisa kakhulu kunogwayi noma insangu.Lokhu kufaka phakathi i- crack cocaine, i-heroin, i- methamphetamine ne- PCP.Inani elincane lezidakamizwa ze-psychedelic nazo ziyabhema, kufaka phakathi i- DMT, i- 5-Meo-DMT, ne- Salvia divinorum.

Ngisho nendlela endala yokubhema idinga amathuluzi ohlobo oluthile ukwenza.Lokhu kubangele ukuhlukahluka okumangazayo kwamathuluzi okubhema nempahla evela kuwo wonke umhlaba.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ugwayi, insangu, i-opium noma amakhambi, uhlobo oluthile lwesamukeli luyadingeka kanye nomthombo womlilo ukukhanyisa ingxube.Okuvame kakhulu namuhla ugwayi osekude kakhulu, oqukethe uhlobo oluncane oluhogelwayo lukagwayi eshubhu lephepha eliqinile, ngokuvamile elenziwa ngezimboni futhi lifaka isihlungi, noma esigoqwa ngesandla ngogwayi ovulekile.Okunye ethandwa ukubhema amathuluzi ahlukahlukene amapayipi kanye nogwayi.

Enye indlela ejwayelekile kodwa ethandwa kakhulu ekubhemeni ngama-vaporizer, asebenzisa i-convection yomoya oshisayo ukuletha le nto ngaphandle komlilo, okunganciphisa izingozi zezempilo.Enye indlela ephathekayo yokuphefumula yavela ngonyaka we-2003 lapho kwethulwa osikilidi abasebenza ngogesi, amadivayisi asebenza ngebhethri, amise okogwayi akhiqiza i-aerosol ehlose ukulingisa intuthu kagwayi ovuthayo, ihambise i-nicotine kumsebenzisi ngaphandle kwezinye izinto eziyingozi ezikhishwe entuthu kagwayi. .

Ngaphandle kwemishini yokubhema yangempela, ezinye izinto eziningi zihlotshaniswa nokubhema; amakesi kagwayi, amabhokisi kagwayi, amalayita, amabhokisi omentshisi, ophethe osikilidi, ophethe u-cigar, ama- ashtrays, ama- butlers athule, abahlanza amapayipi, abasiki bakagwayi, izitendi zemeshi, abaphazamisa amapayipi, ozakwabo ababhema ugwayi nokunye.Ezinye izibonelo zazo seziyizinto eziqoqekayo eziqoqwayo futhi ikakhulukazi izinto eziwubukhazikhazi nezindala zingalanda amanani aphezulu.

== Imiphumela yezempilo ==
[[File:Risks_form_smoking-smoking_can_damage_every_part_of_the_body.png|thumb| Ukubhema kungadala ukulimala kuzitho zonke zomzimba.]]
Phakathi kwezifo ezingadalwa ukubhema kubalwa i-vascular stenosis, umdlavuza wamaphaphu, isifo senhliziyo &lt;ref name=&quot;Nyboe-1989&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nyboe J, Jensen G, Appleyard M, Schnohr P|title=Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Copenhagen. I: Hereditary, educational and socioeconomic factors. Copenhagen City Heart Study|journal=Eur Heart J|volume=10|issue=10|pages=910–16|year=1989|pmid=2598948|last2=Jensen|last3=Appleyard|last4=Schnohr|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059401}}&lt;/ref&gt; nesifo samaphaphu esingapheliyo . &lt;ref name=&quot;dev&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Devereux G|year=2006|title=ABC of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Definition, epidemiology, and risk factors|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_2006-05-13_332_7550/page/1142|journal=[[British Medical Journal|BMJ]]|volume=332|issue=7550|pages=1142–44|doi=10.1136/bmj.332.7550.1142|pmid=16690673}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ukubhema ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kungadala i-ADHD embungwini. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17185283&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Braun JM, Kahn RS, Froehlich T, Auinger P, Lanphear BP|title=Exposures to environmental toxicants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in U.S. children|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-health-perspectives_2006-12_114_12/page/1904|journal=Environ. Health Perspect.|volume=114|issue=12|pages=1904–09|year=2006|pmid=17185283|doi=10.1289/ehp.10274|last2=Kahn|last3=Froehlich|last4=Auinger}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;360px&quot; heights=&quot;240px&quot;&gt;
File:Share-deaths-smoking.png|Isabelo sokufa ngenxa yokubhema, 2017 
File:Death-rate-smoking.png|Inani labantu abashonile elibangelwe ukubhema kubantu abayi-100,000 ngonyaka ka-2017 
&lt;/gallery&gt;
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      <text bytes="7078" sha1="m0178uj426pyc2c0c5r7k9tk8u56nh1" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Franz_von_Bayros_003.jpg|right|thumb|268x268px| Umdwebo kaFranz von Bayros okhombisa isenzo sokucofa umunwe]]
'''Ubulili obungangeni''' '''ngaphakathi''' noma isenzo sangaphandle isenzo sobulili esivame ukungafaki ukungena kocansi . Imvamisa ayifaki izici zokungena [[UCansi|ezithweni]] zobulili sowesifazane, [[Ucansi Lwendunu|zangasese]], noma [[Cansi lomlomo|zomlomo]], kepha ifaka izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zomsebenzi wezocansi nowezocansi, njenge-frottage, ukushaya indlwabu, ukuqabulana noma ukugonana.Ezinye izinhlobo zocansi olungangeni, ikakhulukazi lapho kubizwa ngokuthi yi- ''outercourse,'' zifaka izici zokungena, njengokungena okungabangelwa yizinhlobo zokucofa umunwe noma ngomlomo. 

=== Kuphela okungangeni ngaphakathi ===
[[File:Mamintb.PNG|thumb|[[Mammary intercourse|Ubulili beMammary]]]]
Uhlobo lobulili obungangeni phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane]]
Ubulili obungangeni phakathi kwesinye isikhathi bungahlukaniswa bube yizenzo ezingezona ezokungena kuphela nalezo ezingekho.Izenzo zocansi Kuphela non-penetrative zihlanganisa:

* Ukuya ocansini kwe-Axillary : (slang: &quot;bagpiping&quot;, kubhekiswa endleleni engaphansi ekhanda lapho kudlalwa ngayo amapayipi; ''ukuqondisa ithrafikhi'', noma i- ''pit-wank'', okuhlukile kwegama elithi ''tit-wank'', nakho kuyimigomo yokuhlangana kwe-axillary). Kungukuhluka ngokocansi lapho ipipi lifakwa ekhwapheni lomunye umuntu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sex-lexis.com/Sex-Dictionary/axillary%20intercourse axillary intercourse - Dictionary of sexual terms]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Knaapila, A., Tuorila, H., Vuoksimaa, E., Keskitalo-Vuokko, K., Rose, R. J., Kaprio, J., &amp; Silventoinen, K. (2011). Pleasantness of the Odor of Androstenone as a Function of Sexual Intercourse Experience in Women and Men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1-6.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ukubopha : isiko lokuqomisana kweminye imiphakathi yamaKrestu ebeliphikiswa yilungelo lenkolo futhi selife kakhulu. Laba bantu abasha bobabili babefakwe esakeni eboshwe entanyeni, babekwa embhedeni ndawonye ubusuku bonke.
* I-erotic massage : ukuxubha umzimba ukudala ubumnandi nokuphumula. Lokhu kungenziwa phakathi kwabantu ababili noma ngaphezulu banoma yibuphi ubulili nobulili. Kungabandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha (okufudunyeziwe noma okunye) noma izandla zomuntu siqu. Kuyaziwa nangokuthi ''ukubhucungwa inkanuko.''  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Phillips|first=N. A.|year=2000|title=Female sexual dysfunction: evaluation and treatment}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* UFootjob : ukuvuselela ucansi ipipi lomuntu ngamunye ngezinyawo zomunye umuntu. Kwezinye izimo kungaba yingxenye yesisu sezinyawo.Umuntu ngamunye ubeka izinyawo zakhe azungeze ipipi futhi aliphulaze kuze kutholakale i-orgasm. Ukwehluka lapho i-clitoris ivuselelwa yizinyawo nakho kuyenzeka. &lt;ref&gt;Bruckner, A. (2010). Illustrated Foot Sex: Footjobs &amp; Foot Fetishism. Brian Phillippe.&lt;/ref&gt;
* I-Frot: isenzo sokuhlikihla izitho zangasese phakathi kwabesilisa (ikakhulukazi ukuthintana kwepenis-to-penis).
* I-Handjob : ukugqugquzela ngokocansi ukuzitholela ipipi lomunye umuntu, imvamisa kuyindlela yokushaya indlwabu ngokuhlanganyela.
* Ubulili obuhlukile: lapho ipipi livuselelwa ngokulibeka phakathi kwamathanga omunye umuntu. Ukuthambisa kungasetshenziselwa ukuvumela ipipi ukuthi lihambe ngokukhululeka phakathi kwamathanga. &lt;ref&gt;Cartwright, R., Ben‐Nagi, J., &amp; Smith, R. (2007). Intercrural sex leading to an unexpected pregnancy in a woman with a stenotic vagina secondary to congenital adrenal hyperplasia. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology, 114(6), 767-768.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ubulili obuphakathi kokunye: ukuvusa ipipi kusetshenziswa izinqe, okuvame ukusetshenziswa njengendlela yokushaya indlwabu ngokuhlanganyela. Kuhlukile kwezocansi lwangemuva ngoba akukho ukungena kwendunu okuvelayo. Umthondo uvuselelwa ngokuhamba phakathi kwezinqa. 
* Ukuqabula : ukuthintwa kwezindebe zomunye umuntu komunye umuntu kungathathwa njengesenzo socansi, ikakhulukazi ukuqabula okujulile ( ukuqabulana kwesiFulentshi ) lapho umuntu oyedwa efaka ulimi lwakhe emlonyeni womlingani. Ukuqabula nakho kungenziwa kwezinye izitho zomzimba futhi imvamisa kuyingxenye ye-foreplay. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hans|first=J. D.|year=2011|title=Abstinence, Sex, and Virginity: Do They Mean What We Think They Mean?.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ukuya ocansini ngesimame : ukukhuthazwa kwenduku ngokubeka umthondo phakathi kwamabele nokuhambisa umthondo phezulu naphezulu ukulingisa ukungena nokwenza ubumnandi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Citation O'Barr|first=W. M.|year=2011|title=Sex and Advertising|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ukukhuthazeka kwezingono : lapho umlingani oyedwa ephulula (kungaba ngesandla noma ngomlomo) izingono zomlingani wakhe. Noma yimuphi umuntu angabamba iqhaza kulesi senzo futhi kungenziwa ngababili noma ngamaqembu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Levin|first=R.|year=2006|title=Nipple/breast stimulation and sexual arousal in young men and women}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* I-Tribadism : uhlobo lwezocansi lwabesifazane lapho abesifazane begcobana izitho zangasese komunye nomunye (noma behlikihla izitho zangasese ndawonye noma behlikihla izitho zangasese zomuntu kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba womunye umuntu). 

====== Okungangeni ======

* Ukufaka iminwe: ukukhuthaza isitho sangasese sowesifazane, isitho sangasese sangasese, i-clitoris ikakhulukazi, noma ingquza, ngeminwe. Kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengendlela yokushaya indlwabu ngokuhlanganyela.
* Ucansi lomlomo: ukukhuthaza izitho zangasese usebenzisa umlomo nomphimbo. Kuyaziwa njenge- [[Ukumunca Umthondo|fallatio]] lapho lesi senzo senziwa endodeni, naku-cunnilingus lapho kwenziwa esithweni sangasese sabesifazane. Ali Dacash bee.. Uhlobo oluthile locansi lomlomo, i- anilingus, ukugqugquzela indunu esebenzisa umlomo. &lt;ref&gt;Choices, N. H. S. (2012). What is oral sex?-Health questions-NHS Choices.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ukukhuthazeka usebenzisa isidlidlizi : umlingani noma iqembu labantu ngabanye lingashukumisa izitho zangasese zomunye nomunye kusetshenziswa isidlidlizi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=McCarthy|first1=B. W.|last2=Ginsberg|first2=R. L.|year=2006|title=Resilient sexual desire in heterosexual couples|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_family-journal_2006-01_14_1/page/59|journal=The Family Journal|volume=14|issue=1|pages=59–64|doi=10.1177/1066480705282056}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* I-BDSM : Imisebenzi eminingi ye-BDSM ayibandakanyi ukungena.

== Isiko lokuxhumana ==
Emazweni amaningi athuthukile, kunomkhuba lapho abantu abasha (imvamisa intsha eyevile eshumini nambili namashumi amabili eminyaka) beya ocansini nomuntu ongathandani naye, owaziwa nangokuthi ukuxhuma. Lesi simo siye sabizwa ngokuthi ''isiko lokuxhuma.''Igama elithi ''hookup'' kulo mongo ngokukhululekile lisho ukubamba iqhaza kuhlobo oluthile lwezenzo zocansi (noma ngabe alungeneli noma lungena ngaphakathi) nomunye umuntu noma iqembu labantu abangaphandle kobudlelwano bezothando. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Arnold|first1=K. D.|year=2010|title=College student development and the hook-up culture|journal=Journal of College &amp; Character|volume=11|issue=4|page=4|doi=10.2202/1940-1639.1736}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bona futhi:[[Isenzo sobulili sangaphandle]]

== Izinkomba ==</text>
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'''Ucansi ngamabele''' isenzo socansi, esenziwa emabeleni omuntu wesifazane, kungenzeka ekuqaleni kocansi njendlela yokuluqalisa noma eyokungangenisi umthondo, olubandakanya ukukhuthazwa komthondo ngamabele futhi okuphambene nalokho. Akwenziwa phakathi komuntu onomthondo nonesibunu kuphela, kepha kungenziwa nangabantu abanamabele bendawonye ocansini bedlalisana ngokuwahlikihla amabele nezibele/izingono noma, ukuvuselela isitho sangasese sowesifazane ngebele.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Alex Comfort 1972 p. 67-9&quot;&gt;Alex Comfort, ''The Joy of Sex'' (1972) p. 67-9&lt;/ref&gt;Kubandakanya nokubeka umthondo phakathi kwamabele omuntu wesifazane nokuhambisa umthondo phezulu naphezulu ukulingisa ukungena kwezocansi nokwenza ucansi.

== Isenzo ==


Bezoziphatha mammary kuhilela siguqile indoda noma ehlezi esiswini womuntu wesifazane noma esifubeni, wabeka uqonde umthondo ku wakhe cleavage, futhi bezihlikihla noma yelulela kuyilapho amabele kuthiwa isibambo emhlabeni kushaft penile, by noma owesifazane noma indoda, kwabesifazane ivuselela isitho sangasese sowesifazane ngamabele ukudala yobunzima efana [[indlwabu]], &lt;ref name=&quot;Alex Comfort 1972 p. 67-9&quot;&gt;Alex Comfort, ''The Joy of Sex'' (1972) p. 67-9&lt;/ref&gt; nasekulingiseni ucansi olungena.Isithambisi, ukhilimu wokushaya indlwabu, noma amathe kungasetshenziswa phakathi kwamabele noma epeni. Ngenye indlela, owesifazane angaqinisa amabele akhe azungeze ipipi awahambise emuva naphambili.Ezinye izikhundla zifaka phakathi indoda emi ngenkathi owesifazane eguqa, noma indoda ilele emuva nowesifazane ngaphezulu.

Kwezinye izimo, ukuhlangana [[Cansi lomlomo|ngokocansi kungahlanganiswa nobulili bomlomo]] . Ukuya ocansini kweMammary kungenzeka kwenziwe ubuso nobuso noma ikhanda kuye emsileni.

Ukuya ocansini kweMammary kulungele kakhulu abesifazane abanamabele amakhulu ngokwemvelo, kuyilapho kunconywa ukuthi owesifazane onamabele amancane abe ngaphezulu. &lt;ref&gt;Alex Comfort, ''The Joy of Sex'' (1972) p. 69&lt;/ref&gt; Amabele amabhinqa amancane, nokho, athanda ukuzwela kakhulu kunamakhulu. &lt;ref name=&quot;levin&quot;&gt;Levin, Roy J. &quot;The breast/nipple/areola complex and human sexuality&quot;. ''Sexual &amp; Relationship Therapy''. Vol.21, Issue 2 (May 2006). p.237–249&lt;/ref&gt;

Owesifazane imvamisa akatholi ukukhuthazwa kwezocansi okuqondile ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini, ngaphandle kokukhuthaza inkanuko yokuletha umlingani wakhe ku-orgasm, ngaphandle kokungena ngokocansi.Kodwa-ke, u-Alex Comfort uthe ukuya ocansini ngamabele kungakhipha i-orgasm kwabesifazane abanamabele abucayi (lokho uMargot Anand akubiza ngokuthi ''ama-orgasms endawo ebeleni'' ), futhi bekungenye yezindlela eziyisishiyagalolunye zokuzivocavoca ezithatha imisebenzi yocansi yokungena '', njengoba kuchaziwe eParadis Charnels'' of 1903. &lt;ref&gt;Alex Comfort, ''The Joy of Sex'' (1972) pp. 69, 175 and 176&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Margo Ananad, ''The Art of Sexual Ecstasy'' (1990) p. 309&lt;/ref&gt;Kungenzeka ukuthi indoda yenze umunwe kowesifazane ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini.

Njengoba ukuya ocansini ngamabele kuyisenzo socansi olungangeni, ingozi yokudlulisa isifo esithathelwana ngocansi (STI) edinga ukuthintana ngqo phakathi kwezingqamuzana ze-mucous kanye ne- pre-ejaculate noma isidoda inciphile kakhulu.Igciwane lesandulela ngculaza liphakathi kwezifo ezidinga ukuthintana ngqo ngqo ngakho-ke mancane kakhulu amathuba okuthi lidluliswe ngokuya ocansini ngamabele. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Jeffrey A.|title=Advances in HIV/AIDS education and prevention|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_family-relations_1995-10_44_4/page/345|journal=Family Relations|volume=44|issue=4|pages=345–352|date=October 1995|issn=0197-6664|jstor=584989|doi=10.2307/584989}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ucwaningo ngemikhuba yokusetshenziswa kwamakhondomu kwabasebenza ngocansi eNew Zealand luthi banikela ngezindlela ezehlukene zocansi oluphephile ezocansi oluya [[UCansi|kowesifazane]] kumakhasimende anqaba ukufaka ikhondomu.Omunye osebenza ngocansi wathi ukuhlangana kobulili besimame kungenye indlela esetshenzisiwe; ucansi olwenziwe ngowesifazane onamabele amakhulu luzwakala eklayenti njengokuya ocansini kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane. &lt;ref name=&quot;davis&quot;&gt;Woods, 1996, in Davis, pages 125-127&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukuboniswa umkhuba, okungenani ekukhangiseni, eye yachazwa ngokuthi izithombe zocansi noma ezivusa inkanuko yobulili . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Citation O'Barr|first1=W. M.|year=2011|title=Sex and Advertising|journal=Advertising &amp; Society Review|volume=12|issue=2|page=2|doi=10.1353/asr.2011.0019}}&lt;/ref&gt;Bezoziphatha mammary ngezinye izikhathi iye kuthathwa njengesibikezelo ukuphendukezela . &lt;ref&gt;Clifford Allen, ''A Textbook of Psychosexual Disorders'' (1969) p. 200&lt;/ref&gt;U-Sigmund Freud, nokho, ubheke ukuthi ukwengezwa okunjalo kwezintshisekelo zocansi kube ngaphansi kobubanzi obujwayelekile, ngaphandle kwalapho kuphawulwe ngokukhethekile. &lt;ref&gt;Sigmund Freud, ''On Sexuality'' (PFL 7) p. 65 and p. 75&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izixhumanisi zangaphandle ==

* {{Commons category-inline|Mammary intercourse}}
* [https://sexinfo101.com/guides/inter-mammary Inter-Mammary Intercourse]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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'''Imikhuba''' yezocansi yezitabane yimisebenzi yezocansi ehilela abesilisa abalala nabesilisa (i-MSM), kungakhathalekile ukuthi bathanda ini ngokobulili noma ubunikazi bobulili.Le mikhuba ingafaka [[Ucansi Lwendunu|ucansi lwendunu]], [[Indlwabu eyenzwa abaningi|ucansi olungangeni, nobulili]] [[Cansi lomlomo|bomlomo]] .Ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi ucansi phakathi kwamadoda alubikwa kangako ocwaningweni ngenxa yokuchema okufuna umphakathi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Adolescent sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: increased reporting with computer survey technology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1998-05-08_280_5365/page/867|journal=Science|volume=280|issue=5365|pages=867–73|date=May 1998|pmid=9572724|doi=10.1126/science.280.5365.867|bibcode=1998Sci...280..867T}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;nber.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The Size of the LGBT Population and the Magnitude of Anti-Gay Sentiment are Substantially Underestimated|journal=Management Science|volume=63|issue=10|pages=3168–3186|doi=10.1287/mnsc.2016.2503}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ukuziphatha ==
[[Izitayela zocansi|Izikhundla]] ezahlukahlukene zocansi zingenziwa ngesikhathi socansi phakathi kwamadoda.

=== Ucansi lwendunu ===
[[File:Wiki-anal_missionary.png|right|thumb|250x250px| Indoda engena ngakwesokunene &quot;phezulu&quot; futhi indoda ethambekele ngakwesobunxele &quot;ingezansi&quot; esikhundleni sezithunywa zevangeli .]]
Ngokomlando, ucansi lwendunu beluhlotshaniswa kakhulu [[Isitabane|nobungqingili]] besilisa kanye neMSM.Ama-MSM amaningi, nokho, awazibandakanyi ocansini lwendunu, futhi [[Indlwabu eyenzwa abaningi|angazibandakanya]] ocansini lomlomo, efrijini noma [[I-Frot|efotweni]], noma esikhundleni [[Indlwabu eyenzwa abaningi|sokushaya indlwabu.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldstone&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author1=Goldstone|author2=Welton|year=2004|title=Sexually Transmitted Diseases of the Colon, Rectum, and Anus}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Imibiko ephathelene [[Ucansi Lwendunu|nokusabalala kobulili bendunu phakathi kwe-MSM]] iye yahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kanti amanye amaphesenti aphezulu kunamanye.Amaphesenti amakhulu abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa nabesilisa nabesifazane abenza ukuzibika kwabo ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo ocansini lwangasese. &lt;ref name=&quot;Underwood&quot;&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ucwaningo phakathi kwamadoda athandana namanye lukhombisile ukuthi amaphesenti ayafana uma kuqhathaniswa amadoda akhetha ukungena kozakwethu kulabo abakhetha ukuba nguzakwethu olalelayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Underwood&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;medic&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=|title=The Impact of Sexual Orientation on Sexuality and Sexual Practices in North American Medical Students|date=July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;Abanye besilisa abalala nabesilisa, noma kunjalo, bakholelwa ukuthi ukuba ngumlingani olalelayo ngesikhathi sobulili bendunu kubuza ubudoda babo. 

=== Ucansi olungangeni futhi amathoyizi ocansi ===
[[File:Wiki-frot1.png|left|thumb|267x267px| Amadoda amabili [[I-Frot|abandakanyeka ekuzihlikihleni]] ngokuzihlikihla ndawonye]]
Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezenzo zocansi ezingangeni.[[I-Frot]] iyindlela yokwenza ucansi lowesilisa nowesilisa okuvame ukubandakanya ipipi ngqo -ukuthinta ipipi.Kuyindlela yefulethi. I-Frot ingathokozisa ngoba ivuselana futhi ngasikhathi sinye izitho zangasese zabo bobabili abalingani njengoba ijwayele ukukhiqiza ukungezwani okumnandi ngokumelene nesigaxa sezinzwa se-frenulum ngaphansi kwesigaxa sowesilisa ngamunye, ngezansi nje kokuvuleka komchamo kwekhanda lepipi (glans umthondo).Ukuya ocansini ngokobulili kungenye indlela yocansi olungangenisi olungenziwa phakathi kweMSM.I[[Izitayela zocansi|dokodo]] (ukufakwa kwepipi lowesilisa kwenye ijwabu lenye indoda) kuyenziwa futhi.

I-MSM ingasebenzisa [[Ithoyizi locansi|amathoyizi ocansi]] . Ngokuya ngocwaningo olwenziwa online kwabesilisa abangama-25,294 abazibika ngokuthandana kwabantu bobulili obufanayo noma abesilisa nabesifazane, ama-49.8% asebenzise izidlidliza.Iningi labesilisa abake basebenzisa isidlidlizi esikhathini esedlule babika ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokushaya indlwabu (86.2%).Lapho esetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokusebenzisana okuhlanganyelwe, ama-vibrator afakwa ku-foreplay (65.9%) nasekuhlanganyeleni kocansi (59.4%). 

=== Ucansi olwenziwa ngomlomo ===
[[File:Wiki-sixtynine-male.jpg|thumb|200x200px| Amadoda amabili ahlanganyela ku- [[Ukumunca Umthondo|fallatio]], kwesinye isikhathi abizwa nge- &quot;69. &quot;]]
I-MSM ingahlanganyela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zocansi lomlomo, njenge- [[Ukumunca Umthondo|fallatio]], ukugoqa itiye, kanye ne- anilingus.Wellings et al. ibike ukuthi &quot;ukulingana 'kobungqingili' nobulili 'bendunu' phakathi kwamadoda kuvamile kubantu abaqeqeshiwe kanye nabasebenza kwezempilo ngokufanayo,&quot; kanti ucwaningo olwenziwa online nge-18,000 MSM eYurophu &quot;lukhombisa ukuthi ucansi lomlomo lwaluvame ukwenziwa, lulandelwe ukushaya indlwabu, ngokuya ocansini endunu endaweni yesithathu. &quot;Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngo-2011 yi- ''The Journal of Sexual Medicine'' lwathola imiphumela efanayo kwabesilisa base-US abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane.Ukuqabula umlingani emlonyeni (i-74.5%), ubulili bomlomo (i-72.7%), nokushaya indlwabu okuhlukanisiwe (i-68.4%) kwakuyizindlela ezintathu zokuziphatha ezivame kakhulu, nge-63.2% yesampula yokuzibika ngokuziphatha kocansi okuhlanu kuya kwesishiyagalolunye ngesikhathi sokugcina kwabo ukuhlangana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Sexual Behaviors and Situational Characteristics of Most Recent Male‐Partnered Sexual Event among Gay and Bisexually Identified Men in the United States|year=2011|author1=Rosenberger Joshua G}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Izingozi zezempilo ==
Izinhlobo zezifo ezithathelwana ngocansi (STIs) zingavela emisebenzini yezocansi.Ucwaningo lwango-2007 lwabika ukuthi izinhlolovo ezimbili zabantu ezinkulu zathola ukuthi &quot;iningi labesilisa abayizitabane lalinamanani afanayo abantu abenza ucansi olungavikelekile minyaka yonke njengamadoda nabesifazane abaqondile.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Biological and demographic causes of high HIV and sexually transmitted disease prevalence in men who have sex with men|date=October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I-Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (i-AIDS) isifo samasosha omzimba womuntu abangelwa igciwane lesandulela-ngculazi (i-HIV).Emhlabeni jikelele, kulinganiselwa ku-5-10% wokutheleleka nge-HIV kungumphumela wamadoda alala nabesilisa.Kodwa-ke, emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga, ukutheleleka okuningi kwe-HIV kudluliswa ngabesilisa abalala nabesilisa kunanoma iyiphi enye indlela yokudlulisa.E-United States, amadoda athandana nabesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa abesilisa abesilisa nabesilisa babamba ama-70% okuthola ukuxilongwa kwe-HIV okusha okungu-38 739 ngo-2017.Kubantu abangu-5,164 abatholakala bene-HIV e-UK ngo-2016, ama-54% kwakungamadoda athandana nabesilisa nabesifazane.Lesi sibalo siyancipha eLondon njengoba kwabikwa yiPublic Health England ngo-2017. 

Ugcunsula budluliselwa busuka komunye nomuntu buye ngokuthintana ngqo nesifo sogcunsula; ikakhulu esithweni sangasese sangaphandle, esithweni sangasese sowesifazane, noma endunu. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDCSYPH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngo-2006, amacala abikiwe angama-64% e-United States ayephakathi kwabesilisa abalala nabesilisa.Ukwanda kwesigcwala se-syphilis phakathi kwe-MSM kubonwe kwezinye izizwe ezithuthukile. Ugcunsula onenkontileka unyusa amazinga okungcoliswa yi-HIV futhi okuphambene nalokho, futhi ngokufanele ucwaningo olwenziwe e-US luthole ngempela ukuthi uhhafu we-MSM onegcunsula nawo une-HIV.Olunye ucwaningo olusebenzisa amasampula alula luphethe ngokuthi ukukhuphuka okunjalo kungabangelwa ukukhuphuka kwamanani ocansi ngaphandle kwekhondomu phakathi kweMSM, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Lessons from the syphilis outbreak in homosexual men in east London|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; yize okungenani isifundo esisodwa kusetshenziswa isampula elimele izwe lonke sithole ukuthi amazinga okusetshenziswa kwamakhondomu phakathi kweMSM akhuphukile, awehlile, eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, futhi kube nokwehla okukhulu emvamisa yocansi lwendunu ekuhlanganyeleni ngokocansi okokugcina kwe-MSM esebenzayo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Homosexual experience and recent homosexual encounters: the Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngokwenhlolovo yase-US, i-HIV, ugcunsula, kanye nezinsumpa zangasese konke kuvame kakhulu kubantu besilisa abasanda kulala nabesilisa (MSM) kunabesilisa abasanda kwenza ucansi nabesifazane (MSW).Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i- herpes yezitho zobulili ayijwayelekile kakhulu phakathi kwe-MSM kunaphakathi kwe-MSW.IChlamydia, i- papillomavirus yomuntu, i- gonorrhea, nezintwala azibonanga mehluko omkhulu kuwo womabili la maqembu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The Influence of Sexual Orientation and Sexual Role on Male Grooming-Related Injuries and Infections|author=Thomas W. Gaither|journal=J Sex Med|year=2015|volume=12|issue=3|pages=631–640|doi=10.1111/jsm.12780|pmid=25442701|display-authors=etal|pmc=4599875}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bhekafuthi ==

* [[Ubungqingili]]
* [[Isitabane|Ubungqingili]]
* [[Ubulili Besilisa|Ubungqingili besilisa]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ukuzihlola kwamasende</title>
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      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1955" sha1="tfapivm7nfdy8b3giov51k36z5qs1gl" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Scrotal_saline_infusion_(inflation)_-_035.JPG|thumb| Ukwehla kwamandla emali okwenyuka ngamanani]]
'''Ukwehla kwamandla emali okwenziwe ngamanani''', noma '''ukumunca i-scrotal infusion''', umkhuba &lt;ref name=&quot;summers2003&quot; /&gt; wezocansi lapho kufakwa khona uketshezi (ngokuvamile olune-saline solution, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi umoya noma enye igesi &lt;ref name=&quot;sharma1980&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|issue=11|pages=652–653|year=1980|pmid=7436145|volume=46|journal=The American surgeon|last2=Kagan|last1=Sharma|title=Scrotal emphysema|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-surgeon_1980-11_46_11/page/652|first1=T.|first2=H.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) ku- scrotum ukuze lwenze ibhaluni ngosayizi. &lt;ref name=&quot;summers2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|issue=7|pages=716–717|year=2003|pmid=12940330|volume=96|journal=Southern Medical Journal|last1=Summers|title=A complication of an unusual sexual practice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_southern-medical-journal_2003-07_96_7/page/716|first1=J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;Iqukethe izingozi eziningi zezinkinga ezinkulu, kufaka phakathi i-scrotal cellulitis &lt;ref name=&quot;yoganathan2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2006|pages=187–8|pmid=16581752|issue=2|volume=82|last2=Blackwell|first1=K. G.|first2=A. L.|title=Unusual cause of acute scrotal cellulitis in an HIV positive man|journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections|last1=Yoganathan}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne- emphysema engaphansi kwesikhumba, &lt;ref name=&quot;sharma1980&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|issue=3|pages=225–226|year=1969|pmid=5350135|volume=17|journal=Henry Ford Hospital medical journal|last2=Nixon|last1=Bush|title=Scrotal inflation: a new cause for subcutaneous, mediastinal and retroperitoneal emphysema|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_henry-ford-hospital-medical-journal_fall-1969_17_3/page/225|first1=G.|first2=R.}}&lt;/ref&gt; futhi mhlawumbe nezinkinga ezibulalayo ezifana ne- Fournier gangrene noma i- embolism yomoya . &lt;ref name=&quot;yoganathan2006&quot; /&gt;

== Izinkomba ==

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  <page>
    <title>Ukubhoboza izitho zangasese</title>
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        <id>15036</id>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="13300" sha1="m7vq2ie735jn3vovk64uylkicq1w2fv" xml:space="preserve">'''Ukubhoboza''' izitho zangasese kuyindlela yokubhoboza umzimba okubandakanya ukubhoboza ingxenye ethile yezitho zangasese, ngaleyo ndlela kwakheke indawo efanelekile yokugqoka izinhlobo ezahlukene zobucwebe.Noma kunjalo, leli gama lingasetshenziswa futhi i- ''pars pro toto'' ukukhombisa konke ukubhoboza umzimba endaweni ye- anus, perineum, izitho zangasese kanye ne- mons pubis, kufaka phakathi ukubhoboza okufana ne- anal, i-guiche, ne- pubic engabandakanyi ukuphuka kwesitho sangasese .
[[File:Male Genital Piercing.jpg|thumb]]


Ukubhoboza izitho zangasese kungenziwa kwabesilisa noma kwabesifazane, ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokubhoboza ezitholakalayo.Isisusa esikhulu sabo bobabili ubulili ukuhlobisa nokuzenzela; ngaphezu kwalokho, okunye ukubhoboza kuthuthukisa injabulo yezocansi ngokwandisa ukuvuselela.Ukubhoboza izitho zangasese kungatholakala emiphakathini eminingi yezizwe, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu naseMpumalanga ye-Asia, lapho bekuyingxenye yomkhuba wendabuko kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Amarekhodi okuqala wokubhoboza izitho zangasese atholakala kwi- ''Kama Sutra'' eyabhalwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-2000 eyedlule. 

== Izisusa ==
Njengokubhoboza umzimba kukhulu, ukubhoboza izitho zangasese kuvame ukwenziwa ngezizathu zobuhle nanjengesibonakaliso sesitayela sakho.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye (kepha hhayi zonke) izinhlobo zokubhoboza izitho zangasese zandisa ukuzwela futhi zinikeze ukukhuthazeka okwengeziwe ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini noma ukugqugquzela.Ngokusho kombiko wochwepheshe we- Association of Professional Piercers ka-Elayne Angel, oyiphayona lokubhoboza umzimba, owayeyilungu le-Gauntlet futhi owasungula ukubhoboza izitho zangasese okufana ne- fourchette ne- lorum, izisusa nezintandokazi zomuntu zihluke kakhulu:

=== Ubumnandi obuthuthukisiwe nokuzwa ===
Ngokwengeziwe, ukubhoboza izitho zangasese kungakhuphula injabulo yezocansi ngesikhathi sokushaya indlwabu, ukudlala kwangaphambili nokuya ocansini.Ngenkathi ukubhoboza izitho zangasese zabesifazane kukwenza lokhu kuphela kwabesifazane abazigqokile, ukubhoboza izitho zangasese zabesilisa kungakhuthaza ukukhuthazeka kwabo bobabili umuntu ogqoke ubucwebe nozakwabo ngokuvuselela zombili izingqimba zomuntu ozigqokile [[Isibunu|nodonga lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane]] noma ingquza yomlingani ongene ngaphakathi.Ngenxa yomzimba wobufazi, abesifazane babonakala bethola injabulo ethe xaxa ngokocansi kubo bobabili, ngokwabo nangokubhoboza izitho zobulili zomlingani wakhe.

==== Okomlingani ocansini ====
Lo mphumela ubikwa ikakhulukazi ngokubhoboza okudlula kumthondo we-glans: ukubhoboza kwe-ampallang ne-apadravya.Abesifazane baseDayak eSarawak, eBorneo bathanda amadoda ane-ampallang, bethi ukuya ocansini ngaphandle kuzoba buthuntu:
[[File:Ampalang,_for_insertion_through_the_penis._Wellcome_M0000038.jpg|thumb| Isithombe yomlando we Dayak nge ampallang ukubhoboza (phezulu), buka ezinemininingwane ubucwebe bendabuko (ngezansi)]]
UPaolo Mantegazza uthe, women Abesifazane baseDayak banelungelo lokugcizelela i-ampallang futhi uma indoda ingavumi bangafuna ukwehlukana. Bathi ukwangana ngaphandle kwalomcabango kuyilayisi elisobala; ngayo ilayisi ngosawoti.&quot;Kwenye i-akhawunti yisazi semvelaphi yabantu uTom Harrisson, owachitha isikhathi esiningi sempilo yakhe eBorneo futhi waxoxisana nabomdabu mayelana ne-ampallang yendabuko; uthe, &quot;umsebenzi wale divayisi, phezulu, ukwengeza ubumnandi bezocansi besifazane ngokuvuselela nokwelula izindonga zangaphakathi zesitho sangasese sowesifazane.Kulokhu, ngokwami ukubona, kuphumelele ngokunqumela. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rowanchilde1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rowanchilde|first1=Raven|title=Male genital modification|journal=Human Nature|volume=7|issue=2|year=1996|pages=189–215|pmid=24203319}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izingozi zezempilo ezingaba khona ==
Uma kuqhathaniswa nokunye ukubhoboza, inhlanzeko engafanele ngesikhathi senqubo yokubhoboza inobungozi bokudlulisa izifo ezithwalwa yigazi futhi ngesikhathi sokuphulukiswa kungaholela ekuthelelekeni.

Abanye odokotela bakholelwa ukuthi ukubhoboza izitho zobulili kwabesilisa kwandisa ingozi yokudluliswa kwe-STD ngokwenza izivimbelo zocansi eziphephile (amakhondomu) zingasebenzi kahle. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stirn2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Stirn|first1=Aglaja|title=Body piercing: medical consequences and psychological motivations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2003-04-05_361_9364/page/1205|journal=The Lancet|volume=361|issue=9364|year=2003|pages=1205–1215|pmid=12686054}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gokhale2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Gokhale|first1=R.|title=Genital piercing and sexually transmitted infections|journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections|volume=77|issue=5|year=2001|pages=393–a–394|pmid=11588299}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Tampa_etal2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Genital Male Piercings|last1=Tampa|last2=Sarbu|first1=Mircea|first2=Maria Isabela|journal=Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;Iningi lababhobozi bochwepheshe nabathandi bobuciko bomzimba bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zingozi zichazwe ngokweqile noma azikho.Ocwaningweni olwenziwe kabili, u-5% –18% wamadoda abhoboza izitho zangasese abike “izinkinga ezingasetshenziswanga zokusebenzisa amakhondomu” yize kungacaci ukuthi mangaki kulawa madoda abesebenzisa amakhondomu njalo. &lt;ref name=&quot;NeliusArmstrong2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Nelius|first1=Thomas|last2=Armstrong|first2=Myrna L.|title=Genital Piercings: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications for Urologists|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_urology_2011-11_78_5/page/998|journal=Urology|volume=78|issue=5|year=2011|pages=998–1007|pmid=22054364}}&lt;/ref&gt;Abukho ubufakazi obuqanda ikhanda bokuthi abaphatha ukubhoboza izitho zangasese banamathuba amaningi okuthi bathole izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi. &lt;ref name=&quot;NeliusArmstrong2011&quot; /&gt;

== Ukunakekelwa ngemuva ==
Isikhathi sokupholisa ngokuphelele ukubhoboza izitho zangasese sehluka kakhulu, kuya ngesiza sokubhoboza nezimpawu zomuntu ngamunye: singaqala kusukela esontweni kuye ezinyangeni eziyisithupha.Kuze kube selulame ngokuphelele, kufanele kwenziwe amalungiselelo ngokulwa nezimbangela zokutheleleka, njengokuhlanzwa okufanele nsuku zonke.Abantu abanokubhoboza okusha kufanele bagweme ukuya ocansini ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala futhi futhi lapho-ke kufanele basebenzise imigoqo yokuvikela ngokomzimba njengamakhondomu kuze kube yilapho ukubhoboza selulame ngokuphelele.

== Ukucatshangelwa kwezomthetho ==
Imithetho kwamanye amazwe iyahlukahluka.Emazweni amaningi [[IYurophu|ase-Europe]], izingane kudingeka ukuthi zilethe ifomu lokuvuma elisayiniwe noma lizophelezelwa ngugadi osemthethweni.Ngisho nasemazweni angenayo imithetho elawula ukubhoboza izitho zobulili ezinganeni, abaningi abagwazayo bayayeka ukukwenza (ngoba ukukhula komzimba akuqediwe kwabancane).E- [[IMelika|United States]], akuvunyelwe ukubhoboza izitho zangasese zabantu abangaphansi kweminyaka eyi-18.

== Izinhlobo zokubhoboza izitho zangasese ==

=== Ukubhoboza izitho zangasese zowesilisa ===
Izindawo ezingabhoboza ezithweni zobulili zesilisa zifaka i-glans, isikhumba somgudu wepenisi, i- [[Isikhutha|scrotum]] noma i- perineum.

==== Umthondo weglans ====
Ukubhoboza ngokusebenzisa glans wenduku zihlanganisa ampallang, oludlula nendawo, kanye apadravya, ludlulele thwi ngokusebenzisa glans.Ukubhoboza iPrince Albert kutholakala ohlangothini lomgogodla (ngaphansi) kwepipi ngokushesha ngemuva kwe-glans, kanti ukubuyela emuva kwePrince Albert kudlula ngasesinqeni (phezulu) sohlangothi.I- dydoe ihlaba ngasemgqeni we-coronal we-glans.Ngaphandle kwe-dydoe, konke lokhu kubhoboza ngokwesiko kudlula kwi-urethra.Lokhu kukhethwa ngoba isikhathi sokuphulukisa kanye nezifo zokutheleleka kuncishiswa ukuhamba komchamo oyinyumba. 

Lokhu kubhoboza kunikeza ukukhuthazeka okwandayo ngesikhathi sokuya kowesilisa (ophethe ukubhoboza) kanye nakumlingani.Ukubhoboza ekhanda, noma i-glans, kungukubhoboza izitho zobulili ngobufakazi bomlando obhalwe kahle kakhulu. &lt;gallery&gt;
File:Ampallang cropped.jpg|[[Ampallang]]
File:Apadravya Genital Piercing.jpg|[[Apadravya|I-Apadravya]]
File:Prince Albert piercing with curved barbell.jpg|[[Prince Albert (genital piercing)|INkosana u-Albert]]
File:Dydoe.jpg|[[Dydoe piercing|Ukubhoboza uDydoe]]
File:BCR Reverse PrinceAlbert.jpg|[[Reverse Prince Albert piercing|Reverse Prince Albert ukubhoboza]]
File:Transgender intimate jewelry of a woman's penis - ringing of the foreskin with ring of platinum.jpg|[[Transgender]] imigexo elisondelene umthondo besilisa sowesifazane
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Isikhumba somgudu wepenisi nesikhutha ====
Ukubhoboza isikhumba kudlula esikhunjeni se-penile ohlangothini lwe-dorsal, ventral noma le-lateral.Kuyadingeka ukuthi owesilisa angasoki.Ukubhoboza i-frenum kudlula nge-penile frenum, ibhuloho elincane lesikhumba elixhumanisa i-glans nesikhumba se-shaft.Le ngxenye yokwakheka komzimba kaningi ayitholakali emadodeni asokile. Ukubhoboza i-hafada kutholakala esikhunjeni se-scrotum.Njengenguqulo ephakathi nendawo phakathi kwe-frenulum ne-hafada, ukubhoboza i-lorum ( ''lo'' w fren ''um'' ) kuhlala lapho kuhlangana khona ipipi nesirobhothi. Isitebhisi sikaJacob siyisitebhisi esisuka kwi-frenum kuya esikhwameni.Ukubhoboza i-guiche ukubhoboza umzimba ku-perineum.Lokhu kubhoboza kudlala indima encane ekungezeni ukugqugquzela nokuningi kufeza kuphela injongo yokuhlobisa.&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Foreskin piercing2.jpg|[[Foreskin piercing|Ukubhoboza isikhumba]]
File:Frenulumpiercing BCR 1.JPG|[[Frenum piercing|Ukubhoboza i-Frenum]]
File:Lorum piercing 2.jpg|[[Lorum (piercing)|Ukubhoboza uLorum]]
File:Scrotum piercing.jpg|[[Hafada piercing|Ukubhoboza iHafada]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Ukubhoboza izitho zangasese zabesifazane ===
Kubantu besifazane futhi, izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zokwakheka zingakulungela ukubhoboza. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama- mons pubis, i- clitoral hood, i-labia (yangaphakathi nengaphandle) kanye ne-vestibule ye-vulval (okuyindawo ezungeze ukuvuleka kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane).

==== Clitoris futhi hood clitoral ====
Amagqabha e-clitoris uqobo angahlatshwa.Njengoba le ngxenye yokwakheka incane kakhulu ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kubhoboza akuvamile.Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukubhoboza i-clitoral hood yikubhoboza okuvame kakhulu kwezitho zobulili kubantu abanemizimba yabesifazane.Ingasetshenziswa ngokuvundlile nangokuqondile. Ukubhoboza hood okujulile kungukwehluka kokubhoboza i-clitoral hood okudlula kujule nge hood clitoral. Ukubhoboza u-Isabella kudlula mpo ngomgogodla futhi kunzima kakhulu ukubhoboza.&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Pierced.JPG|[[Clitoris piercing|Ukubhoboza ingquza]]
File:Isabella piercing.JPG|[[Isabella piercing|Ukubhoboza u-Isabella]]
File:New vertical clitoral hood piercing.jpg|Kuqondile [[Clitoral hood piercing|ukubhoboza hood clitoral]] (VCH)
File:Hood-piercing.jpg|[[Clitoral hood piercing|Ukubhoboza hood]] evundlile evundlile (HCH)
File:Deep hood piercing.jpg|Ukubhoboza isigqoko esijulile
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== I-Labia ne-vestibule ye-vulval ====
Ukubhoboza i-Labia kungasetshenziswa kuma- labia majora noma kwi- labia minora.Ukubhoboza i-Triangle kutholakala ekugcineni kwe-labia minora, lapho kuguquka khona phakathi kwe-labia ne-clitoral hood.Igijima ngokuvundlile, ngokwengxenye ingaphansi kwesigaxa se-clitoral.Ngomphetho we-dorsal we-vestibule ye-vulval kudlula ukubhoboza kwe-Fourchette.Uhlobo olungajwayelekile kakhulu lwe-Fourchette ukubhoboza i-Suitcase, okungathathwa njenge-Fourchette ejulile (ingena ku-perineum).Okunye futhi ukuthi akujwayelekile ukubhoboza kweNkosazana u-Albertina, inguqulo yabesifazane yokubhoboza kweNkosana u-Albert, edlula odongeni lwe-ventral (ngezansi) lwe-urethra.&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Inner Labia Piercing Tunnels.jpg|[[Labia piercing|Ukubhoboza ilebhu]] yangaphakathi
File:Outer labia piercing.jpg|[[Labia piercing|Ukubhoboza amalebhu]] angaphandle
File:Nap08 702.jpg|[[Triangle piercing|Ukubhoboza unxantathu]]
File:Labiaplasty with clitoral hood reduction and Princess Albertina piercing 1.jpg|[[Princess Albertina piercing|UPrincess Albertina ukubhoboza]]
File:Fourchette foto.jpg|[[Fourchette piercing|Ukubhoboza i-fourchette]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Izinsimbi zomphakathi ====
Ukubhoboza uChristina ukubhoboza indawo, okusengxenyeni engenhla yamamons pubis lapho kuhlangana khona amalebula angaphandle.Kuyafana nokubhoboza kweNefertiti, okungabonakala njengokuhlangana phakathi kokubhoboza i-clitoral hood ukubhoboza nokubhoboza kukaChristina.&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Christina Piercing.jpg|[[Christina piercing|UChristina ukubhoboza]]
File:Nefertiti piercing.jpg|[[Nefertiti piercing|Ukubhoboza uNefertiti]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Ukubhoboza izitho zangasese ze-unisex ===
Ukubhoboza umzimba okungabandakanyi ukugcotshwa kwezitho zobulili kodwa okubizwa ngokuthi &quot;ukubhoboza izitho zangasese&quot; ngomhlangano kungagqokwa yibo bonke abesilisa nabesifazane.Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukubhoboza esidlangalaleni, okutholakala ngenhla kwepipi emadodeni nakumamon pubic kwabesifazane (okuqhathaniswa nokubhoboza kukaChristina, kepha kuvundle).Ukubhoboza i-guiche kudlula ngokuvundlile nge-perineum ngenkathi ukubhoboza i-anal kudlula endunu.&lt;gallery&gt;
File:PubicPiercing.jpg|[[Pubic piercing|Ukubhoboza i-pubic]]
File:Guiche100.jpg|[[Guiche piercing|Ukubhoboza i-Guiche]]
File:Perianal ring piercing in human female.jpg|[[Anal piercing|Ukubhoboza indunu]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Izinkomba ==

[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ukukhishwa kwepipi</title>
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        <id>15036</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="6538" sha1="mt1wbiw0fatkkoq1svq4kpt4fpjjy7z" xml:space="preserve">Emiphakathini yasendulo, ukukhishwa kwepipi lomuntu kwesinye isikhathi kwakusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuphakama noma ukubusa phezu kwesitha.Amasosha kwesinye isikhathi ayaziwa ukuthi ahlukanise imithambo yezitha zawo ukubala abafileyo, kanye nezindebe.Umkhuba wokuthena (ukususwa kwamasende) kwesinye isikhathi wahilela ukususwa kwawo wonke noma ingxenye yelungu lobudoda, imvamisa kufakwa ithubhu eligcina umchamo uvulelekile ukuze uchame.Ukusakaza kusetshenziselwe ukwakha isigaba sezinceku noma izigqila ezibizwa ngokuthi abathenwa ezindaweni eziningi nasezinkathini ezahlukene.

[[IRashiya|ERussia]], amadoda eqembu elizinikele lamaKrestu Akamoya aziwa ngeSkoptsy athenwa, kungenzeka ukuthi babedlula &quot;ukuthenwa okukhulu&quot;, okubandakanya ukususwa kwenduku, noma &quot;ukuthenwa okuncane&quot;, lapho ipipi lahlala khona, ngenkathi abesifazane baseSkoptsy bethola i-mastectomy.Lezi zinqubo zenziwa ngomzamo wokuqeda inkanuko nokubuyisela umKrestu esimweni esihle esasikhona ngaphambi kwesono sokuqala .

Esikhathini samanje, ukususa ipipi lomuntu kunoma imuphi umsebenzi onjalo akuvamile (ngaphandle kokunye okubalwe ngezansi), nezethenjwa zokususwa kwepipi cishe zihlala zifanekisela.Ukuthena akuvamile, futhi kwenziwa njengesixazululo sokugcina ekwelashweni komdlavuza we-prostate ozwela i- androgen . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Loblaw|display-authors=3|last9=Sharp|first8=H|last8=Porterfield|first7=R|last7=Middleton|first6=E|last6=Ben-Josef|first5=MR|last5=Somerfield|author4=Virgo KS|first=DA|author3=Talcott JA|author2=Mendelson DS|pages=2927–41|issue=14|volume=22|pmid=15184404|doi=10.1200/JCO.2004.04.579|date=July 15, 2004|journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology|title=American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations for the initial hormonal management of androgen-sensitive metastatic, recurrent, or progressive prostate cancer|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-oncology_2004-07-15_22_14/page/2927|first9=SA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Ukulungiswa kwepipi]]

== Ukususwa komthondo kwezokwelapha nakwisayikholoji ==
 
Abanye abantu penile amputations, eyaziwa ngokuthi penectomies, ngezizathu zezokwelapha.Umdlavuza, ngokwesibonelo, kwesinye isikhathi kudinga ukuthi kukhishwe wonke noma ingxenye yendoda.Kwezinye izimo, ukusokwa kwezingane okushintshiwe nakho kuholele ekupheleleni okuphelele noma okuyingxenye.Indoda ekhishwe ipipi ingaba nenkinga eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ngobuntu bayo, ukuchama, impilo yezocansi, namasende asengozini; angathola ipipi lomthondo (bheka isitho somzimba ). 

== Umlando wokususwa kwepipi ngokungaziphathi ==

=== EJapan ===
Ukususwa kwenduku kwasetshenziswa njengesijeziso sabesilisa esikhathini sikaHeian eJapan, lapho kwathatha indawo yokubulawa.Yayibizwa nge- ''rasetsu''羅切 (ら せ つ), futhi yayihlukile ''ekuthengeni'' okwakuthiwa kyūkei 宮刑 (き ゅ う け い).''URasetsu'' wenziwa ngokuzithandela ngabapristi abathile baseJapan abangamaBuddha ukuqinisekisa ukungashadi.URasetsu wayaziwa futhi nangesikhathi se-Edo eJapan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/jjrs/pdf/824.pdf|title=Demonology and Eroticism Islands of Women in the Japanese Buddhist Imagination|last=Moerman, D. Max|year=2009|publisher=Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture|access-date=2021-10-02|archivedate=2011-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811163019/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/jjrs/pdf/824.pdf|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Igama ''rasetsu'' lenziwa ngezakhi &quot;ra&quot; ezivela ku- &quot; ''mara'' &quot; ezazisho ipipi, kanye ne- &quot; ''setsu'' &quot;, okusho ukusikwa.

Igama ''rasetsu'' lasetshenziswa ezincwadini zesiJapane. 

''UKyūkei'' ngomthetho waseJapan ubhekise esijezisweni sokuthena, esasetshenziselwa abenzi bobubi besilisa, nokuvalelwa kwabesifazane. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.romajidesu.com/dictionary/meaning-of-宮刑.html Meaning of 宮刑 in Japanese]. RomajiDesu Japanese dictionary&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://en.bab.la/dictionary/japanese-english/宮刑 宮刑 – English translation]. bab.la Japanese-English dictionary&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;[http://2000kanji.com/japanese-to-english/definition/宮刑 Definition for: 宮刑] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822015659/http://2000kanji.com/japanese-to-english/definition/%E5%AE%AE%E5%88%91 |date=2016-08-22 }}. 2000 Kanji: A Japanese Dictionary&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://tangorin.com/kanji/宮刑 宮刑]. Tangorin Japanese Dictionary&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ukuhweba ngezigqila kwama-Arabhu ===
Ukuhweba ngezigqila kwama-Arab kwanikeza abathenwa abaningi ababebaluleke kakhulu, futhi benamanani entengo.Abafana base-Afrika ngokuvamile babekhonjelwa ekususweni kwepipi, kanye nasekuthenweni. 

== Ukwelashwa kanye nemiphumela yokususwa kwepipi ==
Ucwaningo lokufakwa kabusha kwepipi eChina luthole ukuthi eqenjini lamadoda angama-50, konke kuphinde kwasebenza ukusebenza okukodwa, yize abanye bebandakanya ukuhlinzekwa kabusha okugcwele kusetshenziswa izicubu namathambo.Kubikwa ukuthi amanye ala madoda kamuva azala izingane. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101215093323/http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=334&amp;catid=13&amp;subcatid=83 HEALTH CARE IN CHINA-TRANSPLANTS AND DRUGS – China | Facts and Details]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== I-Phalloplasty ===
Uma ukuphinda unamathisele kungeyona inketho (njengokuthi ipipi alinamathiswanga isikhathi eside ngemuva kwamahora angama-24), &lt;ref name=&quot;shredded-penis&quot;&gt;{{Cite news}}&lt;/ref&gt; odokotela bangakha kabusha ipipi emisipheni nasesikhunjeni esixhunyelelwe lisuka kolunye uhlangothi lomzimba njengengalo. Kodwa-ke, ukufakelwa kwe-penile kuyadingeka ukuze ukwakheka kwenzeke, njengoba ipenisi eyakhiwe kabusha izobukeka ingajwayelekile futhi kungenzeka ingakwazi ukukhipha umhluzi, noma iphume ngamandla amancane.Iziguli zivame ukunganeliseki ngomthondo owakhiwe kabusha.Kusukela ngo-2015, iZephyr Surgical Implants ikhiqiza ukufakelwa kwe-penile okungatholakali futhi okungangeneki ngokukhethekile okwenzelwe ukuhlinza i-phalloplasty. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Surgical Experience and Outcomes of Implantation of the ZSI 100 FtM Malleable Penile Implant in Transgender Men After Phalloplasty|date=January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukuma ngesikhathi sokuchama kuyinzuzo enikezwa yipipi elakhiwe kabusha.Uma ukwakhiwa kabusha kwepenisi kungenziwanga, isiguli kuzodingeka sigxume ukuze sichame njengoba odokotela bephindisela emnyango we-urethra ngaphansi kwe-scrotum. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rettner&quot;&gt;{{Cite news}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ukufakelwa komthondo ===
 
Ekhulwini lama-21 ukuhlinzekwa ngokufakelwa kwe- allographic penis ngempumelelo kwaqala.

== Izinkomba ==

[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ukujula</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-08T21:15:47Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>15036</id>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="9756" sha1="9wlgecl0ikp0csna6i9buxjjm3ph07z" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ejaculation_educational_seq_4.png|thumb| Isibonelo sokujula]]
Ukujula ukudedelwa kwesidoda (the ''ejaculate;'' ngokuvamile aqukethe [[Isidoda(Imbewu)|isidoda]] ) kusukela besilisa ipheshana reproductory ngenxa i [[Ukuchitha|orgasm]].Kuyinto esigabeni sokugcina futhi umgomo zemvelo besilisa ukushukuma ngokobulili, futhi isakhi esibalulekile zemvelo nje ebamba isisu . Ezimweni ezingavamile, ukuphuma kwe-ejaculation kwenzeka ngenxa yesifo se-prostatic.Ukujula kungenzeka futhi ngokuzenzekelayo ngesikhathi sokulala ( ukuphuma kobusuku noma &quot;iphupho elimanzi&quot;).''Ukweqa'' ngokweqile yisimo sokungakwazi ukukhipha i-ejaculate.Ukukhishwa kwe-ejaculation kuvame ukujabulisa kakhulu amadoda; ''i-dysejaculation'' i-ejaculation ebuhlungu noma engathandeki.Ukujikisa kabusha kwe-Retrograde yisimo lapho isidoda sihamba sibuyela emuva esinyeni kunokukhipha i- urethra .

== Izigaba ==

=== Ukugqugquzela ===
Ukujula ngaphambi kwesikhathi yilapho ukukhishwa kwe-ejaculation kwenzeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi osifunayo.Uma owesilisa engakwazi ukukhipha umuthi ngesikhathi esifanele ngemuva kokuvuselelwa ngokocansi isikhathi eside, naphezu kwesifiso sakhe sokwenza lokho, kubizwa ukubambezeleka kwe-ejaculation noma i- anorgasmia .I-orgasm engahambisani ne-ejaculation yaziwa njenge- [[Ukuchitha|orgasm eyomile]] .
[[File:Ejaculation.ogv|thumb|IVideo ye-ejaculation]]

=== Ikhwalithi ===
Inombolo yesidoda ku-ejaculation nayo iyahlukahluka kakhulu, kuya ngezici eziningi, kufaka phakathi isikhathi kusukela ku-ejaculation yokugcina,ubudala, amazinga okuxineka, ne- testosterone.Ubude obukhulu besikhuthazo sobulili ngokushesha okwandulelayo kwe-ejaculation kungaholela ekugxileni okuphezulu kwesidoda. &lt;ref name=&quot;masturbation duration study&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2002|last=Pound|first=N.|title=Duration of sexual arousal predicts semen parameters for masturbatory ejaculates}}&lt;/ref&gt;Isibalo sesidoda esiphansi ngokungajwayelekile, asifani nevolumu yesilisa ephansi, saziwa njenge- oligospermia, futhi ukungabi bikho kwanoma yisiphi isidoda esisuka kwisidoda kubizwa ngokuthi yi-azoospermia.

== Intuthuko ==

=== Ngesikhathi sokuthomba ===
[[File:Male_anatomy 1.png|right|thumb|360x360px| Umdwebo wezitho zowesilisa nezitho zokuzala]]
Ukujula kokuqala kwabesilisa kuvame ukwenzeka cishe ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ngemuva kokuqala kokuthomba, imvamisa [[Indlwabu|ngokushaya indlwabu]] noma ukuphuma ebusuku (amaphupho anamanzi).Leli volumu lokuqala lesidoda lincane.Ukujula okujwayelekile ezinyangeni ezintathu ezilandelayo kuveza okungaphansi kwe-1 ml yesidoda. Isidoda esikhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuthomba sibuye sicace ngokujwayelekile.Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwesidoda lesi sidoda sokuqala sihlala sifana nejeli futhi, ngokungafani nesidoda esivela emadodeni avuthiwe, sehluleka ukuncibilika.Isifinyezo sokukhula kwesidoda siboniswa kuThebula 1.

Ama-ejaculations amaningi okuqala (amaphesenti angama-90) awanaso isidoda.Kuma-ejaculation ambalwa okuqala aqukethe isidoda, iningi lesidoda (i-97%) liswela ukunyakaza. Isidoda esisele (3%) sinokunyakaza okungajwayelekile. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janczewski&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Janczewski|first=Z.|year=1985|title=Semen Characteristics in Pubertal Boys}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Njengoba owesilisa eqhubeka nokuthomba, isidoda sakha izici ezivuthiwe ngobuningi obukhulayo besidoda esijwayelekile.Isidoda sikhiqize izinyanga eziyi-12 kuya kwezingu-14 ngemuva kokuqala kokukhishwa kwe-ejaculation ngemuva kwesikhathi esifushane.Kungakapheli izinyanga ezingama-24 kwe-ejaculation yokuqala, ivolumu yesidoda nobungako nezimpawu zesidoda kufana nokwedoda endala. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janczewski&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Ukukhula kwesidoda ngesikhathi sokuthomba
! Isikhathi ngemuva kokuqala&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ukuphuma (izinyanga)
! Ivolumu emaphakathi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (amamililitha)
! Uketshezi
! Ukuhlungwa kwesidoda esimaphakathi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (isigidigidi sesidoda / semililitha)
|-
| 0
| 0.5
| Cha {{Ref|no-liquefy|a}}
| 0
|-
| 6
| 1.0
| Cha {{Ref|no-liquefy|a}}
| 20
|-
| 12
| 2.5
| Cha / Yebo {{Ref|some-liquefy|b}}
| 50
|-
| 18
| 3.0
| Yebo {{Ref|all-liquefy|c}}
| 70
|-
| 24
| 3.5
| Yebo {{Ref|all-liquefy|c}}
| 300
|}

=== Lawula kusuka ohlelweni oluphakathi lwezinzwa ===
Kukhona i- generator yephethini emaphakathi entanjeni yomgogodla, eyenziwe ngamaqembu ama- interneuron womgogodla, okubandakanyeka ekuphenduleni kwesigqi kwe-ejaculation. Lokhu kwaziwa njenge- ''generator yomgogodla we-ejaculation'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Guertin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author1=Guertin|title=Central pattern generator for locomotion: anatomical, physiological, and pathophysiological considerations.|date=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukwenza imephu yokusebenza kwe-neuronal kobuchopho ngesikhathi sokuphendula okujula, abacwaningi bafunde ukubonakaliswa kwe- c-Fos, iproto-oncogene evezwe kuma-neuron ngokuphendula ukukhuthazwa ngamahomoni nama-neurotransmitters. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sagar|first1=S.M.|pmid=3131879|title=Expression of c-fos protein in brain: metabolic mapping at the cellular level|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1988-06-03_240_4857/page/1328|journal=Science|pages=1328–1332|doi=10.1126/science.3131879|year=1988|volume=240|issue=4857|display-authors=etal|bibcode=1988Sci...240.1328S}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ukuchazwa kwe-c-Fos ezindaweni ezilandelayo kuye kwabonwa: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pfaus|first1=J.G.|pmid=9370204|title=Implications of immediate-early gene induction in the brain following sexual stimulation of female and male rodents|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_brain-research-bulletin_1997_44_4/page/397|journal=Brain Res Bull|year=1997|volume=44|issue=4|pages=397–407|doi=10.1016/S0361-9230(97)00219-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Veening|first1=J.G.|pmid=9638960|title=Neural activation following sexual behavior in the male and female rat brain|journal=Behav Brain Res|year=1998|volume=92|issue=2|pages=181–193|doi=10.1016/S0166-4328(97)00190-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* indawo yangaphambi kokuphamba (MPOA)
* i-lateral septum, i-nucleus yombhede ye- stria terminalis
* i-nucleus ebonakalayo ye-hypothalamus (PVN)
* i-ventromedial hypothalamus, i- amygdala yangaphakathi
* i-ventral premammillary nuclei
* i-ventral tegmentum
* inkambu tegmental maphakathi
* i-mesencephalic grey emaphakathi
* i-peripeduncular nuclei
* i-parvocellular subparafascicular nucleus (SPF) ngaphakathi kwe- thalamus engemuva

=== Ukuchama okungenazandla ===
Yize kungavamile, amanye amadoda angafeza ama-ejaculation ngesikhathi sokushaya indlwabu ngaphandle kokuvuselelwa okwenziwa ngesandla.Amadoda anjalo ajwayele ukukwenza ngokugoqa nokuguquguqula imisipha yabo yesisu neyezinqe kanye nokucabanga ngamandla.Abanye bangakwenza ngokuxegisa indawo ezungeze ipipi, okungaholela ekuvinjweni okunzima ikakhulukazi uma kufakwe umfutho. &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOqRZTMc_T0C&amp;pg=PA102#v=onepage The Rough Guide to Sex] retrieved February 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ukucindezela kwe-Perineum nokubuyisa kabusha i-ejaculation ===
Ukucindezela kwe-Perineum kuholela ekujuleni okubanjelwe emuva ngokucindezela i-perineum noma i-urethra ukuphoqa uketshezi lwesisu ukuba luhlale ngaphakathi.Esimweni esinjalo, uketshezi lwesisu luhlala ngaphakathi emzimbeni luye kwesinye.Abanye abantu bakwenza lokhu ukugwema ukwenza ukungcola ngokugcina sonke isidoda ngaphakathi. &lt;ref&gt;65+ --Gateway to Sexual Adventure: For Women and Men, Herb Hirata - 2012&lt;/ref&gt;Njengesimo sezokwelapha, kubizwa ngokuthi yi- retrograde ejaculation . &lt;ref&gt;Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction - Page 317, E. Nieschlag, Hermann M. Behre, Susan Nieschlag - 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ezinye izilwane ==
Ezilwaneni ezincelisayo nezinyoni, ukujula okuningi kuvamile.Ngesikhathi sokucobelelana, izinhlangothi zombili zomthondo ka-echidna onemilomo emifushane zisetshenziswa ngokulandelana.Ukushintshana phakathi kwezinhlangothi zombili kuvumela ukukhuthazwa okuqhubekayo ukwenza i-ejaculation ngaphandle kokuvimbela isikhathi sokuphikisa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Johnston|first=S.D.|year=2007|title=One-Sided Ejaculation of Echidna Sperm Bundles (''Tachyglossus aculeatus'')|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/14228/1/14228.pdf|access-date=2021-10-02|archivedate=2021-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002234419/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/14228/1/14228.pdf|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zamahhashi, ukujula kuhambisana nokunyakaza komsila okwaziwa nge- &quot;flag flagging&quot;.Lapho impisi yesilisa ikhipha umjelo, amandla ayo okugcina okhalo angase abe made.Inkawu i-rhesus eyesilisa ivame ukukhipha imisipha engaphansi kwemizuzwana eyi-15 ngemuva kokungena ngokocansi .Umbiko wokuqala nemidwebo yokuchichima okuzenzakalela esilwaneni esincelisayo sasemanzini yaqoshwa ehlelweni lasendle i-Indo-Pacific dolphin eduze naseMikura Island, eJapan, ngo-2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;spontaneous&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Morisaka|first=Tadamichi|title=Spontaneous Ejaculation in a Wild Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops aduncus)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emahhashini, ezimvwini nasezinkomeni, ukukhishwa kwesisu kwenzeka emizuzwaneni embalwa, kepha ezingulubeni, kungathatha imizuzu emihlanu kuya kwamashumi amathathu .Ukujula kwezingulube kuyakhuthazeka lapho umthondo omise okokuhlangana ungena nomlomo wesibeletho sowesifazane.Ingulube evuthiwe ingaveza  yesidoda ngesikhathi esisodwa.Ku-llamas kanye ne-alpaca, i-ejaculation yenzeka ngokuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokuhlangana. 

Isidoda sezinja zesilisa sikhishwa ngezigaba ezintathu ezihlukene.Isigaba sokugcina sokuphuma kwe-canine wesilisa senzeka ngesikhathi sethayi yokukopisha, futhi siqukethe kakhulu uketshezi lwe-prostatic. 
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[[Category:Isidoda]]
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  <page>
    <title>Inkanda</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="10343" sha1="av97ilo0on4tydl7lin1iakmmm24jtd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Anat09IMG 0034.jpg|thumb|Umfanekiso wenkanda engenalo ijwabu]]
'''Inkanda''' iyisakhiwo esiyisigaxa esisehlokweni [[Umthondo|somthondo]] womuntu futhi esiyindawo yowesilisa evukwa inkanuko kakhulu newumthombo womhlakahlo wenkanuko yezocansi. Inkanda eyingxenye yezitho zokuzala zowesilisa noma iduna ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, futhi ivame ukuba nommomo obushelelezi, omude. Ngaphandle yembozwe ulwelwesi lodenda ''(mucosal tissue'') oluyenza ibonakale ibushelelezi futhi incwabile. Kubantu Inkanda itholakala ngaphezu kwamashodozana (''corpora cavernosa'') futhi iyingxenye yentefe (''corpus spongiosum)'' yomthondo. Esihlokweni kukhona imbobo yokuchama bese ezansi kukhona idlala elizungezayo (''corona glandis''). Isicubu esinwebekayo esibizwa umkhala (frenulum), siyingxenye yesiqu sawo. Kubantu esilisa abangasokile, umbozwe gokuphelele noma ingxenye yisikhumba esibizwa [[ijwabu]]. Kubantu besilisa abakhulile, ijwabu livame ukubuya liveze inkanda, ikakhulu lapho [[Ukuvukelwa|bevukelwe]] noma umthondo umile. Inkanda yaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi &quot;ikhingqi&quot; noma &quot;umnqundu&quot;.

== Ebantwini ==

=== Isakhiwo ===
[[File:Male_anatomy 1.png|thumb|250x250px| Umhlakahlo wowesilisa okhombisa indawo yenkanda]]
Umthondo we-glans yisigaxa esandisiwe se- corpus spongiosum.Ibunjwe emaphethelweni oyindilinga we- corpora cavernosa penis, enabela kude phezulu ngaphezulu kunaphezulu kwayo.Engqungqutheleni yama-glans kune-orifice yangaphandle eqondile ebheke phezulu.Umjikelezo wesisekelo se-glans wakha umngcele oyindilinga wokuphrojusa, i- corona glandis, emboze i- sulcus ejulile ye-retroglandular (i- ''coronal sulcus'' ), ngemuva kwayo okuyintamo yomthondo.Ubukhulu obulinganayo bepenisi ye-glans bungahluka kakhulu.Kwamanye amapipi kubanzi kakhulu ukuzungeza kune-shaft, okunikeza ipipi ukubukeka okufana nekhowe, kokunye kuncane futhi kufana kakhulu nophenyo lwesimo.Ubucwebecwebe obuthambile be-glans buthatha umthelela ngesikhathi esinzima sokubambisana. &lt;ref&gt;HSU, G‐L., et al. &quot;The distribution of elastic fibrous elements within the human penis.&quot; BJU International 73.5 (1994): 566-571.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Human Male Penis Foreskin Retraction Series 03.jpg|thumb|Inkanda]]
Ijwabu ligcina i-mucosa endaweni enomswakama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cold|first1=C. J.|last2=Taylor|first2=J. R.|date=1999|title=The prepuce|url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1034.x|journal=BJU International|language=en|volume=83|issue=S1|pages=34–44|doi=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1034.x|pmid=10349413|issn=1464-410X|access-date=2021-10-11|archivedate=2021-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024171706/https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1034.x|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imithondo esokiwe ine-glans evezwe unomphela futhi yomile.Ucwaningo oluningi luye lwaphakamisa ukuthi i-glans ibucayi ngokulinganayo kuzo zombili izitho ezisokile nezingasokile, &lt;ref name=&quot;bleustein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Bleustein|first1=Clifford B.|last2=James D. Fogarty|date=April 2005|title=Effect of neonatal circumcision on penile neurologic sensation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_urology_2005-04_65_4/page/773|journal=Urology|volume=65|issue=4|pages=773–7|doi=10.1016/j.urology.2004.11.007|pmid=15833526}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;payne2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Payne|first1=Kimberley|last2=Thaler, Lea|date=May 2007|title=Sensation and Sexual Arousal in Circumcised and Uncircumcised Men|journal=Journal of Sexual Medicine|volume=4|issue=3|pages=667–674|pmid=17419812|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00471.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; ngenkathi abanye bebike ukuthi iyazwela kubantu abangasokile. &lt;ref name=&quot;sorrels&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Sorrells|date=April 2007|title=Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis|journal=British Journal of Urology International|volume=99|issue=4|pages=864–869|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118508429/PDFSTART|doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06685.x|first1=Morris L.|last2=Snyder|first2=James L.|pmid=17378847}}{{Dead link|date=February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;yangdm&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=DM|last2=Lin H|date=April 2008|title=Circumcision affects glans penis vibration perception threshold|journal=Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue|volume=14|issue=4|pages=328–330|pmid=18481425}}&lt;/ref&gt;

IHalata &amp; Munger (1986) ibika ukuthi ukuminyana kwezitho zangasese kukhulu kakhulu e-corona glandis, &lt;ref name=&quot;halata1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Halata|first=Zdenek|title=The neuroanatomical basis for the protopathic sensibility of the human glans penis}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuyilapho umbiko kaYang &amp; Bradley (1998) &quot;ungakhombisanga zindawo ezisezintanjeni ezingahlehliswa kakhulu kunezinye.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;yangcc&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=C. C.|title=Neuroanatomy of the penile portion of the human dorsal nerve of the penis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

IHalata &amp; Spathe (1997) ibike; &quot;lo glans umthondo iqukethe predominance mahhala kwalapho, eziningi zangasese ekupheleni ama futhi akuvamile Pacinian futhi Ruffinian corpuscles. Ukuphela kwemizwa kaMerkel nezidumbu zikaMeissner azikho. &quot; 

U-Yang noBradley baphikisana; &quot;iphethini ehlukile yokugcinwa kwama-glans igcizelela indima ye-glans njengesakhiwo sezinzwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;yangcc&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 1998|title=Neuroanatomy of the penile portion of the human dorsal nerve of the penis}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFYangW.E._Bradley1998&quot;&gt;Yang, C. C.; W.E. Bradley (July 1998). [[doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.00669.x|&quot;Neuroanatomy of the penile portion of the human dorsal nerve of the penis&quot;]]. ''British Journal of Urology''. '''82''' (1): 109–13. [[I-Doi (isihlonzi)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.00669.x|10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.00669.x]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (isihlonzi)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9698671 9698671].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Abanye abacwaningi baphakamise ukuthi i-glans iguqukele ekubeni yi-acorn, amakhowe noma isigaxa esakhiwe ukuze kuthi ngesikhathi sokukopisha sisebenze ukususa noma yisiphi isidoda esisekhona kubalingani bobulili bangaphambilini, kepha lokhu akusekelwa lapho kubhekwa izihlobo ze-primate ezinokuziphatha okuhlukile kokukhwelana. &lt;ref&gt;Gallup, Gordon G., et al. &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rebecca_Burch2/publication/225573839_Semen_displacement_as_a_sperm_competition_strategy/links/560c1d6508aea68653d354bd.pdf The human penis as a semen displacement device].&quot; Evolution and Human Behavior 24.4 (2003): 277-289&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Ukubaluleka komtholampilo ===
I- meatus (ukuvulwa) kwe- urethra itholakala ekugcineni kwepenisi ye-glans.

I- epithelium ye-glans penis iyizicubu ezinomucu.UBirley ''et al.'' bika ukuthi ukuwasha ngokweqile ngensipho kungomisa ulwelwesi lwamafinyila olumboza i-glans penis futhi kubangele i- dermatitis engacacisiwe.

Ukuvuvukala kwe-glans penis kwaziwa njenge- balanitis, futhi, kwenzeka ngo-3-11% wabesilisa (kuze kufike kuma-35% wabesilisa abanesifo sikashukela).U-Edwards ubike ukuthi kuvame kakhulu kwabesilisa abanemikhuba emibi yokuhlanzeka noma abangasokile.kunezimbangela eziningi, kuhlanganise ukucasuka, noma ukutheleleka nge ezihlukahlukene Amagciwane.Ukuhlonza ngokucophelela imbangela ngosizo lomlando wesiguli, ukuhlolwa komzimba, ama-swabs namasiko, kanye ne-biopsy kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale ukwelashwa okufanele.

I-Meatal stenosis iyinkinga esedlulile yokusoka, eyenzeka cishe kumaphesenti ama-2 kuye kwangama-20 wabafana abasokile.

== Ezinye izilwane ==
Ama- [[Felidae|felids]] wesilisa ayakwazi ukuchamela emuva ngokugoba ichopho le-glans penis emuva. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ewer1973&quot;&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;Emakati, umthondo we-glans umbozwe imiqolo, kepha ezinjeni, i-glans iyashelela.Penile ameva futhi senziwe glans owesilisa nowesifazane izimpisi nezimanakanaka.

Ezinjaneni zesilisa, i-glans penis iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili ezibizwa nge- ''bulbus glandis'' ne- ''pars longa glandis.''Ubukhazikhazi bomthondo [[Umthondo|wefossa]] buya cishe maphakathi nomshayo futhi bunamaphiko ngaphandle kwethiphu. Ngokuqhathanisa, [[Umthondo|ubukhazikhazi bezinwele]] ezimfishane bufushane futhi bucwebezela, kanti obama-viverrids bushelelezi futhi bude.Ukuma kwama-glans kuyahlukahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze- [[Marsupialia|marsupial.]]Kuma-marsupial amaningi, i-glans ihlukene phakathi, kepha ama- macropods wesilisa ane-glans penis ehlukanisiwe.Umthondo we-glans ubuye uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili kuma- platypus nakuma- echidna . 

Umthondo we-glans we- marsh rice rat umude futhi uqinile, &lt;ref name=&quot;HM13&quot;&gt;Hooper and Musser, 1964, p.&amp;nbsp;13&lt;/ref&gt; ulinganiselwa ku-7.3&amp;nbsp;mm (0.29&amp;nbsp;in) ubude no-4.6&amp;nbsp;mm (0.18&amp;nbsp;ku) kubanzi. &lt;ref&gt;Hooper and Musser, 1964, table&amp;nbsp;1&lt;/ref&gt;

KuThomasomys ucucha umthondo we-glans uyindilinga, mfushane, futhi mncane futhi uhlukaniswe ngokukha phezulu waba ''uhhafu wesobunxele nangakwesokudla ngomkhombe ongenhla nomqolo phansi.''Ingxenye enkulu yama-glans imbozwe ngemigogodla, ngaphandle kwendawo eseduze kwethiphu. &lt;ref&gt;Voss, 2003, p.&amp;nbsp;11&lt;/ref&gt;

Igundane likaWinkelmann lingahlukaniseka kalula ezihlotsheni zalo eziseduze ngepipi lalo elincane likathayela. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bradley1987&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Bradley, R.D.|last2=Schmidley, D.J.|title=The glans penes and bacula in Latin American taxa of the ''Peromyscus boylii'' group|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=68|issue=3|pages=595–615|doi=10.2307/1381595}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lapho imile, ubukhazikhazi bomthondo wehhashi bukhuphuka ngamahlandla ama-3 kuye {{Nowrap|4 times}}.I- urethra ivula ngaphakathi kwe- urethral fossa, isikhwama esincane ekugcineni kwe-glans.Ngokungafani nobukhazikhazi bomuntu, ubukhazikhazi bomthondo wehhashi buhlehlela emuva kushafti yalo.

Amalulwane kaRacey's pipistrelle bat anepipi elincane elimise okweqanda. &lt;ref&gt;Bates et al., 2006, pp.&amp;nbsp;306–307&lt;/ref&gt;

Umthondo we-glans wepipi wesilisa we- [[Ingwejeje|cape ground]] mkhulu nge- baculum evelele. &lt;ref name=&quot;Skurski2005&quot;&gt;Skurski, D., J. Waterman. 2005. &quot;Xerus inauris&quot;, ''Mammalian Species'' 781:1-4.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bhekafuthi ==

* [[Umsunu]]
* [[ICorona yomthondo we-glans]]
* [[Ipipi leCorpus cavernosum]]
* [[Ijwabu|I-Foreskin]]
* [[I-Frenulum ye-prepuce yepipi]]
* [[Ama-Hirsuties papillaris genitalis]]

== Izinkomba ==

[[Category:Umthondo womuntu]]
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  <page>
    <title>Phimosis</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="13882" sha1="3yaaertwf269vwpyc0l9com59tltmgn" xml:space="preserve">'''I-Phimosis''' yisimo lapho [[ijwabu]] lobudoda lingakwazi ukwelula khona ukuvumela ukuthi libuyiselwe emuva lidlule i- [[Ama glans wepipi|glans]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Pub2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukuvuvukala okufana nebhaluni ngaphansi kwejwabu kungenzeka ngokuchama. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pub2016&quot; /&gt; Ebusheni nasebantwini abadala, kungahle kube nobuhlungu ngesikhathi sokumiswa, kepha kungenjalo akubuhlungu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pub2016&quot; /&gt; Labo abathintekile basengozini enkulu yokuvuvukala kwe-glans, eyaziwa njenge- balanitis, nezinye izinkinga. 

Ezinganeni ezincane, kuyinto ejwayelekile ukungakwazi ukubuyisa ijwabu nhlobo.Ngaphezu kwamacala angama-90% axazululwa eneminyaka eyisikhombisa, yize ukuhoxiswa okugcwele kusavinjelwe ukunamathiselwa kokuqina okungaphezulu kwengxenye engaphezu kwalesi sikhathi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mc2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: approach to the phimotic foreskin|date=March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ngesinye isikhathi, i-phimosis ingabangelwa yisimo esingaphansi kwesibazi ngenxa ye- balanitis noma i- balanitis xerotica obliterans . &lt;ref name=&quot;Mc2007&quot; /&gt; Lokhu kungatholakala ngokutholakala kokubola kokuvulwa kwejwabu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mc2007&quot; /&gt;

Imvamisa, isimo sixazululwa ngaphandle kokwelashwa sineminyaka engu-18. &lt;ref name=&quot;Peaceful_Parenting&quot;&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;[http://www.drmomma.org/2008/04/natural-foreskin-retraction-in-intact.html &quot;Natural Foreskin Retraction in Intact Children and Teens&quot;]. ''Peaceful Parenting''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akufanele kuzanywe imizamo yokubuyisa ijwabu ngesikhathi seminyaka yokuqala yokuphila kowesilisa. &lt;ref name=&quot;IQ2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kulabo isimo esingathuthuki kubo, isikhathi singanikezwa noma ukhilimu we-steroid ungasetshenziswa ukuzama ukukhulula isikhumba esiqinile. &lt;ref name=&quot;IQ2015&quot; /&gt; Uma le ndlela, kuhlangene umzimba esisuka, akuyona ngempumelelo, bese ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezifana ukusoka kungenzeka Kunconywa.Inkinga engaba khona ye-phimosis yi- paraphimosis, lapho ijwabu eliqinile livaleleka ngemuva kwe-glans. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mc2007&quot;/&gt; Leli gama livela [[IsiGreki|esiGrekini]] φίμωσις ''phimōsis'' 'muzzling'.

== Izimpawu nezimpawu ==
[[File:Unshaven penis with phimosis.jpg|thumb| Umthondo ongagundiwe one-phimosis - 1978]]
Ekuzalweni kwakhe, ungqimba engaphakathi [[ijwabu]] ivaliwe kuya [[Ama glans wepipi|glans umthondo]].Ijwabu livame ukungahlehleki zisencane, kanti abanye besilisa bangafika eminyakeni eyi-18 ngaphambi kokuba ijwabu labo lihoxiswe ngokuphelele. &lt;ref name=&quot;shahid&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Phimosis in children|journal=ISRN Urology|volume=2012|pages=707329|date=5 March 2012|pmid=23002427|pmc=3329654|doi=10.5402/2012/707329}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Izinhlangano zososayensi bezokwelulekwa ukuthi zingalihoxisi ijwabu losana, ngenhloso yokuvimbela izibazi.Abanye bathi ukungabuyiseli emuva &quot;kungathathwa njengokujwayelekile kwabesilisa kuze kufike ebusheni.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;huntley2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Troubles with the foreskin: one hundred consecutive referrals to paediatric surgeons|date=September 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Gairdner was wrong|date=October 2010|url=http://www.cfp.ca/content/56/10/986.2.long}}&lt;/ref&gt;UHill uthi ukuhoxiswa ngokugcwele kwejwabu kungenzeka kungatholakali kuze kube sekwephuzile noma ebudaleni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hill2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys|date=June 2003|url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_11_020603/matters_arising_020603-1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ucwaningo lwaseDenmark lwathola ukuthi iminyaka yobudala yokuqala yokuhoxa ijwabu yiminyaka eyi-10.4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=[Pathological or physiological phimosis?]|date=April 2005|url=http://www.phimosis.ca/VP44785.pdf|access-date=2021-10-11|archivedate=2016-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207060238/http://www.phimosis.ca/VP44785.pdf|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

URickwood, kanye nabanye ababhali, uphakamise ukuthi i-phimosis yangempela itholakale ngokweqile ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokungajwayelekile okubuyela emuva kokuthuthuka kanye nesimo se-pathological. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rickwood1989&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Is phimosis overdiagnosed in boys and are too many circumcisions performed in consequence?|journal=Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England|volume=71|issue=5|pages=275–7|date=September 1989|pmid=2802472|pmc=2499015|quote=Authors review English referral statistics and suggest phimosis is overdiagnosed, especially in boys under 5 years, because of confusion with developmentally nonretractile foreskin.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Spilsbury2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Circumcision for phimosis and other medical indications in Western Australian boys|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-journal-of-australia_2003-02-17_178_4/page/155|journal=The Medical Journal of Australia|volume=178|issue=4|pages=155–8|date=February 2003|pmid=12580740}}. Recent Australian statistics with good discussion of ascertainment problems arising from surgical statistics.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;vanHowe1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Cost-effective treatment of phimosis|journal=Pediatrics|volume=102|issue=4|pages=E43|date=October 1998|pmid=9755280}} A review of estimated costs and complications of 3 phimosis treatments (topical steroids, praeputioplasty, and surgical circumcision). The review concludes that topical steroids should be tried first, and praeputioplasty has advantages over surgical circumcision. This article also provides a good discussion of the difficulty distinguishing pathological from physiological phimosis in young children and alleges inflation of phimosis statistics for purposes of securing insurance coverage for post-neonatal circumcision in the United States.&lt;/ref&gt; Abanye ababhali basebenzisa amagama athi &quot;physiologic&quot; kanye &quot;pathologic&quot; ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ze-phimosis; &lt;ref name=&quot;mcgregor2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: approach to the phimotic foreskin|journal=Canadian Family Physician|volume=53|issue=3|pages=445–8|date=March 2007|pmid=17872680|pmc=1949079}}&lt;/ref&gt; abanye basebenzisa igama elithi &quot;ijwabu elingabuyiseli emuva&quot; ukuhlukanisa lesi simo sokukhula ne-pathologic phimosis. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rickwood1989&quot; /&gt;

Kwezinye izimo imbangela ingahle ingacaci, noma kungaba nzima ukuhlukanisa i-phimosis yomzimba ne-pathological phimosis uma usana lubonakala lunokungazizwa kahle ngenkathi lichama noma lukhombisa ibhaluni elisobala lejwabu. Kodwa-ke, ukufaka amabhaluni akubonisi ukuvinjelwa komchamo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Babu2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Ballooning of the foreskin and physiological phimosis: is there any objective evidence of obstructed voiding?|date=August 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwabesifazane, isimo esilinganayo saziwa njenge- &quot;clitoral phimosis&quot;, lapho i- clitoral hood ingeke ihoxiswe, kunciphise ukuvezwa kwe- [[Clitoris|glans clitoridis]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|display-authors=6|title=The prevalence of phimosis of the clitoris in women presenting to the sexual dysfunction clinic: lack of correlation to disorders of desire, arousal and orgasm|journal=Journal of Sex &amp; Marital Therapy|volume=28|issue=Suppl 1|pages=181–5|year=2002|pmid=11898701|doi=10.1080/00926230252851302}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ubunzima ===
[[File:Phimosis.jpg|right|thumb| Icala elijwayelekile le-phimosis]]

* Isilinganiso 1: ukuhoxiswa ngokugcwele kwejwabu, liqinile ngemuva kwe-glans.
* Isigaba 2: ukuvezwa okuyingxenye kwama-glans, i-prepuce (hhayi ukubambelela kokuzalwa) into ekhawulelayo.
* Isikolo 3: ukuhoxa okuyingxenye, inyama ebonakala nje.
* Amaphuzu 4: ukuhoxa kancane, kepha ibanga elithile phakathi kwethiphu nocwecwe, okungukuthi inyama nenyama ayikwazi ukudalulwa.
* Amaphuzu 5: akukho ukuhoxiswa kwejwabu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The response of phimosis to local steroid application|pages=329–332}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imbangela ==
Kunemibandela emithathu yemishini evimbela ukuhoxa kwejwabu:

:* Ithiphu lejwabu lincane kakhulu ukudlula [[Ama glans wepipi|umthondo]] we-glans. Lokhu kujwayelekile ezinganeni nasebusheni. &lt;ref name=&quot;kayaba&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Analysis of shape and retractability of the prepuce in 603 Japanese boys|date=November 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Oster&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Further fate of the foreskin. Incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys|date=April 1968}}&lt;/ref&gt;
:* Ingaphakathi langaphakathi lejwabu lihlanganiswe ne-glans penis. Lokhu kujwayelekile ezinganeni nasebusheni kodwa okungavamile kubantu abadala. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oster&quot; /&gt;
:* I- frenulum mfushane kakhulu ukuvumela ukuhoxiswa okuphelele kwejwabu (isimo esibizwa nge- frenulum breve ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Oster&quot; /&gt;

I-pathological phimosis (ngokungafani nokungabuyiseki kwemvelo kwejwabu ebuntwaneni) akuvamile, futhi izimbangela ziyahlukahluka.Amanye amacala angavela ku- balanitis (ukuvuvukala kwepenisi ye-glans). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review|date=June 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I-lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (okucatshangwa ukuthi iyisimo esifanayo ne-balanitis xerotica obliterans ) ithathwa njengesizathu esivamile (noma esiyinhloko) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=[The sclero-atrophic lichen as principal cause of acquired phimosis in pediatric age]}}&lt;/ref&gt; se-pathological phimosis. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Common skin disorders of the penis}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lesi yisimo sesikhumba semvelaphi engaziwa esenza ukuthi indandatho emhlophe yezicubu ezifakwe ngaphakathi (i-cicatrix) yakhe ngasemaphethelweni we-prepuce.Lesi sicubu se-inelastic sivimbela ukuhlehla.

I-Phimosis ingavela ngemuva kwezinye izinhlobo zokuvuvukala okungapheli (njenge- balanoposthitis ), i- catheterization ephindaphindwayo, noma ukuhlehliswa kwejwabu ngenkani. 

I-Phimosis nayo ingavela kubantu abanesifo sikashukela abangalashwa ngenxa yobukhona be-glucose emchameni wabo okwenza ukutheleleka kujwabu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Phimosis as a presenting feature of diabetes|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118508219/abstract?CRETRY=1&amp;SRETRY=0|access-date=2021-10-11|archivedate=2013-01-05|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130105075939/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118508219/abstract?CRETRY=1&amp;SRETRY=0|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UBeaugé uqaphele ukuthi [[Indlwabu|imikhuba engajwayelekile yokushaya indlwabu]] njengokucindezela umbhede noma ukugcoba ijwabu phambili ingadala i-phimosis.Iziguli zelulekwa ukuba ziyeke ukwandisa amasu okushaya indlwabu futhi zikhuthazwa ukushaya indlwabu ngokuhambisa ijwabu phezulu naphansi ukuze zilingise ngokuseduze isenzo [[UCansi|socansi]].Ngemuva kokunikeza lesi seluleko uBeaugé waphawula ukuthi akakaze ancome nakanye ukusoka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Beauge1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The causes of adolescent phimosis|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/beauge2/|access-date=2021-10-11|archivedate=2021-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028073736/http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/beauge2/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Beauge1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Conservative Treatment of Primary Phimosis in Adolescents|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/beauge/|access-date=2021-10-11|archivedate=2021-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023223241/http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/beauge/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I-Phimosis ezinganeni ezindala nakubantu abadala ingahluka ngobukhulu, kanti abanye bayakwazi ukuhoxisa ijwabu labo ngokwengxenye (i-phimosis ehlobene), kanti abanye abakwazi ngokuphelele ukuhoxisa ijwabu labo, noma ngabe ipipi lisesimweni esibucayi (i-phimosis ephelele).

== Ukwelashwa ==
I-Physiologic phimosis, ejwayelekile kwabesilisa abaneminyaka eyi-10 nangaphansi, ijwayelekile, futhi ayidingi ukungenelela. &lt;ref name=&quot;kayaba&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hayashi_2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Prepuce: phimosis, paraphimosis, and circumcision|date=February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Øster1968&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Further fate of the foreskin. Incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys|date=April 1968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijwabu elingabuyiseli emuva livame ukuhlehliswa ngesikhathi sokuthomba . &lt;ref name=&quot;Øster1968&quot; /&gt;

Uma i-phimosis ezinganeni ezindala noma kubantu abadala ingabangeli izinkinga ezinzima nezimbi, izindlela zokuhlinza zingasebenza.Ukhetho lwezokwelapha luvame ukunqunywa ukuthi ukusoka kubhekwa njengokukhetha kokugcina noma njengenkambo oyithandayo.
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Stretching of foreskin to cure phimosis.jpg|Ukwelula ukuvulwa kwejwabu ngeminwe emibili
File:Stretching of foreskin to cure phimosis using silicon ear plugs.jpg|Ukwelula ukuvulwa kwejwabu [[Flesh tunnel|ngomhubhe wenyama wobubanzi]] obuhlukile
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Kuhlinzwa ===
[[File:Preputioplasty.svg|thumb|280x280px| I-Preputioplasty:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Umdwebo 1. [[Ijwabu|Umthondo onendandatho]] eqinile ye-phimotic okwenza kube nzima ukuhoxisa ijwabu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Umdwebo 2. I-Foreskin ihoxisiwe ngaphansi kwe-anesthetic ngendandatho ye-phimotic noma i- stenosis evimba umphini wepipi futhi yakha &quot;okhalweni&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Umdwebo 3. Ukuqhekeka kuvalwe kamuva.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Umdwebo 4. Umthondo onesikhumba sejwabu esithukululiwe ubuyiselwe esikhundleni se-glans.]]

== Isibikezelo ==
Inkinga ebucayi kunazo zonke yi- paraphimosis Kulesi simo, i-glans ivuvukile futhi ibuhlungu, kanti ijwabu livinjelwa ukuvuvukala endaweni ehoxisiwe kancane. Umthondo osondele kakhulu uyimbaba. Olunye ucwaningo luthole i-phimosis njengengozi yokugcinwa komchamo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=[A case of urinary retention caused by true phimosis]|date=June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; kanye ne- [[Umdlavuza womthondo|carcinoma yesitho sangasese sowesilisa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Penile cancer: importance of circumcision, human papillomavirus and smoking in in situ and invasive disease|date=September 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Balanitis</title>
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      <text bytes="6384" sha1="6kds0y1rhag8xqixbicb9ub9pmoilvj" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Balanitis_caused_by_smegma.jpg|thumb|303x303px| I-Balanitis ebangelwa i- smegma]]
'''I-Balanitis''' ukuvuvukala [[Ama glans wepipi|kwepenisi]] le-glans. &lt;ref name=&quot;Eu2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Edwards|title=2013 European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis.}}&lt;/ref&gt;Lapho [[ijwabu]] libuye lithinteke, igama elifanele yi- '''balanoposthitis''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Eu2013&quot; /&gt;Balanitis ku abafana namanje namanabukeni kumele ahlukaniswe kusuka ububomvu kubangelwa ammoniacal dermatitis . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The management of the paediatric foreskin|year=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igama elithi ''balanitis'' livela esiGrekini [[wiktionary:βάλανος#Ancient_Greek|βάλανος]] ''{{Lang|el-Latn|balanos}}'' , ngokwezwi nezwi okusho 'i- acorn ', esetshenziswa ngenxa yokufana kokuma [[Ama glans wepipi|kwepenisi ye-glans]] . 

== Izimpawu zokulimala kwe penis ==
+ 
* u bejwabu
* Ubomvu bomthondo
* Okunye ukuqubuka ekhanda lomthondo
* Ukukhishwa okunuka kabi
* Ijwabu elibuhlungu nepipi

=== Izinkinga ===
Ukuqubuka okuvamile kwe-balanitis kungadala ukushaqeka kwe- [[Ijwabu|preutial orifice]] ; ukunwebeka okuncishisiwe kungaholela ku- [[Phimosis|pathologic phimosis]] .Ezinye [https://www.clarewellclinics.co.uk/sexual-health-clinic/balanitis/ izinkinga] zingafaka:

* [[Inyama ye-Urethral|Ukuqina kwenyama]] ye-urethral
* [[Phimosis|I-Phimosis]]
* [[Parafimosis|I-Paraphimosis]]

== Imbangela ==
Ukuvuvukala kunezimbangela eziningi ezingaba khona, kufaka phakathi ukucasuka ngezinto zemvelo, ukuhlukumezeka ngokomzimba, kanye nokutheleleka okufana negciwane, igciwane noma ukhunta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Edwards&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Edwards S|title=Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review|journal=Genitourin Med|volume=72|issue=3|pages=155–9|year=1996|pmid=8707315|pmc=1195642|doi=10.1136/sti.72.3.155}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/penile_disorders/hic_disorders_of_the_penis.aspx Cleveland Clinic: Penile Disorders]&lt;/ref&gt;Ezinye zalezi zifo izifo ezithathelwana ngocansi .

Akuvamile kakhulu kubantu abasokile, njengoba ezimweni eziningi, ukungasebenzi kahle [[Ijwabu|kwejwabu]] kuyimbangela noma okunomthelela.Kokubili ukuhlanza okungenele nokuhlanza ngokweqile kungadala izinkinga. &lt;ref name=&quot;Eu2013&quot; /&gt;Isifo sikashukela singenza i-balanitis ibe nokwenzeka kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma ushukela wegazi ungalawulwa kahle. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.healthline.com/health/balanitis#Causes2 Balanitis]. Health Line. Retrieved 19 April 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kubalulekile ukukhipha ezinye izimbangela zezimpawu ezifanayo njengomdlavuza we- [[Umdlavuza womthondo|penile]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Eu2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Edwards|first1=SK|last2=Bunker|first2=CB|last3=Ziller|first3=F|last4=van der Meijden|first4=WI|title=2013 European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis.|journal=International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS|date=August 2014|volume=25|issue=9|pages=615–26|pmid=24828553|doi=10.1177/0956462414533099}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEdwardsBunkerZillervan_der_Meijden2014&quot;&gt;Edwards, SK; Bunker, CB; Ziller, F; van der Meijden, WI (August 2014). &quot;2013 European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis&quot;. ''International Journal of STD &amp; AIDS''. '''25''' (9): 615–26. [[I-Doi (isihlonzi)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0956462414533099|10.1177/0956462414533099]]. [[PMID (isihlonzi)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24828553 24828553]. [[I-S2CID (isihlonzi)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127341 127341].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ukuxilongwa ==
Ukuxilongwa kungafaka ukuhlonza ngokucophelela imbangela ngosizo lomlando omuhle wesiguli, ama-swabs namasiko, kanye nokuhlolwa kwe- biopsy kwe-pathological. &lt;ref name=&quot;Edwards&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Edwards S|title=Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review|year=1996}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEdwards_S1996&quot;&gt;Edwards S (1996). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1195642 &quot;Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review&quot;]. ''Genitourin Med''. '''72''' (3): 155–9. [[I-Doi (isihlonzi)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/sti.72.3.155|10.1136/sti.72.3.155]]. [[PMC (isihlonzi)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1195642 1195642]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (isihlonzi)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8707315 8707315].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Izinhlobo ===

* I-balanitis yeZoon, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi- ''Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacellularis'' noma i- ''plasma cell balanitis'' (PCB), iyi-idiopathic, engavamile, enobungozi be-penile dermatosis lapho ukusoka kuvame ukwelashwa okuncanyelwayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Keogh&quot;&gt;Keogh G. {{eMedicine|derm|45|Balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=[Zoon's balanoposthitis. A preliminary note]|language=es|journal=Arch. Esp. Urol.|volume=52|issue=1|pages=69–72|year=1999|pmid=10101891}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Common skin disorders of the penis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bju-international_2002-09_90_5/page/n23|journal=BJU Int.|volume=90|issue=5|pages=498–506|year=2002|pmid=12175386}}&lt;/ref&gt; I-balanitis yeZoon iphethwe ngempumelelo nge- carbon dioxide laser ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The treatment of Zoon's balanitis with the carbon dioxide laser|journal=The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology|volume=15|issue=5|pages=491–4|year=1989|pmid=2497162}}&lt;/ref&gt; futhi muva nje, i-Albertini nozakwabo babika ngokugwema ukusoka nokwelashwa okuyimpumelelo kwe-balanitis kaZoon nge- Er: YAG laser . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Zoon's balanitis treated with Erbium:YAG laser ablation|journal=Lasers Surg Med|volume=30|issue=2|pages=123–6|year=2002|pmid=11870791}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olunye ucwaningo, olwenziwe nguRetamar nozakwabo, luthole ukuthi amaphesenti angama-40 alabo abaphathwa nge-CO &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; laser babuyele emuva. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Zoon's balanitis: presentation of 15 patients, five treated with a carbon dioxide laser|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-dermatology_2003-04_42_4/page/305|journal=Int. J. Dermatol.|volume=42|issue=4|pages=305–7|year=2003|pmid=12694501}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* I-circan balanitis, eyaziwa nangokuthi i- balanitis circinata, i- serpiginous annular dermatitis ehlotshaniswa ne- arthritis esebenzayo .
* I-pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis
[[Category:Izifo zomthondo]]
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  <page>
    <title>Ipipi elingcwatshiwe</title>
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      <text bytes="10209" sha1="cefejx0ejd466zxz0vq1do7f99lxjb9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Buried_penis_on_30_year_old_male.jpg|thumb| Ngcwatshwe ipipi kowesilisa oneminyaka engama-30 osokiwe hhayi ngenxa yokukhuluphala]]
[[File:Buried_penis_due_to_obesity.jpg|thumb| Wangcwatshwa ipipi kowesilisa osokiwe oneminyaka engama-40 ngenxa yokukhuluphala]]
'''Ipipi elingcwatshiwe''' (elaziwa nangokuthi '''ipipi elifihliwe''' noma '''ipipi elihoxisayo''' ) yisimo sokuzalwa noma esizuziwe, lapho ipipi lifihlwe kancane noma ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwesikhumba.Kwaqala kwachazwa ngu- Edward Lawrence Keyes ngo-1919 njengokungabonakali kobudoda nokuthi kungcwatshwe ngaphansi kwesikhumba sesisu, sethanga, noma [[Isikhutha|sesimfimfithi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Fahmy|first=Mohamed|title=Congenital Anomalies of the Penis|chapter=Phimosis and Paraphimosis|date=2017|pages=245–250|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-43309-7|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-43310-3_38}}&lt;/ref&gt;Olunye ucwaningo lwenziwa nguMaurice Campbell ngo-1951 ngenkathi ebika ukuthi isitho sangasese sangasese sangcwatshwa ngaphansi kwamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba, i-perineum, i- hypogastrium kanye nethanga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Cuckow|first=Peter M.|title=Pediatric Urology|chapter=Embryology of the Urogenital Tract|date=2010|pages=1–10|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-3204-5|doi=10.1016/b978-1-4160-3204-5.00001-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Phimosis|Ipipi elingcwatshiwe lingaholela ekuvinjelweni kokugeleza]] komchamo, inhlanzeko engeyinhle, ukutheleleka kwezicubu ezithambile, i-phimosis, nokuvimbela ukusebenza kocansi okujwayelekile.

[[Umthondo omncane|Ipipi elingcwatshwe]] lihlukile kune-micropenis, okuyinto encane ngokungajwayelekile, i-penis ehleleke ngobude be-penile obeluliwe obungaphansi kokuphambuka okujwayelekile okungu-2.5 ngaphansi kwencazelo yobudala noma isigaba sokukhula kocansi kwesiguli. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zenaty|first=D.|date=November 2006|title=Bilateral anorchia in infancy: Occurrence of micropenis and the effect of testosterone treatment|pages=687–691|doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.07.044}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izimbangela ==

=== Isizalo ===
Izimbangela zokuzalwa zingafaka ukungakhuli kahle kwe-penile shaft ngokuntuleka kokunamathiselwe kwesikhumba se-shaft kushaft ye-penile.Yize kungavamile, kungafaka iphedi enkulu yama-pubic enkulu ngokungajwayelekile nezicubu eziqinile ezidonsa umthondo ngaphakathi.Ipipi elingcwatshwe ngokuzalwa lingalungiswa ngokuhlinzwa ebuntwaneni ngokunamathisela i-corpora cavernosa kuma-dartos bundles esisekelweni se-penile. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Spinoit|first=Anne-Françoise|date=2013|title=New Surgical Technique for the Treatment of Buried Penis: Results and Comparison with a Traditional Technique in 75 Patients|pages=134–139|doi=10.1159/000351944}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kutholakele ===

==== Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile ====
Yize kungebona bonke abesilisa abakhuluphele kakhulu abanesimo sowesilisa esingcwatshiwe, abesilisa abangama-87% abathole ukwelashwa ngokuhlinzwa kwepipi elingcwatshiwe babikwa ukuthi bakhuluphele.Amafutha asesiswini abaluleke kakhulu nawo angakha indawo ekhuthaza ukukhula kwamagciwane nefungal.Ukukhuluphala kungakhuphula namathuba okuthuthuka kohlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo II, olubonakala ngokwanda kokungenwa yizifo, okwenza kube nzima ukuphumelela futhi ngokushesha ukuphatha isimo sendoda esingcwatshiwe.Ukutheleleka okunjalo okuphindayo nakho kungaholela ekuvikelekeni kwesibazi, okungadala ukuthi isikhumba se-prepubic sigudluzele ngaphezulu komgogodla noglans, ngaleyo ndlela singene esikhunjeni seshaft futhi siholele ethangeni elingcwatshiwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Anandan|first1=Lavanya|last2=Mohammed|first2=Aza|date=2018|title=Surgical management of buried penis in adults|journal=Central European Journal of Urology|volume=71|issue=3|pages=346–352|doi=10.5173/ceju.2018.1676|issn=2080-4806|pmc=6202613|pmid=30386659}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Frenkl|first1=Tara L.|last2=Agartwal|first2=Saurabh|date=February 2004|title=Results of a simplified technique for buried penis repair|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-urology_2004-02_171_2/page/826|journal=The Journal of Urology|volume=171|issue=2|pages=826–828|doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000107824.72182.95|pmid=14713835}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== I-penoscrotal lymphodema ====
Ngenkathi kuyimbangela engajwayelekile, i-penoscrotal lymphodema ibangela ukukhubazeka kweshaft ne-scrotum, okuholele ekuthini ipipi elingcwatshwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Anandan|first1=Lavanya|last2=Mohammed|first2=Aza|date=2018|title=Surgical management of buried penis in adults|journal=Central European Journal of Urology|volume=71|issue=3|pages=346–352|doi=10.5173/ceju.2018.1676|issn=2080-4806|pmc=6202613|pmid=30386659}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ukusoka okunolaka ngokweqile ====
Kokunye ukusoka, ijwabu eliningi kakhulu liyasuswa noma ulayini womthungo uyaqina, kubangele isibazi somzimba, esingabamba umthondo kujwabu elisele noma siwududule umthondo ungene endaweni ye-suprapubic bese uholela epipi elingcwatshiwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Anandan|first1=Lavanya|last2=Mohammed|first2=Aza|date=2018|title=Surgical management of buried penis in adults|journal=Central European Journal of Urology|volume=71|issue=3|pages=346–352|doi=10.5173/ceju.2018.1676|issn=2080-4806|pmc=6202613|pmid=30386659}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== I-Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) ====
I-BXO yinqubo engapheli yokuvuvukala kwesikhumba ebangela i-sclerosis ye-glans, shaft, prepuce, noma i-urethra.Lokhu kungaholela ku-cicatrix yomthondo we-distal nokubanjwa kwawo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Anandan|first1=Lavanya|last2=Mohammed|first2=Aza|date=2018|title=Surgical management of buried penis in adults|journal=Central European Journal of Urology|volume=71|issue=3|pages=346–352|doi=10.5173/ceju.2018.1676|issn=2080-4806|pmc=6202613|pmid=30386659}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== I-Dysgenic dartos ====
I-Dysgenic dartos yisimo esivezwa ukungabi bikho kokuxhaswa kwesiduli kanye nokuqina kwesikhumba sangaphakathi kanye nokuntuleka kokunamathiselwa okufanele phakathi kwama-dartos nepipi.Lokhu kungavumela ipeni ukuthi likwazi &quot;isibonakude&quot; lingene esikhwameni, ngaleyo ndlela lenze ipipi elingcwatshiwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Surgical management of buried penis in adults}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ukwelashwa ==
Abantu abadala abanendoda engcwatshiwe bazophila ngesimo sabo noma benze izinhlelo zokwehlisa isisindo.Kodwa-ke, izinhlelo zokwehlisa isisindo zihamba kancane futhi imvamisa azithi &quot;zithukulule&quot; ipipi; ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlanzeko embi yokuhlangana komchamo ingaholela ekuthelelekeni kwezicubu ezithambile.

Ngenkathi isimo singazixazulula ngaphandle kokungenelela ezinganeni ezisencane kakhulu, iziguli ekugcineni zingadinga ukuhlinzekwa okucacile kokuvuselela nokwelashwa okuphuthumayo uma ukutheleleka kukhona. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Tang|first=SH|date=July 2008|title=Modern management of adult-acquired buried penis|pages=124–127|doi=10.1016/j.urology.2008.01.059}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chopra|first=CW|date=November 2002|title=Surgical management of acquired (cicatricial) buried penis in an adult patient|pages=545–549|doi=10.1097/00000637-200211000-00017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Crawford|first=BS|date=January 1977|title=Buried penis|pages=96–99|doi=10.1016/s0007-1226(77)90046-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Donatucci|first=CF|date=February 1998|title=Management of the buried penis in adults|pages=420–24|doi=10.1016/s0022-5347(01)63939-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Adham|first=MN|date=September 2000|title=Buried penis release in adults with suction lipectomy and abdominoplasty|pages=840–44|doi=10.1097/00006534-200009020-00014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Shaeer|first=O|date=March 2009|title=Revealing the buried penis in adults|pages=876–885|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01162.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;Odokotela abahlinzayo abaphatha lesi simo kungaba abahlinzayo be-urologic noma abahlinzayo beplastiki.

Izinketho zokuhlinza zingabandakanya ukuhlukaniswa kwemisipha exhuma isisekelo sendoda ethanjeni le-pubic; ukwenziwa kokufakwa kwezikhumba ukumboza izindawo zepenisi ezidinga isikhumba esingeziwe; i-liposuction isebenzisa i-catheters ukumunca amangqamuzana amafutha ngaphansi kwesikhumba endaweni ezungeze ipipi; isisu esiswini lapho kususwa khona amafutha amaningi nesikhumba esifundeni; i-escutheonectomy lapho kususwa khona iphedi lamafutha ngaphezulu nje kwendawo yenkantini; noma i-panniculectomy lapho kususwa khona i-panniculus, izicubu ezeqile nesikhumba esilenga phezu kwezitho zangasese namathanga.Ku-video ekhombisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-panniculectomy ekulungisweni kwenduku endala engcwatshwe, uDkt.Bryan Voelzke nozakwabo bagcizelele isidingo sokufaka iphedi yamafutha we-suprapubic ku-periosteum ye-symphysis pubis kanye nokubaluleka kokungadonsi phansi ukuhlangana kwepeno-scrotal kanye nokuhlangana kwepeno-kwesisu ukuze nje kuqhubeke ukuveza ipipi. 

INkosi IC, Tahir A, Ramanathan C, Siddiqui H yathuthukisa i-algorithm yokwelashwa eguquliwe esebenzisa inqubo eyodwa yokuhlinza equkethe ikakhulu ukukhishwa kwesibazi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesikhumba sowesilisa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Surgical management of buried penis in adults}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I-athikili eyashicilelwa ngo-Agasti 2019 nguDkt.James J. Elist ibike ukuthi inqubo ebandakanya ukufakwa kwesikhumba esithambile esenziwe nge-silicone penile yimpumelelo ekubuyiseleni emuva isimo sowesilisa omdala owatholwa umthondo wangcwatshwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Elist|first1=James J.|last2=Baniqued|first2=Matthew|date=2019-08-05|title=Correction of retractile penis with subcutaneous soft silicone penile implant|journal=International Journal of Impotence Research|volume=32|issue=3|pages=317–322|doi=10.1038/s41443-019-0174-3|pmid=31383992|issn=1476-5489}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bhekafuthi ==

* [[Umthondo omncane|I-Micropenis]]
* [[I-Phalloplasty]]
* [[Umthondo oboshiwe]]

== Izinkomba ==

== Izixhumanisi zangaphandle ==

* [http://www.garyalterplasticsurgeon.com/penisscrotalsurgery/Examples/buried_penis_examples.htm Izibonelo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002180800/http://www.garyalterplasticsurgeon.com/penisscrotalsurgery/Examples/buried_penis_examples.htm |date=2016-10-02 }}
[[Category:Umthondo womuntu]]
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  <page>
    <title>Ukulimala kwepipi</title>
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      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="14068" sha1="hhvv6z85r5d504w4qcwks6paybqh16t" xml:space="preserve">'''Ukulimala kwe-penile''' yisimo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha esihlupha ipipi.Ukulimala okuvamile kufaka ukuphuka, ukuxoshwa, ukuklanywa, ukuboshwa, nokunqunywa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2013-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== I-Epidemiology ==
Ukuhlukumezeka okungena futhi okucacile kuhlanganisiwe kwakha cishe i-90% yakho konke ukulimala kwe-penile yomphakathi (i-45% lilinye), ngokusha nezinye izingozi ezakha i-10% esele. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Advances in diagnosis and management of genital injuries|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_urologic-clinics-of-north-america_2013-08_40_3/page/427|journal=The Urologic Clinics of North America|date=2013-08-01|issn=1558-318X|pmid=23905941|pages=427–438|volume=40|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2013.04.013|first1=Andrew J.|last1=Chang|first2=Steven B.|last2=Brandes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChangBrandes2013&quot;&gt;Chang, Andrew J.; Brandes, Steven B. (2013-08-01). &quot;Advances in diagnosis and management of genital injuries&quot;. ''The Urologic Clinics of North America''. '''40''' (3): 427–438. [[I-Doi (isihlonzi)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2013.04.013|10.1016/j.ucl.2013.04.013]]. [[ISSN (isihlonzi)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/1558-318X 1558-318X]. [[PMID (isihlonzi)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23905941 23905941].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izinhlobo ==

=== Ukwephuka ===
[[File:Tunica_Albuginea.jpg|thumb|304x304px| Okusuka kumfanekiso wezokwelapha we-3D okhombisa i-tunica albuginea.]]
Ukuphuka kwepenile kungumphumela wokuqhekeka kwe-tunica albuginea. Zijwayelekile kakhulu futhi zingahle zivele ngokuqhekeka okuncane noma okuphelele kwe-urethral, yize lokhu kungavamile. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Sex-related penile fracture with complete urethral rupture: A case report and review of the literature|journal=Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia|date=2015-09-01|issn=1124-3562|pmid=26428656|pages=260–261|volume=87|issue=3|doi=10.4081/aiua.2015.3.260|first1=Marco|last1=Garofalo|first2=Lorenzo|last2=Bianchi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Use of point-of-care ultrasound to evaluate for penile fracture in a child|journal=Pediatric Emergency Care|date=2015-02-01|issn=1535-1815|pmid=25651388|pages=157–158|volume=31|issue=2|doi=10.1097/PEC.0000000000000358|first1=Samuel H. F.|last1=Lam}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Lower male genitourinary trauma: a pictorial review|journal=Emergency Radiology|date=2014-02-01|issn=1438-1435|pmid=24052083|pages=67–74|volume=21|issue=1|doi=10.1007/s10140-013-1159-z|first1=Bruce E.|last1=Lehnert|first2=Claudia|last2=Sadro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukulimala kwe-urethral kwenzeka kuma-10-38% wamacala. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Advances in diagnosis and management of genital injuries|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_urologic-clinics-of-north-america_2013-08_40_3/page/427|journal=The Urologic Clinics of North America|date=2013-08-01|issn=1558-318X|pmid=23905941|pages=427–438|volume=40|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2013.04.013|first1=Andrew J.|last1=Chang|first2=Steven B.|last2=Brandes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChangBrandes2013&quot;&gt;Chang, Andrew J.; Brandes, Steven B. (2013-08-01). &quot;Advances in diagnosis and management of genital injuries&quot;. ''The Urologic Clinics of North America''. '''40''' (3): 427–438. [[I-Doi (isihlonzi)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2013.04.013|10.1016/j.ucl.2013.04.013]]. [[ISSN (isihlonzi)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/1558-318X 1558-318X]. [[PMID (isihlonzi)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23905941 23905941].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Ukwephuka kulashwa ngokuhlinzwa okuphuthumayo, futhi kungatholakala ukuthi kune- ultrasound, ikakhulukazi ezimeni zezingane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;Ukwephuka kwePenile kubangelwa ukuhlukumezeka kwesitho sangasese esime mpo, imvamisa ngokukugoba ngokuzumayo ngesikhathi [[UCansi|sokuya ocansini]] nomlingani owamukelayo ngaphezulu komlingani ongena, noma ngesikhathi [[Indlwabu|sokushaya indlwabu]] .Kubonakala ngomsindo omkhulu ophumayo ngesikhathi sokulimala, umphumela wokuqhuma kwe-tunica albuginea.Ezinye izimpawu zibandakanya ubuhlungu obukhulu, ukulahlekelwa ukwakhiwa, nokuvuvukala. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Penile injuries: A 10-year experience|journal=Canadian Urological Association Journal|date=2014-09-01|issn=1911-6470|pmc=4164551|pmid=25295134|pages=E626–631|volume=8|issue=9–10|doi=10.5489/cuaj.1821|first1=S. V.|last1=Krishna Reddy|first2=Ahammad Basha|last2=Shaik}}&lt;/ref&gt;Izimpawu zokulimala kwe-urethral zifaka i-hematuria, igazi e-meatus, ne-dysuria. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;Uma kushiywe kungalashwa, izinkinga zibangela amacala angama-28-53%; lokhu kufaka ukugobeka unomphela kwenduku, i-fistula, i- urethral diverticulum, i- [[priapism]], kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ukuzithoba nokuxoshwa ===
[[File:Degloving_and_avulsion_(Penile_injury).jpg|thumb|300x300px| Ukugqwayiza kwezokwelapha kwe-3D kusakhombisa ukuxhunyelelwa kwesikhumba uma kwenzeka kulimala iPenile.]]
Ukulimala kwe-degloving kanye ne-avulsion kufaka ukususwa kwesikhumba somthondo, okuyisimo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha.Ukwelashwa kwalokhu kulimala kubandakanya ukuvalwa kwesikhumba esidabukile, noma ukufakelwa kwesikhumba ukufaka isikhumba esilahlekile ekulimaleni.Ukufakwa kwesikhumba kwakhiwe ukuzama ukugcina ukusebenza kwe-erectile nokuzwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Advances in diagnosis and management of genital injuries|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_urologic-clinics-of-north-america_2013-08_40_3/page/427|journal=The Urologic Clinics of North America|date=2013-08-01|issn=1558-318X|pmid=23905941|pages=427–438|volume=40|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2013.04.013|first=Andrew J.|last=Chang|first2=Steven B.|last2=Brandes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFChangBrandes2013&quot;&gt;Chang, Andrew J.; Brandes, Steven B. (2013-08-01). &quot;Advances in diagnosis and management of genital injuries&quot;. ''The Urologic Clinics of North America''. '''40''' (3): 427–438. [[I-Doi (isihlonzi)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2013.04.013|10.1016/j.ucl.2013.04.013]]. [[ISSN (isihlonzi)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/1558-318X 1558-318X]. [[PMID (isihlonzi)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23905941 23905941].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ukulimala kwezicubu ezithambile ===

==== Ukuklinywa ====
[[File:Penile_incarceration_and_ulcer.png|thumb|442x442px| '''(A)''' Icala lokuklinyeka kwe-penile ngentambo yekhebula empandeni yelungu. Yomibili imithambo nemithambo yegazi yayicindezelwe. '''(B)''' Isilonda sePenile empandeni yesende ngemuva kweviki elilodwa kususwe into ezungezwe. Ukuklinywa kubangele ukulahleka unomphela komuzwa wepipi.]]
Ukulimala ngokuklinyeka endodeni, okubizwa nangokuthi ukulimala ejele, okubangelwa izinwele, amabhande enjoloba, noma ezinye izinto kungukulimala kwesibili kwezicubu ezithambile ezinganeni. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Traumatic penile injury: from circumcision injury to penile amputation|journal=BioMed Research International|date=2014-01-01|issn=2314-6141|pmc=4164514|pmid=25250318|pages=375285|volume=2014|doi=10.1155/2014/375285|first1=Jae Heon|last1=Kim|first2=Jae Young|last2=Park}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Penile strangulation: two case reports and review of the literature|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|date=2007-11-01|issn=1743-6095|pmid=17888068|pages=1775–1780|volume=4|issue=6|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00601.x|first1=Ognen|last1=Ivanovski|first2=Oliver|last2=Stankov}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ukuklinyeka kwezinwele kungaba nzima ukukuxilonga ngenxa yokwakheka kwepenisi; izinwele ezibangela ukuklinywa zingafihlwa ngaphansi kwe-coronal sulcus uma zivuvukile. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Penile Emergencies|journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America|pages=485–499|volume=29|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.emc.2011.04.006|pmid=21782070|first1=Jeffrey|last1=Dubin|first2=Jonathan E.|last2=Davis}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kubantu abadala, ukulimala ngokuklinywa okudinga ukwelashwa kungadalwa yizinto ezahlukahlukene ezisetshenziselwa inhloso yokwanelisa ngokocansi, ukunweba isikhathi sokwakhiwa, noma i- enuresis, kufaka phakathi izindandatho zensimbi, okumele zisuswe ngezinsimbi ezikhethekile zokusika. Into nayo ingasuswa ngokudicilela phansi ipipi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Ngoba i-vasculature yepenisi icindezelwe, izinkinga eziningi zingavela ekulimaleni kokuklinywa, kuya ngokuthi imithambo, imithambo, noma yomibili icindezelwe, kufaka phakathi ukuvinjelwa kwemithambo okuncane, okuguqukayo; i-ischemic necrosis; esibhibhayo futhi izinso umonakalo ; i-lymphedema ; isilonda; i-fistula e-urethrocutaneous, ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa; ukulimala kwe-urethral; ispsis ; kanye ne- autoamputation . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ukulimala kokuklinywa kwePenile okudinga ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha akuvamile: kusukela incazelo yabo yokuqala ngo-1755, kube namacala abikiwe cishe angama-60-120.Yize kuvame ukuba bucayi, kubikwe amacala wokuklinywa okungapheli namacala abucayi afinyelela inyanga eyodwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Penile strangulation: two case reports and review of the literature|first3=Marjan|first8=Zivko|last7=Lekovski|first7=Ljupco|last6=Filipovski|first6=Vanja|last5=Banev|first5=Saso|last4=Saidi|first4=Skender|last3=Kuzmanoski|last2=Stankov|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|first2=Oliver|last=Ivanovski|first=Ognen|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00601.x|issue=6|volume=4|pages=1775–1780|pmid=17888068|issn=1743-6095|date=2007-11-01|last8=Popov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFIvanovskiStankovKuzmanoskiSaidi2007&quot;&gt;Ivanovski, Ognen; Stankov, Oliver; Kuzmanoski, Marjan; Saidi, Skender; Banev, Saso; Filipovski, Vanja; Lekovski, Ljupco; Popov, Zivko (2007-11-01). &quot;Penile strangulation: two case reports and review of the literature&quot;. ''The Journal of Sexual Medicine''. '''4''' (6): 1775–1780. [[I-Doi (isihlonzi)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00601.x|10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00601.x]]. [[ISSN (isihlonzi)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/1743-6095 1743-6095]. [[PMID (isihlonzi)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17888068 17888068].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=An effective treatment for penile strangulation|first=Chao|first4=Chen-Liang|last3=Chen|first3=Rong|last2=Xu|first2=Yue-Min|last=Li|doi=10.3892/mmr.2013.1456|journal=Molecular Medicine Reports|issue=1|volume=8|pages=201–204|pmid=23652299|issn=1791-3004|date=2013-07-01|last4=Deng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Izinto ezahlukahlukene zibandakanyekile ezimweni zokuklinywa:

* [[Indandatho yomshado]] 
* Indandatho yensimbi 
* Ibhodlela 
* [[Ibhande lobumsulwa]]

==== Ukubanjwa ====
Ukulimala okujwayelekile kwezicubu ezithambile kungukulimala kokubanjwa okubandakanya ipipi elibanjwe uziphu; lokhu kulimala kuvame kakhulu ezinganeni ezisencane ezingasokile futhi ezihlala zikha phezulu.Zelashwa ngokususa uziphu nge- anesthesia yendawo kusetshenziswa umsiki wethambo, ukuthambisa, noma i-hacksaw, ukuqaqa uziphu, noma ukususa izicubu ezithintekile, futhi kungavinjelwa ezimweni eziningi ngokusoka . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Penile injuries: A 10-year experience|journal=Canadian Urological Association Journal|date=2014-09-01|issn=1911-6470|pmid=25295134|pages=E626–631|volume=8|issue=9–10|doi=10.5489/cuaj.1821|first=S. V.|last=Krishna Reddy|first2=Ahammad Basha|last2=Shaik|first3=K.|last3=Sreenivas}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKrishna_ReddyShaikSreenivas2014&quot;&gt;Krishna Reddy, S. V.; Shaik, Ahammad Basha; Sreenivas, K. (2014-09-01). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164551 &quot;Penile injuries: A 10-year experience&quot;]. ''Canadian Urological Association Journal''. '''8''' (9–10): E626–631. [[I-Doi (isihlonzi)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5489/cuaj.1821|10.5489/cuaj.1821]]. [[ISSN (isihlonzi)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/1911-6470 1911-6470]. [[PMC (isihlonzi)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164551 4164551]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (isihlonzi)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25295134 25295134].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Traumatic penile injury: from circumcision injury to penile amputation|journal=BioMed Research International|date=2014-01-01|issn=2314-6141|pmid=25250318|pages=375285|volume=2014|doi=10.1155/2014/375285|first=Jae Heon|last=Kim|first2=Jae Young|last2=Park|first3=Yun Seob|last3=Song}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKimParkSong2014&quot;&gt;Kim, Jae Heon; Park, Jae Young; Song, Yun Seob (2014-01-01). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164514 &quot;Traumatic penile injury: from circumcision injury to penile amputation&quot;]. ''BioMed Research International''. '''2014''': 375285. [[I-Doi (isihlonzi)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1155/2014/375285|10.1155/2014/375285]]. [[ISSN (isihlonzi)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/2314-6141 2314-6141]. [[PMC (isihlonzi)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164514 4164514]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (isihlonzi)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25250318 25250318].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Uma ingelashwa ngokushesha, izicubu abathintekayo kungaba bandisa futhi batheleleke. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Kwezinye izimo, ukusoka okuphuthumayo kuyadingeka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Penile Emergencies|journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America|pages=485–499|volume=29|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.emc.2011.04.006|pmid=21782070|first=Jeffrey|last=Dubin|first2=Jonathan E.|last2=Davis}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDubinDavis2011&quot;&gt;Dubin, Jeffrey; Davis, Jonathan E. (2011). &quot;Penile Emergencies&quot;. ''Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America''. '''29''' (3): 485–499. [[I-Doi (isihlonzi)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.emc.2011.04.006|10.1016/j.emc.2011.04.006]]. [[PMID (isihlonzi)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21782070 21782070].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izinkomba ==

[[Category:Izifo zomthondo]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ukungavuki kwepipi</title>
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        <id>15036</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3167" sha1="rhq3uf73nfafuefvjnp0521k4kyc6e5" xml:space="preserve">'''Ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-Erectile''' ( '''ED''' ), okubizwa nangokuthi '''ukungabi namandla''', wuhlobo lokungasebenzi kahle kocansi lapho ipipi lihluleka ukuba khona noma ukuhlala liqondile ngesikhathi sokwenza ucansi.Kuyinkinga ejwayelekile yezocansi emadodeni. &lt;ref name=&quot;uptodate&quot;&gt;Cunningham GR, Rosen RC. Overview of male sexual dysfunction. In: UpToDate, Martin KA (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;Ngokuxhumeka kwayo ekuzicabangeni nasezinkinga ebudlelwaneni bezocansi, ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile kungadala ukulimala kwengqondo.

Cishe ku-80% wamacala, izimbangela zomzimba zingabonakala. &lt;ref name=&quot;LMCC&quot;&gt;Chowdhury SH, Cozma AI, Chowdhury JH. Erectile Dysfunction. Essentials for the Canadian Medical Licensing Exam: Review and Prep for MCCQE Part I. 2nd edition. Wolters Kluwer. Hong Kong. 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;Lokhu kufaka phakathi isifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi ; isifo sikashukela ; izinkinga zemizwa, njengalezo ezilandela i- prostatectomy ; hypogonadism ; nemiphumela emibi yezidakamizwa .Cishe i-10% yamacala ukungabi namandla kwengqondo, okubangelwa yimicabango noma imizwa; &lt;ref name=&quot;LMCC&quot; /&gt; lapha, kunempendulo enamandla ekwelashweni kwe-placebo .

Igama ''ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile'' alisetshenziswanga kwezinye iziphazamiso zokwakhiwa, njenge- [[priapism]].

Ukwelashwa kubandakanya ukubhekana nezimbangela ezisemqoka, ukuguqulwa kwendlela yokuphila, nokubhekana nezinkinga zengqondo. &lt;ref name=&quot;LMCC&quot;&gt;Chowdhury SH, Cozma AI, Chowdhury JH. Erectile Dysfunction. Essentials for the Canadian Medical Licensing Exam: Review and Prep for MCCQE Part I. 2nd edition. Wolters Kluwer. Hong Kong. 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;Ezimweni eziningi, ukwelashwa kuzanywa yizidakamizwa, ikakhulukazi i- PDE5 inhibitors (njenge- sildenafil ), evula imithambo yegazi, evumela igazi eliningi ukuba ligeleze ngezicubu zesiponji zepenisi (ngokufana nokuvula i-valve ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kuvunyelwe amanzi amaningi faka ipayipi lomlilo).Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha, ezingasetshenziswa kakhulu, zifaka phakathi i- prostaglandin pellets, efakwe ku- urethra ; ama-relaxant-muscle muscle kanye nama-vasodilator, afakwe kumthondo; ukufakwa kwe-penile ; [[Ukukhuliswa kwomthondo|amaphampu omthondo]] ; nokuhlinzwa okwakha kabusha imithambo yegazi . &lt;ref name=&quot;LMCC&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15947645&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chapter 1: The management of erectile dysfunction: an AUA update|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-urology_2005-07_174_1/page/230|journal=J. Urol.|volume=174|issue=1|pages=230–39|date=July 2005|pmid=15947645|doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000164463.19239.19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izimpawu ==

=== Umthelela wengqondo ===
I-ED ivame ukuba nomthelela enhlalakahleni engokomzwelo yabo bobabili abesilisa nabalingani babo.Amadoda amaningi awafuni ukwelashwa ngenxa yemizwa yokuphoxeka.Cishe ama-75% wamacala atholakala we-ED awalashwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Undertreatment of erectile dysfunction: claims analysis of 6.2 million patients|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|volume=11|issue=10|pages=2546–53|date=October 2014|pmid=25059314|doi=10.1111/jsm.12647}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izinkomba ==

[[Category:Izifo zomthondo]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Isifo sikaPeyronie</title>
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        <id>15036</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="7978" sha1="15gz81y1i6sbzj0kz1w17mr919p14i2" xml:space="preserve">'''Isifo sikaPeyronie yisifo''' esixhuma izicubu esihilela ukukhula kwamapuleti anemicu ezicutshini ezithambile zepipi .Ngokukhethekile, amafomu wesicubu esibomvu ku-tunica albuginea, umgogodla wesicubu ozungeze i- corpora cavernosa, obangela ubuhlungu, ukugobeka okungavamile, [[Ukungavuki kwepipi|ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile]], ukuqaqanjelwa, ukulahlekelwa yibhande kanye nokunciphisa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Peyronie's disease and erectile dysfunction: Current understanding and future direction|journal=Indian Journal of Urology|volume=22|issue=3|pages=246–50|doi=10.4103/0970-1591.27633}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuthinta cishe amadoda ayi-10%.Isimo siba ngokuvame kakhulu ngeminyaka. 

== Izimpawu nezimpawu ==
[[File:Peyronie's_disease.jpg|thumb| Isibonelo sokukhubazeka kwepipi kusuka eceleni]]
Izinga elithile lokugobeka lobudoda lithathwa njengelivamile, njengoba amadoda amaningi ezalwa enalesi simo sobungozi, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukugobeka kokuzalwa.Lesi sifo singadala ubuhlungu; izilonda eziqinile, ezinkulu, ezifana nentambo (izicubu ezibomvu ezaziwa ngokuthi &quot;amapuleti&quot;); noma ukugobeka kwendoda ngokungajwayelekile lapho imile ngenxa yokuvuvukala okungapheli kwe- tunica albuginea (CITA). 

== Izimbangela ==
Imbangela yesifo sikaPeyronie ayaziwa.Noma kunjalo, kungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yokwakheka kocwecwe ngaphakathi kwepenisi ngenxa yokuhlukumezeka okuphindaphindayo noma ukulimala ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini noma komzimba. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid14690485&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 2004|title=The management of Peyronie's disease}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRalphMinhas2004&quot;&gt;Ralph, D. J.; Minhas, S. (January 2004). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Izici ezinobungozi zibandakanya isifo sikashukela, isivumelwano sikaDupuytren, i- plantar fibromatosis, [[Ukuphuka kwepenile|ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-penile]], ukubhema, ukuphuza ngokweqile , ukuthambekela kofuzo, kanye nefa laseYurophu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hatzimouratidisa|first1=Konstantinos|last2=Eardley|first2=Ian|title=EAU guidelines on penile curvature|journal=European Urology|date=2012|volume=62|issue=3|pages=543–552|doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2012.05.040|pmid=22658761}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Abern|first1=Michael R.|last2=Levine|first2=Laurence A.|title=Peyronie's disease: evaluation and review of nonsurgical therapy|journal=The Scientific World Journal|date=2009|volume=27|issue=9|pages=665–675|doi=10.1100/tsw.2009.92|pmid=19649505}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ukuxilongwa ==
[[File:Peyronie's_Disease_Ultrasound.jpg|thumb| Le ultrasound iveza izingxenye ezihlukanisiwe zepenisi ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene esigulini esinesifo sikaPeyronie.Isithombe esiphezulu sikhombisa ukwakheka komzimba okujwayelekile kanti isithombe esingezansi sikhombisa izicubu ezibomvu kwi- tunica albuginea (umthondo).Izicubu ezibomvu zihlala endaweni futhi zibhekele ukukhubazeka okuphawuleka kwesifo sikaPeyronie (ukugobeka nokuncipha).]]
Udokotela we-urologist angakwazi ukuxilonga lesi sifo futhi asikisele ukwelashwa.I-ultrasound inganikeza ubufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda besifo sikaPeyronie, esinquma ukuphuma kwesisu noma okunye ukuphazamiseka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Colour Doppler and duplex ultrasound assessment of Peyronie's disease in impotent men|date=May 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
File:Ultrasonography of orpus cavernosum calcification.jpg|Transverse ultrasound of the penis, in a ventral view, in the middle portion of the penis. Note the echoic image with posterior acoustic shadowing, corresponding to calcification (arrow), in the left corpus cavernosum.&lt;ref name=&quot;FernandesSouza2018&quot;/&gt;
File:X-ray of corpus spongiosum calcifications.jpg|[[Projectional radiography]] (&quot;X-ray&quot;), penetrating the soft parts of the penis, showing radiopaque images that correspond to calcifications in the corpora cavernosa (arrows).]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ukwelashwa ==

=== Imithi nezithasiselo ===
Izindlela eziningi zokwelapha ngomlomo sezifundwe kepha imiphumela kuze kube manje ixutshiwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid14551587&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Levine LA|title=Review of current nonsurgical management of Peyronie's disease|date=October 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;Abanye babheka ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezingezona ezokuhlinzwa njengokuphikisana &quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16698449&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A critical analysis of nonsurgical treatment of Peyronie's disease|date=June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukwengezwa kukaVitamin E sekufundwe amashumi eminyaka, futhi impumelelo ethile ibikiwe ezivivinyweni ezindala kepha leyo mpumelelo ayiphindwanga ngokuthembekile ezifundweni ezinkulu, ezintsha. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12454684&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Oral therapy for Peyronie's disease|date=October 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukusetshenziswa kwe- Interferon-alpha-2b ezigabeni zokuqala zalesi sifo sekufundwe kepha kusukela ngo-2007 ukusebenza kwaso bekungabazeka. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17352513&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Pharmacological Management of Peyronie's Disease}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I-Collagenase clostridium histolyticum kubikwa ukuthi izosiza ngokudiliza i-collagen eyeqile kupipi.Kwavunyelwa ukwelashwa kwesifo sikaPeyronie yi-FDA ngo-2013. 

=== Ukwelashwa ngokomzimba namadivayisi ===
Kunobufakazi obulinganiselayo bokuthi i-penile traction therapy iyindlela ebekezeleleke kahle, yokwelashwa okuhlasela kancane, kepha kunokungaqiniseki ngobude besikhathi sokululeka ngosuku nangendlela yokwelashwa, futhi inkambo yokwelashwa inzima. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Penile traction therapy and Peyronie's disease: a state of art review of the current literature|journal=Ther Adv Urol.|date=February 2013|pages=59–65|volume=5|issue=2|doi=10.1177/1756287212454932|pmid=23372611|pmc=3547530}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ukwelashwa Kwe-Shockwave Okugxile ===
Ukwelashwa okugxilwe ngaphandle kwe-shockwave kuyindlela yokwelashwa engeyona ehlaselayo ebandakanya ukudlulisa izingqimba ze-acoustic nge-plaque, ezingayidiliza ngaphezulu kwezikhathi eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi nambili. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg29/documents/overview-of-extracorporeal-shockwave-therapy-for-peyronies-disease2&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://edclinics.co.uk/peyronies-disease/&lt;/ref&gt;Ukwelashwa kusebenza kakhulu emadodeni anamaPeyronie amancane.

=== Ukuhlinzwa ===
Ukuhlinzwa, okufana &quot;nokusebenza kweNesbit&quot; (okuqanjwe ngoReed M. Nesbit (1898-1979), udokotela wase-American urologist e- University of Michigan ), &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid14690485&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ralph|first1=D. J.|last2=Minhas|first2=S.|date=January 2004|title=The management of Peyronie's disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bju-international_2004-01_93_2/page/208|journal=[[British Journal of Urology International]]|volume=93|issue=2|pages=208–15|doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04587.x|pmid=14690485}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRalphMinhas2004&quot;&gt;Ralph, D. J.; Minhas, S. (January 2004). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuthathwa njengesixazululo sokugcina futhi kufanele kwenziwe kuphela ngomchamo onekhono kakhulu odokotela abahlinzayo abanolwazi ngamasu akhethekile wokuhlinza okulungisa.Ukufakwa kwe-penile kungahle kufaneleke ezimweni ezisezingeni eliphakeme. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid14551588&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Surgical approaches for advanced Peyronie's disease patients|journal=International Journal of Impotence Research|volume=15|issue=Suppl 5|pages=S121–4|date=October 2003|pmid=14551588|doi=10.1038/sj.ijir.3901085}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== I-Epidemiology ==
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuthinta cishe amadoda ayi-10%.Isimo siba ngokuvame kakhulu ngeminyaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;Iminyaka yobudala ekuqaleni kwesifo yiminyaka engama-55-60. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid14690485&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=January 2004|title=The management of Peyronie's disease}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umlando ==
Isimo sichazwe okokuqala ngo-1561 ngokuxhumana phakathi kuka- Andreas Vesalius noGabriele Falloppio ngokuhlukile nguGabriele Falloppio.Lesi simo sibizwa ngoFrançois Gigot de la Peyronie, owasichaza ngo-1743. 

== Izinkomba ==

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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4547" sha1="rmm0uti9x62coq5vjrgqpvn22ma1b9o" xml:space="preserve">'''IPenile Artery Shunt Syndrome (PASS)''' yisimo somtholampilo se-iatrogenic esichazwe okokuqala nguTariq Hakky, uChristopher Yang, uJonathan Pavlinec, uKamal Massis, noRafael Carrion ngaphakathi koHlelo Lwezocansi eMnyangweni Wezokwelapha, e-University of South Florida naseRicardo Munarriz, waseBoston University School of Medicine Department of Urology ngo-2013.Kungaba imbangela yokungasebenzi kahle [[Ukungavuki kwepipi|kwe-Erectile]] kwiziguli ezenze iPenile Revascularization Surgery.
[[File:PASS_Post-Embolization.jpg|thumb| Ukubethelwa ngemuva, ngomcibisholo obomvu oqinile omaka isiphunzi somthambo we-obturator we-aberrant, nomcibisholo obomvu ongenalutho okhombisa i-anastomosis eqinile yomthambo ophansi-we-epigastric emthanjeni we-penile we-dorsal.]]

== Ukuxilongwa ==

== Ukwelashwa ==
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Coil Percutaneous yomthambo we-obturator we-aberrant kwenziwa.Ukuhamba kwe-arterial kuthuthuke ngokushesha ngomthambo we-dorsal penile artery, futhi ukuqaqanjelwa okusheshayo kwabonwa ngaphezul kwe-glans penis.Inqubo yokuthumela, isiguli sathola ukuthuthuka ngokushesha ekusebenzeni kwe-erectile.

=== Ukucatshangelwa ===
IPenile Revascularization iyindlela ekhethekile yokwelashwa ngemithambo-yokuhlinzwa ye-Erectile Dysfunction.Ukubonisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Kwezokungasebenzi Ngokobulili Kwango-2009 kunconywe ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kwemithambo yegazi kukhawulelwe kubantu abangabhemi, abesilisa abangaphansi kweminyaka yobudala engama-55 abane-stenosis ehlukanisiwe yomthambo wangaphakathi we-pudendal ngokungabikho kokuvuza okunobuthi. &lt;ref name=&quot;MontorsiAdaikan2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Montorsi|last8=Althof|issn=1743-6095|pages=3572–3588|year=2010|issue=11|volume=7|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|title=Summary of the Recommendations on Sexual Dysfunctions in Men|display-authors=6|first9=Karl-Eric|last9=Andersson|first8=Stanley E.|first7=Ira|first1=Francesco|last7=Sharlip|first6=Tom F.|last6=Lue|first5=Saad|last5=Khoury|first4=Francois|last4=Giuliano|first3=Edgardo|last3=Becher|first2=Ganesan|last2=Adaikan|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02062.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;Iziguli ezinokukhubazeka okuqhubekayo kwe-erectile ngemuva kwe-revascularization zingazuza ngokuphinda i-penile duplex ultrasound kanye ne-pelvic angiography ukuhlola isimo se-bypass graft nokukhipha ubukhona be-PASS njengesizathu.Ukusabalala komthambo we-obturator we-aberrant ovela emthanjeni ophansi we-epigastric cishe u-10.5%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Requarth|first1=JA|last2=Miller|title=Aberrant obturator artery is a common arterial variant that may be a source of unidentified hemorrhage in pelvic fracture patients|journal=J Trauma|volume=70|pages=366–372|doi=10.1097/ta.0b013e3182050613}}&lt;/ref&gt;Uma umthambo we-obturator we-aberrant uboniswa ngamehlo avela kumthambo ophansi we-epigastric ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa kwe-penile revascularization, kufanele kucatshangelwe ekusebenziseni omunye umthambo womthombo noma ekuhlanganiseni ukugwema ukwakhiwa kwePenile Artery Shunt Syndrome ehlangane naleli cala elichaziwe.

== Umlando ==
IPenile Artery Shunt Syndrome (PASS) ekuqaleni ichazwe esigulini esathola iPenile Revascularization Surgery ye-cavernosal artery stenosis ehlukanisiwe lapho kungekho khona ubungozi besistimu yemithambo yegazi.I-anastomosis yokuphela kokuphela komthambo we-epigastric ongaphansi kwesobunxele kumthambo we-dorsal penile artery wenziwa kusetshenziswa inqubo echazwe ngaphambili. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Munarriz|first=Ricardo|author2=Uberoi, Fantini|author3=Martinez, Lee|journal=Journal of Urology|volume=182|issue=2|pages=634–648|pmid=19539333|doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.031|title=Microvascular arterial bypass surgery: long-term outcomes using validated instruments|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-urology_2009-08_182_2/page/634|date=August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ngemuva kokuhlinzwa ngempumelelo kwe-revascularization kwezobuchwepheshe, isiguli saqhubeka saba nokungasebenzi kahle kwe-post-operative naphezu kokuqina okubhaliwe kokuxhunyelelwa kokuhlinzwa nguPenile Duplex Ultrasonography.I-pelvic angiography yenziwa esigulini, kwembula umthambo we-obturator we- aberrant ovela emthanjeni ophansi we-epigastric .Ucwaningo luveze ukugeleza okuvilaphayo okuboniswa ngokusebenzisa i-anastomosis kuya emthanjeni we-dorsal penile artery, ngokugeleza okuphezulu emthanjeni we-epigastric ongaphansi kwesobunxele kumthambo we-obturator nasemagatsheni awo.Lokhu kwagcina ngokuncipha kokugeleza kwegazi okuya endondeni.

== Izinkomba ==

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        <id>15036</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="18282" sha1="3zudr21be9d48g8kygz2ihvzl00l1dk" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Dual_Tension_Restorer_(DTR)_applied.jpg|thumb|408x408px| Isibuyisi esivusa imbandezelo esimbili sisetshenziswe kupipi elisokiwe ekubuyiselweni kwejwabu okungelona elokuhlinzwa]]
'''Ukubuyiselwa''' kwesikhumba kuyinqubo yokwandisa isikhumba esithweni sangasese sokwakha kabusha isitho esifana [[Ijwabu|nejwabu]], elisuswe ngokusoka noma ukulimala.Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumba kufezwa ngokuyinhloko ngokwelula isikhumba esisele senhloko yendoda, kepha izindlela zokuhlinza zikhona futhi.Ukubuyiselwa kwakha isithombe sejwabu, kepha izicubu ezikhethekile ezisuswe ngesikhathi sokusoka azikwazi ukubuyiselwa.Ukuvuselelwa kwangempela kwejwabu kusalingwa ngalesi sikhathi.Ezinye izinhlobo zokubuyiselwa zibandakanya ukuvuselelwa okuyingxenye kuphela ezimweni ''zokusika okuphezulu'' lapho osokile ezwa khona ukuthi osokile ususe isikhumba esiningi kakhulu nokuthi asikho isikhumba esanele ukuze ama-erections akhululeke. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lerman_2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Neonatal circumcision|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2001-12_48_6/page/1539|journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America|volume=48|issue=6|pages=1539–57|date=December 2001|pmid=11732129|doi=10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70390-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umlando ==
Emhlabeni wamaGrikhi namaRoma izitho zangasese eziphelele, kuhlanganisa [[Ijwabu|nejwabu]], zazithathwa njengezimpawu zobuhle, ezenhlalakahle, nezobudoda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Neusner&quot;&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; Emiphakathini yakudala yamaGrikhi neyamaRoma (ngekhulu lesi-8 BC kuya kwelesi-6 leminyaka AD), ukuvezwa kwama-glans kwakuthathwa njengokunyanyezelayo nokungafanele, futhi akuhambisani nenhloso yamaGreki yobunqunu be-gymnastic. &lt;ref name=&quot;Neusner&quot; /&gt;Amadoda anamajwabu amafushane ayegqoka i -kynodesme ukuvimbela ukuvezwa.Njengomphumela walolu hlazo emphakathini, indlela yokuqala yokubuyiselwa kwejwabu eyaziwa ngokuthi i- ''epispasm'' yayenziwa phakathi kwamaJuda [[Rhomani|athile eRoma lasendulo]] (ngekhulu lesi-8 BC kuya kwelesi-5 leminyaka AD). &lt;ref name=&quot;Rubin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Celsus' decircumcision operation: medical and historical implications|journal=Urology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=121–4|pmid=6994325|doi=10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumba kungumsuka wasendulo futhi kusukela emuva ekubuseni koMbusi waseRoma uTiberius (AD 14-37), lapho izindlela zokuhlinza zazithathwa ukwelula ijwabu labantu abazalwa benesikhumba sejwabu esifushane esingazange simboze i-glans ngokuphelele &lt;ref name=&quot;Neusner&quot;&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; noma i-glans evezwe ngokuphelele ngenxa yokusoka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Sexology, body image, foreskin restoration, and bisexual status|journal=[[Journal of Sex Research]]|volume=28|issue=1|pages=145–56|doi=10.1080/00224499109551600}}&lt;/ref&gt;Futhi, phakathi neMpi Yezwe II amanye amaJuda aseYurophu afuna ukubuyiselwa kwejwabu ukuze agweme ukushushiswa ngamaNazi.

== Amasu angahlinzeki ==

=== Ukunwetshwa kwezicubu ===
Ukubuyiselwa kwejwabu okungasetshenziswanga, okwenziwe ngokunwetshwa kwezicubu, kuyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Whole again: the practice of foreskin restoration|journal=CMAJ|volume=183|issue=18|pages=2092–3|pmid=22083672|doi=10.1503/cmaj.109-4009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukunwetshwa kwezicubu kudala kwaziwa ukukhuthaza i- mitosis, kanti ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi izicubu zomuntu ezivuselelwe zinezimpawu zesicubu sokuqala. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cordes&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Tissue Expanders|journal=University of Texas Medical Branch Department of Otolaryngology Grand Rounds}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ngokungafani namasu ajwayelekile wokunwetshwa kwesikhumba, noma kunjalo, inqubo yokubuyiselwa kwejwabu ngokuhlinzwa ingathatha iminyaka eminingana ukuphothulwa. 

==== Izindlela namadivayisi ====
[[File:Tugahoy1.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi ejwayelekile yokubuyiselwa, i-TugAhoy, ebizwa ngokuthi 'iphazili yaseChina' ngumqambi wayo.]]
Ngesikhathi sokubuyiselwa ngokwandiswa kwezicubu, isikhumba se-penile esisele sidonswa phambili phezu kwe-glans, futhi ukungezwani kugcinwa ngesandla noma ngosizo lwento yokubuyiselwa kwejwabu.

Izindlela ezenziwa ngesandla zivame ukusetshenziswa ngamadoda kuqala ukuqala ukubuyiselwa, kepha zingasetshenziswa kunoma yisiphi isigaba senqubo yokubuyisela, futhi zibhekise kusidingo sombuyisi ukuze azigcinele mathupha ukubamba isikhumba ngeminwe esebenzisa enye yezindlela ezahlukahlukene ukubekwa ngomunwe.

Amadivayisi amaningi wokubuyiselwa kwejwabu abamba isikhumba nge- tape noma ngaphandle kwawo nawo ayatholakala kwezentengiso.Ukungezwani okuvela kulawa madivayisi kungasetshenziswa ngezisindo, imichilo enwebeka, noma ukwehla kwamandla emali njengendlela yokusunduza isikhumba siye phambili endondeni, noma ngokuhlanganiswa kwalezi zindlela.
[[File:T-tape_with_a_leg_strap.jpg|right|thumb|340x340px| I-T-tape ngentambo yomlenze]]
Isibonelo sedivayisi esebenzisa izintambo ezinwebeka indlela ye-T-Tape, eyakhiwa ngeminyaka yama-1990s ngomqondo wokuvumela ukubuyiswa kwenzeke ngokushesha okukhulu. 

Izindlela zokwehla kwamandla emali zibandakanya ukuvala indawo ephakathi kwe-glans nesikhumba esidonswe phezu kwayo kusetshenziswa okokuqinisa (okuvame ukusetshenziswa izingono zamabhodlela ezingane), futhi kungagcwala isikhumba noma ibhaluni elibekwe ngaphansi kwesikhumba.

==== Izinyathelo zokuzivikela ====
Inani lokungezwani elikhiqizwe nganoma iyiphi indlela kumele lilungiswe ukugwema ukubanga ukulimala, ubuhlungu, noma ukungaphatheki kahle, futhi linikeze umkhawulo ezingeni lapho isikhumba esisha singakhuliswa khona. Kukhona ingozi yezicubu ezilimaza kakhulu ngokusebenzisa ukungezwani okweqile noma ukufaka ingcindezi isikhathi eside kakhulu.Amawebhusayithi mayelana nokubuyiselwa kwejwabu ayahlukahluka ezincomweni zawo, kusukela ekuphakamiseni uhlobo lwemali elinganisene yokuqina olusetshenziswe amahora amaningana ngosuku,kuye ezincomeni zezikhathi zokungezwani okuphezulu okufakwa imizuzu embalwa ngosuku, njengamasu wezandla. 

=== Ukugcina amadivayisi ===
Esikhundleni sokukhulisa isikhumba esisha noma kuze kube yilapho isikhumba esanele sesikhulile ngokwandiswa kwezicubu, amanye amadoda angakhetha ukusebenzisa okokugcina ukubamba isikhumba esisele, uma sikhona, ngaphezu kwama-glans ngendlela efana ne- kynodesme yasendulo yamaGrikhi.Njengoba i-glans ulwelwesi lwangaphakathi, ekuqaleni luvikelwe [[ijwabu]] lize lisuswe ngesikhathi sokusoka, inhloso yokugcina izindlela ukuphindaphinda isembozo esivikelayo se-glans.

Uma inani elanele lesikhumba likhona ukugcina ukumbozwa kwe-glans ngesikhumba se-penile esisele, umuntu angasebenzisa ikhava yokufakelwa etholakalayo ethengiswayo.Izibonelo zokumbozwa okunjalo okufakelwayo zifaka ijwabu lokufakelwa elenziwe nge- latex elimboza izingcwecwe endaweni enomswakama, nesembatho sangaphansi esisonga ipipi ngendwangu ethambile ekabili ehighod &quot;hood&quot; ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana glans. 

== Izindlela zokuhlinza ==

=== Ukwakhiwa kabusha kweForeskin ===
Izindlela zokuhlinza zokubuyiselwa kwejwabu, ezaziwa ngokuthi ukwakhiwa kabusha kwejwabu, imvamisa zibandakanya indlela yokuxhunyelelwa kwesikhumba engxenyeni esekude ye-penile shaft.Isikhumba kuwo ngokuvamile othathwe [[Isikhutha|scrotum]], equkethe okufanayo imisipha bushelelezi (eyaziwa ngokuthi dartos fascia ) njengoba enza isikhumba wenduku. Enye indlela ifaka inqubo eneziteji ezine lapho i-penile shaft ingcwatshwa khona esikhwameni isikhathi esithile.Amasu anjalo ayabiza, futhi anamandla okuveza imiphumela engagculisi noma izinkinga ezinkulu ezihlobene nokuxhunyelelwa kwesikhumba.I- frenulum nayo ingakhiwa kabusha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Isakhamuzi saseBritish Columbia uPaul Tinari wabanjwa phansi wasokwa eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili kulokho athe &quot;kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokujezisa&quot; ukushaya indlwabu ezikoleni zokuhlala .Ngemuva kwenkantolo ukubuyiselwa kwejwabu likaTinari kwahlanganiswa nguMnyango Wezempilo waseBritish .Udokotela ohlinzayo wepulasitiki owenza ukubuyiselwa kwaba ngowokuqala eCanada ukwenza lo msebenzi, futhi wasebenzisa inqubo efana naleyo echazwe ngenhla. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tyee article&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=The Tyee|title=BC Health Pays to Restore Man's Foreskin}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NRM article&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=BC man's foreskin op a success|journal=Natl Rev Med|volume=3|issue=12|pages=|doi=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ukuvuselelwa kwesikhumba ===
Kube nentshisekelo ekhulayo emithini yokuvuselela kabusha njengendlela yokuvuselela ijwabu lesilisa lomuntu.Le nketho, ngokungafani nokubuyiselwa kwejwabu, ingaholela ekubuyisweni kabusha kwejwabu lesilisa lomuntu.Amaphayona emkhakheni wemithi yokuzivuselela afaka phakathi uDkt Anthony Atala weWake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine (WFIRM). 

Ekuqaleni kuka-2010, Foregen, i-Italian engenzi-nzuzo kuqala ekuhlanganiseni inhlangano esizinikezele ukuthola amaqembu nesithakazelo ucwaningo ngenjongo yokuthandana regrowing iduna womuntu ijwabu usebenzisa amakhono okuzivuselela we -matrix extracellular, e amathemba ekugcineni akwazi ukondla ukuvuselelwa ukuze abantu besilisa abasokile, yasungulwa.Ayikwazi ukwenza kanjalo, u-Foregen ushintshele enhlanganweni engenzi nzuzo, encike eminikelweni yokusiza ukufeza ucwaningo lwayo, ngezikhungo zayo. Isilingo somtholampilo sasihlelelwe ukuphela kuka-2010, ngaphambi kokuthi sishintshele kunhlangano yaso yocwaningo, kepha kwakungekho minikelo eyenele yokuyilandela.Inhloso yafinyelelwa ngoJuni 2012 futhi bakwazile ukuthola ilabhorethri nokubambisana kososayensi bamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo kanye nochwepheshe bemithi yokuzivuselela.Imiphumela evela esivivinyweni sabo sokuqala somtholampilo, ukuhlukanisa amajwabu ezinkomo ukudala i-matrix yangaphandle, yakhishwa ngoFebhuwari 2013 futhi kusukela ngoMashi 2018, yayiphothule ukuvivinywa kwejwabu lomuntu, elashicilelwa ngo-2017, futhi lalisendleleni yokubuyekezwa kontanga njengoba wango-2018.Ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo ezifundweni zabantu kungafinyelelwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2021. 

Indlela ehlongozwayo izobandakanya ukubeka isiguli ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia ejwayelekile.Isikhumba se-penile sizovulwa esikhungweni sokusoka, kuyilapho izicubu zesibazi zonakele ngokuhlinzwa.Kuzobe sekusetshenziswa isixazululo se-biomedical kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zesilonda, okwenza ijwabu liphinde livuseleleke ne- DNA kumaseli wesiguli.Isikafula esibolayo esibolayo (okusho ukuthi, ijwabu elingasetshenziswanga le- cadaver ) lizosetshenziselwa ukunikela ukwesekwa kwejwabu elisha kabusha.Ngenkathi izinkundla zomphakathi zisizile engxoxweni yamathuluzi amanje nezithiyo ezibheke kule ndlela, 

Ukuvuselelwa kwe-Foreskin kanye ne-penise ekhuliswe elebhu (ukuvuselelwa kwawo wonke umthondo) kungenzeka kungekudala.Ngo-2014, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi kungenzeka kube yiminyaka emihlanu kusukela kusimemezelo sokuqala.Akukacaci ukuthi ukungabi nejwabu elibuyiselwe noma ukumbozwa ngokugcwele kwama-glans kungaphazamisa yini ukufaka iscaffold sejwabu esithweni sangasese nokuvuselelwa okulandelayo. 

Ukuvuselelwa kwe-Foreskin kungukuhlola ngalesi sikhathi futhi kusukela ngoNovemba 2020, akukho mithombo yezokwelapha eshicilelwe echaza ukuvuselela ngokuphelele noma ukufaka kabusha ijwabu elisebenzayo.

== Imiphumela ==
[[File:Foreskin_Restoration_in_general.jpg|thumb|350x350px| Izigaba zokubuyiselwa okungasetshenziswanga]]

=== Isikhathi esidingekayo ===
Isikhathi esidingekayo ukubuyisa ijwabu kusetshenziswa izindlela ezingezona ezokuhlinzwa sincike enanini lesikhumba esikhona ekuqaleni kwenqubo, izinga lokuzibophezela kwendaba, amasu asetshenzisiwe, izinga lemvelo lomzimba lepulasitiki, nobude bejwabu izifiso zomuntu ngamunye.

Imiphumela yokubuyiselwa kokuhlinzwa iyashesha, kepha ivame ukuchazwa njengamaqembu angagculisi futhi amaningi ayeluleka ngokuhlinzwa.

=== Izici zomzimba ===
[[File:After4yearsRestoring.jpg|right|thumb| Ijwabu elibuyiswe ngokwengxenye ngemuva kweminyaka emine yokubuyiselwa okungakahlinzwa]]
Ukubuyiselwa kwakha isithombe se- [[Ijwabu|prepuce]], kepha izicubu ezikhethekile ezisuswe ngesikhathi sokusoka azikwazi ukubuyiselwa.Izinqubo zokuhlinza zikhona ukunciphisa usayizi wokuvula lapho ukubuyiselwa sekuqediwe (njengoba kubonisiwe esithombeni ngenhla), noma kungancishiswa ngokuzibophezela okude kumbuso wokunweba isikhumba ukuvumela isikhumba esithe xaxa ukuqoqa ichopho.

Ijwabu lemvelo lakhiwa izicubu zemisipha ezibushelelezi ze-dartos (ezibizwa nge- ''peripenic muscle'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The peripenic muscle: some observations on the anatomy of phimosis|journal=Surgery, Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics|volume=23|issue=|year=1916|pages=177–81}}&lt;/ref&gt; ), imithambo yegazi emikhulu, ukubekwa ngaphakathi okukhulu, isikhumba sangaphandle, ne-mucosa yangaphakathi. &lt;ref name=&quot;cold-taylor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The prepuce|journal=BJU International|volume=83|issue=Suppl 1|pages=34–44}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ijwabu lemvelo linezinto ezintathu eziyinhloko, ngaphezu kwemithambo yegazi, izinzwa nezicubu ezixhumene : isikhumba, esidalulwa ngaphandle; ulwelwesi lwamafinyila, okuyindawo ebusweni [[Ama glans wepipi|ethintana nepipi]] le-glans lapho [[Umthondo|ipipi]] liyi-flaccid; nebhande lemisipha ngaphakathi kwesihloko sejwabu.Ngokuvamile, isikhumba sikhula kalula ngokuphendula ukunwebeka kunokwakha ulwelwesi lwamafinyila.Indandatho yemisipha evamise ukubamba ijwabu livaliwe isuswe ngokuphelele kuningi lokusoka futhi ayikwazi ukuphinda ibhalwe kabusha, ngakho-ke ukumbozwa okuvela kuzindlela zokwelula kuvame ukukhululeka kakhulu kunalokho kwejwabu lemvelo.Yize kunjalo, ngokusho kwezinye izingqapheli, kunzima ukuhlukanisa ijwabu elibuyisiwe nejwabu lemvelo ngoba ukubuyiselwa kukhiqiza &quot;isikhuthazo esivela njengokujwayelekile.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Goodwin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Uncircumcision: a technique for plastic reconstruction of a prepuce after circumcision|journal=The Journal of Urology|volume=144|issue=5|pages=1203–5|date=November 1990|pmid=2231896|doi=10.1016/s0022-5347(17)39693-3}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGoodwin1990&quot;&gt;Goodwin WE (November 1990). &quot;Uncircumcision: a technique for plastic reconstruction of a prepuce after circumcision&quot;. ''The Journal of Urology''. '''144''' (5): 1203–5. [[I-Doi (isihlonzi)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)39693-3|10.1016/s0022-5347(17)39693-3]]. [[PMID (isihlonzi)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2231896 2231896].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Inqubo yokubuyiselwa kwejwabu ifuna ukuvuselela ezinye izicubu ezisuswe ngokusoka, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngembozo yeglans.Ngokuya ngocwaningo, ijwabu liqukethe ngaphezu kwengxenye yesikhumba kanye ne-mucosa yelungu lomuntu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The prepuce: specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision|journal=British Journal of Urology|volume=77|issue=2|pages=291–5|date=February 1996|pmid=8800902|doi=10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.85023.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwamanye amadoda, ukubuyiselwa kwejwabu kunganciphisa izinkinga ezithile abazibanga ekusokeni kwabo.Izinkinga ezinjalo zibandakanya ukusikeka okuvelele (i-33%), isikhumba esanele se-penile sokwakhiwa okunethezeka (27%), i-erectile curvature kusuka ekulahlekelweni isikhumba okungalingani (16%), nobuhlungu nokopha lapho kwakhiwa / kuxhashazwa (17%).I-poll ibuye yabuza mayelana nokwaziswa noma ukubandakanyeka ekubuyiselweni kwejwabu futhi kwafakwa isigaba sokuphawula esivulekile.Abaphenduli abaningi namakhosikazi abo &quot;babike ukuthi ukubuyiswa kuxazulule ukoma kwendoda esokiwe okungeyona eyemvelo, okubangele ukuhuzuka, ubuhlungu noma ukopha ngesikhathi sokuya ocansini, nokuthi ukubuyiselwa okunikeza ubumnandi obuhlukile, obukhulisa ukusondelana ngokocansi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hammond&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A preliminary poll of men circumcised in infancy or childhood|journal=BJU International|volume=83|issue=Suppl 1|pages=85–92}}&lt;/ref&gt;Indoda eyodwa ibike ukuthi ilahlekelwe kakhulu yimizwa ku-glans ngoba ijwabu lakhe belingekho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The Joy of Uncircumcising! Restore Your Birthright and Maximize Sexual Pleasure|journal=BMJ|volume=309|issue=6955|year=1994|pages=676–7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Izici ezingokomzwelo, ezengqondo nezengqondo ===
[[File:Restoring_Foreskin.jpg|right|thumb|187x187px| Ijwabu elibuyiswe ngokwengxenye ngemuva kweminyaka emine kusetshenziswa idivaysi yokubuyisela engahlinzi]]
Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumba kubikwe ukuthi kunemiphumela enenzuzo engokomzwelo kwabanye besilisa, futhi kuhlongozwe njengokwelashwa kwemizwa emibi kwabanye besilisa abadala mayelana nokusokwa kwabo kwezinsana omunye umuntu anqume ukukwenza kubo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Greer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A technique for foreskin reconstruction and some preliminary results|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|volume=18|issue=4|year=2010|pages=324–30|jstor=3812166|doi=10.1080/00224498209551158}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Goodwin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Uncircumcision: a technique for plastic reconstruction of a prepuce after circumcision|journal=The Journal of Urology|volume=144|issue=5|pages=1203–5|doi=10.1016/s0022-5347(17)39693-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Penn&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=PENILE REFORM|journal=British Journal of Plastic Surgery|volume=16|pages=287–8|doi=10.1016/S0007-1226(63)80123-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Boyle&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Male circumcision: pain, trauma and psychosexual sequelae|journal=Journal of Health Psychology|volume=7|issue=3|pages=329–43|doi=10.1177/135910530200700310}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izinhlangano ==
 
Kusungulwe amaqembu ahlukahlukene kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ikakhulukazi [[IMelika Enyakatho|eNyakatho Melika]] lapho ukusoka kwenziwe khona njalo ezinganeni.Ngo-1989, iNational Organisation of Restoring Men (NORM) yasungulwa njengeqembu elenza inzuzo elingenzi nzuzo lamadoda enza ukuvuselelwa kwejwabu.Ngo-1991, iqembu le-UNCircumcising Information and Resource Centres (UNCIRC) lasungulwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;Bigelow - uncirc&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Uncircumcising: undoing the effects of an ancient practice in a modern world|journal=Mothering|volume=|issue=|pages=36–60|doi=|pmid=}}&lt;/ref&gt; elahlanganiswa ne-NORM ngo-1994.Izahluko ze-NORM zisungulwe kulo lonke elase-United States, kanye nase-Canada, e-United Kingdom, e-Australia, e-New Zealand nase-Germany. EFrance, kunezinhlangano ezimbili ngalokhu. I- &quot;Association contre la Mutilation des Enfants&quot; AME (inhlangano elwa nokusikwa kwezingane), futhi muva nje i- &quot;Droit au Corps&quot; (kwesokudla emzimbeni). 

== Izinkomba ==

[[Category:Ukusoka]]
[[Category:Ukulungiswa kwepipi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>CFD-DEM</title>
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      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="9073" sha1="oxweumkg7rwflgv3ys3phzstze342de" xml:space="preserve">Imodeli ye- '''CFD-DEM''', noma '''imodeli ye-Computational Fluid Dynamics / Discrete Element Method''', inqubo esetshenziselwa ukumodela noma ukulingisa amasistimu ahlanganisa uketshezi nezinto eziqinile noma izinhlayiya. Ku-CFD-DEM, ukunyakaza kokuqinile okuqinile noma isigaba sezinhlayiya kutholwa I-Discrete Element Method (DEM) esebenzisa imithetho yokunyakaza ka-Newton kuyo yonke izinhlayiya, kuyilapho ukugeleza koketshezi oluqhubekayo kuchazwa izibalo ezimaphakathi zendawo ze-Navier-Stokes ingaxazululwa kusetshenziswa indlela yendabuko yeComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwesigaba soketshezi kanye nesigaba sokuqinile kumodelwa ngokusetshenziswa komthetho wesithathu ka-Newton .

Ukufakwa okuqondile kwe-CFD ku-DEM ukuze kufundwe inqubo ye-gas fluidization kuze kube manje kuzanywe ngu-Tsuji et al. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Tsuji|first1=Y.|last2=Kawaguchi|first2=T.|last3=Tanaka|first3=T.|title=Discrete particle simulation of two-dimensional fluidized bed|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_powder-technology_1993-10_77_1/page/79|journal=Powder Technology|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=77|issue=1|year=1993|issn=0032-5910|doi=10.1016/0032-5910(93)85010-7|pages=79–87}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Tsuji|first1=Y.|last2=Tanaka|first2=T.|last3=Ishida|first3=T.|title=Lagrangian numerical simulation of plug flow of cohesionless particles in a horizontal pipe|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_powder-technology_1992-09_71_3/page/239|journal=Powder Technology|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=71|issue=3|year=1992|issn=0032-5910|doi=10.1016/0032-5910(92)88030-l|pages=239–250}}&lt;/ref&gt; futhi kamuva nje nguHoomans et al., &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hoomans|first1=B.P.B.|last2=Kuipers|first2=J.A.M.|last3=Briels|first3=W.J.|title=Discrete particle simulation of bubble and slug formation in a two-dimensional gas-fluidised bed: A hard-sphere approach|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_chemical-engineering-science_1996-01_51_1/page/99|journal=Chemical Engineering Science|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=51|issue=1|year=1996|issn=0009-2509|doi=10.1016/0009-2509(95)00271-5|pages=99–118}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deb et al. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Deb|first1=Surya|last2=Tafti|first2=Danesh|title=Investigation of flat bottomed spouted bed with multiple jets using DEM–CFD framework|journal=Powder Technology|publisher=Elsevier BV|volume=254|year=2014|issn=0032-5910|doi=10.1016/j.powtec.2014.01.045|pages=387–402}}&lt;/ref&gt; kanye noPeng et al. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/aic.14421|title=Influence of void fraction calculation on fidelity of CFD-DEM simulation of gas-solid bubbling fluidized beds|year=2014|last1=Peng|first1=Z.|last2=Doroodchi|first2=E.|last3=Luo|first3=C.|journal=AIChE J|volume=60|issue=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uhlolojikelele lwakamuva ngezinkambu zezicelo lunikezwe u-Kieckhefen et al. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Kieckhefen|first1=P.|last2=Pietsch|first2=S.|last3=Dosta|first3=M.|title=Possibilities and Limits of Computational Fluid Dynamics–Discrete Element Method Simulations in Process Engineering: A Review of Recent Advancements and Future Trends|journal=Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering|volume=11|year=2020|doi=10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-110519-075414}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ukufana ==
I-OpenMP iboniswe iphumelela kakhulu ekwenzeni izibalo ezihlanganisiwe ze-CFD-DEM kuhlaka olufanayo uma kuqhathaniswa ne- MPI ka-Amritkar et al. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jcp.2013.09.007|title=Efficient parallel CFD-DEM simulations using OpenMP|year=2014|last1=Amritkar|first1=Amit|last2=Deb|first2=Surya|last3=Tafti|first3=Danesh|journal=Journal of Computational Physics|volume=256|page=501|bibcode=2014JCoPh.256..501A}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muva nje, kusungulwe isu elihambisanayo lezilinganiso eziningi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=L.|last2=Xu|first2=J.|last3=Ge|first3=W.|doi=10.1016/j.ces.2016.08.013|title=Computer virtual experiment on fluidized beds using a coarse-grained discrete particle method—EMMS-DPM|journal=Chemical Engineering Science|volume=155|year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ngokuvamile, isizinda sokulingisa sihlukaniswe izizinda eziningi ezingaphansi futhi inqubo ngayinye ibala isizinda esisodwa esingaphansi sisebenzisa ulwazi lomngcele oludlula i-MPI; kusizinda ngasinye esingaphansi, ama-CPU asetshenziselwa ukuxazulula isigaba samanzi kuyilapho inhloso evamile ye-GPU isetshenziselwa ukuxazulula ukunyakaza kwezinhlayiya.Kodwa-ke, kule ndlela yokubala ama-CPU nama-GPU asebenza nge-serial. Okusho ukuthi, ama-CPU awasebenzi ngenkathi ama-GPU ebala izinhlayiya eziqinile, futhi ama-GPU awasebenzi lapho ama-CPU ebala isigaba soketshezi.ukuze kuqhutshekwe kusheshiswe ukubala, i-CPU ne-GPU computing ingagqagqana kusetshenziswa inkumbulo eyabiwe yohlelo lwe-Linux. Ngakho, isigaba samanzi kanye nezinhlayiya zingabalwa ngesikhathi esifanayo.

== Ukunciphisa izindleko zokubala kusetshenziswa i-Coarse Grained Particles ==
Izindleko zokubala ze-CFD-DEM zinkulu ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezinhlayiya kanye nezinyathelo zesikhathi esincane zokuxazulula ukungqubuzana kwezinhlayiyana. Ukunciphisa izindleko zokubala, izinhlayiya eziningi zangempela zingafakwa ku-Coarse Grained Particle (CGP). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=L.|last2=Yoo|first2=K.|last3=Benyahia|first3=S.|doi=10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02688|title=Coarse-Grained-Particle Method for Simulation of Liquid–Solids Reacting Flows|journal=Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry Research|volume=55|pages=10477–10491|year=2016|issue=39}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Lu2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=L.|last2=Xu|first2=J.|last3=Ge|first3=W.|doi=10.1016/j.ces.2014.08.004|title=EMMS-based discrete particle method (EMMS–DPM) for simulation of gas–solid flows|journal=Chemical Engineering Science|volume=120|pages=67–87|year=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ububanzi be-CGP bubalwa ngesibalo esilandelayo:

: &lt;math&gt; d_{CGP} = d_{realParticle} \cdot W^{1/3},&lt;/math&gt;

lapho &lt;math&gt; W &lt;/math&gt; inombolo yezinhlayiya zangempela ku-CGP. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukunyakaza kwama-CGP kungalandelelwa kusetshenziswa i-DEM. Ezifanisweni kusetshenziswa Izinhlayiya Eziqinile Ezivuthiwe, izinhlayiya zangempela ku-CGP zingaphansi kwamandla okudonsa afanayo, izinga lokushisa elifanayo kanye nezinhlayiyana zobuningi bezinhlobo ezifanayo. Umfutho, ukushisa nokudluliswa kwenqwaba phakathi koketshezi nezinhlayiya kubalwa kuqala kusetshenziswa ububanzi bezinhlayiya zangempela bese kukalwa &lt;math&gt; W &lt;/math&gt; izikhathi. Inani le &lt;math&gt; W &lt;/math&gt; ihlobene ngokuqondile nezindleko zokubala kanye nokunemba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=L.|last2=Konan|first2=A.|last3=Benyahia|first3=S.|doi=10.1016/j.cej.2017.06.002|title=Influence of grid resolution, parcel size and drag models on bubbling fluidized bed simulation|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|volume=326|pages=627–639|year=2017|osti=1404697}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nini &lt;math&gt; W &lt;/math&gt; ilingana nobunye, ukulingisa kuba yimiphumela yokuzuza esuselwe ku-DEM enokunemba okuphezulu kakhulu okunokwenzeka. Njengoba lesi silinganiso sikhula, isivinini sokulingisa sikhuphuka kakhulu kodwa ukunemba kwakho kuyawohloka.Ngaphandle kokwenyuka kwesivinini, imibandela evamile yokukhetha inani lale pharamitha ayikakatholakali.Kodwa-ke, kumasistimu anezakhiwo ze-mesoscale ezihlukile, njengamabhamuza namaqoqo, usayizi wephasela kufanele ube mncane ngokwanele ukuze uxazulule ukuwohloka, ukuhlanganisa, nokuphuka kwamabhamuza noma amaqoqo. Inqubo yokuhlanganisa izinhlayiya ndawonye inciphisa imvamisa yokushayisana, okuthonya ngokuqondile ukuchithwa kwamandla. Ukulandisa ngaleli phutha, i-coefficient yokubuyisela ephumelelayo yahlongozwa ngu-Lu et al., &lt;ref name=&quot;Lu2014&quot;/&gt; ngokusekelwe kumbono we-kinetic wokugeleza kwe-granular, ngokucabangela ukuchithwa kwamandla ngesikhathi sokushayisana kwesistimu yasekuqaleni kanye nesistimu yezinhlamvu ezimahhadla kuyafana.

: &lt;math&gt; e_{CGP} = \sqrt{1+\left(e_{realParticle}^2-1\right)W^{1/3}}&lt;/math&gt;

== Isoftware ==
Umthombo ovulekile kanye nesofthiwe engeyona eyentengiso:

* [https://github.com/CFDEMproject/CFDEMcoupling-PUBLIC I-CFDEMcoupling iyibhokisi] lamathuluzi lomthombo ovulekile lokuhlanganisa i-CFD-DEM. Ithuthukiswe yi- [https://www.dcs-computing.com/ DCS Computing GmbH]
* [https://mfix.netl.doe.gov I-MFiX] (Iphakheji yokulingisa ukugeleza kwe-Open Source multiphase).

Isoftware Yezohwebo

* [https://www.edemsimulation.com/ I-EDEM (DEM Solutions Ltd.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812021423/https://www.edemsimulation.com/ |date=2021-08-12 }} [https://www.edemsimulation.com/ )] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812021423/https://www.edemsimulation.com/ |date=2021-08-12 }}
* [http://www.rocky-dem.com/ I-Rocky DEM - I-Discrete Element Modelling kanye ne-Particle Simulation Software elingisa ngokushesha nangokunembile ukuziphatha kokugeleza.]
* I-Flow 3D - engeza i-DEM kumojuli futhi imodeli ngempumelelo izinkinga ze-CFD-DEM
* U-Ansys Uhlakaniphile
* I-Cradle; https://www.mscsoftware.com/product/cradle-cfd {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204172842/https://www.mscsoftware.com/product/cradle-cfd |date=2021-12-04 }}
* I-Simicenter STAR-CCM+</text>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5313" sha1="d6u0d0apurhhd6mryqgvrhhto2qzob0" xml:space="preserve">'''Ukuphathwa kweziqoshwa''', okuphinde kwaziwe ngokuthi u'''kuphathwa kweziqoshwa nokwaziswa''', insebenzo engokwenhlangano enikezelwe ekuphathweni kokwaziswa enhlanganweni kuwo wonke umjikelezo wako wokuphila, kusukela ngesikhathi sokudalwa noma ukwamukelwa kuze kube sekulahlweni kwayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlonza, ukujinja, ukukhweza, ukuphephisa, ukulanda, ukuthungatha, nokubhubhisa Noma ukulondoloza mlibe iziqoshwa. Indinganiso ye- 15489-1: 2001 standard (&quot;ISO 15489-1:2001&quot;) ichasisa ukuphathwa kweziqoshwa &quot;njengomkhakha wokuphathwa ngokucikelela ukuze kube nolawulo oluhlelekile nolufanele (efficient) kokudalwa, ukwamukelwa, ukunakekelwa, ukusetshenziswa nokulahlwa kweziqoshwa, kuhlanganise nezinqubo zokuqoshwa nokunakekelwa ubufakazi [[UKwaziswa|nokwaziswa]] ngokuphathelene nobuqhebeqhebe besihwebi nezinano ngesimo sesiqoshwa.&quot; 

Iziqoshwa zenhlangano zilondoloza izici zenkumbulo yayo. Ekunqumeni ukuthi iziqoshwa zizogcinwa isikhathi eside kangakanani, ummumatho wokusebenziseka kwazo kabusha umqoka. Eziningi zigcinwa njengobufakazi beziqhebetho ''(activities)'', izinano ''(transactions)'', nezinqumo. Ezinye ziqopha ukuthi kwenzekeni nokuthi kungani kwenzekile. Injongo yokuphathwa kweziqoshwa iyingxenye yensebenzo ebanzi yokubusa enhlanganweni, ukuphathwa kwengcuphezo ''(risk)'', nokuncamuka ''(compliance)'' futhi umnako wayo ngokuyinhloko usekuphatheni ubufakazi beziqhebetho zenhlangano kanye nokunciphisa noma ukuphebeza ingcuphezo eyamaniswa nazo. [[Ucwaningo]] lakamuva lubonisa ukuxhumana phakathi kokuphathwa kweziqoshwa kanye nokuziphendulela kwezokubusa.

==IsiCabango sesiQoshwa==
Isicabango '''sesiqoshwa''' sichasiselwa ngezindlela eziningi. Ngokwencasiselo ye- ISO 15489 Information and documentation -- Records management,  ''iziqoshwa'' kuthiwa &quot;ukwaziswa okudaliwe, kwamukelwa, kwanakekelwa njengobufakazi nanjengempahla inhlangano noma umuntu, ekuphishekeleni izibopho zomthetho Noma kwizinano zesihwebi.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;ISO15489&quot;/&gt; Nakuba kunezinjongo eziningi nezinzuzo zokuphathwa kweziqoshwa, njengoba lencasiselo iveza, ulwangu olumqoka lweziqoshwa Ikhono lazo lokukhonza njengobufakazi besenzakalo. Ukuphathwa kweziqoshwa zoqobo kungasiza ukulondoloza lolulwangu lweziqoshwa.

Izifundo zakamuva ezinzulu zichasisa Iziqoshwa &quot;njengonongo olufundekelayo lobuqhebeqhebe&quot; njengoba luqoshwe abahlanganyeli noma ababukeli. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Yeo|first1=Geoffrey|title=Concepts of Record (1): Evidence, Information, and Persistent Representations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-archivist_fall-winter-2007_70_2/page/315|journal=American Archivist|date=2007|volume=70|issue=2|pages=315–343|doi=10.17723/aarc.70.2.u327764v1036756q|ref=yeo2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lombono wobunano bugcizelela ukubaluleka komongo nenqubo ekunqumeleni nasencazelweni yeziqoshwa. Ngokuphambene, izincasiselo ezandulele zazigcizelela izakhi zobufakazi nokwaziswa zesiqoshwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Schellenberg|first1=T. R.|title=The Appraisal of Modern Records|journal=Bulletins of the National Archives|number=8|date=October 1956|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/archives-resources/appraisal-of-records.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094248/https://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/archives-resources/appraisal-of-records.html|archive-date=2016-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emongweni ongokwenhlangano, iziqoshwa ziyimithako edaliwe noma eyamukelwe inhlangano kwisinano sesihwebi, noma ekuphishekeleni ukuncamuka izibopho zomthetho.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.arma.org/standards/glossaryw2/index.cfm?id_term=369 |title=Glossary of Records and Information Management Terms, 3rd Edition |publisher=ARMA International |access-date=September 3, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927121231/https://archive.arma.org/standards/glossaryw2/index.cfm?id_term=369 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pearce-Moses|first1=Richard|title=Record|url=http://www2.archivists.org/glossary/terms/r/record|website=Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology|publisher=Society of American Archivists|access-date=23 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094018/http://www2.archivists.org/glossary/terms/r/record|archive-date=24 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lencasiselo yesiqoshwa engokwenhlangano iqhamuka emibinweni yakuqala yomqogelelo ''(archives)'' njengokuhlanganiswa ngokwemvelo kweziqoshwa, okungukuthi &quot;izincwadi ezibhaliwe, imidwebo, uTho olushicilelwe, olwamukelwe ngokusemthethweni noma olukhiqizwe indikimba elawulayo noma isikhulu sayo&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Muller|first1=S.|last2=Feith|first2=J. A.|last3=Fruin|first3=R|title=Manual for the Arrangement and Description of Archives (1898)|editor=Arthur H. Leavitt|date=1968|location=New York|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Terry|title=What Is Past Is Prologue: A History of Archival Ideas Since 1898, and the Future Paradigm Shift|journal=Archivaria|date=1997|volume=43|pages=17–63|url=http://archivaria.ca/index.php/archivaria/article/view/12175/13184|access-date=23 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124094926/http://archivaria.ca/index.php/archivaria/article/view/12175/13184|archive-date=24 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5949" sha1="oopjgvf44cklg6zy3v2a2da9kalwlhz" xml:space="preserve">[[File:FRIDA (FReedom of Information Digital Assistant) welcome interface (May 2023).png|thumb|Isiqavithi esiyisilekeleli soxhakaxholo]]

[[File:ELIZA conversation.png|thumb|isiqavithi esibizwa ELIZA sangowe-1996]]

'''Isiqavithi''' siyihlelokusebenza elisetshenziselwa ukuqhuba izingxoxo zokuqavitha kuxhakaxholo ngomqhafazo noma  umqafazo-nkulumo, esikhundleni sokuxoxa nomuntu ngokuqondile.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is a chatbot? |url=http://searchdomino.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid4_gci935566,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102170613/http://searchdomino.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid4_gci935566,00.html |archive-date=2 November 2010 |access-date=30 January 2017 |website=techtarget.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;Izinhlelo zesiqavithi, ziklanyelwe ukufefenyeka ngokugculisayo indlela umuntu acondoza ngayo engxoxweni. Iziqavithi zanamuhla eziningi zitholakala [[Uxhakaxholo|kuxhakaxholo]] futhi zisebenzisa  [[uHlakahlisombulu oluphehlayo]] ngezinhlelo zalo ezinekhono lokubamba ingxoxo nomsebenzisi zisebenzisa ulimi lwemvelo. Lolo hlobo lweziqavithi zivame ukusebenzisa ukufunda okunzulu kanye [[Ukudludlunga ulimi lwemvelo|nokudludlungwa lolimi lwemvelo]]. Iziqavithi zibe nesibunge kusuka ngowezi-2020 lapho kuqala ukudlondlobala kohlakahlisombulu, ikakhulu lapho isiqavithi [[i-ChatGPT]] siba sematheni, futhi silandelwa ezinye esincintisana nazo ezifana ne-Gemini, iClaude kanye no-Grok.  Iziqavithi zohlakahlisombulu ngokuvamile zisebenzisa [[uNongo lolimi olukhulu|izinongo zolimi ezinkulu]] eziyisisekelo, ezifana ne-GPT-4 noma unongo lolimi lwe-Gemini olucolisiselwe ukusetshenziswa ngokukhethekile.

Umkhakha oyinhloko lapho iziqavithi ziqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kakhulu umkhakha wenkonzo yabathengi, okuyiwona ogcwele izilekeleli zoxhakaxholo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cai.tools.sap/blog/2017-messenger-bot-landscape/|title=2017 Messenger Bot Landscape, a Public Spreadsheet Gathering 1000+ Messenger Bots|date=3 May 2017|access-date=1 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202041707/https://cai.tools.sap/blog/2017-messenger-bot-landscape/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umlando ==

=== Isivivinyo sikaTuring ===
Ngowe-1950, isibhalwa sika-Alan Turing esithi &quot;[[Izinguxa zokucikiza nenhlakahliso]]&quot; saphakamisa okubizwa ngokuthi Isivivinyo sikaTuring njengombandela [[Inhlakahliso|wenhlakahliso]]. Lombandela ocakathe ekhonweni [[Inhleleliso yesiCikizi|lenhleleliso yesiCikizi]] lokulingisa umuntu engxoxweni exoxwa nomuntu elotshwa bukhoma futhi ngendlela umuntu ongumahlulelo azohluleka ngayo ukuhlukanisa kahle —esebenzisa isiqikili sengxoxo kuphela — phakathi kwenhleleliso kanye nomuntu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Turing&quot; /&gt;

=== Iziqavithi zokuqala ===
Inhleleliso kaJoseph Weizenbaum ebizwa ELIZA yashicilelwa okokuqala ngowe-1966. UWeizenbaum alashongo ukuthi uELIZA ulumuke ngempela, futhi isingeniso sephepha lakhe sethula uELIZA njengembundane engayindawo.

Ukugidinga kukaELIZA kwakubandakanya ukuhlonza amazwi nemisho engongizosho eyisifako, nesiphumo sezimpendulo ezifanayo noma ezihleleliswe kusengaphambili eziqhubekisela ingxoxo phambili.

Ngowe-1978&lt;ref&gt;Kolodner, Janet L. ''[https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA062974 Memory organization for natural language data-base inquiry]''. Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; to some time after 1983,&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolodner-19832&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kolodner |first=Janet L. |date=1 October 1983 |title=Maintaining organization in a dynamic long-term memory |url=https://archive.org/details/cognitive-science_october-december-1983_7_4/page/243 |journal=Cognitive Science |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=243–280 |doi=10.1016/S0364-0213(83)80001-9 |doi-broken-date=30 August 2025 |issn=0364-0213 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; umklamo iCYRUS ojolwa nguJanet Kolodner wakha isiqavithi esfefenyeka Cyrus Vance owayengumengamelo waseMelika. Sasisebenzisa ukuhluzulula ngokomongo, futhi siphefukisa isizindamininingo saso mihla yonke ngoku  parsing izindaba ezihamba ngocingo enhlangano iUnited Press International. Le nhleleliso yakwazi ukudludlunga izindaba eziphathelene nokwesula esikhundleni kukaMengameli   Cyrus Vance ngoApril we-1980, futhi ithimba eliphethe lakha esinye isiqavithi esifefenyeka owangena esikhundleni, uEdmund Muskie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dennett |first=Daniel C. |chapter=Can Machines Think? |date=2004 |title=Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker |pages=295–316 |editor-last=Teuscher |editor-first=Christof |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-05642-4_12 |isbn=978-3-662-05642-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kolodner-19832&quot; /&gt;

Ngowe-1984, kwakhishwa uhlelo oluxhakizimo lwenhleleliso ebizwa Racter olwalunjengesiqavithi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://everything2.com/title/The+Policeman%2527s+Beard+is+Half+Constructed The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204175415/http://everything2.com/title/the+policeman%2527s+beard+is+half+constructed|date=4 February 2010}}. everything2.com. 13 November 1999&lt;/ref&gt;

Isiqavithi u-A.L.I.C.E. sakhishwa ngowe- 1995. Lesi siqavothi sisebenzisa ulimi ''(markup language)'' olubizwa AIML,&lt;ref name=&quot;Caldarini-20223&quot; /&gt; olukhandelwe isifuzangxoxo ''(conversational agent)'' futhi sitshenziswa abakhandi abahlukene beziqabitho ezifana no-Alice. U-A
L.I.C.E unguhlakahlisombulu olubuthaka olungakwazi ukucubungula. Lusekwe ebuchuleni obufanayo nobuka-ELIZA bokuhlobanisa izifanelo.

===  Iziqavithi zanamuhla zezinongo zolimi ezinkulu ===
[[File:Wittgenstein dialogue at character.ai.png|thumb|Ingxoxo ye -Character.ai ngesiqavithi sika-Wittgenstein]]
Iziqavithi zanamuhla ezifana [[I-ChatGPT|ne-ChatGPT]] zisekelwe [[UNongo Lolimi oluKhulu|ezinongweni zolimi ezinkulu]] ezibizwa iziguquzi eziqeqeshiwe eziphehlayo (GPT). Zisekelwe kungqalasizinda yokufunda okunzulu ebizwa Iziguquzi, equkethe izinhleloxhumano zezinzwa mbumbulu.

== Amaphathelelo ==</text>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5257" sha1="1bdzcur0dknwuym6x6x6jb5p8tdjbj2" xml:space="preserve">{{Other uses|Philosophical presentism}}

Ekuhlaziyeni kwemibhalo nomlando, '''iphrezentheshini''' wukuhlaziya kokwethulwa kwemibono yanamuhla kanye nemibono emifanekisweni noma ekuchazeni isikhathi esedlule. Ezinye izazi-mlando zanamuhla zifuna ukugwema iphrezentheshini emsebenzini wazo ngoba zikuthatha njengohlobo lokuchema kwamasiko, futhi zikholelwa ukuthi kudala ukuqonda okuhlanekezelwe kwesihloko sabo.  Umkhuba wesimanjemanje abanye bawubheka njengephutha elivamile lapho bebhala mayelana nesikhathi esedlule.

I- ''Oxford English Dictionary'' inikezela ngengcaphuno yokuqala ''yephrezentheshini'' ngomqondo wayo we-historiographic kusuka ngo-1916, futhi igama kungenzeka ukuthi lasetshenziswa kule ncazelo kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1870s. Isazi-mlando uDavid Hackett Fischer sikhomba i-presentism njengenkohliso eyaziwa nangokuthi &quot;i-fallacy of ''nunc pro tunc'' &quot;. Ubhale ukuthi &quot;isibonelo sakudala&quot; se-presentism kwakuyilokho okubizwa ngokuthi &quot; umlando we-Whig &quot;, lapho izazi-mlando zaseBrithani ezithile zekhulu le-18 nele-19 zabhala umlando ngendlela eyasebenzisa okwedlule ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinkolelo zabo zezombangazwe. Lokhu kuhumusha bekungokwamanje ngoba bekungavezi isikhathi esedlule ngomongo womlando ohlosiwe kodwa kunalokho kubukwe umlando kuphela ngeso lengqondo lezinkolelo ze-Contemporary Whig. Kulolu hlobo lwendlela, olugcizelela ukubaluleka komlando kuze kube manje, izinto ezingabonakali zibalulekile zithola ukunakwa okuncane, okuholela ekubonisweni okudukisayo kwesikhathi esedlule. &quot;I-whig history&quot; noma &quot;whiggishness&quot; ivamise ukusetshenziswa njengamagama afanayo ''ephrezentheshini'' ikakhulukazi uma ukuvezwa komlando okukhulunywa ngakho kuyi- teleological noma ukunqoba. [2]

== Ukuhlaziywa kwezenhlalo ==
Iphrezentheshini inomlando omfushane ekuhlaziyeni kwezenhlalo, lapho isetshenziswe khona ukuchaza abanquma bezobuchwepheshe abahumusha ushintsho ekuziphatheni njengokuqala ngokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha. Isibonelo, izazi ezinjengoFrances Cairncross zamemezela ukuthi I-inthanethi iholele &quot;ekufeni kwebanga&quot;, kodwa ubudlelwano obuningi [[Umphakathi|bomphakathi]] kanye nobudlelwano obuningi bebhizinisi bebudlulele kanye namazwekazi iminyaka eminingi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wellman|first=Barry|title=Physical Place and Cyber Place: The Rise of Networked Individualism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-urban-and-regional-research_2001-06_25_2/page/227|journal=International Journal of Urban and Regional Research|volume=25|issue=2|date=June 2001|pages=227–52|doi=10.1111/1468-2427.00309}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izahlulelo zokuziphatha ==
Ukwethulwa nakho kuyisici embuzweni oyinkinga womlando nezahlulelo zokuziphatha . Phakathi kwezazi-mlando, umbono we-orthodox ungase ube ukuthi ukufunda imibono yesimanje yokuziphatha esikhathini esidlule kuwukwenza iphutha lesimo samanje. Ukuze kugwenywe lokhu, izazi-mlando zimane zichaze okwenzekile futhi zizame ukugwema ukusebenzisa ulimi olukhipha isahlulelo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ubhala umlando mayelana nobugqila enkathini lapho umkhuba wamukelwa kabanzi, ukuvumela lelo qiniso lithonye isahlulelo mayelana neqembu noma umuntu kungaba umuntu okhona ngakho kufanele kugwenywe.

Abagxeki baphendula ngokuthi ukugwema iphrezentheshini ezindabeni ezinjengobugqila kufana nokugunyazwa kwemibono yamaqembu abusayo, kulokhu, abanikazi bezigqila, njengalabo ababephikisana nabo ngaleso sikhathi. U-Lawson uthi:
Isibonelo, ngokuphathelene nobugqila nobuhlanga, izazi-mlando, ezithonywe yimanje, zithole idatha entsha ngokuphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nezindaba zobuhlanga. Ngokwesibonelo, bathole imibono nokuziphatha phakathi kwezigqila ezingqubuzana nemilando emidala eshiwo ngokuyinhloko ngombono wabaphathi bezigqila. Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphikiswa okwamukelwa abantu abagqilaziwe, ababemelene nobugqila ekhulwini le-18 nele-19, kuhlanganise namaQuaker nama-abolitionists, baphikisana ngezizathu zokuziphatha zokugqilazwa kwabantu base-Afrika.


Abagxeki baqhubeka bephendula ngokuthi ukugwema izahlulelo zokuziphatha kuwukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuziphatha . Ezinye izazi-mlando zenkolo zithi isimilo asiphelelwa yisikhathi, njengoba sasungulwa nguNkulunkulu; bathi akuyona i-anachronistic ukusebenzisa izindinganiso ezingaphelelwa yisikhathi esikhathini esidlule. (Ngalo mbono, nakuba okungaphezulu kungashintsha, ukuziphatha akushintshi. )

Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezindinganiso zenkolo kuye kwahlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Augustine waseHippo ukholelwa ukuthi kunezimiso zokuziphatha ezingaphelelwa isikhathi, kodwa ugomela ngokuthi imikhuba ethile ( [[Isithembu|njengesithembu]] ) yayamukeleka esikhathini esidlule ngoba yayiyisiko kodwa manje ayisamukeleki. 

UFischer, yena, ubhala ukuthi nakuba izazi-mlando zingase zingakwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukugwema ukukhohlisa ngokuphelele, kufanele okungenani zizame ukuqaphela ukuchema kwazo futhi zibhale umlando ngendlela yokuthi zingadali umfanekiso ohlanekezelwe wesikhathi esidlule. [2]

Abagxeki be-Conservative baye baveza inkambiso ebheke ekuphikisweni kwesimanje kusayensi yomlando yesimanje njengokubonisa ukubusa okukhulayo kwezimo zengqondo &quot; zokuvuka &quot; emphakathini obanzi. 

== Izithenjwa ==
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    <title>Whey protein</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4591" sha1="lnvo7m6sk2m8ym7d0wkrihj70i32uzl" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Whey powder.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Imicakelo yeprothini yewhey eyenziwe i-health food store]]
'''I-Whey protein''' iyinhloko yeprothini ecelwa ngokwenziwa kwawo ngesichitho esikhanyayo sokwenza isibindi somhlaba, etholakala njengombiko wemali engakaze kube ngowokwenza ubisi. I-prothini zikhona i-[[α-lactalbumin]], [[β-lactoglobulin]], i-serum [[albumin]] kanye ne-[[Antibody|immunoglobulins]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Farrell |first1=HM |last2=Jimenez-Flores|first2=R |last3=Bleck |first3=GT|display-authors=etal |date=2004|title=Izithakazelo zezigaba zezikhiye zesinyama sompofu – Isithathu sokuqalisa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-dairy-science_2004-06_87_6/page/1641 |journal=IsiZulu Sanibonani |language=zu|volume=87|issue=6|pages=1641–1674|doi=10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73319-6|pmid=15453478|issn=0022-0302|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[I-Glycomacropeptide]] ikhona futhi isisebenziswe njengomkhiqizo wezigaba zesine, kodwa akuyona yeprothini. I-Whey protein kumele iqinisekise njengemkhiqizo wemfuzo yeprothini, futhi khona imiyalo yemindeni emikhulu ephambili kwaso. Uhlu lwezincwadi olukhombisa 2010 kwi-European Food Safety Authority Journal lwavumela ukuthi inkulumo edingekayo ayinikwa ikholwa lombiko.&lt;ref name=&quot;EFSA&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies|title=Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to whey protein |journal=EFSA Journal |date=2010 |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=1818 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1818 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngokokuthi ingozi yemisipha, I-Whey protein ibonisa ukuthi iyatholakala kangcono kumathiphu aphikisayo wemfuzo yeprothini, njengoba ikhona [[I-casein]] noma [[I-Soybean|isoy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Ukuncibilikisa i-whey hydrolysate, i-casein, noma i-soy protein isolate: izenzo zemixholo yeprothini yempilo esemsebenzini nezikhathi zokugqoka ekhomisheni emadodeni amancane|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-physiology_2009-09_107_3/page/987|first1=Jason E.|last1=Tang|first2=Daniel R.|last2=Moore|first3=Gregory W.|last3=Kujbida|first4=Mark A.|last4=Tarnopolsky|first5=Stuart M.|last5=Phillips|date=1 September 2009|journal=Journal of Applied Physiology |volume=107|issue=3|pages=987–992|doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00076.2009|pmid=19589961|s2cid=16246420 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;whey protein&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=whey protein |url=https://wheyshop.vn/category/whey-protein-html |access-date=22 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Ukwenziwa kwe-whey ==
{{Main article|Whey}}
Ukwenziwa kwe-whey kubuya uma umlilo usele waphakathi uma kuqashulwe ubisi ngenkathi ukwenza ubelele, kanye nezinto zonke ezibonakalayo ezizikhanyisiwe kwibisi ngemuva kokubayisha i-pH kuya ku-4.6 ngenkathi kwenziwa ubelele. Kungukwengeza yezinye i-5% yelactose ngamanzi kanye nezithakazelo zokunyakaza zibisi kanye nezinsimbi zokunyakaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;brit&quot;&gt;&quot;Whey.&quot; The Encyclopædia Britannica. 15th ed. 1994&lt;/ref&gt; Inkampani yangaphambili kuyenza ngokuthula ukucikidwa, noma isici seprothini sokuqinisekisa kubalwa yilactose, izinsimbi kanye nezinto ezikhiqizwe ezikungapheliyo ezizinsimbi.&lt;ref name=Foegeding&gt;{{Cite journal | title = Izifundo zokushintsha nokwazi imisebenzi yeprothini yewhey | year = 2002 | journal = Trends in Food Science &amp; Technology | pages = 151–159
| volume = 13 | issue = 5 | last1 =Foegeding | first1 =EA | last2 =Davis | first2 =JP | last3 =Doucet | first3 =D | last4 =McGuffey | first4 =MK | doi=10.1016/S0924-2244(02)00111-5
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isikhombisa, ukulungiswa kwezimembwembe kuyotholakala izinsimbi ngezinsimbi, i-lactose kanye nezizwe ezifileyo ezindawo ezindawo ezizodwa ezisondelayo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Tunick MH |year=2008 |chapter=Whey Protein Production and Utilization. |veditors=Onwulata CI, Huth PJ |title=Ukwenza kwe-Whey, ukusebenzisa nokuvikeleka kokuhle |place=Ames, Iowa |publisher=Blackwell Publishing; IFT Press |pages=1–13 |chapter-url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=209388 |chapter-format=abstract}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukucikidwa kwe-whey kungashintsha ngokukhishwa. Ukucikidwa okukhulu (njengoba kwenziwe ezindaweni ezenzakalelayo ezenzakalelayo ngaphansi kwezinsimbi ezincane ngenxa yokuphakama kwe-72 °C ezinethiwele ngokufezekisa) kucikisa izinsimbi zewhey. Ngesikhathi ukuphakama kwe-whey protein yangaphambili akukhombisi ukuncikiswa uma kwenziwa umsele kanye nokuthunyelwa kombilisela noma uthutha i-bisi, ukucikiswa kweprothini kwe-whey kugxila izinhlamvu ze-protein ezine, futhi kushintsha umbilisela we-protein.&lt;ref name=Foegeding/&gt;
== Izinhlelo zokubhala ==
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  <page>
    <title>Peptide</title>
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      <text bytes="3208" sha1="3fx4oyoy85qp3pvsom5hqjsqcv4lgdw" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Tetrapeptide structural formulae v.1.png|thumb|300px|A [[tetrapeptide]] (example [[Valine|Val]]-[[Glycine|Gly]]-[[Serine|Ser]]-[[Alanine|Ala]]) with &lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;'''green'''&lt;/span&gt; marked [[N-terminus|amino end]] ([[Valine|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;'''L-valine'''&lt;/span&gt;]]) and &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span by style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;'''blue'''&lt;/span&gt; marked [[C-terminus|carboxyl end]] ([[Alanine|&lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;'''L-alanine'''&lt;/span&gt;]])]]
'''Amashumi esipeptayidi''' kuyinkambu enkulu yezizinto zasemanzini ezinolunye ngamakhubedu ezibandakanya ngezibophezelo zepeptide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hamley |first1=I. W. |title=introduction to Peptide Science |date=September 2020 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=9781119698173 |url=https://www.wiley.com/en-ai/Introduction+to+Peptide+Science-p-9781119698173}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lehninger4th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umphandela wewu-polipeptayidi ngumqondo ongakhokheli, ozungeza ngendlela ejwayelekile yokuzikhandakhazela.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saladin&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Saladin |first1=K. |title=Anatomy &amp; physiology: the unity of form and function |date=13 January 2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=9780073378251 |page=67 |edition=6th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amashumi esandulela ukuya ezingamakhulu abaphozi basekhaya ngabathengisi ngokumkhawulela yabadlali bezindawo.&lt;ref&gt;{{GoldBookRef |title=proteins |file=P04898}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Izindulela ezifanayo nezikhulu ezingaphezu kuka-20 zasepeptayidi zingamagama okuthola umkhawulo, kuzobanzima zibe ngabavimba, izindulela ezintathu, nesindulela ye-[[tetrapeptide]].

Amashumi esipeptayidi avela phansi kwezingozi ezinamkhawulo, izingebi zemvelo, izingebi zezinye, izingebi zezinsimbi, kanye nezingebi ezinjalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peptide&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Peptide |url=https://paulaschoice.vn/peptide-la-gi.html |access-date=22 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amashumi esandulela aveza ngomsebenzi wezezinto zasemanzini ozinikwa ngendlela yobudlelwane, kumele athambise ku-[[ligand (biochemistry)|ligand]] ezindaweni ezifanayo njengama-[[coenzyme]] kanye ne-[[cofactor (biochemistry)|cofactor]], kubalwa phansi komphandela wasepeptayidi okanye izindawo ezintathu ze-[[macromolecule]] njengoba kusayiniswa kwemvelo njengoba kusayiniswa ngeDNA kanye neRNA]], okanye kuzinkulungwane zezinkulungwane ezinjalo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ardejani |first1=Maziar S. |last2=Orner |first2=Brendan P. |date=2013-05-03 |title=Obey the Peptide Assembly Rules |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-05-03_340_6132/page/561 |journal=Science |volume=340 |issue=6132 |pages=561–562 |doi=10.1126/science.1237708 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=23641105 |bibcode=2013Sci...340..561A|s2cid=206548864 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amino acids okufanele bakhombisele emazingeni amashumi esipeptayidi azithengiselwa ngemvume.[[Residue (chemistry)#Biochemistry|ezilwanyana]]. I-umlozi lusebenza ekuzikhandeni kwezinsimbi zokudlela.&lt;ref name=&quot;IUPAC1&quot;&gt;{{GoldBookRef|file=A00279|title=amino-acid residue in a polypeptide}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Zonke izipeptayidi nje ezifana namashumi esandulela azinayo i-[[N-terminus|N-terminal]] (umlando wesinye isithakazelo) kanye ne-[[C-terminus|C-terminal]] (umlando wosinye isithakazelo) owukuphela kokuqala kwepeptayidi (njengokuboniswa kwetetrapeptide esihogweni).
== Izinhlelo zokubhala ==
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    <title>Kojic acid</title>
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      <text bytes="3130" sha1="sw2mnvjgd39am291vxusrb65tu9xpua" xml:space="preserve">'I-Kojic acid' iyinhlanganiso yomdabu wezenhlalo ngeformula ye{{chem2|HOCH2C5H2O2OH}}. Iyindlela yokwakha kwezomdabu engasiza kuyindlela yendawo njengenkosi yokuvakasha eyamukelekileyo eyagcina emkhakheni wokulungiswa ebizwa ngokuthi &quot;chelation&quot; eyenzelwe izitho ezingakaze zifikelele ngamathayimishi angamapunje amaningi ezintsha zamafunghi, kube khona izihlobo eziningi, ngokwesibongo semZulu kusuka e-''[[Aspergillus oryzae]]'', eyezithandwa emZulu njengombiza womunye wamafunghi ''koji''.&lt;ref name=Bentley&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Bentley | first1 = R. | year = 2006 | title = From miso, sake and shoyu to cosmetics: a century of science for kojic acid | journal = Nat. Prod. Rep. | volume = 23 | issue = 6| pages = 1046–1062 | doi=10.1039/b603758p| pmid = 17119644 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
| title = The constitution of kojic acid, a γ-pyrone derivative formed by ''Aspergillus oryzae'' from carbohydrates
| author = Yabuta T
| journal = [[Journal of the Chemical Society]]
| volume = 125
| pages = 575–587
| year = 1924
| doi = 10.1039/ct9242500575}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Survey and mechanism of skin depigmenting and lightening agents|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_phytotherapy-research_2006-11_20_11/page/921|author=Parvez, Shoukat|author2=Kang, Moonkyu|author3=Chung, Hwan-Suck|author4=Cho, Chongwoon|author5=Hong, Moo-Chang|author6=Shin, Min-Kyu|author7=Bae, Hyunsu|journal=Phytotherapy Research|year=2006|volume=20|issue=11|pages=921–34|doi=10.1002/ptr.1954|pmid=16841367|s2cid=22156361}}&lt;/ref&gt; I-Kojic acid iyindlela yokucitsha entsha engakhombisa ngokomzimba wezomdabu womsindo wamafu nesikhumba, iyisetshenziswa emsebenzini wokulungiswa kwesitshalo somzimba nokukhula komuntu, nesetshenziswa kuma-nyama kanye nezitshalo kwezinti, nokusetshenziswa kumithi yendawo kanye nezitshalo zezenhlalo ukuze kube khona ukuvikeleka noma ukugwema imibala yezinto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/Ags/agsi/ENZYMEFINAL/Enzymatic%20Browning.html#KOJIC |title= Kojic acid and enzymatic browning] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080304232803/http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/Agsi/ENZYMEFINAL/Enzymatic%20Browning.html |archive-date= 2008-03-04 |year= 2000 |publisher= [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyakhihla into enqabile ebomvu ngokwekhromosomu ye[[ferric]] ions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Nurchi|first1=Valeria M.|last2=Lachowicz|first2=Joanna I.|last3=Crisponi|first3=Guido|last4=Murgia|first4=Sergio|last5=Arca|first5=Massimiliano|last6=Pintus|first6=Anna|last7=Gans|first7=Peter|last8=Niclos-Gutierrez|first8=Juan|last9=Domínguez-Martín|first9=Alicia|last10=Castineiras|first10=Alfonso|last11=Remelli|first11=Maurizio|date=2011-05-27|title=Kojic acid derivatives as powerful chelators for iron(III) and aluminium(III)|journal=Dalton Transactions|language=en|volume=40|issue=22|pages=5984–5998|doi=10.1039/C1DT00005E|pmid=21552634|issn=1477-9234}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kojic acid&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Kojic acid |url=https://paulaschoice.vn/kojic-acid-co-tac-dung-gi-cho-lan-da.html |access-date=22 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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      <text bytes="5647" sha1="9asr571pgchtn74nanzqs2yi46fob18" xml:space="preserve">[[File:PIA23792-1600x1200(1).jpg|thumb|Ukuba khona koBhaqanyezi olubizwa C/2020 F3 (evezwe njengochunge lwamachashazi abomvu) kwavubukulwa ngokuhlaziya imininingoyocwaningo lwezinkanyezi etholwe yisihlongamkhathi, i- Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer .]]

'''INzululwazi yeMininingo''' iwumkhakha wakwaNgqobdonkulu [[Ukuvubuqeqesho|ovubuqeqesho]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Donoho |first1=David |title=50 Years of Data Science |doi=10.1080/10618600.2017.1384734 |journal=[[Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics]] |year=2017 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=745–766 |s2cid=114558008 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; olusebenzisa [[izibalomininingo]], ukucikiza kwenzululwazi, [[indlelasu yenzululwazi]], imidludlungu, [[Umkholezima|imikholezima]] nezimiso zokugqoba [[ulwazi]] nemininingo engahleliwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dhar |first1=V. |title=Data science and prediction |doi=10.1145/2500499 |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=56 |issue=12 |pages=64–73 |year=2013 |s2cid=6107147 |url=http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2013/12/169933-data-science-and-prediction/fulltext |access-date=2 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109113411/http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2013/12/169933-data-science-and-prediction/fulltext |archive-date=9 November 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

INzululwazi yeMininingo ibuye ididiyele isidlangala solwazi kusuka kwezinye izidlangala ezikhona (isb. inzululwazi yemvelo, [[Ubuchwepheshe boKwaziswa]], nezokwelapha).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |last1=Danyluk |first1=A. |last2=Leidig |first2=P. |date=2021 |title=Computing Competencies for Undergraduate Data Science Curricula |work=ACM Data Science Task Force Final Report |url=https://dstf.acm.org/DSTF_Final_Report.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inzululwazi yeMininingo iminxaminingi futhi ingachaziswa njengenzululwazi, isifaniselo socwaningo, uqeqesho, nobungcwepheshi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mike |first=Koby |last2=Hazzan |first2=Orit |date=2023-01-20 |title=What is Data Science? |url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3575663 |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=12–13 |doi=10.1145/3575663 |issn=0001-0782}}&lt;/ref&gt;

INzululwazi yeMininingo &quot;iyisicabango sokubumba [[izibalomininingo]], isihlaziyo [[Ukuhlaziya imininingo|semininingo]], kanye nemikhakha ehlobene &quot;ukuze kuqondwe futhi kuhlaziyeke izimongotho zangempela&quot; ngokusebenzisa [[imininingo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.springer.com/book/9784431702085 |title=Data Science, Classification, and Related Methods |last=Hayashi |first=Chikio |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=Springer Japan |isbn=9784431702085 |editor-last=Hayashi |editor-first=Chikio |series=Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization |pages=40–51 |language=en |chapter=What is Data Science? Fundamental Concepts and a Heuristic Example |doi=10.1007/978-4-431-65950-1_3 |editor-last2=Yajima |editor-first2=Keiji |editor-last3=Bock |editor-first3=Hans-Hermann |editor-last4=Ohsumi |editor-first4=Noboru |editor-last5=Tanaka |editor-first5=Yutaka |editor-last6=Baba |editor-first6=Yasumasa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isebenzisa ubuchule nemibono emonculwe emikhakheni eminingi esemongweni [[Umchazazibalo|womchazazibalo]], izibalomininingo, inzululwazi yesicikizi, [[iNzululwazi yoKwaziswa]], kanye nesidlangala solwazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cao |first=Longbing |date=2017-06-29 |title=Data Science: A Comprehensive Overview |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=43:1–43:42 |doi=10.1145/3076253 |s2cid=207595944 |issn=0360-0300|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nokho, inzululwazi yemininingo ihlukile kunenzulululwazi yesiCikizi nenzululwazi yokwaziswa. Owahlomula ngoMhlumulo kaTuring, uJim Gray wakhanyanga inzululwazi yemininingo &quot;njengesifaniselo sesine&quot; senzululwazi, futhi manje wagomela ngokuthi &quot;yonke into ephathelene nenzululwazi isiyaguquka ngenxa yegalelo [[Ubuchwepheshe boKwaziswa|lobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa]] nozamcolo wemininingo.&lt;ref name=&quot;TansleyTolle2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Tony Hey |author2=Stewart Tansley |author3=Kristin Michele Tolle |title=The Fourth Paradigm: Data-intensive Scientific Discovery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGs_AQAAIAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Microsoft Research |isbn=978-0-9825442-0-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320193019/https://books.google.com/books?id=oGs_AQAAIAAJ |archive-date=20 March 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BellHey2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=G. |last2=Hey |first2=T. |last3=Szalay |first3=A. |title=Computer Science: Beyond the Data Deluge |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2009-03-06_323_5919/page/1297 |journal=Science |volume=323 |issue=5919 |year=2009 |pages=1297–1298 |issn=0036-8075 |doi=10.1126/science.1170411 |pmid=19265007 |s2cid=9743327}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''uSomniningo''' uyingcwepheshi ekhanda umkitizo wokuhlelelisa bese iwuxubanisa nolwazi lwezibalomniningo ukuze adale ubuhlakani ngemininingo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Data Scientist: The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century |url=https://hbr.org/2012/10/data-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century/ |journal=[[Harvard Business Review]] |date=October 2012 |access-date=2016-01-18 |last1=Davenport |first1=Thomas H. |last2=Patil |first2=D. J. |volume=90 |issue=10 |pages=70–76, 128 |pmid=23074866}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izisekelo ==
Inzululwazi yemininingo iwumkhakha ovubuqeqesho ohlozinge kakhulu ekumonculeni ulwazi okuvela emaqoqeni eminingi amakhulu nokusebenzisa lolo lwazi oluvela emininingweni ukuxazulula izinkinga kwezinye izidlangala. Lo mkhakha uhlanganisa ukulungiselela imininingo ukuba ihlaziywe, ukubumba izinkinga zenzululwazi yemininingo, nokufingqa okufunyenwe.

==Imithombo==</text>
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      <text bytes="527" sha1="e0kkpzhydb7ls3lo9squ7wblhvwi2c5" xml:space="preserve">'''Ukuvubuqeqesho''' noma '''izifundo ezixubuqeqesho''' zibandakanya inhlanganisela yezifundo eziningi zakwangqondonkulu kubuqhebeqhebe obubodwa (isib, umbhidlango wocwaningo).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nissani|first=M.|year=1995|title=Fruits, Salads, and Smoothies: A Working definition of Interdisciplinarity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-educational-thought_1995-08_29_2/page/121|journal=The Journal of Educational Thought|volume=29|issue=2|pages=121–128|jstor=23767672}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Umchachiso</title>
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      <text bytes="6159" sha1="32dba47ck5056n53jay9kx036jvo2bn" xml:space="preserve">'''Umchachiso''' uhlobo lokucabanga okuhluzekile okuphathelene [[Isimongotho|nesimongotho]], noma imiphumela yokucabanga kwalolo hlobo. Inqubo yokucabanga ngokuhluzekile nokuzindla ivame ukuyamaniswa nemidludlungu efana nokucunda ngamaqaphelo noma ucwaningo. Imichachiso kungaba [[Umchaciso wenzululwazi|eyenzululwazi]], kube eyoqeqesho okungelona olwenzululwazi, noma kungaba eyoqeqesho noma iluphi olukhona. Ngokucakathene nomongo, amazwi omchaciso angahlanganisa, ngokwesibonelo, izincazelo ezivamile zendlela imvelo esebenza ngayo. Leli gama elithi 'umchaciso' lisuselwa esenzweni sokuchachisa, njengoba injongo yalolo hlobo lokucabanga '''iwukuchaza nokuhlakahla'''.

Kwinzululwazi yanamuhla, ibizo elithi &quot;umchachiso&quot; lisho imichachiso yenzululwazi, okunguhlobo lwencazelo eqinisekisiwe ngemvelo, echazwa ngendlela evumelana nendlelasu yenzululwazi, futhi efezekisa umgomo obekiwe wenzululwazi yanamuhla. Leyo michachiso ichaziswa ngendlela evumela izivivinyo zenzululwazi zikwazi ukuyifakazela noma ziyiphikise. Imichachiso yenzululwazi iwulwazi lwenzululwazi olwethenjwa kakhulu, olunembile nolubanzi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Schafersman |first=Steven D. |title=An Introduction to Science |url=http://www.geo.sunysb.edu/esp/files/scientific-method.html |access-date=2024-11-09 |archive-date=2018-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101173949/http://www.geo.sunysb.edu/esp/files/scientific-method.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ngokuphambene nombono ofika engqondweni, othathwa njengomcabango ongahluziwe wavivinywa, (umbono ofana &quot;''[[IsiHlawumbiselo|nesihlawumbiselo]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| author=National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine| title=Science, evolution, and creationism| date=2008| publisher=National Academies Press| location=Washington, D.C.| isbn=978-0309105866| page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780309105866/page/11 11]| url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780309105866/page/11| access-date=26 September 2015| url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imichachiso yenzululwazi ayifani nezihlawumbiselo, zona eziwukuqaziyela okumele kuvivinywe, futhi ayifani nemithetho yenzululwazi , yona ewukulanda okuchazisayo kwendlela imvelo econdoza ngayo ezimweni ezithile.

Imichachiso iyona eqondisa umbidlango wokufuna iziminya kunokufinyelela empokophelweni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McMurray|first1=Foster |title=Preface to an Autonomous Discipline of Education |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-theory_1955-07_5_3/page/129|journal=Educational Theory |date=July 1955 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=129–140 |doi = 10.1111/j.1741-5446.1955.tb01131.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|131}} Umchachiso ungaba indikimba yolwazi, okungenzeka uyamaniswe noma ungayamaniswa nezinongo ezichazayo. Ukuchachisa kuwukuthuthukisa leyo ndikimba yolwazi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Gary |title=Education and theory : strangers in paradigms |year=2007 |publisher=Open Univ. Press |location=Maidenhead |isbn=9780335211791 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|46}}

Igama elithi &quot;ngokomchachiso&quot; uma lisetshenziswa ngaphandle kwenzululwazi lisuke lisho into isikhulumi esingayigcwethanga noma sayivivinya ngaphambili.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/evolution-today/what-is-a-theory What is a Theory?]. [[American Museum of Natural History]].&lt;/ref&gt; Kwinzululwazi, inkulumo enjalo ibizwa [[isiHlawumbiselo]]. Ngaphandle kwenzululwazi, ibizo elithi &quot;umchachiso&quot; livame ukulunganiswa nelithi 'inqubo' elisho ukwenza.&lt;ref name=mediumthelaw&gt;David J Pfeiffer. ''[https://medium.com/science-journal/scientific-theory-vs-scientific-law-5624633a8f1b Scientific Theory vs Law]''. [[Science (journal)|Science Journal]] (on medium.com). 30 January 2017&lt;/ref&gt; Isibonelo esidala somehluko ophakathi kwebizo elithi &quot;ngokomchachiso&quot; ''(theoretical)'' kanye nelithi &quot;ngokwenqubo&quot; ''(practical)'' sivela oqeqeshweni lezokwelapha: umchachiso wokwelapha uhilela ukuzama ukuqonda isisusa kanye nesimo sempilonhle nesigulo, kuyilapho inqubo yokwelapha izama ukwenza abantu babe nempilonhle. Zombili lezinto zihlobene , kodwa zizimele, ngoba kuyinto engenzeka ukucwaninga ngempilonhle nesigulo ngaphandle kokwelapha iziguli, futhi  kuyinto engenzeka ukulapha iziguli ungenalwazi lokuthi iselapho sisebenza kanjani.{{efn|1= See for example [[Hippocrates]] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0251:text=Praec.:section=1&amp;highlight=medical%2Ctheory Praeceptiones, Part 1].  {{webarchive |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140912175614/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0251:text=Praec.:section=1&amp;highlight=medical%2Ctheory |date = 12 September 2014 }} }}

== uMsukagama ==
Igama lesiZulu elithi ''&quot;umchachiso&quot;'' livela esenzweni &quot;chachisa&quot; esisho ukuchaza indaba uyenze icace noma ikhanye&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|publisher=Witwatersrand University Press|author=Doke, Vilakazi|title=Zulu-English Dictionary|date=1972|page=107}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Lihlobene namagama afana nelithi &quot;ukuchaza, ukuchasisa&quot; asho ukuhlakahla noma ukuqaqulula inkinga. Uma lisetshenziswa ukuhumusha elithi 'theory' lisho ukuchachisa ngokuhluzekile izimfahlakalo zemvelo. Ngakho umchachiso uyigama elifanelekayo elidlulisa umqondo ofanele wencazelo ngezinto zemvelo.

Leli gama liveza umqondo wencazelo yanamuhla yalokho, phecelezi okubizwa ''theory''. Abanye besebenzisa elithi ''umbono'' lapho behumusha, kodwa umbono yinto wonke umuntu anayo ngenxa yokubona kwakhe indalo. Kodwa akuwona wonke umuntu onomchachiso ngendalo. Ngakho elithi umbono linciphisa ukwethembeka kwendlelasu yenzululwazi liyenze umbono nje. Ngokufanayo, abanye bahumusha ngelithi ''injulalwazi'' ngenxa yezincazelo ezihluzekile ezihlakahla isimongotho. Kodwa umnyombo we-theory ungukuchaza nokuhlakahla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lujule kangakanani ulwazi olunikezwayo kolalele.

==Ngokomthetho==
Imichachiso iyizinsiza zokuhlaziya ngenjongo yokuqonda, ukuchaza, nokubikezela ngokuphathelene nodabasihloko oluthile.  Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo zemichachiso emikhakheni ehlukene efana nezobuciko nezenzululwazi. Imichachiso emikhakheni ehlukene yethulwa ngolimi lemvelo, Kodwa ivame ukuchaza ngendlela efana naleyo ukwethukwa ngayo umchachiso ngolimi lomchazazibalo.

==Amaphatho==</text>
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'''Umthetho''' uyiqoqo lemiyalo eyenziwe futhi [[Ukuphoqelelwa komthetho|ephoqelelwa]] yizikhungo zomphakathi noma zikahulumeni ukuze zilawula ukuziphatha, incasiselo yomthetho eqondile iwudaba lwempikiswano endala.  Umthetho wake wachaziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ngokuthi uyinzululwazi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Núñez Vaquero|first1=Álvaro|title=Five Models of Legal Science|journal=Revus. Journal for Constitutional Theory and Philosophy of Law / Revija za ustavno teorijo in filozofijo prava|date=10 June 2013|issue=19|pages=53–81|doi=10.4000/revus.2449|url=https://journals.openedition.org/revus/2449|access-date=31 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; nangokuthi ungubuciko bezobulungisa. Imithetho ephoqelelwa nguhulumeni ingenziwa yiqembu noma umuntu oyedwa wesishayamthetho, okuyisenzo esikhiqiza amagume; ingenziwa ibandla eligunundayo kukhiqizeke izimemezelo nezilawulelo; noma isungulwe abahluleli ngesandulelo, ngokuvamile ezindaweni zomthetho wabehluleli. Abantu abangasese bangakha izivumelwano ezibophayo ngokomthetho, ezihlanganisa izivumelwano zokulamula ezisebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano kunalezo ezisetshenziswa enkantolo. Ukwakhiwa kwemithetho ngokwayo kungathonywa [[Umthethosisekelo|umthetho-sisekelo]], obhaliwe noma ongabonakali, kanye namalungelo abhalwe kuwo. Umthetho ubumba [[ezombusazwe]], [[ezomnotho]], umlando kanye nomphakathi ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene futhi usebenza njengomlamuli wobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu.

Izimiso zomthetho ziyahluka ngokwegunyandawo, njengoba ukwahluka kwazo kuhlaziywa ngokomthetho oqhathanisayo. Ngokwegunyamandla lomthetho wobuntu, isishayamthetho noma enye indikimba emqoka iyona eyakha umthetho. Ezimisweni zomthetho wabehluleli, àbehluleli kungaba yibona abenza imithetho yokugcina besebenzisa isandulela,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mason |first1=Anthony |title=The Judge as Law-maker |journal=James Cook University Mayo Lecture |date=1996 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JCULRev/1996/2.pdf |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231082120/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JCULRev/1996/2.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; nakuba ngezinye izikhathi lokho kungachithwa inkantolo ephakeme noma isishayamthetho.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Devins |first1=Neal |title=Congressional Responses to Judicial Decisions |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court |date=2008 |publisher=Gale MacMillan |pages=400–403 |url=https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/1633 |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231082120/https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/1633/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngokomlando, umthetho wenkolo waba nethonya ezindabeni zezwe, futhi kuze kube sekhulwini lama-21, usasebenza kweminye imiphakathi yamakholwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Berman |first1=Harold J. |title=Religious Foundations of Law in the West: An Historical Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_summer-1983_1_1/page/3 |journal=Journal of Law and Religion |date=1983 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–43 |doi=10.2307/1051071 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|jstor=1051071 |s2cid=146933872 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fox |first1=Jonathan |last2=Sandler |first2=Shmuel |title=Separation of Religion and State in the Twenty-First Century: Comparing the Middle East and Western Democracies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-politics_2005-04_37_3/page/317 |journal=Comparative Politics |date=1 April 2005 |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=317 |doi=10.2307/20072892 |jstor=20072892}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Noel |title=Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in the Church of the Province of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia |journal=Deakin Law Review |date=2001 |volume=6 |issue=2 |page=262 |url=http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2001/14.html |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231152654/http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2001/14.html |url-status=live |archivedate=31 December 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231152654/http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2001/14.html |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Umthetho weShariya osekwe ezimiselweni zamasulumani usetshenziswa ngesimiso somthetho esiyinhloko emazweni ambalwa, ahlanganisa elase-Irani nalase-Saudi Arabiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Otto |editor1-first=Jan Michiel |title=Sharia incorporated: a comparative overview of the legal systems of twelve Muslim countries in past and present |publisher=Leiden University Press |isbn=9789087280574|year=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Raisch |first1=Marylin Johnson |title=Religious Legal Systems in Comparative Law: A Guide to Introductory Research – GlobaLex |url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Religious_Legal_Systems1.html |website=Hauser Global Law School Program |publisher=New York University School of Law |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231153027/https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Religious_Legal_Systems1.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukujula komthetho kungankampulwa ngezindalangala ezimbili: umthetho wasobala uphathelene nohulumeni nomphakathi wonke, kuhlanganisa umthetho-sisekelo, umthetho wokuphatha, kanye nomthetho wobugebengu; kuyilapho umthetho wangasese uphathelene nemibango yomthetho phakathi kwabemelelwe emikhakheni efana nezivumelwano , [[impahla]] , ukugeja, ukuphambeka, nomthetho wezentengiselwano.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Horwitz |first1=Morton J. |title=The History of the Public/Private Distinction |journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review |date=1 June 1982 |volume=130 |issue=6 |pages=1423–1428 |url=https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4677 |access-date=3 January 2020 |doi=10.2307/3311976 |jstor=3311976 |s2cid=51854776 }}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lo mehluko uyaqina emazweni anomthetho wobuntu, ikakhulu lawo anesimiso esihlukile sezinkantolo zolawulohlelo;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Merryman |first1=John Henry |title=The Public Law-Private Law Distinction in European and American Law |journal=Journal of Public Law |date=1968 |volume=17 |pages=3 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/emlj17&amp;div=5 |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212093232/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Femlj17&amp;div=5 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Saiman |first1=Chaim N. |title=Public Law, Private Law, and Legal Science |journal=American Journal of Comparative Law |date=6 July 2008 |volume=56 |issue=961 |pages=691–702 |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1155203 |access-date=3 January 2020 |publisher=Social Science Research Network |language=en |doi=10.5131/ajcl.2007.0023 |archive-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428195450/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1155203 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ngokuphambene, ukuhlukanisa umthetho ngokuthi osobala nongasese kugagulwa kancane kumagunyamandla womthetho wabehluleli.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Harlow |first1=Carol |title=&quot;Public&quot; and &quot;private&quot; law: definition without distinction |journal=The Modern Law Review |date=1 May 1980 |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=241–265 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1980.tb01592.x |language=en |issn=1468-2230|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Samuel |first1=Geoffrey |title=Public And Private Law: A Private Lawyer's Response |journal=The Modern Law Review |date=1 September 1983 |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=558–583 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1983.tb02534.x |language=en |issn=1468-2230|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umthetho uwumthombo wocwaningo lomlando womthetho,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gordley |first1=James |title=Comparative Law and Legal History |journal=The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law |pages=752–774 |date=16 November 2006 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.013.0024 |isbn=9780199296064 |url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199296064-e-024 |access-date=31 December 2019 |language=en |editor1-last=Reimann |editor1-first=Mathias |editor2-last=Zimmermann |editor2-first=Reinhard |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231074358/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199296064-e-024 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[injulalwazi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bor |first1=Fredric L. |title=The nexus between philosophy and law |journal=Journal of Legal Education |date=1974 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=539–543 |issn=0022-2208|jstor=42896964 }}&lt;/ref&gt; isihlaziyo sezomnotho&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Rubin |first1=Paul H. |title=Law and Economics |url=https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/LawandEconomics.html |website=The Library of Economics and Liberty |publisher=Liberty Fund, Inc. |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702122019/https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/LawandEconomics.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; nomthetho wokuhlalisana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Banakar |first1=Reza |title=Merging law and sociology : beyond the dichotomies in socio-legal research |date=2003 |publisher=Galda and Wilch Publishing |location=Berlin/Wisconsin |isbn=1-931255-13-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umthetho uphinde uphakamise imibuzo ebalulekile neyindida ngokuphathelene nokulingana, ukulunga nobulungiswa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Pound |first1=Roscoe |title=The End of Law as Developed in Legal Rules and Doctrines |journal=Harvard Law Review |date=1914 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=195–234 |doi=10.2307/1325958 |issn=0017-811X|jstor=1325958 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Justice and Injustice in Law and Legal Theory|date=1996|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=9780472096251|pages=18–19|doi=10.3998/mpub.10283|jstor=10.3998/mpub.10283|editor1-last=Sarat|editor1-first=Austin|editor2-last=Kearns|editor2-first=Thomas}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==uMsukagama==
Umsukagama welithi umthetho uvela esiqwini ''thetha'' , okuvela kuso isenzo sokuthetha esinezincazelo ezifana nokuqala icala, ukuthethisa (ukuthetha), nokukhipha isigqibo (isithetho). &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|publisher=Witwatersrand University Press|author=Doke, Vilakazi|title=Zulu-English Dictionary|date=1972|page=792-793}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Amaphatho==</text>
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== Ama-alibhamu ==
•First Class(2018)

•Dear Diary(2019)

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.Silent Treatment (2024)</text>
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== Ama-alibhamu ==
•First Class(2018)

•Dear Diary(2019)

•Ride Or Die(2020)

•One Night Stand(2021)

•Advantage EP(2022)

•Home Alone(2022)

•National Anthem(2023)

•Van Toeka(Back In The Day)(2024)

.Silent Treatment (2024)</text>
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      <text bytes="653" sha1="nucvwmpt1bif7fnba6jf3sudkg5ieki" xml:space="preserve">'''Umhela wezokwelapha''' [[Umhela wenzululwazi|ungumhela wenzululwazi]] obuyekezwe ngabalingani oqukethe ukwaziswa kwezokwelapha okubhekiswe ezinyangeni, nezinye izingcwepheshi zezempilo . Imihela ekhuluma ngobungoti obuhlukene bezokwelapha ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi '''imihela''' y'''ezokwelapha jikelele''' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Stevens|first1=Lise M.|last2=Lynm|first2=Cassio|last3=Glass|first3=Richard M.|date=2006-04-19|title=Medical Journals|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2006-04-19_295_15/page/n131|journal=JAMA|language=en|volume=295|issue=15|doi=10.1001/jama.295.15.1860|issn=0098-7484|page=1860|pmid=16622154}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5690" sha1="kfxgpsbdzrxbydrz34z730l69l1z70w" xml:space="preserve">'''Umthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika''' [[Umthethosisekelo|umthetho ophakeme]] we[[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|Riphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]]. Inikeza isisekelo esisemthethweni sokuba khona kwe-riphabhulikhi, ibeka amalungelo abantu nemisebenzi yezakhamuzi zayo, futhi ichaza ukwakheka kukaHulumeni. Umthetho-sisekelo wamanje, owesihlanu walelizwe, wasungulwa uMgwamanqa(iPhalamende) owakhethwa okhethweni lukawonke-wonke luka-1994. Yamenyezelwa ng[[Umongameli waseNingizimu Afrika|umongameli]] [[Nelson Mandela|UNelson Mandela]] ngo-18 kuZibandlela 1996 wase uyaqala ukusebenza ngo-4 kuNhlolanna 1997, ithatha indawo Umthetho-sisekelo Wesikhashana ka-1993. Umthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wamiswa Umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika ka-1909, owahlala isikhathi eside kunayo yonke kuze kube manje. Kusukela ngo-1961, umthetho-sisekelo uye wamemezela uhlobo lukahulumeni weriphabhulikhi.

Kusukela ngo-1997, uMthethosisekelo uye walungiswa ngezichibiyelo eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili. UMthethosisekelo ubizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi &quot;Umthethosisekelo weRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika, 1996.&quot; Ngaphambili wawubalwa njengokungathi wawuwumthetho wePhalamende - uMthetho we-108 ka-1996 - kodwa, selokhu kwamukelwa uMthetho Ukucashunwa Kwemithetho Yomthetho-sisekelo,  awukho noma umthetho owuchibiyelelayo onikezwe izinombolo zomthetho.

== Umlando ==

=== Umthetho-sisekelo wangaphambili waseNingizimu Afrika ===

I-South Africa Act 1909, umthetho wasePhalamende lase-''United Kingdom'', wahlanganisa amakoloni amane aseBrithani - iKoloni IKapa, iKoloni yaseNtilasifali, iKoloni I-Orange River neKoloni yaseNatali- yaba yi-''Union of South Africa'', engumbuso ozimele.

I-''Republic of South Africa Constitution Act'', ka-1961 yaguqula iyuniyoni yaba yiriphabhilikhi, esikhundleni sokwenganyrlwa yiNdlovukazi yaseNgilande yenganyelwa nguMongameli wezwe, kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho yashiya uhlelo oluningi lukahulumeni lungaguquliwe. Ku-referendum, ukhetho lokuqala lukazwelonke olwalunabamhlophe kuphela, lo Mthetho wamukelwa kancane, kunabantu abambalwa esifundazweni saseKapa kanye neningi elinamandla eNatali eliphikisana nawo.

I-Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, ka-1983, iphinde yamukelwa yi-referendum yabamhlophe kuphela, yasungula iPhalamende le-Tricameral, nezindlu ezihlukene ezimele abamhlophe, amaKhaladi namaNdiya kodwa ngaphandle kokumelwa kwabamnyama. UMongameli weZwe oyinhloko kanye noNdunankulu ophethe kwahlanganiswa kwaba nguMongameli ophethe wezwe, okhethwe yiphalamende. Lesi sici sisekhona kuze kube namuhla futhi cishe siyingqayizivele eNingizimu Afrika (ngaphandle kweBotswana engumakhelwane).

I-[[Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993|Constitution of the Republic of South Africa]], ka-1993 noma uMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana wamenyezelwa ekupheleni [[Uhlelo lobandlululo|koBandlululo]] ukulawula inkathi yokuguquka. Yethula, ngokokuqala ngqá, uhlaka lwentando yeningi ekhululekile, ukuvotelwa kwabantu abadala emhlabeni wonke kanye nomthetho wamalungelo.

=== Izingxoxo ===

Ingxenye ebalulekile yezingxoxo zokuqeda ubandlululo eNingizimu Afrika kwakuwukwakhiwa komthethosisekelo omusha. Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu okwakuphikiswana ngazo kwakuyinqubo lapho umthetho-sisekelo onjalo owawuzokwamukelwa ngayo. [[African National Congress|I-African National Congress]] (ANC) yaphikelela ngokuthi kufanele ibhalwe yibutho lomthethosisekelo elikhethwe ngentando yeningi, kuyilapho i-National Party (NP) ebusayo yayesaba ukuthi amalungelo amaqembu amancane ngeke avikelwe kulenqubo enjalo, futhi yahlongoza ukuthi esikhundleni salokho umthetho-sisekelo kufanele uxoxiswane ngokuvumelana phakathi kwamaqembu bese ufakwa ku-referendum. &lt;ref name=&quot;goldstone&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=Richard|last1=Goldstone|title=The South African Bill of Rights|year=1997|page=451–470}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Izingxoxo ezisemthethweni zaqala ngoZibandlela ka-1991 e-Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA). Amaqembu avumelana ngenqubo lapho Umthetho-sisekelo wesikhashana okuxoxiswana ngawo uzonikeza ibutho lomthethosisekelo elokhethiwe lokubhala umthetho-sisekelo ongunomphela. Izingxoxo ze-CODESA zaphela, noma kunjalo, ngemuva komhlangano wesibili we-plenary ngoMeyi 1992. Elinye lamaphuzu amakhulu okuphikisana kwakuwubukhulu beningi eliyodingeka ukuze ibutho lamukele umthetho-sisekelo: I-NP yayifuna izidingo ezingama-75 ekhulwini(75%),&lt;ref name=&quot;goldstone&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Richard|last=Goldstone|author-link=Richard Goldstone|title=The South African Bill of Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_texas-international-law-journal_summer-1997_32_3/page/451|year=1997|journal=Texas International Law Journal|volume=32|pages=451–470}}&lt;/ref&gt; okwakuyisinikeze ukuvinjelwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;barnes&quot; /&gt;

NgoMbasa ka-1993, amaqembu abuyela ezingxoxweni, kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-Multi-Party Negotiating Process (MPNP). Ikomiti le-MPNP lahlongoza ukuthuthukiswa kweqoqo &quot;lezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo&quot; lezi umthetho-sisekelo wokugcina okwakuzodingeka uvumelane nazo, ukuze inkululeko eyisisekelo iqinisekiswe futhi amalungelo abambalwa avikelwe, ngaphandle kokulinganisela ngokweqile indima yebutho lomthetho-sisekelo elikhethiwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;goldstone&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Richard|last=Goldstone|author-link=Richard Goldstone|title=The South African Bill of Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_texas-international-law-journal_summer-1997_32_3/page/451|year=1997|journal=Texas International Law Journal|volume=32|pages=451–470}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaqembu e-MPNP amukela lo mbono futhi aqhubeka nokubhala uMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana ka-1993, owamiswa ngokusemthethweni y[[IPhalamende laseNingizimu Afrika|IPhalamende]] futhi waqala ukusebenza ngo-27 April 1994.</text>
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    <title>Ubuhlonzi ngokwesiko</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3489" sha1="1d786qg6r2wfduepa5uskp1u316gl04" xml:space="preserve">'''Ukuzazi ngokwesiko''' kuyingxenye [[Ubuhlonzi|yesiqu]] somuntu, noma ukuzicabangela kwakhe kanye nokuzibona kwakhe, futhi kuhlobene nobuzwe, ubuhlanga, [[inkolo]], isigaba senhlalo, isizukulwane, indawo, [[ubulili]] nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lweqembu elingokwenhlalo elinosiko lwalo oluhlukile. Ngale ndlela, ubunikazi bamasiko kuyisici somuntu ngamunye kuphinde kube yisici seqembu elifanayo ngokwesiko lamalungu abelana ngobunikazi obufanayo bamasiko noma indlela abakhuliswe ngayo. Ubunikazi beSiko kuyinqubo engalungisiwe eqhubeka ngokuguquka phakathi kwezinkulumo zezenhlalo, amasiko, kanye nezomlando. Abanye abantu babhekana nezinguquko eziningi zobunikazi bamasiko uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye, labo abashintsha kancane ngokuvamile baba nobunikazi obucacile bamasiko. Lokhu kusho ukuthi banokuhlanganisa okunamandla nokho okuzinzile kwesiko labo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Usborne|first1=Esther|last2=Sablonniere|first2=Roxane|date=December 2014|title=Understanding My Culture Means Understanding Myself: The Function of Cultural Identity Clarity for Personal Identity Clarity and Personal Psychological Well-Being.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-for-the-theory-of-social-behaviour_2014-12_44_4/page/436|journal=Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour|volume=44|issue=4|pages=436|doi=10.1111/jtsb.12061}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kunezingcezu ezintathu ezakha isazi somuntu ngokwamasiko: [[ULwazi|ulwazi]] lwamasiko, ilebula yesigaba, nokuxhumana nabantu. Ulwazi lwamasiko lubhekisela ekuxhumekeni komuntu kubunikazi bakhe ngokuqonda izici eziyinhloko zesiko labo. Ilebula yesigaba ibhekisela ekuxhumekeni komuntu kubunikazi bakhe ngobulungu obungaqodile bamasiko ashiwo. Ukuxhumana komphakathi kubhekisela ekuxhumekeni komuntu kubunikazi bakhe ngobudlelwane bakhe bomphakathi. Ubunikazi bamasiko buthuthukiswa ngochungechunge lwezinyathelo. Okokuqala, [[umuntu]] uthola ukuqonda [[isiko]] ngokugxila kulawo magugu, izinkolelo, nemikhuba. Okwesibili, umuntu ube esekhomba njengelungu lalelo siko ngokuya ngesikhundla sakhe kulowo mphakathi. Okwesithathu, bakha ubudlelwano obunjengomndeni oseduze, abangani abaseduze, osebenza nabo nomakhelwane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Wan|first1=Ching|last2=Chew|first2=Pony Yuen-Ga|date=2013-09-04|title=Cultural knowledge, category label, and social connections: Components of cultural identity in the global, multicultural context|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ajsp.12029|journal=Asian Journal of Social Psychology|volume=16|issue=4|pages=247–259|doi=10.1111/ajsp.12029|issn=1367-2223}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ISIKO LOMEMULO|Isiko]] igama eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi elivame ukuphikisana nezifundiswa eziqopha ukuhlukahluka kwencazelo engu-160. ukweseka umcabango wesiko ukuthi liyashintshashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nasezimeni ezahlukene okuholela ekutheni [[Abantu abansundu|abantu]] abaningi namuhla bazihlonze ngesiko elilodwa noma ngaphezulu kanye nezindlela eziningi ezahlukene.

Kuyisici esichaza ukuthi umuntu ungubani, esinengxenye endleleni azibona ngayo namaqembu azibonayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Anthony P.|date=1993|title=Culture as Identity: An Anthropologist's View|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/469278|journal=New Literary History|volume=24|issue=1|pages=195–209|doi=10.2307/469278|jstor=469278|issn=0028-6087}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukuqonda komuntu ngobuntu bakhe kanye nobunye kukhula kusukela ekuzalweni futhi kubunjwa yizindinganiso nezimo zengqondo ezikhona ekhaya nasemphakathini ozungezile.</text>
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    <title>Ukukhubazeka kokufunda</title>
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      <text bytes="6344" sha1="gd41nlhtsv6h19axt7wsuqz8ch6iz2q" xml:space="preserve">'''Ukukhubazeka kokufunda''' yisimo lapho umuntu ebonisa ubunzima bokufunda . Izibonelo zokukhubazeka kokufunda zifaka ukuthuthuka bobunzima kokufunda nokubhala ne-allexia (i-dyslexia etholakalayo).

== Incazelo ==
I- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ichaza ukukhubazeka kokufunda noma i-dyslexia kanje: &quot;I-Dyslexia iwuhlobo lokukhubazeka lokufunda olusekelwe ebuchosheni oluthikameza ngokuqondile ikhono lomuntu lokufunda . Laba bantu ngokuvamile bafunda emazingeni aphansi kakhulu kunalokho okulindelekile naphezu kokuba nokuhlakanipha okuvamile. Nakuba lesi sifo sihluka kumuntu nomuntu, izici ezivamile phakathi kwabantu abane-dyslexia yobunzima (i-dyslexia) iyinkinga evamile phakathi kwabantu abane-dyslexia enzima . kwemisindo), kanye nokusabela okusheshayo kokubukwayo nakwamazwi Kubantu abadala, i [[Isifuzisi|-]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;dyslexia ivame ukwenzeka ngemva kokulimala kobuchopho noma esimweni sokuwohloka komqondo. Incazelo ye-NINDS ayihambisani nenqwaba yezifundo zesayensi eziphetha ngokuthi abukho ubufakazi obusikisela ukuthi i-dyslexia nokuhlakanipha kuhlobene.  Incazelo ihambisana kakhulu nocwaningo lwanamuhla kanye nemodeli yokungafani ekhishweyo yokuxilongwa kwe-dyslexia: &lt;ref name=&quot;Discrepancy Definitions of Reading Disability: Has Intelligence Led Us Astray?&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stanovich|first=K|title=Discrepancy Definitions of Reading Disability: Has Intelligence Led Us Astray?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_reading-research-quarterly_1991_26_1/page/7|journal=Reading Research Quarterly|date=Winter 1991|volume=26|issue=1|page=7–29}} https://www.jstor.org/stable/747729?origin=crossref&amp;seq=1&lt;/ref&gt;

* I-Dyslexia iwubunzima bokufunda obuthinta ngokuyinhloko amakhono ahilelekile ekufundweni kwamagama okunembe nokushelelayo kanye nesipelingi.
* Izici zezimpawu ze-dyslexia ziwubunzima bokuqwashisa ngemisindo, inkumbulo yomlomo kanye nesivinini sokucubungula ngamazwi.
* I-Dyslexia yenzeka kulo lonke uhla lwamakhono obuhlakani.
* Kungcono kakhulu kucatshangwe njengokuqhubekayo, hhayi isigaba esihlukile, futhi awekho amaphuzu acacile anqunyiwe.
* Ubunzima obukhona bungase bubonakale ezicini zolimi, ukusebenzisana kwezimoto, ukubala kwengqondo, ukugxilisa ingqondo kanye nokuhlelwa komuntu siqu, kodwa lokhu akuzona, ngokwazo, izimpawu ze-dyslexia.
* Isibonakaliso esihle sobunzima nokuphikelela kobunzima be-dyslexic singatholwa ngokuhlola indlela umuntu asabela ngayo noma asabele ekungeneleleni okunesisekelo esihle. 

== Ukukhubazeka kokufunda ==

=== I-Dyslexia ===
I-Dyslexia iwukukhubazeka ekufundeni okuzibonakalisa njengobunzima bokuhlukanisa amagama nokufunda ngokushelelayo. Ukuqonda kungase kuthinteke ngenxa yobunzima bokwenza amakhodi, kodwa akusona isici esiyinhloko se-dyslexia. Ihlukanisiwe futhi ihlukile ebunzimeni bokufunda obubangelwa ezinye izimbangela, njengokungakwazi ukubona noma ukuzwa, noma imfundo empofu noma enganele yokufunda . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Explaining the Differences Between the Dyslexic and the Garden-Variety Poor Reader: The Phonological-Core Variable-Difference Model|page=590–604}} https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002221948802101003&lt;/ref&gt; Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-dyslexia ithinta phakathi kwe-5-17% yabantu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The development of reading impairment: A cognitive neuroscience model|page=196–205}} https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrdd.10080&lt;/ref&gt;  I-Dyslexia ihlongozwe ukuba ibe nezinhlobo ezintathu ezingaphansi kwengqondo (okuzwayo, okubonakalyo, kanye nokunaka), nakuba izimo zomuntu ngamunye ze-dyslexia zichazwa kangcono ngokushiyeka okungaphansi kwe-neuropsychological kanye nokukhubazeka kokufunda okwenzeka ngokubambisana (isib. ukushoda kokunaka / ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukukhubazeka kwezibalo, njll ). Nakuba kungekona ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, kubhekwa kokubili ukukhubazeka kokufunda kanye nokukhubazeka kokufundela ukuqonda. I-Dyslexia ne -IQ ayihlobene, njengoba ukufunda nokuqonda kukhula ngokuzimela kubantu abane-dyslexia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Uncoupling of Reading and IQ Over Time: Empirical Evidence for a Definition of Dyslexia|page=93–101}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Izinkinga zezinzwa zingabangela ukulimala ekulawuleni imisipha yamehlo okungase kubangele i-diplopia.&quot; 

=== I-hyperlexia ===
Izingane ezine-hyperlexic zibonakala ngekhono lokufunda amagama angaphezu kwalawo alindelwe uma kubhekwa iminyaka yazo nama-IQ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Newman|first1=Tina M.|last2=Macomber|first2=Donna|last3=Naples|first3=Adam J.|last4=Babitz|first4=Tammy|last5=Volkmar|first5=Fred|last6=Grigorenko|first6=Elena L.|title=Hyperlexia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-autism-and-developmental-disorders_2007-04_37_4/page/760|journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders|date=5 April 2007|volume=37|issue=4|pages=760–774|doi=10.1007/s10803-006-0206-y|pmid=17048093}}&lt;/ref&gt; I-Hyperlexia ingabhekwa njengokuqina lapho ikhono lokuqaphela igama lidlula kakhulu amazinga ekhono alindelekile. &lt;ref name=&quot;Grigorenko&quot; /&gt; Nokho, naphezu kwezinkinga ezimbalwa zokuqopha, ukuqonda akulungile. Amanye ama-hyperlexics nawo anenkinga yokuqonda inkulumo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Grigorenko&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Grigorenko|first1=Elena L.|last2=Klin|first2=Ami|last3=Volkmar|first3=Fred|title=Annotation: Hyperlexia: disability or superability?: Hyperlexia: disability or superability?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-child-psychology-and-psychiatry_2003-11_44_8/page/1079|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry|date=November 2003|volume=44|issue=8|pages=1079–1091|doi=10.1111/1469-7610.00193|pmid=14626452}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iningi lezingane ezinehyperlexia zitholakala ku- autism spectrum . &lt;ref name=&quot;Grigorenko&quot; /&gt; Phakathi kwe-5-10% yezingane ze-autistic ziye zalinganiselwa ukuthi zine-hyperlexic. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burd, Kerbeshian, 1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Burd|first1=Larry|last2=Kerbeshian|first2=Jacob|title=Hyperlexia and a Variant of Hypergraphia|url=https://archive.org/details/perceptual-and-motor-skills_1985-06_60_3/page/940|journal=Perceptual and Motor Skills|date=June 1985|volume=60|issue=3|pages=940–942|doi=10.2466/pms.1985.60.3.940|pmid=3927257}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ukulundiswa ==
Ukulungiswa kuhlanganisa yomibili imiyalelo efanele yokulungisa kanye namagumbi okufundela.

== Bhekafuthi ==

== Imithombo yolwazi ==</text>
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      <text bytes="877" sha1="fozggjmsejvq9mj53m7ugp8zlizrbb1" xml:space="preserve">'''Imvoko''' ibizo elisho izwe elizimele ngokomthetho kodwa elingaphansi kwethonya elinamandla l[[ezombusazwe]], ezomnotho, nezempi noma ukulawulwa kwelinye izwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Betts|first1=R. R.|title=The European Satellite States: Their War Contribution and Present Position|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-affairs_1945-01_21_1/page/15|journal=International Affairs|volume=21|issue=1|date=January 1945|pages=15–29|doi=10.2307/3018989|jstor=3018989}}&lt;/ref&gt; Leli gama lihlobene nelithi izivoko elisho Izinto ezibekwa emkhathini ukuba zizungeze umZulane

Elithi imvoko lisetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukubhekisela emazweni angamalungu e-Central and Eastern Europe e-Warsaw Pact ngesikhathi Impi Yomshoshaphansi, kanye naseMongolia naseTuva phakathi kuka-1924 no-1990, konke okwakubuswa ngokwezomnotho, ngokwesiko, nangokwezombusazwe yISoviet Union.</text>
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      <text bytes="2092" sha1="r23nb8hi1rfx5iy0b0ui2cccric1w5m" xml:space="preserve">'''Uhlakahlisombulu''' luyikhono lezinhlelo zokucikiza eziqhogoya imisebenzi evame ukuyamaniswa nenhlakahliso yomuntu, njengokufunda, ukucubungula, ukuxazulula izinkinga, ukushwaya, nokwenza izinqumo. Uhlakahlisombulu selusetshenziswe ezinhlelweni eziningi ezimbonini nakwangqondonkulu. Emkhakheni woHlakahlisombulu, kunemikhakhana eminingana. Umkhakhana [[Ukufunda kwenguxa|woKufunda kwenguxa]] usetshenziselwa izinhloso ezahlukahlukene zenzululwazi nezentengiselwano&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Brynjolfsson|first1=Erik|last2=Mitchell|first2=Tom|title=What can machine learning do? Workforce implications|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2017-12-22_358_6370/page/1530|journal=Science|date=22 December 2017|volume=358|issue=6370|pages=1530–1534|doi=10.1126/science.aap8062|pmid=29269459|bibcode=2017Sci...358.1530B}}&lt;/ref&gt; ezihlanganisa [[Ukuhumusha kwenguxa|ukuhumusha ulimi]], Ukuhlonza isithombe, Ukwenza izinqumo,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=Minkyu|last2=Kim|first2=Jin|title=Superhuman artificial intelligence can improve human decision-making by increasing novelty|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|date=2023|volume=120|issue=12|doi=10.1073/pnas.2214840120|pmid=36913582|bibcode=2023PNAS..12014840S}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Yiting|last2=Liu|first2=Tracy Xiao|title=The emergence of economic rationality of GPT|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|date=2023|volume=120|issue=51|doi=10.1073/pnas.2316205120|pmid=38085780|bibcode=2023PNAS..12016205C}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ukulinganisa izikweletu, kanye nezentengiselwano kuxhakaxholo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwaba nentuthuko enkulu emkhakheni [[UHlakahlisombulu oluphehlayo|wohlakahlsombulu oluphehlayo]], olusebenzisa izinongo eziphehlayo ukukhiqiza umbhalo, izithombe, amavidiyo noma ezinye izinhlobo zemininingo. Lesi sibualwa sichazisa ngokusetshenziswa kohlakahlisombulu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene.</text>
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      <text bytes="1306" sha1="bwwzk8znfjt2kgdfj5kk2etuvhtmivl" xml:space="preserve">'''Imisipha''' iyizicubu ezithambile ezikhethekile, enye yezinhlobo ezine eziyisisekelo zezicubu zezilwane . Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezicubu zemisipha ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla :- &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwDw&quot;&gt;izicubu zemisipha yogaga&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwEQ&quot;&gt;izicubu zemisipha yenhliziyo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, kanye &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b id=&quot;mwEw&quot;&gt;nezicubu zemisipha ezibushelelezi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . Izicubu zemisipha zinika imisipha yesikhehle ikhono lokubuthaza nokuphumula . Izicubu zemisipha ziqukethe isakhamzimba ezikhethekile zokubuthaza ezibizwa ngokuthi i-actin kanye ne-myosin ezisebenzisanayo ukuze zibange ukunyakaza. Phakathi kwezinye izakhamzimba eziningi zemisipha kukhona nezakhamzimba ezimbili ezilawulayo, i-troponin kanye ne-tropomyosin . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ebashi|first1=S.|last2=Endo|first2=M.|date=1968|title=Calcium ion and muscle contraction|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_progress-in-biophysics-and-molecular-biology_1968_18/page/123|journal=Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology|volume=18|pages=123–183|doi=10.1016/0079-6107(68)90023-0|issn=0079-6107|pmid=4894870}}&lt;/ref&gt; Imisipha yakheka ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kombungu, enqubweni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-myogenesis . &lt;ref name=&quot;eLS&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|page=1–10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Isicubu esiwumsipha]]
[[Category:Uhlelo lwemisipha]]</text>
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      <comment>Okusalungiswa</comment>
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      <text bytes="434" sha1="5w81k3nfdtop33vhp752v67r7vs1ypg" xml:space="preserve">Igama lami ngingu Mhlengukhona


[[User:Mhlengukhona/Draft1/Okusalungiswa.|Okusalungiswa 1]]  *[[User:Mhlengukhona/Draft1/Okusalungiswa|Okusalungiswa2]]* [[User:Mhlengukhona/Draft1/Okusalungiswa3|Okusalungiswa3]]* [[Okusalungiswa4]]* [[Mhlengikhona/Draft4/Okusalungiswa5|Okusalungiswa5]]*[[Mhlengukhona/draft6/Okusalungiswa6|Okusalungiswa6]]*[[Mhlengukhona/Draft/Okusalungiswa7|Okusalungiswa7]]*[[Okusalungiswa8]]*[[Okusalungiswa9]]*</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Owesifazane</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="14042" sha1="r4wjp6ahqogf3z88l0l3hzcml5x89sz" xml:space="preserve">[[File:African_woman_rusinga.jpg|alt=African_woman_rusinga|right|390x390px]]
'''Owesifazane''' noma '''umame''' ungumuntu [[Isifazane|oyisifazane]] omdala. Ngaphambi kokuba ngumuntu omdala, udlula esigabeni sokuba uyingane yesifazane ebizwa ngokuthi [[intombazane]], nasesigabeni sokuba [[Ubuntombi|intombi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Definition of girl noun |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/girl?q=girl |website=Oxford learner's Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Umhlakahlo|Ngokomhlakahlo]], inkondolo yesifazane evamile yokuba umuntu osimombaxa ngokobulili (''sexual dimorphism'') [[Uhlelo lokuzala lesifazane|iwuhlelo lokuzala lesifazane]], elihlanganisa [[Iqanda eliyimbewu|amaqanda]], amathumbu kaFallopi, [[isibeletho]], [[inhlunu]], [[Igolo|negolo]]. Ezinye izinkondolo abanazo [[Ibele nesibele|ngamabele]] (abesilisa banezibele) akhiqiza ubisi lomuntu, kanye [[Unkimfi|nonkimfi]] omkhudlwana [[Inqulu|nenqulu]] ebanzi. Lezi zinkondolo zenza kube lula [[ukukhulelwa]], ukubeletha, [[Ukuncelisa|nokuncelisa]]. Ezinye izinkondolo ezengeziwe kowesifazane zihlanganisa izinwele zomzimba ezimbalwa, inani lamafutha omzimba eliphezulu, ukungabi mude, nesisindo semisipha esincane. Abesifazane basengcupheni enkulu yokuba nezifo ezifana nomdlavuza wamabele, Kodwa basengcupheni encane yokuba nezifo ezifana nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ngokufuzo, abesifazane bathola ibhanqa leziphathafuzo X, elilodwa kumzali ngamunye. Ukwehlukana ngokobulili kombungu oyisifazane kulawulwa ukusweleka kwesifuzisi SRY esisebenzayo kunoma yisiphi isiphathafuzo sobulili.&lt;ref name=&quot;Passarge&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Passarge |first1=Eberhard |title=Color Atlas of Genetics |date=2017 |publisher=New York |isbn=978-3-13-241440-2 |page=362 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abanye abesifazane banobulili obuphakathi, okusho ukuthi banezinkondolo zobulili ezixakile ezifana nalezi  (chromosomes, genitalia or internal sex organs), Ubuthathu X noma ingquthu evalekile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity/intersex-people|title=Intersex people|website=OHCHR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704234650/https://www.ohchr.org/en/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity/intersex-people|archive-date=4 July 2024|publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |author-link=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |title=Free &amp; Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex |date=2015 |url=https://unfe.org/system/unfe-65-Intersex_Factsheet_ENGLISH.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420201431/https://unfe.org/system/unfe-65-Intersex_Factsheet_ENGLISH.pdf|archive-date=20 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abesifazane abashintshubulili bayilabo abazalwe bangabesilisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;apa.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 March 2023 |title=Understanding transgender people, gender identity and gender expression |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/transgender-people-gender-identity-gender-expression |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=American Psychological Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501074517/https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/transgender-people-gender-identity-gender-expression|archive-date=1 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abesifazane bamqoka emphakathini wabantu futhi babelokhu banezikhundla kuwo wonke amazinga omphakathi emlandweni, kodwa izindima zobulili ezihlelwe yimvunabudoda (patriarchy) bezilokhu zibavimba ukuze zichachaze phezu kwabesifazane. Lapho lezi zindima ziqala ukungasalandelwa ekhulwini lama-20 emiphakathini eminingi, abesifazane baye bakwazi ukufikelela kwezemfundo nemisebenzi eminingi. Amalungelo wezokuzala, namalungelo wabesifazane ayaqhubeka nokuphakanyiswa, ikakhulu emazweni ancisha abesifazane amalungelo.  Udlame oluhleliwe kwabesifazane ngokuyinhloko lwenziwa abesilisa. Izinkolo eziningi kanye nohulumeni, bashaye imithetho ethile yabesifazane. Ubunazi buwumbutho uhlose ukuba kube nokulingana phakathi kobulili.

== uMsukagama ==
Elithi owesifazane nelithi isifazane, womabili lamagama ayisiphawulo selithi umfazi, lona eliphambana nelithi umufo (indoda. Okusho ukuthi elithi umufo lisebenza kwabesilisa, bese elithi umfazi lisebenze komame. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isijobelelo &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;azi&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; sijotshwe kwelithi umufo, njengalapho lijotshelelwa kwethi indoda + azi = indodakazi, noma inkomo + azi = onkomazi. Elithi isifazane lisho bonke abantu abanobulili besifazane, kuhlanganisa namantombazane kufika kwizalukazi, bese elithi owesifazane lona livame ukusebenza komame asebakhulile. Kodwa lamagama abuye asebenziswe ngokushintshana ngokobulili nangokwesigaba sokukhulu. Elithi umfazi lona lisho owesifazane oganile. Isichazamazwi sikaVilakazi sithi elithi umfazi akufanele lisethsneziswe kubo bonke omame, kungcono kusetshenziswe elithi owesifazane.
Amagama wokuhlonipha owesifazane noma umfazi athi umnazi, umyazi.

==Umchazampilo==
=== Izinkondolo zofuzo ===
[[File:Anterior view of human female and male, with labels zulu.jpg|thumb|Isithombe somuntu wesilisa nowesifazane, amashishi asuswe ngebomu|265x265px]]
[[Image:Sky spectral karyotype.png|upright|thumb|Isithombe senkobofuzo yesifazane]]
Ngokuvamil, amangqamuzana esifazane aqukethe iziphathafuzo X ezimbili, kuyilapho amangqamuzana omuntu wesilisa aqukethe iziphathafuzo X ne-Y.&lt;ref name=Hake&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hake |first1=Laura |last2=O'Connor |first2=Clare |title=Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination |journal=Nature Education |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=2008 |page=25 |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-mechanisms-of-sex-determination-314/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lapho umuntu esengumbungu, lonke ufuzo lombungu linamadlala womphambili esifazane kufika esontweni lomkhothi, lapho kuvela umehluko wamasende esilisa ngenxa yokusebenza kwesifuzisi SRY kusiphahafuzo Y. Umehluko ngokobulli uyaqhubeka ukusebenza komuntu wesifazane ngendlela ezimele nengancikile kumachicho wamadlala omphambili.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pardue-2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences |last2=Wizemann |first2=Theresa M. |last3=Pardue |first3=Mary-Lou |title=Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health |chapter=Sex Begins in the Womb |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222286/ |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en |date= 2001 |isbn=978-0-309-07281-6 |doi=10.17226/10028 |pmid=25057540 |quote=All human individuals{{snd}}whether they have an XX, an XY, or an atypical sex chromosome combination{{snd}}begin development from the same starting point. During early development the gonads of the fetus remain undifferentiated; that is, all fetal genitalia are the same and are phenotypically female. After approximately 6 to 7 weeks of gestation, however, the expression of a gene on the Y chromosome induces changes that result in the development of the testes.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngenxa yokuthi abantu banoLibofuzo lwe-mitochondria evela eqamdei likamama, abacwaningi bomlando wofuzo bayakwazi ukuthungatha ikhwali icaleni likamama kuya endulo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=Investigative Genetics |title=Maternal ancestry and population history from whole mitochondrial genomes |last=Kivisild |first=Toomas |date=2015 |volume=6 |page=3 |doi=10.1186/s13323-015-0022-2 |doi-access=free |pmid=25798216 |pmc=4367903 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ukuthomba, iqako nokunqamuka ===
&lt;!---Topic: Puberty---&gt;
Ukuthomba yikona okudala izinguquko emzimbeni. Ngenxa yokusabela eziyabizweni zevange ezivela kwimfomavange (pituitary gland), amaqanda achicha amachicho akhuthaza ukukhula komzimba, kuhlanganisa nokwanda kobude nesinzima, ukukhula kwezinwele, ukukhula kwamabele nokuya odweni (ukuqala kodwa).&lt;ref name=&quot;UK menarche&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Hamilton-Fairley | first=Diana | title=Lecture notes. Obstetrics and gynaecology | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | publication-place=Chichester, UK | date=2009 | isbn=978-1-4051-7801-3 | oclc=230193908}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inngi lamantombazane liya odweni lapho luneminyaka eli-12–13.&lt;ref name=&quot;Canadian menarche&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=Age at menarche in Canada: results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children &amp; Youth |year= 2010 |pmid=21110899 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-10-736 |pmc=3001737 |volume=10 |vauthors=Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H |journal=BMC Public Health |article-number=736 |doi-access= free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;U.S. menarche&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A |title =Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatrics_2003-04_111_4/page/844 |journal=Pediatrics |volume=111 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=844–850 |date=April 2003 |pmid=12671122 |doi=10.1542/peds.111.4.844 |bibcode =2003Pedia.111..844A }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!---Topic: Menstruation---&gt;
Uqako lona liwumjikelezo wamachicho wanyanga zonke obandakanya ukuphuma kwegazi elisesibelethweni. Kuthiwa ukuya esikhathini. Igazi livame ukuphuma ngenhlunu. Imijekelezo yoqako ayiqali ngokulandela uhlelo olucacile, futhi ivamise ukwanda kwabesifazane abangephezu kweminyaka engama-20..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Menstrual Cycle |access-date=19 November 2025 |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/10132-menstrual-cycle |publisher=Cleveland Clinic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iningi labesifazane liyakwazi ukuqhubeka nobuqhebeqhebe nemisebenzi yalo lapho lisesikhathini,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Schoep ME, Nieboer TE, van der Zanden M, Braat DD, Nap AW | title = The impact of menstrual symptoms on everyday life: a survey among 42,879 women | journal = American Journal of Obstetric Gynecology | volume = 220 | issue = 6 | date = 2019 | pages = 569.e1–569.e7 | pmid = 30885768 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.02.048 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; nakuba abanye bebhekana nezimpawu ezifana nezinhlungu&lt;ref name=AFP2011&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Biggs WS, Demuth RH | title = Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2011-10-15_84_8/page/918 | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 84 | issue = 8 | pages = 918–924 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 22010771 }}&lt;/ref&gt; noma bevinjwa ekwenzeni imisebenzi ngenxa yezinkolelo zomphakathi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=PLOS ONE |last1=Thakuri |first1=Dipendra |last2=Thapa |first2=Rashan |title=A harmful religio-cultural practice (Chhaupadi) during menstruation among adolescent girls in Nepal: Prevalence and policies for eradication |pmid=34469491 |date=1 September 2021 |volume=16 |issue=9 |article-number=e0256968 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0256968 |doi-access=free |pmc=8409632 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1656968T }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Pregnancy 26 weeks 1.jpg|thumb|upright|A pregnant woman|alt=nude woman in the middle of pregnancy|left]]

&lt;!---Topic: Fertility--&gt;
Izinguquko ezenzeka lapho ethomba yizo ezivumela ukuzala. Ukukhulelwa kwenzeka lapho kuhlangana amalotha owesilisa namaqanda owesifazane. Abantu bayafana nezinye izincelisi ezinkulu njengoba bevame ukuzala inzalo eyodwa ngokumitha kunye, kodwa futhi ba (altricial) ngokungavamile, okusho ukuthi inzalo ayikathuthuke ngokwanele lapho izalwa futhi kudingeka ilekelelwe noma inakekelwe abazali kufika ikwazi ukuzimela.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Overview of Multiple Pregnancy |url=https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=overview-of-multiple-pregnancy-85-P08019 |website=Stanford Medicine Children's Health |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203041432/https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=overview-of-multiple-pregnancy-85-P08019|archive-date=3 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngezinye izikhathi, abantu bazala amawele noma amaphahla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Twins, Triplets, Multiple Births |url=https://medlineplus.gov/twinstripletsmultiplebirths.html |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=medlineplus.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423012709/https://medlineplus.gov/twinstripletsmultiplebirths.html|archive-date=23 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!---Menopause---&gt;
Ngokuvamile lapho owesifazane eneminyaka engama-49–52, ufika enkathini yonqamuko, lapho kunqamuka khona uqako noma ukuya esikhathini naphakade, futhi ngeke esakwazi ukukhulelwa nokuzala.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2013Def&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2013-06-28|title=Menopause: Overview|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111845/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=8 March 2015|publisher=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PubMed2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 August 2013|title=Menopause: Overview|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072495/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181404/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072495/|archive-date=10 September 2017|access-date=8 March 2015|publisher=PubMedHealth}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tak2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Takahashi TA, Johnson KM|date=May 2015|title=Menopause|journal=The Medical Clinics of North America|volume=99|issue=3|pages=521–34|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006|pmid=25841598|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izimpawu zonqamuko zihlanganisa ukushiselwa, ukujuluka ebusuku, nokunkeketha kwekhanda, nezinye; ukuguqula indlela yokuphila nemishanguzo kungalekelela ukubhekana nazo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-are-the-34-symptoms-of-menopause |title=What are the 34 symptoms of menopause, and what helps? |date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302041116/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-are-the-34-symptoms-of-menopause|archive-date=2 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Izinkondolo zochazomzimba nokwakheka ===

[[Image:Scheme female reproductive system-en.svg|thumb|The [[human female reproductive system]]|alt=diagram of internal anatomy]]

== Amaphatho ==
&lt;references /&gt;
KZNNAMUHLA NEWS PAGE

KZN NEWS PAGE

NEWSROOM AFRIKA</text>
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      <comment>ngenze u draft 5</comment>
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      <text bytes="174" sha1="ey7vh87qdx3oo2wzebwkwwaiucnjp8o" xml:space="preserve">I gama lami ngingu Stewdiey


[[User:Stewdiey/Draft 1|Draft 1]]     -     [[User:Stewdiey/Draft 2|Draft 2]]

[[Draft 3]]       -      [[Draft4|Draft 4]]

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      <comment>ngenze u draft 5</comment>
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[[User:Stewdiey/Draft 1|Draft 1]]     -     [[User:Stewdiey/Draft 2|Draft 2]]

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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="13298" sha1="4rhb0cmgsqzgm2ji2j6xt9plw3xzm88" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Noun depression 2686170.svg|thumb|Umfanekiso oveza ukhwantalala]]
'''Ukhwantalala''' luyisimo sengqondo somnyinyitheko nokuswaza ubuqhebeqhebe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016 |title= Depression Basics |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression|access-date=22 October 2020 |website=NIMH |archive-date=11 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611091923/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/complete-index.shtml|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Luthinta cishe u-3.5% wabantu bomhlaba wonke, noma abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingama-280 emhlabeni wonke jikelele kusukela ngonyaka wezi-2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Depression |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226072232/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression |archive-date=26 December 2020 |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=[[World Health Organization]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukhwantalala luthinta [[Umcabango|imicabango]] yomuntu, ukuziphatha, [[Umuzwa|imizwa]], kanye [[Injabulo echemayo|nomuzwa wenjabulo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Empirical evidence for definitions of episode, remission, recovery, relapse and recurrence in depression: a systematic review|journal=Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences|volume=28|issue=5|pages=544–562|date=October 2019|pmid=29769159|pmc=7032752|doi=10.1017/S2045796018000227}}&lt;/ref&gt; Injabulo noma intokozo umuntu ayithola ngokwenza izinto ezithile iyancipha, futhi lowo okhungathekile uvamise ukulahlekelwa umdlandla nogqozi noma intshisekelo kulobu buqhebeqhebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Psychotherapy and counselling for depression| vauthors = Gilbert P |date=2007|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-84920-349-4|edition=3rd|location=Los Angeles|oclc=436076587}}{{page needed|date=November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu abanokhwantalala bangase badumale, babe nemizwa yokulahlekelwa yithemba noma babe nobunzima ekucabangeni nasekuhlozingeni,  ukulala ngokweqile,  noma ukungakwazi ukulala, ukudla ngokweqile noma ukuzincisha ukudla, noma imicabango yokuzibulala.

Ukhwantalala lungaqubuka ngenxa yezizathu nemithombo eminingi, ngezinye izikhathi ehlangene. Ukhwantalala lungaba ukusabela okujwayelekile  okuvamile ezenzakalweni zempilo, njengokushonelwa ngothandiweyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucindezeleka kungaba uphawu lwezinkinga ezithile zengqondo, njengokuphazamiseka okukhulu kokucindezeleka, ukuphazamiseka kwe-bipolar, kanye ne-I-dysthyma.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) |author=American Psychiatric Association |year=2013 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association}}{{page needed|date=July 2023}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Ukhwantalala nalo luyisibonakaliso sezifo ezithile ezingokomzimba kanye nomphumela wezinye izidakamizwa nezilapho kwezokwelapha.

==Izici ezinomthelela==

Ubunzima Ebuntwaneni, njengokushonelwa, ukunganakekelwa ukuhlukunyezwa ngokwengqondo, ukuhlukumezwa ngokomzimba, ukuhlukunyetwa ngokocansi  noma ukuphathwa ngendlela engafani kwabantwana ngabazali kwezingane zakubo, kungafaka isandla ekucindezelekeni ebudaleni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans|page=693–710}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Mothers' Differentiation and Depressive Symptoms among Adult Children|page=333–345}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba noma ngokobulili ebuntwaneni ikakhulukazi kuhlobene kakhulu namathuba okucindezeleka kukho konke ukuphila komuntu osindile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Sexual and physical abuse in childhood is associated with depression and anxiety over the life course: systematic review and meta-analysis|page=359–72}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu abaye babhekana nokuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu kwasebuntwaneni okune noma ngaphezulu banamathuba aphindwe izikhathi ezingu-3.2 kuya kwezingu-4.0 okuba nokucindezeleka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anda2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology|page=174–186}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izinga eliphansi lezindlu, ukungasebenzi kahle  ukushoda kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nokuvezwaemikhulungwaneni  nasekushiseni komoya nasekungcoleni komoya kuhlotshaniswa nemizwa yokucindezeleka, okugcizelela  isidingo sokucatshangelwa ekuhlelweni kokuvimbela imiphumela enjalo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Living environment and its relationship to depressive mood: A systematic review|page=92–103}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indawo iye yahlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka kanye neminye imizwelo emibi. Izinga lokucindezeleka phakathi kwalabo abahlala ezindaweni ezinkulu zasemadolobheni libonakala liphansi kunalabo abangenalo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Evidence and theory for lower rates of depression in larger US urban areas}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngokufanayo, labo abavela emadolobheni amancane nasezindaweni zasemaphandleni bavame ukuba namazinga aphakeme okucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, nokungaphili kahle kwengqondo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Rural–urban differences in personality traits and well-being in adulthood|page=73–87}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ekubhekeni kuye lwakhombisa njalo ukuthi odokotela babe nezimanga  aphakeme okucindezeleka nokuzibulala uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu kweminye imilayini eminingi yomsebenzi - ngokuzibulala, okungu-40% ngaphezulu kodokotela besilisa kanye no-130% ngaphezulu kodokotela besimame&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rotenstein|first1=Lisa S.|date=6 December 2016|title=Prevalence of Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|page=2214–2236}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mata|first1=Douglas A.|date=8 December 2015|title=Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians|page=2373–83}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Izenzakalo zokuphila nezinguquko ezingabangela isimo sokucindezeleka zihlanganisa, kodwa azilinganiselwe, ukubeletha, ukunqamuka kokuya esikhathini kowesfazane, ubunzima obungokwezimali, ukungabikhona kwemisebenzi, ukucindezeleka (njengokusebenza, imfundo, inkonzo yezempi, umndeni, izimo zokuphila, umshado, njll.), ukuxilongwa kwezokwelapha (umdlavuza, i-HIV, isifo sikashukela, njll), ukuhlukunyezwa, ukulahlekelwa othandekayo, umhawu, umona inhliziyo embi noma Ukulimala okuyinhlekelele.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|page=54–8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|page=11–16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|page=2373–83}}&lt;/ref&gt; Izimpawu ezifanayo zokucindezeleka zihlobene nokuzizwa enecala komuntu osindile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|page=176–190}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abashadile bangase babe nesimo sokucindezeleka ngemuva Ukwenqatshwa komphakathi, ukucindezela kontanga, noma ukuhlukunyezwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|page=1–19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ukusebenza nokhwantalala ===
Umzimba wocwaningo olude lwezinga eliphakeme uye wahlobanisa ukusebenza kabi kanye nezimpawu zokucindezeleka ezengeziwe nezifo. Ukucindezela endaweni yomsebenzi kwandisa ingozi yokucindezeleka kufaka phakathi umthwalo omkhulu womsebenzi, ukuzimela okuncane, ukungalingani komzamo ongathandeki wemivuzo, kanye nokuhlukumezeka  lapha endaweni yomsebenzi.

=== Ebuntwaneni nasebusheni ===
Ukhwantalala ebunganeni i nasebusheni kufana nokuphazamiseka kokucindezeleka okukhulu kwabantu abadala, yize abasebasha bengabonisa ukucasuka okwengeziwe noma ukulawula ukuziphatha esikhundleni semizwa ejwayelekile yokudabuka, engenalutho, noma engenathemba ebonakala kubantu abadala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Birmaher&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I|issue=11|page=1427–1439|date=November 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; abantwana abacindezelekile, ezibhekene nokulahlekelwa noma usizi, noma ezinezinye izifo eziyinhloko zisengozini enkulu yokucindezeleka. Ukucindezeleka kwentsha kuvame ukuhambisana nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo ngaphandle kwezinye izifo zengqondo, ngokuvamile ukuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka, ikakhulukazi ukuphazame kokukhathazeka komphakathi, nokuphazamisekeni kokuziphatha. Ukucindezeleka nakho kuvame ukuqhubeka emindenini.

=== Ngokomdwambu ===
Ukhwantalala kuhlotshaniswa ne-extroversion ephansi, futhi abantu abanezinga eliphakeme le-I-neuroticism banamathuba amaningi okuba nezimpawu zokucindezeleka futhi banamathuba kakhulu okuthola ukuxilongwa kokuphazamiseka kokucindezeleka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Linking &quot;big&quot; personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a meta-analysis|page=768–821|date=September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NeuroticismMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants|page=2883–2906|date=October 2016|url=https://zenodo.org/record/895885|access-date=5 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucindezeleka kuhlotshaniswa ukunganaki. Ezinye izici ezingavela ngenxa yokunganaki okuphansi zihlanganisa ukuphazamiseka nokunganeliseki ngokuphila. Abantu bangaba sengotini yokucindezeleka nokucindezeleka ngenxa yalezi zici.

=== Imithelela eyingozi nokwelashwa ===
Kungenzeka ukuthi ezinye izizukulwane zokuqala ze-''I-Beta''-blockers zibanga ukucindezeleka kwezinye iziguli, yize ubufakazi balokhu bungenaso isiqinisko futhi  bungavumelani. Kunobufakazi obubukhali bokuxhumana phakathi kwe-i-alpha interferon therapy nokucindezeleka. kantu olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ilunga  elilodwa kwezintathu leziguli ezelashwa nge-alpha interferon yaqala ukucindezeleka ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu zokwelashwa.  (Ukwelashwa kwe-Beta interferon kubonakala kungathinti emazingeni okucindezeleka.) Kunobufakazi obuqinile bokuthi i-finasteride uma isetshenziswa ekwelapheni i-alopecia yandisa izimpawu zokucindezeleka kwezinye iziguli. Ubufakazi obuxhumanisa i-isotretinoin, ukwelashwa kwezimpawu, nokucindezeleka kunamandla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=General Medical Drugs Associated with Depression|page=28–41}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eminye imithi ebonakala ikhulisa ingozi yokucindezeleka ihlanganisa ama-anticonvulsants, ama-antimigraine drugs, ama-antipsychotics, kanye nAma-hormone afana ne-gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|page=1–23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Iziqa ezilubangayo ===
Izidakamizwa eziningana zokuxhaphaza zingadala noma zibhebhethekise ukhwantalala, kungaba ngokudakwa, ukuhoxa, kanye nokusetshenziswa okungapheli. Lezi zihlanganisa uphuzo oludakayo, ama-sedative (kuhlanganise nAma-benzodiazepine), ama-opioids (kuhlanganise nezibulala izinhlungu ezidingwa ngemithi kanye nezidakamizwa ezingekho nhlobo emthethweni  okunjenge heroin), ama-stimulant (njenge-cocaine ne-amphetamines), ama-hallucinogens, kanye nama-inhalants.

=== Izifo ezilubangayo ===
Isimo sokhwantalala singaba umphumela wezifo eziningi ezithathelwanayo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=October 2011|title=The relationship of depression and diabetes: pathophysiological and treatment implications|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology|volume=36|issue=9|pages=1276–86|doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.005|pmid=21474250}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukungafuni ukudla, izimo zezinzwa, nezinkinga zomzimba, kufaka phakathi I-hypoandrogenism (kubesilisa), Isifo sika-Addison, Isifo sikaCushing, i-anemia eyonakele, I-hypothyroidism, I-hyperparathyroidism, isifo se-Lyme, I-multiple sclerosis, Isifo se-Parkinson, isifo sama-celiac,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Psychological morbidity of celiac disease: A review of the literature|journal=United European Gastroenterology Journal|volume=3|issue=2|pages=136–145|doi=10.1177/2050640614560786|pmid=25922673}}&lt;/ref&gt; ubuhlungu obungapheli, isifo sikashukela, umdlavuza, ne-HIV&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=April 2012|title=Evidence-based treatment of depression in patients with cancer|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-oncology_2012-04-10_30_11/page/1187|journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology|volume=30|issue=11|pages=1187–96|doi=10.1200/JCO.2011.39.7372|pmid=22412144}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukuswela amandla kwe-autistic kungangase kutholakale ngokungeyikho njengokucindezeleka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Confirming the nature of autistic burnout|journal=Autism|volume=27|issue=7|date=2023|pages=1906–1918|doi=10.1177/13623613221147410|pmid=36637293}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi noma kuphi kusukela kumaphesenti angu-30 kuya kwangu-85 eziguli eziphethwe izinhlungu ezingapheli nazo zicindezelekile ngokwezokwelashwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The Link between Depression and Chronic Pain: Neural Mechanisms in the Brain|journal=Neural Plasticity|date=2017|volume=2017|pages=1–10|doi=10.1155/2017/9724371|pmid=28706741}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chronic pain and depression|journal=Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care &amp; Pain|date=April 2014|volume=14|issue=2|pages=85–89|doi=10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkt046}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Depression and chronic pain|journal=Medical Journal of Australia|date=October 2013|volume=199|issue=S6|pages=S17-20|doi=10.5694/mja12.10589|pmid=25370278}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ucwaningo lwango-2014 oludalwa ngu-Hooley et al. lwagcina  ngokuthi ubuhlungu obungapheli bukhulisa amathuba okufa ngokuzibulala kabili noma kathathu. Ngo-2017, i-British Medical Association yabona ukuthi amaphesenti angu-49 eziguli ezinobuhlungu obunganciphi zase-UK nawo ayenokucindezeleka.

==Amaphatho==</text>
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    <title>Abokufika</title>
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      <text bytes="5128" sha1="6k5f13xscw6rlz64h4zmz9056arnx8d" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Net_Migration_Rate,_Population_Reference_Bureau,_Current.svg|right|thumb|Amanani ezifikanamthwalo eziyi-1,000 ngowezi-2023. Abantu abasebenzisa uxhakaxholo bahamba besuka emazweni abomvu beya emazweni alundwa.]]
'''Abokufika''' noma '''ukufika nemthwalo,''' kuwuthutheleka kwabantu beya ezweni abangezona izakhamuzi zalo noma lapho bengenabo ubuzwe khona ukuze bahlale njengezakhamuzi zaphakade khona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=International Migration Law No. 34 – Glossary on Migration|url=https://publications.iom.int/books/international-migration-law-ndeg34-glossary-migration|page=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abathuthayo, izivakashi, kanye nalabo abahlala isikhathi esifushane ezweni abaya kulo abaweli ngaphansi kwencasiselo yokufika nomthwalo—yize umuntu engase ahlale isikhathi eside kunesivunywa- ivisa yokuhamba abe isifikanamthwalo noma owokufika noma umhlali waphakade— izisebenzi zesikhathi esithile ngezinye izikhathi ziyafakwa encasiselweni yabokufika.

Ngokomnotho, ucwaningo lusikisela ukuthi ukufika nomthwalo kungaba yinzuzo kokubili emazweni amukela abokufika nabathumelayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;How to Achieve Inclusive Growth&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Koczan|first1=Zsoka|date=2021|title=How to Achieve Inclusive Growth|last2=Peri|first2=Giovanni|last3=Pinat|first3=Magali}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;di GiovanniLevchenko2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=di Giovanni|first1=Julian|last2=Levchenko|first2=Andrei A.|last3=Ortega|first3=Francesc|date=1 February 2015|title=A Global View of Cross-Border Migration|page=168–202|url=https://econ-papers.upf.edu/papers/1414.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Izincwadi zakwangqondonkulu ziveza iziphumo ezixubile zobudlelwano phakathi kwabokufika kanye nobugebengu emhlabeni wonke.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Lee-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|page=3–16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izwe okuvela kulo abokufika libalulekile ekuphokothelweni ngokushesha kwabokufika, kodwa kukhona ukuphokothelwa okukhulu kubo bonke abokufika besizukulwane sokuqala nesesibili. &lt;ref name=&quot;VillarrealTamborini2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Immigrants' Economic Assimilation: Evidence from Longitudinal Earnings Records|page=686–715|last1=Villarreal|first1=Andrés|last2=Tamborini|first2=Christopher R.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Blau2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Blau|first1=Francine D.|date=2015|title=Immigrants and Gender Roles: Assimilation vs. Culture|page=1–21|url=http://www.iza.org/conference_files/amm2014/blau_f340.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukucwasa okusekelwe ebuzweni kusemthethweni emazweni amaningi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fennelly&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fennelly|first1=David|title=Racial Discrimination and Nationality and Migration Exceptions: Reconciling CERD and the Race Equality Directive|last2=Murphy|first2=Clíodhna|date=2021|journal=Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights|volume=39|pages=308–328|doi=10.1177/09240519211055648|issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kutholakele ubufakazi obuningi bokucwasa kwabantu abazalelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezobulungiswa, ezohwebo, emnothweni, kwezezindlu, kwezempilo, kwezezinsizakuxhamana kanye nakwezembusazwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;ZschirntRuedin2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Zschirnt|first1=Eva|last2=Ruedin|first2=Didier|date=27 May 2016|title=Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015|journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies|volume=42|issue=7|pages=1115–1134|doi=10.1080/1369183X.2015.1133279}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Rich2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rich|first1=Judy|title=What Do Field Experiments of Discrimination in Markets Tell Us? A Meta Analysis of Studies Conducted since 2000|journal=IZA Discussion Papers|date=October 2014|issue=8584}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;RehaviStarr2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rehavi|first1=M. Marit|last2=Starr|first2=Sonja B.|date=2014|title=Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-political-economy_2014-12_122_6/page/1320|journal=Journal of Political Economy|volume=122|issue=6|pages=1320–1354|doi=10.1086/677255}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Enos2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Enos|first1=Ryan D.|date=1 January 2016|title=What the Demolition of Public Housing Teaches Us about the Impact of Racial Threat on Political Behavior|journal=American Journal of Political Science|volume=60|issue=1|pages=123–142|doi=10.1111/ajps.12156}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umlando ==
Igama lesiZulu elithi ''owokufika'' (''abokufika'') livela esenzweni ''fika'' esivela olimini olwandulela isiNtu kwelithi ''*pika'' elisho ukuza nokukhahleleka uvela kwenye indawo. Elithi isifiki, umfiki amagama asho osanda kufika, obengekho noma isihambi esingaziwa endaweni. Elithi isifikanamthwalo nalo liyasethsenziswa ukubhekisela kulabo abasuswe ezindaweni zabo besuswa yimpi, lagcina lihlanganisa nalabo abasuswa indlala, ezomnotho nezinye izizathu, abefuduka betshathe imithwalo lapho bebaleka. Lapho abantu bewela imingcele yezwe ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwabo, babizwa ngokuthi ''isifikanamthwalo'' noma ''abokufika'' ngokombono wezwe abafikela kulo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngokombono wezwe abasuka kulo, babizwa ngokuthi ''abafuduki'' noma ''abafuduki,'' njengoba behamba [[Ukufuduka|befuduka]].
==Amaphatho==</text>
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      <text bytes="1588" sha1="o74e2qux58m0vht6j1swbs576aojhu8" xml:space="preserve">ngokwe -physiology, ukushodelwa amanzi emzimbeni ukuphela kwamanzi omzimba okuphazamisa Izinqubo zokudla.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mange K 1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Language guiding therapy: the case of dehydration versus volume depletion|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_1997-11-01_127_9/page/848|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=9|pages=848–853|date=November 1997|pmid=9382413|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-9-199711010-00020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwenzeka lapho ukulahleka kwamanzi omzimba kudlula ukuphuzwa, Ngokujwayelekile okubangelwa ukujuluka kakhulu kunokujuluka ngokujwayelekile, izimo zempilo, noma ukungaphuzi amanzi ngokwanele. Ukushodelwa amanzi emzimbeni kancane  kungabangelwa futhi yi-diuresis yokucwiliswa, okungase kukhuphule amazinga obungozi kubabhukudi. 

Abantu abaningi bayakhona ukubekezelela ukwehla kwamaphesenti amathathu kuya kwamane kwamanzi omzimba ngaphandle kobunzima noma imiphumela emibi yempilo. Ukuncipha kuka-5-8% kungabangela 0ukuvilapha nokuxhamazela. Ukulahleka kwamanzi angaphezu kuka-10% omzimba wonke kungabangela ukuwohloka ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo, okuhambisana nokoma okukhulu. [[Ukufa]] kwenzeka ngokulahlekelwa amanzi omzimba angu-15 no-25%. Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni okuncane kuvame ukuxazululwa ngokuvuselelwa kwamanzi ngomlomo, kodwa izimo ezinzima zingase zidinge uketshezi olungeniswa imithambo yegazi.

ukuncipha kwamanzi emzimbeni kungabangela i-hypernatremia (amazinga aphakeme ama-ions e-sodium egazini). Lokhu kuhlukile ku-I-hypovolemia (ukulahlekelwa isilinganiso segazi, ikakhulukazi I-plasma yegazi).</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ummbila omnandi</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1208" sha1="2h8vi7ksuqqcyo2k0qe7ci9m3uanzwq" xml:space="preserve">Umbila  on[[ushukela]] (Zea mays convar. ''i-sacharata'' var. ''I-rugosa''),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first1=A. T.|last=Erwin|date=July 1951|title=Sweet Corn—Mutant or historic species?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-botany_july-september-1951_5_3/page/302|journal=Economic Botany|volume=5|issue=3|page=302|publisher=Springer New York|doi=10.1007/bf02985153|bibcode=1951EcBot...5..302E}}&lt;/ref&gt; obizwa nangokuthi i-'''sweetcorn''', umbila  woshukela kanye nombila we-pole, uhlobo lombila olutshalwayo ukuze ludliwe abantu olunoshukela ophakeme. 

Umbila onoshukela uwumphumela ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezenzeka ngokwemvelo ezakhiweni zofuzo ezilawula ukuguqulwa kukashukela ube isitashi ngaphakathi kwe-i-endosperm yenhlamvu yombila. Umbila onoshukela ukhunjwa lapho usengakakhuli (isigaba sobisi) bese ulungiswa futhi udliwe njengemifino, ngokungafani umbila wasensimini, ovunwa lapho izinhlamvu zomile futhi zivuthiwe (isigaba samazinyo). Njengoba inqubo yokuvuthwa ihlanganisa ukuguqula ushukela ube isitashi, umbila onoshukela awugcini kahle futhi kufanele udliwe usanda kuhlatshwa, ufakwe emathinini, noma uqiniswe, ngaphambi kokuba izinhlamvu ziqine futhi zibe nesitashi.
[[Category:Imifino]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>INhlabanjano</title>
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      <text bytes="668" sha1="mjjd73a3hgzzep19ngxitzfadcpkkat" xml:space="preserve">'''Inhlabanjano'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Morton 1987&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|page=18–28}}&lt;/ref&gt; (i-Ananas comosus) iyIsitshalo sasezindaweni ezishisayo esinesithelo esidliwayo; iyisitshalwa esibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho emndenini we-Bromeliaceae.

Inhlabanjano ivela [[IMelika Eningizimu|INingizimu Melika]], lapho esilinywe khona amakhulu amaningi eminyaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;grant&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Grant|first1=Jason R.|last2=Zijlstra|first2=Gea|date=1998|journal=Selbyana|volume=19|issue=1|pages=91–121|issn=0361-185X|jstor=41759978|title=An Annotated Catalogue of the Generic Names of the Bromeliaceae (see ''Ananas'')|url=https://archive.org/details/selbyana_1998_19_1/page/91}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>INguqulambuso</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8015" sha1="h42uclwa7dp52gpuhldosaxy2x1ybqd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:La_Liberté_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eugène_Delacroix_-_Musée_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_après_restauration_2024.jpg|thumb|Umdwebo ka-U-Eugène Delacroix, obizwa -inkululeko hola abantu ({{langx|fr|La liberté guidant le peuple}}: La liberté guidant le peuple), uyisibonelo senguqulambuso ngomqondo wezombusazwe.
[[Category:Articles containing French-language text]]]]
Ngokwenzululwazi yezombusazwe, '''inguqulambuso''' (noma '''inguqulombuso''') iyinguquko esheshayo, eyisisekelo yesigaba somphakathi, umbuso, ubuhlanga, noma izakhiwo zenkolo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Skocpol_ssr&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Skocpol |first=Theda |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/states-and-social-revolutions/9481262B2BDA1BFFB3C9218DBD447190 |title=States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China |date=1979 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511815805|isbn=978-0-521-22439-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngokomchazinhlalo uJack Goldstone, zonke izinguqulambuso ziqukethe &quot;Iqoqo elifanayo lezici emnyombeni walo: (a) imizamo ukuguqula umbuso wezombusazwe ozidonsela umbono oncintisana nawo ngohlelo lobulungiswa, (b) izinga eliphawulekayo lokuviviswa kwezinkumbi ngokusemthethweni noma ngenye indlela, (c) imizamo yokuphoqa inguquko ngaphandle kwezikhungo efana nokubhikisha, ukutoyitoya, ukuduba kanye nodlame.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldstonet4&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Goldstone |first=Jack |author-link=Jack Goldstone |date=2001 |title=Towards a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory |journal=[[Annual Review of Political Science]] |volume=4 |pages=139–187 |doi=10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.139 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Izinguqulambuso bezilokhu zenzeka emlandweni wabantu futhi zenziwa ngezindlela ezihlukile, izikhathi ezihlukile, ziveza nemiphumela ehlukile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stone |first=Lawrence |date=1966 |title=Theories of Revolution |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/theories-of-revolution/66CDA67FF55E08E0620257F0FDE14876 |journal=World Politics |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=159–176 |doi=10.2307/2009694 |jstor=2009694 |s2cid=154757362 |issn=1086-3338|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinye izinguqulambuso zaqala ngokuvukela kwabasebenzi noma impi yobunyamazane elwelwa ehlathini; ezinye zaqala ngezidubedube zasezidlaveleni ngenhloso yokuthumba isiqongo sezwe. Izinguqulambuso zingagqugwuzelwa ukwanda kwezinkolelombono zombusazwe ezithile, noma izimiso zokuziphatha, noma izinongo zokubusa ezifana nobuzwephambili ''(nationalism)', republicanism, egalitarianism,'' Ukuzinqumela ''(self-determination)'', [[Amalungelo Wabantu]], [[Umbusosobala]], ubukhulula ''(liberalism)'', Kanye ''(fascism)'', noma [[UCosulelwano]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gunitsky|2018}}; {{harvnb|Gunitsky|2017}}; {{harvnb|Gunitsky|2021}}; {{harvnb|Reus-Smit|2013}}; {{harvnb|Fukuyama|1992}}; {{harvnb|Getachew|2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umbuso ingaba ntekenteke lapho kufika iNguqulambuso ngenxa yokuhlulwa empini, noma isiyaluyalu sezomnotho, noma ukwanda kokuzigqaja ngobuzwe nobuhlonzi, noma ukucindezelwa okuqhubekayo kanye nenkohlakalo. Izinguqulambuso zivame ukuvusa izinqanda-nguqulambuso ''(counter-revolutions)'' ezijonge ukumisa umjijiyane weNguqulambuso, noma ukugusha izinguquko ezilethwe inguqulambuso.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Clarke |first=Killian |date=2023 |title=Revolutionary Violence and Counterrevolution |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=1344–1360 |doi=10.1017/S0003055422001174 |issn=0003-0554 |s2cid=254907991 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Izinguqulambuso ezaziwayo emakhulwini adult eminyaka zihlanganisa lezi: [[INguqulambuso yaseMelika]] (1765–1783), [[INguqulambuso yamaFulentshi]] (1789–1799), [[INguqulambuso yaseHaiti]] (1791–1804), [[Izinguqulambuso zowe-1848]] eYurophu, [[INguqulambuso yaseMekisiko]] (1910–1920), [[INguqulambuso yaseXinhai]] eShayina ngowe-1911, [[Izinguqulambuso zowe-1917–1923]] eYurophu (kuhlanganisa ne [[neNguqukambuso yaseRashiya]] and [[INguqulambuso yaseJalimani]]), [[INguqulombuso YamaKhomanisi AseShayina]] (1927–1949), [[Ukuqonululwa kweZwekazi iAfrika]] (mid-1950s to 1975), [[INguqulambuso yaseCuba]] ngowe-1959, [[INguqulambiso yase-Irani]] kanye [[neNguqulambuso yaseNikaragwa]] ngowe-1979,, siphethe [[ngokuvukela kwamaArabu]] ekuqaleni kowezi-2010.
== uMsukagama ==
Elithi ''inguqulambuso'' liyibizongxube elihlanganisa amagama inguqulo + umbuso. Leli gama libhekisela ekuguqukeni kombuso kusetshenziswa ezombusazwe, udlame noma ezinye izindlela ezihlanganisa nokuhleleka kwezenhlalo.
== Incasiselo ==
&quot;Inguqulambuso&quot; igama elisho izinguquko kwezenhlalo nakwezombusazwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldstonet3&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Goldstone |first=Jack |author-link=Jack Goldstone |date=1980 |title=Theories of Revolutions: The Third Generation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-politics_1980-04_32_3/page/425 |journal=[[World Politics]] |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=425–453 |doi=10.2307/2010111 |jstor=2010111 |s2cid=154287826}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Forantorr&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Foran |first=John |author-link=John Foran (sociologist) |date=1993 |title=Theories of Revolution Revisited: Toward a Fourth Generation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sociological-theory_1993-03_11_1/page/1 |journal=[[Sociological Theory (journal)|Sociological Theory]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.2307/201977 |jstor=201977}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kroeber&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kroeber |first=Clifton B. |date=1996 |title=Theory and History of Revolution |journal=[[Journal of World History]] |volume=7 |pages=21–40 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2005.0056 |s2cid=144148530 |number=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; UJeff Goodwin oluveza izincasiselo ezimbili. Ezokuqala, ebanzi, ihlanganisa &quot;noma iziphi  futhi zonke izehlo lapho umbuso ''(state)'' uketulwa khona bese uguqulwa umbutho wabantu ngendlela exakile, engekho kumthethosisekelo noma nodlame&quot;. Eyesibili, emcingo, yilapho &quot;izinguqulambuso zihlanganisa ukuviva kwezinkumbi nokuguqulwa kombuso, ziphinde zihlanganise nenguquko eyisisekelo nesheshayo yezenhlalo, ezomnotho nezesiko, phakathi nayo noma ngemuva kokulwela amandla wombuso.

UJack Goldstone yena uchasisa inguqulombuso kanje:
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;INguqulombuso iwumzamo wokuguqula izikhungo zezombusazwe nezihlanguzo zegunya lezombusazwe emphakathini, ohambisana nokuviviswa kwezinkumbi nezenzo ezingahlelekile ngokwezikhungo zokudicila iziphathimandla. Le ncasiselo ibanzi  ngokwanele ukuba ingahlanganisa izehlakalo ezifana nezinguqukambiso ezaketula imibuso yamaKhomanisi, nezimpi zase-Afganistani. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lencasiselo iqine ngokwanele ukuba ingahlanganisi ukuketulwa, , izimpi zasekhaya, nokuvukela umbuso okungayebzi imizamo yokuletha izinguquko ezikhungwini noma izihlanguzo zegunya.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldstonet4&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; Incasiselo kaGoldstone ishiya ngaphandle ukuguqukela kumbuso wabantu ngokuthula okwenziwa ngokuthi, njengoba kwenzeka eSpaniya, e-Argentina naseChile. Izifundiswa zangaphambili zazihlezi ziphikisana ngomehluko wenguqulambuso nempi yasekhaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Billington |first=James H. |date=1966 |title=Six Views of the Russian Revolution |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/six-views-of-the-russian-revolution/F41844384239517497C9A8AC94A70E4C |journal=[[World Politics]] |language=en |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=452–473 |doi=10.2307/2009765 |jstor=2009765 |s2cid=154688891 |issn=1086-3338 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Futhi babe funa ukwazi ukuthi ingabe inguqulombuso iphathelene yezombusazwe kuphela noma &quot;iyinguqulo yezenhlalo ebanzi nebandakanyayo ekhinyabeza zonke izici zempilo emphakathini, ezihlanganisa ezomnotho, ezenkolo, ezomndeni nezombusazwe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yoder |first=Dale |date=1926 |title=Current Definitions of Revolution |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2765544 |journal=[[American Journal of Sociology]] |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=433–441 |doi=10.1086/214128 |jstor=2765544 |issn=0002-9602 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Amaphatho==</text>
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    <title>Inkithinkithi yempilo</title>
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      <text bytes="3112" sha1="i37xz3nd5mu59ij6o19uygo35g03bkl" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Fungi_of_Saskatchewan.JPG|thumb|Isibonelo senkithinkithi yempilo, [[ukhunta]] ehlathini lasENyakatho Saskatchewan (kulesi sithombe, kukhona nAma-lichen amaqabunga n[[ULele|ama-mosses]]).]]

'''Inkithinkithi yempilo''' iwukuhlukahluka [[Impilo|kwempilo eMhlabeni]]. Ingalinganiswa emazingeni ahlukahlukene, ngokwesibonelo, ukuhwexuza kwezifuzisi, inkithinkithi yemiqhinqo, inkithinkithi yohlelompiliswano kanye nokuhlukahluka komchazafuzo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Faith 1992&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Faith|first1=Daniel P.|title=Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_1992_61_1/page/n4|journal=Biological Conservation|date=1992|volume=61|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1016/0006-3207(92)91201-3|bibcode=1992BCons..61....1F}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inkithinkithi ayisatshalaliswanga ngokulinganayo [[uMhlaba|eMhlabeni]] - iningi kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo ngenxa yesimo sezulu esifudumele kanye nokukhiqiza okuphezulu esifundeni esiseduze nenkabazwe. Uhlelompiliswano olusemahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo lumboze ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu yendawo ehlabathi yoMhlaba futhi luqukethe cishe amaphesenti angama-50 wemiqhinqo yomhlaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pillay|first1=Rajeev|last2=Venter|first2=Michelle|last3=Aragon-Osejo|first3=Jose|last4=González-del-Pliego|first4=Pamela|last5=Hansen|first5=Andrew J|last6=Watson|first6=James EM|last7=Venter|first7=Oscar|title=Tropical forests are home to over half of the world's vertebrate species|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|date=February 2022|volume=20|issue=1|pages=10–15|doi=10.1002/fee.2420|pmc=9293027|pmid=35873358|bibcode=2022FrEE...20...10P}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kunamazinga ye-latitudinal kunkithinkithi yemiqhinqo kokubili esolwandle nesezweni.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hillebrand|first1=Helmut|title=On the Generality of the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_2004-02_163_2/page/192|journal=The American Naturalist|date=February 2004|volume=163|issue=2|pages=192–211|doi=10.1086/381004|pmid=14970922|bibcode=2004ANat..163..192H}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Izincasiselo==
[[File:Biodiversity by Dano.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Izinhlobohlobo zezinongo zmiqhinqo ehlukene eziveza ukungafani kwempilo emhlabeni.]]
Abachazampilo became ukuchasisa elithi ''inkithinkithi yempilo'' ngokuthi &quot;umumo ophelele [[Isifuzisi|wezifuzisi]], [[Umqhinqo|imiqhinqo]] [[Uhlelokuphilisana|nohlelompiliswano]] lwesifunda&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Larsson2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Tor-Björn Larsson|title=Biodiversity evaluation tools for European forests|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=zeTU8QauENcC|page=178}}|access-date=28 June 2011|year=2001|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-87-16-16434-6|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Davis&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Davis|title=Intro To Env Engg (Sie), 4E|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=n0FvYeoHtAIC|page=40}}|access-date=28 June 2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-0-07-067117-1|page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umenzelelo walencasiselo usekutheni iyisethulo sombono obumbene wezinhlobonhlobo zeziphili esezihlonziwe:

==Amaphatho==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Isichazandawo</title>
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      <text bytes="3850" sha1="tp2q363xgvsr3jumav28f0h7a715qoe" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ordnance_Gazetteer_for_Scotland_-_Title_Page.jpg|thumb|Isichazandawo saseScotland - ikhasi lesihlokosiqu]]
'''Isichazandawo''' [[Isichazamazwi|siyisichazamazwi]] sezindawo    noma isiyalezii esisetshenziswa kanye nebalazwe noma unomabalazwe.   Ngokuvamile siqukethe ukwaziswa mayelana nokwakheka komchzamhlaba, izibalominingo zenhlalo kanye nolwangu lesimo sezwe, isifunda, noma izwekazi. Isiqikili sesichazandawo sihlanganisa indawo yesihlokondaba, umngako weziqongo kanye nemizila yamanzi, inani labantu, umkhiqizo wasekhaya wonke kanye nezinga lokufunda nokubhala. Lolu lwazi luvame ukuhlukaniswa ngezihloko ezifakwe ohlwini ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu zamagama.

Izichazandawo zaseGrisi lasendulo bezaziwa ukuthi zikhona kusukela enkathini yamaGreki . Isichazandawo sokuqala esaziwayo saseShayina sakhululwa ngekhulu lokuqala, futhi njengoba imithombo yezindaba yayikhona eShayina ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye, izikhulu zaseShayina zaqala ukukhiqiza izichazandawo ezindaweni zazo njengomthombo wolwazi kanye nokuziqhenya kwendawo. Umchazimhlaba uStephanus waseByzantium wabhala isichazandawo (esinazo izingxenye ezilahlekile njengamanje) ngekhulu lesithupha esathonya abahlanganisi baseYurophu kamuva. Iichazandawo zanamuhla zingatholakala ezingxenyeni zamaphathelelo [[Umtapowolwazi|zemitapolwazi]] eminingi kanye nakuxhakaxholo.

== uMsukagama ==
Elithi &quot;isichazandawo&quot; liyibizongxube elihlanganisa amagama amabuli 'isichaza' + indawo&quot; womabili asho insiza echaza kabanzi ngezindawo. Lifuze lelo elithi isichazamazwi ngokwakheka. Lensiza eyincwadi noma isizindalwebu &quot;esiyinkomba yendawo noma isichazamazwi sayo&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|White|1968|p=658}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuntu onolwazi ngezindawo yena ubizwa ngomchazindawo.

== Izinhlobo nokuhlelenjwa ==
Izichazandawo zivame ukuhlukaniswa ngohlobo, noma ububanzi, bokwaziswa eliziqukethe. '''''Izichazandawo zomhlaba''''' ngokuvamile ziqukethe uhlu lwamazwe oluhlelwe ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu zamagama, kanye [[Izibalomininingo|nezibalominingo]] ezifanele zalelo nalelozwe, kanti ezinye izichazandawo zibhala ukwaziswa [[Isidlavela|ngezidlavela]] ngazinye, [[Isidlidli|nezidlidli]], [[UMuzi|nemizi]], kanye nezinye [[Isidlidli|izindawo zokuhlala]] ezinobungako obuhlukahlukene. '''''Izichazandawo ezimfushane''''', zivame ukusetshenziswa kanye nokubalizwe ngesicikizi kanye nezinhlelo ze-GIS, zona zingase ziqukathe uhlu lwamagama ezindawo kanye nezindawo zawo ku- latitude kanye ne-longitude noma ezinye izinhlelo zokuphathelela izindawo (isb.,&amp;nbsp;amaphatho womdwayinga Kazwelonke waseBrithani ). Izichazandawo ezimfushane zivela njengenkomba yendawo ngemuva konobalazwe abashicilelwe. '''''Izichazandawo ezichazisayo''''' zingafaka izincaziso ezinde zombhalo zezindawo eziqukethe, okuhlanganisa incazelo [[Imboni (kwezomnotho)|yezimboni]], [[UHulumeni|uhulumeni]], [[umchazamhlaba]], kanye nemibono yomlando, amabalawe kanye/noma izithombe. '''''Izichazandawo ezinengqikithi''''' zibhala izindawo noma izici zendawo ngokwengqikithi; isibonelo amachweba okudoba, [[Amandla enuzi|iziphehlimandla enuzi]], noma izakhiwo zomlando. Isici sazo esivamile ukuthi indawo yomchazamhlaba iyisici esibalulekile solwangu olubaliwe.

Abahleli besichazandawo baqoqa amaqiniso nokunye ukwaziswa okuvela emibikweni kahulumeni esemthethweni, ekubalweni kwabantu, ezingsini zokuhweba, kanye neminye imithombo eminingi, bese behlela lokhu ngendlela [[wiktionary:digest|yokufingqa]].

== Bheka futhi ==
{{Wiktionary}}

== Imithombo ==
{{Uhlu lwemithombo}}

== Amaphatho ==
* {{cite journal |last=White |first=Robert C. |title=Early Geographical Dictionaries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-review_1968-10_58_4/page/652 |journal=Geographical Review |volume=58 |issue=4 |year=1968 |pages=652–659 |jstor=212687 |doi=10.2307/212687 |ref=harv}}

[[Category:Izingqoqelolwazi]]
[[Category:Izichazandawo]]</text>
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    <title>Isibhakabhaka</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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[[File:Sky_over_Munich_02.jpg|thumb|[[Amayezi]] kanye [[INyanga|neNyanga]] [[Izimo zenyanga|yesine]] esibhakabhakeni esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emini phezu kweJalimane]]
'''Isibhakabhaka''' siwumbono ongenazithiyo ophezulu ngaphezu kobuso [[UMhlaba|boMhlaba]]. Sihlanganisa [[Umoyambulunga Womhlaba|umoyambuluga]] nomkhathinga . Singase futhi sibhekwe njengendawo ephakathi komhlaba nomkhathinga, ngaleyo ndlela siyahluka kumkhathinga.

Emkhakheni [[UMchazamkhathi|womchazamkhathi]], isibhakabhaka sibizwa nangokuthi imbulunga yasezulwini . Lena yimbulunga engabonakali, egxile eMhlabeni, lapho [[Ilanga|iLanga]], [[iNyanga]], [[Umzulane|nemizulane]], [[Inkanyezi|nezinkanyezi]] kubonakala sengathi kuzulazula khona. Imbulunga yasezulwini ihlukaniswe ngokujwayelekile ezindaweni ezihlonziwe ezibizwa ngokuthi [[IsiShomo|izishomo]] .

Ngokuvamile, igama elithi ''isibhakabhaka'' ngokungahleliwe libhekisela embonweni ovela ebusweni boMhlaba; noma kunjalo, incazelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kungahluka. Umqapheli ebusweni boMhlaba angabona ingxenye encane yesibhakabhaka, efana nenkuba (ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ''isitsha sesibhakabhaka'' ) ebonakala ithambile emini kunasebusuku . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author1=Baird, J. C.|author2=Wagner, M.|year=1982|title=The moon illusion: I. How high is the sky?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-psychology-general_1982-09_111_3/page/296|journal=[[Journal of Experimental Psychology: General]]|volume=111|issue=3|pages=296–303|doi=10.1037/0096-3445.111.3.296|pmid=6215460}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwezinye izimo, njengalapho kuxoxwa ngesimo sezulu, isibhakabhaka sibhekisela kuphela ezingqimbeni eziphansi, zobuhalalazi bomkhathi.

Isibhakabhaka sasemini sibonakala [[Okulundwa|silundwa]] (''luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka'') ngoba imizwayi yomoya ihlakaza amabanhacuphi amafushane okukhanya [[Ukukhanya kwelanga|kwelanga]] ngaphezu kwalawo amade (ukukhanya okubomvu). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first=John|last=Tyndall|date=December 1868|title=On the Blue Colour of the Sky, the Polarization of Skylight, and on the Polarization of Light by Cloudy Matter Generally|page=223–33}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lord Rayleigh|date=June 1871|title=On the scattering of light by small particles|page=447–51}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first=J. G.|last=Watson|date=June 2002|title=Visibility: Science and Regulation|page=628–713|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Isibhakabhaka sasebusuku sibonakala siyindawo emnyama kakhulu noma indawo egcwele izinkanyezi. Ilanga futhi ngezinye izikhathi iNyanga ziyabonakala esibhakabhakeni sasemini ngaphandle kokuthi zifihlwe [[amafu]] . Ebusuku, iNyanga, imizulane, nezinkanyezi zibonakala ngokufanayo esibhakabhakeni.

Ezinye izimongotho zemvelo ezibonakala esibhakabhakeni zihlanganisa amafu, uthingo, kanye nesialabala. [[Umbani]] kanye [[Ukuna|nokuna]] nakho kuyabonakala esibhakabhakeni. Izinyoni nezinambuzane ezithile, kanye nezinto ezisungulwe ngabantu [[INdiza|njengezindiza]] nama -kite, zingandiza esibhakabhakeni. Ngenxa yobuqhebeqhebe babantu, umusi emini kanye nomnyukubalo wokukhanya ebusuku kuvame ukubonakala ngaphezu kwezidlavela ezinkulu.

== uMsukagama ==
Igama elithi ''isibhakabhaka'' livela liwukuphindwa kwelithi ibhaka, womabili ayamaniswa namanzi. Ngokwesichazamazwi sikaVilakazi elithi isibhakabhaka liisho 'ithantala elikhulu lamanzi noma insimu enkulu, liphinde lisho nodwadwakazi lomkhathi ongaphezulu. Kanti elithi ibhaka lona lisho ichibi elincane lamanzi, noma ithantala elincane. Lamagama asetshenziswa ukuchaza izulu okundiza kulo izinyoni jengoba libonakala sengathi udwadwakazi lamanzi noma ulwandle.

==Amaphatho==
[[Category:Isibhakabhaka]]</text>
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    <title>Hector Pieterson</title>
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      <comment>ngishintshe inyanga yokuzalwa kanye nonkamisa.</comment>
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      <text bytes="6071" sha1="joebuchi9yea7ntuv9orr6aey93x4ty" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Hector Pieterson
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1963|8|19}}
| birth_place        = [[Soweto]], [[IGoli (idolobha)|eGoli]], eNingizimu Afrika
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1976|6|16|1963|8|19}}
| death_place        = Soweto, eGoli, Ningizimu Afrika
| death_cause        = Inxeba lokudutshulwa
| image              = Mbuyisa Makhubu carries Hector Pieterson at Soweto Uprising.jpg
| caption            = UPieterson uthwelwe ngu[[Mbuyisa Makhubo]]. Udadewabo, uAntoinette Sithole, ugijima eceleni kwabo
| resting_place      = Amathuna aseAvaloni, [[IGoli (idolobha)|eGoli]], eNingizimu Afrika
| known_for          = Umfundi owabulawa [[Ukuvukela kweSoweto|kunezibhelu eSoweto]]
| relatives          = Antoinette Sithole (udadewabo
| honours            = Itshe lesikhumbuzo eSoweto
}}
'''UZolile Hector Pieterson''' (18 Ungcwaba 1963 - 16 June 1976) wayelibhungu elifunda isikole las[[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|INingizimu Afrika]] eladutshulwa futhi labulawa lineminyaka eli-12 ngesikhathi sezibhelu nokubulawa kwabantu eSoweto ngowe-1976, lapho amaphoyisa aqala ukudubula abafundi abansundu ababebhikisha ngokumelene nokufundiswa ngesibhunu ngempoqo, esasikhulunywa ngabantu abamhlophe namalawu eNingizimu Afrika, njengolimu lokufundisa kuzo zonke izifundo zesikole.

Abafundi babefuna ukufunda ngezilimi zabo zomdabu, [[IsiXhosa]] [[IsiZulu|nesiZulu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hawkins|first=Stan|date=2020|title=Personas in Rock: &quot;We Will, We Will Rock You&quot;|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501330483.ch-016|journal=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Rock Music Research|pages=239–254|doi=10.5040/9781501330483.ch-016|isbn=9781501330483}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isithombe sebezindaba esathwetshulwa uSam Nzima sikaPieterson olimele kakhulu ethwelwe esinye isakhamuzi saseSoweto ngenkathi udadewabo egijima eduze kwabo sashicilelwa emhlabeni wonke. USuku lwesikhumbuzo sokufa kwakhe sibizwa ngokuthi uSuku Lentsha eNingizimu Afrika.

==Ukuvukela kweSoweto==
{{Main|Ukuvukela kweSoweto}}
[[File:Hector Pieterson shooting site, cnr Vilakazi &amp; Moema Streets, Soweto.jpg|thumb|300px|Isiza lapho kuthiwa uHector Pieterson eladutshulwa khona ngamaphoyisa. Namuhla sekuyindawo yesikhumbuzo.]]
Mhla zili-16 kuNhlangulana we-1976, abafundi besikole babhikisha ngokumelene ngokufundiswa ,kokusetshenziswa kolimu lwe sibhunu nesiNgisi njengezilimi ezimbili lokufundisa ezikoleni zamabanga aphezulu ngokulinganayo  (50:50 ngesisekelo). Lokhu kwakuzogunundwa ezweni lonke laseNingizimu Afrika kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhulunywa liphi ulimi endaweni futhi izivivinyo nazo zazizobhalwa ngesibhunu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://africanhistory.about.com/library/bl/blsaJune16decree.htm|title=The Afrikaans Medium Decree|last=Boddy-Evans|first=Alistair|date=March 1, 2019|website=ThoughtCo|access-date=February 20, 2021|archive-date=13 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513063846/http://africanhistory.about.com/library/bl/blsaJune16decree.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abafundi besikole samabangaphansi namabangaphezulu abalinganiselwa kwabayizi-10,000, babuthana ukuze batoyitoye, kodwa isixulu sabo saphazanyiswa ukufika kwamaphoyisa adedela izinja ukuba zilume ababhikishi, kodwa bajikijela amatshe kuwo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title =Inquiry must be held into Soweto Riot|publisher=World|date =17 June 1976}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title =Riot – Kruger speaks|publisher=World|date =17 June 1976|url =http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/1976-riot-kruger-speaks-world-17-june}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SAPA - 23 Jul 96 - POLICEMEN INVOLVED IN JUNE 16 SHOOTINGS HAVE TO |url=https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media%5C1996%5C9607/s960723k.htm |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.justice.gov.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=::RED PAVING MARKS 16 JUNE 1976 ROUTE:: |url=http://www.joburg.org.za/2006/may/may23_mputhistreet.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007144442/http://www.joburg.org.za/2006/may/may23_mputhistreet.stm |archive-date=2006-10-07 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.joburg.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amaphoyisa asabela ngokudubula ngesisi esikhalisunyembezi ukuze ahlakaze isixuku. Kunemibiko ephikisanayo ngokuthi ubani owakhipha umyalelo wokuthi kudutshulwe, nokwenza abafundi babaleke bahlakazeke, nokwashiya abanye belele phansi belimele.

Nakuba abezindaba babethi uPieterson ungowokuqala ukushona, likhona elinye ibhungu, elibizwa [[Hastings Ndlovu]], okwakuyilona eladutshulwa kuqala.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} kodwa Indaba kaHastings, yayingenazo izithombe noma abathwebuli eduze, ingakho igama lakhe kwathatha isikhathi ukuba laziwe.

Lapho uPieterson edutshulwa, wawela phansi egubini lemigwaqo kaMoema noVilakazi. Waphakanyiswa ngu[[Mbuyisa Makhubo]], owagijimela emotweni kaSam Nzima emthwele, ekanye nodadewabo kaPieterson uAntoinette (owayeneminyaka eli-17 ubudala). Bamgxisha emotweni, futhi intatheli ebizwa Sophie Tema yashayela baze bayofika emtholampilo oseduze lapho kwathiwa khona ushonile.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last = Davie|first = Lucille|title = Museum gathers memories of '76|publisher = News Update. City of Johannesburg|date = 9 June 2005|url = http://www.joburg.org.za/2005/june/jun9_memories.stm|access-date = 27 May 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060924045406/http://www.joburg.org.za/2005/june/jun9_memories.stm|archive-date = 24 September 2006|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all
}}&lt;/ref&gt; UMbuyisa noNzima bahlukunyezwa amaphoyisa ngemva kwesigameko futhi kwadingeka bayobhaca. UNina kaMbuyisa watshela Ikhomishana Yoxolo Nokubuyisana ukuthi wathola incwadi evela kuMbuyisa ngowe-1978 ebuya e[[Nigeria]] Kodwa akaphindanga waxhumana naye futhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title =Transcript of a Human Rights Violation Hearing, CASE: GO/O133, 30 April 1996, Day 3|year =1996|location =Johannesburg|publisher =Truth and Reconciliation Commission|url =http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/hrvtrans/methodis/makhubu.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; UPieterson benoHastings Ndlovu bangcwatshwa emathuneni ase-Avaloni, e[[Soweto]]. Kwafa abantu alishumi futhi kwalimala abangama-250 ngalolo suku.

==Amaphatho==</text>
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    <title>Isandlulane saseNingizimu</title>
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      <text bytes="1898" sha1="tdx146vmlt3vu4g4z60231eusryuiyw" xml:space="preserve">'''Isandlulane saseNingizimu''' ( '''''Pedetes capensis''''' ) [[Iziququdi|siyisiququdi]] esiphakathi nendawo esihlala emhlabeni futhi esihlala emigodini. Ingenye yezinhlobo ezimbili ezikhona kuhlobo lwe- ''zandlulane'',  futhi ivela eningizimu ye-Afrika. Ngaphambilini, uhlobo lwalubhekwa njengolunye uhlobo kanti i- East African springhare ( ''P. surdaster'' ) yayifakiwe ku ''-P. capensis'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Matthee|first1=C. A.|last2=Robinson|first2=T. J.|date=1997|title=Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and comparative cytogenetics of the springhare, ''Pedetes capensis'' (Mammalia: Rodentia)|journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution|volume=4|pages=53–73|doi=10.1023/A:1027331727034}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025698|last1=Matthee|first1=C. A.|last2=Robinson|first2=T. J.|date=1997|title=Molecular phylogeny of the springhare, ''Pedetes capensis'', based on mitochondrial DNA sequences|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_1997-01_14_1/page/20|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=14|pages=20–29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Izandlulane zihlala kuzo zonke izindawo ezomile eningizimu ye-Afrika, ikakhulukazi emathafeni anesihlabathi nasezindaweni ezinotshani obufushane. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kingdon-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|page=255–256}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezindaweni zezolimo, izandlulane zingabhekwa njengezihluphayo ngenxa yokudla kwawo okulimazayo izitshalo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Butynski-1973&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Butynski|first1=T. M.|date=1973|title=Life history and economic value of the springhare (''Pedetes capensis forster'') in Botswana|page=209–213}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Peinke-2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Peinke|first1=D.M.|last2=Brown|first2=C.R.|date=2005-04-01|title=Burrow utilization by springhares (''Pedetes capensis'') in the Eastern Cape, South Africa|page=37–44}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodwa-ke, okwamanje azibhekwa njengezisengozini yokushabalala.</text>
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    <title>Izandlulane</title>
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      <text bytes="1413" sha1="i4viy1psab3pcpqjrywnjv1oiv0c6wm" xml:space="preserve">'''''Izandlulane''''' uzalo [[Iziququdi|lweziququdi]], emndenini wezidluladlulayo .  Amalungu ozalo asakazeke kulo lonke elaseNingizimu neMpumalanga Afrika.

== Imiqhinqo ==
Izinhlobo eziningana ezikhona nezishabalele zihlukaniswa ngokozalo ''lwezidlulane'' . Zihlanganisa:

* [[Isandlulane saseNingizimu]] ( ''Pedetes capensis'' )
* [[Isandlulane saseMpumalanga Afrika]] ( ''Pedetes surdaster'' )
* ''Isandlulane saselatoli'' &lt;small&gt;(Davies, 1987)&lt;/small&gt; ( Pliocene siyintshicwa) 

Kulo lonke ikhulu lama-20, izinhlobo eziphilayo (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezasendulo) zahlanganiswa zaba yizandlulane saseningizimu ''-P. capensis'', okwenza uzalo lwazo lube monotypic . &lt;ref name=&quot;Matthee1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author1=Matthee, C. A.|author2=Robinson, T. J.|date=1997|title=Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and comparative cytogenetics of the springhare, ''Pedetes capensis'' (Mammalia: Rodentia)|journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution|volume=4|issue=1|pages=53–73|doi=10.1023/A:1027331727034}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Matthee1997a&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author1=Matthee, C. A.|author2=Robinson, T. J.|date=1997|title=Molecular phylogeny of the springhare, ''Pedetes capensis'', based on mitochondrial DNA sequences|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_1997-01_14_1/page/20|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=14|issue=1|pages=20–29|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025698}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Isiphohlongo seMTN</title>
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      <id>127043</id>
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      <text bytes="1417" sha1="t3822kuscjq51v2yg336nbt32jqhqjf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football tournament
| name                 = MTN 8
| logo                 = File:MTN 8 LOGO.jpg 
| founded              = {{start date and age|1972}}
| number of teams      = 8
| region               = {{flag|South Africa}}
| current champions    = [[Orlando Pirates F.C.|Orlando Pirates]] (14th title)
| most successful club = [[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]] (15 titles)
| motto                = Wafa Wafa (''Do or Die'')
| broadcasters         = {{ubl|SuperSport|[[SABC]]}}
| current              = 
}}
'''Isiphohlongo seMTN''' ngumncintiswano wendebe [[Ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo|kanobhutshuzwayo]] waseNingizimu Afrika owasungulwa ngowe-1972 wamaqembu aphothula ezikhundleni eziyisiphohlingo eziphezulu esixwexeni somqhudelwano kumdumbu wezwe wangaphambilini weSigaba esiphezulu.

Abanqobile bathola izigidi ezili-[[IRandi|R]] 10, kanye nendondo wlyomncintiswano, okungenye yezindondo ezintathu zasekhaya ezitholakala ngabancintisana bayo kumdumbu ngamunye kanobhutshuzwayo, kanti ezinye ezimbili yisicoco sesigaba esiphezulu kanye nomncintiswano wezwe, womkhumulajezi [[INdebe yeNedbank|weNdebe yeNedbank]].

Lo mncintiswano ubizwa ngegama lomxhasi wesicoco; wake waziwa ngokuthi Isiphohlongo esiphezulu se-BP, kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo kuze kube ngowezi-2002, wabe usebizwa ngokuthi Isipjohlongo esiphezulu se-SAA kuze kube ngowezi-2007 . Sewaziwa ngokuthi yisiphohlongo seMTN kusukela ngowezi-2008</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>127045</id>
      <parentid>127043</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T15:40:23Z</timestamp>
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        <id>16873</id>
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      <text bytes="1677" sha1="0owdgnt7c2ps17eaf3wzlz9p5orrpm8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football tournament
| name                 = MTN 8
| logo                 = File:MTN 8 LOGO.jpg 
| founded              = {{start date and age|1972}}
| number of teams      = 8
| region               = {{flag|South Africa}}
| current champions    = [[Orlando Pirates F.C.|Orlando Pirates]] (14th title)
| most successful club = [[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]] (15 titles)
| motto                = Wafa Wafa (''Do or Die'')
| broadcasters         = {{ubl|SuperSport|[[SABC]]}}
| current              = 
}}
'''Isiphohlongo seMTN''' ngumncintiswano wendebe [[Ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo|kanobhutshuzwayo]] waseNingizimu Afrika owasungulwa ngowe-1972 wamaqembu aphothula ezikhundleni eziyisiphohlingo eziphezulu esixwexeni somqhudelwano kumdumbu wezwe wangaphambilini weSigaba esiphezulu.

Abanqobile bathola izigidi ezili-[[IRandi|R]] 10, kanye nendondo wlyomncintiswano, okungenye yezindondo ezintathu zasekhaya ezitholakala ngabancintisana bayo kumdumbu ngamunye kanobhutshuzwayo, kanti ezinye ezimbili yisicoco sesigaba esiphezulu kanye nomncintiswano wezwe, womkhumulajezi [[INdebe yeNedbank|weNdebe yeNedbank]].

Lo mncintiswano ubizwa ngegama lomxhasi wesicoco; wake waziwa ngokuthi Isiphohlongo esiphezulu se-BP, kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo kuze kube ngowezi-2002, wabe usebizwa ngokuthi Isipjohlongo esiphezulu se-SAA kuze kube ngowezi-2007 . Sewaziwa ngokuthi yisiphohlongo seMTN kusukela ngowezi-2008

==Imali yomklomelo==
{{asof|2024|post=,}} the prize money is as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;prize_2024&quot; /&gt;
{| class = &quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Imali
!Abazohlomula
|-
|R10 000 000
|Umpetha weMTN 8
|-
|R1 000 000
|Abahlanganyeli abayisi-7
|-
|'''R17 000 000'''
|Isamba semali
|}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-08T15:44:40Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1785" sha1="js8igxda70m8ks0zp4gjbspv9j4is1p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football tournament
| name                 = MTN 8
| logo                 = File:MTN 8 LOGO.jpg 
| founded              = {{start date and age|1972}}
| number of teams      = 8
| region               = {{flag|South Africa}}
| current champions    = [[Orlando Pirates F.C.|Orlando Pirates]] (14th title)
| most successful club = [[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]] (15 titles)
| motto                = Wafa Wafa (''Do or Die'')
| broadcasters         = {{ubl|SuperSport|[[SABC]]}}
| current              = 
}}
'''Isiphohlongo seMTN''' ngumncintiswano [[Umqhudelwano womgwabulo|wendebe yomkhumulajezi]] [[Ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo|kanobhutshuzwayo]] waseNingizimu Afrika owasungulwa ngowe-1972 wamaqembu aphothula ezikhundleni eziyisiphohlongo eziphezulu esixwexweni somqhudelwano kumdumbu wezwe wangaphambilini [[Imidlalo yesigaba esiphezulu saseNingizimu Afrika 2026–27|weSigaba esiphezulu]].

Abanqobile bathola izigidi ezili-[[IRandi|R]] 10, kanye nendondo wlyomncintiswano, okungenye yezindondo ezintathu zasekhaya ezitholakala ngabancintisana bayo kumdumbu ngamunye kanobhutshuzwayo, kanti ezinye ezimbili yisicoco sesigaba esiphezulu kanye nomncintiswano wezwe, womkhumulajezi [[INdebe yeNedbank|weNdebe yeNedbank]].

Lo mncintiswano ubizwa ngegama lomxhasi wesicoco; wake waziwa ngokuthi Isiphohlongo esiphezulu se-BP, kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo kuze kube ngowezi-2002, wabe usebizwa ngokuthi Isipjohlongo esiphezulu se-SAA kuze kube ngowezi-2007 . Sewaziwa ngokuthi yisiphohlongo seMTN kusukela ngowezi-2008

==Imali yomklomelo==
{{asof|2024|post=,}} the prize money is as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;prize_2024&quot; /&gt;
{| class = &quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Imali
!Abazohlomula
|-
|R10 000 000
|Umpetha weMTN 8
|-
|R1 000 000
|Abahlanganyeli abayisi-7
|-
|'''R17 000 000'''
|Isamba semali
|}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>127047</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-08T15:46:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fongcwele</username>
        <id>16873</id>
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      <comment>/* Imali yomklomelo */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1780" sha1="kqfv90ql38oc9xuknaq36w6rqabyz94" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football tournament
| name                 = MTN 8
| logo                 = File:MTN 8 LOGO.jpg 
| founded              = {{start date and age|1972}}
| number of teams      = 8
| region               = {{flag|South Africa}}
| current champions    = [[Orlando Pirates F.C.|Orlando Pirates]] (14th title)
| most successful club = [[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]] (15 titles)
| motto                = Wafa Wafa (''Do or Die'')
| broadcasters         = {{ubl|SuperSport|[[SABC]]}}
| current              = 
}}
'''Isiphohlongo seMTN''' ngumncintiswano [[Umqhudelwano womgwabulo|wendebe yomkhumulajezi]] [[Ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo|kanobhutshuzwayo]] waseNingizimu Afrika owasungulwa ngowe-1972 wamaqembu aphothula ezikhundleni eziyisiphohlongo eziphezulu esixwexweni somqhudelwano kumdumbu wezwe wangaphambilini [[Imidlalo yesigaba esiphezulu saseNingizimu Afrika 2026–27|weSigaba esiphezulu]].

Abanqobile bathola izigidi ezili-[[IRandi|R]] 10, kanye nendondo wlyomncintiswano, okungenye yezindondo ezintathu zasekhaya ezitholakala ngabancintisana bayo kumdumbu ngamunye kanobhutshuzwayo, kanti ezinye ezimbili yisicoco sesigaba esiphezulu kanye nomncintiswano wezwe, womkhumulajezi [[INdebe yeNedbank|weNdebe yeNedbank]].

Lo mncintiswano ubizwa ngegama lomxhasi wesicoco; wake waziwa ngokuthi Isiphohlongo esiphezulu se-BP, kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo kuze kube ngowezi-2002, wabe usebizwa ngokuthi Isipjohlongo esiphezulu se-SAA kuze kube ngowezi-2007 . Sewaziwa ngokuthi yisiphohlongo seMTN kusukela ngowezi-2008

==Imali yomklomelo==
Ngowezi-2024 imali yomklomelo yayibekwe kanje:&lt;ref name=&quot;prize_2024&quot; /&gt;
{| class = &quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Imali
!Abazohlomula
|-
|R10 000 000
|Umpetha weMTN 8
|-
|R1 000 000
|Abahlanganyeli abayisi-7
|-
|'''R17 000 000'''
|Isamba semali
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ukucwasa abangaphandle</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>34765</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127066</id>
      <parentid>126330</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T20:08:27Z</timestamp>
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        <id>15036</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260808sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1635" sha1="fx4ncp6eyri2whdmiulmim3jb748n9t" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Xenophobia WWI propaganda (cropped).jpg|thumb]]
Ukucwasa abangaphandle (noma '''ukucwasa abokufika''')   kuwukwesaba noma ukungathandi abantu ababuya ngaphandle noma abangajwayelekile. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/xenophobia|title=xenophobia|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=2026-07-20|archivedate=2019-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231205732/https://www.lexico.com/definition/xenophobia|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Kuyisisho esisekelwe embonweni wokuthi kukhona ingxabano phakathi kweqembu elingaphakathi neqembu elingaphandle futhi ingazibonakalisa ngokusola ubuqhebeqhebe beqembu elilodwa ngamalungu elinye iqembu, isifiso sokuqeda ukuba khona kweqembu eliyisisulu sokusolwa, kanye nokwesaba ukulahlekelwa ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, noma ubuhlonzi.  

== Izincasiselo ezihlukile ==
Isihloko sokubuyekezwa sika-1997 mayelana nokucwaswa kwabanngaphandle sithi &quot;kuyisici somzabalazo wezombusazwe mayelana nokuthi ubani onelungelo lokunakekelwa nguhulumeni nomphakathi: ukulwela okuhle kombuso wanamuhla&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wimmer|first=Andreas|year=1997|title=Explaining xenophobia and racism: A critical review of current research approaches|url=https://archive.org/details/ethnic-and-racial-studies_1997-01_20_1/page/17|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=20|issue=1|page=17|doi=10.1080/01419870.1997.9993946}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngokusho kosozenhlalo wase-Italy uGuido Bolaffi, ubandlululo lwabangaphandle lungabonakaliswa &quot;njengokuphakanyiswa okungagxekwanga kwelinye isiko&quot; okubhekwa &quot;njengezingabunjalo elingekhona okoqobo, elicatshangelwe kahle futhi elingavamile&quot;.</text>
      <sha1>fx4ncp6eyri2whdmiulmim3jb748n9t</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Izinqumo ezithathwa yintsha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>34880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127157</id>
      <parentid>126839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T11:18:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Celiwe Nkosi</username>
        <id>25447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>References</comment>
      <origin>127157</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2130" sha1="c0oj810y5xyf8n7xdde3jvu5ku9n1po" xml:space="preserve">Izinqumo ezithathwa yintsha 
[[File:The south african GENERATION Y.jpg|left|thumb|252x252px|Intsha ]]
'''Izinqumo''' ezithathwa yintsha ziba nemiphumela&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ngema |first=Millicent |date=2026 |title=Ukuhlaziya izixazululo ezingasiza ekwenzeni ngcono imiphumela yokufundisa ukufunda ngolimi lwesiZulu Ebangeni lokuQala |journal=Journal for Language Teaching |volume=60 |issue=1 |doi=10.56285/jltVol60iss1a6354 |issn=2958-9320}}&lt;/ref&gt;emihle nemibi.Indlela ibuzwa kwabaphambili,njengabantu abasakhula  kubalulekile ukubuza kubantu abadala njengoba sebeyiphilile impilo kulomhlaba omagada ahlabayo. Abantu abadala yibona abanikeza [[izeluleko]] ukuthi ukuze konke kahle empilweni,kunemigomo nemibandela yempilo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mahlaba |first=Beauty |date=1993 |title=Impilo Enzima (A Hard Life) |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/4065555 |journal=Agenda |issue=16 |pages=33 |doi=10.2307/4065555 |issn=1013-0950}}&lt;/ref&gt; okumele uyilandele.

Nakuba abantu abadala besiluleka kepha kukhona okhanda limtshela okwakhe.Iningi lentsha likholwa ngokubona noma lilulekwa kufana nokuthela amanzi emhlabeni wedada.Imvamisa laba abangalaleli bavame ukuphelela ezidakamizweni,bathole abantwana besafunda izikole kanjalo nokuphelela ejele .Isizathu sokuthi abadala beluleke intsha yingoba bafuna ukuthi intsha iphile kangcono ngezinqumo ezihlukile kunezakudala .Noma kunjalo [[izinqumo]] angeke zifane ngenxa yokuthi umhlaba usujikile okwakwenziwa kudala kulesi iskhathi samanje akusenziwa.Izinqumo yizona [[eziyinkombandlela]] yokuthi isimo sempilo yakho sizoma kanjani.Yingakho- ke kufanele ucabangisise ngaphambi kokuthatha izinqumo.

Kubalulekile ukuthatha izinqumo eziphusile ngoba yizona ezakha impilo yakho kanti izinqumo ezingalungile zona zimosha noma ziliqede nya ikusasa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1998-01 |title=iKUSASA (CONSAS 97) |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/sre.1998.34.267.345 |journal=Survey Review |volume=34 |issue=267 |pages=345–346 |doi=10.1179/sre.1998.34.267.345 |issn=0039-6265}}&lt;/ref&gt;lakho.

== Imithombo:  ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Izinqumo ezithathwa yintsha}}
[[Category:Izinqumo]]
[[Category:Imiphumela]]</text>
      <sha1>c0oj810y5xyf8n7xdde3jvu5ku9n1po</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>127158</id>
      <parentid>127157</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T11:20:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Celiwe Nkosi</username>
        <id>25447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Date</comment>
      <origin>127158</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2116" sha1="5rt5chicyvznkdj2qt34yppaxgiossh" xml:space="preserve">Izinqumo ezithathwa yintsha 
[[File:The south african GENERATION Y.jpg|left|thumb|252x252px|Intsha ]]
'''Izinqumo''' ezithathwa yintsha ziba nemiphumela&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ngema |first=Millicent |date=2026 |title=Ukuhlaziya izixazululo ezingasiza ekwenzeni ngcono imiphumela yokufundisa ukufunda ngolimi lwesiZulu Ebangeni lokuQala |journal=Journal for Language Teaching |volume=60 |issue=1 |doi=10.56285/jltVol60iss1a6354 |issn=2958-9320}}&lt;/ref&gt;emihle nemibi.Indlela ibuzwa kwabaphambili,njengabantu abasakhula  kubalulekile ukubuza kubantu abadala njengoba sebeyiphilile impilo kulomhlaba omagada ahlabayo. Abantu abadala yibona abanikeza [[izeluleko]] ukuthi ukuze konke kahle empilweni,kunemigomo nemibandela yempilo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mahlaba |first=Beauty |date=1993 |title=Impilo Enzima (A Hard Life) |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/4065555 |journal=Agenda |issue=16 |pages=33 |doi=10.2307/4065555 |issn=1013-0950}}&lt;/ref&gt; okumele uyilandele.

Nakuba abantu abadala besiluleka kepha kukhona okhanda limtshela okwakhe.Iningi lentsha likholwa ngokubona noma lilulekwa kufana nokuthela amanzi emhlabeni wedada.Imvamisa laba abangalaleli bavame ukuphelela ezidakamizweni,bathole abantwana besafunda izikole kanjalo nokuphelela ejele .Isizathu sokuthi abadala beluleke intsha yingoba bafuna ukuthi intsha iphile kangcono ngezinqumo ezihlukile kunezakudala .Noma kunjalo [[izinqumo]] angeke zifane ngenxa yokuthi umhlaba usujikile okwakwenziwa kudala kulesi iskhathi samanje akusenziwa.Izinqumo yizona [[eziyinkombandlela]] yokuthi isimo sempilo yakho sizoma kanjani.Yingakho- ke kufanele ucabangisise ngaphambi kokuthatha izinqumo.

Kubalulekile ukuthatha izinqumo eziphusile ngoba yizona ezakha impilo yakho kanti izinqumo ezingalungile zona zimosha noma ziliqede nya ikusasa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=iKUSASA (CONSAS 97) |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/sre.1998.34.267.345 |journal=Survey Review |volume=34 |issue=267 |pages=345–346 |doi=10.1179/sre.1998.34.267.345 |issn=0039-6265}}&lt;/ref&gt;lakho.

== Imithombo:  ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Izinqumo ezithathwa yintsha}}
[[Category:Izinqumo]]
[[Category:Imiphumela]]</text>
      <sha1>5rt5chicyvznkdj2qt34yppaxgiossh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>127159</id>
      <parentid>127158</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T11:21:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Celiwe Nkosi</username>
        <id>25447</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Celiwe Nkosi moved page [[Draft 3/Izinqumo]] to [[Izinqumo ezithathwa yintsha]]</comment>
      <origin>127158</origin>
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      <text bytes="2116" sha1="5rt5chicyvznkdj2qt34yppaxgiossh" xml:space="preserve">Izinqumo ezithathwa yintsha 
[[File:The south african GENERATION Y.jpg|left|thumb|252x252px|Intsha ]]
'''Izinqumo''' ezithathwa yintsha ziba nemiphumela&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ngema |first=Millicent |date=2026 |title=Ukuhlaziya izixazululo ezingasiza ekwenzeni ngcono imiphumela yokufundisa ukufunda ngolimi lwesiZulu Ebangeni lokuQala |journal=Journal for Language Teaching |volume=60 |issue=1 |doi=10.56285/jltVol60iss1a6354 |issn=2958-9320}}&lt;/ref&gt;emihle nemibi.Indlela ibuzwa kwabaphambili,njengabantu abasakhula  kubalulekile ukubuza kubantu abadala njengoba sebeyiphilile impilo kulomhlaba omagada ahlabayo. Abantu abadala yibona abanikeza [[izeluleko]] ukuthi ukuze konke kahle empilweni,kunemigomo nemibandela yempilo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mahlaba |first=Beauty |date=1993 |title=Impilo Enzima (A Hard Life) |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/4065555 |journal=Agenda |issue=16 |pages=33 |doi=10.2307/4065555 |issn=1013-0950}}&lt;/ref&gt; okumele uyilandele.

Nakuba abantu abadala besiluleka kepha kukhona okhanda limtshela okwakhe.Iningi lentsha likholwa ngokubona noma lilulekwa kufana nokuthela amanzi emhlabeni wedada.Imvamisa laba abangalaleli bavame ukuphelela ezidakamizweni,bathole abantwana besafunda izikole kanjalo nokuphelela ejele .Isizathu sokuthi abadala beluleke intsha yingoba bafuna ukuthi intsha iphile kangcono ngezinqumo ezihlukile kunezakudala .Noma kunjalo [[izinqumo]] angeke zifane ngenxa yokuthi umhlaba usujikile okwakwenziwa kudala kulesi iskhathi samanje akusenziwa.Izinqumo yizona [[eziyinkombandlela]] yokuthi isimo sempilo yakho sizoma kanjani.Yingakho- ke kufanele ucabangisise ngaphambi kokuthatha izinqumo.

Kubalulekile ukuthatha izinqumo eziphusile ngoba yizona ezakha impilo yakho kanti izinqumo ezingalungile zona zimosha noma ziliqede nya ikusasa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=iKUSASA (CONSAS 97) |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/sre.1998.34.267.345 |journal=Survey Review |volume=34 |issue=267 |pages=345–346 |doi=10.1179/sre.1998.34.267.345 |issn=0039-6265}}&lt;/ref&gt;lakho.

== Imithombo:  ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Izinqumo ezithathwa yintsha}}
[[Category:Izinqumo]]
[[Category:Imiphumela]]</text>
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    <title>Amanzi amponjwana</title>
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'''Amanzi amponjwana''' ayisiphuzo esidakayo esihluziwe esinongwe ngamajikijolo e-junipha neminye imiqobelo yezitshalo. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=E.U. Definitions of Categories of Alcoholic Beverages 2019/787, M(b)|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32019R0787}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Definitions (&quot;Standards of Identity&quot;) for Distilled Spirits, Title 27 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 1, Part 5, Section 5.22 ,(c) Class 3|url=http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&amp;rgn=div5&amp;view=text&amp;node=27:1.0.1.1.3&amp;idno=27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaqala njengotshwala bezokwelapha obenziwa izindela kanye nosonzululwazi abathakayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Compendium Salernitanum - Medieval &amp; Renaissance Manuscripts Online - The Morgan Library &amp; Museum|url=https://ica.themorgan.org/manuscript/thumbs/159345|accessdate=2026-07-25|website=ica.themorgan.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amanzi amponjwana esimanje ashintshwa eFlanders naseNetherlands &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kerry|date=2023-11-24|title=Which Country Invented Gin: Tracing Its Historical Roots|url=https://thehenleydistillery.co.uk/blog/which-country-invented-gin/|accessdate=2025-09-10|website=The Henley Distillery|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ukuze ahlinzeke nge -aqua vita evela kumathonselo omhleke nokusanhlamvu, kwaba yinto yokuhweba embonini yeziphuzo ezidakayo. Amanzi amponjwana aduma eNgilandi ngemuva kokwethulwa kwe -jenever, utshwala obuvela kwelamaDashi naseBelgium. Nakuba lokhu kuthuthuka bekulokhu kwenzeka kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, amanzi amponjwana asakazeka kabanzi ngemva kweNguqulombuso Ekhazimulayo yowe-1688 eholwa nguWilliam wase-Orange kanye nemikhawulo eyalandela yokungenisa ugologo eFrance. Amanzi amponjwana avela njengesiphuzo sikazwelonke sotshwala eNgilandi ngesikhathi se -Gin Craze ka-1695-1735.

== uMsukagama ==
Igama elithi ''amanzi amponjwana'' kwakuyigama elanikezwa isiphuzo saloluhlobo ngowe-1928. Abantu bomdabu babebona amanzi acwebileyo kodwa igabha lawo lifake uphawu lwesilwane esinezimpondo, base bethi amanzi amponjwana.
[[Category:Utshwala]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Isiphohlongo seMTN sowezi-2026</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368351195|2026 MTN 8]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="894" sha1="ohrd32x1b9zljnjih9ri76jh0po3uq2" xml:space="preserve">'''[[Isiphohlongo seMTN|Isiphohlongo seMTN 8]] sowezi-2026''' siwuhlelo lwama-52 lomncintiswano [[Ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo|webhola lezinyawo]] waseNingizimu Afrika ohlanganisa amaqembu asezikhundleni eziyisi-8 eziphezulu ekupheleni komdumbu odlule weSigaba Esiphezulu, kanye nowesi-19 ngaphansi kwegama lomxhasi njengamanje. Umncintiswano uqala mhla ziyi-8 kuNcwaba wezi-2026.

Imali yomklomelo izoba [[IRandi|yizigidi eziyi-R10]] kwabanqobile kanye ne [[IRandi|nesigidi esi-R1]] kumhlanganyeli ngamunye kwabanye abahlanganyeli abayi-7. &lt;ref name=&quot;prize_2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=R10 million up for grabs in MTN8|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/r10-million-up-for-grabs-in-mtn8|accessdate=2024-08-04|website=SABC|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Orlando Pirates F.C.|I-Orlando Pirates]] inqobe izicoco ezine, futhi izozama ukuba yiqembu lokuqala ukuqoba lesi sicoco izinkathi ezinhlanu zilandelana.</text>
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      <text bytes="1825" sha1="0dyywwj20h6mmm7e1p4df6dkvzqg0mi" xml:space="preserve">'''[[Isiphohlongo seMTN|Isiphohlongo seMTN 8]] sowezi-2026''' siwuhlelo lwama-52 lomncintiswano [[Ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo|webhola lezinyawo]] waseNingizimu Afrika ohlanganisa amaqembu asezikhundleni eziyisi-8 eziphezulu ekupheleni komdumbu odlule weSigaba Esiphezulu, kanye nowesi-19 ngaphansi kwegama lomxhasi njengamanje. Umncintiswano uqala mhla ziyi-8 kuNcwaba wezi-2026.

Imali yomklomelo izoba [[IRandi|yizigidi eziyi-R10]] kwabanqobile kanye ne [[IRandi|nesigidi esi-R1]] kumhlanganyeli ngamunye kwabanye abahlanganyeli abayi-7. &lt;ref name=&quot;prize_2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=R10 million up for grabs in MTN8|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/r10-million-up-for-grabs-in-mtn8|accessdate=2024-08-04|website=SABC|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Orlando Pirates F.C.|I-Orlando Pirates]] inqobe izicoco ezine, futhi izozama ukuba yiqembu lokuqala ukuqoba lesi sicoco izinkathi ezinhlanu zilandelana.

== Amaqembu ==
Amaqembu alandelayo ayisiphohlongo akleliswe ngokulandelana kwawo esikhundleni zawo esixwexweni somdumbu edlule weSigaba Esiphezulu sowezi-2025-26.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Africa 2025/26 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zaf2026.html |access-date=2026-08-03 |website=www.rsssf.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2026 |title=Official: 26/27 MTN8 Fixtures Confirmed |url=https://www.soccerladuma.co.za/psl/mtn8/mtn8-fixtures-confirmed-after-final-day |access-date=2026-08-03 |website=Soccer Laduma |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
#[[Orlando Pirates F.C.|Orlando Pirates]]
#[[Mamelodi Sundowns F.C.|Mamelodi Sundowns]]
#[[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]]
#[[AmaZulu F.C.|AmaZulu]]
#[[Sekhukhune United F.C.|Sekhukhune United]]
#[[Lamontville Golden Arrows F.C.|Golden Arrows]]
#[[Polokwane City F.C.|Polokwane City]]
#[[Durban City F.C. (2024)|Durban City]]
{{div col end}}

==Amaphatho==</text>
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      <comment>/* Amaqembu */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2243" sha1="o0vfio0iezkg217z0aaomoigtg21muy" xml:space="preserve">'''[[Isiphohlongo seMTN|Isiphohlongo seMTN 8]] sowezi-2026''' siwuhlelo lwama-52 lomncintiswano [[Ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo|webhola lezinyawo]] waseNingizimu Afrika ohlanganisa amaqembu asezikhundleni eziyisi-8 eziphezulu ekupheleni komdumbu odlule weSigaba Esiphezulu, kanye nowesi-19 ngaphansi kwegama lomxhasi njengamanje. Umncintiswano uqala mhla ziyi-8 kuNcwaba wezi-2026.

Imali yomklomelo izoba [[IRandi|yizigidi eziyi-R10]] kwabanqobile kanye ne [[IRandi|nesigidi esi-R1]] kumhlanganyeli ngamunye kwabanye abahlanganyeli abayi-7. &lt;ref name=&quot;prize_2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=R10 million up for grabs in MTN8|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/r10-million-up-for-grabs-in-mtn8|accessdate=2024-08-04|website=SABC|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Orlando Pirates F.C.|I-Orlando Pirates]] inqobe izicoco ezine, futhi izozama ukuba yiqembu lokuqala ukuqoba lesi sicoco izinkathi ezinhlanu zilandelana.

== Amaqembu ==
Amaqembu alandelayo ayisiphohlongo akleliswe ngokulandelana kwawo esikhundleni zawo esixwexweni somdumbu edlule weSigaba Esiphezulu sowezi-2025-26.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Africa 2025/26 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zaf2026.html |access-date=2026-08-03 |website=www.rsssf.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2026 |title=Official: 26/27 MTN8 Fixtures Confirmed |url=https://www.soccerladuma.co.za/psl/mtn8/mtn8-fixtures-confirmed-after-final-day |access-date=2026-08-03 |website=Soccer Laduma |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
#[[Orlando Pirates F.C.|Orlando Pirates]]
#[[Mamelodi Sundowns F.C.|Mamelodi Sundowns]]
#[[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]]
#[[AmaZulu F.C.|AmaZulu]]
#[[Sekhukhune United F.C.|Sekhukhune United]]
#[[Lamontville Golden Arrows F.C.|Golden Arrows]]
#[[Polokwane City F.C.|Polokwane City]]
#[[Durban City F.C. (2024)|Durban City]]
{{div col end}}

==Umzuliswano wayisiphohlongo==
{| class=wikitable
|+ Umzuliswano wayisiphohlongo
! Usuku !!Iqembu !!Amanqaku !!Iqembu !!Inkundla 
|-
!  August 8, 2026
| Orlando Pierats || 2-1 || Durban City || Orlando Stadium
|-
! August 8, 2026
| Mamelodi Sundowns || 3-2 || Polokwane City || 
|-
! July 11, 2026
5:00 p.m
| AmaZulu || 0-0 || Sekhukhune F.C. || 
|-
!  July 11, 2026
| Kaizer Chiefs || 0-0  || Golden Arrows || A
|}

==Amaphatho==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-09T03:35:22Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2301" sha1="ahfmhmoctfmrkrtjchf16afkscuqmhl" xml:space="preserve">'''[[Isiphohlongo seMTN|Isiphohlongo seMTN 8]] sowezi-2026''' siwuhlelo lwama-52 lomncintiswano [[Ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo|webhola lezinyawo]] waseNingizimu Afrika ohlanganisa amaqembu asezikhundleni eziyisi-8 eziphezulu ekupheleni komdumbu odlule weSigaba Esiphezulu, kanye nowesi-19 ngaphansi kwegama lomxhasi njengamanje. Umncintiswano uqala mhla ziyi-8 kuNcwaba wezi-2026.

Imali yomklomelo izoba [[IRandi|yizigidi eziyi-R10]] kwabanqobile kanye ne [[IRandi|nesigidi esi-R1]] kumhlanganyeli ngamunye kwabanye abahlanganyeli abayi-7. &lt;ref name=&quot;prize_2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=R10 million up for grabs in MTN8|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/r10-million-up-for-grabs-in-mtn8|accessdate=2024-08-04|website=SABC|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Orlando Pirates F.C.|I-Orlando Pirates]] inqobe izicoco ezine, futhi izozama ukuba yiqembu lokuqala ukuqoba lesi sicoco izinkathi ezinhlanu zilandelana.

== Amaqembu ==
Amaqembu alandelayo ayisiphohlongo akleliswe ngokulandelana kwawo esikhundleni zawo esixwexweni somdumbu edlule weSigaba Esiphezulu sowezi-2025-26.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Africa 2025/26 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zaf2026.html |access-date=2026-08-03 |website=www.rsssf.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2026 |title=Official: 26/27 MTN8 Fixtures Confirmed |url=https://www.soccerladuma.co.za/psl/mtn8/mtn8-fixtures-confirmed-after-final-day |access-date=2026-08-03 |website=Soccer Laduma |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
#[[Orlando Pirates F.C.|Orlando Pirates]]
#[[Mamelodi Sundowns F.C.|Mamelodi Sundowns]]
#[[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]]
#[[AmaZulu F.C.|AmaZulu]]
#[[Sekhukhune United F.C.|Sekhukhune United]]
#[[Lamontville Golden Arrows F.C.|Golden Arrows]]
#[[Polokwane City F.C.|Polokwane City]]
#[[Durban City F.C. (2024)|Durban City]]
{{div col end}}

==Umzuliswano wayisiphohlongo==
{| class=wikitable
|+ Umzuliswano wayisiphohlongo
! Usuku !!Iqembu !!Amanqaku !!Iqembu !!Inkundla 
|-
!  August 8, 2026
| Orlando Pierats || 2-1 || Durban City || Orlando Stadium
|-
! August 8, 2026
| Mamelodi Sundowns || 3-2 || Polokwane City || Lucas Moripe stadium
|-
! August 9, 2026
5:00 p.m
| AmaZulu || 0-0 || Sekhukhune F.C. || Chatsworth stadium
|-
!  August 9, 2026
| Kaizer Chiefs || 0-0  || Golden Arrows || Soccer city stadium
|}

==Amaphatho==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Uxamu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>127048</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T17:29:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cebisah</username>
        <id>25500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I published the article and their references.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1437" sha1="bvw7z9h0h0oubgv4ju1t694mw3su7r5" xml:space="preserve">UXamu uyisilwane esihuquzelayo esifana nesibankwa esikhulu. Unomzimba omude, umsila omude, okunye nemilenze eqinile. Uxamu uthanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezomile nezishisayo, futhi uyakwazi ukugijima ngokushesha uma ezwa ingozi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Monitor lizards {{!}} Kloof Conservancy The Leopard's Echo|url=https://le.kloofconservancy.org.za/monitor-lizards/|accessdate=2026-08-08|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uxamu udla kakhulu izinambuzane, izibankwa ezincane, amaqanda nezinye izilwane ezincane. Usebenzisa ulimi namazinyo ukubamba nokudabula ukudla. Uma edla uxamu usondela kancane esilwaneni asifunayo bese asibambe ngokushesha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Monitor Lizards: Habitat, Diet, Size, and Species Guide|url=https://rodentpro.com/informationcenter/resources/monitor-lizards?srsltid=AfmBOor1qOqNuJgox6PEZX433LX1x8lLTMV1RVZO-cx2eOoX9Nw_LGTc|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=rodentpro.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uxamu uzalana ngokubekela amaqanda. Insikazi ibeka amaqanda endaweni efudumele, bese kuthi emva kwesikhathi amachwane bese eyaphuma kulawo maqanda. Uxamu utholakala emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo nezomile, kanti izinhlobo ezahlukene zoxamu zitholakala nasezingxenyeni zase-Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sprackland|first=Robert G.|date=2011-12-01|title=Breeding Savannah Monitors|url=https://reptilesmagazine.com/breeding-savannah-monitors/|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=Reptiles Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>127049</id>
      <parentid>127048</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T17:33:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cebisah</username>
        <id>25500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>i added photo</comment>
      <origin>127049</origin>
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      <text bytes="1549" sha1="0hubk1vfr77y5upve04fiwwh66m3dgu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis).jpg|thumb|uXamu]]
'''UXamu''' uyisilwane esihuquzelayo esifana nesibankwa esikhulu. Unomzimba omude, umsila omude, okunye nemilenze eqinile. Uxamu uthanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezomile nezishisayo, futhi uyakwazi ukugijima ngokushesha uma ezwa ingozi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Monitor lizards {{!}} Kloof Conservancy The Leopard's Echo|url=https://le.kloofconservancy.org.za/monitor-lizards/|accessdate=2026-08-08|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uxamu udla kakhulu izinambuzane, izibankwa ezincane, amaqanda nezinye izilwane ezincane. Usebenzisa ulimi namazinyo ukubamba nokudabula ukudla. Uma edla uxamu usondela kancane esilwaneni asifunayo bese asibambe ngokushesha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Monitor Lizards: Habitat, Diet, Size, and Species Guide|url=https://rodentpro.com/informationcenter/resources/monitor-lizards?srsltid=AfmBOor1qOqNuJgox6PEZX433LX1x8lLTMV1RVZO-cx2eOoX9Nw_LGTc|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=rodentpro.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uxamu uzalana ngokubekela amaqanda. Insikazi ibeka amaqanda endaweni efudumele, bese kuthi emva kwesikhathi amachwane bese eyaphuma kulawo maqanda. Uxamu utholakala emazweni amaningi ase-[[IAfrika|Afrika]], ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo nezomile, kanti izinhlobo ezahlukene zoxamu zitholakala nasezingxenyeni zase-[[Asla District|Asia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sprackland|first=Robert G.|date=2011-12-01|title=Breeding Savannah Monitors|url=https://reptilesmagazine.com/breeding-savannah-monitors/|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=Reptiles Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umuhlwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>34941</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127050</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T17:55:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cebisah</username>
        <id>25500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I published the article and their references.</comment>
      <origin>127050</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1232" sha1="kzrz0n07pm2gycsrrr5yebblhmt8o5d" xml:space="preserve">'''Umuhlwa''' yisilwane esincane esihlala emhlabathini futhi sivame ukuhlala ngamaqembu amakhulu. Umuhlwa wakha izidleke ezinkulu, ezaziwa ngokuthi izidleke zemuhlwa. Uhlala ngokubambisana, futhi iqembu ngalinye linomsebenzi ohlukene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Termites {{!}} University of Maryland Extension|url=https://extension.umd.edu/resource/termites|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=extension.umd.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umuhlwa uzalana ngokuthi inkosi nendlovukazi yomuhlwa bahlangane, bese indlovukazi izalela amaqanda amaningi. La maqanda achanyuselwa abe yizimuhlwa ezincane, ezikhula zibe yizimuhlwa ezindala. Indlovukazi ingakwazi ukuzalela amaqanda amaningi ukuze kwande umndeni womuhlwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://animals.howstuffworks.com/insects/termite2.htm|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=animals.howstuffworks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umuhlwa udla kakhulu izinkuni, amaqabunga awile, utshani nezinye izinto ezibolayo ezinezitshalo. Utholakala ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifudumele nezinomswakama. Utholakala e-Afrika, e-Asia, e-Australia nasezingxenyeni zaseMelika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://animals.howstuffworks.com/insects/termite2.htm|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=animals.howstuffworks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>127051</id>
      <parentid>127050</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T18:01:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cebisah</username>
        <id>25500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added a photo</comment>
      <origin>127051</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1693" sha1="5fp1afx09fu3dnln64hmgfn9334jmri" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Termite-Formosan subterranean-worker-Tamil word17.1.jpg|thumb|Umuhlwa]]
'''Umuhlwa''' yisilwane esincane esihlala emhlabathini futhi sivame ukuhlala ngamaqembu amakhulu. Umuhlwa wakha izidleke ezinkulu, ezaziwa ngokuthi izidleke zemuhlwa. Uhlala ngokubambisana, futhi iqembu ngalinye linomsebenzi ohlukene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Termites {{!}} University of Maryland Extension|url=https://extension.umd.edu/resource/termites|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=extension.umd.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umuhlwa uzalana ngokuthi inkosi nendlovukazi yomuhlwa bahlangane, bese indlovukazi izalela amaqanda amaningi. La maqanda achanyuselwa abe yizimuhlwa ezincane, ezikhula zibe yizimuhlwa ezindala. Indlovukazi ingakwazi ukuzalela amaqanda amaningi ukuze kwande umndeni womuhlwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Termite Lifespan {{!}} How Long Do Termites Live? {{!}} Orkin|url=https://www.orkin.com/pests/termites/life-cycle|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=www.orkin.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umuhlwa udla kakhulu izinkuni, amaqabunga awile, utshani nezinye izinto ezibolayo ezinezitshalo. Utholakala ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifudumele nezinomswakama. Utholakala e-[[IAfrika|Afrika]], e-[[Asla District|Asia]], e-Australia nasezingxenyeni zase[[IMelika|Melika]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=News|first=Opening Hours Open Daily 10am-5pmClosed Christmas DayFree General Entry Address 1 William StreetSydney NSW 2010 Australia Phone +61 2 9320 6000 www australian museum Copyright © 2026 The Australian Museum ABN 85 407 224 698 View Museum|title=Termites|url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/termites/|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=The Australian Museum|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ihlokohloko</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>34942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127053</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T19:00:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cebisah</username>
        <id>25500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I published the article and their references.</comment>
      <origin>127053</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1377" sha1="lw1m5yc8i5d4qocb8kckl4am7erxzfa" xml:space="preserve">'''Ihlokohloko''' iyinyoni encane eyaziwa ngokwakha izidleke ezinhle neziqinile. Igama layo livela endleleni eyenza ngayo isidleke ngokweluka utshani nezinye izingxenye zezitshalo. Ihlokohloko yesilisa ivame ukuba nemibala egqamile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzalana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tennick|first=Nick|date=2022-10-17|title=Weaving Wizardry - Londolozi Blog|url=https://blog.londolozi.com/2022/10/17/weaving-wizardry/|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=Blog|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihlokohloko izalana ngokubeka amaqanda. Inyoni yesilisa ivame ukwakha isidleke ukuze ihehe eyesifazane. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, eyesifazane ibeka amaqanda esidlekeni bese iwafukamela aze achamusele. Abazali bayawasiza amaphupha ngokuwapha ukudla nokuwavikela.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Textile in the Trees: Weaver Bird Nests - Garden Design|url=https://www.gardendesign.com/trees/weaver-bird-nests.html|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=GardenDesign.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihlokohloko idla kakhulu imbewu, okusanhlamvu, izinambuzane nokunye ukudla okuncane. Itholakala kakhulu e-Afrika, ikakhulukazi emazweni afana neNingizimu Afrika, iZimbabwe neBotswana. Ivame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinotshani, ezinamaxhaphozi, emapulazini nasezindaweni ezinezihlahla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-20|title=Cape Weaver - SANBI|url=https://www.sanbi.org/animal-of-the-week/cape-weaver/|accessdate=2026-08-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>127054</id>
      <parentid>127053</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T19:03:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cebisah</username>
        <id>25500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>i added photo</comment>
      <origin>127054</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1536" sha1="cu0mtokk0omrnll3o87pbez8g3lb5tf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Black-headed weaver (Ploceus cucullatus bohndorffi) male nest building.jpg|thumb|Ihlokohloko]]
'''Ihlokohloko''' iyinyoni encane eyaziwa ngokwakha izidleke ezinhle neziqinile. Igama layo livela endleleni eyenza ngayo isidleke ngokweluka utshani nezinye izingxenye zezitshalo. Ihlokohloko yesilisa ivame ukuba nemibala egqamile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzalana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tennick|first=Nick|date=2022-10-17|title=Weaving Wizardry - Londolozi Blog|url=https://blog.londolozi.com/2022/10/17/weaving-wizardry/|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=Blog|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihlokohloko izalana ngokubeka amaqanda. Inyoni yesilisa ivame ukwakha isidleke ukuze ihehe eyesifazane. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, eyesifazane ibeka amaqanda esidlekeni bese iwafukamela aze achamusele. Abazali bayawasiza amaphupha ngokuwapha ukudla nokuwavikela.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Textile in the Trees: Weaver Bird Nests - Garden Design|url=https://www.gardendesign.com/trees/weaver-bird-nests.html|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=GardenDesign.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihlokohloko idla kakhulu imbewu, okusanhlamvu, izinambuzane nokunye ukudla okuncane. Itholakala kakhulu e-Afrika, ikakhulukazi emazweni afana ne[[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|Ningizimu Afrika]], [[iZimbabwe]] ne[[IButswana|Botswana]]. Ivame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinotshani, ezinamaxhaphozi, emapulazini nasezindaweni ezinezihlahla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-20|title=Cape Weaver - SANBI|url=https://www.sanbi.org/animal-of-the-week/cape-weaver/|accessdate=2026-08-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>127140</id>
      <parentid>127054</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T09:05:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fongcwele</username>
        <id>16873</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>127140</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2236" sha1="qxbwm07ne3ktlbmkr6yl6fznjhcald0" xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#D3D3A4;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 |
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | &lt;big&gt;'''Ihlokohloko'''&lt;/big&gt;
|}
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[File:Village weaver (Ploceus cucullatus cucullatus) male with leaf.jpg|200px|]]
|-
| '''Umbuso''' || Wezilwane
|-
| '''Umhibatho''' || chordata
|-
| '''IsiGaba''' || Izinyoni
|-
| '''Uhlelo''' || Izicushi
|-
| '''Umndeni''' || Ezacushayo
|-
| '''Uzalo''' || Amahlokohloko
|-
| '''umqhinqa''' || ihlokohloko


|}
[[File:Black-headed weaver (Ploceus cucullatus bohndorffi) male nest building.jpg|thumb|Ihlokohloko]]
'''Ihlokohloko''' iyinyoni encane eyaziwa ngokwakha izidleke ezinhle neziqinile. Igama layo livela endleleni eyenza ngayo isidleke ngokweluka utshani nezinye izingxenye zezitshalo. Ihlokohloko yesilisa ivame ukuba nemibala egqamile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzalana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tennick|first=Nick|date=2022-10-17|title=Weaving Wizardry - Londolozi Blog|url=https://blog.londolozi.com/2022/10/17/weaving-wizardry/|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=Blog|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihlokohloko izalana ngokubeka amaqanda. Inyoni yesilisa ivame ukwakha isidleke ukuze ihehe eyesifazane. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, eyesifazane ibeka amaqanda esidlekeni bese iwafukamela aze achamusele. Abazali bayawasiza amaphupha ngokuwapha ukudla nokuwavikela.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Textile in the Trees: Weaver Bird Nests - Garden Design|url=https://www.gardendesign.com/trees/weaver-bird-nests.html|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=GardenDesign.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihlokohloko idla kakhulu imbewu, okusanhlamvu, izinambuzane nokunye ukudla okuncane. Itholakala kakhulu e-Afrika, ikakhulukazi emazweni afana ne[[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|Ningizimu Afrika]], [[iZimbabwe]] ne[[IButswana|Botswana]]. Ivame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinotshani, ezinamaxhaphozi, emapulazini nasezindaweni ezinezihlahla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-20|title=Cape Weaver - SANBI|url=https://www.sanbi.org/animal-of-the-week/cape-weaver/|accessdate=2026-08-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>127161</id>
      <parentid>127140</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T11:35:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fongcwele</username>
        <id>16873</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>127161</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2253" sha1="80nf9wqmluyswr62biwm9rx5d1dbb6j" xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#D3D3A4;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 |
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | &lt;big&gt;'''Ihlokohloko'''&lt;/big&gt;
|}
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[File:Village weaver (Ploceus cucullatus cucullatus) male with leaf.jpg|200px|]]
|-
| '''Umbuso''' || [[Izilwane|Wezilwane]]
|-
| '''Umhibatho''' || chordata
|-
| '''IsiGaba''' || Izinyoni
|-
| '''Uhlelo''' || Izicushi
|-
| '''Umndeni''' || [[Ezacushayo]]
|-
| '''Uzalo''' || Amahlokohloko
|-
| '''umqhinqa''' || ihlokohloko


|}
[[File:Black-headed weaver (Ploceus cucullatus bohndorffi) male nest building.jpg|thumb|Ihlokohloko]]
'''Ihlokohloko''' iyinyoni encane eyaziwa ngokwakha izidleke ezinhle neziqinile. Igama layo livela endleleni eyenza ngayo isidleke ngokweluka utshani nezinye izingxenye zezitshalo. Ihlokohloko yesilisa ivame ukuba nemibala egqamile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzalana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tennick|first=Nick|date=2022-10-17|title=Weaving Wizardry - Londolozi Blog|url=https://blog.londolozi.com/2022/10/17/weaving-wizardry/|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=Blog|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihlokohloko izalana ngokubeka amaqanda. Inyoni yesilisa ivame ukwakha isidleke ukuze ihehe eyesifazane. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, eyesifazane ibeka amaqanda esidlekeni bese iwafukamela aze achamusele. Abazali bayawasiza amaphupha ngokuwapha ukudla nokuwavikela.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Textile in the Trees: Weaver Bird Nests - Garden Design|url=https://www.gardendesign.com/trees/weaver-bird-nests.html|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=GardenDesign.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihlokohloko idla kakhulu imbewu, okusanhlamvu, izinambuzane nokunye ukudla okuncane. Itholakala kakhulu e-Afrika, ikakhulukazi emazweni afana ne[[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|Ningizimu Afrika]], [[iZimbabwe]] ne[[IButswana|Botswana]]. Ivame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinotshani, ezinamaxhaphozi, emapulazini nasezindaweni ezinezihlahla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-20|title=Cape Weaver - SANBI|url=https://www.sanbi.org/animal-of-the-week/cape-weaver/|accessdate=2026-08-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>127162</id>
      <parentid>127161</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-09T11:36:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fongcwele</username>
        <id>16873</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>127162</origin>
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      <text bytes="2312" sha1="98us73xj0dxwicnf6h7anjsvha8cj6j" xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#D3D3A4;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 |
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | &lt;big&gt;'''Ihlokohloko'''&lt;/big&gt;
|}
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[File:Village weaver (Ploceus cucullatus cucullatus) male with leaf.jpg|200px|]]
|-
| '''Umbuso''' || [[Izilwane|Wezilwane]]
|-
| '''Umhibatho''' || chordata
|-
| '''IsiGaba''' || Izinyoni
|-
| '''Uhlelo''' || Izicushi
|-
| '''Umndeni''' || [[Ezacushayo]]
|-
| '''Uzalo''' || Amahlokohloko
|-
| '''umqhinqa''' || ihlokohloko


|}
[[File:Black-headed weaver (Ploceus cucullatus bohndorffi) male nest building.jpg|thumb|Ihlokohloko]]
'''Ihlokohloko''' iyinyoni encane eyaziwa ngokwakha izidleke ezinhle neziqinile. Igama layo livela endleleni eyenza ngayo isidleke ngokweluka utshani nezinye izingxenye zezitshalo. Ihlokohloko yesilisa ivame ukuba nemibala egqamile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzalana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tennick|first=Nick|date=2022-10-17|title=Weaving Wizardry - Londolozi Blog|url=https://blog.londolozi.com/2022/10/17/weaving-wizardry/|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=Blog|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihlokohloko izalana ngokubeka amaqanda. Inyoni yesilisa ivame ukwakha isidleke ukuze ihehe eyesifazane. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, eyesifazane ibeka amaqanda esidlekeni bese iwafukamela aze achamusele. Abazali bayawasiza amaphupha ngokuwapha ukudla nokuwavikela.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Textile in the Trees: Weaver Bird Nests - Garden Design|url=https://www.gardendesign.com/trees/weaver-bird-nests.html|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=GardenDesign.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihlokohloko idla kakhulu imbewu, okusanhlamvu, izinambuzane nokunye ukudla okuncane. Itholakala kakhulu e-Afrika, ikakhulukazi emazweni afana ne[[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|Ningizimu Afrika]], [[iZimbabwe]] ne[[IButswana|Botswana]]. Ivame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinotshani, ezinamaxhaphozi, emapulazini nasezindaweni ezinezihlahla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-20|title=Cape Weaver - SANBI|url=https://www.sanbi.org/animal-of-the-week/cape-weaver/|accessdate=2026-08-08|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Izilwane]]
[[Category:Izinyoni]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imfezi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>34943</id>
    <revision>
      <id>127055</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-08T19:50:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cebisah</username>
        <id>25500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I published the article and their references.</comment>
      <origin>127055</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1483" sha1="0lla7rs0agjyrqhnjx62x13bozhxonp" xml:space="preserve">'''Imfezi''' iyisilwane esihuquzelayo esiyinyoka enobuthi obuyingozi. Iyakwazi ukuzivikela ngokuphakamisa ingxenye yangaphambili yomzimba wayo nokuvula ikepisi elisentanyeni. Imfezi iyashesha futhi iyakwazi ukuhlasela lapho izizwa isongelwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cobra {{!}} Venomous Snake Species &amp; Characteristics {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/cobra-snake|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Imfezi idla kakhulu amagundane, izinyoni, amaxoxo, izibankwa nezinye izilwane ezincane. Izingela ngokulandela inyamazane yayo bese iyiluma ngamazinyo anobuthi. Ubuthi busiza ekubulaleni noma ekuthuliseni inyamazane ukuze ikwazi ukuyidla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Glatz|first=Kyle|date=2024-08-15|title=8 Animals That Hunt Cobras|url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/lists/animals-that-hunt-cobras/|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=A-Z Animals|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Imfezi izala ngokubekela amaqanda endaweni. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda endaweni ephephile, bese amachwane echamusela kuwo. Imfezi itholakala ezindaweni eziningi zase-Afrika nase Asia, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifudumele ezinamahlathi, amathafa, izindawo ezinotshani kanye nasezindaweni eziseduze nemizi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Allred|first=Brandi|date=2025-09-12|title=7 Snakes That Give Birth to Live Young (As Opposed to Eggs)|url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/snake/snake-facts/snakes-that-give-live-birth/|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=A-Z Animals|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="1550" sha1="8cxiq8na9wv2wke4pwn5pxklbw3fmtd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Cobra hood.jpg|thumb|Imfezi]]
'''Imfezi''' iyisilwane esihuquzelayo esiyinyoka enobuthi obuyingozi. Iyakwazi ukuzivikela ngokuphakamisa ingxenye yangaphambili yomzimba wayo nokuvula ikepisi elisentanyeni. Imfezi iyashesha futhi iyakwazi ukuhlasela lapho izizwa isongelwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cobra {{!}} Venomous Snake Species &amp; Characteristics {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/cobra-snake|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Imfezi idla kakhulu amagundane, izinyoni, amaxoxo, izibankwa nezinye izilwane ezincane. Izingela ngokulandela inyamazane yayo bese iyiluma ngamazinyo anobuthi. Ubuthi busiza ekubulaleni noma ekuthuliseni inyamazane ukuze ikwazi ukuyidla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Glatz|first=Kyle|date=2024-08-15|title=8 Animals That Hunt Cobras|url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/lists/animals-that-hunt-cobras/|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=A-Z Animals|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Imfezi izala ngokubekela amaqanda endaweni. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda endaweni ephephile, bese amachwane echamusela kuwo. Imfezi itholakala ezindaweni eziningi zase-[[IAfrika|Afrika]] nase [[Asla District|Asia]], ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifudumele ezinamahlathi, amathafa, izindawo ezinotshani kanye nasezindaweni eziseduze nemizi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Allred|first=Brandi|date=2025-09-12|title=7 Snakes That Give Birth to Live Young (As Opposed to Eggs)|url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/snake/snake-facts/snakes-that-give-live-birth/|accessdate=2026-08-08|website=A-Z Animals|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ezacushayo</title>
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'''Ezacushayo''' umndeni [[Inyoni|wezinyoni]] ezincane ze-passerine, eziningi zazo ezibizwa ngokuthi '''amahlokohloko''', '''ezihlokolayo'''. La magama avela ezidlekeni zezitshalo ezilukiwe ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi ezidalwe yizinyoni kulo mndeni. Emijinjweni yakamuva, ezicushayo ziyizinhlobo ezihlukanisa izinyoni ezithile ezibekwe emndenini ngokomlando, njengezinye zezinyoni ezingamajolwane, kodwa okuhlanganisa umndeni omncane we- Amblyospizinae . Kukholelwa ukuthi umndeni waqala maphakathi neMiocene . &lt;ref name=&quot;des&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=De Silva |first=Thilina N. |last2=Peterson |first2=A. Townsend |last3=Bates |first3=John M. |last4=Fernando |first4=Sumudu W. |last5=Girard |first5=Matthew G. |year=2017 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of weaverbirds (Aves: Ploceidae): A first robust phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=109 |pages=21–32 |bibcode=2017MolPE.109...21D |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.013 |pmid=28012957 |s2cid=205841906}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zonke izinyoni eziushayo zivela e- Old World, iningi lazo lise-Afrika eningizimu yeSahara, yize ezimbalwa zihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Ashia. Izinhlobo ezimbalwa ziye zalethwa ngaphandle kwezindawo zazo zokuzalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;HBW&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Craig |first=Adrian J.F.K. |year=2010 |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World |publisher=Lynx Edicions |isbn=978-84-96553-68-2 |editor-last=del Hoyo |editor-first=J. |volume=15: Weavers to New World Warblers |location=Barcelona, Spain |pages=73–197 |chapter=Family Ploceidae (Weavers) |editor-last2=Elliott |editor-first2=A. |editor-last3=Christie |editor-first3=D.A. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0015unse/page/73/mode/1up}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Izinyoni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dave Hemingway</title>
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'''UDavid Robert Hemingway''' owazalwa ngo-20 kuMandulo ngonyaka ka 1960 ungumculi nombhali wezingoma waseNgilandi, owaziwa kakhulu njengomculi weqembu laseHull iThe Beautiful South kwaze kwaba yilapho behlukana ngo-2007.Ngaphambilini wayeyilungu le-The Housemartins .

Hemingway was born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, to Harry Hemingway, a lorry driver and local comedian on the club circuit, and Flo Hemingway, who was one of Hull's best-known barmaids.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-01-02|title=Tributes to Hull barmaid Flo Hemingway, mother of Beautiful South's David Hemingway &amp;#124; Hull Daily Mail|url=http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/mum-Flo-Hemingway-barmaid-Hull-s-Rayners-Humber/story-17738570-detail/story.html#axzz2gVnumqrp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105035400/http://www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/mum-Flo-Hemingway-barmaid-Hull-s-Rayners-Humber/story-17738570-detail/story.html#axzz2gVnumqrp|archive-date=5 January 2013|accessdate=2014-07-13|publisher=Thisishullandeastriding.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Hull's Henry Cooper School, Hemingway was in the same class as The Housemartins' future drummer, Hugh Whitaker. The two shared an interest in drumming. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Citation needed|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;  Hemingway followed Whitaker into bands, first the Newpolitans with Dave Rotheray on bass, and then the Velvetones. Whilst at university in London, Hemingway was the drummer and a founding member of The Shoppers, a post-punk band. 
[[Category:Abantu baphilayo]]
[[Category:Abazalwa nge-1960]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Igatsha (iqembu)</title>
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[[File:Clade-grade_II.svg|thumb|400x400px| Umdwebo wesihlahla esinamagatsha esibonisa ubudlelwano beziphili ngaphakathi kwamaqembu ezinhlobo zengqwanye ezaziwa ngokuthi amagatsha. Umugqa oqondile ( ''isiqu'' ) esisekelweni (ezansi) umelela ukhokho wokugcina ovamile . Amaqembu amancane alundwa (blue) nabomvu angamagatsha, ngalinye lichazwa yisiqu sokhokho esifanayo phansi kweqembu lalo elincane ( ''igatshana'' ). Nokho, iqembu elincane eliluhlaza lodwa ''alilona'' igatsha; liyiqembu elihlala lifana neqembu elincane elilundwa ngoba alihlanganisi igatsha elilundwa, elinokhokho ofanayo. Ndawonye, amaqembu amancane aludwa naluhlaza igatsha.]]
[[Umchazampilo|Kumchazampilo]], '''igatsha''', elaziwa nangokuthi '''igatshaqembu'''  noma '''iqembu lemvelo''', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Elizabeth |year=2008 |title=A Dictionary of Biology |last2=Hin |first2=Robert |publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; liyiqembu [[IziPhili|leziphili]] elakhiwe ukhokho ofanayo kanye nayo yonke inzalo yakhe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |year=2004 |title=Assembling the Tree of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/assemblingtreeli00crac_335 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972960-9 |editor-last=Cracraft |editor-first=Joel |page=[https://archive.org/details/assemblingtreeli00crac_335/page/n18 1] |chapter=Introduction |editor-last2=Donoghue |editor-first2=Michael J. |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amagatsha ayisakhi eyisisekelo ezobugatsha, okuyindlela yesimanje yokuhlela [[Ingqwangqwa|ingqawangqwa]] eyamukelwa yimikhakha eminingi yezinto eziphilayo.

Ukhokho ovamile angaba umuntu ngamunye, inani labantu, noma [[Umqhinqo|umqhinqa]] ( oshabalele noma okhona ). Amagatsha anezixheke zawo, ngasinye kwesinye, njengoba igatsha ngalinye lihlukana libe amagatsha amancane. Lokhu kuhlukana kubonisa umlando wenguqukofuzo njengoba imiphakathi yahlukana futhi yathuthuka ngokuzimela. Amagatsha abizwa ngokuthi amaqembu e- ''monophyletic'' (ngesiGreki: &quot;iqembu elilodwa&quot;).</text>
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