Wikipedia zuwiki https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhasi_Elikhulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.18 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 33175 128357 127345 2026-09-07T08:55:04Z Fongcwele 16873 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371188605|Dance]]" 128357 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Two_dancers.jpg|alt=A man and woman, mid-leap|thumb| Abasini ababili besimanje]] '''Ukusina (noma umsino)''' uhlobo lobuciko, oluqukethe ukuchunge leminyakazo yomzimba enobuhle futhi evame ukuba engokomfanekiso, kungaba ukusina okuqanjiwe noma okukhethwe ngenhloso. Ukusina kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba futhi kuchaziswe ngokusiniso lwawo, ngokuhlelwa kwawo kwemisebenzi noma ngesikhathi sawo somlando noma indawo okuvela kuyo . Ukusina kuvame ukwenziwa ngomculo [[Umculo|ohambisana nawo]], futhi ngezinye izikhathi nomsini usebenzisa insimbi yomculo ngesikhathi esina. Izinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile zokusina kweqembu umsino weshashalazi kanye nomsino wokuhlanganyela. Zombili izinhlobo zomsino zingaba nemisebenzi ekhethekile, kungaba eyomphakathi, eyemikhosi, eyokuncintisana, eyothando, eyokulwa, engcwele noma eyokukhonza . Ukusina akugcini nje ngokuqhogoywa, njengoba ukusina kusetshenziswa njengendlela yokuzivocavoca futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuwuqeqeshela eminye imidlalo nobuqhebeqhebe. Imiqhogoyo yokusina kanye nemincintiswano yokusina itholakala emhlabeni wonke ikhombisa izinhlobo nezindinganiso ezahlukene. Umsino ungahlanganyelwa umuntu oyedwa njengendlela yokuzivocavoca noma yokubuciko. Ukusina kuyindlela evamile yokuziphatha kwabantu, futhi akudingi ngempela usiniso oluthize. == Umsino weshashalazi nowokuhlanganyela == [[File:GDC_onlywayaround.jpg|right|thumb| Amalungu enkampani yomsino we-jazz yaseMelika enza isimiso esisemthethweni seqembu endaweni yomsino womgidi .]] Umsino waseshashalazini, obizwa nangokuthi ukuqhogoya noma umsino womgidi, uhloselwe ukwenziwa ikakhulukazi njengombukiso, ngokuvamile [[Ukuqhogoya|umbukiso]] weshashalazi wabasini abanekhono. Uvame ukulandisa indaba, mhlawumbe isebenzisa ukunkawuza, umbabazo kanye nezindawo, noma ungase uichaze umculo ohambisana nawo, ovame ukuqanjwa futhi wenziwe ngokukhethekile endaweni yemidlalo yeshashalazi kodwa akuyona imfuneko. Izibonelo yi -ballet yaseNtshonalanga nokusina kwesimanje, ukusina kwaseNdiya kwasendulo okufana ne- Bharatanatyam, kanye nemidlalo yezingoma nemisino waseShayina neyaseJapan, njengokusina kwenzawu. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-classical zigxile kumsino kuphela, kodwa umsino wokuqhogoya ungavela naku -opera nakwezinye izinhlobo zomculo weshashalazi . Umdanso ohlanganyelwe, kungaba umsino wesintu, umsino womphakathi, umsino weqembu njengomugqa, indilinga, uchungechunge noma umsino wesikwele, noma umsino womlingani, njengasekusineni kwaseNtshonalanga kwe-ballroom, wenziwa ngokuyinhloko ngenhloso efanayo, njengokuxhumana nabantu noma [[ukuzivocavoca]], noma ukwakha ukuguquguquka kwabahlanganyeli kunokuba kube usizo kubabukeli. Umsino onjalo awuvamile ukuba nesilando. Umsino weqembu kanye ne ''-corps de ballet'', umsino wabalingani bomphakathi kanye ne- ''pas de deux'', kuhluke kakhulu. Ngisho nokusina wedwa noma umsino wokuhlakahla ungenziwa kuphela ukuze kwanelise umsini. Abasini abahlanganyelayo bavame ukusebenzisa ukunyakaza okufanayo nezinyathelo kodwa, isibonelo, emasikweni e-rave [[Umculo wohlobo lwe-Eletronic Dance|omculo wokudansa we-elekthronikhi]], izixuku ezinkulu zingase zihlanganyele ekusineni kwamahhala, zingahambisani nalabo abazungezile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanye amasiko abeka imithetho eqinile mayelana nemisino ethile abantu abangahlanganyela kuyo noma okumele bayihlanganyele. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Theatrical and Social Dance {{!}} sound-heritage.soton.ac.uk|url=https://sound-heritage.ac.uk/dance/theatrical-and-social-dance|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207101200/https://sound-heritage.ac.uk/dance/theatrical-and-social-dance|archive-date=2024-12-07|accessdate=2024-10-22|website=sound-heritage.ac.uk}}</ref> [[Category:Ubuciko]] 1m08l9q87ibjqz3uotvn1g9vyks2l7i 128358 128357 2026-09-07T09:13:07Z Fongcwele 16873 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/Fongcwele|Fongcwele]] ([[User talk:Fongcwele|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] 127345 wikitext text/x-wiki Ukusina kuwumdanso wosiko osuselwa esifundazweni saseNingizimu Afrika esisogwini.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Laurie|first=Levine|title=The Drumcafé's Traditional Music of South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/drumcafestraditi0000levi|publisher=Jacana Media|year=2005|isbn=1770090460|location=South Africa|pages=[https://archive.org/details/drumcafestraditi0000levi/page/45 45]}}</ref> Kubantu abangamaZulu, kuwusiko elivelele futhi elinesigqi elinokubaluleka okujulile kwamasiko. Abasinayo bakhahlela imilenze yabo kunoma iyiphi indlela, bese bephonsa unyawo ngalunye phansi. Isikhathi esiningi, lo mdanso wenziwa ukuze bazijabulise ngezikhathi zokuzijabulisa njengemcimbi efana nomshado. UKusina kudalwe emphakathini futhi kugxile kumholi wengoma ocula imisho yamagama ehlanganisiwe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Avorgbedor|first=Daniel|date=2003|title=Review of Rituals of Fertility and the Sacrifice of Desire: Nazarite Women's Performance in South Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3821109|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=34|pages=192–198|issn=0034-5210}}</ref> Ngokwesiko, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi akukho senzakalo senkolo eyayizophelela ngaphandle kokudlala okungenani okukodwa koKusina. '''Ukusina''' kuyingxenye eyisisekelo sokuphila kwezenhlalo, okungokwenkolo, nokungokwesiko kwabantu bamaZulu. Wonke umuntu obekhona udonselwa esimweni sokusebenza esihambisanayo ngobudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kokunyakaza komzimba nomculo. == Uhlu lwezincwadi == [[Category:Amasiko akwaZulu]] iwuc2hkil24u77ag5oxbmao05ndf2ws 0 35162 128340 128335 2026-09-06T18:08:53Z Fongcwele 16873 128340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stack|{{Infobox former country | symbol = | image_map = MapungubweHill.jpg | image_map_caption = Igquma iMapungubwe | conventional_long_name = Umbuso waseMapungubwe | common_name = | status = | government_type = [[Ubukhosi]] | year_start = c. 1220 | year_end = c. 1300 | event_start = | date_start = | event_end = Mapungubwe Hill abandoned | date_end = | event1 = | date_event1 = | event2 = | date_event2 = | event_pre = | date_pre = | event_post = <!--- Optional: A crucial event that took place before after "event_end"---> | date_post = | demonym = | title_leader = ''[[Mambo (title)|Mambo]]'' | leader1 = Shiriyadenga (according to some [[Venda people|Venda]] traditions) | year_leader1 = {{Circa|1220|?}} | leader2 = Tshidziwelele (according to some Venda traditions) | year_leader2 = {{Circa|?|1300|lk=off}} | area_km2 = 30,000 | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = Limpopo valley timeline from 900AD to 1200 AD | HDI = | HDI_year = | linking_name = Mowena | capital = [[Mapungubwe National Park|Mapungubwe Hill]] | p1 = Bambandyanalo | p2 = Leopard's Kopje | s1 = Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe | currency = | today = [[South Africa]], [[Zimbabwe]] }} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | name = Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape | location = [[Limpopo]], [[South Africa]] | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iii), (iv), (v)}}(ii), (iii), (iv), (v) | ID = 1099bis | coordinates = | year = 2003 | extension = 2014 | area = {{convert|281.686602|km2|acre|abbr=on|0}} | buffer_zone = {{convert|1048|km2|acre|abbr=on}} | pushpin_map = South Africa Limpopo#South Africa | map_caption = | embedded = }}}} '''Umbuso waseMapungubwe''' kwakuwumbuso wasendulo owawusendaweni lapho kuhlangana khona imifula iShashe neLimpopo namuhla eNingizimu Afrika, eningizimu neZimbabwe Enkulu. Inani labantu basesiqongweno lallifika kwizi-5,000 ngonyaka we-1250, futhi cishe umbuso wawuhlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele ayizi-30,000 .<ref name="Huffman-2005">{{Cite book |last=Huffman |first=Thomas |date=2005 |title=Mapungubwe: Ancient African civilisation on the Limpopo |url=https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=Wits University Press |others= |isbn=978-1-86814-408-2}}</ref> Cishe ngonyaka we-1000 CE, abanye abantu baseKopje Leopard bathuthela ngaphesheya kweLimpopo baya eBambandyanalo lapho khona babefuyile futhi belima, belusela imihlambi emikhulu yezinkomo emidlalweni akweminye imiphakathi nokwathuthukisa ubudlelwano bezenhlalo nobezombusazwe, kuyilapho behlanganyela kuhwebo lolwandlekazi laseNdiya besebenzisa imibuso-nxuluma yamaSwahili othungulu lwaseMpumalanga Afrika. Eminyakeni eminingi, ingcebo eyandayo phakathi kwenani labantu elikhulayo yaveza ukungalingani okwakungakufanele ukuhlelwa kwendawo yeBambandyanalo. Cishe ngonyaka we-1220, phakathi nenkathi yesomiso, iqembu lezicukithwane zaseMapungubwe lathuthela esiqongweni seGquma laseMapungubwe, lalandelwa abantu abahlala ezweni elizungezile elisezansi. Amagquma ayevame ukusebenza njengezindawo zokuphehla imvula, futhi igquma laseMapungubwe laba ukuphela kwendawo enjalo; ukuhlala komholi kulo kwakubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ubukhosi obungcwele. Ingcebo eningi yaqoqwa ngeminikelo, okwenziwa lula ngokuhlangana kwemifula iLimpopo-Shashe njengesikhungo sohwebo, futhi amazinyo endlovu negolide kwathelikiswa othungulu olusempumalanga. Ukulandela izenzakalo ezingaziwa nokushintsha kwemigwaqo yohwebo enyakatho cishe ngowe-1300, abantu baseMapungubwe badudukela kwenye indawo. Namuhla labantu bavame ukuhlotshaniswa nabantu abangamaKalanga ([[AmaShona]]) namaVenda. Naphezu kokuba abantu bendawo benolwazi lwendawo engcwele, iMapungubwe yavubukulwa kabusha osonzlulwazi [[Umbuso waseNingizimu Afrika|bohulumeni wabaqobeli]] ngowe-1933. Inqoqelo yaseMapungubwe yamalondolondo atholakala esizeni semivubukulo igcinwe eSigcinamagugu seMapungubwe ePitoli. Isiza sitholakala Esiqiwini Sikazwelonke saseMapungubwe [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|INingizimu Afrika]], emngceleni [[IZimbabwe|weZimbabwe]] [[IButswana|neBotswana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mapungubwe National Park - World Heritage Site in South Africa|url=https://southafrica.co.za/mapungubwe-national-park.html|accessdate=2024-11-08|website=southafrica.co.za}}</ref> Nakuba ngokwembiso kucatshangwa ukuthi kwakuyisifundazwe sokuqala eAfrika esebingizimu, ukuvubukula esifundeni esifanayo eGqumeni iMapela kubonisa ubufakazi bobukhosi obungcwele cishe eminyakeni engama-200 ngaphambili.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chirikure |first=Shadreck |last2=Manyanga |first2=Munyaradzi |last3=Pollard |first3=A. Mark |last4=Bandama |first4=Foreman |last5=Mahachi |first5=Godfrey |last6=Pikirayi |first6=Innocent |date=2014-10-31 |title=Zimbabwe Culture before Mapungubwe: New Evidence from Mapela Hill, South-Western Zimbabwe |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9k1224C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0111224 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4215987 |pmid=25360782 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==uMsukagama== Igama lesiza lasendulo alaziwa, kodwa abavubukuli basebenzisa uhlelo lokwerha imivubukulo, base bekhetha elithi ''Mapungubwe'', futhi kanjalo nombuso wabizwa nalelo gama.<ref name="Chirikure-2015">{{Cite book |last1=Chirikure |first1=Shadreck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&pg=PT6 |title=Mapungubwe Reconsidered: A Living Legacy: Exploring Beyond the Rise and Decline of the Mapungubwe State |last2=Delius |first2=Peter |last3=Esterhuysen |first3=Amanda |last4=Hall |first4=Simon |last5=Lekgoathi |first5=Sekibakiba |last6=Maulaudzi |first6=Maanda |last7=Neluvhalani |first7=Vele |last8=Ntsoane |first8=Otsile |last9=Pearce |first9=David |date=2015-10-01 |publisher=Real African Publishers Pty Ltd. |isbn=978-1-920655-06-8 |language=en}}</ref> Elithi ''Mapungubwe'' lisho ukuthi "indawo [[Impungishe|yezimpungushe]] (eziningi)". Ngokwezilimi eziningi zomdabu, elithi "-pungubwe" lisho lesi siilwane. NgesiVenda kuthiwa ''phunguwe'', ngesiPedi kuthiwa ''phukubje.<ref name="Tlou-2012">{{cite report |url=http://policyresearch.limpopo.gov.za/handle/123456789/535 |title=The Kingdom of Mapungubwe: The First Urban Centre and the Capital of the First State in Southern Africa |last=Tlou |first=Setumu |publisher=Limpopo Provincial Government |year=2012}}</ref> == Umchazamhlaba == Indawo ezungeze iMapungubwe, eseduze nomfula iLimpopo, namuhla iyindawo enesomiso. Ihlanganisa amagquma esihlabathi esinamatshe, izihlabathi zogwadule iKalahari kanye ne-scrubland.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=15}} Kusuka ngowe-1000 CE kuya ku-1200 CE, le ndawo yayinemvula eningi, ikhula izimila ezazibiza izilwane eziningi ezifana nezintibane, izinkonkoni, izinyathi nezinye. Izikhukhula ezivela emfuleni iLimpompo zazisabalalisa imisoco ethafeni lezikhukhula, kuhlanganisa nesemfundeni iMapungubwe lapho kwakunezinhlobo zomhlabathi ezisuka esihlabathini, ubumba, okwenza ukulima kube yinto engenzeka umnyaka wonke.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=|pages=19-20}} ==uMlando== ===Indabuko=== Sonke isifunda sasihlalwa ngabathwa eminyakeni eyizi-100,000 edlule. Abathwa bokuqala bashiya ifagugu eliebeile lemidwebo yasemihumeni kulo lonke elaseAfrika eseningizimu.<ref name="Mlambo-2014" />{{Rp|page=|pages=11–2}} Izikhulumi zezindimi zesintu zazihlala esizibeni semifula iShashe neLimpompo phakathi kowama-350 nowama-450 CE.<ref name="King 2011">{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Rachel |date=2011 |title=Archaeological naissance at Mapungubwe |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1469605311417364 |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |publisher=Sage |volume=11 |issue=3}}</ref> Indabuko yombuso waseMapungubwe isendaweni ebizwa Leopard Kopje, okuyisiko lemivubukulo eliseZimbabwe yanamuhla.<ref name="Tlou-2012" /> ====Schroda (900-1000)==== Befakwe ugqozi uhwebo ngezinyo lendlovu, amaZhizo afudukela eningizimu ngonyaka wama-900 ukuze ayohlala endaweni ebizwa-Schroda, eduze nomfula iLimpompo. Abathwa bona basuswa emhlabeni yabo yokhokho.<ref name="Mlambo-2014">{{Cite book |last=Mlambo |first=A. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofzimbabw0000mlam/mode/2up?view=theater |title=A history of Zimbabwe |date=2014 |publisher=New York, NY : Cambridge University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-107-02170-9}}</ref>{{Rp|page=|pages=11–2}} AmaZhizo ayefuye imihlambi futhi ekuthanda nokulima. Ayebuye ahwebe ngezinto lendlovu naBathwa, ababehlala ezindaweni ezihlukene.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" /> Indawo yaseSchroda kungenzeka kwakuyisiqongo samaZhizo ngenxa yokuthi aymaningi lapho. Inkosi yawo iyona eyayiebe kakhulu, izizuzela imfuyo ngokuhlawulisa, izothulo, ukudliwa kwempahla, ukuphanga, nelobolo elikhulu ngamadodakazi ayo. AmaZhizo eykuthanda ukubumba izinkamba ezihlukene, abaqanjwe ngalo. Ubumba lwalusetshenziswa ukufundisa izingane. Babehwebalana nezifunda ezisothungulu nangegolide, izinyo lendlovu, izikhumba zomkhombe, izikhumba zengwe, insimbi, bathole ubuhlalu bengilazi, izindangu zokotini nosilika, nenhlakahla ecwebezelayo.<ref name="Huffman-2005">{{Cite book |last=Huffman |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Mapungubwe: Ancient African civilisation on the Limpopo |date=2005 |publisher=Wits University Press |others= |isbn=978-1-86814-408-2}}</ref>{{Rp|page=10–4}} ==== K2 (1000-1220) ==== Ngonyaka we-1000, abanye abantu baseLeopard's Kopje bafudukela eningizimu ukuze bayohlala eBambandyanalo (eyaziwa ngokuthi kuse-K2, esegqumeni iBambandyanalo), kuyilapho amaZhizo wona afudukela entshona ahlala endaweni ebizwa Toutswe eseBotswana namuhla. Abanye ongoti bakholwa ukuthi ubudlwelwane babo babugcwele izimpi nemibangp, kodwa abanye bathi babuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwezenhlalo nangokwezombusazwe. Abanye ongoti bakholwa ukuthi ubudlelwane babo babugcwele imibango nezimpi, kuyilapho abanye bathi babuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwezenhlalo nangokwezombusazwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Calabrese |first=John A. |date=2000-12-01 |title=Interregional Interaction in Southern Africa: Zhizo and Leopard's Kopje Relations in Northern South Africa, Southwestern Zimbabwe, and Eastern Botswana, AD 1000 to 1200 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006796925891 |journal=African Archaeological Review |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=183–210 |doi=10.1023/A:1006796925891 |issn=1572-9842|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Kim-2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Nam C. |last2=Kusimba |first2=Chapurukha M. |last3=Keeley |first3=Lawrence H. |date=2015 |title=Coercion and Warfare in the Rise of State Societies in Southern Zambezia |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–34 |doi=10.1007/s10437-015-9183-x |jstor=43916844 |issn=0263-0338}}</ref> Ukufika kwabo kwahambisana nokufka kwenkathi yokuvunda, okwenza bathela kakhulu kwezolimo.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=19}} Abantu baseLeopard's Kopje babekhulumma uhlobo lokuqala lwesiShona, mhlawumbe isiKlanga esasikhulunywa entsona. Indawo ebizwa K2 kwakuyisiqongo, futhi kungenzeka yayihlukaniswe ngokwezindlu ezazingaphansi kwegunya lomnumzane, kuyilapho inkosi yayiphethe indawo enulu. Abesifazane babesebenza ngosokhlele, kuyilapho abesilisa besebenza ngensimbi.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|pages=16–23}} Babeblima amabele, unyalothi, unjwambu, amalumulondo nama-cowpeas. Ukuze benze umhlaba wabo ukhiize kakhulu, imihlabi yayiluselwa kude nesiqongo, emadlelweni eminye imiphakathi ngenholoso yokuqinisa ubudlelwane yenhlalo-mbusazwe nayo nokwakuvumela ukuba imihlmbi ikhulu ibe mikhulu.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=20}} Inanisamba landa kakhulu e-K2 laba abantu abyi-1,500 ngowe-1200. Umkhuba wokwenza imvula wawudlangile, futhi inkosi yayiqasha abafokazana okwakholwa ukuthi banobuhlobo namadlozi (amathongo) ezwe, abafana naBathwa, ngenxa yokulahla lapho isikhathi eside. Ngokufanayo, amaZhizo asala eLeokwe (angaphansi kwawase-K2) ayengongoti bemicikilisho nemidanti yendawo ngenxa yokuhlala kuyo isikhathi eside.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|pages=26–9}} UThomas Huffman wabhala kuthi inani elikhulu lo mcebo owawukhiqizwa uhwebo olwenzeka kulwandlekazi iNdian, waletha ukungalingani okusha, njengoba umphakathi wawuguquka usuka ekubeni okleliswe ngokwenhlalo kuya kowezigaba zenhlalo, onegebe elikhulu phakathi kwezicebi nabahlwempu. Kwaba nzima ukuhlela izindawo zokuhlala ezivumelana nalesi simo.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=30}} Kodwa, uMark Horton, uveza ukuthi izindawo eziphakathi neMpuma Afrika zazizuza kanacen kuhwebo olwenziwa ebangeni elide kunamanxuluma asothungulu, (ngenxa yokpossibly due to the Swahili [[monopoly]] over trade), and [[Shadreck Chirikure]] [[et al.]] have pointed to the economy (and possibly the rulers' [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]]) as having been based in agropastoralism. Meanwhile, scholars [[Nam Kim]] and [[Chapurukha Kusimba]] have attributed this process of state formation to agricultural innovations, cattle accumulation, and use of [[ritual power]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Nam C. |last2=Kusimba |first2=Chapurukha M. |date=2008 |title=Pathways to Social Complexity and State Formation in the Southern Zambezian Region |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40389424 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=25 |issue=3/4 |pages=131–152 |issn=0263-0338}}</ref><ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|pages=87-92}} === Mapungubwe Hill (1220-1300) === [[File:ZimbabweStatesAndTrade.svg|thumb|Map of trade centres and routes on the [[Zimbabwean Plateau]]]] Around 1200 the wet period ended. Amid a harsh drought which likely troubled the society, royal elites moved the capital to Mapungubwe (an old rainmaking site) and settled its flat-topped summit around 1220, while most people settled at the foot of Mapungubwe Hill.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|pages=17-9}} It is possible the old village was burnt down to make way for a new one. Mapungubwe Hill became the sole rainmaking hill, and its habitation by the leader emphasised a link between himself and rainmaking, which was substantial in the development of [[sacral kingship]].<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=|pages=32–4}} The hill had been inhabited by the [[San people|San]] long ago and a rock shelter on the east side featured some of [[San rock art|their art]].<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=17}} The first king ("Shiriyadenga" in some [[Venda people|Venda]] [[oral traditions]])<ref name="Loubser-2024" /> would have spent most of his time in ritual seclusion, and had his palace on the western part of the hill; it included a room where the king could receive visitors, and another where the visitors could be vetted, as well as a hut for the king's special [[Divination|diviner]]. By 1250, Mapungubwe had a population of 5000, with settlements all around the hill, forming a protective circle. The second king ("Tshidziwelele" in some Venda traditions)<ref name="Loubser-2024" /> had his palace in the middle of the hill, with the same arrangements as his predecessor, however his visitor room was divided so as to separate visitors from the king, who would have spoken through an intermediary. Kings had many wives, with some living outside of the capital to help maintain the network of alliances.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" /><ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=|pages=38–51}} The administration and structure of the state is unclear, though scholars consider it to have been similar to that of the [[Pedi Kingdom]].<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=71}} The economy was based on agriculture, and cattle continued to be herded away from the capital and permitted to graze on other communities' land, forming social and political ties and increasing Mapungubwe's influence. A large amount of wealth was accumulated via tributes, which were paid in crops, animals, and sometimes rarer goods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Delius |first1=Peter |last2=Chewins |first2=Linell |last3=Forssman |first3=Tim |date=2024 |title=Turning South African History Upside Down: Ivory and Gold Production, the Indian Ocean Trading System and the Shaping of Southern African Society, 600–1900 AD |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2024.2436329 |issn=0305-7070|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Wingfield-2020">{{Cite book |last1=Wingfield |first1=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lOTzgEACAAJ |title=The Pasts and Presence of Art in South Africa: Technologies, Ontologies and Agents |last2=Giblin |first2=John |last3=King |first3=Rachel |date=2020 |publisher=McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research |isbn=978-1-913344-01-6 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=163}} Copper, gold, and tin were not found in the Limpopo-[[Shashe River|Shashe]] Basin, and Mapungubwe likely derived them from tribute or trade, facilitated by the Limpopo-Shashe confluence being a trade centre.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=|pages=20, 22}} It is unclear to what extent coercion and conflict played in Mapungubwe's growth and dominance due to this being challenging to recognise archaeologically. While the stone walls served a symbolic purpose in the separation of elites and commoners, they possibly also served a defensive purpose, indicating warfare was conventional.<ref name="Kim-2015" /> Kim and Kusimba, along with [[Simon Hall (archaeologist)|Simon Hall]], have argued that coercion and violence would have been key to maintaining state power.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=92}} Mapungubwe traded locally with [[Toutswe]] and [[Eiland, Limpopo, South Africa|Eiland]] among others, and gold and ivory were exported to the [[Indian Ocean trade]] via [[Sofala]].<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=|pages=38–51}} It is unknown what caused Mapungubwe's collapse.{{Efn|It has previously been attributed to drastic climatic change amid the [[Little Ice Age]]; however this has since been disproven.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{rp|page=32}}}} [[Elizabeth Anne Voigt]] proposed that cattle may have caused [[land degradation]] amid droughts, while [[David Killick (archaeological)|David Killick]] and [[Christopher Ehret]] say that during the 13th century, [[Kilwa Sultanate|Kilwa]] and [[Sultanate of Mogadishu|Mogadishu]] replaced [[Manda Island|Manda]] and [[Shanga, Pate Island|Shanga]] as the major ports. Under Kilwan influence, Sofala became the centre of the gold trade and had direct access to the gold-producing [[Zimbabwean Plateau]], side-lining Mapungubwe.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=96}} Chirikure et al. say that trade routes shifted north as traders travelled to reach the gold-producing interior, which would have dramatically hurt Mapungubwe's economy. Accordingly, the lack of imported goods would have caused Mapungubwe's political relations to break down, which depended on exchanging goods and services for grazing land. They speculate that confidence was lost in the leadership amid the deepening material and spiritual divide between commoners and the king (and possibly high tribute demands), causing a breakdown in common purpose, and provoking people to "vote with their feet".<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=|pages=32-3, 98}} The basin was abandoned as people scattered northwest and south. They didn't regroup. To the north, [[Great Zimbabwe]], on the fringe of the Mapungubwe state and with a distinct population, rose to become its successor, adopting the same elitist spatial arrangement and sacred leadership.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=55}} ==Isiko nomphakathi== [[File:Stone game board on Mapungubwe Hill, Limpopo, South Africa.jpg|thumb|Umdlalo womlabalaba otholakele khona eMapungubwe.]] Emva kweminyaka yokuhlala eK2, umphakathi walapha waguquka usuka emphakathini osekkelwe kuqhiwu waba umphakathi osekelwe esigabeni zenhlalo, futhi waba isibonelo sobukhosi bobungcwele eAfrika eseningizimu.<ref name="web.wits.ac.za">{{Cite web |url=http://web.wits.ac.za/nr/rdonlyres/33e48eb0-29e9-49ec-a296-5daaa4aacc5a/0/evolution.pdf |title=Origin of Species and Evolution, Wits University Showcase |access-date=10 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122181425/http://web.wits.ac.za/NR/rdonlyres/33E48EB0-29E9-49EC-A296-5DAAA4AACC5A/0/Evolution.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2009 }}</ref> Umholi womphakathi nezicukuthwane babehlala phezulu eGqumeni, abantukazana ehlala ezansi.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=|pages=32–4}} Kwakukhona amakhondo amane abheke egqumeni, elikhulu kuwo lalinabalindi ababebuzwa ngokuthi bayihlo lenkosi.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=37}} Izondawo zokuhlala zazihlulaniswe ngokwezindlu zokuhlala ezingaphansi kwabamnumzane, zizungeze igquma, ziyindilinga elivikelayo.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{rp|page=40}} Umbuso kungenzeka wawuhlukaniswe ngokoqhiwu olunezigaba ezinhlanu ngenxa Yokusakaza kwabantu: Kwakukhona abamnumzane, izinduna zomuzi, izinduna ezincane, izinduna ezinkulu, izinduna ngqangi, neNkosi.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=50}} ==Amaphatho== <references /> [[Category:Iziza zefagugu eNingizimu Afrika]] 4soa95o9w8mi7k9r6ktynlpxmxpzo31 128341 128340 2026-09-07T04:42:23Z Fongcwele 16873 /* uMlando */ 128341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stack|{{Infobox former country | symbol = | image_map = MapungubweHill.jpg | image_map_caption = Igquma iMapungubwe | conventional_long_name = Umbuso waseMapungubwe | common_name = | status = | government_type = [[Ubukhosi]] | year_start = c. 1220 | year_end = c. 1300 | event_start = | date_start = | event_end = Mapungubwe Hill abandoned | date_end = | event1 = | date_event1 = | event2 = | date_event2 = | event_pre = | date_pre = | event_post = <!--- Optional: A crucial event that took place before after "event_end"---> | date_post = | demonym = | title_leader = ''[[Mambo (title)|Mambo]]'' | leader1 = Shiriyadenga (according to some [[Venda people|Venda]] traditions) | year_leader1 = {{Circa|1220|?}} | leader2 = Tshidziwelele (according to some Venda traditions) | year_leader2 = {{Circa|?|1300|lk=off}} | area_km2 = 30,000 | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = Limpopo valley timeline from 900AD to 1200 AD | HDI = | HDI_year = | linking_name = Mowena | capital = [[Mapungubwe National Park|Mapungubwe Hill]] | p1 = Bambandyanalo | p2 = Leopard's Kopje | s1 = Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe | currency = | today = [[South Africa]], [[Zimbabwe]] }} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | name = Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape | location = [[Limpopo]], [[South Africa]] | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iii), (iv), (v)}}(ii), (iii), (iv), (v) | ID = 1099bis | coordinates = | year = 2003 | extension = 2014 | area = {{convert|281.686602|km2|acre|abbr=on|0}} | buffer_zone = {{convert|1048|km2|acre|abbr=on}} | pushpin_map = South Africa Limpopo#South Africa | map_caption = | embedded = }}}} '''Umbuso waseMapungubwe''' kwakuwumbuso wasendulo owawusendaweni lapho kuhlangana khona imifula iShashe neLimpopo namuhla eNingizimu Afrika, eningizimu neZimbabwe Enkulu. Inani labantu basesiqongweno lallifika kwizi-5,000 ngonyaka we-1250, futhi cishe umbuso wawuhlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele ayizi-30,000 .<ref name="Huffman-2005">{{Cite book |last=Huffman |first=Thomas |date=2005 |title=Mapungubwe: Ancient African civilisation on the Limpopo |url=https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=Wits University Press |others= |isbn=978-1-86814-408-2}}</ref> Cishe ngonyaka we-1000 CE, abanye abantu baseKopje Leopard bathuthela ngaphesheya kweLimpopo baya eBambandyanalo lapho khona babefuyile futhi belima, belusela imihlambi emikhulu yezinkomo emidlalweni akweminye imiphakathi nokwathuthukisa ubudlelwano bezenhlalo nobezombusazwe, kuyilapho behlanganyela kuhwebo lolwandlekazi laseNdiya besebenzisa imibuso-nxuluma yamaSwahili othungulu lwaseMpumalanga Afrika. Eminyakeni eminingi, ingcebo eyandayo phakathi kwenani labantu elikhulayo yaveza ukungalingani okwakungakufanele ukuhlelwa kwendawo yeBambandyanalo. Cishe ngonyaka we-1220, phakathi nenkathi yesomiso, iqembu lezicukithwane zaseMapungubwe lathuthela esiqongweni seGquma laseMapungubwe, lalandelwa abantu abahlala ezweni elizungezile elisezansi. Amagquma ayevame ukusebenza njengezindawo zokuphehla imvula, futhi igquma laseMapungubwe laba ukuphela kwendawo enjalo; ukuhlala komholi kulo kwakubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ubukhosi obungcwele. Ingcebo eningi yaqoqwa ngeminikelo, okwenziwa lula ngokuhlangana kwemifula iLimpopo-Shashe njengesikhungo sohwebo, futhi amazinyo endlovu negolide kwathelikiswa othungulu olusempumalanga. Ukulandela izenzakalo ezingaziwa nokushintsha kwemigwaqo yohwebo enyakatho cishe ngowe-1300, abantu baseMapungubwe badudukela kwenye indawo. Namuhla labantu bavame ukuhlotshaniswa nabantu abangamaKalanga ([[AmaShona]]) namaVenda. Naphezu kokuba abantu bendawo benolwazi lwendawo engcwele, iMapungubwe yavubukulwa kabusha osonzlulwazi [[Umbuso waseNingizimu Afrika|bohulumeni wabaqobeli]] ngowe-1933. Inqoqelo yaseMapungubwe yamalondolondo atholakala esizeni semivubukulo igcinwe eSigcinamagugu seMapungubwe ePitoli. Isiza sitholakala Esiqiwini Sikazwelonke saseMapungubwe [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|INingizimu Afrika]], emngceleni [[IZimbabwe|weZimbabwe]] [[IButswana|neBotswana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mapungubwe National Park - World Heritage Site in South Africa|url=https://southafrica.co.za/mapungubwe-national-park.html|accessdate=2024-11-08|website=southafrica.co.za}}</ref> Nakuba ngokwembiso kucatshangwa ukuthi kwakuyisifundazwe sokuqala eAfrika esebingizimu, ukuvubukula esifundeni esifanayo eGqumeni iMapela kubonisa ubufakazi bobukhosi obungcwele cishe eminyakeni engama-200 ngaphambili.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chirikure |first=Shadreck |last2=Manyanga |first2=Munyaradzi |last3=Pollard |first3=A. Mark |last4=Bandama |first4=Foreman |last5=Mahachi |first5=Godfrey |last6=Pikirayi |first6=Innocent |date=2014-10-31 |title=Zimbabwe Culture before Mapungubwe: New Evidence from Mapela Hill, South-Western Zimbabwe |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9k1224C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0111224 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4215987 |pmid=25360782 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==uMsukagama== Igama lesiza lasendulo alaziwa, kodwa abavubukuli basebenzisa uhlelo lokwerha imivubukulo, base bekhetha elithi ''Mapungubwe'', futhi kanjalo nombuso wabizwa nalelo gama.<ref name="Chirikure-2015">{{Cite book |last1=Chirikure |first1=Shadreck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&pg=PT6 |title=Mapungubwe Reconsidered: A Living Legacy: Exploring Beyond the Rise and Decline of the Mapungubwe State |last2=Delius |first2=Peter |last3=Esterhuysen |first3=Amanda |last4=Hall |first4=Simon |last5=Lekgoathi |first5=Sekibakiba |last6=Maulaudzi |first6=Maanda |last7=Neluvhalani |first7=Vele |last8=Ntsoane |first8=Otsile |last9=Pearce |first9=David |date=2015-10-01 |publisher=Real African Publishers Pty Ltd. |isbn=978-1-920655-06-8 |language=en}}</ref> Elithi ''Mapungubwe'' lisho ukuthi "indawo [[Impungishe|yezimpungushe]] (eziningi)". Ngokwezilimi eziningi zomdabu, elithi "-pungubwe" lisho lesi siilwane. NgesiVenda kuthiwa ''phunguwe'', ngesiPedi kuthiwa ''phukubje.<ref name="Tlou-2012">{{cite report |url=http://policyresearch.limpopo.gov.za/handle/123456789/535 |title=The Kingdom of Mapungubwe: The First Urban Centre and the Capital of the First State in Southern Africa |last=Tlou |first=Setumu |publisher=Limpopo Provincial Government |year=2012}}</ref> == Umchazamhlaba == Indawo ezungeze iMapungubwe, eseduze nomfula iLimpopo, namuhla iyindawo enesomiso. Ihlanganisa amagquma esihlabathi esinamatshe, izihlabathi zogwadule iKalahari kanye ne-scrubland.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=15}} Kusuka ngowe-1000 CE kuya ku-1200 CE, le ndawo yayinemvula eningi, ikhula izimila ezazibiza izilwane eziningi ezifana nezintibane, izinkonkoni, izinyathi nezinye. Izikhukhula ezivela emfuleni iLimpompo zazisabalalisa imisoco ethafeni lezikhukhula, kuhlanganisa nesemfundeni iMapungubwe lapho kwakunezinhlobo zomhlabathi ezisuka esihlabathini, ubumba, okwenza ukulima kube yinto engenzeka umnyaka wonke.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=|pages=19-20}} ==uMlando== ===Indabuko=== Sonke isifunda sasihlalwa ngabathwa eminyakeni eyizi-100,000 edlule. Abathwa bokuqala bashiya ifagugu eliebeile lemidwebo yasemihumeni kulo lonke elaseAfrika eseningizimu.<ref name="Mlambo-2014" />{{Rp|page=|pages=11–2}} Izikhulumi zezindimi zesintu zazihlala esizibeni semifula iShashe neLimpompo phakathi kowama-350 nowama-450 CE.<ref name="King 2011">{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Rachel |date=2011 |title=Archaeological naissance at Mapungubwe |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1469605311417364 |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |publisher=Sage |volume=11 |issue=3}}</ref> Indabuko yombuso waseMapungubwe isendaweni ebizwa Leopard Kopje, okuyisiko lemivubukulo eliseZimbabwe yanamuhla.<ref name="Tlou-2012" /> ====Schroda (900-1000)==== Befakwe ugqozi uhwebo ngezinyo lendlovu, amaZhizo afudukela eningizimu ngonyaka wama-900 ukuze ayohlala endaweni ebizwa-Schroda, eduze nomfula iLimpompo. Abathwa bona basuswa emhlabeni yabo yokhokho.<ref name="Mlambo-2014">{{Cite book |last=Mlambo |first=A. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofzimbabw0000mlam/mode/2up?view=theater |title=A history of Zimbabwe |date=2014 |publisher=New York, NY : Cambridge University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-107-02170-9}}</ref>{{Rp|page=|pages=11–2}} AmaZhizo ayefuye imihlambi futhi ekuthanda nokulima. Ayebuye ahwebe ngezinto lendlovu naBathwa, ababehlala ezindaweni ezihlukene.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" /> Indawo yaseSchroda kungenzeka kwakuyisiqongo samaZhizo ngenxa yokuthi aymaningi lapho. Inkosi yawo iyona eyayiebe kakhulu, izizuzela imfuyo ngokuhlawulisa, izothulo, ukudliwa kwempahla, ukuphanga, nelobolo elikhulu ngamadodakazi ayo. AmaZhizo eykuthanda ukubumba izinkamba ezihlukene, abaqanjwe ngalo. Ubumba lwalusetshenziswa ukufundisa izingane. Babehwebalana nezifunda ezisothungulu nangegolide, izinyo lendlovu, izikhumba zomkhombe, izikhumba zengwe, insimbi, bathole ubuhlalu bengilazi, izindangu zokotini nosilika, nenhlakahla ecwebezelayo.<ref name="Huffman-2005">{{Cite book |last=Huffman |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Mapungubwe: Ancient African civilisation on the Limpopo |date=2005 |publisher=Wits University Press |others= |isbn=978-1-86814-408-2}}</ref>{{Rp|page=10–4}} ==== K2 (1000-1220) ==== Ngonyaka we-1000, abanye abantu baseLeopard's Kopje bafudukela eningizimu ukuze bayohlala eBambandyanalo (eyaziwa ngokuthi kuse-K2, esegqumeni iBambandyanalo), kuyilapho amaZhizo wona afudukela entshona ahlala endaweni ebizwa Toutswe eseBotswana namuhla. Abanye ongoti bakholwa ukuthi ubudlwelwane babo babugcwele izimpi nemibangp, kodwa abanye bathi babuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwezenhlalo nangokwezombusazwe. Abanye ongoti bakholwa ukuthi ubudlelwane babo babugcwele imibango nezimpi, kuyilapho abanye bathi babuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwezenhlalo nangokwezombusazwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Calabrese |first=John A. |date=2000-12-01 |title=Interregional Interaction in Southern Africa: Zhizo and Leopard's Kopje Relations in Northern South Africa, Southwestern Zimbabwe, and Eastern Botswana, AD 1000 to 1200 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006796925891 |journal=African Archaeological Review |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=183–210 |doi=10.1023/A:1006796925891 |issn=1572-9842|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Kim-2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Nam C. |last2=Kusimba |first2=Chapurukha M. |last3=Keeley |first3=Lawrence H. |date=2015 |title=Coercion and Warfare in the Rise of State Societies in Southern Zambezia |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–34 |doi=10.1007/s10437-015-9183-x |jstor=43916844 |issn=0263-0338}}</ref> Ukufika kwabo kwahambisana nokufka kwenkathi yokuvunda, okwenza bathela kakhulu kwezolimo.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=19}} Abantu baseLeopard's Kopje babekhulumma uhlobo lokuqala lwesiShona, mhlawumbe isiKlanga esasikhulunywa entsona. Indawo ebizwa K2 kwakuyisiqongo, futhi kungenzeka yayihlukaniswe ngokwezindlu ezazingaphansi kwegunya lomnumzane, kuyilapho inkosi yayiphethe indawo enulu. Abesifazane babesebenza ngosokhlele, kuyilapho abesilisa besebenza ngensimbi.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|pages=16–23}} Babeblima amabele, unyalothi, unjwambu, amalumulondo nama-cowpeas. Ukuze benze umhlaba wabo ukhiize kakhulu, imihlabi yayiluselwa kude nesiqongo, emadlelweni eminye imiphakathi ngenholoso yokuqinisa ubudlelwane yenhlalo-mbusazwe nayo nokwakuvumela ukuba imihlmbi ikhulu ibe mikhulu.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=20}} Inanisamba landa kakhulu e-K2 laba abantu abyi-1,500 ngowe-1200. Umkhuba wokwenza imvula wawudlangile, futhi inkosi yayiqasha abafokazana okwakholwa ukuthi banobuhlobo namadlozi (amathongo) ezwe, abafana naBathwa, ngenxa yokulahla lapho isikhathi eside. Ngokufanayo, amaZhizo asala eLeokwe (angaphansi kwawase-K2) ayengongoti bemicikilisho nemidanti yendawo ngenxa yokuhlala kuyo isikhathi eside.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|pages=26–9}} UThomas Huffman wabhala kuthi inani elikhulu lo mcebo owawukhiqizwa uhwebo olwenzeka kulwandlekazi iNdian, waletha ukungalingani okusha, njengoba umphakathi wawuguquka usuka ekubeni okleliswe ngokwenhlalo kuya kowezigaba zenhlalo, onegebe elikhulu phakathi kwezicebi nabahlwempu. Kwaba nzima ukuhlela izindawo zokuhlala ezivumelana nalesi simo.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=30}} Kodwa, uMark Horton, uveza ukuthi izindawo eziphakathi neMpuma Afrika zazizuza kanacen kuhwebo olwenziwa ebangeni elide kunamanxuluma asothungulu, (ngenxa yokuqhoqhobala phezu kohwebo kwamaSwahili), futhi uShadreck Chirikure ngabanye bathi umnotho, kanye negumya lababusi kwakusekelwe kwezolimo nokufuya. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ongoti abafana noNam Kim benoChapurukha Kusimba baveza ukuthi umbuso wakheka ngenxa yocandululo kwezolimo, ukufuya imihlambi, nokusetshenziswa kamandla emicikilisho.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Nam C. |last2=Kusimba |first2=Chapurukha M. |date=2008 |title=Pathways to Social Complexity and State Formation in the Southern Zambezian Region |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40389424 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=25 |issue=3/4 |pages=131–152 |issn=0263-0338}}</ref><ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|pages=87-92}} === Igquma iMapungubwe (1220-1300) === [[File:ZimbabweStatesAndTrade.svg|thumb|Ibalazwe lezikhungo nemizila yohwebo ethafeni laseZimbabwe]] Cishe ngowe-1200 lapho kuphela inkathi yemvula, phakathi nesomiso esinzima esahlukeza umphakathi, izicukuthwane zasebukhosini zafudukisa isibongo sayiswa eMapungubwe (okwakuyisiza sokwenza imvula esidala) futhi zahlala esicongweni esiwucengece phezulu ngowe- 1220, kuyilapho bonke abanye bahlaliswa phansi kwegquma laseMapungubwe.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|pages=17-9}} Kungenzeka umuzi omdalacowawulapjo kwadingeka ukuba ushiswe ukuze lwakhowe omusha. Igquma iMapungubwe laba igquma lokwenza imvula lilodwa, futhi ukuhlala komholi kulo kwazhumanisa iNkosi nesiko lokwenza imvula, nokwaba ukukhula kobukhosi obungcwele. mm.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=|pages=32–4}} The hill had been inhabited by the [[San people|San]] long ago and a rock shelter on the east side featured some of [[San rock art|their art]].<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=17}} The first king ("Shiriyadenga" in some [[Venda people|Venda]] [[oral traditions]])<ref name="Loubser-2024" /> would have spent most of his time in ritual seclusion, and had his palace on the western part of the hill; it included a room where the king could receive visitors, and another where the visitors could be vetted, as well as a hut for the king's special [[Divination|diviner]]. By 1250, Mapungubwe had a population of 5000, with settlements all around the hill, forming a protective circle. The second king ("Tshidziwelele" in some Venda traditions)<ref name="Loubser-2024" /> had his palace in the middle of the hill, with the same arrangements as his predecessor, however his visitor room was divided so as to separate visitors from the king, who would have spoken through an intermediary. Kings had many wives, with some living outside of the capital to help maintain the network of alliances.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" /><ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=|pages=38–51}} The administration and structure of the state is unclear, though scholars consider it to have been similar to that of the [[Pedi Kingdom]].<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=71}} The economy was based on agriculture, and cattle continued to be herded away from the capital and permitted to graze on other communities' land, forming social and political ties and increasing Mapungubwe's influence. A large amount of wealth was accumulated via tributes, which were paid in crops, animals, and sometimes rarer goods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Delius |first1=Peter |last2=Chewins |first2=Linell |last3=Forssman |first3=Tim |date=2024 |title=Turning South African History Upside Down: Ivory and Gold Production, the Indian Ocean Trading System and the Shaping of Southern African Society, 600–1900 AD |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2024.2436329 |issn=0305-7070|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Wingfield-2020">{{Cite book |last1=Wingfield |first1=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lOTzgEACAAJ |title=The Pasts and Presence of Art in South Africa: Technologies, Ontologies and Agents |last2=Giblin |first2=John |last3=King |first3=Rachel |date=2020 |publisher=McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research |isbn=978-1-913344-01-6 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=163}} Copper, gold, and tin were not found in the Limpopo-[[Shashe River|Shashe]] Basin, and Mapungubwe likely derived them from tribute or trade, facilitated by the Limpopo-Shashe confluence being a trade centre.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=|pages=20, 22}} It is unclear to what extent coercion and conflict played in Mapungubwe's growth and dominance due to this being challenging to recognise archaeologically. While the stone walls served a symbolic purpose in the separation of elites and commoners, they possibly also served a defensive purpose, indicating warfare was conventional.<ref name="Kim-2015" /> Kim and Kusimba, along with [[Simon Hall (archaeologist)|Simon Hall]], have argued that coercion and violence would have been key to maintaining state power.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=92}} Mapungubwe traded locally with [[Toutswe]] and [[Eiland, Limpopo, South Africa|Eiland]] among others, and gold and ivory were exported to the [[Indian Ocean trade]] via [[Sofala]].<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=|pages=38–51}} It is unknown what caused Mapungubwe's collapse.{{Efn|It has previously been attributed to drastic climatic change amid the [[Little Ice Age]]; however this has since been disproven.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{rp|page=32}}}} [[Elizabeth Anne Voigt]] proposed that cattle may have caused [[land degradation]] amid droughts, while [[David Killick (archaeological)|David Killick]] and [[Christopher Ehret]] say that during the 13th century, [[Kilwa Sultanate|Kilwa]] and [[Sultanate of Mogadishu|Mogadishu]] replaced [[Manda Island|Manda]] and [[Shanga, Pate Island|Shanga]] as the major ports. Under Kilwan influence, Sofala became the centre of the gold trade and had direct access to the gold-producing [[Zimbabwean Plateau]], side-lining Mapungubwe.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=96}} Chirikure et al. say that trade routes shifted north as traders travelled to reach the gold-producing interior, which would have dramatically hurt Mapungubwe's economy. Accordingly, the lack of imported goods would have caused Mapungubwe's political relations to break down, which depended on exchanging goods and services for grazing land. They speculate that confidence was lost in the leadership amid the deepening material and spiritual divide between commoners and the king (and possibly high tribute demands), causing a breakdown in common purpose, and provoking people to "vote with their feet".<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=|pages=32-3, 98}} The basin was abandoned as people scattered northwest and south. They didn't regroup. To the north, [[Great Zimbabwe]], on the fringe of the Mapungubwe state and with a distinct population, rose to become its successor, adopting the same elitist spatial arrangement and sacred leadership.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=55}} ==Isiko nomphakathi== [[File:Stone game board on Mapungubwe Hill, Limpopo, South Africa.jpg|thumb|Umdlalo womlabalaba otholakele khona eMapungubwe.]] Emva kweminyaka yokuhlala eK2, umphakathi walapha waguquka usuka emphakathini osekkelwe kuqhiwu waba umphakathi osekelwe esigabeni zenhlalo, futhi waba isibonelo sobukhosi bobungcwele eAfrika eseningizimu.<ref name="web.wits.ac.za">{{Cite web |url=http://web.wits.ac.za/nr/rdonlyres/33e48eb0-29e9-49ec-a296-5daaa4aacc5a/0/evolution.pdf |title=Origin of Species and Evolution, Wits University Showcase |access-date=10 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122181425/http://web.wits.ac.za/NR/rdonlyres/33E48EB0-29E9-49EC-A296-5DAAA4AACC5A/0/Evolution.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2009 }}</ref> Umholi womphakathi nezicukuthwane babehlala phezulu eGqumeni, abantukazana ehlala ezansi.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=|pages=32–4}} Kwakukhona amakhondo amane abheke egqumeni, elikhulu kuwo lalinabalindi ababebuzwa ngokuthi bayihlo lenkosi.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=37}} Izondawo zokuhlala zazihlulaniswe ngokwezindlu zokuhlala ezingaphansi kwabamnumzane, zizungeze igquma, ziyindilinga elivikelayo.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{rp|page=40}} Umbuso kungenzeka wawuhlukaniswe ngokoqhiwu olunezigaba ezinhlanu ngenxa Yokusakaza kwabantu: Kwakukhona abamnumzane, izinduna zomuzi, izinduna ezincane, izinduna ezinkulu, izinduna ngqangi, neNkosi.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=50}} ==Amaphatho== <references /> [[Category:Iziza zefagugu eNingizimu Afrika]] 2d5mg4jtb7udu2vs9l6darxdwgkomgn 128342 128341 2026-09-07T05:28:05Z Fongcwele 16873 /* uMlando */ 128342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stack|{{Infobox former country | symbol = | image_map = MapungubweHill.jpg | image_map_caption = Igquma iMapungubwe | conventional_long_name = Umbuso waseMapungubwe | common_name = | status = | government_type = [[Ubukhosi]] | year_start = c. 1220 | year_end = c. 1300 | event_start = | date_start = | event_end = Mapungubwe Hill abandoned | date_end = | event1 = | date_event1 = | event2 = | date_event2 = | event_pre = | date_pre = | event_post = <!--- Optional: A crucial event that took place before after "event_end"---> | date_post = | demonym = | title_leader = ''[[Mambo (title)|Mambo]]'' | leader1 = Shiriyadenga (according to some [[Venda people|Venda]] traditions) | year_leader1 = {{Circa|1220|?}} | leader2 = Tshidziwelele (according to some Venda traditions) | year_leader2 = {{Circa|?|1300|lk=off}} | area_km2 = 30,000 | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = Limpopo valley timeline from 900AD to 1200 AD | HDI = | HDI_year = | linking_name = Mowena | capital = [[Mapungubwe National Park|Mapungubwe Hill]] | p1 = Bambandyanalo | p2 = Leopard's Kopje | s1 = Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe | currency = | today = [[South Africa]], [[Zimbabwe]] }} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | name = Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape | location = [[Limpopo]], [[South Africa]] | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iii), (iv), (v)}}(ii), (iii), (iv), (v) | ID = 1099bis | coordinates = | year = 2003 | extension = 2014 | area = {{convert|281.686602|km2|acre|abbr=on|0}} | buffer_zone = {{convert|1048|km2|acre|abbr=on}} | pushpin_map = South Africa Limpopo#South Africa | map_caption = | embedded = }}}} '''Umbuso waseMapungubwe''' kwakuwumbuso wasendulo owawusendaweni lapho kuhlangana khona imifula iShashe neLimpopo namuhla eNingizimu Afrika, eningizimu neZimbabwe Enkulu. Inani labantu basesiqongweno lallifika kwizi-5,000 ngonyaka we-1250, futhi cishe umbuso wawuhlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele ayizi-30,000 .<ref name="Huffman-2005">{{Cite book |last=Huffman |first=Thomas |date=2005 |title=Mapungubwe: Ancient African civilisation on the Limpopo |url=https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=Wits University Press |others= |isbn=978-1-86814-408-2}}</ref> Cishe ngonyaka we-1000 CE, abanye abantu baseKopje Leopard bathuthela ngaphesheya kweLimpopo baya eBambandyanalo lapho khona babefuyile futhi belima, belusela imihlambi emikhulu yezinkomo emidlalweni akweminye imiphakathi nokwathuthukisa ubudlelwano bezenhlalo nobezombusazwe, kuyilapho behlanganyela kuhwebo lolwandlekazi laseNdiya besebenzisa imibuso-nxuluma yamaSwahili othungulu lwaseMpumalanga Afrika. Eminyakeni eminingi, ingcebo eyandayo phakathi kwenani labantu elikhulayo yaveza ukungalingani okwakungakufanele ukuhlelwa kwendawo yeBambandyanalo. Cishe ngonyaka we-1220, phakathi nenkathi yesomiso, iqembu lezicukithwane zaseMapungubwe lathuthela esiqongweni seGquma laseMapungubwe, lalandelwa abantu abahlala ezweni elizungezile elisezansi. Amagquma ayevame ukusebenza njengezindawo zokuphehla imvula, futhi igquma laseMapungubwe laba ukuphela kwendawo enjalo; ukuhlala komholi kulo kwakubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ubukhosi obungcwele. Ingcebo eningi yaqoqwa ngeminikelo, okwenziwa lula ngokuhlangana kwemifula iLimpopo-Shashe njengesikhungo sohwebo, futhi amazinyo endlovu negolide kwathelikiswa othungulu olusempumalanga. Ukulandela izenzakalo ezingaziwa nokushintsha kwemigwaqo yohwebo enyakatho cishe ngowe-1300, abantu baseMapungubwe badudukela kwenye indawo. Namuhla labantu bavame ukuhlotshaniswa nabantu abangamaKalanga ([[AmaShona]]) namaVenda. Naphezu kokuba abantu bendawo benolwazi lwendawo engcwele, iMapungubwe yavubukulwa kabusha osonzlulwazi [[Umbuso waseNingizimu Afrika|bohulumeni wabaqobeli]] ngowe-1933. Inqoqelo yaseMapungubwe yamalondolondo atholakala esizeni semivubukulo igcinwe eSigcinamagugu seMapungubwe ePitoli. Isiza sitholakala Esiqiwini Sikazwelonke saseMapungubwe [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|INingizimu Afrika]], emngceleni [[IZimbabwe|weZimbabwe]] [[IButswana|neBotswana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mapungubwe National Park - World Heritage Site in South Africa|url=https://southafrica.co.za/mapungubwe-national-park.html|accessdate=2024-11-08|website=southafrica.co.za}}</ref> Nakuba ngokwembiso kucatshangwa ukuthi kwakuyisifundazwe sokuqala eAfrika esebingizimu, ukuvubukula esifundeni esifanayo eGqumeni iMapela kubonisa ubufakazi bobukhosi obungcwele cishe eminyakeni engama-200 ngaphambili.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chirikure |first=Shadreck |last2=Manyanga |first2=Munyaradzi |last3=Pollard |first3=A. Mark |last4=Bandama |first4=Foreman |last5=Mahachi |first5=Godfrey |last6=Pikirayi |first6=Innocent |date=2014-10-31 |title=Zimbabwe Culture before Mapungubwe: New Evidence from Mapela Hill, South-Western Zimbabwe |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=10 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9k1224C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0111224 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4215987 |pmid=25360782 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==uMsukagama== Igama lesiza lasendulo alaziwa, kodwa abavubukuli basebenzisa uhlelo lokwerha imivubukulo, base bekhetha elithi ''Mapungubwe'', futhi kanjalo nombuso wabizwa nalelo gama.<ref name="Chirikure-2015">{{Cite book |last1=Chirikure |first1=Shadreck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&pg=PT6 |title=Mapungubwe Reconsidered: A Living Legacy: Exploring Beyond the Rise and Decline of the Mapungubwe State |last2=Delius |first2=Peter |last3=Esterhuysen |first3=Amanda |last4=Hall |first4=Simon |last5=Lekgoathi |first5=Sekibakiba |last6=Maulaudzi |first6=Maanda |last7=Neluvhalani |first7=Vele |last8=Ntsoane |first8=Otsile |last9=Pearce |first9=David |date=2015-10-01 |publisher=Real African Publishers Pty Ltd. |isbn=978-1-920655-06-8 |language=en}}</ref> Elithi ''Mapungubwe'' lisho ukuthi "indawo [[Impungishe|yezimpungushe]] (eziningi)". Ngokwezilimi eziningi zomdabu, elithi "-pungubwe" lisho lesi siilwane. NgesiVenda kuthiwa ''phunguwe'', ngesiPedi kuthiwa ''phukubje.<ref name="Tlou-2012">{{cite report |url=http://policyresearch.limpopo.gov.za/handle/123456789/535 |title=The Kingdom of Mapungubwe: The First Urban Centre and the Capital of the First State in Southern Africa |last=Tlou |first=Setumu |publisher=Limpopo Provincial Government |year=2012}}</ref> == Umchazamhlaba == Indawo ezungeze iMapungubwe, eseduze nomfula iLimpopo, namuhla iyindawo enesomiso. Ihlanganisa amagquma esihlabathi esinamatshe, izihlabathi zogwadule iKalahari kanye ne-scrubland.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=15}} Kusuka ngowe-1000 CE kuya ku-1200 CE, le ndawo yayinemvula eningi, ikhula izimila ezazibiza izilwane eziningi ezifana nezintibane, izinkonkoni, izinyathi nezinye. Izikhukhula ezivela emfuleni iLimpompo zazisabalalisa imisoco ethafeni lezikhukhula, kuhlanganisa nesemfundeni iMapungubwe lapho kwakunezinhlobo zomhlabathi ezisuka esihlabathini, ubumba, okwenza ukulima kube yinto engenzeka umnyaka wonke.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=|pages=19-20}} ==uMlando== ===Indabuko=== Sonke isifunda sasihlalwa ngabathwa eminyakeni eyizi-100,000 edlule. Abathwa bokuqala bashiya ifagugu eliebeile lemidwebo yasemihumeni kulo lonke elaseAfrika eseningizimu.<ref name="Mlambo-2014" />{{Rp|page=|pages=11–2}} Izikhulumi zezindimi zesintu zazihlala esizibeni semifula iShashe neLimpompo phakathi kowama-350 nowama-450 CE.<ref name="King 2011">{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Rachel |date=2011 |title=Archaeological naissance at Mapungubwe |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1469605311417364 |journal=Journal of Social Archaeology |publisher=Sage |volume=11 |issue=3}}</ref> Indabuko yombuso waseMapungubwe isendaweni ebizwa Leopard Kopje, okuyisiko lemivubukulo eliseZimbabwe yanamuhla.<ref name="Tlou-2012" /> ====Schroda (900-1000)==== Befakwe ugqozi uhwebo ngezinyo lendlovu, amaZhizo afudukela eningizimu ngonyaka wama-900 ukuze ayohlala endaweni ebizwa-Schroda, eduze nomfula iLimpompo. Abathwa bona basuswa emhlabeni yabo yokhokho.<ref name="Mlambo-2014">{{Cite book |last=Mlambo |first=A. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofzimbabw0000mlam/mode/2up?view=theater |title=A history of Zimbabwe |date=2014 |publisher=New York, NY : Cambridge University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-107-02170-9}}</ref>{{Rp|page=|pages=11–2}} AmaZhizo ayefuye imihlambi futhi ekuthanda nokulima. Ayebuye ahwebe ngezinto lendlovu naBathwa, ababehlala ezindaweni ezihlukene.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" /> Indawo yaseSchroda kungenzeka kwakuyisiqongo samaZhizo ngenxa yokuthi aymaningi lapho. Inkosi yawo iyona eyayiebe kakhulu, izizuzela imfuyo ngokuhlawulisa, izothulo, ukudliwa kwempahla, ukuphanga, nelobolo elikhulu ngamadodakazi ayo. AmaZhizo eykuthanda ukubumba izinkamba ezihlukene, abaqanjwe ngalo. Ubumba lwalusetshenziswa ukufundisa izingane. Babehwebalana nezifunda ezisothungulu nangegolide, izinyo lendlovu, izikhumba zomkhombe, izikhumba zengwe, insimbi, bathole ubuhlalu bengilazi, izindangu zokotini nosilika, nenhlakahla ecwebezelayo.<ref name="Huffman-2005">{{Cite book |last=Huffman |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/mapungubweancien0000huff/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Mapungubwe: Ancient African civilisation on the Limpopo |date=2005 |publisher=Wits University Press |others= |isbn=978-1-86814-408-2}}</ref>{{Rp|page=10–4}} ==== K2 (1000-1220) ==== Ngonyaka we-1000, abanye abantu baseLeopard's Kopje bafudukela eningizimu ukuze bayohlala eBambandyanalo (eyaziwa ngokuthi kuse-K2, esegqumeni iBambandyanalo), kuyilapho amaZhizo wona afudukela entshona ahlala endaweni ebizwa Toutswe eseBotswana namuhla. Abanye ongoti bakholwa ukuthi ubudlwelwane babo babugcwele izimpi nemibangp, kodwa abanye bathi babuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwezenhlalo nangokwezombusazwe. Abanye ongoti bakholwa ukuthi ubudlelwane babo babugcwele imibango nezimpi, kuyilapho abanye bathi babuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwezenhlalo nangokwezombusazwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Calabrese |first=John A. |date=2000-12-01 |title=Interregional Interaction in Southern Africa: Zhizo and Leopard's Kopje Relations in Northern South Africa, Southwestern Zimbabwe, and Eastern Botswana, AD 1000 to 1200 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006796925891 |journal=African Archaeological Review |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=183–210 |doi=10.1023/A:1006796925891 |issn=1572-9842|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Kim-2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Nam C. |last2=Kusimba |first2=Chapurukha M. |last3=Keeley |first3=Lawrence H. |date=2015 |title=Coercion and Warfare in the Rise of State Societies in Southern Zambezia |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–34 |doi=10.1007/s10437-015-9183-x |jstor=43916844 |issn=0263-0338}}</ref> Ukufika kwabo kwahambisana nokufka kwenkathi yokuvunda, okwenza bathela kakhulu kwezolimo.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=19}} Abantu baseLeopard's Kopje babekhulumma uhlobo lokuqala lwesiShona, mhlawumbe isiKlanga esasikhulunywa entsona. Indawo ebizwa K2 kwakuyisiqongo, futhi kungenzeka yayihlukaniswe ngokwezindlu ezazingaphansi kwegunya lomnumzane, kuyilapho inkosi yayiphethe indawo enulu. Abesifazane babesebenza ngosokhlele, kuyilapho abesilisa besebenza ngensimbi.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|pages=16–23}} Babeblima amabele, unyalothi, unjwambu, amalumulondo nama-cowpeas. Ukuze benze umhlaba wabo ukhiize kakhulu, imihlabi yayiluselwa kude nesiqongo, emadlelweni eminye imiphakathi ngenholoso yokuqinisa ubudlelwane yenhlalo-mbusazwe nayo nokwakuvumela ukuba imihlmbi ikhulu ibe mikhulu.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=20}} Inanisamba landa kakhulu e-K2 laba abantu abyi-1,500 ngowe-1200. Umkhuba wokwenza imvula wawudlangile, futhi inkosi yayiqasha abafokazana okwakholwa ukuthi banobuhlobo namadlozi (amathongo) ezwe, abafana naBathwa, ngenxa yokulahla lapho isikhathi eside. Ngokufanayo, amaZhizo asala eLeokwe (angaphansi kwawase-K2) ayengongoti bemicikilisho nemidanti yendawo ngenxa yokuhlala kuyo isikhathi eside.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|pages=26–9}} UThomas Huffman wabhala kuthi inani elikhulu lo mcebo owawukhiqizwa uhwebo olwenzeka kulwandlekazi iNdian, waletha ukungalingani okusha, njengoba umphakathi wawuguquka usuka ekubeni okleliswe ngokwenhlalo kuya kowezigaba zenhlalo, onegebe elikhulu phakathi kwezicebi nabahlwempu. Kwaba nzima ukuhlela izindawo zokuhlala ezivumelana nalesi simo.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=30}} Kodwa, uMark Horton, uveza ukuthi izindawo eziphakathi neMpuma Afrika zazizuza kanacen kuhwebo olwenziwa ebangeni elide kunamanxuluma asothungulu, (ngenxa yokuqhoqhobala phezu kohwebo kwamaSwahili), futhi uShadreck Chirikure ngabanye bathi umnotho, kanye negumya lababusi kwakusekelwe kwezolimo nokufuya. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ongoti abafana noNam Kim benoChapurukha Kusimba baveza ukuthi umbuso wakheka ngenxa yocandululo kwezolimo, ukufuya imihlambi, nokusetshenziswa kamandla emicikilisho.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Nam C. |last2=Kusimba |first2=Chapurukha M. |date=2008 |title=Pathways to Social Complexity and State Formation in the Southern Zambezian Region |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40389424 |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=25 |issue=3/4 |pages=131–152 |issn=0263-0338}}</ref><ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|pages=87-92}} === Igquma iMapungubwe (1220-1300) === [[File:ZimbabweStatesAndTrade.svg|thumb|Ibalazwe lezikhungo nemizila yohwebo ethafeni laseZimbabwe]] Cishe ngowe-1200 lapho kuphela inkathi yemvula, phakathi nesomiso esinzima esahlukeza umphakathi, izicukuthwane zasebukhosini zafudukisa isibongo sayiswa eMapungubwe (okwakuyisiza sokwenza imvula esidala) futhi zahlala esicongweni esiwucengece phezulu ngowe- 1220, kuyilapho bonke abanye bahlaliswa phansi kwegquma laseMapungubwe.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|pages=17-9}} Kungenzeka umuzi omdalacowawulapjo kwadingeka ukuba ushiswe ukuze lwakhowe omusha. Igquma iMapungubwe laba igquma lokwenza imvula lilodwa, futhi ukuhlala komholi kulo kwazhumanisa iNkosi nesiko lokwenza imvula, nokwaba ukukhula kobukhosi obungcwele.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=|pages=32–4}} Kuleli gauma, kwakuhlala aBathwa kulo ekuqaleni futhi umhumei okulo ngasempuma unemidwebo yobuciko babo.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=17}} iNkosi yokuqala ("uShiriyadenga" ngokomlando wamaVenda)<ref name="Loubser-2024" /> kwakudingeka uchithe isikhathi sayo esiningi iqhingiwe noma isemgonqeni, futhi isigodlo sayo sisohlangothini olusentshona nengquma; sasinegumbi lapho ingosi yayamukela khona izihambeli, nelinye loluhlola izihambeli zingakafiki enkosino, negumbi ezikhethekile lenkosi lokubhula. Ngowe-1250, iMapungubwe yayisinabantu abayizi-5000, abahlala abanezindluvezizungeze igquma. iNkosi yesibili ("uTshidziwelele" ngesiVenda)<ref name="Loubser-2024" /> yakha isigodlo sayo naphakathi nengquma, ngendlela efanayo neyenkosi eyandulele, Kodwa igumbi lezihambeli lahlukaniswa kwelenkosi, ukuze iNkosi nezihambeli zibe namagumbi ahlukene, futhi isebenzise umkhulumeli Ukuxhumana nazo. Amakhosi ayenesithembu, futhi abanye abafazi babehlala ngaphandle kwesiqongo, ukuze balekelele ekugcineni kohleloxhano lwabavunani.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" /><ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=|pages=38–51}} Uhlelokulawula nohlaka lombuso akucacile, nakuba ongoti bethi kwakufana nokombuso wabaPedi.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=71}} Ezomnotho zazisekelwe kwezolimo, futhi kwakufuywa nezinkomo ezaziluselwa kude nesiqongo, ziqinisa ubudlelwane kwezenhlalo nakwezombisazwe nemiphakathi ebuqamama, futhi kanjalo kwandisa ithonya laseMapungubwe. Ingcebo enkulu yaqongelelwa ngezothulo, ezazikhikhelwa ngezilimo, izilwane noma impahla.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Delius |first1=Peter |last2=Chewins |first2=Linell |last3=Forssman |first3=Tim |date=2024 |title=Turning South African History Upside Down: Ivory and Gold Production, the Indian Ocean Trading System and the Shaping of Southern African Society, 600–1900 AD |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2024.2436329 |issn=0305-7070|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Wingfield-2020">{{Cite book |last1=Wingfield |first1=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lOTzgEACAAJ |title=The Pasts and Presence of Art in South Africa: Technologies, Ontologies and Agents |last2=Giblin |first2=John |last3=King |first3=Rachel |date=2020 |publisher=McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research |isbn=978-1-913344-01-6 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=163}} Usokhele, igolide, umthanimbi kwakuizinhlwa ezingatholakali esizibeni somfula iShashe- iLimpompo, kodwa kungenzeka iMapungubwe yayizithola njengezothulo noma uhwebo, njengoba ihlangana mfula leShashe neLimpompo kwakuyisizinda sohwebo.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=|pages=20, 22}} Akucaci kahle ukuthi ukuphoqwa nombango kwaba nalipho igalelo ekukhuleni kombuso waseMapungubwe nokuchachaza kwawo njengoba kungelula ukuhlonza lokhu ngemivubululo. Nakuba izindonga zamatshe zazinenhloso yokuhlukanisa izicukuthwane kubantukazana, zazibie zibe ngenhloso yokuzivikela ezitheni, okuveza ukuthi impi kwakuyinsakavukela.<ref name="Kim-2015" /> UKim noKusimba, kanye noSimon Hall (abavubukuli), baveza ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa nodlame yizinto ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuba ngamandla ombuso.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=92}} Umbuso waseMapungubwe wawuhweba endaweni nezindawo ezifana neToutswe kanye neEiland, kuhwetshwa ngegolide, Izinto lendluvo futhi zithelekiselwa uhwebo lolwandlekazi Indian ngomzila waseSofala.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=|pages=38–51}} Akwaziwa ukuthi yini eyawisa umbuso waseMapungubwe.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{rp|page=32}} UElizabeth Anne Voigt waphakamisa ukuthi izinkomo yizona ezawohloza umhlaba, phakathi nesomiso, kuyilapho uDavid Killick benoChristopher Ehret bathi ngekhulu le-13, imibuso yaseKilwa, naseMogodishu yathatya indawo yesiqhibgo iManda nesiqhibgo iShanga njengamachweba ohwebo. Futhi ngaphansi kwethonya laseKilwa, indawo yaseSofala yaba isizinda sohwebo ngegolide, futhi yayiseduze nendawo ekhiqiza igolide ethafeni laseZimbabwe, yasala kanjalo iMapungubwe ingasabalulekile.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=96}} UChirikure ngabanye bona bathi imizila yohwebo yagudlukela enyakatho njengoba abahwebi babefuna ukufika ngokushesha endaweni ephakathi nezwe ekhiqiza igolide, nokuyisenzo esadicilela phansi umnotho waseMapungubwe. Ngokufanele, ukuswelakala kwezimohala ezithelekiwe kwakuzowohloza ubudlelwane bezombusazwe baseMapungubwe obabugiyame ekuhwebeni ukuze imihlambi yakhona uthole amadlelo. Baqagula ukuthi ubuholi balahlekelwa ukwethenjwa ikakhulu njengoba kwase kudingeka izothulo eziningi, lokhu kwadala ukungezwani nokungathembani nokwenza abantu abaningi bafuduke endaweni.<ref name="Chirikure-2015" />{{Reference page|page=|pages=32-3, 98}} Isiziba sashoywa abantu abasakazekela enyakatho, entdhoba naseningizimu. Abaphindanga babuya. ENyakatho, kwavela iZimbambwe Enkulu, umbuso onabantu abambalwa, wakhula ngendlela efanayo nowaseMapungubwe, uhlakanisa abantu ngokuhlala futhi unobukhosi obingcwele.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=55}} ==Isiko nomphakathi== [[File:Stone game board on Mapungubwe Hill, Limpopo, South Africa.jpg|thumb|Umdlalo womlabalaba otholakele khona eMapungubwe.]] Emva kweminyaka yokuhlala eK2, umphakathi walapha waguquka usuka emphakathini osekkelwe kuqhiwu waba umphakathi osekelwe esigabeni zenhlalo, futhi waba isibonelo sobukhosi bobungcwele eAfrika eseningizimu.<ref name="web.wits.ac.za">{{Cite web |url=http://web.wits.ac.za/nr/rdonlyres/33e48eb0-29e9-49ec-a296-5daaa4aacc5a/0/evolution.pdf |title=Origin of Species and Evolution, Wits University Showcase |access-date=10 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122181425/http://web.wits.ac.za/NR/rdonlyres/33E48EB0-29E9-49EC-A296-5DAAA4AACC5A/0/Evolution.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2009 }}</ref> Umholi womphakathi nezicukuthwane babehlala phezulu eGqumeni, abantukazana ehlala ezansi.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=|pages=32–4}} Kwakukhona amakhondo amane abheke egqumeni, elikhulu kuwo lalinabalindi ababebuzwa ngokuthi bayihlo lenkosi.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=37}} Izondawo zokuhlala zazihlulaniswe ngokwezindlu zokuhlala ezingaphansi kwabamnumzane, zizungeze igquma, ziyindilinga elivikelayo.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{rp|page=40}} Umbuso kungenzeka wawuhlukaniswe ngokoqhiwu olunezigaba ezinhlanu ngenxa Yokusakaza kwabantu: Kwakukhona abamnumzane, izinduna zomuzi, izinduna ezincane, izinduna ezinkulu, izinduna ngqangi, neNkosi.<ref name="Huffman-2005" />{{Rp|page=50}} ==Amaphatho== <references /> [[Category:Iziza zefagugu eNingizimu Afrika]] 4l4qmdgq1uhghbjp9kti8prdps3wt31 0 35185 128338 2026-09-06T12:39:20Z LondiweBridget 25427 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352063899|Public hospital]]" 128338 wikitext text/x-wiki '''isibhedlela somphakathi''', noma '''Isibhedlela sikahulumeni''', yisibhedlela esiphethwe [[UHulumeni|uhulumeni]] futhi esixhaswa kakhulu nguhulumeni sisebenza ngokuyinhloko ngemali eqoqwa kubabhadali bentela ukuxhasa izinhlelo zokunakekela impilo. Cishe kuwo wonke amazwe athuthukile ngaphandle kwe-United States of America, futhi amazwe amaningi athuthukayo3, lolu hlobo lwesibhedlela lunikeza ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha cishe mahhala ezigulini,uma kuhlanganiswa izindleko namaholo ngokubuyiselwa kukahulumeni. Izinga likahulumeni ophethe isibhedlela lingaba elendawo, umasipala, umbuso, noma isizwe, futhi ukufaneleka kwenkonzo, hhayi nje ezimeni eziphuthumayo, kungatholakala kubantu abangebona izakhamuzi. Uhlelo lwezempilo lwaseBrazil luhlanganisa izibhedlela zomphakathi, izibhedlela zokusiza ezingenayo inzuzo, Izibhedlela eziyimele. Iningi labantu abahola imali ephansi nephakathi nendawo lisebenzisa izinkonzo ezinikezwa yizibhedlela zomphakathi eziphethwe umbuso noma umasipala. Kusukela ekuqaleni koMthethosisekelo weFederal wangonyaka ka 1988, ukunakekelwa ngokwezempilo kuyilungelo lomhlaba wonke kubo bonke abantu abahlala eBrazil: izakhamuzi, izakhamuzi ezihlala khona njalo nabantu abahlala kwamanye amazwe. Ukuze kunikezwe le nkonzo, uhulumeni waseBrazil wasungula uhlelo lomshuwalense wezempilo yomphakathi kazwelonke olubizwa ngokuthi i-SUS (Sistema Unico de Saúde, Unified Health System) lapho zonke izibhedlela ezixhaswe umphakathi (izikhungo zomphakathi nezomusa) zithola izinkokhelo ngokusekelwe enanini leziguli nezinqubo ezenziwe. Ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwezibhedlela nemithola-mpilo yezempilo nakho kungumthwalo kahulumeni. Uhlelo lunikeza ukusakazwa okuvamile kuzo zonke iziguli, kufaka phakathi ukunakekelwa kwezimo zezempilo eziphuthumayo, imithi yokuzivikela, izinqubo zokuxilonga, ukuhlinzwa (ngaphandle kwezinqubo zezimonyo) nemithi edingekayo ukwelapha isimo sazo. yize kunjalo, uma kunikezwa imingcele yesabelo semali, lezi zinsizakalo zivame ukungatholakali ezinxenyeni eziningi zezwe ngaphandle kwezifundazwe ezinkulu zamadolobha amakhulu, futhi ngisho nakulawo madolobha ukufinyelela ezinqumeni eziyinkimbinkimbi kungase kubekelwe eceleni ngenxa yemigqa emide. Ngaphandle kwalesi simo, ezinye iziguli zakwazi ukumangalela uhulumeni ngokukhokhwa okuphelele kwe-SUS ngezinqubo ezenziwa ezikhungweni ezingezona ezomphakathi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ADMINISTRATIVO. RESSARCIMENTO DE DESPESAS MÉDICAS PARTICULARES. IMPOSSIBILIDADE DE ATENDIMENTO PELO SUS. LEGITIMIDADE PASSIVA. NÃO COMPROVAÇÃO DA CARÊNCIA DE RECURSOS FINANCEIROS DO PACIENTE. Tribunal Regional Federal da 4ª Região TRF-4 – APELAÇÃO CIVEL : AC 8092 RS 2002.71.08.008092-4 |url=https://trf-4.jusbrasil.com.br/jurisprudencia/17506771/apelacao-civel-ac-8092-rs-20027108008092-4-trf4 |work=Jusbrasil}}</ref> Muva nje, kusetshenziswa umthetho omusha owenqabela izibhedlela ezizimele ukwenqaba ukwelashwa kweziguli ezinezimali encane uma kwenzeka kunesimo esiphuthumayo esisongela ukuphila. Umthetho futhi unquma ukuthi izindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo kulesi simo kufanele zikhokhwe yiyo i-SUS. rz6atmlmrza105l2c7ad88wk1kkudwo 10 35186 128339 2026-09-06T17:28:34Z Fongcwele 16873 Created page with "{{#if:{{{needed|}}}|{{page needed|date={{{date|}}}|reason={{{reason|}}}}}|{{r/superscript |prefix={{#switch:{{{style|}}}|AMA|Ama|ama=(|&#58;&hairsp;}} |suffix={{#switch:{{{style|}}}|AMA|Ama|ama=)|&hairsp;}} |pp={{#switch:{{{style|}}}|AMA|Ama|ama={{#if:{{{no-pp|{{{nopp|}}}}}}||{{#if:{{{pages|{{{pp|}}}}}}|pp|{{#if:{{{page|{{{p|}}}}}}|p}}}}}}}}<!-- p/pp is only used in superscript label, therefore it does not contain any qp params --> |leadin={{#switch:{{{quotation-pages|{{..." 128339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{needed|}}}|{{page needed|date={{{date|}}}|reason={{{reason|}}}}}|{{r/superscript |prefix={{#switch:{{{style|}}}|AMA|Ama|ama=(|&#58;&hairsp;}} |suffix={{#switch:{{{style|}}}|AMA|Ama|ama=)|&hairsp;}} |pp={{#switch:{{{style|}}}|AMA|Ama|ama={{#if:{{{no-pp|{{{nopp|}}}}}}||{{#if:{{{pages|{{{pp|}}}}}}|pp|{{#if:{{{page|{{{p|}}}}}}|p}}}}}}}}<!-- p/pp is only used in superscript label, therefore it does not contain any qp params --> |leadin={{#switch:{{{quotation-pages|{{{quote-pages|{{{qpp|{{{quotation-page|{{{quote-page|{{{qp|{{{quotation-location|{{{quote-location|{{{quote-loc|{{{quote-at|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|pages|pp|page|p={{#if:{{{pages|{{{pp|}}}}}}|Pages|{{#if:{{{page|{{{p|}}}}}}|Page|{{#if:{{{location|{{{loc|{{{at|}}}}}}}}}|Location|Page&nbsp;/ location}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{quotation-pages|{{{quote-pages|{{{qpp|}}}}}}}}}|Pages|{{#if:{{{quotation-page|{{{quote-page|{{{qp|}}}}}}}}}|Page|{{#if:{{{quotation-location|{{{quote-location|{{{quote-loc|{{{quote-at|}}}}}}}}}}}}|Location|{{#if:{{{pages|{{{pp|}}}}}}|Pages|{{#if:{{{page|{{{p|}}}}}}|Page|{{#if:{{{location|{{{loc|{{{at|}}}}}}}}}|Location|Page&nbsp;/ location}}}}}}}}}}}}}}<!-- leadin is only used in tooltip --> |where={{R/where|plural={{#invoke:String2|hyphen2dash|{{{pages|{{{pp|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}}}|singular={{{page|{{{p|}}}}}}|location={{{location|{{{loc|{{{at|}}}}}}}}}|spacing=&#32;}}<!-- where must not include qp params --> |sup-where={{R/where|plural={{#invoke:String2|hyphen2dash|{{{pages|{{{pp|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}|&hairsp;}}|singular={{{page|{{{p|}}}}}}|location={{{location|{{{loc|{{{at|}}}}}}}}}|spacing=&hairsp;}}<!-- sup-where same as where, but with improved list spacing for superscript --> |quote-where={{#switch:{{{quotation-pages|{{{quote-pages|{{{qpp|{{{quotation-page|{{{quote-page|{{{qp|{{{quotation-location|{{{quote-location|{{{quote-loc|{{{quote-at|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|pages|pp|page|p={{R/where|plural={{#invoke:String2|hyphen2dash|{{{pages|{{{pp|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}}}|singular={{{page|{{{p|}}}}}}|location={{{location|{{{loc|{{{at|}}}}}}}}}|spacing=&#32;}}|{{R/where|plural={{#invoke:String2|hyphen2dash|{{{quotation-pages|{{{quote-pages|{{{qpp|}}}}}}}}}}}|singular={{{quotation-page|{{{quote-page|{{{qp|}}}}}}}}}|location={{{quotation-location|{{{quote-location|{{{quote-loc|{{{quote-at|}}}}}}}}}}}}|spacing=&#32;}}}}<!-- quote-where must not contain normal in-source-location params --> |quote={{{quotation|{{{quote|{{{q|}}}}}}}}} |language={{{quotation-language|{{{quote-language|{{{quotation-lang|{{{quote-lang|{{{ql|{{{language|{{{lang|{{{l|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |translation={{{translation-quotation|{{{trans-quotation|{{{translation-quote|{{{trans-quote|{{{tq|{{{translation|{{{trans|{{{t|{{{xlat|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |wrap={{{wrap|}}} }}{{#switch:{{{wrap|}}}|yes|y|forced|f=&#8203;}}}}<noinclude><!-- Note: Please do not change the parameter names "at", "page", "p", "pages", "pp", "quote-page", "quote-pages", "trans-quote" , "no-pp" and "nopp" as they are also used by CS1/CS2 citation templates, "loc" is also used by SFN templates. --> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 1ad7j04p44x68pca4bu041co6am2b1w 2 35187 128343 2026-09-07T07:09:53Z Derek J Moore 20315 added the CSS 128343 css text/css :root{ --bg: #999; --primary: #f2ce3a; --secondary: #2c3e50; --tertiary:#1a252f; --shadow-soft: rgba(242, 206, 58, 0.9); --lamp-width: 250px; --lamp-height: 400px; --radial-night: radial-gradient( circle at 10% 20%, #555 0%, #333 35%, #151515 100%); /*nightime*/ --primary-day: red; --radial-day:radial-gradient( circle at 10% 20%, #fff7d6 0%, #dff3ff 35%, #9ecff0 100% ) } body { margin: 0; min-height: 100vh; background: var(--radial-day); transition: background 1s ease; } .container { position: relative; width: var(--lamp-width); height: var(--lamp-height); } .shade { display: block; position: relative; width: 100px; top: 10px; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); border-top: 30px solid var(--secondary); border-bottom: 30px solid transparent; border-radius: 50%; z-index: 40; } .top-light { position: absolute; height:0; width:20px; border-bottom:75px solid #c9c9ce; border-right:15px solid #c9c9ce; border-left:15px solid #c9c9ce; top: 10px; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); z-index: 10; } .pole { position: absolute; bottom: 0; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); width: 20px; height: 320px; background: var(--secondary); } .base { position: absolute; bottom: 0; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); width: 40px; height: 20px; background: var(--tertiary); border-radius: 5px 5px 0 0; } .contain { height: 100vh; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; background-color: var(--brand-basic); transition: color 0.3s, background-color 0.3s; } /* Floating theme control */ .icon, #themeToggle { position: fixed; right: 25px; z-index: 1000; } /* Sun / moon */ .icon { top: 20px; width: 45px; height: 45px; display: grid; place-items: center; font-size: 28px; border-radius: 50%; background: rgba(255,255,255,.35); backdrop-filter: blur(10px); box-shadow: 0 8px 25px rgba(0,0,0,.15); transition: transform .5s ease, background .5s ease; } /* Button */ #themeToggle { top: 78px; padding: 11px 17px; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.3); border-radius: 30px; background: rgba(255,255,255,.45); color: #263746; font: 600 14px system-ui, sans-serif; cursor: pointer; backdrop-filter: blur(10px); box-shadow: 0 8px 25px rgba(0,0,0,.15); transition: transform .2s ease, background .5s ease, color .5s ease; } #themeToggle:hover { transform: translateY(-2px); } /* Night */ body.night { background: var(--radial-night); } body.night .top-light { position: absolute; height:0; width:20px; border-bottom:75px solid var(--primary); border-right:15px solid var(--shadow-soft); border-left:15px solid var(--shadow-soft); top: 10px; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); border-radius: 50% 50% 10% 10%; box-shadow: 0 0 30px #f1c40f; z-index: 10; } body.night .icon { background: rgba(30,30,30,.55); transform: rotate(15deg); } body.night #themeToggle { background: rgba(40,40,40,.65); color: #fff; border-color: rgba(255,255,255,.12); } imjvu74ledvv2ho1cymwmrt0obpus14 2 35188 128344 2026-09-07T07:10:35Z Derek J Moore 20315 added to commons 128344 css text/css :root{ --bg: #999; --primary: #f2ce3a; --secondary: #2c3e50; --tertiary:#1a252f; --shadow-soft: rgba(242, 206, 58, 0.9); --lamp-width: 250px; --lamp-height: 400px; --radial-night: radial-gradient( circle at 10% 20%, #555 0%, #333 35%, #151515 100%); /*nightime*/ --primary-day: red; --radial-day:radial-gradient( circle at 10% 20%, #fff7d6 0%, #dff3ff 35%, #9ecff0 100% ) } body { margin: 0; min-height: 100vh; background: var(--radial-day); transition: background 1s ease; } .container { position: relative; width: var(--lamp-width); height: var(--lamp-height); } .shade { display: block; position: relative; width: 100px; top: 10px; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); border-top: 30px solid var(--secondary); border-bottom: 30px solid transparent; border-radius: 50%; z-index: 40; } .top-light { position: absolute; height:0; width:20px; border-bottom:75px solid #c9c9ce; border-right:15px solid #c9c9ce; border-left:15px solid #c9c9ce; top: 10px; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); z-index: 10; } .pole { position: absolute; bottom: 0; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); width: 20px; height: 320px; background: var(--secondary); } .base { position: absolute; bottom: 0; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); width: 40px; height: 20px; background: var(--tertiary); border-radius: 5px 5px 0 0; } .contain { height: 100vh; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; background-color: var(--brand-basic); transition: color 0.3s, background-color 0.3s; } /* Floating theme control */ .icon, #themeToggle { position: fixed; right: 25px; z-index: 1000; } /* Sun / moon */ .icon { top: 20px; width: 45px; height: 45px; display: grid; place-items: center; font-size: 28px; border-radius: 50%; background: rgba(255,255,255,.35); backdrop-filter: blur(10px); box-shadow: 0 8px 25px rgba(0,0,0,.15); transition: transform .5s ease, background .5s ease; } /* Button */ #themeToggle { top: 78px; padding: 11px 17px; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.3); border-radius: 30px; background: rgba(255,255,255,.45); color: #263746; font: 600 14px system-ui, sans-serif; cursor: pointer; backdrop-filter: blur(10px); box-shadow: 0 8px 25px rgba(0,0,0,.15); transition: transform .2s ease, background .5s ease, color .5s ease; } #themeToggle:hover { transform: translateY(-2px); } /* Night */ body.night { background: var(--radial-night); } body.night .top-light { position: absolute; height:0; width:20px; border-bottom:75px solid var(--primary); border-right:15px solid var(--shadow-soft); border-left:15px solid var(--shadow-soft); top: 10px; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); border-radius: 50% 50% 10% 10%; box-shadow: 0 0 30px #f1c40f; z-index: 10; } body.night .icon { background: rgba(30,30,30,.55); transform: rotate(15deg); } body.night #themeToggle { background: rgba(40,40,40,.65); color: #fff; border-color: rgba(255,255,255,.12); } imjvu74ledvv2ho1cymwmrt0obpus14 0 35189 128345 2026-09-07T07:16:01Z Leepamela 20678 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336142449|South African art]]" 128345 wikitext text/x-wiki Ubuciko baseNingizimu Afrika buwubuciko obubonakalayo obukhiqizwa abantu abahlala endaweni ehlalwa yizwe lanamuhla laseNingizimu Afrika. Izinto zobuciko ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni zatholakala emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Abavubukuli bathole amasethi amabili ezinto zobuciko, okulinganiselwa ukuthi aneminyaka eyi-100,000 ubudala, emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. lp7mm2t3rw62wifaekjyrsl7xbk5slp 128349 128345 2026-09-07T07:38:13Z Leepamela 20678 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336142449|South African art]]" 128349 wikitext text/x-wiki Ubuciko baseNingizimu Afrika buwubuciko obubonakalayo obukhiqizwa abantu abahlala endaweni ehlalwa yizwe lanamuhla laseNingizimu Afrika. Izinto zobuciko ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni zatholakala emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Abavubukuli bathole amasethi amabili ezinto zobuciko, okulinganiselwa ukuthi aneminyaka eyi-100,000 ubudala, emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Okutholakele kunikeza umbono wokuthi abantu bokuqala bakhiqiza futhi bagcina kanjani i-ocher - uhlobo lopende - olubuyisela emuva ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kwavela nini eminyakeni engaba ngu-20,000-30,000. 7wc523jqnspwioonchlgre7o9u26ww9 128350 128349 2026-09-07T07:38:57Z Leepamela 20678 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336142449|South African art]]" 128350 wikitext text/x-wiki Ubuciko baseNingizimu Afrika buwubuciko obubonakalayo obukhiqizwa abantu abahlala endaweni ehlalwa yizwe lanamuhla laseNingizimu Afrika. Izinto zobuciko ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni zatholakala emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Abavubukuli bathole amasethi amabili ezinto zobuciko, okulinganiselwa ukuthi aneminyaka eyi-100,000 ubudala, emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Okutholakele kunikeza umbono wokuthi abantu bokuqala bakhiqiza futhi bagcina kanjani i-ocher - uhlobo lopende - olubuyisela emuva ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kwavela nini eminyakeni engaba ngu-20,000-30,000. Futhi, kusukela eminyakeni engu-75,000 eyedlule, bathola amagobolondo amancane e-snail abholiwe ayengenamsebenzi ngaphandle kokuboshwa njengomgexo. INingizimu Afrika yayingenye yezindawo zokuhlala zabantu. nmozxa5w5d5aqw4bjo0l5bug1kf25zu 128351 128350 2026-09-07T07:39:43Z Leepamela 20678 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336142449|South African art]]" 128351 wikitext text/x-wiki Ubuciko baseNingizimu Afrika buwubuciko obubonakalayo obukhiqizwa abantu abahlala endaweni ehlalwa yizwe lanamuhla laseNingizimu Afrika. Izinto zobuciko ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni zatholakala emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Abavubukuli bathole amasethi amabili ezinto zobuciko, okulinganiselwa ukuthi aneminyaka eyi-100,000 ubudala, emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Okutholakele kunikeza umbono wokuthi abantu bokuqala bakhiqiza futhi bagcina kanjani i-ocher - uhlobo lopende - olubuyisela emuva ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kwavela nini eminyakeni engaba ngu-20,000-30,000. Futhi, kusukela eminyakeni engu-75,000 eyedlule, bathola amagobolondo amancane e-snail abholiwe ayengenamsebenzi ngaphandle kokuboshwa njengomgexo. INingizimu Afrika yayingenye yezindawo zokuhlala zabantu. Izizwe ezihlakazekile zabantu baseKhoisan nabaseSan ababethuthela eNingizimu Afrika kusukela cishe ngo-10000 BC zazinezindlela zazo zobuciko ezibonakala namuhla emidwebweni eminingi yemihume.[1] Zathathelwa indawo ngabantu baseBantu nabeNguni ngamagama abo obuciko. 31fdvr27ox3st48m7vo3eylk3x6en3u 128353 128351 2026-09-07T08:23:20Z Dumbassman 11040 128353 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ubuciko baseNingizimu Afrika''' buwubuciko obubonakalayo obukhiqizwa abantu abahlala endaweni ehlalwa yizwe lanamuhla laseNingizimu Afrika. Izinto zobuciko ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni zatholakala emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Abavubukuli bathole amasethi amabili ezinto zobuciko, okulinganiselwa ukuthi aneminyaka eyi-100,000 ubudala, emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Okutholakele kunikeza umbono wokuthi abantu bokuqala bakhiqiza futhi bagcina kanjani i-ocher - uhlobo lopende - olubuyisela emuva ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kwavela nini eminyakeni engaba ngu-20,000-30,000. Futhi, kusukela eminyakeni engu-75,000 eyedlule, bathola amagobolondo amancane e-snail abholiwe ayengenamsebenzi ngaphandle kokuboshwa njengomgexo. INingizimu Afrika yayingenye yezindawo zokuhlala zabantu. Izizwe ezihlakazekile zabantu baseKhoisan nabaseSan ababethuthela eNingizimu Afrika kusukela cishe ngo-10000 BC zazinezindlela zazo zobuciko ezibonakala namuhla emidwebweni eminingi yemihume.[1] Zathathelwa indawo ngabantu baseBantu nabeNguni ngamagama abo obuciko. 37fz71716mxnntixvd7wg3taoube6rl 128355 128353 2026-09-07T08:53:05Z Leepamela 20678 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336142449|South African art]]" 128355 wikitext text/x-wiki Ubuciko baseNingizimu Afrika buwubuciko obubonakalayo obukhiqizwa abantu abahlala endaweni ehlalwa yizwe lanamuhla laseNingizimu Afrika. Izinto zobuciko ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni zatholakala emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Abavubukuli bathole amasethi amabili ezinto zobuciko, okulinganiselwa ukuthi aneminyaka eyi-100,000 ubudala, emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Okutholakele kunikeza umbono wokuthi abantu bokuqala bakhiqiza futhi bagcina kanjani i-ocher - uhlobo lopende - olubuyisela emuva ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kwavela nini eminyakeni engaba ngu-20,000-30,000. Futhi, kusukela eminyakeni engu-75,000 eyedlule, bathola amagobolondo amancane e-snail abholiwe ayengenamsebenzi ngaphandle kokuboshwa njengomgexo. INingizimu Afrika yayingenye yezindawo zokuhlala zabantu. Izizwe ezihlakazekile zabantu baseKhoisan nabaseSan ababethuthela eNingizimu Afrika kusukela cishe ngo-10000 BC zazinezindlela zazo zobuciko ezibonakala namuhla emidwebweni eminingi yemihume.[1] Zathathelwa indawo ngabantu baseBantu nabeNguni ngamagama abo obuciko. Esikhathini samanje, ubuciko bezizwe bendabuko buhlakazekile futhi baphinde baqinisekiswa yizinqubomgomo ezihlukanisayo zobandlululo. Izinhlobo ezintsha zobuciko zavela ezimayini nasemalokishini: ubuciko obushintshashintshayo obusebenzisa izinto ezisukela kumapheshana epulasitiki kuya kuzipoki zamabhayisikili. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kukhona futhi ubuciko bendabuko obugqugquzelwe amaDashi be-Afrikaner Trek Boers kanye namaciko amhlophe asemadolobheni alandela ngokuzimisela ukushintsha amasiko ase-Europe kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1850 kuya phambili, okwenza ingxube ye-eclectic esaqhubeka nokuvela nanamuhla. kv7ry3lbuv829a8cmqkputcvebzxfs2 128356 128355 2026-09-07T08:53:30Z Leepamela 20678 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336142449|South African art]]" 128356 wikitext text/x-wiki Ubuciko baseNingizimu Afrika buwubuciko obubonakalayo obukhiqizwa abantu abahlala endaweni ehlalwa yizwe lanamuhla laseNingizimu Afrika. Izinto zobuciko ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni zatholakala emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Abavubukuli bathole amasethi amabili ezinto zobuciko, okulinganiselwa ukuthi aneminyaka eyi-100,000 ubudala, emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Okutholakele kunikeza umbono wokuthi abantu bokuqala bakhiqiza futhi bagcina kanjani i-ocher - uhlobo lopende - olubuyisela emuva ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kwavela nini eminyakeni engaba ngu-20,000-30,000. Futhi, kusukela eminyakeni engu-75,000 eyedlule, bathola amagobolondo amancane e-snail abholiwe ayengenamsebenzi ngaphandle kokuboshwa njengomgexo. INingizimu Afrika yayingenye yezindawo zokuhlala zabantu. Izizwe ezihlakazekile zabantu baseKhoisan nabaseSan ababethuthela eNingizimu Afrika kusukela cishe ngo-10000 BC zazinezindlela zazo zobuciko ezibonakala namuhla emidwebweni eminingi yemihume.[1] Zathathelwa indawo ngabantu baseBantu nabeNguni ngamagama abo obuciko. Esikhathini samanje, ubuciko bezizwe bendabuko buhlakazekile futhi baphinde baqinisekiswa yizinqubomgomo ezihlukanisayo zobandlululo. Izinhlobo ezintsha zobuciko zavela ezimayini nasemalokishini: ubuciko obushintshashintshayo obusebenzisa izinto ezisukela kumapheshana epulasitiki kuya kuzipoki zamabhayisikili. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kukhona futhi ubuciko bendabuko obugqugquzelwe amaDashi be-Afrikaner Trek Boers kanye namaciko amhlophe asemadolobheni alandela ngokuzimisela ukushintsha amasiko ase-Europe kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1850 kuya phambili, okwenza ingxube ye-eclectic esaqhubeka nokuvela nanamuhla. == Ubuciko bamadwala be-Paleolithic == {{Main|San rock art}} [[File:San_Bushman_rock_art_Perdekop_Farm_North_of_Mossel_bay.jpg|thumb|Imidwebo yamadwala aseSan, ePulazini lasePerdekop, ([[IMossel Bay]], eNingizimu Afrika) ]] 1dvkmhocah0qblb3ck1b86jmhjqiwuf 128362 128356 2026-09-07T10:01:11Z Leepamela 20678 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336142449|South African art]]" 128362 wikitext text/x-wiki Ubuciko baseNingizimu Afrika buwubuciko obubonakalayo obukhiqizwa abantu abahlala endaweni ehlalwa yizwe lanamuhla laseNingizimu Afrika. Izinto zobuciko ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni zatholakala emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Abavubukuli bathole amasethi amabili ezinto zobuciko, okulinganiselwa ukuthi aneminyaka eyi-100,000 ubudala, emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Okutholakele kunikeza umbono wokuthi abantu bokuqala bakhiqiza futhi bagcina kanjani i-ocher - uhlobo lopende - olubuyisela emuva ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kwavela nini eminyakeni engaba ngu-20,000-30,000. Futhi, kusukela eminyakeni engu-75,000 eyedlule, bathola amagobolondo amancane e-snail abholiwe ayengenamsebenzi ngaphandle kokuboshwa njengomgexo. INingizimu Afrika yayingenye yezindawo zokuhlala zabantu. Izizwe ezihlakazekile zabantu baseKhoisan nabaseSan ababethuthela eNingizimu Afrika kusukela cishe ngo-10000 BC zazinezindlela zazo zobuciko ezibonakala namuhla emidwebweni eminingi yemihume.[1] Zathathelwa indawo ngabantu baseBantu nabeNguni ngamagama abo obuciko. Esikhathini samanje, ubuciko bezizwe bendabuko buhlakazekile futhi baphinde baqinisekiswa yizinqubomgomo ezihlukanisayo zobandlululo. Izinhlobo ezintsha zobuciko zavela ezimayini nasemalokishini: ubuciko obushintshashintshayo obusebenzisa izinto ezisukela kumapheshana epulasitiki kuya kuzipoki zamabhayisikili. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kukhona futhi ubuciko bendabuko obugqugquzelwe amaDashi be-Afrikaner Trek Boers kanye namaciko amhlophe asemadolobheni alandela ngokuzimisela ukushintsha amasiko ase-Europe kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1850 kuya phambili, okwenza ingxube ye-eclectic esaqhubeka nokuvela nanamuhla. Izizwe ezisakazekile zabantu baseKhoISan naseSan ezafika eNingizimu Afrika kusukela cishe ngo-10 000 BC zazinesitayela sazo sobuciko esibonwa namuhla emidwebweni eminingi yemihume.<ref name="South African art">{{Cite web|title=South African art|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/arts/art.htm#.Vw5td8d6FlI|accessdate=13 April 2016|website=www.southafrica.info}}</ref> Bathathelwa indawo AmaBantu baseBantu naseNguni abanamagama abo ezobuciko. == Ubuciko bamadwala be-Paleolithic == {{Main|San rock art}} [[File:San_Bushman_rock_art_Perdekop_Farm_North_of_Mossel_bay.jpg|thumb|Imidwebo yamadwala aseSan, ePulazini lasePerdekop, ([[IMossel Bay]], eNingizimu Afrika) ]] a0a8j47hvxwz3uht8sfyydchcrtppod 0 35190 128346 2026-09-07T07:19:07Z Fongcwele 16873 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368303033|Castle of Good Hope]]" 128346 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umuzinqaba weThembalihle''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=https://www.iol.co.za/castle-of-good-hope-350/castle350-capes-bastion-of-history-2086709|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528051834/https://www.iol.co.za/castle-of-good-hope-350/castle350-capes-bastion-of-history-2086709|archive-date=28 May 2018|accessdate=27 May 2018}}</ref> uyinqaba ezingonibhozo ezinde wekhulu le-17 [[IKapa|oseKapa]], eNingizimu Afrika. Ekuqaleni wawitholakala othungulu lweChweba lesiThebe, ngemva kokubuyiselwa komhlaba endaweni [[Foreshore, Cape Town|waseForeshore]], le nqaba manje isingaphakathi nezwe.   <ref name="castle">{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.castleofgoodhope.co.za/|website=castleofgoodhope.co.za}}</ref> Umuzinqaba uzungezwe umsele. Ngowe-1936, uMuzinqaba wamenyezelwa njengesikhumbuzo somlando. Manje [[Isiza sefagugu sesifundazwe|usiyisiza sefagugu lesifundazwe]] futhi, ngemva kokuvuselelwa ngawo-1980, ubhekwa njengesibonelo esilondolozwe kahle kakhulu senqaba seDutch East India Company . <ref name="places">{{Cite web|title=Castle of Good Hope|url=http://www.places.co.za/html/ct_castle.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413070754/https://www.places.co.za/html/ct_castle.html|archive-date=13 April 2019|accessdate=8 September 2010|website=places.co.za}}</ref> == Umlando == Lomuzinqaba wakhiwa yi''Dutch East India Company'' phakathi kowe-1666 nowe-1679, uMuzinqaba uyisakhiwo esidala kunazo zonke esikhona eNingizimu Afrika. <ref name="castle" /> Wathatha indawo yenqaba endala ebizwa ngokuthi i<nowiki><i>Fort de Goede</i></nowiki> <nowiki><i>Hoop</i></nowiki> eyakhiwa ngobumba nangokhuni futhi yakhiwa nguJan [[Jan van Riebeeck|van Riebeeck]] lapho efika eNhlonhlweni yeThembalihle ngowe-1652. <ref name="capetown">Peter Schirmer (1983) ''Cape Town, The Fairest Cape'', C.Struik (Pty) Ltd., Cape Town {{ISBN|0-86977-186-8}}</ref>  Izinkambu ezimbili, inkambu Kyckuit (inqaba yokulinda) kanye nenakmbu Duijnhoop (indunduma yezibi) zakhiwa emlonyeni woMfula iSalt ngowe-1654. Inhloso yokuhlala kwamaDashi eKapa kwakuwukuthi kube isigculo sokugcwalisa kabusha imikhumbi edlula othungulu oluyingozi oluzungeze iKapa ohambweni olude phakathi kweNetherlands neDutch East Indies (manje eyi-Indonesia). Phakathi nonyaka we-1664, ukungezwani phakathi kweBrithani neNetherlands kwakhula phakathi kwamahemuhemu okusuka kwempi. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uMkhuzi uZacharias Wagenaer, owalandela uJan van Riebeeck, waqondiswa nguKhomishana u-Isbrand Goske ukuba akhe inqaba ezingonibhozo enziwe ngamatshe. Itshe lokuqala labekwa mhla zi-2 kuMasingana 1666. Le nqaba yakhiwa ngokwengxenye yizisebenzi zezigqila. Inkampani i-VOC yayingaqiniseki ngobukhulu bamaqembu abantu bendawo ngakho-ke yesaba ukuvukela umbuso uma ibenza izigqila; kunalokho yaletha abantu abayizigqila abangafika kuzi-60,000 abavela eMadagascar, eMozambique, eDutch-Indies, naseNdiya. <ref name="gelder">{{Cite news |last=van Gelder |first=Elles |date=28 June 2023 |title=Nazaten slaafgemaakten in Zuid-Afrika willen ook Nederlandse erkenning |url=https://nos.nl/collectie/13940/artikel/2480642-nazaten-slaafgemaakten-in-zuid-afrika-willen-ook-nederlandse-erkenning |access-date=28 June 2023 |publisher=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting]] |language=nl}}</ref> Umsebenzi wawuphazanyiswa njalo ngoba i''Dutch East India Company'' yayingathandi ukuchitha imali kulo msebenzi. Mhla zingama-26 Ephreli 1679, lezi zinqaba ezinhlanu zaqanjwa ngeziqu eziyinhloko zikaWilliam III wase-Orange-<nowiki><i>Nassau</i></nowiki> : i<nowiki><i>Leerdam</i></nowiki> entshonalanga, kanye no<nowiki><i>Buuren</i></nowiki>, u<nowiki><i>Katzenellenbogen</i></nowiki>, uNassau, no-<nowiki><i>Oranje</i></nowiki> ngokomshwilelamuva. <ref name="capetown" />  Amagama alezinqaba asetshenziswe njengamagama emigwaqo ezindaweni ezidlaveleni ezifundazweni ezahlukahlukene, kodwa ikakhulukazi eKapa, njenge''Stellenberg'' , eBellville . [[File:Kasteel_de_Goede_Hoop_circa_1680.jpg|thumb| Umdwebo womuzinqaba yeThembalihle ngowe-1680]] Ngowe-1682 ubungeno obudala bafakalelwa ngobungeno obunesango, olwalubheke olwandle. Umbhoshongo wensimbi, obekwe phezu kobungeno obukhulu, wakhiwa ngowe-1684—insimbi yokuqala enqenqezayo, endala kunazo zonke eNingizimu Afrika, yenziwa e [[I-Amsterdami|-Amsterdam]] ngowe-1697 ngumenzi wensimbi wase -East-Frisian [[:fy:Claude Fremy|uClaude Fremy]], futhi inesisindo esingaphezu {{Convert|300|kg}} . Yayisetshenziselwa ukumemezela isikhathi, kanye nokuxwayisa izakhamuzi uma kwenzeka ingozi, njengoba yayingazwakala kude ngamakhilomitha ayi-10. Yayishaywa nalapho kunomhlangano wezakhamuzi namagumgedlela lapho kudingeka kwenziwe izimemezelo ezibalulekile. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to the Castle of Good Hope|url=http://www.cape-town.org/ShowSite.asp?SecId=1&MemId=142|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911180927/http://www.cape-town.org/ShowSite.asp?SecId=1&MemId=142|archive-date=11 September 2011|accessdate=2010-09-08}}</ref> Umbhali waseFrance uFrançois-Timoléon de Choisy wayeyingxenye yeqembu elahlinzekwa kabusha ngempahla enqabeni ngoJuni 1685 lapho libheke [[IThailande|eSiam]], futhi wachaza lesi sakhiwo kanje:<blockquote>"Inqaba iyakhanga kakhulu. Imishaba yakhiwe yizindlu ezimbozwe ngotshani, kodwa zihlanzekile futhi zimhlophe kangangokuthi uyazi ukuthi ezamaDashi. Kukhona isivande esibekwe yiNkampani ; Ngingathanda ukuba sibe sekhoneni eVersailles. Kufika empelamehlo kukhona izindawo zezihlahla zezintshungwa nemihleke, izivande zemifino, ama-espalier, nezihlahla ezincane, konke kugcwele imithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile..." {{Sfn|de Choisy|1993}}</blockquote>Ngesikhathi ehlala lapha, u-de Choisy wahlangana noKhomishana-Jikelele waseDashi kanye nompetha waseFrance ogama lakhe lingu -de Saint-Martin, kuyilapho amanye amalungu eqembu ayezingela endaweni " izinyoni, izinyamazane zama-roe namajuba ". UKhomishana-Jikelele wengeza izingulube ezincane ezincelayo kanye newayini okuvela [[Iziqhingi iKhaneli|eziQhingini zaseCanary]] ekudleni kwazo, okubonisa ukuthi zingakanani impahla abayigcinayo. {{Sfn|de Choisy|1993}} u-de Choisy waphawula ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi, imikhumbi engaphezu kwama-25 ye''Dutch East India Company'' yayima minyaka yonke eKapa ukuze ithathe ukudla kwezimvu, iwayini, izithelo nemifino. {{Sfn|de Choisy|1993}} Le nqaba yayinesonto, indlu yokubhaka, imikhando ahlukahlukene, izindawo zokuhlala, izitolo, izitokisi, phakathi kwezinye izindawo. Umbheco ophuzi odongeni wakhethwa ekuqaleni ngoba wawunciphisa umthelela wokushisa nelanga. Udonga, olwakhiwe ukuvikela izakhamuzi uma kwenzeka kuhlaselwa, luhlukanisa igceke elingaphakathi, eliphinde libe nesigungelo iDe Kat, eyaklanywa nguLouis Michel Thibault ngemifanekiso eqoshiwe ka- Anton Anreith . Esokuqala sakhiwa ngowe-1695, kodwa sakhiwa kabusha ngesimo saso samanje phakathi kuka-1786 no-1790. Kusukela esigungelweni, kwenziwa izimemezelo kumagumgedlela, izigqila kanye ''nabantu'' baseKapa. Isigungelo siholela eqoqweni likaWilliam Fehr lemidwebo kanye nefenisha yasendulo.   Iqoqo liphethwe ySigcinamagugu IZiko saseNingizimu Afrika . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2024|title=Governance|url=https://www.iziko.org.za/governance/|accessdate=12 November 2024|website=Iziko Museums}}</ref> Ngesikhathi seMpi Yesibili YamaBhunu (1899-1902), ingxenye yenqaba yayisetshenziswa njengejele, kanti izitokisi zangaphambili zisekhona nanamuhla. UFritz Joubert Duquesne, kamuva owaziwa njengendoda ''eyabulala uKitchener'' kanye nomholi weziNcondi zikaDuquesne, wayengomunye wezakhamuzi ezaziwa kakhulu. Izindonga zenqaba zaziziningi kakhulu, kodwa ubusuku ngabunye, uDuquesne wayemba usimende ozungeze amatshe ngesipuni sensimbi. Wacishe wabaleka ngobusuku obubodwa, kodwa itshe elikhulu lashelela lamfaka emhumeni wakhe. Ngakusasa ekuseni, unogada wamthola equlekile kodwa ephila. <ref name="chances">{{Cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |date=1944 |title=Taking Chances |publisher=Haynes Corp |isbn=1-879356-32-5 |location=Los Angeles, California |page=293}}</ref> Ngowe-1936, uMuzinqaba wamenyezelwa njengesikhumbuzo somlando (kusukela ngowe-1969 waziwa njengesikhumbuzo sikazwelonke futhi kusukela mhla zilu-1 kuMbasa 2000 yaba [[Isiza sefagugu sesifundazwe|yisiza sefagugu lesifundazwe]] ), indawo yokuqala eNingizimu Afrika eyavikelwa. Ukulungiswa okukhulu kwaqedwa ngawo-1980, okwenza uMuzinqaba waba yisibonelo esilondolozwe kahle kakhulu senqaba yeDutch East India Company. <ref name="places" /> [[File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_key_ceremony.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Umcimbi oyinhloko weCastle of Good Hope]] Inqaba yayisebenza njengendlunkulu yendawo [[Ibutho laseningizimu afrika|yeButho laseNingizimu Afrika]] [[INtshonalanga Kapa|eNtshonalanga Kapa]], futhi namuhla ineSigcinamagugu Somuzinqaba Wezempi kanye nezindawo zemikhosi yamabutho aseKapa endabuko . UMuzinqaba futhi uyikhaya le''Cape Town Highlanders Regiment'', uphiko lamagumgedlela ahamba ngezinyawo asebenzisa izinguxa. Abalindi boMuzinqaba uphiko olwasungulwa ngowe-1986. Ekuqaleni kwakuluphiko lamadoda angama-48, kodwa ubungako balo bahlukahluka eminyakeni eyalandela. == Ukusetshenziswa kwanamuhla == UMuzinqaba manje usivulekele izihambeli. Ngehora le-10 ekuseni njalo phakathi nesonto, abalindi beMuzinqaba bavula ngokusemthethweni umuzinqaba ukuze izihambeli zingene ngokwenza "uMkhosi Oyinhloko", umcikilisho osekelwe ekuzilolongeni kwasekuseni kwangempela kweminyaka engama-300 eyedlule. Phakathi neminyaka yawo-2000, [[Castle Control Board|iBhodi Lokulawula UMuzinqaba]] lasebenzisa kakhulu amagceke enqaba, izinkundla, nezindawo zemicimbi yenqaba ukuba sisetshenziswe njengezindawo zemicimbi yangasese, imicimbi yamasiko, nemikhosi yomculo, ngenhloso yokugaya imali eyengeziwe yokugcinwa nokulondolozwa kwalesiza somlando. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Venues|url=http://www.capetowncastle.co.za/venues/index.html|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=Castle of Good Hope}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cape Town saw an influx in visitors over the holiday season|url=https://novanews.co.za/peoplespost/cape-town-saw-an-influx-in-visitors-over-the-holiday-season-20240123/|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=People's Post}}</ref> Ngawo-2020, umuzinqaba wawusubambe imicimbi eminingana yomculo wesimanje, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi komculo [[Umculo wohlobo lwe-Eletronic Dance|womdanso we-elekthronikhi]] kanye nezigcawu zomculo wase-Afrika. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-AfrofestSA (2023), umkhosi wokugubha umculo namasiko ase-Afrika; <ref>{{Cite web|title=AfrofestSA Music & Lifestyle Festival|url=https://www.quicket.co.za/events/216326-afrofestsa-music-lifestyle-festival/|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=Quicket}}</ref> uMkhosi wobuciko waseKapa (2023), ewawune-DJ waseNingizimu Afrika uReady D phakathi kwabaculi bayo; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Festival: A Free Hive of Creativity|url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/3833-festival-a-free-hive-of-creativity|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=South African Human Rights Commission}}</ref> kanye ''neYalla Valhalla'' (2024), umkhosi womculo we-elekthronikhi owawuhlelwe u-DJ wase-Israel kanye nomkhiqizi uDino Ben Tovim, owawune-DJ yaseJalimane uDirty Doering njengomculi ohamba phambili. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dirty Doering Headlines Yalla Valhalla 2024 at the Iconic Castle of Good Hope|url=https://festival101.co.za/dirty-doering-headlines-yalla-valhalla-2024-at-the-iconic-castle-of-good-hope/|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=Festival101}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Berlin's Tech Scene Finds a Home in Cape Town|url=https://sifted.eu/articles/berlin-tech-scene-cape-town|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=Sifted}}</ref> == ISigcinamagugu sefagugu saseKapa == ISigcinamagugu Sefagugu saseKapa sitholakala ngaphakathi koMuzinqaba weThembalihle yomlando eNingizimu Afrika, iqondiswa uMnu. Igshaan Higgins. Lesi sigcinamagugu sinikeza ngelando elihlanganisa wonke umuntu ngomlando waseNingizimu Afrika, siqokomisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemiphakathi ehlukene efana namaKhoi, amaSan, namaDashi, ngezikhathi ezahlukene okuhlanganisa ubukoloni kanye nobandlululo. Ihlose ukunikeza umbono olinganiselayo ngefagugu elihlukahlukene lesizwe kanye nesikhathi esidlule esiyinkimbinkimbi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Slave Heritage Museum {{!}} An unedited history of South Africa|url=https://slaveheritagemuseum.org/|accessdate=2024-03-12|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Explorer|first=Museum|date=2023-02-20|title=Cape Heritage Museum|url=https://museumexplorer.co.za/cape-heritage-museum/|accessdate=2024-03-12|website=Museum Explorer SA|language=en-US}}</ref> == Izimpawu == Ngaphambi kokuba umuzinqaba ozingonibhozo ufakelwe ngowezi-2003, isimo sawo sasisetshenziswa njengophawu kumabhayi [[UMbutho kaZwelonke wezokuVikela waseNingizimu Afrika|oMbutho Wezempi waseNingizimu Afrika]], sakha isisekelo sezimpawu ezithile zoqhiqu oluphezulu kolomsengi, futhi sasisetshenziswa ezindizeni zoMbutho wezempi waseMoyeni waseNingizimu Afrika.<gallery> File:Ensign_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force_(1994–2003).svg|alt=The South African Defence Force Ensign from 1994 to 2003| Uphawu loMbutho wezokuvikela waseNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngowe-1994 kuya kowe-2003 File:Naval_Ensign_of_South_Africa_(1981–1994).svg|alt=Naval ensign of South Africa prior to 1994, showing the castle insignia| Uphawu lwezasemanzini laseNingizimu Afrika ngaphambi kowe-1994, esibonisa uphawu lwenqaba File:Roundel_of_South_Africa_(1982–2003).svg|alt=Roundel of the South African Air Force from 1982 to 2003| Indingiliza yeMbutho wempi yaseMoyeni yaseNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngowe-1982 kuya kowezi-2003 </gallery> == Izithombe == <gallery> File:Kasteel_van_Goede_Hoop_binnenkant_hoofdingang.JPG|alt=Inner view of the entrance| Umbono wangaphakathi wobungeno File:South_Africa_Cape_Town_Castle_Flags.jpg|alt=The six historical flags that have flown over the Cape, in chronological order from right to left: the Prince's Flag, the flag of Great Britain, the Batavian flag, the flag of the United Kingdom, the old South African flag, and the current South African flag| Amabhayi ayisithupha omlando aphephezela phezu kweKapa. File:Pediment_above_enterance_to_CT_Castle.jpg|alt=Pediment above entrance to castle.| I-Pediment ngaphezu kobungeno bomuzinqaba. File:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_Cape_Town_02.jpg|alt=Entrance of main building| Umnyango wesakhiwo esikhulu File:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_Cape_Town_04.jpg|alt=A cannon in the castle| inganono yomuzinqaba File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_-_model_of_the_castle_in_1710-90.jpg|alt=A model of the castle as it would have appeared between 1710 and 1790.| unongo lomuzinqaba njengoba wawibonakala phakathi kuka-1710 no-1790. File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_(5).jpg|alt= File:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_2014_5.jpg|alt=The courtyard with the main entrance on the left| Igceke elinobungeno obukhulu ngakwesobunxele File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_-_museum.jpg|alt=The old museum| Isigcinamagugu esidala File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_(7).jpg|alt=The main entrance from inside the Castle| Ubungeno obukhulu obungaphakathi komuzinqaba File:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_2014.jpg|alt=The Castle is surrounded by a canal| Umuzinqaba uzungezwe umsele File:Lady_Anne_Barnard's_bath_at_the_Castle_of_Good_Hope,_Cape_Town.jpg|alt=Lady Anne Barnard fountain| Umthombo kaLady Anne Barnard File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_-_lion_4.jpg|alt=Lion| Ibhubesi File:9_2_018_0056-The_Castle_Inside-Cape_Town-s.jpg|alt=The fountain inside the Castle| Umthombo ongaphakathi komuziqaba File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_(11).jpg|alt=The Lady of the Cape of Good Hope Sculpture| INkosikazi Yesifanekiso SeCape of Good Hope </gallery> [[Category:Iziza zefagugu eNingizimu Afrika]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gti8rsxbo02qkdo3mtyaq0eu1xk7l3x 128347 128346 2026-09-07T07:21:38Z Fongcwele 16873 128347 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town 01.jpg|thumb|Isango loMuzinqaba weThembalihle]] '''Umuzinqaba weThembalihle''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=https://www.iol.co.za/castle-of-good-hope-350/castle350-capes-bastion-of-history-2086709|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528051834/https://www.iol.co.za/castle-of-good-hope-350/castle350-capes-bastion-of-history-2086709|archive-date=28 May 2018|accessdate=27 May 2018}}</ref> uyinqaba ezingonibhozo ezinde wekhulu le-17 [[IKapa|oseKapa]], eNingizimu Afrika. Ekuqaleni wawitholakala othungulu lweChweba lesiThebe, ngemva kokubuyiselwa komhlaba endaweni [[Foreshore, Cape Town|waseForeshore]], le nqaba manje isingaphakathi nezwe.   <ref name="castle">{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.castleofgoodhope.co.za/|website=castleofgoodhope.co.za}}</ref> Umuzinqaba uzungezwe umsele. Ngowe-1936, uMuzinqaba wamenyezelwa njengesikhumbuzo somlando. Manje [[Isiza sefagugu sesifundazwe|usiyisiza sefagugu lesifundazwe]] futhi, ngemva kokuvuselelwa ngawo-1980, ubhekwa njengesibonelo esilondolozwe kahle kakhulu senqaba seDutch East India Company . <ref name="places">{{Cite web|title=Castle of Good Hope|url=http://www.places.co.za/html/ct_castle.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413070754/https://www.places.co.za/html/ct_castle.html|archive-date=13 April 2019|accessdate=8 September 2010|website=places.co.za}}</ref> == Umlando == Lomuzinqaba wakhiwa yi''Dutch East India Company'' phakathi kowe-1666 nowe-1679, uMuzinqaba uyisakhiwo esidala kunazo zonke esikhona eNingizimu Afrika. <ref name="castle" /> Wathatha indawo yenqaba endala ebizwa ngokuthi i<nowiki><i>Fort de Goede</i></nowiki> <nowiki><i>Hoop</i></nowiki> eyakhiwa ngobumba nangokhuni futhi yakhiwa nguJan [[Jan van Riebeeck|van Riebeeck]] lapho efika eNhlonhlweni yeThembalihle ngowe-1652. <ref name="capetown">Peter Schirmer (1983) ''Cape Town, The Fairest Cape'', C.Struik (Pty) Ltd., Cape Town {{ISBN|0-86977-186-8}}</ref>  Izinkambu ezimbili, inkambu Kyckuit (inqaba yokulinda) kanye nenakmbu Duijnhoop (indunduma yezibi) zakhiwa emlonyeni woMfula iSalt ngowe-1654. Inhloso yokuhlala kwamaDashi eKapa kwakuwukuthi kube isigculo sokugcwalisa kabusha imikhumbi edlula othungulu oluyingozi oluzungeze iKapa ohambweni olude phakathi kweNetherlands neDutch East Indies (manje eyi-Indonesia). Phakathi nonyaka we-1664, ukungezwani phakathi kweBrithani neNetherlands kwakhula phakathi kwamahemuhemu okusuka kwempi. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uMkhuzi uZacharias Wagenaer, owalandela uJan van Riebeeck, waqondiswa nguKhomishana u-Isbrand Goske ukuba akhe inqaba ezingonibhozo enziwe ngamatshe. Itshe lokuqala labekwa mhla zi-2 kuMasingana 1666. Le nqaba yakhiwa ngokwengxenye yizisebenzi zezigqila. Inkampani i-VOC yayingaqiniseki ngobukhulu bamaqembu abantu bendawo ngakho-ke yesaba ukuvukela umbuso uma ibenza izigqila; kunalokho yaletha abantu abayizigqila abangafika kuzi-60,000 abavela eMadagascar, eMozambique, eDutch-Indies, naseNdiya. <ref name="gelder">{{Cite news |last=van Gelder |first=Elles |date=28 June 2023 |title=Nazaten slaafgemaakten in Zuid-Afrika willen ook Nederlandse erkenning |url=https://nos.nl/collectie/13940/artikel/2480642-nazaten-slaafgemaakten-in-zuid-afrika-willen-ook-nederlandse-erkenning |access-date=28 June 2023 |publisher=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting]] |language=nl}}</ref> Umsebenzi wawuphazanyiswa njalo ngoba i''Dutch East India Company'' yayingathandi ukuchitha imali kulo msebenzi. Mhla zingama-26 Ephreli 1679, lezi zinqaba ezinhlanu zaqanjwa ngeziqu eziyinhloko zikaWilliam III wase-Orange-<nowiki><i>Nassau</i></nowiki> : i<nowiki><i>Leerdam</i></nowiki> entshonalanga, kanye no<nowiki><i>Buuren</i></nowiki>, u<nowiki><i>Katzenellenbogen</i></nowiki>, uNassau, no-<nowiki><i>Oranje</i></nowiki> ngokomshwilelamuva. <ref name="capetown" />  Amagama alezinqaba asetshenziswe njengamagama emigwaqo ezindaweni ezidlaveleni ezifundazweni ezahlukahlukene, kodwa ikakhulukazi eKapa, njenge''Stellenberg'' , eBellville . [[File:Kasteel_de_Goede_Hoop_circa_1680.jpg|thumb| Umdwebo womuzinqaba yeThembalihle ngowe-1680]] Ngowe-1682 ubungeno obudala bafakalelwa ngobungeno obunesango, olwalubheke olwandle. Umbhoshongo wensimbi, obekwe phezu kobungeno obukhulu, wakhiwa ngowe-1684—insimbi yokuqala enqenqezayo, endala kunazo zonke eNingizimu Afrika, yenziwa e [[I-Amsterdami|-Amsterdam]] ngowe-1697 ngumenzi wensimbi wase -East-Frisian [[:fy:Claude Fremy|uClaude Fremy]], futhi inesisindo esingaphezu {{Convert|300|kg}} . Yayisetshenziselwa ukumemezela isikhathi, kanye nokuxwayisa izakhamuzi uma kwenzeka ingozi, njengoba yayingazwakala kude ngamakhilomitha ayi-10. Yayishaywa nalapho kunomhlangano wezakhamuzi namagumgedlela lapho kudingeka kwenziwe izimemezelo ezibalulekile. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to the Castle of Good Hope|url=http://www.cape-town.org/ShowSite.asp?SecId=1&MemId=142|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911180927/http://www.cape-town.org/ShowSite.asp?SecId=1&MemId=142|archive-date=11 September 2011|accessdate=2010-09-08}}</ref> Umbhali waseFrance uFrançois-Timoléon de Choisy wayeyingxenye yeqembu elahlinzekwa kabusha ngempahla enqabeni ngoJuni 1685 lapho libheke [[IThailande|eSiam]], futhi wachaza lesi sakhiwo kanje:<blockquote>"Inqaba iyakhanga kakhulu. Imishaba yakhiwe yizindlu ezimbozwe ngotshani, kodwa zihlanzekile futhi zimhlophe kangangokuthi uyazi ukuthi ezamaDashi. Kukhona isivande esibekwe yiNkampani ; Ngingathanda ukuba sibe sekhoneni eVersailles. Kufika empelamehlo kukhona izindawo zezihlahla zezintshungwa nemihleke, izivande zemifino, ama-espalier, nezihlahla ezincane, konke kugcwele imithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile..." {{Sfn|de Choisy|1993}}</blockquote>Ngesikhathi ehlala lapha, u-de Choisy wahlangana noKhomishana-Jikelele waseDashi kanye nompetha waseFrance ogama lakhe lingu -de Saint-Martin, kuyilapho amanye amalungu eqembu ayezingela endaweni " izinyoni, izinyamazane zama-roe namajuba ". UKhomishana-Jikelele wengeza izingulube ezincane ezincelayo kanye newayini okuvela [[Iziqhingi iKhaneli|eziQhingini zaseCanary]] ekudleni kwazo, okubonisa ukuthi zingakanani impahla abayigcinayo. {{Sfn|de Choisy|1993}} u-de Choisy waphawula ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi, imikhumbi engaphezu kwama-25 ye''Dutch East India Company'' yayima minyaka yonke eKapa ukuze ithathe ukudla kwezimvu, iwayini, izithelo nemifino. {{Sfn|de Choisy|1993}} Le nqaba yayinesonto, indlu yokubhaka, imikhando ahlukahlukene, izindawo zokuhlala, izitolo, izitokisi, phakathi kwezinye izindawo. Umbheco ophuzi odongeni wakhethwa ekuqaleni ngoba wawunciphisa umthelela wokushisa nelanga. Udonga, olwakhiwe ukuvikela izakhamuzi uma kwenzeka kuhlaselwa, luhlukanisa igceke elingaphakathi, eliphinde libe nesigungelo iDe Kat, eyaklanywa nguLouis Michel Thibault ngemifanekiso eqoshiwe ka- Anton Anreith . Esokuqala sakhiwa ngowe-1695, kodwa sakhiwa kabusha ngesimo saso samanje phakathi kuka-1786 no-1790. Kusukela esigungelweni, kwenziwa izimemezelo kumagumgedlela, izigqila kanye ''nabantu'' baseKapa. Isigungelo siholela eqoqweni likaWilliam Fehr lemidwebo kanye nefenisha yasendulo.   Iqoqo liphethwe ySigcinamagugu IZiko saseNingizimu Afrika . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2024|title=Governance|url=https://www.iziko.org.za/governance/|accessdate=12 November 2024|website=Iziko Museums}}</ref> Ngesikhathi seMpi Yesibili YamaBhunu (1899-1902), ingxenye yenqaba yayisetshenziswa njengejele, kanti izitokisi zangaphambili zisekhona nanamuhla. UFritz Joubert Duquesne, kamuva owaziwa njengendoda ''eyabulala uKitchener'' kanye nomholi weziNcondi zikaDuquesne, wayengomunye wezakhamuzi ezaziwa kakhulu. Izindonga zenqaba zaziziningi kakhulu, kodwa ubusuku ngabunye, uDuquesne wayemba usimende ozungeze amatshe ngesipuni sensimbi. Wacishe wabaleka ngobusuku obubodwa, kodwa itshe elikhulu lashelela lamfaka emhumeni wakhe. Ngakusasa ekuseni, unogada wamthola equlekile kodwa ephila. <ref name="chances">{{Cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |date=1944 |title=Taking Chances |publisher=Haynes Corp |isbn=1-879356-32-5 |location=Los Angeles, California |page=293}}</ref> Ngowe-1936, uMuzinqaba wamenyezelwa njengesikhumbuzo somlando (kusukela ngowe-1969 waziwa njengesikhumbuzo sikazwelonke futhi kusukela mhla zilu-1 kuMbasa 2000 yaba [[Isiza sefagugu sesifundazwe|yisiza sefagugu lesifundazwe]] ), indawo yokuqala eNingizimu Afrika eyavikelwa. Ukulungiswa okukhulu kwaqedwa ngawo-1980, okwenza uMuzinqaba waba yisibonelo esilondolozwe kahle kakhulu senqaba yeDutch East India Company. <ref name="places" /> [[File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_key_ceremony.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Umcimbi oyinhloko weCastle of Good Hope]] Inqaba yayisebenza njengendlunkulu yendawo [[Ibutho laseningizimu afrika|yeButho laseNingizimu Afrika]] [[INtshonalanga Kapa|eNtshonalanga Kapa]], futhi namuhla ineSigcinamagugu Somuzinqaba Wezempi kanye nezindawo zemikhosi yamabutho aseKapa endabuko . UMuzinqaba futhi uyikhaya le''Cape Town Highlanders Regiment'', uphiko lamagumgedlela ahamba ngezinyawo asebenzisa izinguxa. Abalindi boMuzinqaba uphiko olwasungulwa ngowe-1986. Ekuqaleni kwakuluphiko lamadoda angama-48, kodwa ubungako balo bahlukahluka eminyakeni eyalandela. == Ukusetshenziswa kwanamuhla == UMuzinqaba manje usivulekele izihambeli. Ngehora le-10 ekuseni njalo phakathi nesonto, abalindi beMuzinqaba bavula ngokusemthethweni umuzinqaba ukuze izihambeli zingene ngokwenza "uMkhosi Oyinhloko", umcikilisho osekelwe ekuzilolongeni kwasekuseni kwangempela kweminyaka engama-300 eyedlule. Phakathi neminyaka yawo-2000, [[Castle Control Board|iBhodi Lokulawula UMuzinqaba]] lasebenzisa kakhulu amagceke enqaba, izinkundla, nezindawo zemicimbi yenqaba ukuba sisetshenziswe njengezindawo zemicimbi yangasese, imicimbi yamasiko, nemikhosi yomculo, ngenhloso yokugaya imali eyengeziwe yokugcinwa nokulondolozwa kwalesiza somlando. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Venues|url=http://www.capetowncastle.co.za/venues/index.html|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=Castle of Good Hope}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cape Town saw an influx in visitors over the holiday season|url=https://novanews.co.za/peoplespost/cape-town-saw-an-influx-in-visitors-over-the-holiday-season-20240123/|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=People's Post}}</ref> Ngawo-2020, umuzinqaba wawusubambe imicimbi eminingana yomculo wesimanje, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi komculo [[Umculo wohlobo lwe-Eletronic Dance|womdanso we-elekthronikhi]] kanye nezigcawu zomculo wase-Afrika. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-AfrofestSA (2023), umkhosi wokugubha umculo namasiko ase-Afrika; <ref>{{Cite web|title=AfrofestSA Music & Lifestyle Festival|url=https://www.quicket.co.za/events/216326-afrofestsa-music-lifestyle-festival/|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=Quicket}}</ref> uMkhosi wobuciko waseKapa (2023), ewawune-DJ waseNingizimu Afrika uReady D phakathi kwabaculi bayo; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Festival: A Free Hive of Creativity|url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/3833-festival-a-free-hive-of-creativity|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=South African Human Rights Commission}}</ref> kanye ''neYalla Valhalla'' (2024), umkhosi womculo we-elekthronikhi owawuhlelwe u-DJ wase-Israel kanye nomkhiqizi uDino Ben Tovim, owawune-DJ yaseJalimane uDirty Doering njengomculi ohamba phambili. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dirty Doering Headlines Yalla Valhalla 2024 at the Iconic Castle of Good Hope|url=https://festival101.co.za/dirty-doering-headlines-yalla-valhalla-2024-at-the-iconic-castle-of-good-hope/|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=Festival101}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Berlin's Tech Scene Finds a Home in Cape Town|url=https://sifted.eu/articles/berlin-tech-scene-cape-town|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=Sifted}}</ref> == ISigcinamagugu sefagugu saseKapa == ISigcinamagugu Sefagugu saseKapa sitholakala ngaphakathi koMuzinqaba weThembalihle yomlando eNingizimu Afrika, iqondiswa uMnu. Igshaan Higgins. Lesi sigcinamagugu sinikeza ngelando elihlanganisa wonke umuntu ngomlando waseNingizimu Afrika, siqokomisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemiphakathi ehlukene efana namaKhoi, amaSan, namaDashi, ngezikhathi ezahlukene okuhlanganisa ubukoloni kanye nobandlululo. Ihlose ukunikeza umbono olinganiselayo ngefagugu elihlukahlukene lesizwe kanye nesikhathi esidlule esiyinkimbinkimbi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Slave Heritage Museum {{!}} An unedited history of South Africa|url=https://slaveheritagemuseum.org/|accessdate=2024-03-12|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Explorer|first=Museum|date=2023-02-20|title=Cape Heritage Museum|url=https://museumexplorer.co.za/cape-heritage-museum/|accessdate=2024-03-12|website=Museum Explorer SA|language=en-US}}</ref> == Izimpawu == Ngaphambi kokuba umuzinqaba ozingonibhozo ufakelwe ngowezi-2003, isimo sawo sasisetshenziswa njengophawu kumabhayi [[UMbutho kaZwelonke wezokuVikela waseNingizimu Afrika|oMbutho Wezempi waseNingizimu Afrika]], sakha isisekelo sezimpawu ezithile zoqhiqu oluphezulu kolomsengi, futhi sasisetshenziswa ezindizeni zoMbutho wezempi waseMoyeni waseNingizimu Afrika.<gallery> File:Ensign_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force_(1994–2003).svg|alt=The South African Defence Force Ensign from 1994 to 2003| Uphawu loMbutho wezokuvikela waseNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngowe-1994 kuya kowe-2003 File:Naval_Ensign_of_South_Africa_(1981–1994).svg|alt=Naval ensign of South Africa prior to 1994, showing the castle insignia| Uphawu lwezasemanzini laseNingizimu Afrika ngaphambi kowe-1994, esibonisa uphawu lwenqaba File:Roundel_of_South_Africa_(1982–2003).svg|alt=Roundel of the South African Air Force from 1982 to 2003| Indingiliza yeMbutho wempi yaseMoyeni yaseNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngowe-1982 kuya kowezi-2003 </gallery> == Izithombe == <gallery> File:Kasteel_van_Goede_Hoop_binnenkant_hoofdingang.JPG|alt=Inner view of the entrance| Umbono wangaphakathi wobungeno File:South_Africa_Cape_Town_Castle_Flags.jpg|alt=The six historical flags that have flown over the Cape, in chronological order from right to left: the Prince's Flag, the flag of Great Britain, the Batavian flag, the flag of the United Kingdom, the old South African flag, and the current South African flag| Amabhayi ayisithupha omlando aphephezela phezu kweKapa. File:Pediment_above_enterance_to_CT_Castle.jpg|alt=Pediment above entrance to castle.| I-Pediment ngaphezu kobungeno bomuzinqaba. File:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_Cape_Town_02.jpg|alt=Entrance of main building| Umnyango wesakhiwo esikhulu File:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_Cape_Town_04.jpg|alt=A cannon in the castle| inganono yomuzinqaba File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_-_model_of_the_castle_in_1710-90.jpg|alt=A model of the castle as it would have appeared between 1710 and 1790.| unongo lomuzinqaba njengoba wawibonakala phakathi kuka-1710 no-1790. File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_(5).jpg|alt= File:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_2014_5.jpg|alt=The courtyard with the main entrance on the left| Igceke elinobungeno obukhulu ngakwesobunxele File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_-_museum.jpg|alt=The old museum| Isigcinamagugu esidala File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_(7).jpg|alt=The main entrance from inside the Castle| Ubungeno obukhulu obungaphakathi komuzinqaba File:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_2014.jpg|alt=The Castle is surrounded by a canal| Umuzinqaba uzungezwe umsele File:Lady_Anne_Barnard's_bath_at_the_Castle_of_Good_Hope,_Cape_Town.jpg|alt=Lady Anne Barnard fountain| Umthombo kaLady Anne Barnard File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_-_lion_4.jpg|alt=Lion| Ibhubesi File:9_2_018_0056-The_Castle_Inside-Cape_Town-s.jpg|alt=The fountain inside the Castle| Umthombo ongaphakathi komuziqaba File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_(11).jpg|alt=The Lady of the Cape of Good Hope Sculpture| INkosikazi Yesifanekiso SeCape of Good Hope </gallery> [[Category:Iziza zefagugu eNingizimu Afrika]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pio34r5o9vq7neovcyuioho5acls7jo 128348 128347 2026-09-07T07:23:18Z Fongcwele 16873 /* Izithombe */ 128348 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town 01.jpg|thumb|Isango loMuzinqaba weThembalihle|300x300px]] '''Umuzinqaba weThembalihle''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=https://www.iol.co.za/castle-of-good-hope-350/castle350-capes-bastion-of-history-2086709|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528051834/https://www.iol.co.za/castle-of-good-hope-350/castle350-capes-bastion-of-history-2086709|archive-date=28 May 2018|accessdate=27 May 2018}}</ref> uyinqaba ezingonibhozo ezinde wekhulu le-17 [[IKapa|oseKapa]], eNingizimu Afrika. Ekuqaleni wawitholakala othungulu lweChweba lesiThebe, ngemva kokubuyiselwa komhlaba endaweni [[Foreshore, Cape Town|waseForeshore]], le nqaba manje isingaphakathi nezwe.   <ref name="castle">{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.castleofgoodhope.co.za/|website=castleofgoodhope.co.za}}</ref> Umuzinqaba uzungezwe umsele. Ngowe-1936, uMuzinqaba wamenyezelwa njengesikhumbuzo somlando. Manje [[Isiza sefagugu sesifundazwe|usiyisiza sefagugu lesifundazwe]] futhi, ngemva kokuvuselelwa ngawo-1980, ubhekwa njengesibonelo esilondolozwe kahle kakhulu senqaba seDutch East India Company . <ref name="places">{{Cite web|title=Castle of Good Hope|url=http://www.places.co.za/html/ct_castle.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413070754/https://www.places.co.za/html/ct_castle.html|archive-date=13 April 2019|accessdate=8 September 2010|website=places.co.za}}</ref> == Umlando == Lomuzinqaba wakhiwa yi''Dutch East India Company'' phakathi kowe-1666 nowe-1679, uMuzinqaba uyisakhiwo esidala kunazo zonke esikhona eNingizimu Afrika. <ref name="castle" /> Wathatha indawo yenqaba endala ebizwa ngokuthi i<nowiki><i>Fort de Goede</i></nowiki> <nowiki><i>Hoop</i></nowiki> eyakhiwa ngobumba nangokhuni futhi yakhiwa nguJan [[Jan van Riebeeck|van Riebeeck]] lapho efika eNhlonhlweni yeThembalihle ngowe-1652. <ref name="capetown">Peter Schirmer (1983) ''Cape Town, The Fairest Cape'', C.Struik (Pty) Ltd., Cape Town {{ISBN|0-86977-186-8}}</ref>  Izinkambu ezimbili, inkambu Kyckuit (inqaba yokulinda) kanye nenakmbu Duijnhoop (indunduma yezibi) zakhiwa emlonyeni woMfula iSalt ngowe-1654. Inhloso yokuhlala kwamaDashi eKapa kwakuwukuthi kube isigculo sokugcwalisa kabusha imikhumbi edlula othungulu oluyingozi oluzungeze iKapa ohambweni olude phakathi kweNetherlands neDutch East Indies (manje eyi-Indonesia). Phakathi nonyaka we-1664, ukungezwani phakathi kweBrithani neNetherlands kwakhula phakathi kwamahemuhemu okusuka kwempi. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uMkhuzi uZacharias Wagenaer, owalandela uJan van Riebeeck, waqondiswa nguKhomishana u-Isbrand Goske ukuba akhe inqaba ezingonibhozo enziwe ngamatshe. Itshe lokuqala labekwa mhla zi-2 kuMasingana 1666. Le nqaba yakhiwa ngokwengxenye yizisebenzi zezigqila. Inkampani i-VOC yayingaqiniseki ngobukhulu bamaqembu abantu bendawo ngakho-ke yesaba ukuvukela umbuso uma ibenza izigqila; kunalokho yaletha abantu abayizigqila abangafika kuzi-60,000 abavela eMadagascar, eMozambique, eDutch-Indies, naseNdiya. <ref name="gelder">{{Cite news |last=van Gelder |first=Elles |date=28 June 2023 |title=Nazaten slaafgemaakten in Zuid-Afrika willen ook Nederlandse erkenning |url=https://nos.nl/collectie/13940/artikel/2480642-nazaten-slaafgemaakten-in-zuid-afrika-willen-ook-nederlandse-erkenning |access-date=28 June 2023 |publisher=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting]] |language=nl}}</ref> Umsebenzi wawuphazanyiswa njalo ngoba i''Dutch East India Company'' yayingathandi ukuchitha imali kulo msebenzi. Mhla zingama-26 Ephreli 1679, lezi zinqaba ezinhlanu zaqanjwa ngeziqu eziyinhloko zikaWilliam III wase-Orange-<nowiki><i>Nassau</i></nowiki> : i<nowiki><i>Leerdam</i></nowiki> entshonalanga, kanye no<nowiki><i>Buuren</i></nowiki>, u<nowiki><i>Katzenellenbogen</i></nowiki>, uNassau, no-<nowiki><i>Oranje</i></nowiki> ngokomshwilelamuva. <ref name="capetown" />  Amagama alezinqaba asetshenziswe njengamagama emigwaqo ezindaweni ezidlaveleni ezifundazweni ezahlukahlukene, kodwa ikakhulukazi eKapa, njenge''Stellenberg'' , eBellville . [[File:Kasteel_de_Goede_Hoop_circa_1680.jpg|thumb| Umdwebo womuzinqaba yeThembalihle ngowe-1680]] Ngowe-1682 ubungeno obudala bafakalelwa ngobungeno obunesango, olwalubheke olwandle. Umbhoshongo wensimbi, obekwe phezu kobungeno obukhulu, wakhiwa ngowe-1684—insimbi yokuqala enqenqezayo, endala kunazo zonke eNingizimu Afrika, yenziwa e [[I-Amsterdami|-Amsterdam]] ngowe-1697 ngumenzi wensimbi wase -East-Frisian [[:fy:Claude Fremy|uClaude Fremy]], futhi inesisindo esingaphezu {{Convert|300|kg}} . Yayisetshenziselwa ukumemezela isikhathi, kanye nokuxwayisa izakhamuzi uma kwenzeka ingozi, njengoba yayingazwakala kude ngamakhilomitha ayi-10. Yayishaywa nalapho kunomhlangano wezakhamuzi namagumgedlela lapho kudingeka kwenziwe izimemezelo ezibalulekile. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to the Castle of Good Hope|url=http://www.cape-town.org/ShowSite.asp?SecId=1&MemId=142|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911180927/http://www.cape-town.org/ShowSite.asp?SecId=1&MemId=142|archive-date=11 September 2011|accessdate=2010-09-08}}</ref> Umbhali waseFrance uFrançois-Timoléon de Choisy wayeyingxenye yeqembu elahlinzekwa kabusha ngempahla enqabeni ngoJuni 1685 lapho libheke [[IThailande|eSiam]], futhi wachaza lesi sakhiwo kanje:<blockquote>"Inqaba iyakhanga kakhulu. Imishaba yakhiwe yizindlu ezimbozwe ngotshani, kodwa zihlanzekile futhi zimhlophe kangangokuthi uyazi ukuthi ezamaDashi. Kukhona isivande esibekwe yiNkampani ; Ngingathanda ukuba sibe sekhoneni eVersailles. Kufika empelamehlo kukhona izindawo zezihlahla zezintshungwa nemihleke, izivande zemifino, ama-espalier, nezihlahla ezincane, konke kugcwele imithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile..." {{Sfn|de Choisy|1993}}</blockquote>Ngesikhathi ehlala lapha, u-de Choisy wahlangana noKhomishana-Jikelele waseDashi kanye nompetha waseFrance ogama lakhe lingu -de Saint-Martin, kuyilapho amanye amalungu eqembu ayezingela endaweni " izinyoni, izinyamazane zama-roe namajuba ". UKhomishana-Jikelele wengeza izingulube ezincane ezincelayo kanye newayini okuvela [[Iziqhingi iKhaneli|eziQhingini zaseCanary]] ekudleni kwazo, okubonisa ukuthi zingakanani impahla abayigcinayo. {{Sfn|de Choisy|1993}} u-de Choisy waphawula ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi, imikhumbi engaphezu kwama-25 ye''Dutch East India Company'' yayima minyaka yonke eKapa ukuze ithathe ukudla kwezimvu, iwayini, izithelo nemifino. {{Sfn|de Choisy|1993}} Le nqaba yayinesonto, indlu yokubhaka, imikhando ahlukahlukene, izindawo zokuhlala, izitolo, izitokisi, phakathi kwezinye izindawo. Umbheco ophuzi odongeni wakhethwa ekuqaleni ngoba wawunciphisa umthelela wokushisa nelanga. Udonga, olwakhiwe ukuvikela izakhamuzi uma kwenzeka kuhlaselwa, luhlukanisa igceke elingaphakathi, eliphinde libe nesigungelo iDe Kat, eyaklanywa nguLouis Michel Thibault ngemifanekiso eqoshiwe ka- Anton Anreith . Esokuqala sakhiwa ngowe-1695, kodwa sakhiwa kabusha ngesimo saso samanje phakathi kuka-1786 no-1790. Kusukela esigungelweni, kwenziwa izimemezelo kumagumgedlela, izigqila kanye ''nabantu'' baseKapa. Isigungelo siholela eqoqweni likaWilliam Fehr lemidwebo kanye nefenisha yasendulo.   Iqoqo liphethwe ySigcinamagugu IZiko saseNingizimu Afrika . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2024|title=Governance|url=https://www.iziko.org.za/governance/|accessdate=12 November 2024|website=Iziko Museums}}</ref> Ngesikhathi seMpi Yesibili YamaBhunu (1899-1902), ingxenye yenqaba yayisetshenziswa njengejele, kanti izitokisi zangaphambili zisekhona nanamuhla. UFritz Joubert Duquesne, kamuva owaziwa njengendoda ''eyabulala uKitchener'' kanye nomholi weziNcondi zikaDuquesne, wayengomunye wezakhamuzi ezaziwa kakhulu. Izindonga zenqaba zaziziningi kakhulu, kodwa ubusuku ngabunye, uDuquesne wayemba usimende ozungeze amatshe ngesipuni sensimbi. Wacishe wabaleka ngobusuku obubodwa, kodwa itshe elikhulu lashelela lamfaka emhumeni wakhe. Ngakusasa ekuseni, unogada wamthola equlekile kodwa ephila. <ref name="chances">{{Cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |date=1944 |title=Taking Chances |publisher=Haynes Corp |isbn=1-879356-32-5 |location=Los Angeles, California |page=293}}</ref> Ngowe-1936, uMuzinqaba wamenyezelwa njengesikhumbuzo somlando (kusukela ngowe-1969 waziwa njengesikhumbuzo sikazwelonke futhi kusukela mhla zilu-1 kuMbasa 2000 yaba [[Isiza sefagugu sesifundazwe|yisiza sefagugu lesifundazwe]] ), indawo yokuqala eNingizimu Afrika eyavikelwa. Ukulungiswa okukhulu kwaqedwa ngawo-1980, okwenza uMuzinqaba waba yisibonelo esilondolozwe kahle kakhulu senqaba yeDutch East India Company. <ref name="places" /> [[File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_key_ceremony.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Umcimbi oyinhloko weCastle of Good Hope]] Inqaba yayisebenza njengendlunkulu yendawo [[Ibutho laseningizimu afrika|yeButho laseNingizimu Afrika]] [[INtshonalanga Kapa|eNtshonalanga Kapa]], futhi namuhla ineSigcinamagugu Somuzinqaba Wezempi kanye nezindawo zemikhosi yamabutho aseKapa endabuko . UMuzinqaba futhi uyikhaya le''Cape Town Highlanders Regiment'', uphiko lamagumgedlela ahamba ngezinyawo asebenzisa izinguxa. Abalindi boMuzinqaba uphiko olwasungulwa ngowe-1986. Ekuqaleni kwakuluphiko lamadoda angama-48, kodwa ubungako balo bahlukahluka eminyakeni eyalandela. == Ukusetshenziswa kwanamuhla == UMuzinqaba manje usivulekele izihambeli. Ngehora le-10 ekuseni njalo phakathi nesonto, abalindi beMuzinqaba bavula ngokusemthethweni umuzinqaba ukuze izihambeli zingene ngokwenza "uMkhosi Oyinhloko", umcikilisho osekelwe ekuzilolongeni kwasekuseni kwangempela kweminyaka engama-300 eyedlule. Phakathi neminyaka yawo-2000, [[Castle Control Board|iBhodi Lokulawula UMuzinqaba]] lasebenzisa kakhulu amagceke enqaba, izinkundla, nezindawo zemicimbi yenqaba ukuba sisetshenziswe njengezindawo zemicimbi yangasese, imicimbi yamasiko, nemikhosi yomculo, ngenhloso yokugaya imali eyengeziwe yokugcinwa nokulondolozwa kwalesiza somlando. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Venues|url=http://www.capetowncastle.co.za/venues/index.html|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=Castle of Good Hope}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cape Town saw an influx in visitors over the holiday season|url=https://novanews.co.za/peoplespost/cape-town-saw-an-influx-in-visitors-over-the-holiday-season-20240123/|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=People's Post}}</ref> Ngawo-2020, umuzinqaba wawusubambe imicimbi eminingana yomculo wesimanje, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi komculo [[Umculo wohlobo lwe-Eletronic Dance|womdanso we-elekthronikhi]] kanye nezigcawu zomculo wase-Afrika. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-AfrofestSA (2023), umkhosi wokugubha umculo namasiko ase-Afrika; <ref>{{Cite web|title=AfrofestSA Music & Lifestyle Festival|url=https://www.quicket.co.za/events/216326-afrofestsa-music-lifestyle-festival/|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=Quicket}}</ref> uMkhosi wobuciko waseKapa (2023), ewawune-DJ waseNingizimu Afrika uReady D phakathi kwabaculi bayo; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Festival: A Free Hive of Creativity|url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/3833-festival-a-free-hive-of-creativity|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=South African Human Rights Commission}}</ref> kanye ''neYalla Valhalla'' (2024), umkhosi womculo we-elekthronikhi owawuhlelwe u-DJ wase-Israel kanye nomkhiqizi uDino Ben Tovim, owawune-DJ yaseJalimane uDirty Doering njengomculi ohamba phambili. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dirty Doering Headlines Yalla Valhalla 2024 at the Iconic Castle of Good Hope|url=https://festival101.co.za/dirty-doering-headlines-yalla-valhalla-2024-at-the-iconic-castle-of-good-hope/|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=Festival101}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Berlin's Tech Scene Finds a Home in Cape Town|url=https://sifted.eu/articles/berlin-tech-scene-cape-town|accessdate=12 July 2026|website=Sifted}}</ref> == ISigcinamagugu sefagugu saseKapa == ISigcinamagugu Sefagugu saseKapa sitholakala ngaphakathi koMuzinqaba weThembalihle yomlando eNingizimu Afrika, iqondiswa uMnu. Igshaan Higgins. Lesi sigcinamagugu sinikeza ngelando elihlanganisa wonke umuntu ngomlando waseNingizimu Afrika, siqokomisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemiphakathi ehlukene efana namaKhoi, amaSan, namaDashi, ngezikhathi ezahlukene okuhlanganisa ubukoloni kanye nobandlululo. Ihlose ukunikeza umbono olinganiselayo ngefagugu elihlukahlukene lesizwe kanye nesikhathi esidlule esiyinkimbinkimbi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Slave Heritage Museum {{!}} An unedited history of South Africa|url=https://slaveheritagemuseum.org/|accessdate=2024-03-12|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Explorer|first=Museum|date=2023-02-20|title=Cape Heritage Museum|url=https://museumexplorer.co.za/cape-heritage-museum/|accessdate=2024-03-12|website=Museum Explorer SA|language=en-US}}</ref> == Izimpawu == Ngaphambi kokuba umuzinqaba ozingonibhozo ufakelwe ngowezi-2003, isimo sawo sasisetshenziswa njengophawu kumabhayi [[UMbutho kaZwelonke wezokuVikela waseNingizimu Afrika|oMbutho Wezempi waseNingizimu Afrika]], sakha isisekelo sezimpawu ezithile zoqhiqu oluphezulu kolomsengi, futhi sasisetshenziswa ezindizeni zoMbutho wezempi waseMoyeni waseNingizimu Afrika.<gallery> File:Ensign_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force_(1994–2003).svg|alt=The South African Defence Force Ensign from 1994 to 2003| Uphawu loMbutho wezokuvikela waseNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngowe-1994 kuya kowe-2003 File:Naval_Ensign_of_South_Africa_(1981–1994).svg|alt=Naval ensign of South Africa prior to 1994, showing the castle insignia| Uphawu lwezasemanzini laseNingizimu Afrika ngaphambi kowe-1994, esibonisa uphawu lwenqaba File:Roundel_of_South_Africa_(1982–2003).svg|alt=Roundel of the South African Air Force from 1982 to 2003| Indingiliza yeMbutho wempi yaseMoyeni yaseNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngowe-1982 kuya kowezi-2003 </gallery> == Izithombe == <gallery> File:Kasteel_van_Goede_Hoop_binnenkant_hoofdingang.JPG|alt=Inner view of the entrance| Umbono wangaphakathi wobungeno File:South_Africa_Cape_Town_Castle_Flags.jpg|alt=The six historical flags that have flown over the Cape, in chronological order from right to left: the Prince's Flag, the flag of Great Britain, the Batavian flag, the flag of the United Kingdom, the old South African flag, and the current South African flag| Amabhayi ayisithupha omlando aphephezela phezu kweKapa. File:Pediment_above_enterance_to_CT_Castle.jpg|alt=Pediment above entrance to castle.| I-Pediment ngaphezu kobungeno bomuzinqaba. File:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_Cape_Town_02.jpg|alt=Entrance of main building| Umnyango wesakhiwo esikhulu File:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_Cape_Town_04.jpg|alt=A cannon in the castle| inganono yomuzinqaba File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_-_model_of_the_castle_in_1710-90.jpg|alt=A model of the castle as it would have appeared between 1710 and 1790.| unongo lomuzinqaba njengoba wawibonakala phakathi kuka-1710 no-1790. File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_(5).jpg|alt= File:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_2014_5.jpg|alt=The courtyard with the main entrance on the left| Igceke elinobungeno obukhulu ngakwesobunxele File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_-_museum.jpg|alt=The old museum| Isigcinamagugu esidala File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_(7).jpg|alt=The main entrance from inside the Castle| Ubungeno obukhulu obungaphakathi komuzinqaba File:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_2014.jpg|alt=The Castle is surrounded by a canal| Umuzinqaba uzungezwe umsele File:Lady_Anne_Barnard's_bath_at_the_Castle_of_Good_Hope,_Cape_Town.jpg|alt=Lady Anne Barnard fountain| Umthombo kaLady Anne Barnard File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_-_lion_4.jpg|alt=Lion| Ibhubesi File:9_2_018_0056-The_Castle_Inside-Cape_Town-s.jpg|alt=The fountain inside the Castle| Umthombo ongaphakathi komuziqaba File:Castle_of_Good_Hope_(11).jpg|alt=The Lady of the Cape of Good Hope Sculpture| INkosikazi Yesifanekiso SeCape of Good Hope </gallery> == Amaphatho == [[Category:Iziza zefagugu eNingizimu Afrika]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qxc3u0ik6gp7yv6mh5xu8wmzahya09r 0 35191 128352 2026-09-07T08:11:31Z Fongcwele 16873 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365970685|Freedom Park (South Africa)]]" 128352 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isiqiwi Senkululeko''' siyisiqiwi esitholakala eSalvokop [[IPitoli|ePitoli]] . Sihlanganisa isikhumbuzo esinohlu lwamagama alabo ababulawa eMpini yaseNingizimu Afrika, eMpini Ymhlaba yokuqala, eMpini Yomhlaba yesibili kanye nangesikhathi [[Uhlelo lobandlululo|sobandlululo]] . <ref name="Freedompark">{{Cite web|title=Freedom Park.co.za|url=http://www.freedompark.co.za}}</ref> [[File:Isivivani.jpg|thumb| Isivivane - esiqiwini senkululeko. ePitoli, eNingizimu Afrika]] [[File:Memorial_-_Freedom_Park.jpg|thumb| Isikhumbuzo - esiqiwini senkululeko]] [[File:Anfiteatro_-_Freedom_Park.jpg|thumb| Ishashalazi - esiqiwini senkululeko]] [[File:Llama_Eterna_-_Freedom_Park.jpg|thumb| Ilangabi laphakade - esiqiwini senkululeko]] NgoMashi 2009, amaqhawe omzabalazo wenkululeko angamashumi amabili nane angasekho aphakanyiswa ukuthi ae yngxenye yesikhumbuzo. Abanye babaholi besizwe abakhethiwe bahlanganisa [[Steve Biko|uSteve Biko]], [[Oliver Tambo|u-Oliver Tambo]], [[Helen Joseph|uHelen Joseph]], [[Chris Hani|uChris Hani]], <ref name="bn" /> [[Albert Luthuli|u-Albert Lutuli]], noBram Fischer . Abaholi bamazwe omhlaba kanye nabezwekazi nabo babephakathi kwalabo ababecatshangelwa ngamagalelo abo ekukhululweni kweNingizimu Afrika nabantu abacindezelwe. Abaholi bamazwekazi abaqokiwe bahlanganisa uMengameli waseMozambique uSamora Machel no -Amílcar Cabral . Phakathi kwamaqhawe aphesheya kukhona uChe Guevara, umvukeli ongumngane woMongameli wangaphambilini waseCuba uFidel Castro, kanye noToussaint Louverture, owalwa ngesikhathi sempi yenkululeko yaseHaiti . <ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_2487522,00.html Trust Honours Struggle Heroes]{{Dead link|date=October 2017}} March 18, 2009</ref> == Ukwakhiwa == Ukwakhiwa kwesiqiwi kwenzeke ngezigaba ezahlukene futhi kwasingathwa yiStefanutti [[Stefanutti Stocks|Stocks]], WBHO, Trencon, Concor nabanye. <ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2009|title=Stefanutti’s work on Freedom Park nears completion|url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/stefanuttis-work-on-freedom-park-nears-completion-2009-08-13|accessdate=4 August 2011|website=[[Engineering News (Creamer Media)|Engineering News]]}}</ref> Lo msebenzi wawuqondiswa ngokuphelele nguMongane Wally Serote . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mongane Wally Serote (1944– )|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=1354|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003051320/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp%3Frelid%3D1354|archive-date=3 October 2018|accessdate=4 August 2011|publisher=The Presidency of South Africa}}</ref> [[Category:Izikhumbuzo]] nn4akc9g9bjb3n1co81evuhh7sdsbos 128354 128352 2026-09-07T08:24:24Z Fongcwele 16873 128354 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isiqiwi Senkululeko''' siyisiqiwi esitholakala eSalvokop [[IPitoli|ePitoli]] . Sihlanganisa isikhumbuzo esinohlu lwamagama alabo ababulawa eMpini yaseNingizimu Afrika, eMpini Ymhlaba yokuqala, eMpini Yomhlaba yesibili kanye nangesikhathi [[Uhlelo lobandlululo|sobandlululo]] . <ref name="Freedompark">{{Cite web|title=Freedom Park.co.za|url=http://www.freedompark.co.za}}</ref> [[File:Isivivani.jpg|thumb| Isivivane - esiqiwini senkululeko. ePitoli, eNingizimu Afrika|320x320px]] [[File:Memorial_-_Freedom_Park.jpg|thumb| Isikhumbuzo - esiqiwini senkululeko|300x300px]] [[File:Anfiteatro_-_Freedom_Park.jpg|thumb| Ishashalazi - esiqiwini senkululeko]] [[File:Llama_Eterna_-_Freedom_Park.jpg|thumb| Ilangabi laphakade - esiqiwini senkululeko]] NgoMashi 2009, amaqhawe omzabalazo wenkululeko angamashumi amabili nane angasekho aphakanyiswa ukuthi ae yngxenye yesikhumbuzo. Abanye babaholi besizwe abakhethiwe bahlanganisa [[Steve Biko|uSteve Biko]], [[Oliver Tambo|u-Oliver Tambo]], [[Helen Joseph|uHelen Joseph]], [[Chris Hani|uChris Hani]], <ref name="bn" /> [[Albert Luthuli|u-Albert Lutuli]], noBram Fischer . Abaholi bamazwe omhlaba kanye nabezwekazi nabo babephakathi kwalabo ababecatshangelwa ngamagalelo abo ekukhululweni kweNingizimu Afrika nabantu abacindezelwe. Abaholi bamazwekazi abaqokiwe bahlanganisa uMengameli waseMozambique uSamora Machel no -Amílcar Cabral . Phakathi kwamaqhawe aphesheya kukhona uChe Guevara, umvukeli ongumngane woMongameli wangaphambilini waseCuba uFidel Castro, kanye noToussaint Louverture, owalwa ngesikhathi sempi yenkululeko yaseHaiti . <ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_2487522,00.html Trust Honours Struggle Heroes]{{Dead link|date=October 2017}} March 18, 2009</ref> == Ukwakhiwa == Ukwakhiwa kwesiqiwi kwenzeke ngezigaba ezahlukene futhi kwasingathwa yiStefanutti [[Stefanutti Stocks|Stocks]], WBHO, Trencon, Concor nabanye. <ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2009|title=Stefanutti’s work on Freedom Park nears completion|url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/stefanuttis-work-on-freedom-park-nears-completion-2009-08-13|accessdate=4 August 2011|website=[[Engineering News (Creamer Media)|Engineering News]]}}</ref> Lo msebenzi wawuqondiswa ngokuphelele nguMongane Wally Serote . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mongane Wally Serote (1944– )|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=1354|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003051320/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp%3Frelid%3D1354|archive-date=3 October 2018|accessdate=4 August 2011|publisher=The Presidency of South Africa}}</ref> [[Category:Izikhumbuzo]] 1159zedw9d1ezhn6vae1jsqzlf21ch0 0 35192 128359 2026-09-07T09:15:34Z Fongcwele 16873 Created page with " [[File:Two_dancers.jpg|alt=A man and woman, mid-leap|thumb| Abasini ababili besimanje]] '''Umsino''' (noma '''ukusina''') uhlobo lobuciko, oluqukethe ukuchunge leminyakazo yomzimba enobuhle futhi evame ukuba engokomfanekiso, kungaba ukusina okuqanjiwe noma okukhethwe ngenhloso. Ukusina kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba futhi kuchaziswe ngokusiniso lwawo, ngokuhlelwa kwawo kwemisebenzi noma ngesikhathi sawo somlando noma indawo okuvela kuyo . Ukusina kuvame ukwenziwa ngomculo ..." 128359 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Two_dancers.jpg|alt=A man and woman, mid-leap|thumb| Abasini ababili besimanje]] '''Umsino''' (noma '''ukusina''') uhlobo lobuciko, oluqukethe ukuchunge leminyakazo yomzimba enobuhle futhi evame ukuba engokomfanekiso, kungaba ukusina okuqanjiwe noma okukhethwe ngenhloso. Ukusina kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba futhi kuchaziswe ngokusiniso lwawo, ngokuhlelwa kwawo kwemisebenzi noma ngesikhathi sawo somlando noma indawo okuvela kuyo . Ukusina kuvame ukwenziwa ngomculo [[Umculo|ohambisana nawo]], futhi ngezinye izikhathi nomsini usebenzisa insimbi yomculo ngesikhathi esina. Izinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile zokusina kweqembu umsino weshashalazi kanye nomsino wokuhlanganyela. Zombili izinhlobo zomsino zingaba nemisebenzi ekhethekile, kungaba eyomphakathi, eyemikhosi, eyokuncintisana, eyothando, eyokulwa, engcwele noma eyokukhonza . Ukusina akugcini nje ngokuqhogoywa, njengoba ukusina kusetshenziswa njengendlela yokuzivocavoca futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuwuqeqeshela eminye imidlalo nobuqhebeqhebe. Imiqhogoyo yokusina kanye nemincintiswano yokusina itholakala emhlabeni wonke ikhombisa izinhlobo nezindinganiso ezahlukene. Umsino ungahlanganyelwa umuntu oyedwa njengendlela yokuzivocavoca noma yokubuciko. Ukusina kuyindlela evamile yokuziphatha kwabantu, futhi akudingi ngempela usiniso oluthize. == Umsino weshashalazi nowokuhlanganyela == [[File:GDC_onlywayaround.jpg|right|thumb| Amalungu enkampani yomsino we-jazz yaseMelika enza isimiso esisemthethweni seqembu endaweni yomsino womgidi .]] Umsino waseshashalazini, obizwa nangokuthi ukuqhogoya noma umsino womgidi, uhloselwe ukwenziwa ikakhulukazi njengombukiso, ngokuvamile [[Ukuqhogoya|umbukiso]] weshashalazi wabasini abanekhono. Uvame ukulandisa indaba, mhlawumbe isebenzisa ukunkawuza, umbabazo kanye nezindawo, noma ungase uichaze umculo ohambisana nawo, ovame ukuqanjwa futhi wenziwe ngokukhethekile endaweni yemidlalo yeshashalazi kodwa akuyona imfuneko. Izibonelo yi -ballet yaseNtshonalanga nokusina kwesimanje, ukusina kwaseNdiya kwasendulo okufana ne- Bharatanatyam, kanye nemidlalo yezingoma nemisino waseShayina neyaseJapan, njengokusina kwenzawu. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-classical zigxile kumsino kuphela, kodwa umsino wokuqhogoya ungavela naku -opera nakwezinye izinhlobo zomculo weshashalazi . Umdanso ohlanganyelwe, kungaba umsino wesintu, umsino womphakathi, umsino weqembu njengomugqa, indilinga, uchungechunge noma umsino wesikwele, noma umsino womlingani, njengasekusineni kwaseNtshonalanga kwe-ballroom, wenziwa ngokuyinhloko ngenhloso efanayo, njengokuxhumana nabantu noma [[ukuzivocavoca]], noma ukwakha ukuguquguquka kwabahlanganyeli kunokuba kube usizo kubabukeli. Umsino onjalo awuvamile ukuba nesilando. Umsino weqembu kanye ne ''-corps de ballet'', umsino wabalingani bomphakathi kanye ne- ''pas de deux'', kuhluke kakhulu. Ngisho nokusina wedwa noma umsino wokuhlakahla ungenziwa kuphela ukuze kwanelise umsini. Abasini abahlanganyelayo bavame ukusebenzisa ukunyakaza okufanayo nezinyathelo kodwa, isibonelo, emasikweni e-rave [[Umculo wohlobo lwe-Eletronic Dance|omculo wokudansa we-elekthronikhi]], izixuku ezinkulu zingase zihlanganyele ekusineni kwamahhala, zingahambisani nalabo abazungezile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanye amasiko abeka imithetho eqinile mayelana nemisino ethile abantu abangahlanganyela kuyo noma okumele bayihlanganyele. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Theatrical and Social Dance {{!}} sound-heritage.soton.ac.uk|url=https://sound-heritage.ac.uk/dance/theatrical-and-social-dance|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207101200/https://sound-heritage.ac.uk/dance/theatrical-and-social-dance|archive-date=2024-12-07|accessdate=2024-10-22|website=sound-heritage.ac.uk}}</ref> ==Aamphatho== [[Category:Ubuciko]] e8lx0r8anj2xsnd0zhas78e3hoi5vnq 128360 128359 2026-09-07T09:21:44Z Fongcwele 16873 /* Umsino weshashalazi nowokuhlanganyela */ 128360 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Two_dancers.jpg|alt=A man and woman, mid-leap|thumb| Abasini ababili besimanje]] '''Umsino''' (noma '''ukusina''') uhlobo lobuciko, oluqukethe ukuchunge leminyakazo yomzimba enobuhle futhi evame ukuba engokomfanekiso, kungaba ukusina okuqanjiwe noma okukhethwe ngenhloso. Ukusina kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba futhi kuchaziswe ngokusiniso lwawo, ngokuhlelwa kwawo kwemisebenzi noma ngesikhathi sawo somlando noma indawo okuvela kuyo . Ukusina kuvame ukwenziwa ngomculo [[Umculo|ohambisana nawo]], futhi ngezinye izikhathi nomsini usebenzisa insimbi yomculo ngesikhathi esina. Izinhlobo ezimbili ezivamile zokusina kweqembu umsino weshashalazi kanye nomsino wokuhlanganyela. Zombili izinhlobo zomsino zingaba nemisebenzi ekhethekile, kungaba eyomphakathi, eyemikhosi, eyokuncintisana, eyothando, eyokulwa, engcwele noma eyokukhonza . Ukusina akugcini nje ngokuqhogoywa, njengoba ukusina kusetshenziswa njengendlela yokuzivocavoca futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuwuqeqeshela eminye imidlalo nobuqhebeqhebe. Imiqhogoyo yokusina kanye nemincintiswano yokusina itholakala emhlabeni wonke ikhombisa izinhlobo nezindinganiso ezahlukene. Umsino ungahlanganyelwa umuntu oyedwa njengendlela yokuzivocavoca noma yokubuciko. Ukusina kuyindlela evamile yokuziphatha kwabantu, futhi akudingi ngempela usiniso oluthize. == Umsino weshashalazi nowokuhlanganyela == [[File:GDC_onlywayaround.jpg|right|thumb| Amalungu enkampani yomsino we-jazz yaseMelika enza isimiso esisemthethweni seqembu endaweni yomsino womgidi .]] Umsino waseshashalazini, obizwa nangokuthi ukuqhogoya noma umsino womgidi, uhloselwe ukwenziwa ikakhulukazi njengombukiso, ngokuvamile [[Ukuqhogoya|umbukiso]] weshashalazi wabasini abanekhono. Uvame ukulandisa indaba, mhlawumbe isebenzisa ukunkawuza, umbabazo kanye nezindawo, noma ungase uichaze umculo ohambisana nawo, ovame ukuqanjwa futhi wenziwe ngokukhethekile endaweni yemidlalo yeshashalazi kodwa akuyona imfuneko. Izibonelo yi -ballet yaseNtshonalanga nokusina kwesimanje, ukusina kwaseNdiya kwasendulo okufana ne- Bharatanatyam, kanye nemidlalo yezingoma nemisino waseShayina neyaseJapan, njengokusina kwenzawu. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-classical zigxile kumsino kuphela, kodwa umsino wokuqhogoya ungavela naku -opera nakwezinye izinhlobo zomculo weshashalazi . Umdanso ohlanganyelwe, kungaba umsino wesintu, umsino womphakathi, umsino weqembu njengomugqa, indilinga, uchungechunge noma umsino wesikwele, noma umsino womlingani, njengasekusineni kwaseNtshonalanga kwe-ballroom, wenziwa ngokuyinhloko ngenhloso efanayo, njengokuxhumana nabantu noma [[ukuzivocavoca]], noma ukwakha ukuguquguquka kwabahlanganyeli kunokuba kube usizo kubabukeli. Umsino onjalo awuvamile ukuba nesilando. Umsino weqembu kanye ne ''-corps de ballet'', umsino wabalingani bomphakathi kanye ne- ''pas de deux'', kuhluke kakhulu. Ngisho nokusina wedwa noma umsino wokuhlakahla ungenziwa kuphela ukuze kwanelise umsini. Abasini abahlanganyelayo bavame ukusebenzisa ukunyakaza okufanayo nezinyathelo kodwa, isibonelo, emasikweni e-rave [[Umculo wohlobo lwe-Eletronic Dance|omculo wokudansa we-elekthronikhi]], izixuku ezinkulu zingase zihlanganyele ekusineni kwamahhala, zingahambisani nalabo abazungezile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanye amasiko abeka imithetho eqinile mayelana nemisino ethile abantu abangahlanganyela kuyo noma okumele bayihlanganyele. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Theatrical and Social Dance {{!}} sound-heritage.soton.ac.uk|url=https://sound-heritage.ac.uk/dance/theatrical-and-social-dance|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207101200/https://sound-heritage.ac.uk/dance/theatrical-and-social-dance|archive-date=2024-12-07|accessdate=2024-10-22|website=sound-heritage.ac.uk}}</ref> ===Izinhlobo zokusina gesiZulu=== Ingadla / indlamu - ukugadlela Ukuganduza Umgebulo Ingeqe Ukugimfoza Ukugiya - war antics ngomkhonto Amagodololo Ukugqigqa / umgqigqo Umgqizo Uqwembe Ijadu ukuqhuqhumbela / umqhuqhumbelo Iqubulo Umshikisho Umshosho/umchwayo ukushushumba / umshushumbo Shwiliza - European dance Somboza - umsombozo Umbekuzo - ishibhelani ? Umboloho / isicathulo - boot dance Ingcekeza Ukudivaza - old man dance Ukusina kwasemgcagcweni Ukugcagca Isigekle Umgobodiso ==Aamphatho== [[Category:Ubuciko]] cxlsacpi0ey7jzmwrh51chfd6tiisn9 0 35193 128361 2026-09-07T09:47:08Z Fongcwele 16873 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373246982|Lake Fundudzi]]" 128361 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ichibi Fundudzi''' litholakala eSoutpansberg [[ILimpopo|eSifundazweni saseLimpopo]] [[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|eNingizimu Afrika]] . Iilinganiswa cishe ngamakhilomitha ama-5&nbsp;aphindwe ngamakhilomitha ama-3&nbsp;lapho igcwele, ladalwa ukudilika komhlaba kwasendulo okwakuvimba umzila woMfula iMutale. Ichibi kanye nezingwenya ezihlala kulo kanye nehlathi eliseduze laseThathe Vondo, kubhekwa njengokungcwele abakwaVhatavhatsindi, ''abantu baseChibini'' abayingxenye yabantu baseVenda . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Eish!|url=http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/za/full-article?oid=8012&sn=Detail&pid=1}}</ref> Yilona kuphela ichibi lemvelo elingaphakathi kwezwe eNingizimu Afrika. <ref>{{Citation|page=335–340}}</ref> == Ngokwamagugu esintu == Ngokusho kwenganekwane yamaVenda, ichibi ladalwa lapho umuntu onochoko owayedlula enqatshelwa ukudla nendawo yokuhlala. Waqalekisa isibaya esanyamalala ngaphansi kwamanzi echibi elalisanda kwakhiwa futhi amaVenda athi ekuseni kakhulu kungenzeka ukuzwa umsindo wezigubhu kanye nokukhala nokubhonga kwabantu nezinkomo abacwilile. Kunenganekwane ethi ichibi Fundudzi livikelwe unkulunkulu wenhlwathi ohlala entabeni. AmaVenda adumisa lo nkulunkulu ngokwenza umsino wokuthomba minyaka yonke, obonakala ngokunyakazisa nokugoba komugqa we-conga, lapho amantombazane amasha esizwe ehlanganyela khona. Kuthiwa ukugcwala kwechibi nombala walo kubonisa isimo sengqondo sokhokho, kanye nethuba lemvula. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Fundudzi in Limpopo|url=http://www.sa-venues.com/attractions/limpopo/lake-fundudzi.htm}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bewitched Forests and Waters of the VhaVenda (Part 1)|url=http://www.vanhunks.com/lowveld1/venda1.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Fundudzi &#124; Limpopo Attractions|url=http://www.sastay.co.za/limpopo-attractions/lake-fundudzi.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131165014/http://www.sastay.co.za/limpopo-attractions/lake-fundudzi.html|archive-date=2013-01-31|accessdate=2013-01-25}}</ref> [[File:Lake-Fundudzi-10-1200.jpg|thumb]] [[Category:Ichibi]] a4rb9jpmc4dzbzlyyql26k0f7hhln17 0 35194 128363 2026-09-07T10:08:54Z Leepamela 20678 Reference 128363 wikitext text/x-wiki I-Boschendal (isiDashi: bush and dale) ingenye yezindawo ezindala zewayini eNingizimu Afrika futhi itholakala phakathi kweFranschhoek neStellenbosch eNingizimu Afrika eNtshonalanga Kapa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-08-14|title=Welcome To Boschendal|url=https://boschendal.com/|accessdate=2026-09-07|language=en-ZA}}</ref> I-Huguenot Origins bidys55amnsi94w4ea84z1fnimn7qtd 0 35195 128364 2026-09-07T10:16:40Z SihleMchunu24 25491 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367017748|Kosti, Sudan]]" 128364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uses TemplateStyles}}<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{For|the village in [[Bulgaria]]|Kosti, Bulgaria}}{{Infobox settlement|official_name=Kosti|other_name=|native_name={{Nobold|{{lang|ar|كوستي}}}}|nickname=|settlement_type=<!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)-->|motto=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image_skyline=Kosti residential.jpg|imagesize=250px|image_caption=Kosti Residential Area|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=|shield_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=Sudan <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->|pushpin_map_caption=Location in Sudan|pushpin_label='''Kosti'''|pushpin_label_position=right|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[Image:Flag of Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan]]|subdivision_type1=[[States of Sudan|State]]|subdivision_name1=[[White Nile (state)|White Nile]]|subdivision_type2=|subdivision_name2=<!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=|leader_name=|leader_title1=<!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->|leader_name1=|established_title=<!-- Settled -->|established_date=|established_title2=<!-- Incorporated (town) -->|established_date2=|established_title3=<!-- Incorporated (city) -->|established_date3=<!-- Area --------------------->|unit_pref=Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->|area_water_km2=<!-- Population ----------------------->|population_as_of=2012|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=345,068<ref name="Citipedia">{{Cite web| url=https://www.citipedia.info/city/general/Sudan__White+Nile+State_Kosti_id_371760 | title= Kosti, Sudan | access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>|population_density_km2=auto <!-- General information --------------->|timezone=|utc_offset=|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->|elevation_m=380 <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->|postal_code_type=<!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->|postal_code=|area_code=|website=|footnotes=}}'''I-Kosti''' (eyaziwa nangokuthi iKusti, ngesi-Arabhu) Ingenye yedolobha elikhulu eSudan eliseNingizimu yeKhartoum, inhloko-dolobha yaseSudan, futhi ihleli ehlangothini lwaseNtshonalanga lomfula iWhite Nile ibheke eRabak, inhloko-dolobha yesifunda saseWhite Nile futhi ixhunywe kuyo ngempophoma. Idolobha lixhaswa isiteshi sesitimela saseKosti kanye nendiza yasemoyeni yaseRabak. inani labantu baseKosti ngo-2012 lalilinganiselwa abantu abangu-345,068 == Umlando == IKosti yasungulwa ngemuva kwesikhathi esifushane ngo-1899 ngumthengisi waseGrisi uKonstantinos "Kostas" Mourikis, owafika eSudan kanye nomfowabo ngemuva kokunqoba kwe -Anglo-Egypt umbuso wamaMahdist womdabu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaldeos |first=Antonios |date=2017 |title=Sudanese toponyms related to Greek entrepreneurial activity |url=http://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/djns/vol4/iss1/4/ |journal=Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies |volume=4, Art. 1. |via=DigitalCommons@Fairfield}}</ref> Wasungula isitolo e-White Nile, lapho kwawela khona izihambi ezivela eNtshonalanga Afrika ziya eMecca kanye nemizila yezohwebo yaseNingizimu. Indawo yokuhlala yakhula ngokushesha yaba idolobha futhi yaqanjwa ngegama elithi "Kostas", okubonisa indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa amaGreki eSudan, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezohwebo. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kramer |first=Robert |year=2013 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Sudan |last2=Lobban |first2=Richard |last3=Fluehr-Lobban |first3=Carolyn |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6180-0 |edition=4th |location=Lanham / Toronto / Plymouth (UK) |pages=191–192}}</ref> Ngo-1911, ibhuloho iGoz Abu Goma elixhumanisa iRabak neKosti laqedwa. .NgoNhlaba 2023, ukuxabana kwamaqembu eNuba nama-Hausa kwaholela ekufeni kwabantu abangu-29 eKosti === Indawo yokufuduka === UKosti wamukela inani elikhulu labantu ababefudukile kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, ikakhulukazi abasuka eningizimu yeSudan, eDarfur, eKordofan nakwezinye izindawo eWhite Nile State. Ngo-1992, amakamu e-IDP adluliselwa ukusuka eCombo aya eGoz Al Salam nase-Allaya, cishe amakhilomitha angu-4 kuya kwangu-6 eningizimu-mpumalanga yeKosti. Iningi labahlali abahlala emakamu amabili babengamaqembu ezinhlanga zaseningizimu, okuhlanganisa amaDinka, amaShilluk, amaNuer, amaLatoka namaBari. <ref name="proint">{{Cite web|title=PROFILE OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT : SUDAN|url=https://unpaiddebt.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2025/10/global-idp-database-sudan-march2003.pdf|accessdate=2026-07-31}}</ref> Abaningi abahlali baze balahlekelwa yizindlela zabo zangaphambilini zokufuya izilwane nokulima futhi ngokujwayekile abakwazanga ukuthola umhlaba wokulima eduze kweKosti. Abanye baye baya phakathi nempumalanga yeSudan ukuze basebenze emisebenzini yezolimo yesizini, kanti abanye babephila ngokudoba, ukulima irayisi ukuthengisa, ukuhweba okuncane, imisebenzi yasekhaya nomsebenzi wesikhashana. Ngo-2002, i-Dan Kuch, i-Goz Es Salam ne-Liya zakhonjiswa njengezikhempu zabantu abangaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu eKosti. Abantu abbalelwa e-IDP eWhite Nile State babhekana nokungondli kahle, izifo zamanzi, ukuntuleka kwezinsiza zokuhlanza kanye nezikole ezinganele, izikhungo zezempilo nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe. Umbiko we-UN ka-2002 wabika ukuthi iKosti yayenezingane zasemgwaqweni ezingaba ngu-3,000, okuyinani lesibili ngobukhulu eSudan ngemuva kweKhartoum. Kwaxhumanisa ukufuduka isikhathi eside phakathi kwabantu abakhubazekile edolobheni nokuhlukana kwemindeni kanye nokwanda kwezintandane, imindeni ephethwe ngabesifazane kanye nokungasebenzi. <ref name="proint" /> Kusukela ekuqaleni kukaNdasa 2026, inani labantu baseGoz Al Salam likhule ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-3,000 laya cishe ku-30,000. <ref>{{Cite web|title=High load|url=https://library.panos.co.uk/stock-photo-members-of-a-family-recent-arrivals-at-the-goz-al-salam-idp-camp-use-panos-image00389965.html|accessdate=2026-07-31|website=Panos Pictures}}</ref> <ref name="loofut">{{Cite web|date=2026-07-02|title=Sudan: Looking to the future amid the crisis|url=https://www.norad.no/en/insight2/tematiske-omrader/humanitar-og-helhetlig-innsats/resultathistorier-hum/2026/sudan-looking-to-the-future-amid-the-crisis/|accessdate=2026-07-31|publisher=Norad}}</ref> Ikamu lisagcwele kakhulu, kunokuntuleka kwendawo yokuhlala, ukudla nezinye izinto ezibalulekile. Izinsizakalo zamanzi, ukuhlanzeka kanye nezokuhlanzeka azizange zihambisane nezinga labantu abasanda kufika, okubeka ingcindezi eyengeziwe ezindaweni ezilinganiselwe. <ref name="loofut" /> == Umnotho == I -Kenana Sugar Factory enkulu itholakala eningizimu yeRabak, empumalanga yedolobha. IKosti iyikhaya le- El Imam El Mahdi University, eyasungulwa ngo-1994 njengeyunivesithi yomphakathi exhaswa yi-Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. Iqanjwe ngokuhlonipha uMuhammad Ahmad, umholi wenguquko yamaMahdia eSudan (1885-1898). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical Overview|url=http://www.elmahdi.edu.sd/English/mogadma.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331022240/http://www.elmahdi.edu.sd/English/mogadma.html|archive-date=2012-03-31|accessdate=2011-09-17|publisher=El Imam El Mahdi University}}</ref> ayi7p9db7jqzp6ebep5y0b7fo8hlwal