Wikipedia zuwiki https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhasi_Elikhulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 28981 131320 127314 2026-10-10T18:37:05Z Abraham Silverstein 27516 /* */ Okay, Goyim. 131320 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Indoda''' ingumuntu [[Isilisa|wesilisa]] omdala. Igama elithi indoda libuye lisetshenziswe abesifazane abaganile lapho bekhuluma ''ngamadoda'' abo, besho abayeni babo, futhi libuye libe nomqondo osho umuntu onesibindi, onezikhwepha zokufeza izinto (ophambene ''nenina''), kungakhathaliseki [[Ubulilisiqu|ubulili]] bakhe. Ngaphambi kokuthi umuntu angene esigabeni sobudoda, uqale abe [[Umfana|ngumfana]] (indodana), adlulele esigabeni sokuba ibhonga noma ivuka (''puberty stage'') aqhubeke abe libhungu lapho eneminyaka elishumi nesithupha (16), bese kuthi lapho sekayinsizwa abizwe ngendoda. Njengazo zonke ezinye [[IsiNcelisi|izincelisi]] zesilisa, indoda ngokufuzo ithola iziphathafuzo X kusuka kumama wayo neziphathafuzo Y kusuka kubaba wayo. Uhlululo lobulili bombungu wesilisa lulawulwa isifuzisi esibizwa SRY kusiphathafuzo Y. Lapho owesilisa esesigabeni sokuba ibhonga, amachicho avusa kukhiqizeka kwe ''androgen'' enza ukuba aveze izinkondolo zobulili ezimenza ahluke kakhulu kowesifazane. Lezo zinkondolo zihlanganisa izicubu zemisipha, ubude, amadevu nentshebe, kanye nesigubo samafutha kwesingezansi. Umhlakahlo wesilisa wehlukile kumhlakahlo wesifazane ngohlelo lowesilisa lokuzala, oluhlanganisa amasende, utshumo lesidoda, idlala lowesilisa, ''epididymides'', kanye [[Umthondo|nomthondo]]. Izinkondolo zobulili zihlanganisa unkimfi nenqulu okumngcingo, izibele nezingono ezincane. Kuwo wonke umlando womuntu, izindima ezingokobulili zazihlezi zichasiswa ubunjenga (''masculinity'') nobuqhebeqhebe kanye namathuba amadoda, okuyizinto ezabumba umphakathi wemvunasilisa ''(patriarchy)''. Lokhu kwenza abesilisa babe namalungelogunya amaningi kanye namandla kwezenhlalo, ikakhulu phezu kwabesifazane, okubenza baphoqelele ukuchachaza kobunjenga emphakathini. Amadoda yiwona amaningi kubantu abanodlame nabayizisulu zalo. Amadoda avame ukukhonjwa emisebenzini enamazinga aphakeme okufa. Futhi yiwona avame ukubuthelwa embithweni yezempi. Iningi lezimfundiso zenkolo zibeka imithetho ethile yamadoda, efana [[Ulwaluko|nokwaluka]]. Ukuyipha umthelela walezi zindima sekukhiqize izinguquko ezibheke ekulinganeni ngokobulili, futhi kuyaqhubeka nokulungiswa embithweni yamadoda. Onguquyeka (''Trans men'') banobuhlonzi bobulili obungahambisani nobulili bokuzalwa besfazane, kuyilapho oncukubili (intersex) kungamadoda anezinkondolo zobulili ezingafaneki ukuchaza njengezendoda. ==uMsukagama== uMsukagama welithi indoda uvela esenzweni ''doda'' esinemiqondo emibili, 1. Ukudoda kuwukuba indoda ngokwezenzo, 2. ukwenza umsebenzi owenziwa indoda (kulabo abangewona amadoda). Umuntu oyindoda yangempela ubizwa ''indodisisa'', umuntu oqondisa futhi asize abanye kube amadoda ubizwa ''indodisisi''. Ibizo elithi ''isidoda'' libhekisela ezithweni zangasese lowesilisa, noma [[Amalotha|emalotheni]]. Umtwana ongumfana ubizwa ''ngendodana'', bese umtwana [[Intombazane|oyintombazane]] abizwe ''ngendodakazi''. Umuntu ongadodisiwe noma ongeyona indodisisa yena ubizwa ''ngendojeyana''. == Umchazampilo == [[Umuntu|Ebantwini]], amangqamuzana esidoda athwala iziphathafuzo X noma Y. Uma ingqamuzana lesidoda elithwele iziphathafuzo Y likhulelisa iqanda lesifazane, inzalo izoba neKarotyoe yesilisa (XY). Isifuzisi SRY sivame ukutholakala kusiphathafuzo Y futhi singunobangela wokukhula kwamasende, okuyisona alawula ezinye izici zohlululo lobulili besilisa. Uhlululo lobulili kwabesilisa lukhula ngendlela encike emasendeni, kuyilapho uhlululo lesifazane aluncikile emaqandeni. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rey |first1=Rodolfo |last2=Josso |first2=Nathalie |last3=Racine |first3=Chrystèle |date=2000 |title=Sexual Differentiation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |journal=Endotext |publisher=MDText.com, Inc. |pmid=25905232 |quote=Irrespective of their chromosomal constitution, when the gonadal primordia differentiate into testes, all internal and external genitalia develop following the male pathway. When no testes are present, the genitalia develop along the female pathway. The existence of ovaries has no effect on fetal differentiation of the genitalia. The paramount importance of testicular differentiation for fetal sex development has prompted the use of the expression "sex determination" to refer to the differentiation of the bipotential or primitive gonads into testes. |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808130515/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Izitho zobulili ziyizinkondolo umuntu azalwa nazo futhi zimqoka kumddludlungu wokuzala. Kumadoda izinkondolo zobulili eziphambili zihlanganisa [[Umthondo]] namasende. Abantu abadala baveza ubulili obusimombili (''dimorphism'') ngezinkondolo eziningi, imvama yazo azihlobene nekhono lokuzala. Abantu banesimombili ngokobungako bomzumba, uhlaka lomzimba, nesigubo somzimba. Amadoda avame ukuba made nokuba nzima, futhi ngokuvumelana nobude bawo, amadoda avame ukuzaca nokuba nesisindo samathambo esikhulu kunabesifazane, nesisindo samafutha esincane.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Jonathan C.K. |title=Sexual dimorphism of body composition |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |date=September 2007 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=415–430 |doi=10.1016/j.beem.2007.04.007 |pmid=17875489 }}</ref> [[File:Anterior view of human female and male, with labels 2.png|thumb|upright=1|Photograph of an adult male human (''right''), with an adult female for comparison. The [[pubic hair]] of both models is removed. |alt=Photograph of an adult male human, with an adult female for comparison. The [[pubic hair]] of both models is removed.]] Izinkondolo zobulili zesibili ziwulwangu oluvela esigabeni sokuba ibhonga.<ref name="Melmed">{{cite book |vauthors=Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM|title=Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|isbn=978-1-4377-3600-7|year=2011|page=1054|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbg1QOAObicC&pg=PA1054}}</ref><ref name="Pack">{{cite book |vauthors=Pack PE|title=CliffsNotes AP Biology |edition=5th|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-544-78417-8|year=2016|page=219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsalDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219}}</ref> Lolo lwangu luvame ukugqama ezinkondolweni zofuzo zobulili obusimombili ezihlukanisa abantu ngobulili, kodwa —ngokungafani nezinkondolo zobulili eziphambili —aziyona ingxenye yesimiso sokuzala.<ref name="Bjorklund">{{cite book |vauthors=Bjorklund DF, Blasi CH|title=Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Approach|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-1-133-16837-9|year=2011|pages=152–153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTQIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|title=Primary & Secondary Sexual Characteristics|work=Sciencing.com|date=30 April 2018|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803171707/https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Reproduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|year=2018|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-815145-7|page=103|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120071956/https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> Izinkondolo zobulili zesibili ezitholakala kumadoda ngokuqondile zihkanganisa: * Amahlombe abanzi;<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last=Berger|first=Kathleen Stassen|title=The Developing Person Through the Life Span|url=https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=Worth Publishers|isbn=978-0-7167-5706-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0/page/349 349]}}</ref> * Izinwele zomzimba eziningi; * Umohimbo omkhulu, * Iphimbo noma izwi elibhongayo kunezwi lengane noma owesifazane. Amadoda anobunzina obudlula okwabesifazane.<ref name="Robert- McComb">{{cite book |last1=Robert-McComb |first1=Jacalyn |last2=Norman |first2=Reid L. |last3=Zumwalt |first3=Mimi |title=The Active Female: Health Issues Throughout the Lifespan |date=2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-1-4614-8884-2 |pages=223–238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025804/https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngokomlinganiso, amadoda made kunabesifazane ngamaphesenti ali-10. Ngokomlinganiso, amadoda anokhalo alokhulu kanezinqulu zabo, maybe qhathaniswa nomame. Omame banomunwe womkhothi nowethoba elinganayo noma owomkhotho omide kunowwthoba, kuyilapho amadoda anowethoba omude.<ref name="Halpern">{{cite book |last=Halpern |first=Diane F. |title=Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities |edition=4th |date=2013 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-1-136-72283-7 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025807/https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Uhlelo lokuzala === {{Main|Uhlelo lokuzala lowesilisa}} [[File:Uhlaka lonkimfi kowesilisa.jpg|thumb|Uhlaka lonkimfi kowesilisa]] Izitho zocansi ezingaphakathi zihlanganisa amasende, akhiqiza amalotha, amadlala awusizo (accessory glands) akhiqiza umtshoko wamalotha, epididymides, eqoqonga amangqamuzana wamalotha, ne-vasa deferentia kanye namatshumo okuchitha (ejaculatory duct), afudukisa amalotha avuthiwe ku urethra. Izitho zesilisa zangaphandle zihlanganisa [[Umthondo]] kanye namankwahla, okusikhwama sesikhumba esithwala amasende.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684|title=Definition of Male genitalia|website=MedicineNet|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106152900/https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684}}</ref> Amangqamuzana wesidoda achithwa sekungamalotha ngomthondo ukuze angene otshumeni lesifazane lokuzala [[Inhlunu|ngenhlunu]]. Amalotha adlula enhlunwini aqonde esibelethweni ayakwazi ukungena ngamathumbu (fallopian tube) bese evundisa iqanda, elizokhula libe umbungu. Ucwaningo lohlelo lokuzala lesilisa nezitho eziseduze lubizwa umchazasidoda.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clement |first1=Pierre |last2=Giuliano |first2=François |title=Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders |chapter=Anatomy and physiology of genital organs – men |date=2015 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=130 |pages=19–37 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-63247-0.00003-1 |issn=0072-9752 |pmid=26003237|isbn=978-0-444-63247-0 }}</ref> Amandlendoda (''Testosterone'') avusa ukukhula kolutshimo lukaWolfi, Umthondo, kanye nokuvaleka kwemipheco ''yelabioscrotal'' emankwahleni. Amanye amachicho abalulekile kuhlululo lobulili lubizwa amachicho ''weanti-Müllerian'', avimba ukukhula ktshumo lukaMülleria. Lapho abesilisa kungamabhonga, amandlendoda, kanye amachicho abizwa ''gonadotropin'' adedelwa izimfomavange (''pituitary glands''), ukushukumisa ukwakheka kwamalotha (spermatogenesis).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=H. Maurice |title=Basic Medical Endocrinology |url=https://archive.org/details/basicmedicalendo0004good |publisher=Elsevier |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-12-373975-9 |edition=4th |pages=239–256}}</ref> == Ubulili nokungena ocansini == Ubulili besilisa nokuheha kuyahlukahluka kuye ngomuntu, futhi indlela umuntu aziphatha ngayo kwezocansi ingathinteka ezintweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukucabanga okuguqukayo, ubuntu, ukukhuliswa namasiko.Ngenkathi iningi lamadoda lingabobulili obuhlukile, [[Isitabane|abambalwa abalulekile bangongqingili]] noma abesilisa nabesifazane .Amanye amadoda akhomba njengokuqonde ''kakhulu'' . Amaphesenti amancane abantu ababelwe abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzalwa angakhomba njengabesilisa (ngokuvamile ababizwa ngokuthi amadoda angama-transgender ).Ngokuphambene nalokho, abanye abantu ababelwe owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa bangakhomba njengowesifazane (ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi ungowesifazane we-transgender ).Abanye abantu ababelwe owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa bangakhomba futhi njengokungeyona kanambambili.Kukhona [[Ucansi oluphakathi|nabantu be-intersex]] abangakhomba njengabesifazane noma abesilisa. == Ubudoda == [[File:David_von_Michelangelo.jpg|thumb|345x345px| ''[[Michelangelo]] ka- [[David (Michelangelo)|uDavide]]'' iyona classical isithombe bobusha ubuhle leduna art Western .]] Ngobudoda (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ''ngobudoda'' noma ''manliness)'' kuyinto iqoqo izimfanelo, ukuziphatha, nemisebenzi ehambisana ne-abafana.Yize ubudoda bakhiwe ngokwenhlalo, olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ezibhekwa njengabesilisa zithonywe yizinto eziphilayo. <ref name="books.google.com">Social vs biological citations: </ref>Ubudoda bunethonya elingakanani kubhayoloji noma kwezenhlalo kungaphansi kwempikiswano. <ref name="books.google.com" />Kwehlukile encazelweni yobulili besilisa begazi, njengoba abesilisa nabesifazane bengabonisa izici zobudoda. <ref>Male vs Masculine/Feminine: </ref> Amazinga wobudoda noma ubudoda ayahlukahluka kumasiko ahlukene nezikhathi zomlando.Ngenkathi izimpawu zangaphandle zobudoda zibukeka zehlukile kumasiko ehlukene, kunezici ezithile ezijwayelekile encazelweni yayo kuwo wonke amasiko.Kuwo wonke amasiko esikhathi esedlule, futhi namanje phakathi kwamasiko endabuko nawona angewona aseNtshonalanga, ukushada ngumehluko ovame kakhulu futhi ocacile phakathi kobufana nobudoda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=1998|title=Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary American Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/22591}}</ref>Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ezinye izimfanelo ngokwesiko ezihlotshaniswa nomshado (njenge "Ps ezintathu" ''zokuvikela, ukuhlinzekela, nokuzala kabusha'' ) zazisathathwa njengezimpawu zokutholakala kobudoda. <ref name=":0" /> I-Anthropology ikhombisile ukuthi ubudoda uqobo bunezikhundla zenhlalo, njengobutyebi, ubuhlanga kanye nesigaba senhlalo.Ngokwesiko laseNtshonalanga, isibonelo, ubudoda obukhulu kuvame ukuletha isimo esikhulu senhlalo.Amagama amaningi esiNgisi afana ''nobuhle'' kanye ne- ''virile'' (avela e- Indo-European root ''vir'' okusho ''indoda'' ) ayakubonisa lokhu. Imodeli yeParsons isetshenziselwe ukuqhathanisa nokukhombisa izikhundla ezeqisayo endimeni yezobulili.Imodeli A ichaza ukwahlukaniswa okuphelele kwendima yabesilisa nabesifazane, kuyilapho iModeli B ichaza ukuchithwa okuphelele kwemingcele phakathi kwezindima zobulili. <ref>Brockhaus: Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, 2001.</ref> == Uphawu lobulili == I- Mars Symbol (♂) uphawu olujwayelekile olumele ubulili besilisa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1322246/}}</ref>Uphawu lufana nophawu lweplanethi [[UMarzi|lweMars]] .Yaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ucansi nguCarl Linnaeus ngo-1751.Uphawu kwesinye isikhathi lubonakala njengokumelela okwenziwe isitayela kwesihlangu nomkhonto kankulunkulu wamaRoma .IMars .Ngokusho kukaStearn, nokho, lokhu kutholakala "kuyinganekwane" futhi bonke ubufakazi obungokomlando buvumela "isiphetho sesazi saseFrance uClaude de Saumaise (Salmasius, 1588-1683)" ukuthi ''sisuselwe'' ku-θρ, ukusikwa kwegama lesiGreki ngeplanethi iMars, ''eyiThouros'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217734}}</ref> [[Category:Abantu besilisa]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t7nrg0tfok1sie0akju77yjni80ml10 131321 131320 2026-10-10T18:52:40Z Abraham Silverstein 27516 /* Umchazampilo */ Okay, Goyim. 131321 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Indoda''' ingumuntu [[Isilisa|wesilisa]] omdala. Igama elithi indoda libuye lisetshenziswe abesifazane abaganile lapho bekhuluma ''ngamadoda'' abo, besho abayeni babo, futhi libuye libe nomqondo osho umuntu onesibindi, onezikhwepha zokufeza izinto (ophambene ''nenina''), kungakhathaliseki [[Ubulilisiqu|ubulili]] bakhe. Ngaphambi kokuthi umuntu angene esigabeni sobudoda, uqale abe [[Umfana|ngumfana]] (indodana), adlulele esigabeni sokuba ibhonga noma ivuka (''puberty stage'') aqhubeke abe libhungu lapho eneminyaka elishumi nesithupha (16), bese kuthi lapho sekayinsizwa abizwe ngendoda. Njengazo zonke ezinye [[IsiNcelisi|izincelisi]] zesilisa, indoda ngokufuzo ithola iziphathafuzo X kusuka kumama wayo neziphathafuzo Y kusuka kubaba wayo. Uhlululo lobulili bombungu wesilisa lulawulwa isifuzisi esibizwa SRY kusiphathafuzo Y. Lapho owesilisa esesigabeni sokuba ibhonga, amachicho avusa kukhiqizeka kwe ''androgen'' enza ukuba aveze izinkondolo zobulili ezimenza ahluke kakhulu kowesifazane. Lezo zinkondolo zihlanganisa izicubu zemisipha, ubude, amadevu nentshebe, kanye nesigubo samafutha kwesingezansi. Umhlakahlo wesilisa wehlukile kumhlakahlo wesifazane ngohlelo lowesilisa lokuzala, oluhlanganisa amasende, utshumo lesidoda, idlala lowesilisa, ''epididymides'', kanye [[Umthondo|nomthondo]]. Izinkondolo zobulili zihlanganisa unkimfi nenqulu okumngcingo, izibele nezingono ezincane. Kuwo wonke umlando womuntu, izindima ezingokobulili zazihlezi zichasiswa ubunjenga (''masculinity'') nobuqhebeqhebe kanye namathuba amadoda, okuyizinto ezabumba umphakathi wemvunasilisa ''(patriarchy)''. Lokhu kwenza abesilisa babe namalungelogunya amaningi kanye namandla kwezenhlalo, ikakhulu phezu kwabesifazane, okubenza baphoqelele ukuchachaza kobunjenga emphakathini. Amadoda yiwona amaningi kubantu abanodlame nabayizisulu zalo. Amadoda avame ukukhonjwa emisebenzini enamazinga aphakeme okufa. Futhi yiwona avame ukubuthelwa embithweni yezempi. Iningi lezimfundiso zenkolo zibeka imithetho ethile yamadoda, efana [[Ulwaluko|nokwaluka]]. Ukuyipha umthelela walezi zindima sekukhiqize izinguquko ezibheke ekulinganeni ngokobulili, futhi kuyaqhubeka nokulungiswa embithweni yamadoda. Onguquyeka (''Trans men'') banobuhlonzi bobulili obungahambisani nobulili bokuzalwa besfazane, kuyilapho oncukubili (intersex) kungamadoda anezinkondolo zobulili ezingafaneki ukuchaza njengezendoda. ==uMsukagama== uMsukagama welithi indoda uvela esenzweni ''doda'' esinemiqondo emibili, 1. Ukudoda kuwukuba indoda ngokwezenzo, 2. ukwenza umsebenzi owenziwa indoda (kulabo abangewona amadoda). Umuntu oyindoda yangempela ubizwa ''indodisisa'', umuntu oqondisa futhi asize abanye kube amadoda ubizwa ''indodisisi''. Ibizo elithi ''isidoda'' libhekisela ezithweni zangasese lowesilisa, noma [[Amalotha|emalotheni]]. Umtwana ongumfana ubizwa ''ngendodana'', bese umtwana [[Intombazane|oyintombazane]] abizwe ''ngendodakazi''. Umuntu ongadodisiwe noma ongeyona indodisisa yena ubizwa ''ngendojeyana''. == Umchazampilo == [[Umuntu|Ebantwini]], amangqamuzana esidoda athwala iziphathafuzo X noma Y. Uma ingqamuzana lesidoda elithwele iziphathafuzo Y likhulelisa iqanda lesifazane, inzalo izoba neKarotyoe yesilisa (XY). Isifuzisi SRY sivame ukutholakala kusiphathafuzo Y futhi singunobangela wokukhula kwamasende, okuyisona alawula ezinye izici zohlululo lobulili besilisa. Uhlululo lobulili kwabesilisa lukhula ngendlela encike emasendeni, kuyilapho uhlululo lesifazane aluncikile emaqandeni. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rey |first1=Rodolfo |last2=Josso |first2=Nathalie |last3=Racine |first3=Chrystèle |date=2000 |title=Sexual Differentiation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |journal=Endotext |publisher=MDText.com, Inc. |pmid=25905232 |quote=Irrespective of their chromosomal constitution, when the gonadal primordia differentiate into testes, all internal and external genitalia develop following the male pathway. When no testes are present, the genitalia develop along the female pathway. The existence of ovaries has no effect on fetal differentiation of the genitalia. The paramount importance of testicular differentiation for fetal sex development has prompted the use of the expression "sex determination" to refer to the differentiation of the bipotential or primitive gonads into testes. |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808130515/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Izitho zobulili ziyizinkondolo umuntu azalwa nazo futhi zimqoka kumddludlungu wokuzala. Kumadoda izinkondolo zobulili eziphambili zihlanganisa [[Umthondo]] namasende. Abantu abadala baveza ubulili obusimombili (''dimorphism'') ngezinkondolo eziningi, imvama yazo azihlobene nekhono lokuzala. Abantu banesimombili ngokobungako bomzumba, uhlaka lomzimba, nesigubo somzimba. Amadoda avame ukuba made nokuba nzima, futhi ngokuvumelana nobude bawo, amadoda avame ukuzaca nokuba nesisindo samathambo esikhulu kunabesifazane, nesisindo samafutha esincane.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Jonathan C.K. |title=Sexual dimorphism of body composition |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |date=September 2007 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=415–430 |doi=10.1016/j.beem.2007.04.007 |pmid=17875489 }}</ref> Izinkondolo zobulili zesibili ziwulwangu oluvela esigabeni sokuba ibhonga.<ref name="Melmed">{{cite book |vauthors=Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM|title=Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|isbn=978-1-4377-3600-7|year=2011|page=1054|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbg1QOAObicC&pg=PA1054}}</ref><ref name="Pack">{{cite book |vauthors=Pack PE|title=CliffsNotes AP Biology |edition=5th|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-544-78417-8|year=2016|page=219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsalDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219}}</ref> Lolo lwangu luvame ukugqama ezinkondolweni zofuzo zobulili obusimombili ezihlukanisa abantu ngobulili, kodwa —ngokungafani nezinkondolo zobulili eziphambili —aziyona ingxenye yesimiso sokuzala.<ref name="Bjorklund">{{cite book |vauthors=Bjorklund DF, Blasi CH|title=Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Approach|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-1-133-16837-9|year=2011|pages=152–153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTQIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|title=Primary & Secondary Sexual Characteristics|work=Sciencing.com|date=30 April 2018|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803171707/https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Reproduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|year=2018|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-815145-7|page=103|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120071956/https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> Izinkondolo zobulili zesibili ezitholakala kumadoda ngokuqondile zihkanganisa: * Amahlombe abanzi;<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last=Berger|first=Kathleen Stassen|title=The Developing Person Through the Life Span|url=https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=Worth Publishers|isbn=978-0-7167-5706-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0/page/349 349]}}</ref> * Izinwele zomzimba eziningi; * Umohimbo omkhulu, * Iphimbo noma izwi elibhongayo kunezwi lengane noma owesifazane. Amadoda anobunzina obudlula okwabesifazane.<ref name="Robert- McComb">{{cite book |last1=Robert-McComb |first1=Jacalyn |last2=Norman |first2=Reid L. |last3=Zumwalt |first3=Mimi |title=The Active Female: Health Issues Throughout the Lifespan |date=2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-1-4614-8884-2 |pages=223–238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025804/https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngokomlinganiso, amadoda made kunabesifazane ngamaphesenti ali-10. Ngokomlinganiso, amadoda anokhalo alokhulu kanezinqulu zabo, maybe qhathaniswa nomame. Omame banomunwe womkhothi nowethoba elinganayo noma owomkhotho omide kunowwthoba, kuyilapho amadoda anowethoba omude.<ref name="Halpern">{{cite book |last=Halpern |first=Diane F. |title=Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities |edition=4th |date=2013 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-1-136-72283-7 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025807/https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Uhlelo lokuzala === {{Main|Uhlelo lokuzala lowesilisa}} [[File:Uhlaka lonkimfi kowesilisa.jpg|thumb|Uhlaka lonkimfi kowesilisa]] Izitho zocansi ezingaphakathi zihlanganisa amasende, akhiqiza amalotha, amadlala awusizo (accessory glands) akhiqiza umtshoko wamalotha, epididymides, eqoqonga amangqamuzana wamalotha, ne-vasa deferentia kanye namatshumo okuchitha (ejaculatory duct), afudukisa amalotha avuthiwe ku urethra. Izitho zesilisa zangaphandle zihlanganisa [[Umthondo]] kanye namankwahla, okusikhwama sesikhumba esithwala amasende.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684|title=Definition of Male genitalia|website=MedicineNet|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106152900/https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684}}</ref> Amangqamuzana wesidoda achithwa sekungamalotha ngomthondo ukuze angene otshumeni lesifazane lokuzala [[Inhlunu|ngenhlunu]]. Amalotha adlula enhlunwini aqonde esibelethweni ayakwazi ukungena ngamathumbu (fallopian tube) bese evundisa iqanda, elizokhula libe umbungu. Ucwaningo lohlelo lokuzala lesilisa nezitho eziseduze lubizwa umchazasidoda.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clement |first1=Pierre |last2=Giuliano |first2=François |title=Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders |chapter=Anatomy and physiology of genital organs – men |date=2015 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=130 |pages=19–37 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-63247-0.00003-1 |issn=0072-9752 |pmid=26003237|isbn=978-0-444-63247-0 }}</ref> Amandlendoda (''Testosterone'') avusa ukukhula kolutshimo lukaWolfi, Umthondo, kanye nokuvaleka kwemipheco ''yelabioscrotal'' emankwahleni. Amanye amachicho abalulekile kuhlululo lobulili lubizwa amachicho ''weanti-Müllerian'', avimba ukukhula ktshumo lukaMülleria. Lapho abesilisa kungamabhonga, amandlendoda, kanye amachicho abizwa ''gonadotropin'' adedelwa izimfomavange (''pituitary glands''), ukushukumisa ukwakheka kwamalotha (spermatogenesis).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=H. Maurice |title=Basic Medical Endocrinology |url=https://archive.org/details/basicmedicalendo0004good |publisher=Elsevier |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-12-373975-9 |edition=4th |pages=239–256}}</ref> == Ubulili nokungena ocansini == Ubulili besilisa nokuheha kuyahlukahluka kuye ngomuntu, futhi indlela umuntu aziphatha ngayo kwezocansi ingathinteka ezintweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukucabanga okuguqukayo, ubuntu, ukukhuliswa namasiko.Ngenkathi iningi lamadoda lingabobulili obuhlukile, [[Isitabane|abambalwa abalulekile bangongqingili]] noma abesilisa nabesifazane .Amanye amadoda akhomba njengokuqonde ''kakhulu'' . Amaphesenti amancane abantu ababelwe abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzalwa angakhomba njengabesilisa (ngokuvamile ababizwa ngokuthi amadoda angama-transgender ).Ngokuphambene nalokho, abanye abantu ababelwe owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa bangakhomba njengowesifazane (ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi ungowesifazane we-transgender ).Abanye abantu ababelwe owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa bangakhomba futhi njengokungeyona kanambambili.Kukhona [[Ucansi oluphakathi|nabantu be-intersex]] abangakhomba njengabesifazane noma abesilisa. == Ubudoda == [[File:David_von_Michelangelo.jpg|thumb|345x345px| ''[[Michelangelo]] ka- [[David (Michelangelo)|uDavide]]'' iyona classical isithombe bobusha ubuhle leduna art Western .]] Ngobudoda (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ''ngobudoda'' noma ''manliness)'' kuyinto iqoqo izimfanelo, ukuziphatha, nemisebenzi ehambisana ne-abafana.Yize ubudoda bakhiwe ngokwenhlalo, olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ezibhekwa njengabesilisa zithonywe yizinto eziphilayo. <ref name="books.google.com">Social vs biological citations: </ref>Ubudoda bunethonya elingakanani kubhayoloji noma kwezenhlalo kungaphansi kwempikiswano. <ref name="books.google.com" />Kwehlukile encazelweni yobulili besilisa begazi, njengoba abesilisa nabesifazane bengabonisa izici zobudoda. <ref>Male vs Masculine/Feminine: </ref> Amazinga wobudoda noma ubudoda ayahlukahluka kumasiko ahlukene nezikhathi zomlando.Ngenkathi izimpawu zangaphandle zobudoda zibukeka zehlukile kumasiko ehlukene, kunezici ezithile ezijwayelekile encazelweni yayo kuwo wonke amasiko.Kuwo wonke amasiko esikhathi esedlule, futhi namanje phakathi kwamasiko endabuko nawona angewona aseNtshonalanga, ukushada ngumehluko ovame kakhulu futhi ocacile phakathi kobufana nobudoda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=1998|title=Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary American Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/22591}}</ref>Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ezinye izimfanelo ngokwesiko ezihlotshaniswa nomshado (njenge "Ps ezintathu" ''zokuvikela, ukuhlinzekela, nokuzala kabusha'' ) zazisathathwa njengezimpawu zokutholakala kobudoda. <ref name=":0" /> I-Anthropology ikhombisile ukuthi ubudoda uqobo bunezikhundla zenhlalo, njengobutyebi, ubuhlanga kanye nesigaba senhlalo.Ngokwesiko laseNtshonalanga, isibonelo, ubudoda obukhulu kuvame ukuletha isimo esikhulu senhlalo.Amagama amaningi esiNgisi afana ''nobuhle'' kanye ne- ''virile'' (avela e- Indo-European root ''vir'' okusho ''indoda'' ) ayakubonisa lokhu. Imodeli yeParsons isetshenziselwe ukuqhathanisa nokukhombisa izikhundla ezeqisayo endimeni yezobulili.Imodeli A ichaza ukwahlukaniswa okuphelele kwendima yabesilisa nabesifazane, kuyilapho iModeli B ichaza ukuchithwa okuphelele kwemingcele phakathi kwezindima zobulili. <ref>Brockhaus: Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, 2001.</ref> == Uphawu lobulili == I- Mars Symbol (♂) uphawu olujwayelekile olumele ubulili besilisa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1322246/}}</ref>Uphawu lufana nophawu lweplanethi [[UMarzi|lweMars]] .Yaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ucansi nguCarl Linnaeus ngo-1751.Uphawu kwesinye isikhathi lubonakala njengokumelela okwenziwe isitayela kwesihlangu nomkhonto kankulunkulu wamaRoma .IMars .Ngokusho kukaStearn, nokho, lokhu kutholakala "kuyinganekwane" futhi bonke ubufakazi obungokomlando buvumela "isiphetho sesazi saseFrance uClaude de Saumaise (Salmasius, 1588-1683)" ukuthi ''sisuselwe'' ku-θρ, ukusikwa kwegama lesiGreki ngeplanethi iMars, ''eyiThouros'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217734}}</ref> [[Category:Abantu besilisa]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s6dwtf7xn47xucs9zz5x0vlu6dm9lsr 131326 131321 2026-10-11T04:12:04Z Fongcwele 16873 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Abraham Silverstein|Abraham Silverstein]] ([[User talk:Abraham Silverstein|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] 127314 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Outdoors-man-portrait_(cropped).jpg|alt=A man with a beard, wearing a checkered shirt, with his arms crossed.|thumb| Indoda]] '''Indoda''' ingumuntu [[Isilisa|wesilisa]] omdala. Igama elithi indoda libuye lisetshenziswe abesifazane abaganile lapho bekhuluma ''ngamadoda'' abo, besho abayeni babo, futhi libuye libe nomqondo osho umuntu onesibindi, onezikhwepha zokufeza izinto (ophambene ''nenina''), kungakhathaliseki [[Ubulilisiqu|ubulili]] bakhe. Ngaphambi kokuthi umuntu angene esigabeni sobudoda, uqale abe [[Umfana|ngumfana]] (indodana), adlulele esigabeni sokuba ibhonga noma ivuka (''puberty stage'') aqhubeke abe libhungu lapho eneminyaka elishumi nesithupha (16), bese kuthi lapho sekayinsizwa abizwe ngendoda. Njengazo zonke ezinye [[IsiNcelisi|izincelisi]] zesilisa, indoda ngokufuzo ithola iziphathafuzo X kusuka kumama wayo neziphathafuzo Y kusuka kubaba wayo. Uhlululo lobulili bombungu wesilisa lulawulwa isifuzisi esibizwa SRY kusiphathafuzo Y. Lapho owesilisa esesigabeni sokuba ibhonga, amachicho avusa kukhiqizeka kwe ''androgen'' enza ukuba aveze izinkondolo zobulili ezimenza ahluke kakhulu kowesifazane. Lezo zinkondolo zihlanganisa izicubu zemisipha, ubude, amadevu nentshebe, kanye nesigubo samafutha kwesingezansi. Umhlakahlo wesilisa wehlukile kumhlakahlo wesifazane ngohlelo lowesilisa lokuzala, oluhlanganisa amasende, utshumo lesidoda, idlala lowesilisa, ''epididymides'', kanye [[Umthondo|nomthondo]]. Izinkondolo zobulili zihlanganisa unkimfi nenqulu okumngcingo, izibele nezingono ezincane. Kuwo wonke umlando womuntu, izindima ezingokobulili zazihlezi zichasiswa ubunjenga (''masculinity'') nobuqhebeqhebe kanye namathuba amadoda, okuyizinto ezabumba umphakathi wemvunasilisa ''(patriarchy)''. Lokhu kwenza abesilisa babe namalungelogunya amaningi kanye namandla kwezenhlalo, ikakhulu phezu kwabesifazane, okubenza baphoqelele ukuchachaza kobunjenga emphakathini. Amadoda yiwona amaningi kubantu abanodlame nabayizisulu zalo. Amadoda avame ukukhonjwa emisebenzini enamazinga aphakeme okufa. Futhi yiwona avame ukubuthelwa embithweni yezempi. Iningi lezimfundiso zenkolo zibeka imithetho ethile yamadoda, efana [[Ulwaluko|nokwaluka]]. Ukuyipha umthelela walezi zindima sekukhiqize izinguquko ezibheke ekulinganeni ngokobulili, futhi kuyaqhubeka nokulungiswa embithweni yamadoda. Onguquyeka (''Trans men'') banobuhlonzi bobulili obungahambisani nobulili bokuzalwa besfazane, kuyilapho oncukubili (intersex) kungamadoda anezinkondolo zobulili ezingafaneki ukuchaza njengezendoda. ==uMsukagama== uMsukagama welithi indoda uvela esenzweni ''doda'' esinemiqondo emibili, 1. Ukudoda kuwukuba indoda ngokwezenzo, 2. ukwenza umsebenzi owenziwa indoda (kulabo abangewona amadoda). Umuntu oyindoda yangempela ubizwa ''indodisisa'', umuntu oqondisa futhi asize abanye kube amadoda ubizwa ''indodisisi''. Ibizo elithi ''isidoda'' libhekisela ezithweni zangasese lowesilisa, noma [[Amalotha|emalotheni]]. Umtwana ongumfana ubizwa ''ngendodana'', bese umtwana [[Intombazane|oyintombazane]] abizwe ''ngendodakazi''. Umuntu ongadodisiwe noma ongeyona indodisisa yena ubizwa ''ngendojeyana''. == Umchazampilo == [[Umuntu|Ebantwini]], amangqamuzana esidoda athwala iziphathafuzo X noma Y. Uma ingqamuzana lesidoda elithwele iziphathafuzo Y likhulelisa iqanda lesifazane, inzalo izoba neKarotyoe yesilisa (XY). Isifuzisi SRY sivame ukutholakala kusiphathafuzo Y futhi singunobangela wokukhula kwamasende, okuyisona alawula ezinye izici zohlululo lobulili besilisa. Uhlululo lobulili kwabesilisa lukhula ngendlela encike emasendeni, kuyilapho uhlululo lesifazane aluncikile emaqandeni. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rey |first1=Rodolfo |last2=Josso |first2=Nathalie |last3=Racine |first3=Chrystèle |date=2000 |title=Sexual Differentiation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |journal=Endotext |publisher=MDText.com, Inc. |pmid=25905232 |quote=Irrespective of their chromosomal constitution, when the gonadal primordia differentiate into testes, all internal and external genitalia develop following the male pathway. When no testes are present, the genitalia develop along the female pathway. The existence of ovaries has no effect on fetal differentiation of the genitalia. The paramount importance of testicular differentiation for fetal sex development has prompted the use of the expression "sex determination" to refer to the differentiation of the bipotential or primitive gonads into testes. |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808130515/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Izitho zobulili ziyizinkondolo umuntu azalwa nazo futhi zimqoka kumddludlungu wokuzala. Kumadoda izinkondolo zobulili eziphambili zihlanganisa [[Umthondo]] namasende. Abantu abadala baveza ubulili obusimombili (''dimorphism'') ngezinkondolo eziningi, imvama yazo azihlobene nekhono lokuzala. Abantu banesimombili ngokobungako bomzumba, uhlaka lomzimba, nesigubo somzimba. Amadoda avame ukuba made nokuba nzima, futhi ngokuvumelana nobude bawo, amadoda avame ukuzaca nokuba nesisindo samathambo esikhulu kunabesifazane, nesisindo samafutha esincane.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Jonathan C.K. |title=Sexual dimorphism of body composition |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |date=September 2007 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=415–430 |doi=10.1016/j.beem.2007.04.007 |pmid=17875489 }}</ref> [[File:Anterior view of human female and male, with labels 2.png|thumb|upright=1|Photograph of an adult male human (''right''), with an adult female for comparison. The [[pubic hair]] of both models is removed. |alt=Photograph of an adult male human, with an adult female for comparison. The [[pubic hair]] of both models is removed.]] Izinkondolo zobulili zesibili ziwulwangu oluvela esigabeni sokuba ibhonga.<ref name="Melmed">{{cite book |vauthors=Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM|title=Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|isbn=978-1-4377-3600-7|year=2011|page=1054|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbg1QOAObicC&pg=PA1054}}</ref><ref name="Pack">{{cite book |vauthors=Pack PE|title=CliffsNotes AP Biology |edition=5th|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-544-78417-8|year=2016|page=219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsalDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219}}</ref> Lolo lwangu luvame ukugqama ezinkondolweni zofuzo zobulili obusimombili ezihlukanisa abantu ngobulili, kodwa —ngokungafani nezinkondolo zobulili eziphambili —aziyona ingxenye yesimiso sokuzala.<ref name="Bjorklund">{{cite book |vauthors=Bjorklund DF, Blasi CH|title=Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Approach|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-1-133-16837-9|year=2011|pages=152–153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTQIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|title=Primary & Secondary Sexual Characteristics|work=Sciencing.com|date=30 April 2018|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803171707/https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Reproduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|year=2018|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-815145-7|page=103|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120071956/https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> Izinkondolo zobulili zesibili ezitholakala kumadoda ngokuqondile zihkanganisa: * Amahlombe abanzi;<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last=Berger|first=Kathleen Stassen|title=The Developing Person Through the Life Span|url=https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=Worth Publishers|isbn=978-0-7167-5706-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0/page/349 349]}}</ref> * Izinwele zomzimba eziningi; * Umohimbo omkhulu, * Iphimbo noma izwi elibhongayo kunezwi lengane noma owesifazane. Amadoda anobunzina obudlula okwabesifazane.<ref name="Robert- McComb">{{cite book |last1=Robert-McComb |first1=Jacalyn |last2=Norman |first2=Reid L. |last3=Zumwalt |first3=Mimi |title=The Active Female: Health Issues Throughout the Lifespan |date=2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-1-4614-8884-2 |pages=223–238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025804/https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngokomlinganiso, amadoda made kunabesifazane ngamaphesenti ali-10. Ngokomlinganiso, amadoda anokhalo alokhulu kanezinqulu zabo, maybe qhathaniswa nomame. Omame banomunwe womkhothi nowethoba elinganayo noma owomkhotho omide kunowwthoba, kuyilapho amadoda anowethoba omude.<ref name="Halpern">{{cite book |last=Halpern |first=Diane F. |title=Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities |edition=4th |date=2013 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-1-136-72283-7 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025807/https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Uhlelo lokuzala === {{Main|Uhlelo lokuzala lowesilisa}} [[File:Uhlaka lonkimfi kowesilisa.jpg|thumb|Uhlaka lonkimfi kowesilisa]] Izitho zocansi ezingaphakathi zihlanganisa amasende, akhiqiza amalotha, amadlala awusizo (accessory glands) akhiqiza umtshoko wamalotha, epididymides, eqoqonga amangqamuzana wamalotha, ne-vasa deferentia kanye namatshumo okuchitha (ejaculatory duct), afudukisa amalotha avuthiwe ku urethra. Izitho zesilisa zangaphandle zihlanganisa [[Umthondo]] kanye namankwahla, okusikhwama sesikhumba esithwala amasende.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684|title=Definition of Male genitalia|website=MedicineNet|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106152900/https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684}}</ref> Amangqamuzana wesidoda achithwa sekungamalotha ngomthondo ukuze angene otshumeni lesifazane lokuzala [[Inhlunu|ngenhlunu]]. Amalotha adlula enhlunwini aqonde esibelethweni ayakwazi ukungena ngamathumbu (fallopian tube) bese evundisa iqanda, elizokhula libe umbungu. Ucwaningo lohlelo lokuzala lesilisa nezitho eziseduze lubizwa umchazasidoda.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clement |first1=Pierre |last2=Giuliano |first2=François |title=Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders |chapter=Anatomy and physiology of genital organs – men |date=2015 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=130 |pages=19–37 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-63247-0.00003-1 |issn=0072-9752 |pmid=26003237|isbn=978-0-444-63247-0 }}</ref> Amandlendoda (''Testosterone'') avusa ukukhula kolutshimo lukaWolfi, Umthondo, kanye nokuvaleka kwemipheco ''yelabioscrotal'' emankwahleni. Amanye amachicho abalulekile kuhlululo lobulili lubizwa amachicho ''weanti-Müllerian'', avimba ukukhula ktshumo lukaMülleria. Lapho abesilisa kungamabhonga, amandlendoda, kanye amachicho abizwa ''gonadotropin'' adedelwa izimfomavange (''pituitary glands''), ukushukumisa ukwakheka kwamalotha (spermatogenesis).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=H. Maurice |title=Basic Medical Endocrinology |url=https://archive.org/details/basicmedicalendo0004good |publisher=Elsevier |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-12-373975-9 |edition=4th |pages=239–256}}</ref> == Ubulili nokungena ocansini == Ubulili besilisa nokuheha kuyahlukahluka kuye ngomuntu, futhi indlela umuntu aziphatha ngayo kwezocansi ingathinteka ezintweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukucabanga okuguqukayo, ubuntu, ukukhuliswa namasiko.Ngenkathi iningi lamadoda lingabobulili obuhlukile, [[Isitabane|abambalwa abalulekile bangongqingili]] noma abesilisa nabesifazane .Amanye amadoda akhomba njengokuqonde ''kakhulu'' . Amaphesenti amancane abantu ababelwe abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzalwa angakhomba njengabesilisa (ngokuvamile ababizwa ngokuthi amadoda angama-transgender ).Ngokuphambene nalokho, abanye abantu ababelwe owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa bangakhomba njengowesifazane (ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi ungowesifazane we-transgender ).Abanye abantu ababelwe owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa bangakhomba futhi njengokungeyona kanambambili.Kukhona [[Ucansi oluphakathi|nabantu be-intersex]] abangakhomba njengabesifazane noma abesilisa. == Ubudoda == [[File:David_von_Michelangelo.jpg|thumb|345x345px| ''[[Michelangelo]] ka- [[David (Michelangelo)|uDavide]]'' iyona classical isithombe bobusha ubuhle leduna art Western .]] Ngobudoda (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ''ngobudoda'' noma ''manliness)'' kuyinto iqoqo izimfanelo, ukuziphatha, nemisebenzi ehambisana ne-abafana.Yize ubudoda bakhiwe ngokwenhlalo, olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ezibhekwa njengabesilisa zithonywe yizinto eziphilayo. <ref name="books.google.com">Social vs biological citations: </ref>Ubudoda bunethonya elingakanani kubhayoloji noma kwezenhlalo kungaphansi kwempikiswano. <ref name="books.google.com" />Kwehlukile encazelweni yobulili besilisa begazi, njengoba abesilisa nabesifazane bengabonisa izici zobudoda. <ref>Male vs Masculine/Feminine: </ref> Amazinga wobudoda noma ubudoda ayahlukahluka kumasiko ahlukene nezikhathi zomlando.Ngenkathi izimpawu zangaphandle zobudoda zibukeka zehlukile kumasiko ehlukene, kunezici ezithile ezijwayelekile encazelweni yayo kuwo wonke amasiko.Kuwo wonke amasiko esikhathi esedlule, futhi namanje phakathi kwamasiko endabuko nawona angewona aseNtshonalanga, ukushada ngumehluko ovame kakhulu futhi ocacile phakathi kobufana nobudoda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=1998|title=Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary American Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/22591}}</ref>Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ezinye izimfanelo ngokwesiko ezihlotshaniswa nomshado (njenge "Ps ezintathu" ''zokuvikela, ukuhlinzekela, nokuzala kabusha'' ) zazisathathwa njengezimpawu zokutholakala kobudoda. <ref name=":0" /> I-Anthropology ikhombisile ukuthi ubudoda uqobo bunezikhundla zenhlalo, njengobutyebi, ubuhlanga kanye nesigaba senhlalo.Ngokwesiko laseNtshonalanga, isibonelo, ubudoda obukhulu kuvame ukuletha isimo esikhulu senhlalo.Amagama amaningi esiNgisi afana ''nobuhle'' kanye ne- ''virile'' (avela e- Indo-European root ''vir'' okusho ''indoda'' ) ayakubonisa lokhu. Imodeli yeParsons isetshenziselwe ukuqhathanisa nokukhombisa izikhundla ezeqisayo endimeni yezobulili.Imodeli A ichaza ukwahlukaniswa okuphelele kwendima yabesilisa nabesifazane, kuyilapho iModeli B ichaza ukuchithwa okuphelele kwemingcele phakathi kwezindima zobulili. <ref>Brockhaus: Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, 2001.</ref> == Uphawu lobulili == I- Mars Symbol (♂) uphawu olujwayelekile olumele ubulili besilisa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1322246/}}</ref>Uphawu lufana nophawu lweplanethi [[UMarzi|lweMars]] .Yaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ucansi nguCarl Linnaeus ngo-1751.Uphawu kwesinye isikhathi lubonakala njengokumelela okwenziwe isitayela kwesihlangu nomkhonto kankulunkulu wamaRoma .IMars .Ngokusho kukaStearn, nokho, lokhu kutholakala "kuyinganekwane" futhi bonke ubufakazi obungokomlando buvumela "isiphetho sesazi saseFrance uClaude de Saumaise (Salmasius, 1588-1683)" ukuthi ''sisuselwe'' ku-θρ, ukusikwa kwegama lesiGreki ngeplanethi iMars, ''eyiThouros'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217734}}</ref> [[Category:Abantu besilisa]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fmlxznbbekgn2hk48ufsasrtnma7rpw 131327 131326 2026-10-11T04:17:42Z Fongcwele 16873 /* Umchazampilo */ 131327 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Outdoors-man-portrait_(cropped).jpg|alt=A man with a beard, wearing a checkered shirt, with his arms crossed.|thumb| Indoda]] '''Indoda''' ingumuntu [[Isilisa|wesilisa]] omdala. Igama elithi indoda libuye lisetshenziswe abesifazane abaganile lapho bekhuluma ''ngamadoda'' abo, besho abayeni babo, futhi libuye libe nomqondo osho umuntu onesibindi, onezikhwepha zokufeza izinto (ophambene ''nenina''), kungakhathaliseki [[Ubulilisiqu|ubulili]] bakhe. Ngaphambi kokuthi umuntu angene esigabeni sobudoda, uqale abe [[Umfana|ngumfana]] (indodana), adlulele esigabeni sokuba ibhonga noma ivuka (''puberty stage'') aqhubeke abe libhungu lapho eneminyaka elishumi nesithupha (16), bese kuthi lapho sekayinsizwa abizwe ngendoda. Njengazo zonke ezinye [[IsiNcelisi|izincelisi]] zesilisa, indoda ngokufuzo ithola iziphathafuzo X kusuka kumama wayo neziphathafuzo Y kusuka kubaba wayo. Uhlululo lobulili bombungu wesilisa lulawulwa isifuzisi esibizwa SRY kusiphathafuzo Y. Lapho owesilisa esesigabeni sokuba ibhonga, amachicho avusa kukhiqizeka kwe ''androgen'' enza ukuba aveze izinkondolo zobulili ezimenza ahluke kakhulu kowesifazane. Lezo zinkondolo zihlanganisa izicubu zemisipha, ubude, amadevu nentshebe, kanye nesigubo samafutha kwesingezansi. Umhlakahlo wesilisa wehlukile kumhlakahlo wesifazane ngohlelo lowesilisa lokuzala, oluhlanganisa amasende, utshumo lesidoda, idlala lowesilisa, ''epididymides'', kanye [[Umthondo|nomthondo]]. Izinkondolo zobulili zihlanganisa unkimfi nenqulu okumngcingo, izibele nezingono ezincane. Kuwo wonke umlando womuntu, izindima ezingokobulili zazihlezi zichasiswa ubunjenga (''masculinity'') nobuqhebeqhebe kanye namathuba amadoda, okuyizinto ezabumba umphakathi wemvunasilisa ''(patriarchy)''. Lokhu kwenza abesilisa babe namalungelogunya amaningi kanye namandla kwezenhlalo, ikakhulu phezu kwabesifazane, okubenza baphoqelele ukuchachaza kobunjenga emphakathini. Amadoda yiwona amaningi kubantu abanodlame nabayizisulu zalo. Amadoda avame ukukhonjwa emisebenzini enamazinga aphakeme okufa. Futhi yiwona avame ukubuthelwa embithweni yezempi. Iningi lezimfundiso zenkolo zibeka imithetho ethile yamadoda, efana [[Ulwaluko|nokwaluka]]. Ukuyipha umthelela walezi zindima sekukhiqize izinguquko ezibheke ekulinganeni ngokobulili, futhi kuyaqhubeka nokulungiswa embithweni yamadoda. Onguquyeka (''Trans men'') banobuhlonzi bobulili obungahambisani nobulili bokuzalwa besfazane, kuyilapho oncukubili (intersex) kungamadoda anezinkondolo zobulili ezingafaneki ukuchaza njengezendoda. ==uMsukagama== uMsukagama welithi indoda uvela esenzweni ''doda'' esinemiqondo emibili, 1. Ukudoda kuwukuba indoda ngokwezenzo, 2. ukwenza umsebenzi owenziwa indoda (kulabo abangewona amadoda). Umuntu oyindoda yangempela ubizwa ''indodisisa'', umuntu oqondisa futhi asize abanye kube amadoda ubizwa ''indodisisi''. Ibizo elithi ''isidoda'' libhekisela ezithweni zangasese lowesilisa, noma [[Amalotha|emalotheni]]. Umtwana ongumfana ubizwa ''ngendodana'', bese umtwana [[Intombazane|oyintombazane]] abizwe ''ngendodakazi''. Umuntu ongadodisiwe noma ongeyona indodisisa yena ubizwa ''ngendojeyana''. == Umchazampilo == [[Umuntu|Ebantwini]], amangqamuzana esidoda athwala iziphathafuzo X noma Y. Uma ingqamuzana lesidoda elithwele iziphathafuzo Y likhulelisa iqanda lesifazane, inzalo izoba neKarotyoe yesilisa (XY). Isifuzisi SRY sivame ukutholakala kusiphathafuzo Y futhi singunobangela wokukhula kwamasende, okuyisona alawula ezinye izici zohlululo lobulili besilisa. Uhlululo lobulili kwabesilisa lukhula ngendlela encike emasendeni, kuyilapho uhlululo lesifazane aluncikile emaqandeni. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rey |first1=Rodolfo |last2=Josso |first2=Nathalie |last3=Racine |first3=Chrystèle |date=2000 |title=Sexual Differentiation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |journal=Endotext |publisher=MDText.com, Inc. |pmid=25905232 |quote=Irrespective of their chromosomal constitution, when the gonadal primordia differentiate into testes, all internal and external genitalia develop following the male pathway. When no testes are present, the genitalia develop along the female pathway. The existence of ovaries has no effect on fetal differentiation of the genitalia. The paramount importance of testicular differentiation for fetal sex development has prompted the use of the expression "sex determination" to refer to the differentiation of the bipotential or primitive gonads into testes. |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808130515/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Izitho zobulili ziyizinkondolo umuntu azalwa nazo futhi zimqoka kumddludlungu wokuzala. Kumadoda izinkondolo zobulili eziphambili zihlanganisa [[Umthondo]] namasende. Abantu abadala baveza ubulili obusimombili (''dimorphism'') ngezinkondolo eziningi, imvama yazo azihlobene nekhono lokuzala. Abantu banesimombili ngokobungako bomzumba, uhlaka lomzimba, nesigubo somzimba. Amadoda avame ukuba made nokuba nzima, futhi ngokuvumelana nobude bawo, amadoda avame ukuzaca nokuba nesisindo samathambo esikhulu kunabesifazane, nesisindo samafutha esincane.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Jonathan C.K. |title=Sexual dimorphism of body composition |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |date=September 2007 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=415–430 |doi=10.1016/j.beem.2007.04.007 |pmid=17875489 }}</ref> [[File:Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male,_with_labels_zulu.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Umfanekiso womuntu wesilisa nowesifazane.]] Izinkondolo zobulili zesibili ziwulwangu oluvela esigabeni sokuba ibhonga.<ref name="Melmed">{{cite book |vauthors=Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM|title=Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|isbn=978-1-4377-3600-7|year=2011|page=1054|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbg1QOAObicC&pg=PA1054}}</ref><ref name="Pack">{{cite book |vauthors=Pack PE|title=CliffsNotes AP Biology |edition=5th|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-544-78417-8|year=2016|page=219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsalDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219}}</ref> Lolo lwangu luvame ukugqama ezinkondolweni zofuzo zobulili obusimombili ezihlukanisa abantu ngobulili, kodwa —ngokungafani nezinkondolo zobulili eziphambili —aziyona ingxenye yesimiso sokuzala.<ref name="Bjorklund">{{cite book |vauthors=Bjorklund DF, Blasi CH|title=Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Approach|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-1-133-16837-9|year=2011|pages=152–153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTQIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|title=Primary & Secondary Sexual Characteristics|work=Sciencing.com|date=30 April 2018|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803171707/https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Reproduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|year=2018|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-815145-7|page=103|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120071956/https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> Izinkondolo zobulili zesibili ezitholakala kumadoda ngokuqondile zihkanganisa: * Amahlombe abanzi;<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last=Berger|first=Kathleen Stassen|title=The Developing Person Through the Life Span|url=https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=Worth Publishers|isbn=978-0-7167-5706-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0/page/349 349]}}</ref> * Izinwele zomzimba eziningi; * Umohimbo omkhulu, * Iphimbo noma izwi elibhongayo kunezwi lengane noma owesifazane. Amadoda anobunzina obudlula okwabesifazane.<ref name="Robert- McComb">{{cite book |last1=Robert-McComb |first1=Jacalyn |last2=Norman |first2=Reid L. |last3=Zumwalt |first3=Mimi |title=The Active Female: Health Issues Throughout the Lifespan |date=2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-1-4614-8884-2 |pages=223–238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025804/https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngokomlinganiso, amadoda made kunabesifazane ngamaphesenti ali-10. Ngokomlinganiso, amadoda anokhalo alokhulu kanezinqulu zabo, maybe qhathaniswa nomame. Omame banomunwe womkhothi nowethoba elinganayo noma owomkhotho omide kunowwthoba, kuyilapho amadoda anowethoba omude.<ref name="Halpern">{{cite book |last=Halpern |first=Diane F. |title=Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities |edition=4th |date=2013 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-1-136-72283-7 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025807/https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Uhlelo lokuzala === {{Main|Uhlelo lokuzala lowesilisa}} [[File:Uhlaka lonkimfi kowesilisa.jpg|thumb|Uhlaka lonkimfi kowesilisa]] Izitho zocansi ezingaphakathi zihlanganisa amasende, akhiqiza amalotha, amadlala awusizo (accessory glands) akhiqiza umtshoko wamalotha, epididymides, eqoqonga amangqamuzana wamalotha, ne-vasa deferentia kanye namatshumo okuchitha (ejaculatory duct), afudukisa amalotha avuthiwe ku urethra. Izitho zesilisa zangaphandle zihlanganisa [[Umthondo]] kanye namankwahla, okusikhwama sesikhumba esithwala amasende.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684|title=Definition of Male genitalia|website=MedicineNet|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106152900/https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684}}</ref> Amangqamuzana wesidoda achithwa sekungamalotha ngomthondo ukuze angene otshumeni lesifazane lokuzala [[Inhlunu|ngenhlunu]]. Amalotha adlula enhlunwini aqonde esibelethweni ayakwazi ukungena ngamathumbu (fallopian tube) bese evundisa iqanda, elizokhula libe umbungu. Ucwaningo lohlelo lokuzala lesilisa nezitho eziseduze lubizwa umchazasidoda.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clement |first1=Pierre |last2=Giuliano |first2=François |title=Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders |chapter=Anatomy and physiology of genital organs – men |date=2015 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=130 |pages=19–37 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-63247-0.00003-1 |issn=0072-9752 |pmid=26003237|isbn=978-0-444-63247-0 }}</ref> Amandlendoda (''Testosterone'') avusa ukukhula kolutshimo lukaWolfi, Umthondo, kanye nokuvaleka kwemipheco ''yelabioscrotal'' emankwahleni. Amanye amachicho abalulekile kuhlululo lobulili lubizwa amachicho ''weanti-Müllerian'', avimba ukukhula ktshumo lukaMülleria. Lapho abesilisa kungamabhonga, amandlendoda, kanye amachicho abizwa ''gonadotropin'' adedelwa izimfomavange (''pituitary glands''), ukushukumisa ukwakheka kwamalotha (spermatogenesis).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=H. Maurice |title=Basic Medical Endocrinology |url=https://archive.org/details/basicmedicalendo0004good |publisher=Elsevier |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-12-373975-9 |edition=4th |pages=239–256}}</ref> == Ubulili nokungena ocansini == Ubulili besilisa nokuheha kuyahlukahluka kuye ngomuntu, futhi indlela umuntu aziphatha ngayo kwezocansi ingathinteka ezintweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukucabanga okuguqukayo, ubuntu, ukukhuliswa namasiko.Ngenkathi iningi lamadoda lingabobulili obuhlukile, [[Isitabane|abambalwa abalulekile bangongqingili]] noma abesilisa nabesifazane .Amanye amadoda akhomba njengokuqonde ''kakhulu'' . Amaphesenti amancane abantu ababelwe abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzalwa angakhomba njengabesilisa (ngokuvamile ababizwa ngokuthi amadoda angama-transgender ).Ngokuphambene nalokho, abanye abantu ababelwe owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa bangakhomba njengowesifazane (ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi ungowesifazane we-transgender ).Abanye abantu ababelwe owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa bangakhomba futhi njengokungeyona kanambambili.Kukhona [[Ucansi oluphakathi|nabantu be-intersex]] abangakhomba njengabesifazane noma abesilisa. == Ubudoda == [[File:David_von_Michelangelo.jpg|thumb|345x345px| ''[[Michelangelo]] ka- [[David (Michelangelo)|uDavide]]'' iyona classical isithombe bobusha ubuhle leduna art Western .]] Ngobudoda (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ''ngobudoda'' noma ''manliness)'' kuyinto iqoqo izimfanelo, ukuziphatha, nemisebenzi ehambisana ne-abafana.Yize ubudoda bakhiwe ngokwenhlalo, olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ezibhekwa njengabesilisa zithonywe yizinto eziphilayo. <ref name="books.google.com">Social vs biological citations: </ref>Ubudoda bunethonya elingakanani kubhayoloji noma kwezenhlalo kungaphansi kwempikiswano. <ref name="books.google.com" />Kwehlukile encazelweni yobulili besilisa begazi, njengoba abesilisa nabesifazane bengabonisa izici zobudoda. <ref>Male vs Masculine/Feminine: </ref> Amazinga wobudoda noma ubudoda ayahlukahluka kumasiko ahlukene nezikhathi zomlando.Ngenkathi izimpawu zangaphandle zobudoda zibukeka zehlukile kumasiko ehlukene, kunezici ezithile ezijwayelekile encazelweni yayo kuwo wonke amasiko.Kuwo wonke amasiko esikhathi esedlule, futhi namanje phakathi kwamasiko endabuko nawona angewona aseNtshonalanga, ukushada ngumehluko ovame kakhulu futhi ocacile phakathi kobufana nobudoda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=1998|title=Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary American Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/22591}}</ref>Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ezinye izimfanelo ngokwesiko ezihlotshaniswa nomshado (njenge "Ps ezintathu" ''zokuvikela, ukuhlinzekela, nokuzala kabusha'' ) zazisathathwa njengezimpawu zokutholakala kobudoda. <ref name=":0" /> I-Anthropology ikhombisile ukuthi ubudoda uqobo bunezikhundla zenhlalo, njengobutyebi, ubuhlanga kanye nesigaba senhlalo.Ngokwesiko laseNtshonalanga, isibonelo, ubudoda obukhulu kuvame ukuletha isimo esikhulu senhlalo.Amagama amaningi esiNgisi afana ''nobuhle'' kanye ne- ''virile'' (avela e- Indo-European root ''vir'' okusho ''indoda'' ) ayakubonisa lokhu. Imodeli yeParsons isetshenziselwe ukuqhathanisa nokukhombisa izikhundla ezeqisayo endimeni yezobulili.Imodeli A ichaza ukwahlukaniswa okuphelele kwendima yabesilisa nabesifazane, kuyilapho iModeli B ichaza ukuchithwa okuphelele kwemingcele phakathi kwezindima zobulili. <ref>Brockhaus: Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, 2001.</ref> == Uphawu lobulili == I- Mars Symbol (♂) uphawu olujwayelekile olumele ubulili besilisa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1322246/}}</ref>Uphawu lufana nophawu lweplanethi [[UMarzi|lweMars]] .Yaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ucansi nguCarl Linnaeus ngo-1751.Uphawu kwesinye isikhathi lubonakala njengokumelela okwenziwe isitayela kwesihlangu nomkhonto kankulunkulu wamaRoma .IMars .Ngokusho kukaStearn, nokho, lokhu kutholakala "kuyinganekwane" futhi bonke ubufakazi obungokomlando buvumela "isiphetho sesazi saseFrance uClaude de Saumaise (Salmasius, 1588-1683)" ukuthi ''sisuselwe'' ku-θρ, ukusikwa kwegama lesiGreki ngeplanethi iMars, ''eyiThouros'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217734}}</ref> [[Category:Abantu besilisa]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fd1a2ujlrqo1a342vizd4vfsx7qbvvj 131328 131327 2026-10-11T04:19:09Z Fongcwele 16873 /* Uphawu lobulili */ 131328 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Outdoors-man-portrait_(cropped).jpg|alt=A man with a beard, wearing a checkered shirt, with his arms crossed.|thumb| Indoda]] '''Indoda''' ingumuntu [[Isilisa|wesilisa]] omdala. Igama elithi indoda libuye lisetshenziswe abesifazane abaganile lapho bekhuluma ''ngamadoda'' abo, besho abayeni babo, futhi libuye libe nomqondo osho umuntu onesibindi, onezikhwepha zokufeza izinto (ophambene ''nenina''), kungakhathaliseki [[Ubulilisiqu|ubulili]] bakhe. Ngaphambi kokuthi umuntu angene esigabeni sobudoda, uqale abe [[Umfana|ngumfana]] (indodana), adlulele esigabeni sokuba ibhonga noma ivuka (''puberty stage'') aqhubeke abe libhungu lapho eneminyaka elishumi nesithupha (16), bese kuthi lapho sekayinsizwa abizwe ngendoda. Njengazo zonke ezinye [[IsiNcelisi|izincelisi]] zesilisa, indoda ngokufuzo ithola iziphathafuzo X kusuka kumama wayo neziphathafuzo Y kusuka kubaba wayo. Uhlululo lobulili bombungu wesilisa lulawulwa isifuzisi esibizwa SRY kusiphathafuzo Y. Lapho owesilisa esesigabeni sokuba ibhonga, amachicho avusa kukhiqizeka kwe ''androgen'' enza ukuba aveze izinkondolo zobulili ezimenza ahluke kakhulu kowesifazane. Lezo zinkondolo zihlanganisa izicubu zemisipha, ubude, amadevu nentshebe, kanye nesigubo samafutha kwesingezansi. Umhlakahlo wesilisa wehlukile kumhlakahlo wesifazane ngohlelo lowesilisa lokuzala, oluhlanganisa amasende, utshumo lesidoda, idlala lowesilisa, ''epididymides'', kanye [[Umthondo|nomthondo]]. Izinkondolo zobulili zihlanganisa unkimfi nenqulu okumngcingo, izibele nezingono ezincane. Kuwo wonke umlando womuntu, izindima ezingokobulili zazihlezi zichasiswa ubunjenga (''masculinity'') nobuqhebeqhebe kanye namathuba amadoda, okuyizinto ezabumba umphakathi wemvunasilisa ''(patriarchy)''. Lokhu kwenza abesilisa babe namalungelogunya amaningi kanye namandla kwezenhlalo, ikakhulu phezu kwabesifazane, okubenza baphoqelele ukuchachaza kobunjenga emphakathini. Amadoda yiwona amaningi kubantu abanodlame nabayizisulu zalo. Amadoda avame ukukhonjwa emisebenzini enamazinga aphakeme okufa. Futhi yiwona avame ukubuthelwa embithweni yezempi. Iningi lezimfundiso zenkolo zibeka imithetho ethile yamadoda, efana [[Ulwaluko|nokwaluka]]. Ukuyipha umthelela walezi zindima sekukhiqize izinguquko ezibheke ekulinganeni ngokobulili, futhi kuyaqhubeka nokulungiswa embithweni yamadoda. Onguquyeka (''Trans men'') banobuhlonzi bobulili obungahambisani nobulili bokuzalwa besfazane, kuyilapho oncukubili (intersex) kungamadoda anezinkondolo zobulili ezingafaneki ukuchaza njengezendoda. ==uMsukagama== uMsukagama welithi indoda uvela esenzweni ''doda'' esinemiqondo emibili, 1. Ukudoda kuwukuba indoda ngokwezenzo, 2. ukwenza umsebenzi owenziwa indoda (kulabo abangewona amadoda). Umuntu oyindoda yangempela ubizwa ''indodisisa'', umuntu oqondisa futhi asize abanye kube amadoda ubizwa ''indodisisi''. Ibizo elithi ''isidoda'' libhekisela ezithweni zangasese lowesilisa, noma [[Amalotha|emalotheni]]. Umtwana ongumfana ubizwa ''ngendodana'', bese umtwana [[Intombazane|oyintombazane]] abizwe ''ngendodakazi''. Umuntu ongadodisiwe noma ongeyona indodisisa yena ubizwa ''ngendojeyana''. == Umchazampilo == [[Umuntu|Ebantwini]], amangqamuzana esidoda athwala iziphathafuzo X noma Y. Uma ingqamuzana lesidoda elithwele iziphathafuzo Y likhulelisa iqanda lesifazane, inzalo izoba neKarotyoe yesilisa (XY). Isifuzisi SRY sivame ukutholakala kusiphathafuzo Y futhi singunobangela wokukhula kwamasende, okuyisona alawula ezinye izici zohlululo lobulili besilisa. Uhlululo lobulili kwabesilisa lukhula ngendlela encike emasendeni, kuyilapho uhlululo lesifazane aluncikile emaqandeni. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rey |first1=Rodolfo |last2=Josso |first2=Nathalie |last3=Racine |first3=Chrystèle |date=2000 |title=Sexual Differentiation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |journal=Endotext |publisher=MDText.com, Inc. |pmid=25905232 |quote=Irrespective of their chromosomal constitution, when the gonadal primordia differentiate into testes, all internal and external genitalia develop following the male pathway. When no testes are present, the genitalia develop along the female pathway. The existence of ovaries has no effect on fetal differentiation of the genitalia. The paramount importance of testicular differentiation for fetal sex development has prompted the use of the expression "sex determination" to refer to the differentiation of the bipotential or primitive gonads into testes. |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808130515/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Izitho zobulili ziyizinkondolo umuntu azalwa nazo futhi zimqoka kumddludlungu wokuzala. Kumadoda izinkondolo zobulili eziphambili zihlanganisa [[Umthondo]] namasende. Abantu abadala baveza ubulili obusimombili (''dimorphism'') ngezinkondolo eziningi, imvama yazo azihlobene nekhono lokuzala. Abantu banesimombili ngokobungako bomzumba, uhlaka lomzimba, nesigubo somzimba. Amadoda avame ukuba made nokuba nzima, futhi ngokuvumelana nobude bawo, amadoda avame ukuzaca nokuba nesisindo samathambo esikhulu kunabesifazane, nesisindo samafutha esincane.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Jonathan C.K. |title=Sexual dimorphism of body composition |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |date=September 2007 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=415–430 |doi=10.1016/j.beem.2007.04.007 |pmid=17875489 }}</ref> [[File:Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male,_with_labels_zulu.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Umfanekiso womuntu wesilisa nowesifazane.]] Izinkondolo zobulili zesibili ziwulwangu oluvela esigabeni sokuba ibhonga.<ref name="Melmed">{{cite book |vauthors=Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM|title=Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|isbn=978-1-4377-3600-7|year=2011|page=1054|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbg1QOAObicC&pg=PA1054}}</ref><ref name="Pack">{{cite book |vauthors=Pack PE|title=CliffsNotes AP Biology |edition=5th|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-544-78417-8|year=2016|page=219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsalDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219}}</ref> Lolo lwangu luvame ukugqama ezinkondolweni zofuzo zobulili obusimombili ezihlukanisa abantu ngobulili, kodwa —ngokungafani nezinkondolo zobulili eziphambili —aziyona ingxenye yesimiso sokuzala.<ref name="Bjorklund">{{cite book |vauthors=Bjorklund DF, Blasi CH|title=Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Approach|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-1-133-16837-9|year=2011|pages=152–153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTQIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|title=Primary & Secondary Sexual Characteristics|work=Sciencing.com|date=30 April 2018|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803171707/https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Reproduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|year=2018|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-815145-7|page=103|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120071956/https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> Izinkondolo zobulili zesibili ezitholakala kumadoda ngokuqondile zihkanganisa: * Amahlombe abanzi;<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last=Berger|first=Kathleen Stassen|title=The Developing Person Through the Life Span|url=https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=Worth Publishers|isbn=978-0-7167-5706-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0/page/349 349]}}</ref> * Izinwele zomzimba eziningi; * Umohimbo omkhulu, * Iphimbo noma izwi elibhongayo kunezwi lengane noma owesifazane. Amadoda anobunzina obudlula okwabesifazane.<ref name="Robert- McComb">{{cite book |last1=Robert-McComb |first1=Jacalyn |last2=Norman |first2=Reid L. |last3=Zumwalt |first3=Mimi |title=The Active Female: Health Issues Throughout the Lifespan |date=2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-1-4614-8884-2 |pages=223–238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025804/https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngokomlinganiso, amadoda made kunabesifazane ngamaphesenti ali-10. Ngokomlinganiso, amadoda anokhalo alokhulu kanezinqulu zabo, maybe qhathaniswa nomame. Omame banomunwe womkhothi nowethoba elinganayo noma owomkhotho omide kunowwthoba, kuyilapho amadoda anowethoba omude.<ref name="Halpern">{{cite book |last=Halpern |first=Diane F. |title=Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities |edition=4th |date=2013 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-1-136-72283-7 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025807/https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Uhlelo lokuzala === {{Main|Uhlelo lokuzala lowesilisa}} [[File:Uhlaka lonkimfi kowesilisa.jpg|thumb|Uhlaka lonkimfi kowesilisa]] Izitho zocansi ezingaphakathi zihlanganisa amasende, akhiqiza amalotha, amadlala awusizo (accessory glands) akhiqiza umtshoko wamalotha, epididymides, eqoqonga amangqamuzana wamalotha, ne-vasa deferentia kanye namatshumo okuchitha (ejaculatory duct), afudukisa amalotha avuthiwe ku urethra. Izitho zesilisa zangaphandle zihlanganisa [[Umthondo]] kanye namankwahla, okusikhwama sesikhumba esithwala amasende.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684|title=Definition of Male genitalia|website=MedicineNet|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106152900/https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684}}</ref> Amangqamuzana wesidoda achithwa sekungamalotha ngomthondo ukuze angene otshumeni lesifazane lokuzala [[Inhlunu|ngenhlunu]]. Amalotha adlula enhlunwini aqonde esibelethweni ayakwazi ukungena ngamathumbu (fallopian tube) bese evundisa iqanda, elizokhula libe umbungu. Ucwaningo lohlelo lokuzala lesilisa nezitho eziseduze lubizwa umchazasidoda.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clement |first1=Pierre |last2=Giuliano |first2=François |title=Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders |chapter=Anatomy and physiology of genital organs – men |date=2015 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=130 |pages=19–37 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-63247-0.00003-1 |issn=0072-9752 |pmid=26003237|isbn=978-0-444-63247-0 }}</ref> Amandlendoda (''Testosterone'') avusa ukukhula kolutshimo lukaWolfi, Umthondo, kanye nokuvaleka kwemipheco ''yelabioscrotal'' emankwahleni. Amanye amachicho abalulekile kuhlululo lobulili lubizwa amachicho ''weanti-Müllerian'', avimba ukukhula ktshumo lukaMülleria. Lapho abesilisa kungamabhonga, amandlendoda, kanye amachicho abizwa ''gonadotropin'' adedelwa izimfomavange (''pituitary glands''), ukushukumisa ukwakheka kwamalotha (spermatogenesis).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=H. Maurice |title=Basic Medical Endocrinology |url=https://archive.org/details/basicmedicalendo0004good |publisher=Elsevier |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-12-373975-9 |edition=4th |pages=239–256}}</ref> == Ubulili nokungena ocansini == Ubulili besilisa nokuheha kuyahlukahluka kuye ngomuntu, futhi indlela umuntu aziphatha ngayo kwezocansi ingathinteka ezintweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukucabanga okuguqukayo, ubuntu, ukukhuliswa namasiko.Ngenkathi iningi lamadoda lingabobulili obuhlukile, [[Isitabane|abambalwa abalulekile bangongqingili]] noma abesilisa nabesifazane .Amanye amadoda akhomba njengokuqonde ''kakhulu'' . Amaphesenti amancane abantu ababelwe abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzalwa angakhomba njengabesilisa (ngokuvamile ababizwa ngokuthi amadoda angama-transgender ).Ngokuphambene nalokho, abanye abantu ababelwe owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa bangakhomba njengowesifazane (ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi ungowesifazane we-transgender ).Abanye abantu ababelwe owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa bangakhomba futhi njengokungeyona kanambambili.Kukhona [[Ucansi oluphakathi|nabantu be-intersex]] abangakhomba njengabesifazane noma abesilisa. == Ubudoda == [[File:David_von_Michelangelo.jpg|thumb|345x345px| ''[[Michelangelo]] ka- [[David (Michelangelo)|uDavide]]'' iyona classical isithombe bobusha ubuhle leduna art Western .]] Ngobudoda (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ''ngobudoda'' noma ''manliness)'' kuyinto iqoqo izimfanelo, ukuziphatha, nemisebenzi ehambisana ne-abafana.Yize ubudoda bakhiwe ngokwenhlalo, olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ezibhekwa njengabesilisa zithonywe yizinto eziphilayo. <ref name="books.google.com">Social vs biological citations: </ref>Ubudoda bunethonya elingakanani kubhayoloji noma kwezenhlalo kungaphansi kwempikiswano. <ref name="books.google.com" />Kwehlukile encazelweni yobulili besilisa begazi, njengoba abesilisa nabesifazane bengabonisa izici zobudoda. <ref>Male vs Masculine/Feminine: </ref> Amazinga wobudoda noma ubudoda ayahlukahluka kumasiko ahlukene nezikhathi zomlando.Ngenkathi izimpawu zangaphandle zobudoda zibukeka zehlukile kumasiko ehlukene, kunezici ezithile ezijwayelekile encazelweni yayo kuwo wonke amasiko.Kuwo wonke amasiko esikhathi esedlule, futhi namanje phakathi kwamasiko endabuko nawona angewona aseNtshonalanga, ukushada ngumehluko ovame kakhulu futhi ocacile phakathi kobufana nobudoda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=1998|title=Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary American Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/22591}}</ref>Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ezinye izimfanelo ngokwesiko ezihlotshaniswa nomshado (njenge "Ps ezintathu" ''zokuvikela, ukuhlinzekela, nokuzala kabusha'' ) zazisathathwa njengezimpawu zokutholakala kobudoda. <ref name=":0" /> I-Anthropology ikhombisile ukuthi ubudoda uqobo bunezikhundla zenhlalo, njengobutyebi, ubuhlanga kanye nesigaba senhlalo.Ngokwesiko laseNtshonalanga, isibonelo, ubudoda obukhulu kuvame ukuletha isimo esikhulu senhlalo.Amagama amaningi esiNgisi afana ''nobuhle'' kanye ne- ''virile'' (avela e- Indo-European root ''vir'' okusho ''indoda'' ) ayakubonisa lokhu. Imodeli yeParsons isetshenziselwe ukuqhathanisa nokukhombisa izikhundla ezeqisayo endimeni yezobulili.Imodeli A ichaza ukwahlukaniswa okuphelele kwendima yabesilisa nabesifazane, kuyilapho iModeli B ichaza ukuchithwa okuphelele kwemingcele phakathi kwezindima zobulili. <ref>Brockhaus: Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, 2001.</ref> == Uphawu lobulili == I- Mars Symbol (♂) uphawu olujwayelekile olumele ubulili besilisa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1322246/}}</ref>Uphawu lufana nophawu lweplanethi [[UMarzi|lweMars]] .Yaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ucansi nguCarl Linnaeus ngo-1751.Uphawu kwesinye isikhathi lubonakala njengokumelela okwenziwe isitayela kwesihlangu nomkhonto kankulunkulu wamaRoma .IMars .Ngokusho kukaStearn, nokho, lokhu kutholakala "kuyinganekwane" futhi bonke ubufakazi obungokomlando buvumela "isiphetho sesazi saseFrance uClaude de Saumaise (Salmasius, 1588-1683)" ukuthi ''sisuselwe'' ku-θρ, ukusikwa kwegama lesiGreki ngeplanethi iMars, ''eyiThouros'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217734}}</ref> ==Amaphatho== [[Category:Abantu besilisa]] 73vw1w9hoqdqtpqdwqf1afk1n7kvax6 131329 131328 2026-10-11T04:22:42Z Fongcwele 16873 /* uMsukagama */ 131329 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Outdoors-man-portrait_(cropped).jpg|alt=A man with a beard, wearing a checkered shirt, with his arms crossed.|thumb| Indoda]] '''Indoda''' ingumuntu [[Isilisa|wesilisa]] omdala. Igama elithi indoda libuye lisetshenziswe abesifazane abaganile lapho bekhuluma ''ngamadoda'' abo, besho abayeni babo, futhi libuye libe nomqondo osho umuntu onesibindi, onezikhwepha zokufeza izinto (ophambene ''nenina''), kungakhathaliseki [[Ubulilisiqu|ubulili]] bakhe. Ngaphambi kokuthi umuntu angene esigabeni sobudoda, uqale abe [[Umfana|ngumfana]] (indodana), adlulele esigabeni sokuba ibhonga noma ivuka (''puberty stage'') aqhubeke abe libhungu lapho eneminyaka elishumi nesithupha (16), bese kuthi lapho sekayinsizwa abizwe ngendoda. Njengazo zonke ezinye [[IsiNcelisi|izincelisi]] zesilisa, indoda ngokufuzo ithola iziphathafuzo X kusuka kumama wayo neziphathafuzo Y kusuka kubaba wayo. Uhlululo lobulili bombungu wesilisa lulawulwa isifuzisi esibizwa SRY kusiphathafuzo Y. Lapho owesilisa esesigabeni sokuba ibhonga, amachicho avusa kukhiqizeka kwe ''androgen'' enza ukuba aveze izinkondolo zobulili ezimenza ahluke kakhulu kowesifazane. Lezo zinkondolo zihlanganisa izicubu zemisipha, ubude, amadevu nentshebe, kanye nesigubo samafutha kwesingezansi. Umhlakahlo wesilisa wehlukile kumhlakahlo wesifazane ngohlelo lowesilisa lokuzala, oluhlanganisa amasende, utshumo lesidoda, idlala lowesilisa, ''epididymides'', kanye [[Umthondo|nomthondo]]. Izinkondolo zobulili zihlanganisa unkimfi nenqulu okumngcingo, izibele nezingono ezincane. Kuwo wonke umlando womuntu, izindima ezingokobulili zazihlezi zichasiswa ubunjenga (''masculinity'') nobuqhebeqhebe kanye namathuba amadoda, okuyizinto ezabumba umphakathi wemvunasilisa ''(patriarchy)''. Lokhu kwenza abesilisa babe namalungelogunya amaningi kanye namandla kwezenhlalo, ikakhulu phezu kwabesifazane, okubenza baphoqelele ukuchachaza kobunjenga emphakathini. Amadoda yiwona amaningi kubantu abanodlame nabayizisulu zalo. Amadoda avame ukukhonjwa emisebenzini enamazinga aphakeme okufa. Futhi yiwona avame ukubuthelwa embithweni yezempi. Iningi lezimfundiso zenkolo zibeka imithetho ethile yamadoda, efana [[Ulwaluko|nokwaluka]]. Ukuyipha umthelela walezi zindima sekukhiqize izinguquko ezibheke ekulinganeni ngokobulili, futhi kuyaqhubeka nokulungiswa embithweni yamadoda. Onguquyeka (''Trans men'') banobuhlonzi bobulili obungahambisani nobulili bokuzalwa besfazane, kuyilapho oncukubili (intersex) kungamadoda anezinkondolo zobulili ezingafaneki ukuchaza njengezendoda. ==uMsukagama== uMsukagama welithi indoda uvela esenzweni ''doda'' esinemiqondo emibili, 1. Ukudoda kuwukuba indoda ngokwezenzo, 2. ukwenza umsebenzi owenziwa indoda (kulabo abangewona amadoda). Umuntu oyindoda yangempela ubizwa ''indodisisa'', umuntu oqondisa futhi asize abanye kube amadoda ubizwa ''indodisisi''. Ibizo elithi ''isidoda'' libhekisela ezithweni zangasese zowesilisa, noma [[Amalotha|emalotheni]]. Umtwana ongumfana ubizwa ''ngendodana'', bese umtwana [[Intombazane|oyintombazane]] abizwe ''ngendodakazi''. Umuntu ongadodisiwe noma ongeyona indodisisa yena ubizwa ''ngendojeyana''. == Umchazampilo == [[Umuntu|Ebantwini]], amangqamuzana esidoda athwala iziphathafuzo X noma Y. Uma ingqamuzana lesidoda elithwele iziphathafuzo Y likhulelisa iqanda lesifazane, inzalo izoba neKarotyoe yesilisa (XY). Isifuzisi SRY sivame ukutholakala kusiphathafuzo Y futhi singunobangela wokukhula kwamasende, okuyisona alawula ezinye izici zohlululo lobulili besilisa. Uhlululo lobulili kwabesilisa lukhula ngendlela encike emasendeni, kuyilapho uhlululo lesifazane aluncikile emaqandeni. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rey |first1=Rodolfo |last2=Josso |first2=Nathalie |last3=Racine |first3=Chrystèle |date=2000 |title=Sexual Differentiation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |journal=Endotext |publisher=MDText.com, Inc. |pmid=25905232 |quote=Irrespective of their chromosomal constitution, when the gonadal primordia differentiate into testes, all internal and external genitalia develop following the male pathway. When no testes are present, the genitalia develop along the female pathway. The existence of ovaries has no effect on fetal differentiation of the genitalia. The paramount importance of testicular differentiation for fetal sex development has prompted the use of the expression "sex determination" to refer to the differentiation of the bipotential or primitive gonads into testes. |access-date=6 December 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808130515/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Izitho zobulili ziyizinkondolo umuntu azalwa nazo futhi zimqoka kumddludlungu wokuzala. Kumadoda izinkondolo zobulili eziphambili zihlanganisa [[Umthondo]] namasende. Abantu abadala baveza ubulili obusimombili (''dimorphism'') ngezinkondolo eziningi, imvama yazo azihlobene nekhono lokuzala. Abantu banesimombili ngokobungako bomzumba, uhlaka lomzimba, nesigubo somzimba. Amadoda avame ukuba made nokuba nzima, futhi ngokuvumelana nobude bawo, amadoda avame ukuzaca nokuba nesisindo samathambo esikhulu kunabesifazane, nesisindo samafutha esincane.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Jonathan C.K. |title=Sexual dimorphism of body composition |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |date=September 2007 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=415–430 |doi=10.1016/j.beem.2007.04.007 |pmid=17875489 }}</ref> [[File:Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male,_with_labels_zulu.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Umfanekiso womuntu wesilisa nowesifazane.]] Izinkondolo zobulili zesibili ziwulwangu oluvela esigabeni sokuba ibhonga.<ref name="Melmed">{{cite book |vauthors=Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM|title=Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|isbn=978-1-4377-3600-7|year=2011|page=1054|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbg1QOAObicC&pg=PA1054}}</ref><ref name="Pack">{{cite book |vauthors=Pack PE|title=CliffsNotes AP Biology |edition=5th|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-544-78417-8|year=2016|page=219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsalDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219}}</ref> Lolo lwangu luvame ukugqama ezinkondolweni zofuzo zobulili obusimombili ezihlukanisa abantu ngobulili, kodwa —ngokungafani nezinkondolo zobulili eziphambili —aziyona ingxenye yesimiso sokuzala.<ref name="Bjorklund">{{cite book |vauthors=Bjorklund DF, Blasi CH|title=Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Approach|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-1-133-16837-9|year=2011|pages=152–153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTQIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|title=Primary & Secondary Sexual Characteristics|work=Sciencing.com|date=30 April 2018|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803171707/https://sciencing.com/primary-secondary-sexual-characteristics-8557301.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Reproduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|year=2018|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-815145-7|page=103|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120071956/https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> Izinkondolo zobulili zesibili ezitholakala kumadoda ngokuqondile zihkanganisa: * Amahlombe abanzi;<ref name="auto2">{{cite book|last=Berger|first=Kathleen Stassen|title=The Developing Person Through the Life Span|url=https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=Worth Publishers|isbn=978-0-7167-5706-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/developingperson00berg_0/page/349 349]}}</ref> * Izinwele zomzimba eziningi; * Umohimbo omkhulu, * Iphimbo noma izwi elibhongayo kunezwi lengane noma owesifazane. Amadoda anobunzina obudlula okwabesifazane.<ref name="Robert- McComb">{{cite book |last1=Robert-McComb |first1=Jacalyn |last2=Norman |first2=Reid L. |last3=Zumwalt |first3=Mimi |title=The Active Female: Health Issues Throughout the Lifespan |date=2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-1-4614-8884-2 |pages=223–238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025804/https://books.google.com/books?id=mUjABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ngokomlinganiso, amadoda made kunabesifazane ngamaphesenti ali-10. Ngokomlinganiso, amadoda anokhalo alokhulu kanezinqulu zabo, maybe qhathaniswa nomame. Omame banomunwe womkhothi nowethoba elinganayo noma owomkhotho omide kunowwthoba, kuyilapho amadoda anowethoba omude.<ref name="Halpern">{{cite book |last=Halpern |first=Diane F. |title=Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities |edition=4th |date=2013 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-1-136-72283-7 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731025807/https://books.google.com/books?id=ocl5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Uhlelo lokuzala === {{Main|Uhlelo lokuzala lowesilisa}} [[File:Uhlaka lonkimfi kowesilisa.jpg|thumb|Uhlaka lonkimfi kowesilisa]] Izitho zocansi ezingaphakathi zihlanganisa amasende, akhiqiza amalotha, amadlala awusizo (accessory glands) akhiqiza umtshoko wamalotha, epididymides, eqoqonga amangqamuzana wamalotha, ne-vasa deferentia kanye namatshumo okuchitha (ejaculatory duct), afudukisa amalotha avuthiwe ku urethra. Izitho zesilisa zangaphandle zihlanganisa [[Umthondo]] kanye namankwahla, okusikhwama sesikhumba esithwala amasende.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684|title=Definition of Male genitalia|website=MedicineNet|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106152900/https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33684}}</ref> Amangqamuzana wesidoda achithwa sekungamalotha ngomthondo ukuze angene otshumeni lesifazane lokuzala [[Inhlunu|ngenhlunu]]. Amalotha adlula enhlunwini aqonde esibelethweni ayakwazi ukungena ngamathumbu (fallopian tube) bese evundisa iqanda, elizokhula libe umbungu. Ucwaningo lohlelo lokuzala lesilisa nezitho eziseduze lubizwa umchazasidoda.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clement |first1=Pierre |last2=Giuliano |first2=François |title=Neurology of Sexual and Bladder Disorders |chapter=Anatomy and physiology of genital organs – men |date=2015 |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |volume=130 |pages=19–37 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-63247-0.00003-1 |issn=0072-9752 |pmid=26003237|isbn=978-0-444-63247-0 }}</ref> Amandlendoda (''Testosterone'') avusa ukukhula kolutshimo lukaWolfi, Umthondo, kanye nokuvaleka kwemipheco ''yelabioscrotal'' emankwahleni. Amanye amachicho abalulekile kuhlululo lobulili lubizwa amachicho ''weanti-Müllerian'', avimba ukukhula ktshumo lukaMülleria. Lapho abesilisa kungamabhonga, amandlendoda, kanye amachicho abizwa ''gonadotropin'' adedelwa izimfomavange (''pituitary glands''), ukushukumisa ukwakheka kwamalotha (spermatogenesis).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=H. Maurice |title=Basic Medical Endocrinology |url=https://archive.org/details/basicmedicalendo0004good |publisher=Elsevier |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-12-373975-9 |edition=4th |pages=239–256}}</ref> == Ubulili nokungena ocansini == Ubulili besilisa nokuheha kuyahlukahluka kuye ngomuntu, futhi indlela umuntu aziphatha ngayo kwezocansi ingathinteka ezintweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukucabanga okuguqukayo, ubuntu, ukukhuliswa namasiko.Ngenkathi iningi lamadoda lingabobulili obuhlukile, [[Isitabane|abambalwa abalulekile bangongqingili]] noma abesilisa nabesifazane .Amanye amadoda akhomba njengokuqonde ''kakhulu'' . Amaphesenti amancane abantu ababelwe abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzalwa angakhomba njengabesilisa (ngokuvamile ababizwa ngokuthi amadoda angama-transgender ).Ngokuphambene nalokho, abanye abantu ababelwe owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa bangakhomba njengowesifazane (ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi ungowesifazane we-transgender ).Abanye abantu ababelwe owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa bangakhomba futhi njengokungeyona kanambambili.Kukhona [[Ucansi oluphakathi|nabantu be-intersex]] abangakhomba njengabesifazane noma abesilisa. == Ubudoda == [[File:David_von_Michelangelo.jpg|thumb|345x345px| ''[[Michelangelo]] ka- [[David (Michelangelo)|uDavide]]'' iyona classical isithombe bobusha ubuhle leduna art Western .]] Ngobudoda (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ''ngobudoda'' noma ''manliness)'' kuyinto iqoqo izimfanelo, ukuziphatha, nemisebenzi ehambisana ne-abafana.Yize ubudoda bakhiwe ngokwenhlalo, olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ezibhekwa njengabesilisa zithonywe yizinto eziphilayo. <ref name="books.google.com">Social vs biological citations: </ref>Ubudoda bunethonya elingakanani kubhayoloji noma kwezenhlalo kungaphansi kwempikiswano. <ref name="books.google.com" />Kwehlukile encazelweni yobulili besilisa begazi, njengoba abesilisa nabesifazane bengabonisa izici zobudoda. <ref>Male vs Masculine/Feminine: </ref> Amazinga wobudoda noma ubudoda ayahlukahluka kumasiko ahlukene nezikhathi zomlando.Ngenkathi izimpawu zangaphandle zobudoda zibukeka zehlukile kumasiko ehlukene, kunezici ezithile ezijwayelekile encazelweni yayo kuwo wonke amasiko.Kuwo wonke amasiko esikhathi esedlule, futhi namanje phakathi kwamasiko endabuko nawona angewona aseNtshonalanga, ukushada ngumehluko ovame kakhulu futhi ocacile phakathi kobufana nobudoda. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=1998|title=Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary American Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/22591}}</ref>Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ezinye izimfanelo ngokwesiko ezihlotshaniswa nomshado (njenge "Ps ezintathu" ''zokuvikela, ukuhlinzekela, nokuzala kabusha'' ) zazisathathwa njengezimpawu zokutholakala kobudoda. <ref name=":0" /> I-Anthropology ikhombisile ukuthi ubudoda uqobo bunezikhundla zenhlalo, njengobutyebi, ubuhlanga kanye nesigaba senhlalo.Ngokwesiko laseNtshonalanga, isibonelo, ubudoda obukhulu kuvame ukuletha isimo esikhulu senhlalo.Amagama amaningi esiNgisi afana ''nobuhle'' kanye ne- ''virile'' (avela e- Indo-European root ''vir'' okusho ''indoda'' ) ayakubonisa lokhu. Imodeli yeParsons isetshenziselwe ukuqhathanisa nokukhombisa izikhundla ezeqisayo endimeni yezobulili.Imodeli A ichaza ukwahlukaniswa okuphelele kwendima yabesilisa nabesifazane, kuyilapho iModeli B ichaza ukuchithwa okuphelele kwemingcele phakathi kwezindima zobulili. <ref>Brockhaus: Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, 2001.</ref> == Uphawu lobulili == I- Mars Symbol (♂) uphawu olujwayelekile olumele ubulili besilisa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sex symbols ancient and modern: their origins and iconography on the pedigree|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1322246/}}</ref>Uphawu lufana nophawu lweplanethi [[UMarzi|lweMars]] .Yaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ucansi nguCarl Linnaeus ngo-1751.Uphawu kwesinye isikhathi lubonakala njengokumelela okwenziwe isitayela kwesihlangu nomkhonto kankulunkulu wamaRoma .IMars .Ngokusho kukaStearn, nokho, lokhu kutholakala "kuyinganekwane" futhi bonke ubufakazi obungokomlando buvumela "isiphetho sesazi saseFrance uClaude de Saumaise (Salmasius, 1588-1683)" ukuthi ''sisuselwe'' ku-θρ, ukusikwa kwegama lesiGreki ngeplanethi iMars, ''eyiThouros'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217734}}</ref> ==Amaphatho== [[Category:Abantu besilisa]] r6iuap1m683js8liplk9gjxybf8bldd 0 30309 131322 131234 2026-10-11T00:55:33Z InternetArchiveBot 15036 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 131322 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UNomfundo Ngcobo''' (owazalwa zi-18 kuNtulikazi 2000), owaziwa njengoNomfundoh '''Moh''' ungumculi waseNingizimu Afrika. Wazalelwa futhi wakhulela eNdwendwe, KwaZulu-Natali, umsebenzi wakhe waqala eneminyaka eyi-16 ngo-2016.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Motumi|first=Mpiletso|date=2021-02-22|title=Music spotlight beckons for KZN's Nomfundo Moh|url=https://www.iol.co.za/amp/the-star/news/music-spotlight-beckons-for-kzns-nomfundo-moh-a44c8989-cc40-42f2-b458-f23403f88263|accessdate=2022-02-02|publisher=Independent Online}}</ref> <ref name="drum">{{Cite news |last=Mbendeni |first=Alutho |date=2022-01-12 |title=Rising star {{!}} Nomfundo Moh on the making of her debut album - 'I want to connect with people through music' {{!}} Drum |url=https://www.news24.com/amp/drum/celebs/news/rising-star-nomfundo-moh-on-the-making-of-her-debut-album-i-want-to-connect-with-people-through-music-20220112 |access-date=2022-03-09 |publisher=Drum |location=South Africa |language=en}}</ref> UMah waqala ukuqashelwa ngemuva kokukhipha i-"Lilizela" ngo-2021, eyathola isitifiketi se-platinum eNingizimu Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-10|title=If Nomfundo Moh: 'In every song there's a story -PressReader|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/daily-news-south-africa/20210610/281874416346705|url-access=subscription|accessdate=2022-06-14|via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> Ngemva kokusayina isivumelwano sokurekhoda ne- Universal Music, waduma nge-albhamu yakhe yokuqala yesitudiyo ''ethi Amagama'' (2022), eyafinyelela ePlatinum yiRecording Industry of South Africa (RiSA). Yandulelwa izingoma eziphumelele kwezohwebo "Phakade Lami", "Lilizela", "Umthwalo". == Umsebenzi == Wafunda e-Intaphuka Primary School wabe esebhalisa [[INyuvesi yakwaZulu-Natali|eNyuvesi yaKwaZulu-Natali]] nge-Bachelor of Social Work Degree.<ref name="Sunday">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-14|title=Nomfundo Moh juggles social work and music|url=https://sundayworld.co.za/lifestyle/nomfundo-moh-juggles-social-work-and-music/|accessdate=2022-02-02|publisher=Sunday World}}</ref> <ref name="Witness">{{Cite news |last=Jantilal |first=Rajesh |date=2022-05-16 |title=Nomfundo Moh gets double platinum plaque for hit song at UKZN graduation {{!}} Witness |url=https://www.news24.com/amp/witness/news/kzn/nomfundo-moh-gets-double-platinum-plaque-for-hit-song-at-ukzn-graduation-20220515 |access-date=2022-05-16 |publisher=Witness |location=South Africa}}</ref> Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala womculo waqala ngasekupheleni kuka-2010, njengomculi wezici.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2022|title=Nomfundo Moh is all about the 'Soft Life'|url=https://www.bona.co.za/celebrity/soft-life-with-nomfundo-moh/}}</ref> === 2020-2022: ''Amagama'' === NgoMandulo 2020, waqala ukusebenza ku-albhamu yakhe yokuqala yesitudiyo.<ref name="Independent">{{Cite web|last=Maliba|first=Amanda|date=2022-01-31|title=Nomfundo Moh follows singles success with album|url=https://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/life/nomfundo-moh-follows-singles-success-with-album-08048a02-2d01-4978-9965-0f5d878aef4c|accessdate=2022-02-02|publisher=Independent Online}}</ref> Ngo-2020, wasayina isivumelwano sokurekhoda ne- Universal Music South Africa . <ref name="Sunday" /> NgoNhlolanja 2021, iculo lakhe elisha elithi "Lilizela" lakhishwa njengeculo elihamba phambili le-albhamu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-10|title=Nomfundo Moh always believed she was a star : New Frame|url=https://www.newframe.com/nomfundo-moh-always-believed-she-was-a-star/|accessdate=2022-05-08|website=New Frame}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=de Klerk|first=Angelo|date=2021-03-01|title=Odd Interview: Nomfundo Moh - Odd Magazine|url=https://www.oddmag.co/2021/03/01/odd-interview-nomfundo-moh/amp/|accessdate=2022-06-12|website=Odd Magazine}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ingoma yaqinisekiswa njengePlatinum eNingizimu Afrika.<ref name="Slikour">{{Cite web|last=Phukubye|first=Ofentse|date=2022-08-09|title=Nomfundo Moh's 'Amagama' Album Receives 7 Plaques|url=https://slikouronlife.co.za/blog/22899/at-nomfundo-mohs-amagama-receives-7-plaques|accessdate=2022-09-13|publisher=Slikour On Life|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912150423/https://slikouronlife.co.za/blog/22899/at-nomfundo-mohs-amagama-receives-7-plaques|archive-date=2022-09-12|dead-url=yes}}</ref> NgoNhlangulana 2021, i-single yesibili ye-albhamu ethi "Umthwalo" yakhululwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joyce|first=Liam Karabo|date=2020-06-21|title=Nomfundo Moh releases 'uMthwalo' off her upcoming album|url=https://www.iol.co.za/amp/entertainment/music/local/nomfundo-moh-releases-umthwalo-off-her-upcoming-album-92ce30da-e412-48d9-a0de-f9af7ae6c5a5|accessdate=2022-01-30|publisher=Independent Online}}</ref> Ngo-Mfumfu 7, 2021, i-single yakhe yesithathu ethi "Phakade Lami" enomculi waseNingizimu Afrika [[Ami Faku|U-Ami Faku]] kanye nomculi owazalelwa eZimbabwe USha Sha yakhululwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Darangwa|first=Shingai|date=2021-11-20|title=Nomfundo Moh: Ami Faku and Sha Sha collabo was a surprise gift|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/music/local/nomfundo-moh-ami-faku-and-sha-sha-collabo-was-a-surprise-gift-7bab92ac-6424-4d0b-b8f2-89fe02990351|accessdate=2022-01-30|publisher=Independent Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sibiya|first=Sizwe|date=2021-10-22|title=Female artists give isiZulu spin to 80s classic {{!}} ScrollaAfrica|url=https://scrolla.africa/female-artists-give-isizulu-spin-to-80s-classic/|accessdate=2022-06-12|website=ScrollaAfrica}}</ref> Yaqala inombolo 1 ku-I-Metro FM Top 40 Charts futhi inombolo 4 ku-Most Popular Radio Singles.<ref name="Independent" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Risa Landing Page|url=https://www.risa.org.za|accessdate=2022-03-09|publisher=RiSA}}</ref> Ngaphezu kwalokho, "Phakade Lami" wangena ku-Top 10 inombolo 7 kuma-Local Streaming Charts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2021|title=The hottest local digital music streaming chart in South Africa|url=https://theofficialsacharts.co.za/the-hottest-local-digital-music-streaming-chart-in-south-africa-week-49/|accessdate=2024-07-28|website=The Official South African Charts}}</ref> Le ngoma yaqinisekiswa nge-6x platinum eNingizimu Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nomfundo Moh is in her soft life era as her debut album and songs climb multi-platinum status|url=https://www.snl24.com/amp/drum/celebs/news/nomfundo-moh-is-in-her-soft-life-era-as-her-debut-album-and-songs-climb-multi-platinum-status-20230519}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-14|title='Phakade Lami' hitmaker, Nomfundo Moh, awarded double platinum plaque at UKZN graduation|url=https://www.iol.co.za/sunday-tribune/news/phakade-lami-hitmaker-nomfundo-moh-awarded-double-platinum-plaque-at-ukzn-graduation-bf80175b-16e9-4546-a678-920c65b154ef|accessdate=2022-05-16|website=Independent Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nteyi|first=Zama|date=2021-05-16|title=Nomfundo Moh I Couldn't Believe It|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/dailysun/celebs/singer-nomfundo-moh-i-couldnt-believe-it-20220515|accessdate=2022-05-17|publisher=DailySun}}</ref><ref name="Witness" /><ref name="Slikour" /> Ngomhlaka-28 Masingana 2022, kwakhishwa i-albhamu yakhe yokuqala yesitudiyo ethi ''Amagama'' . <ref>{{Cite web|last=De Wee|first=Naledi|date=2022-01-28|title=New Music Friday: Nomfundo Moh makes her soulful debut [listen]|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/culture/music/new-music-friday-nomfundo-moh-amagama/|accessdate=2022-01-30|publisher=The South African}}</ref> I-albhamu yayihlanganisa izingxenye ze -Rnb, i-Traditional pop, kanye ne-hip hop. ''I-Amagama'' ifinyelele endaweni yesi-7 kumashadi e-albhamu ye -Spotify . Ekuqaleni kukaNdasa ngo 2022, uMoh waboniswa ohlelweni lwe- Apple Music on Africa Rising. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Shumba|first=Ano|date=2022-03-08|title=SA: Apple Music adds Nomfundo Moh to Africa Rising programme {{!}} Music In Africa|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sa-apple-music-adds-nomfundo-moh-africa-rising-programme|accessdate=2022-01-09|publisher=Music In Africa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dennis|date=7 March 2022|title=Apple Music's latest Africa Rising artist is Afro-pop singer, Nomfundo Moh - Groove Africa|url=https://groove-africa.com/apple-musics-latest-africa-rising-artist-is-afro-pop-singer-nomfundo-moh/|accessdate=2022-04-29|publisher=Groove Africa}}</ref> Ngomhlaka-13 Mbasa, waqokwa njengenxusa le-Equal Africa Ambassador yi- Spotify . <ref>{{Cite web|last=Bambalele|first=Patience|date=2022-04-12|title=Nomfundo Moh named Equal Africa Ambassador by Spotify|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2022-04-12-nomfundo-moh-named-equal-africa-ambassador-by-spotify/|accessdate=2022-04-29|publisher=Sowetan LIVE}}</ref> NgoNhlaba 2022, wabonakala emkhankasweni we ''-Shay'na nge White Star'', ohlanganisa izinsuku ezimbili. <ref name="Music In Africa">{{Cite web|last=Shumba|first=Ano|date=2022-05-16|title=SA: Shay'na nge White Star back for season three {{!}} Music In Africa|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sa-shayna-nge-white-star-back-season-three|accessdate=2022-05-17|publisher=Music In Africa}}</ref> Umbukiso wokuqala wabanjelwa [[IGoli (idolobha)|eGoli]] ngomhlaka-12 Nhlaba, kanti owokugcina wabanjelwa eThekwini ngomhlaka-21 Nhlaba. <ref name="Music In Africa" /> === 2023-2025: ''Ugcobo'', ''Amashumi Amabili Nane'' === NgoNdasa 2023, uMoh wamemezela i-albhamu yakhe yesibili yesitudiyo ''i-Ugcobo'' kanye nengoma yayo ehamba phambili ethi "Amalobolo" equkethe [[Big Zulu|iBig Zulu]] . <ref>{{Cite web|last=Moloi|first=Atlehang|date=2023-09-03|title=Nomfundo Moh Announces Her Forthcoming Studio Album, 'Ugcobo'|url=https://slikouronlife.co.za/blog/23999/nomfundo-moh-announces-her-forthcoming-studio-album-ugcobo|website=Slikour On Life|accessdate=2026-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314065527/https://slikouronlife.co.za/blog/23999/nomfundo-moh-announces-her-forthcoming-studio-album-ugcobo|archive-date=2023-03-14|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ingoma ikhishwe ngoNdasa 10, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Phukubye|first=Ofentse|date=2023-03-10|title=Nomfudo Moh Drops Lead Single To Her Forthcoming Album Titled 'Amalobolo'|url=https://slikouronlife.co.za/blog/24009/nomfudo-moh-drops-lead-single-to-her-forthcoming-album-titled-amalobolo|accessdate=2023-03-11|website=Slikour On Life}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ingoma ethi "Uthando Lunye" yamenyezelwa njengengoma yesibili ngo-Mbasa 25, 2023, nge-akhawunti yakhe ye-Instagram, eyakhishwa ngo-Mbasa 28, 2023. ''I-Ugcobo'' yakhululwa ngoNhlaba 26, 2023. Yaba yi-albhamu yakhe yokuqala ukuqoqa ukusakazwa okungu-1 million kungakapheli nesonto ikhishwe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mukandila|first=Johana|date=6 June 2023|title=Nomfundo Moh's album Ugcobo hits over one million streams in 7 days|url=https://www.bona.co.za/entertainment/nomfundo-mohs-album-ugcobo-hits-over-one-million-streams-in-7-days/|accessdate=2023-06-10|website=Bona Magazine}}</ref> Ngasekupheleni kukaNhlaba 2024, uNomfundo Moh wamemezela i-albhamu yakhe yesithathu yesitudiyo ethi ''Twenty Four''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khulu|first=Ntombi|date=24 May 2024|title=Nomfundo Moh talks new music and opening a restaurant|url=https://www.snl24.com/truelove/celebrity/nomfundo-moh-talks-new-music-and-opening-a-restaurant-20240524|url-access=subscription|accessdate=2024-07-06|website=True Love}}</ref> === 2026-manje: ''Ipulazi uJulia'' === Ngasekupheleni kukaNhlolanja 2026, uMoh wakhipha ingoma yakhe ethi "Uzophumelela" njengengoma ehamba phambili ye-albhamu futhi wamemezela i-albhamu yesine yesitudiyo ''ethi Farm Julia''. I-albhamu yakhishwa ngo-Mbasa 3, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nomfundo Moh Release New Single 'Uzophumelele' Ahead Of Her 'Farm Julia' Album|url=https://slikouronlife.co.za/nomfundo-moh-release-new-single-uzophumelele-ahead-of-her-farm-julia-album/|accessdate=2026-03-09|website=Slikouronlife}}</ref> == Amabhizinisi == NgoNhlaba 2024, uMoh wavula indawo yakhe yokudlela iLa Mar eSpruitview Shopping Centre, e-Ekurhuleni. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Nonkonyane|first=Limpho|date=26 March 2024|title=Nomfundo Moh introduces La Mar restaurant|url=https://www.bona.co.za/entertainment/nomfundo-moh-introduces-la-mar-restaurant/|accessdate=2024-07-06|website=Bona Magazine}}</ref> == Ubuciko == UMah ucaphuna [[Brenda Fassie|uBrenda Fassie]], [[Ami Faku|u-Ami Faku]], uSimmy, no [[Amanda Black|-Amanda Black]] njengabantu abamthonya kakhulu.<ref name="drum" /> == I-Discography == === Ama-albhamu esitudiyo === [[Category:Abantu baphilayo]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] 4u6f73janevc3ny8he2sovmc1uo40ue 0 30787 131325 104352 2026-10-11T01:33:05Z InternetArchiveBot 15036 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 131325 wikitext text/x-wiki Izehlakalo [[IRiphablikhi yaseNingizimu Afrika|zaseNingizimu Afrika]] zangonyaka ka-2021. ==AbaPhathiswa== * UMongameli: uCyrill Ramaphosa (ANC) * Isekela mongameli: uDavid Mabuza (ANC) * Induna yabaHluleli: uMogoeng Mogoeng * Isekela nduna yabaHluleli: uRaymond Zondo * UMongameli weNkundla yokuDluliswa kwamacala: uMandisa Maya * Isekela mongameli weNkundla yokuDluliswa kwamacala : Xola Petse * Usihlalo weNkundla yezokhetho: Boissie Henry Mbha<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Heads of Superior Courts|url=https://www.judiciary.org.za/index.php/judiciary/superior-courts/heads-of-superior-courts|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-04|website=www.judiciary.org.za|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306072458/http://www.judiciary.org.za:80/index.php/judiciary/superior-courts/heads-of-superior-courts |archive-date=2018-03-06 }}</ref> * USomlomo wePhakamende lwezwe laseNingizimu Afrika: uThandi Modise (ANC) * IPhini likaSomlomo wePhalamende lezwe: uLechesa Tsenoli (ANC) * Umholi wabaphikisayo ePhalamende lezwe: uJohn Steenhuisen (DA) * Umholi wamabhizinisi kahulumeni: uDavid Mabuza (ANC) * USotshwebhu wePhalamende: uPemmy Majodina (ANC) * USotshwebhu wabaphikisayo: uNatasha Mazzone (DA) * Usihlalo woMkhandlu weziFundazwe: uAmos Masondo (ANC) * IPhini likasihlalo woMkhandlu weziFundazwe: uSylvia Lucas (ANC) * Umholi wabaphikisayo kuMkhandlu weziFundazwe: uCathlene Labuschagne (DA) * USotshwebhu woMkhandlu weziFundazwe: uSeiso Mohai (ANC) === IBandla eliyisigungu === IBandla longqongqoshe, kanye noMongameli benoSekela mongameli, bebonke bakha iBandla eliyisgungu. === ONdunamkulu beziFundazwe === * Isifundazwe seMpuma Kapa: u-Oscar Mabuyane (ANC) * Isifundazwe esiKhululekile: uSisi Ntombela (ANC) * Isifundazwe seGoli: uDavid Makhura (ANC) * Isifundazwe saKwaZulu-Nata: uSihle Zikalala (ANC) * Isifundazwe seLimpopo: uStanley Mathabatha (ANC) * Isifundazwe seMpumalanga: uRefilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane (ANC) * Isifundazwe seNyakatho-ntshona: uJob Mokgoro (ANC) * Isifundazwe seNyakatho Kapa: uZamani Saul (ANC) * Isifundazwe seNtshona Kapa: u-Alan Winde (DA) {{end div col}} ==IZehlo zaNyangazonke== ===KuMasingana noNhlolanja=== *7 kuMasingana – Ubhadane lwe-COVID-19: uNgqongqoshe wezempilo uZweli Mkhize umemezela ukuthi elaseNingizimu Afrika lizokwamukela imijovo eyisigidi esisodwa sechiza i-AZD1222 ngoMasingana nengama-500,000 ngonhlolanja. Abosompilo abayisgidi esisodwa nezinkulungwanenziyikhulu bazoqhakambiswa. Elakuleli seliqinisekise ukuthelekeka kwabayisigidi nezinkulungwane eziyikhulu futhi kwashona abangama-31,368.<ref>{{cite news |title=South Africa to receive first COVID vaccines in January |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/7/south-africa-to-receive-first-covid-vaccines-in-january |access-date=January 9, 2021 |work=aljazeera.com |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=January 7, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> *25 kuMasingana – Kufa umfanyana oneminyaka emihlanu eMpumalanga<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allen |first1=John |title=South Africa's Zuma Goes Rogue, Defies Top Court |url=https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00076641.html |access-date=February 2, 2021 |work=allAfrica.com |agency=all Africa |date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> futhi izinkulungwane zilahlekelwa amakhaya njengoba isishingishane u-Eloise siletha izikhukhula ezinkulu e-Afrika eseningizimu. Isifundazwe saseLimpopo yisona esishayeka kakhulu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Limpopo province flooded following Cyclone Eloise |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/limpopo-province-flooded-following-cyclone-144351987.html |access-date=January 25, 2021 |work=news.yahoo.com |agency=Reuters |date=January 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pillay |first1=Kirthana |last2=Rumney |first2=Emma |title=Thirteen dead, thousands homeless in southern Africa after storm Eloise |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/thirteen-dead-thousands-homeless-southern-144808057.html |access-date=January 26, 2021 |work=news.yahoo.com |agency=Reuters |date=January 26, 2021}}</ref> *1 KuNhlolanja **uNgqongqoshe wezempilo uBarbara Creecy ubika ukuthi ukuzingelwa kobhejane kwehleli kujenga leminyaka eyisithupha edlule, njengoba kubalawe izilwane ezingama-394 ngowezi-2020 ngenxa yezimpondo. Uthi lokhu kwehla kubangwa Ubhadane lwe-COVID-19 nomsebenzi wabaqaphi besiqiwi nabezokuvikela futhi waveza ukuthi inkinga yokuzingelwa kobhejane isenkulu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rhino poaching in South Africa falls during Covid-19 lockdown |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/rhino-poaching-south-africa-falls-193754976.html |access-date=February 2, 2021 |work=news.yahoo.com |publisher=BBC News |date=February 1, 2021 |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201203937/https://www.yahoo.com/news/rhino-poaching-south-africa-falls-193754976.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> **UMongameli wangaphambili uJacob Zuma udelela inkantolo yomthethesisekelo ngokwenqaba ukuzophana ngobufakazi kwiKhomishana yokwaHlulela ePhenya ngeziNsolo zokuGwamandwa koMbuso.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allen |first1=John |title=South Africa: Former President Zuma Defies Constitutional Court Ruling to Testify on State Capture |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202102010791.html |access-date=February 2, 2021 |work=allAfrica.com |agency=All Africa |date=1 February 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623161354/https://allafrica.com/stories/202102010791.html |archive-date=23 June 2022 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> *23 kuNhlolanja – Isidlavela esaziwa nge-Port Elizabeth sinikwa igama elisha ngokusemthethweni elithi Gqeberha. Olunye ushintsho lwamagama okwenzekayo luhlanganisa iKariega(ebiyizwa ngokuthi Uitenhage) kanye neSikhumulo seziNdiza iNkosi Dawid Stuurman (esasibizwa ngokuthi isiKhumulo seziNdiza sase-Port Elizabeth).<ref>{{cite news |title=BREAKING {{!}} It is official, Port Elizabeth has a new name—Gqeberha |url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2021-02-23-breaking-it-is-official-port-elizabeth-has-a-new-name-gqeberha/ |access-date=February 25, 2021 |work=DispatchLIVE |date=February 25, 2021 |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Princewill |first1=Nimi |title=South Africans get their tongues round Gqeberha, the new name for Port Elizabeth |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/25/africa/port-elizabeth-renamed-gqeberha-intl/index.html |access-date=February 25, 2021 |work=CNN |date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> ===KuNdasa noMbasa=== *1 kuNdasa – Uhulumeni umemezela amacebo wokusungula iNkundla yezoMhlaba ekhethekile.<ref>{{cite news |title=South Africa plans special court to help unblock land redistribution |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/south-africa-plans-special-court-132538299.html |access-date=March 1, 2021 |work=news.yahoo.com |agency=Reuters |date=March 1, 2021}}</ref> *8 kuNdasa – Abathalazi basemgwaqeni abangabokufika bevela eSenegal naseBurkina Faso bangeniswa esibhedlela emva kokuhkaselwa kwabokufika eThekwini.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majola |first1=Nokulunga |title=South Africa: "It Is a Sin That South Africans Can Do This to Their Fellow Africans" Says Witness to Durban Violence |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202103090692.html |access-date=March 9, 2021 |work=allAfrica.com |publisher=Ground Up |date=9 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> *10 kuNdasa – Umlisa oneminyaka ephakathi uyabulawa emva kokudutshulwa ngamaphoyisa ekhandwe ngenhlamvu yenjoloba ngesikhathi kunombhikisho ngokumelene nezindleko esiphezulu eNyuvesi yase-Wits.<ref>{{cite news |title=One killed as police clash with students protesting over fees at S.Africa's Wits university |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/one-killed-police-clash-students-125719159.html |access-date=March 10, 2021 |work=news.yahoo.com |agency=Reuters |date=March 10, 2021}}</ref> *24 kuNdasa – Ikhomishana yamaLungelo aBantu yaseNingizimu Afrika iphenya icala lokubandlulula olubandakanya isishoshovu samaNdebele uThando Mahlangu, oneminyaka engama-35, nokusebenzisa kwakhe izimpahla zomdabu esitolo samakhambi esidlidlini saseGoli.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Princewill |first1=Nimi |title="I'm always chased away and victimized," says shopper told his traditional clothing is 'indecent' in South Africa mall |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/26/africa/south-africa-ndebele-clothing-called-indecent-intl/index.html |access-date=March 26, 2021 |work=CNN |date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> *24 kuNdasa – INdlovukazi uMantfombi Dlamini Zulu obekwa njengebamba leSilo emva kokukhothama kweSilo samaZulu uZwelithini kaBhekizulu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Late Zulu king's third wife appointed regent |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/late-zulu-kings-third-wife-appointed-regent/ar-BB1eVhRs?ocid=ob-fb-enus-1541512262291 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |work=msn.com |publisher=BBC News |date=March 24, 2021}}</ref> *25 kuNdasa – AbaseTopiya babhikisha esidlaveleni iPitoli ukuze badonsele ukunaka ekuphulweni kwamalungelo abantu okwenzeka esifundeni saseTigray, eTopiya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=MAGOME |first1=MOGOMOTSI |title=Protest in South Africa over conflict in Ethiopia's Tigray |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/protest-south-africa-over-conflict-165427251.html |access-date=March 25, 2021 |work=news.yahoo.com |agency=AP |date=March 25, 2021}}</ref> *29 kuNdasa – UMongameli Ramaphosa uyala wonke amalunga enhlangano kaKhongolse abekwe amacala wenkohlakalo namanye amacala abucayi ukuba ashenxe ezikhundleni kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-30 noma alindele ukubhekana nokumiswa.<ref>{{cite news |title=All members of South Africa's ANC charged with corruption must step aside or face suspension - Ramaphosa |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/members-south-africas-anc-charged-224944910.html |access-date=March 30, 2021 |work=news.yahoo.com |agency=Reuters |date=March 30, 2021}}</ref> *18 kuMbasa - kuqubuka umlilo eNtabeni yesiThebe, eKapa. ===KuNhlaba noNhlangulana=== *KuNhlaba – Ukuqulwa kwecala lenkohlakalo elibekwe owayengumongameli uJacob Zuma kulungela ukuqala.<ref>{{cite news |title=South African ex-president's corruption trial set for May |url=https://apnews.com/article/trials-africa-south-africa-jacob-zuma-racketeering-ee0d8aff5b6343919e71fc4aa0fb0abc |access-date=February 23, 2021 |work=AP NEWS |date=23 February 2021}}</ref> Kodwa liye lahlehliswa. *9 kuNhlangulana – Kuvela umbiko othi uGosiame Thamara Sithole uzale izingane eziyishumi—ezungabafana ezinhlanu nezingamantombazane ezinhlanu—okungaba ukuqopheka komlando womhlaba.<ref>{{cite web |title=South African woman gives birth to 10 babies in Pretoria - reports |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/south-african-woman-gives-birth-123505886.html |website=news.yahoo.com |access-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609215331/https://www.yahoo.com/news/south-african-woman-gives-birth-123505886.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mhla ziyi-15 kuNhlangulana wezi-2021 lowo owayezoba nguyise wezingane eziyishumi wavuma ngesitatimende somndeni ukuthi lendaba ayilona iqiniso nokuthi uGosiame Thamara Sithole akawazalanga amawele ayishumi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/breaking-there-are-no-babies-admits-father-of-tembisa-10-20210615|title=There are no babies, admits father of 'Tembisa 10'|website=www.news24.com/}}</ref> *29 kuNhlangulana – INkundla yomthethesisekelo yaseNingizimu Afrika ikhipha isitatimendi esithi owayengumongameli wakuleli uJacob Zuma uzoboshwa izinyanga eziyi-15 kulandela ukutholwa anecala lokudelela inkundla..<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/judgement/398-secretary-of-the-judicial-commission-of-inquiry-into-allegation-of-state-capture-corruption-and-fraud-in-the-public-sector-including-organ-of-state-v-jacob-gedleyihlekisa-zuma-cct52-21|title=ConCourt vs Zuma|date=29 June 2021}}</ref> ===KuNtulikazi noNcwaba=== *1 kuNtulikazi - Kubheduka ukwanda kodlame empini yosamatekisi ngenxa yomzila i-B97 ophakathi kwe-Bellville ne-Paarl. *2 kuNtulikazi –UMongameli Cyril Ramaphosa ubeka uNgqongqoshe wezeMfundo eyisiSekelo uNkz. Angie Motshekga njengomongameli oyibamba wezwe uSuku olulodwa njengoba yena ehambele umgcwabo womBuso woMengameli ongasekho waseZambiya uKenneth Kaunda, kuyilapho iSekela Mongameli uDavid Mabuza ethathe ikhefu lokuyolashwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/president-appoints-minister-angie-motshekga-acting-president|title=President appoints DBE Minister as Acting President|date=2 July 2021|access-date=9 January 2023|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109192129/https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/press-statements/president-appoints-minister-angie-motshekga-acting-president|dead-url=yes}}</ref> *9 kuNtulikazi - Kuqala izibhelu zaseNingizimu Afrika. ==IZehlo eziJutshiwe== Mhla zilu-1 kuLwezi kwaba nezinketho zemikhandlusidlidli. ===iMivalo=== INingizimu Afrika inezinsuku eziyimivalo zomphakathi ezingama-12; uma uSuku lomvalo lungweSonto, ukuvalwa kuhlehliselwa osukwini olulandelayo loMvulo. 22 kuNdasa – uSuku lwamalungelo eSintu 27 kuMbasa – uSuku lweNkululeko (uSuku lweZwe) 16 kuNhlangulana – uSuku lweNtsha 9 kuNcwaba – uSuku lwabeSifazane leZwe 24 kuMandulo – uSuku lwamaGugu ==Ezemidlalo== *25 kuNhlolanja – uCaster Semenya, 30, umemezela ukuthi uzofaka isicelo eNkundleni yaseYurophu yamaLungelo eSintu (ECHR) ukuze akwazi ukungenela imincintisano yokusubatha njengowesifazane. Isifakazelo sokuzalwa sakhe simhlonza njengowesifazane futhi naye ubelokhu ezihlonza njengowesifazane, kodwa unamazinga aphezulu ''(-testestorone)'' amenza angamukelwa emncintiswaneni yoMhlaba.<ref>{{cite news |last1=IMRAY |first1=GERALD |title=Semenya taking case to European Court of Human Rights |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/semenya-taking-case-european-court-human-rights-76106450?cid=clicksource_4380645_15_hero_headlines_headlines_hed |access-date=February 25, 2021 |work=ABC News |agency=AP |date=February 25, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> *15 kuya ku-18 kuMbasa – [[2021 Men's Indoor African Cup]] *19 to 25 kuMbasa 2021 – [[2021 IIHF World Championship Division III]] *24 kuNcwaba kuya 5 kuMandulo – [[South Africa at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]] o50b7ws6bz8llgaym3hu3hgxytw6e3l 0 31089 131331 121535 2026-10-11T09:44:56Z Fongcwele 16873 131331 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Human_rights_symbol_(solid_black).svg|thumb|Uphawu lamalungelo abantu]] '''Amalungelo abantu''' ayizimiso zesimilo noma izinkambiso zokuziphatha kwabantu futhi avame ukuvikelwa ngemithetho yamazwe omhlaba noma nokazwelonke. {{Sfnp|Nickel|2010}} Ngakho-ke lamalungelo athathwa njengawemvelo futhi awanakuphucwa abantu, <ref name="twsBritannica">Burns H. Weston, 20 March 2014, Encyclopædia Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/275840/human-rights human rights]. Retrieved 14 August 2014.</ref> kungakhathaliseki ubudala babo, imvelaphi yobuhlanga, indawo, ulimi, inkolo, ubuzwe, nanoma yisiphi esinye isimo. <ref name="twsUnitedNations">The United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, [http://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/pages/whatarehumanrights.aspx What are human rights?]. Retrieved 14 August 2014</ref> Asebenza umhlaba wonke ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi aphinde alingane kuwo wonke umuntu. <ref name="twsUnitedNations" />Adinga uzwelo kanye nokubeka isibopho kubantu ukuthi bahloniphe amalungelo wabanye abantu, <ref name="StanfordEncy">James Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-human/ Human Rights]. Retrieved 14 August 2014</ref> <ref name="twsUnitedNations" /> ngokomthetho abantu akufanele ukuba baphucwe amalungelo wabo ngaphandle kwezimo ezithile eziphoqayo. Imfundiso yamalungelo abantu ibe nomthelela omkhulu ngaphakathi komthetho wamazwe, wezifundazwe kanye nezikhungo zomhlaba jikelele. <ref name="twsUnitedNations"/> Izenzo zezifunda kanye nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni zakha isisekelo senqubomgomo yomphakathi emhlabeni wonke. Umbono wamalungelo abantu uphakamisa ukuthi "uma inkulumo yomphakathi igqugquzela isikhathi sokuthula, umhlaba wonke kungathiwa unolimi olujwayelekile lokuziphatha okuyilelo lwamalungelo abantu". {{Sfnp|Beitz|2009}}  Izimangalo eziqinile ezenziwa imfundiso yamalungelo abantu ziyaqhubeka nokubangela ukungabaza okukhulu kanye nezinkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nokuqukethwe imvelo kanye nokufaneleka kwamalungelo abantu kuze kube namuhla. Incazelo enembayo yegama elithi ''ilungelo'' iyimpikiswano futhi iyisihloko senkulumompikiswano yefilosofi eqhubekayo ; {{Sfnp|Shaw|2008}}  nakuba kukhona ukuvumelana kokuthi amalungelo abantu ahlanganisa amalungelo anhlobonhlobo amaningi <ref name="twsBritannica"/> njengelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngendlela efanele, ukuvikelwa ekugqilazweni, ukuvinjelwa kokubulawa kwabantu, inkulumo ekhululekile <ref name="twsMacmillan">Macmillan Dictionary, [http://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/human-rights human rights – definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084004/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/human-rights |date=2014-08-19 }}. Retrieved 14 August 2014, "the rights that everyone should have in a society, including the right to express opinions about the government or to have protection from harm"</ref> noma ilungelo lemfundo, kukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye mayelana nokuthi yimaphi kulawa malungelo athile okufanele afakwe phakathi kohlaka olujwayelekile lwamalungelo abantu; <ref name="StanfordEncy"/> abanye ongqondongqondo banenkomba yokuthi amalungelo abantu kufanele abe imfuneko encane kakhulu ukuze kugwenywe ukuhlukunyezwa okubi kakhulu, kuyilapho abanye bekubona njengezinga eliphakeme kakhulu. <ref name="StanfordEncy" /> <ref>{{Cite book|page=16}}</ref> Kubuye kuphikiswane ngokuthi amalungelo abantu “aphiwe [[uNkulunkulu]] ”, nakuba lo mbono uye wagxekwa. ==uMlando== Imibono eminingi eyisisekelo eyanyakazisa inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yathuthukiswa ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili kanye nezehlakalo zokuqothulwa kwesizwe.<ref name="twsGaryJBass">Gary J. Bass (book reviewer), Samuel Moyn (author of book being reviewed), 20 October 2010, The New Republic, [https://newrepublic.com/article/books-and-arts/magazine/78542/the-old-new-thing-human-rights The Old New Thing]. Retrieved 14 August 2014</ref>i-United Nations General Assembly ngonyaka ka 1948 yafinyelela kuvuthondaba ngokwamukelwa kwesimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu e-Paris. Abantu basendulo nabantu besimanje banombono ohlukile mayelana namalungelo wabantu. {{Sfnp|Freeman|2002}}  Isandulela sangempela senkulumo yamalungelo abantu kwakuwumqondo wamalungelo emvelo owavela njengengxenye yesiko lomthetho wemvelo wangenkathi ephakathi owagqama ngesikhathi sokukhanyiswa kwase- Yurophu nezazi zefilosofi ezinjengoJohn Locke, Francis Hutcheson noJean -Jacques Burlamaqui futhi owawunenhlanganiso ikakhulukazi enkulumweni yezepolitiki neNguquko YaseMelika kanye neNguquko YaseFrance . <ref name="twsGaryJBass" /> Kusukela kulesi sisekelo, izimpikiswano zanamuhla zamalungelo abantu zavela kungxenye yokugcina yekhulu lamamashumi amabili, {{Sfnp|Moyn|2010}}  ngokungokwenzeka njengokusabela ebugqilini, ukuhlukunyezwa, isimemezelo sokuzimela <ref name="twsGaryJBass" /> njengokuqaphela ubuthakathaka bemvelo yomuntu kanye nanjengombandela wokuba khona komphakathi onobulungiswa . <ref name="twsBritannica"/> Ukulwela amalungelo abantu kuqhubekile kwaze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka lama-21, kugxile ekuzuzeni inkululeko enkulu yezomnotho nepolitiki. <ref name="twsBritannica" /> === Izenzo zomnotho === Izijeziso zezomnotho zivame ukukhokhiswa abantu noma izifunda ezephula amalungelo abantu. Izijeziso zivame ukugxekwa ngenxa yesici sayo sokujezisa ngokuhlanganyela ekulimazeni abantu bezwe ngokwezomnotho ukuze kwehliswe umbono wabantu ngohulumeni wabo. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Habibzadeh|title=Economic sanction: a weapon of mass destruction|page=816–817}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mueller|title=Sanctions of mass destruction|page=43–53}}</ref> Kuyaphikiswa futhi ukuthi unswinyo olulimaza ohulumeni abanegunya luqinisa isikhundla saloyo hulumeni ngoba ohulumeni basezoba nezindlela eziningi zokuthola uxhaso kunalabo abagxekayo nabaphikisayo,okuyibo abazoba buthakathaka kakhulu. Ingozi yokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu iyanda ngokwanda kwezibalo zabantu abasengozini yezezimali. Amantombazane avela emindenini empofu emazweni angkho embonini ngokuvamile abhekwa njengomthwalo wezezimali emndenini futhi ukushada kwabo basebancane kuqhutshwa ngethemba lokuthi bazokondliwa futhi bavikelwe imindeni ecebile. Ukucwiywa kwezitho zangasese zabesifazane kanye nokuncelisa amadodakazi ngenkani kuqhutshwa njengenye yezindlela zokwandisa amathuba omshado wabo kanjalo nokulondeka kwawo ngokwezimali ngokufeza izinhloso ezithile zezindinganiso zobuhle. Ezindaweni ezithile, amantombazane adinga isipiliyoni semikhuba yokuqalisa ucansi nabesilisa kanye nokuphasa ukuhlolwa kokuqeqeshwa kobulili , lokhu kuklanyelwe ukuwenza akhange kakhulu njengendlela yokwandisa amathuba omshado. Izinyathelo zokusiza isimo sezomnotho samaqembu asengozini ukuze kwehliswe ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu zihlanganisa imfundo yamantombazane kanye nemali encane eqinisekisiwe nokudluliswa kwemali okunemibandela, njenge- Bolsa umndeni oxhasa abazali abagcina izingane esikoleni kunokuba banikele emalini yomndeni, kube impumeleloekwehliseniukusetshenziswa kwezingane . I-UN Human Rights Council, eyasungulwa ngo-2005, inegunya lokuphenya izinsolo zokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Amazwe angama-47 kwangu-193 angamalungu e-UN ahlala emkhandlwini, akhethwe ngevoti eliyimfihlo ku- United Nations General Assembly . Amalungu asebenza isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyisithupha futhi angase amiswe ubulungu bawo ngenxa yokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu ngendlela embi kakhulu. Umkhandlu uzinze eGeneva, futhi uhlangana kathathu ngonyaka; ngemihlangano eyengeziwe yokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo. {{Sfnp|Ball|Gready|2007}} === UMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu === I-UN Human Rights Council, eyasungulwa ngo-2005, inegunya lokuphenya izinsolo zokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Amazwe angama-47 kwangu-193 angamalungu e-UN ahlala emkhandlwini, akhethwe ngokweningi ngevoti eliyimfihlo ku- United Nations General Assembly . Amalungu asebenza isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyisithupha futhi angase amiswe ngenxa yokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu. Lo mkhandlu uzinze eGeneva, futhi uhlangana kathathu ngonyaka; uphinde ungeze imihlangano ukuze usabele ezimeni eziphuthumayo. {{Sfnp|Ball|Gready|2007}} Ongoti abazimele (''ababhali'') bagcinwe umkhandlu ukuze baphenye izinsolo zokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu kanye nokubika emkhandlwini. UMkhandlu wamalungelo abantu ungacela ukuthi uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha udlulisele amacala ku-International Criminal Court (ICC) noma ngabe udaba oludluliswayo lungaphandle kwamandla okusebenza okujwayelekile e-ICC. [lower-alpha 2] == Ifilosofi yamalungelo abantu == Kunezindlela eziningi zethiyori ezithuthukisiwe ukuze zichaze ukuthi kungani futhi kwenziwa yini ukuthi amalungelo abantu abe yingxenye yezinto ezilindelwe umphakathi. Enye yamafilosofi amadala aseNtshonalanga ngamalungelo abantu iwukuthi awumkhiqizo womthetho wemvelo, osuka ezisekelweni ezihlukene zefilosofi noma zenkolo. Eminye imibono ithi amalungelo abantu ahlanganisa ukuziphatha okuhle okuwumkhiqizo wenhlalo yabantu othuthukiswe inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nezenhlalo. Amalungelo abantu aphinde achazwe njengephethini yezenhlalo yokubeka imithetho (njengakuthiyori yezenhlalo yomthetho kanye nomsebenzi we- Weber ). Lezi zindlela zibandakanya umbono wokuthi abantu ngabanye emphakathini bamukela imithetho evela kwabasemagunyeni abasemthethweni ukuze bathole ukuvikeleka nenzuzo yezomnotho (njengaku- Rawls ) - inkontileka yomphakathi. == Imiqondo emalungelweni abantu == === Ukungahlukaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kwamalungelo === Ukuhlukaniswa okuvame kakhulu kwamalungelo abantu ukuwahlukanisa abe amalungelo omphakathi nawepolitiki, namalungelo ezomnotho, ezenhlalakahle namasiko. Inhloso yabantu abakhululekile abajabulela inkululeko yomphakathi neyepolitiki kanye nokuswela kungafezwa kuphela uma izimo zidalwa lapho wonke umuntu engajabulela amalungelo ezepolitiki, ezenhlalo, ezomnotho kanye namasiko. Lokhu kuthathwa njengokuyiqiniso ngoba ngaphandle kwamalungelo omphakathi nawepolitiki, umphakathi awukwazi ukugomela umnotho namasiko wawo. == Ukugxekwa == Abagxeki bophiko lwesokudla bamalungelo abantu bathi "ayizinkambiso ezingenangqondo nezingenakuphoqeleka kanye nokugxambukela okungafanele ebukhosini bombuso", kuyilapho abagxeki abangakwesokunxele bamalungelo abantu bephikisana ngokuthi bayehluleka "ukufeza - noma ukuvimbela izindlela ezingcono zokufeza - imigomo eqhubekayo" . [[Category:Umphakathi]] [[Category:Ezombusazwe]] [[Category:Isiko]] [[Category:Amalungelo abantu]] iyfu0cr0rwsuetm6d3ixnvzsxg6it6b 0 32641 131323 111632 2026-10-11T01:23:45Z InternetArchiveBot 15036 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 131323 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm|thumb|Umbukiso womfefenyeko wokuhlanganiswa kwe -GW150914, obonisa ukuhlanekezelwa kwesikhathimkhathi kusuka emnyondweni njengoba izigwinqa zizungeza futhi zihlangana.]] '''Umchachiso wokucakathana''' ngokuvamile uhlanganisa imichachiso emibili ehlobene [[Umchazandalo|yomchazandalo]] eyasungulwa ngu -Albert Einstein : ukucakathana obukhethekile kanye nokucakathana jikelele, eyahlongozwa futhi yashicilelwa ngowe-1905 nowe-1915, ngokulandelana. <ref>{{Citation|author=Einstein A.|date=1916|type=Translation 1920|title=Relativity: The Special and General Theory|publisher=H. Holt and Company|location=New York}}</ref> Ukucakathana okukhethekile kusebenza kuzo zonke izimongotho ezingokoqobo lapho ungekho [[UmNyondo|umnyondo]] . Ukucakathana jikelele kuchaza umthetho womnyondo kanye nokuhlobana kwawo neziphoqi zemvelo. Usebenza emkhakheni wendabuko kanye nokugqaya izinkanyezi, kuhlanganise nomchazamkhathi. <ref name="relativity">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Relativity|encyclopedia=Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia|last=Will, Clifford M|date=2010|url=http://gme.grolier.com/article?assetid=0244990-0|access-date=2010-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521004532/http://gme.grolier.com/article?assetid=0244990-0%2F|archivedate=2020-05-21|deadurl=yes}}</ref> 9hs559azopaoibh7xw55rlim7m3ukp3 0 32714 131332 131108 2026-10-11T10:24:17Z Fongcwele 16873 /* Isendlalelo */ 131332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox constitution | document_name = Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 | image = Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg | jurisdiction = [[South Africa]] | date_ratified = 18 December 1996 | date_effective = 4 February 1997 | system = [[Republic]] | branches = Three (executive, legislature and judiciary) | chambers = [[Bicameral]] ([[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]]) | executive = [[President of South Africa|President]] and [[Cabinet of South Africa|Cabinet]] | courts = [[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] and [[Judiciary of South Africa|others]] | writer = [[Constitutional Assembly of South Africa|Constitutional Assembly]] | signers = President [[Nelson Mandela]] | supersedes = [[Interim Constitution (South Africa)|Constitution of the Republic of South&nbsp;Africa, 1993]] | wikisource = Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 }} {{Infobox South African | zu = UMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika | xh = | af = Grondwet van Suid-Afrika | nso = | ss = Umtsetfo Sisekelo wase Ningizimu Afrika | st =Molaotheo wa Afrika Borwa | tn = | ts = | ve = | nr = | khoi = | naq = | san = | name=Constitution of South Africa}} {{Politics of South Africa}} '''UMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika''' [[Umthethosisekelo|ungumthetho ophakeme]] we[[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|wombusosobala waseNingizimu Afrika]]. Unikeza isisekelo esisemthethweni sokuba khona [[Umbusosobala|kombusosobala]], ubeka amalungelo abantu nemisebenzi yezakhamuzi zayo, futhi uchaza ukwakheka kukaHulumeni. Umthethosisekelo wamanje, owesihlanu walelizwe, wasungulwa uMgwamanqa owakhethwa okhethweni lukawonke-wonke lowe-1994. Wamenyezelwa [[Umongameli waseNingizimu Afrika|ngumongameli]] [[Nelson Mandela|uNelson Mandela]] mhla zili-18 kuDisemba 1996 wase uyaqala ukusebenza mhla zi-4 kuFebruwari 1997, uthatha indawo yoMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana wonyaka we-1993. Umthethosisekelo wokuqala wamiswa umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika wonyaka we-1909, owahlala isikhathi eside kunayo yonke kuze kube manje. Kusukela ngowe-1961, umthethosisekelo uye wamemezela uhlobo lukahulumeni wombusosobala ozimele. Kusukela ngowe-1997, uMthethosisekelo uye walungiswa ngezichibiyelo eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili. UMthethosisekelo ubizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi "Umthethosisekelo weRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika, 1996." Ngaphambili wawubalwa njengokungathi wawuwumthetho wePhalamende - uMthetho we-108 ka-1996 - kodwa, selokhu kwamukelwa uMthetho ukucashunwa kwemithetho yomthethosisekelo, awukho noma umthetho owuchibiyelelayo onikezwe izinombolo zomthetho. == Umlando == === Umthethosisekelo wangaphambili waseNingizimu Afrika === UMthetho waseNingizimu Afrika we-1909, umthetho wePhalamende ''loMbuso Ohlangeneyo'', wahlanganisa amakoloni amane aseBrithani - iKoloni Lenhlonhlo, iKoloni yaseNtilasifali, iKoloni IeSenqu neKoloni laseNatali- kwaba yi-''UBambano lwaseNingizimu Afrika'', engumbuso ozimele. ''UMthetho WoMthethososekelo Wombusosobala waseNingizimu Afrika'', wonyaka we-1961 waguqula ubumbano lwaba umbusosobala, esikhundleni sokwenganyelwa yiNdlovukazi yaseNgilandi lwenganyelwa nguMongameli wezwe, kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho yashiya uhlelo oluningi lukahulumeni lungaguquliwe. KuNhlolozwi, ukhetho lokuqala lukazwelonke olwalunabamhlophe kuphela, lo Mthetho wamukelwa kancane, kunabantu abambalwa esifundazweni saseKapa kanye neningi elinamandla eNatali elaphikisana nawo. I-Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, ka-1983, iphinde yamukelwa yi-referendum yabamhlophe kuphela, yasungula iPhalamende le-Tricameral, nezindlu ezihlukene ezimele abamhlophe, amaKhaladi namaNdiya kodwa ngaphandle kokumelwa kwabamnyama. UMongameli weZwe oyinhloko kanye noNdunankulu ophethe kwahlanganiswa kwaba nguMongameli ophethe wezwe, okhethwe yiphalamende. Lesi sici sisekhona kuze kube namuhla futhi cishe siyingqayizivele eNingizimu Afrika (ngaphandle kweBotswana engumakhelwane). I-[[Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993|Constitution of the Republic of South Africa]], ka-1993 noma uMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana wamenyezelwa ekupheleni [[Uhlelo lobandlululo|koBandlululo]] ukulawula inkathi yokuguquka. Yethula, ngokokuqala ngqá, uhlaka lwentando yeningi ekhululekile, ukuvotelwa kwabantu abadala emhlabeni wonke kanye nomthetho wamalungelo. === Izingxoxo === Ingxenye ebalulekile yezingxoxo zokuqeda ubandlululo eNingizimu Afrika kwakuwukwakhiwa komthethosisekelo omusha. Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu okwakuphikiswana ngazo kwakuyinqubo lapho umthetho-sisekelo onjalo owawuzokwamukelwa ngayo. [[African National Congress|I-African National Congress]] (ANC) yaphikelela ngokuthi kufanele ibhalwe yibutho lomthethosisekelo elikhethwe ngentando yeningi, kuyilapho i-National Party (NP) ebusayo yayesaba ukuthi amalungelo amaqembu amancane ngeke avikelwe kulenqubo enjalo, futhi yahlongoza ukuthi esikhundleni salokho umthetho-sisekelo kufanele uxoxiswane ngokuvumelana phakathi kwamaqembu bese ufakwa ku-referendum. <ref name="goldstone">{{Cite journal|first1=Richard|last1=Goldstone|title=The South African Bill of Rights|year=1997|page=451–470}}</ref> Izingxoxo ezisemthethweni zaqala ngoZibandlela ka-1991 e-Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA). Amaqembu avumelana ngenqubo lapho Umthetho-sisekelo wesikhashana okuxoxiswana ngawo uzonikeza ibutho lomthethosisekelo elokhethiwe lokubhala umthetho-sisekelo ongunomphela. Izingxoxo ze-CODESA zaphela, noma kunjalo, ngemuva komhlangano wesibili we-plenary ngoMeyi 1992. Elinye lamaphuzu amakhulu okuphikisana kwakuwubukhulu beningi eliyodingeka ukuze ibutho lamukele umthetho-sisekelo: I-NP yayifuna izidingo ezingama-75 ekhulwini(75%),<ref name="goldstone">{{Cite journal|first=Richard|last=Goldstone|author-link=Richard Goldstone|title=The South African Bill of Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_texas-international-law-journal_summer-1997_32_3/page/451|year=1997|journal=Texas International Law Journal|volume=32|pages=451–470}}</ref> okwakuyisinikeze ukuvinjelwa.<ref name="barnes" /> NgoMbasa ka-1993, amaqembu abuyela ezingxoxweni, kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-Multi-Party Negotiating Process (MPNP). Ikomiti le-MPNP lahlongoza ukuthuthukiswa kweqoqo "lezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo" lezi umthetho-sisekelo wokugcina okwakuzodingeka uvumelane nazo, ukuze inkululeko eyisisekelo iqinisekiswe futhi amalungelo abambalwa avikelwe, ngaphandle kokulinganisela ngokweqile indima yebutho lomthetho-sisekelo elikhethiwe.<ref name="goldstone">{{Cite journal|first=Richard|last=Goldstone|author-link=Richard Goldstone|title=The South African Bill of Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_texas-international-law-journal_summer-1997_32_3/page/451|year=1997|journal=Texas International Law Journal|volume=32|pages=451–470}}</ref> Amaqembu e-MPNP amukela lo mbono futhi aqhubeka nokubhala uMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana ka-1993, owamiswa ngokusemthethweni y[[IPhalamende laseNingizimu Afrika|IPhalamende]] futhi waqala ukusebenza ngo-27 April 1994. == Isiqikili == UMthethosisekelo uqukethe isendlalelo, izahluko ezilishumi nane ezinezigaba ezingama-244 sections (Isigaba sokugcina sinenombolo engama-243, ngenxa yokuthi isigaba sama-230A sajotshelelwa ngemva kwesigaba sama-230, ngesichiboyelo seSithupha) nesahlukwana sesiphohlongo. Isahluko ngasinye sidingida isihloko esithile; izahlukwana ziqukethe ukwaziswa okwengeziwe okuphathelelwa esiqakaqeni esiyinhloko. === Isendlalelo === Isendlalelo somthethosisekelo sifundeka kanje:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-31 |title=The South African Constitution: Facing History & Ourselves |url=https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/south-african-constitution |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.facinghistory.org |language=en}}</ref><blockquote><small> Thina, bantu baseNingizimu Afrika, Siyazamukela izenzo ezingalungile zesikhathi esadlula; Siphakamisa labo abahluphekela ubulungiswa nenkululeko emhlabeni wethu; Sihlonipha labo abasebenzele ukwakha nokuthuthukisa izwe lethu; futhi Sikholelwa ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonke abahlala kuyo, sibumbene nakuba singafani. Ngakho-ke, ngokusebenzisa labo abasimele esibakhethe ngokukhululeka, samukela lo Mthethosisekelo njengomthetho omkhulu weRiphabhuliki ukuba - Silungise ukwehlukana kwesikhathi esedlule futhi sakhe umphakathi Silungise ukwehlukana kwesikhathi esidlule futhi sakhe umphakathi owesekelwe ngamagugu entando yeningi, ubulungiswa emphakathini nakumalungelo abantu ayisisekelo; Sibeke izisekelo zomphakathi oqhuba ngendlela yentando yeningi novulelekile, lapho uhulumeni esekelwe ngentando yabantu futhi zonke izakhamuzi zivikelwe ngumthetho ngokulinganayo; Senza ngcono izinga lokuphila lazo zonke izakhamuzi futhi sikhulula abantu kwabangakwenza; futhi Sakha iNingizimu Afrika ebumbene futhi yentando yeningi ekwazi ukuthatha indawo yayo efanele njengombuso ozimele emkhakheni yamazwe. Sengathi uNkulunkulu angavikela abantu bakithi. Nkosi Sikelel’ i-Afrika. Morena boloka setjhaba sa heso. God seën Suid-Afrika. God bless South Africa. Mudzimu fhatutšhedza Afurika. Hosi katekisa Afrika. </small></blockquote> === ISahluko 1: === {{main|Isahluko Sokuqala soMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika }} Isahluko sokuqala siphethe izimiso eziyinhloko zomthethosisekelo, sichasisa ngebhayi lesizwe nangeculovlesizwe, futhi sibalula izindimi zlisemthethweni nezimiso zenqubomgomo zikahulumeni ngolimi. Sichasisa iNingizimu Afrika "njengombuso owodwa, onozibuse [[Umbuso wabantu|nongumbusowabantu]]" osekelwe ezimisweni zamalungelo abantu, ukuphakama komthethosisekelo, ukubusa komthetho nethuba lolukhetha likawonke omdala. Lesi sahlulo siqukethe isigatshana sokuphakama esisungula ukuthi yonke eminye imithetho nezenzo zingaphansi komthethosisekelo. Akukhulunywa lutho [[Ubuntu|ngobuntu]]. ==Amaphatho== ebxc8mh1o7b59mr0g0wok9twhtoeyej 131338 131332 2026-10-11T10:56:27Z Fongcwele 16873 /* Isendlalelo */ 131338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox constitution | document_name = Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 | image = Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg | jurisdiction = [[South Africa]] | date_ratified = 18 December 1996 | date_effective = 4 February 1997 | system = [[Republic]] | branches = Three (executive, legislature and judiciary) | chambers = [[Bicameral]] ([[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]]) | executive = [[President of South Africa|President]] and [[Cabinet of South Africa|Cabinet]] | courts = [[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] and [[Judiciary of South Africa|others]] | writer = [[Constitutional Assembly of South Africa|Constitutional Assembly]] | signers = President [[Nelson Mandela]] | supersedes = [[Interim Constitution (South Africa)|Constitution of the Republic of South&nbsp;Africa, 1993]] | wikisource = Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 }} {{Infobox South African | zu = UMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika | xh = | af = Grondwet van Suid-Afrika | nso = | ss = Umtsetfo Sisekelo wase Ningizimu Afrika | st =Molaotheo wa Afrika Borwa | tn = | ts = | ve = | nr = | khoi = | naq = | san = | name=Constitution of South Africa}} {{Politics of South Africa}} '''UMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika''' [[Umthethosisekelo|ungumthetho ophakeme]] we[[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|wombusosobala waseNingizimu Afrika]]. Unikeza isisekelo esisemthethweni sokuba khona [[Umbusosobala|kombusosobala]], ubeka amalungelo abantu nemisebenzi yezakhamuzi zayo, futhi uchaza ukwakheka kukaHulumeni. Umthethosisekelo wamanje, owesihlanu walelizwe, wasungulwa uMgwamanqa owakhethwa okhethweni lukawonke-wonke lowe-1994. Wamenyezelwa [[Umongameli waseNingizimu Afrika|ngumongameli]] [[Nelson Mandela|uNelson Mandela]] mhla zili-18 kuDisemba 1996 wase uyaqala ukusebenza mhla zi-4 kuFebruwari 1997, uthatha indawo yoMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana wonyaka we-1993. Umthethosisekelo wokuqala wamiswa umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika wonyaka we-1909, owahlala isikhathi eside kunayo yonke kuze kube manje. Kusukela ngowe-1961, umthethosisekelo uye wamemezela uhlobo lukahulumeni wombusosobala ozimele. Kusukela ngowe-1997, uMthethosisekelo uye walungiswa ngezichibiyelo eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili. UMthethosisekelo ubizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi "Umthethosisekelo weRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika, 1996." Ngaphambili wawubalwa njengokungathi wawuwumthetho wePhalamende - uMthetho we-108 ka-1996 - kodwa, selokhu kwamukelwa uMthetho ukucashunwa kwemithetho yomthethosisekelo, awukho noma umthetho owuchibiyelelayo onikezwe izinombolo zomthetho. == Umlando == === Umthethosisekelo wangaphambili waseNingizimu Afrika === UMthetho waseNingizimu Afrika we-1909, umthetho wePhalamende ''loMbuso Ohlangeneyo'', wahlanganisa amakoloni amane aseBrithani - iKoloni Lenhlonhlo, iKoloni yaseNtilasifali, iKoloni IeSenqu neKoloni laseNatali- kwaba yi-''UBambano lwaseNingizimu Afrika'', engumbuso ozimele. ''UMthetho WoMthethososekelo Wombusosobala waseNingizimu Afrika'', wonyaka we-1961 waguqula ubumbano lwaba umbusosobala, esikhundleni sokwenganyelwa yiNdlovukazi yaseNgilandi lwenganyelwa nguMongameli wezwe, kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho yashiya uhlelo oluningi lukahulumeni lungaguquliwe. KuNhlolozwi, ukhetho lokuqala lukazwelonke olwalunabamhlophe kuphela, lo Mthetho wamukelwa kancane, kunabantu abambalwa esifundazweni saseKapa kanye neningi elinamandla eNatali elaphikisana nawo. I-Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, ka-1983, iphinde yamukelwa yi-referendum yabamhlophe kuphela, yasungula iPhalamende le-Tricameral, nezindlu ezihlukene ezimele abamhlophe, amaKhaladi namaNdiya kodwa ngaphandle kokumelwa kwabamnyama. UMongameli weZwe oyinhloko kanye noNdunankulu ophethe kwahlanganiswa kwaba nguMongameli ophethe wezwe, okhethwe yiphalamende. Lesi sici sisekhona kuze kube namuhla futhi cishe siyingqayizivele eNingizimu Afrika (ngaphandle kweBotswana engumakhelwane). I-[[Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993|Constitution of the Republic of South Africa]], ka-1993 noma uMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana wamenyezelwa ekupheleni [[Uhlelo lobandlululo|koBandlululo]] ukulawula inkathi yokuguquka. Yethula, ngokokuqala ngqá, uhlaka lwentando yeningi ekhululekile, ukuvotelwa kwabantu abadala emhlabeni wonke kanye nomthetho wamalungelo. === Izingxoxo === Ingxenye ebalulekile yezingxoxo zokuqeda ubandlululo eNingizimu Afrika kwakuwukwakhiwa komthethosisekelo omusha. Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu okwakuphikiswana ngazo kwakuyinqubo lapho umthetho-sisekelo onjalo owawuzokwamukelwa ngayo. [[African National Congress|I-African National Congress]] (ANC) yaphikelela ngokuthi kufanele ibhalwe yibutho lomthethosisekelo elikhethwe ngentando yeningi, kuyilapho i-National Party (NP) ebusayo yayesaba ukuthi amalungelo amaqembu amancane ngeke avikelwe kulenqubo enjalo, futhi yahlongoza ukuthi esikhundleni salokho umthetho-sisekelo kufanele uxoxiswane ngokuvumelana phakathi kwamaqembu bese ufakwa ku-referendum. <ref name="goldstone">{{Cite journal|first1=Richard|last1=Goldstone|title=The South African Bill of Rights|year=1997|page=451–470}}</ref> Izingxoxo ezisemthethweni zaqala ngoZibandlela ka-1991 e-Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA). Amaqembu avumelana ngenqubo lapho Umthetho-sisekelo wesikhashana okuxoxiswana ngawo uzonikeza ibutho lomthethosisekelo elokhethiwe lokubhala umthetho-sisekelo ongunomphela. Izingxoxo ze-CODESA zaphela, noma kunjalo, ngemuva komhlangano wesibili we-plenary ngoMeyi 1992. Elinye lamaphuzu amakhulu okuphikisana kwakuwubukhulu beningi eliyodingeka ukuze ibutho lamukele umthetho-sisekelo: I-NP yayifuna izidingo ezingama-75 ekhulwini(75%),<ref name="goldstone">{{Cite journal|first=Richard|last=Goldstone|author-link=Richard Goldstone|title=The South African Bill of Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_texas-international-law-journal_summer-1997_32_3/page/451|year=1997|journal=Texas International Law Journal|volume=32|pages=451–470}}</ref> okwakuyisinikeze ukuvinjelwa.<ref name="barnes" /> NgoMbasa ka-1993, amaqembu abuyela ezingxoxweni, kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-Multi-Party Negotiating Process (MPNP). Ikomiti le-MPNP lahlongoza ukuthuthukiswa kweqoqo "lezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo" lezi umthetho-sisekelo wokugcina okwakuzodingeka uvumelane nazo, ukuze inkululeko eyisisekelo iqinisekiswe futhi amalungelo abambalwa avikelwe, ngaphandle kokulinganisela ngokweqile indima yebutho lomthetho-sisekelo elikhethiwe.<ref name="goldstone">{{Cite journal|first=Richard|last=Goldstone|author-link=Richard Goldstone|title=The South African Bill of Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_texas-international-law-journal_summer-1997_32_3/page/451|year=1997|journal=Texas International Law Journal|volume=32|pages=451–470}}</ref> Amaqembu e-MPNP amukela lo mbono futhi aqhubeka nokubhala uMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana ka-1993, owamiswa ngokusemthethweni y[[IPhalamende laseNingizimu Afrika|IPhalamende]] futhi waqala ukusebenza ngo-27 April 1994. == Isiqikili == UMthethosisekelo uqukethe isendlalelo, izahluko ezilishumi nane ezinezigaba ezingama-244 sections (Isigaba sokugcina sinenombolo engama-243, ngenxa yokuthi isigaba sama-230A sajotshelelwa ngemva kwesigaba sama-230, ngesichiboyelo seSithupha) nesahlukwana sesiphohlongo. Isahluko ngasinye sidingida isihloko esithile; izahlukwana ziqukethe ukwaziswa okwengeziwe okuphathelelwa esiqakaqeni esiyinhloko. === Isendlalelo === Isendlalelo somthethosisekelo sifundeka kanje:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-31 |title=The South African Constitution: Facing History & Ourselves |url=https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/south-african-constitution |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.facinghistory.org |language=en}}</ref>{{Quote box | quote =Thina, bantu baseNingizimu Afrika, Siyazamukela izenzo ezingalungile zesikhathi esadlula; Siphakamisa labo abahluphekela ubulungiswa nenkululeko emhlabeni wethu; Sihlonipha labo abasebenzele ukwakha nokuthuthukisa izwe lethu; futhi Sikholelwa ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonke abahlala kuyo, sibumbene nakuba singafani. Ngakho-ke, ngokusebenzisa labo abasimele esibakhethe ngokukhululeka, samukela lo Mthethosisekelo njengomthetho omkhulu weRiphabhuliki ukuba - Silungise ukwehlukana kwesikhathi esedlule futhi sakhe umphakathi Silungise ukwehlukana kwesikhathi esidlule futhi sakhe umphakathi owesekelwe ngamagugu entando yeningi, ubulungiswa emphakathini nakumalungelo abantu ayisisekelo; Sibeke izisekelo zomphakathi oqhuba ngendlela yentando yeningi novulelekile, lapho uhulumeni esekelwe ngentando yabantu futhi zonke izakhamuzi zivikelwe ngumthetho ngokulinganayo; Senza ngcono izinga lokuphila lazo zonke izakhamuzi futhi sikhulula abantu kwabangakwenza; futhi Sakha iNingizimu Afrika ebumbene futhi yentando yeningi ekwazi ukuthatha indawo yayo efanele njengombuso ozimele emkhakheni yamazwe. Sengathi uNkulunkulu angavikela abantu bakithi. Nkosi Sikelel’ i-Afrika. Morena boloka setjhaba sa heso. God seën Suid-Afrika. God bless South Africa. Mudzimu fhatutšhedza Afurika. Hosi katekisa Afrika. | align = none | width = 100% }} === ISahluko 1: === {{main|Isahluko Sokuqala soMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika }} Isahluko sokuqala siphethe izimiso eziyinhloko zomthethosisekelo, sichasisa ngebhayi lesizwe nangeculovlesizwe, futhi sibalula izindimi zlisemthethweni nezimiso zenqubomgomo zikahulumeni ngolimi. Sichasisa iNingizimu Afrika "njengombuso owodwa, onozibuse [[Umbuso wabantu|nongumbusowabantu]]" osekelwe ezimisweni zamalungelo abantu, ukuphakama komthethosisekelo, ukubusa komthetho nethuba lolukhetha likawonke omdala. Lesi sahlulo siqukethe isigatshana sokuphakama esisungula ukuthi yonke eminye imithetho nezenzo zingaphansi komthethosisekelo. Akukhulunywa lutho [[Ubuntu|ngobuntu]]. ==Amaphatho== gi65fobluli0ubkmv0i1wcbhzn7wien 131340 131338 2026-10-11T11:12:23Z Fongcwele 16873 /* Isendlalelo */ 131340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox constitution | document_name = Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 | image = Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg | jurisdiction = [[South Africa]] | date_ratified = 18 December 1996 | date_effective = 4 February 1997 | system = [[Republic]] | branches = Three (executive, legislature and judiciary) | chambers = [[Bicameral]] ([[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]]) | executive = [[President of South Africa|President]] and [[Cabinet of South Africa|Cabinet]] | courts = [[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] and [[Judiciary of South Africa|others]] | writer = [[Constitutional Assembly of South Africa|Constitutional Assembly]] | signers = President [[Nelson Mandela]] | supersedes = [[Interim Constitution (South Africa)|Constitution of the Republic of South&nbsp;Africa, 1993]] | wikisource = Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 }} {{Infobox South African | zu = UMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika | xh = | af = Grondwet van Suid-Afrika | nso = | ss = Umtsetfo Sisekelo wase Ningizimu Afrika | st =Molaotheo wa Afrika Borwa | tn = | ts = | ve = | nr = | khoi = | naq = | san = | name=Constitution of South Africa}} {{Politics of South Africa}} '''UMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika''' [[Umthethosisekelo|ungumthetho ophakeme]] we[[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|wombusosobala waseNingizimu Afrika]]. Unikeza isisekelo esisemthethweni sokuba khona [[Umbusosobala|kombusosobala]], ubeka amalungelo abantu nemisebenzi yezakhamuzi zayo, futhi uchaza ukwakheka kukaHulumeni. Umthethosisekelo wamanje, owesihlanu walelizwe, wasungulwa uMgwamanqa owakhethwa okhethweni lukawonke-wonke lowe-1994. Wamenyezelwa [[Umongameli waseNingizimu Afrika|ngumongameli]] [[Nelson Mandela|uNelson Mandela]] mhla zili-18 kuDisemba 1996 wase uyaqala ukusebenza mhla zi-4 kuFebruwari 1997, uthatha indawo yoMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana wonyaka we-1993. Umthethosisekelo wokuqala wamiswa umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika wonyaka we-1909, owahlala isikhathi eside kunayo yonke kuze kube manje. Kusukela ngowe-1961, umthethosisekelo uye wamemezela uhlobo lukahulumeni wombusosobala ozimele. Kusukela ngowe-1997, uMthethosisekelo uye walungiswa ngezichibiyelo eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili. UMthethosisekelo ubizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi "Umthethosisekelo weRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika, 1996." Ngaphambili wawubalwa njengokungathi wawuwumthetho wePhalamende - uMthetho we-108 ka-1996 - kodwa, selokhu kwamukelwa uMthetho ukucashunwa kwemithetho yomthethosisekelo, awukho noma umthetho owuchibiyelelayo onikezwe izinombolo zomthetho. == Umlando == === Umthethosisekelo wangaphambili waseNingizimu Afrika === UMthetho waseNingizimu Afrika we-1909, umthetho wePhalamende ''loMbuso Ohlangeneyo'', wahlanganisa amakoloni amane aseBrithani - iKoloni Lenhlonhlo, iKoloni yaseNtilasifali, iKoloni IeSenqu neKoloni laseNatali- kwaba yi-''UBambano lwaseNingizimu Afrika'', engumbuso ozimele. ''UMthetho WoMthethososekelo Wombusosobala waseNingizimu Afrika'', wonyaka we-1961 waguqula ubumbano lwaba umbusosobala, esikhundleni sokwenganyelwa yiNdlovukazi yaseNgilandi lwenganyelwa nguMongameli wezwe, kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho yashiya uhlelo oluningi lukahulumeni lungaguquliwe. KuNhlolozwi, ukhetho lokuqala lukazwelonke olwalunabamhlophe kuphela, lo Mthetho wamukelwa kancane, kunabantu abambalwa esifundazweni saseKapa kanye neningi elinamandla eNatali elaphikisana nawo. I-Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, ka-1983, iphinde yamukelwa yi-referendum yabamhlophe kuphela, yasungula iPhalamende le-Tricameral, nezindlu ezihlukene ezimele abamhlophe, amaKhaladi namaNdiya kodwa ngaphandle kokumelwa kwabamnyama. UMongameli weZwe oyinhloko kanye noNdunankulu ophethe kwahlanganiswa kwaba nguMongameli ophethe wezwe, okhethwe yiphalamende. Lesi sici sisekhona kuze kube namuhla futhi cishe siyingqayizivele eNingizimu Afrika (ngaphandle kweBotswana engumakhelwane). I-[[Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993|Constitution of the Republic of South Africa]], ka-1993 noma uMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana wamenyezelwa ekupheleni [[Uhlelo lobandlululo|koBandlululo]] ukulawula inkathi yokuguquka. Yethula, ngokokuqala ngqá, uhlaka lwentando yeningi ekhululekile, ukuvotelwa kwabantu abadala emhlabeni wonke kanye nomthetho wamalungelo. === Izingxoxo === Ingxenye ebalulekile yezingxoxo zokuqeda ubandlululo eNingizimu Afrika kwakuwukwakhiwa komthethosisekelo omusha. Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu okwakuphikiswana ngazo kwakuyinqubo lapho umthetho-sisekelo onjalo owawuzokwamukelwa ngayo. [[African National Congress|I-African National Congress]] (ANC) yaphikelela ngokuthi kufanele ibhalwe yibutho lomthethosisekelo elikhethwe ngentando yeningi, kuyilapho i-National Party (NP) ebusayo yayesaba ukuthi amalungelo amaqembu amancane ngeke avikelwe kulenqubo enjalo, futhi yahlongoza ukuthi esikhundleni salokho umthetho-sisekelo kufanele uxoxiswane ngokuvumelana phakathi kwamaqembu bese ufakwa ku-referendum. <ref name="goldstone">{{Cite journal|first1=Richard|last1=Goldstone|title=The South African Bill of Rights|year=1997|page=451–470}}</ref> Izingxoxo ezisemthethweni zaqala ngoZibandlela ka-1991 e-Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA). Amaqembu avumelana ngenqubo lapho Umthetho-sisekelo wesikhashana okuxoxiswana ngawo uzonikeza ibutho lomthethosisekelo elokhethiwe lokubhala umthetho-sisekelo ongunomphela. Izingxoxo ze-CODESA zaphela, noma kunjalo, ngemuva komhlangano wesibili we-plenary ngoMeyi 1992. Elinye lamaphuzu amakhulu okuphikisana kwakuwubukhulu beningi eliyodingeka ukuze ibutho lamukele umthetho-sisekelo: I-NP yayifuna izidingo ezingama-75 ekhulwini(75%),<ref name="goldstone">{{Cite journal|first=Richard|last=Goldstone|author-link=Richard Goldstone|title=The South African Bill of Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_texas-international-law-journal_summer-1997_32_3/page/451|year=1997|journal=Texas International Law Journal|volume=32|pages=451–470}}</ref> okwakuyisinikeze ukuvinjelwa.<ref name="barnes" /> NgoMbasa ka-1993, amaqembu abuyela ezingxoxweni, kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-Multi-Party Negotiating Process (MPNP). Ikomiti le-MPNP lahlongoza ukuthuthukiswa kweqoqo "lezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo" lezi umthetho-sisekelo wokugcina okwakuzodingeka uvumelane nazo, ukuze inkululeko eyisisekelo iqinisekiswe futhi amalungelo abambalwa avikelwe, ngaphandle kokulinganisela ngokweqile indima yebutho lomthetho-sisekelo elikhethiwe.<ref name="goldstone">{{Cite journal|first=Richard|last=Goldstone|author-link=Richard Goldstone|title=The South African Bill of Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_texas-international-law-journal_summer-1997_32_3/page/451|year=1997|journal=Texas International Law Journal|volume=32|pages=451–470}}</ref> Amaqembu e-MPNP amukela lo mbono futhi aqhubeka nokubhala uMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana ka-1993, owamiswa ngokusemthethweni y[[IPhalamende laseNingizimu Afrika|IPhalamende]] futhi waqala ukusebenza ngo-27 April 1994. == Isiqikili == UMthethosisekelo uqukethe isendlalelo, izahluko ezilishumi nane ezinezigaba ezingama-244 sections (Isigaba sokugcina sinenombolo engama-243, ngenxa yokuthi isigaba sama-230A sajotshelelwa ngemva kwesigaba sama-230, ngesichiboyelo seSithupha) nesahlukwana sesiphohlongo. Isahluko ngasinye sidingida isihloko esithile; izahlukwana ziqukethe ukwaziswa okwengeziwe okuphathelelwa esiqakaqeni esiyinhloko. === Isendlalelo === Isendlalelo somthethosisekelo sifundeka kanje:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-31 |title=The South African Constitution: Facing History & Ourselves |url=https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/south-african-constitution |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.facinghistory.org |language=en}}</ref> <blockquote style="text-align: left;"> Thina, bantu baseNingizimu Afrika, Siyazamukela izenzo ezingalungile zesikhathi esadlula; Siphakamisa labo abahluphekela ubulungiswa nenkululeko emhlabeni wethu; Sihlonipha labo abasebenzele ukwakha nokuthuthukisa izwe lethu; futhi Sikholelwa ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonke abahlala kuyo, sibumbene nakuba singafani. Ngakho-ke, ngokusebenzisa labo abasimele esibakhethe ngokukhululeka, samukela lo Mthethosisekelo njengomthetho omkhulu weRiphabhuliki ukuba - Silungise ukwehlukana kwesikhathi esedlule futhi sakhe umphakathi Silungise ukwehlukana kwesikhathi esidlule futhi sakhe umphakathi owesekelwe ngamagugu entando yeningi, ubulungiswa emphakathini nakumalungelo abantu ayisisekelo; Sibeke izisekelo zomphakathi oqhuba ngendlela yentando yeningi novulelekile, lapho uhulumeni esekelwe ngentando yabantu futhi zonke izakhamuzi zivikelwe ngumthetho ngokulinganayo; Senza ngcono izinga lokuphila lazo zonke izakhamuzi futhi sikhulula abantu kwabangakwenza; futhi Sakha iNingizimu Afrika ebumbene futhi yentando yeningi ekwazi ukuthatha indawo yayo efanele njengombuso ozimele emkhakheni yamazwe. Sengathi uNkulunkulu angavikela abantu bakithi. Nkosi Sikelel’ i-Afrika. Morena boloka setjhaba sa heso. God seën Suid-Afrika. God bless South Africa. Mudzimu fhatutšhedza Afurika. Hosi katekisa Afrika. </blockquote> === ISahluko 1: === {{main|Isahluko Sokuqala soMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika }} Isahluko sokuqala siphethe izimiso eziyinhloko zomthethosisekelo, sichasisa ngebhayi lesizwe nangeculovlesizwe, futhi sibalula izindimi zlisemthethweni nezimiso zenqubomgomo zikahulumeni ngolimi. Sichasisa iNingizimu Afrika "njengombuso owodwa, onozibuse [[Umbuso wabantu|nongumbusowabantu]]" osekelwe ezimisweni zamalungelo abantu, ukuphakama komthethosisekelo, ukubusa komthetho nethuba lolukhetha likawonke omdala. Lesi sahlulo siqukethe isigatshana sokuphakama esisungula ukuthi yonke eminye imithetho nezenzo zingaphansi komthethosisekelo. Akukhulunywa lutho [[Ubuntu|ngobuntu]]. ==Amaphatho== emhutyj7pw6lcv4qjn3sb1z3lfsf3f3 131341 131340 2026-10-11T11:15:42Z Fongcwele 16873 /* Isendlalelo */ 131341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox constitution | document_name = Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 | image = Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg | jurisdiction = [[South Africa]] | date_ratified = 18 December 1996 | date_effective = 4 February 1997 | system = [[Republic]] | branches = Three (executive, legislature and judiciary) | chambers = [[Bicameral]] ([[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]]) | executive = [[President of South Africa|President]] and [[Cabinet of South Africa|Cabinet]] | courts = [[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] and [[Judiciary of South Africa|others]] | writer = [[Constitutional Assembly of South Africa|Constitutional Assembly]] | signers = President [[Nelson Mandela]] | supersedes = [[Interim Constitution (South Africa)|Constitution of the Republic of South&nbsp;Africa, 1993]] | wikisource = Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 }} {{Infobox South African | zu = UMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika | xh = | af = Grondwet van Suid-Afrika | nso = | ss = Umtsetfo Sisekelo wase Ningizimu Afrika | st =Molaotheo wa Afrika Borwa | tn = | ts = | ve = | nr = | khoi = | naq = | san = | name=Constitution of South Africa}} {{Politics of South Africa}} '''UMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika''' [[Umthethosisekelo|ungumthetho ophakeme]] we[[IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika|wombusosobala waseNingizimu Afrika]]. Unikeza isisekelo esisemthethweni sokuba khona [[Umbusosobala|kombusosobala]], ubeka amalungelo abantu nemisebenzi yezakhamuzi zayo, futhi uchaza ukwakheka kukaHulumeni. Umthethosisekelo wamanje, owesihlanu walelizwe, wasungulwa uMgwamanqa owakhethwa okhethweni lukawonke-wonke lowe-1994. Wamenyezelwa [[Umongameli waseNingizimu Afrika|ngumongameli]] [[Nelson Mandela|uNelson Mandela]] mhla zili-18 kuDisemba 1996 wase uyaqala ukusebenza mhla zi-4 kuFebruwari 1997, uthatha indawo yoMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana wonyaka we-1993. Umthethosisekelo wokuqala wamiswa umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika wonyaka we-1909, owahlala isikhathi eside kunayo yonke kuze kube manje. Kusukela ngowe-1961, umthethosisekelo uye wamemezela uhlobo lukahulumeni wombusosobala ozimele. Kusukela ngowe-1997, uMthethosisekelo uye walungiswa ngezichibiyelo eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili. UMthethosisekelo ubizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi "Umthethosisekelo weRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika, 1996." Ngaphambili wawubalwa njengokungathi wawuwumthetho wePhalamende - uMthetho we-108 ka-1996 - kodwa, selokhu kwamukelwa uMthetho ukucashunwa kwemithetho yomthethosisekelo, awukho noma umthetho owuchibiyelelayo onikezwe izinombolo zomthetho. == Umlando == === Umthethosisekelo wangaphambili waseNingizimu Afrika === UMthetho waseNingizimu Afrika we-1909, umthetho wePhalamende ''loMbuso Ohlangeneyo'', wahlanganisa amakoloni amane aseBrithani - iKoloni Lenhlonhlo, iKoloni yaseNtilasifali, iKoloni IeSenqu neKoloni laseNatali- kwaba yi-''UBambano lwaseNingizimu Afrika'', engumbuso ozimele. ''UMthetho WoMthethososekelo Wombusosobala waseNingizimu Afrika'', wonyaka we-1961 waguqula ubumbano lwaba umbusosobala, esikhundleni sokwenganyelwa yiNdlovukazi yaseNgilandi lwenganyelwa nguMongameli wezwe, kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho yashiya uhlelo oluningi lukahulumeni lungaguquliwe. KuNhlolozwi, ukhetho lokuqala lukazwelonke olwalunabamhlophe kuphela, lo Mthetho wamukelwa kancane, kunabantu abambalwa esifundazweni saseKapa kanye neningi elinamandla eNatali elaphikisana nawo. I-Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, ka-1983, iphinde yamukelwa yi-referendum yabamhlophe kuphela, yasungula iPhalamende le-Tricameral, nezindlu ezihlukene ezimele abamhlophe, amaKhaladi namaNdiya kodwa ngaphandle kokumelwa kwabamnyama. UMongameli weZwe oyinhloko kanye noNdunankulu ophethe kwahlanganiswa kwaba nguMongameli ophethe wezwe, okhethwe yiphalamende. Lesi sici sisekhona kuze kube namuhla futhi cishe siyingqayizivele eNingizimu Afrika (ngaphandle kweBotswana engumakhelwane). I-[[Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993|Constitution of the Republic of South Africa]], ka-1993 noma uMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana wamenyezelwa ekupheleni [[Uhlelo lobandlululo|koBandlululo]] ukulawula inkathi yokuguquka. Yethula, ngokokuqala ngqá, uhlaka lwentando yeningi ekhululekile, ukuvotelwa kwabantu abadala emhlabeni wonke kanye nomthetho wamalungelo. === Izingxoxo === Ingxenye ebalulekile yezingxoxo zokuqeda ubandlululo eNingizimu Afrika kwakuwukwakhiwa komthethosisekelo omusha. Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu okwakuphikiswana ngazo kwakuyinqubo lapho umthetho-sisekelo onjalo owawuzokwamukelwa ngayo. [[African National Congress|I-African National Congress]] (ANC) yaphikelela ngokuthi kufanele ibhalwe yibutho lomthethosisekelo elikhethwe ngentando yeningi, kuyilapho i-National Party (NP) ebusayo yayesaba ukuthi amalungelo amaqembu amancane ngeke avikelwe kulenqubo enjalo, futhi yahlongoza ukuthi esikhundleni salokho umthetho-sisekelo kufanele uxoxiswane ngokuvumelana phakathi kwamaqembu bese ufakwa ku-referendum. <ref name="goldstone">{{Cite journal|first1=Richard|last1=Goldstone|title=The South African Bill of Rights|year=1997|page=451–470}}</ref> Izingxoxo ezisemthethweni zaqala ngoZibandlela ka-1991 e-Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA). Amaqembu avumelana ngenqubo lapho Umthetho-sisekelo wesikhashana okuxoxiswana ngawo uzonikeza ibutho lomthethosisekelo elokhethiwe lokubhala umthetho-sisekelo ongunomphela. Izingxoxo ze-CODESA zaphela, noma kunjalo, ngemuva komhlangano wesibili we-plenary ngoMeyi 1992. Elinye lamaphuzu amakhulu okuphikisana kwakuwubukhulu beningi eliyodingeka ukuze ibutho lamukele umthetho-sisekelo: I-NP yayifuna izidingo ezingama-75 ekhulwini(75%),<ref name="goldstone">{{Cite journal|first=Richard|last=Goldstone|author-link=Richard Goldstone|title=The South African Bill of Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_texas-international-law-journal_summer-1997_32_3/page/451|year=1997|journal=Texas International Law Journal|volume=32|pages=451–470}}</ref> okwakuyisinikeze ukuvinjelwa.<ref name="barnes" /> NgoMbasa ka-1993, amaqembu abuyela ezingxoxweni, kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-Multi-Party Negotiating Process (MPNP). Ikomiti le-MPNP lahlongoza ukuthuthukiswa kweqoqo "lezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo" lezi umthetho-sisekelo wokugcina okwakuzodingeka uvumelane nazo, ukuze inkululeko eyisisekelo iqinisekiswe futhi amalungelo abambalwa avikelwe, ngaphandle kokulinganisela ngokweqile indima yebutho lomthetho-sisekelo elikhethiwe.<ref name="goldstone">{{Cite journal|first=Richard|last=Goldstone|author-link=Richard Goldstone|title=The South African Bill of Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_texas-international-law-journal_summer-1997_32_3/page/451|year=1997|journal=Texas International Law Journal|volume=32|pages=451–470}}</ref> Amaqembu e-MPNP amukela lo mbono futhi aqhubeka nokubhala uMthethosisekelo Wesikhashana ka-1993, owamiswa ngokusemthethweni y[[IPhalamende laseNingizimu Afrika|IPhalamende]] futhi waqala ukusebenza ngo-27 April 1994. == Isiqikili == UMthethosisekelo uqukethe isendlalelo, izahluko ezilishumi nane ezinezigaba ezingama-244 sections (Isigaba sokugcina sinenombolo engama-243, ngenxa yokuthi isigaba sama-230A sajotshelelwa ngemva kwesigaba sama-230, ngesichiboyelo seSithupha) nesahlukwana sesiphohlongo. Isahluko ngasinye sidingida isihloko esithile; izahlukwana ziqukethe ukwaziswa okwengeziwe okuphathelelwa esiqakaqeni esiyinhloko. === Isendlalelo === Isendlalelo somthethosisekelo sifundeka kanje:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-31 |title=The South African Constitution: Facing History & Ourselves |url=https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/south-african-constitution |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.facinghistory.org |language=en}}</ref> <blockquote style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; padding: 15px; "text-align: left;"> Thina, bantu baseNingizimu Afrika, Siyaziqaphela izenzo ezingalungile zesikhathi esadlula; Siphakamisa labo abahluphekela ubulungiswa nenkululeko emhlabeni wethu; Sihlonipha labo abasebenzele ukwakha nokuthuthukisa izwe lethu; futhi Sikholelwa ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonke abahlala kuyo, sibumbene nakuba singafani. Ngakho-ke, ngokusebenzisa labo abasimele esibakhethe ngokukhululeka, samukela lo Mthethosisekelo njengomthetho omkhulu weRiphabhuliki ukuba - Silungise ukwehlukana kwesikhathi esedlule futhi sakhe umphakathi Silungise ukwehlukana kwesikhathi esidlule futhi sakhe umphakathi owesekelwe ngamagugu entando yeningi, ubulungiswa emphakathini nakumalungelo abantu ayisisekelo; Sibeke izisekelo zomphakathi oqhuba ngendlela yentando yeningi novulelekile, lapho uhulumeni esekelwe ngentando yabantu futhi zonke izakhamuzi zivikelwe ngumthetho ngokulinganayo; Senza ngcono izinga lokuphila lazo zonke izakhamuzi futhi sikhulula abantu kwabangakwenza; futhi Sakha iNingizimu Afrika ebumbene futhi yentando yeningi ekwazi ukuthatha indawo yayo efanele njengombuso ozimele emkhakheni yamazwe. Sengathi uNkulunkulu angavikela abantu bakithi. Nkosi Sikelel’ i-Afrika. Morena boloka setjhaba sa heso. God seën Suid-Afrika. God bless South Africa. Mudzimu fhatutšhedza Afurika. Hosi katekisa Afrika. </blockquote> === ISahluko 1: === {{main|Isahluko Sokuqala soMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika }} Isahluko sokuqala siphethe izimiso eziyinhloko zomthethosisekelo, sichasisa ngebhayi lesizwe nangeculovlesizwe, futhi sibalula izindimi zlisemthethweni nezimiso zenqubomgomo zikahulumeni ngolimi. Sichasisa iNingizimu Afrika "njengombuso owodwa, onozibuse [[Umbuso wabantu|nongumbusowabantu]]" osekelwe ezimisweni zamalungelo abantu, ukuphakama komthethosisekelo, ukubusa komthetho nethuba lolukhetha likawonke omdala. Lesi sahlulo siqukethe isigatshana sokuphakama esisungula ukuthi yonke eminye imithetho nezenzo zingaphansi komthethosisekelo. Akukhulunywa lutho [[Ubuntu|ngobuntu]]. ==Amaphatho== 4sc5r2h86xgr1wm6liynwqg3my24wf7 0 35290 131342 129331 2026-10-11T11:19:09Z Fongcwele 16873 /* Izithakazelo */ 131342 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mbele (Mbhele) in Ditema tsa Noko.png|thumb|Elithi Mbele (Mbhele) ngesiBheqe sohlamvu]] Elithi '''Mbele''' (elibhalwa nangokuthi '''Mbhele''')[[Isibongo|yisibongo]] sabantu abazinze kulezi zindawo zesifundazwe [[IKwaZulu-Natali|saKwaZulu-Natali]], eMzumbe, eLenge ngaseWashbange, eNkandla, eMfongosi, kwaMaphumulo, eMbongolwana, KwaNgoni, eMzinto, eMzimkhulu kwaNontshingila, nakwezinye izindawo abatholakal kuzo [[INingizimu Afrika|eNingizimu Afrika]]. ==Umlando wakwaMbhele== AbakwaMbhele bangama Nguni aseMbo, futhi bahlobene nalezi zibongo, Ntuli, Shabangu, Ndlela, Makhaza, Mangamesi, Khuboni, Dlamini, noZingili Amaqhawe akwaMbhele aduma kakhulu ahlanganisa * USompisi: owagcina ebizwa ngoSonkobe ngoba wayelishaya ibhodwe, ephekela inkosi uSenzangakhona. Nguyena owaqala ukuhola abantu bakubo wayokhonza ngaphansi kombuso wakwaZulu. Wayesebuthweni elibizwa ngeNTONTELA * uNdlela kaSompisi: wayenguMdidiyeli wamabutho jikelele ngeskhathi senkosi uMbomboshe futhi wayeseKomotini eliphezulu elithatha izinqumo. Emgungundlovu nguyena owayehlela ukubulawa kwamabhunu. Emaqongqo nguyena owayekhipha amabutho. * uGodide kaNdlela: ubuqhawe sakuthola sisesokhalo kuNdlela. Salwa kakhulu eSandlwana sabulala amabhunu amaningi saze saguqa kwekaZibhebhu evukela umbuso kaZulu 1883. Kwaze kwalimala nesilo uJininindi omnyama lapho. ===uShabangu yindodana=== Ukuvela kwesbongo sakwaShabangu savela ngendodana yakwaMbhele eyayihlala njalo iya kuyise iyocela ayiphe izinkomo. Iphinde ibuye izocela. Wase ethi uyise usuyaSHABANGA manje okusho ukuthi usuyangiqola. Kwavela uShabangu kanjalo noSapho lwakhe lwabiza yena njengesbongo. ===Imvelaphi=== kwaMbhele kwakynensizwa enguMengamesi eyalala nodadewabo base beyaxoshwa ekhaya. Banikwa ihubo nomtthemelezo wabo. Babesebezibiza ngegama lomholi wabo elagcina liyisbongo kahle nje abakwaMbhele laba. UKUVELA KWESIBONGO SAKWANTULI EMABHELENI Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwesilo uSenzangakhona kaJama kwabonakala izintuli ezazibhunqa ziza nganeno. Inkosi uSenzangakhona nababenaye babuzana ukuthi zintuli zani leziyana ezisuka zyaphezulu lapahaya. Balinda baze babona ukuthi abantu basemaBheleni baholwa uSompisi bazokhonza kwaZulu. Loluthuli kwakungolwabafana kanye neynkomo kugijinywa kuziwa kwaZulu. Inkosi uSenzangakhona wabe esethi nina seningabakwaNtuli ngenxa yoThuli. ==Izithakazelo== <blockquote style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1; padding: 15px; text-align: center;"> Godide, Mphemba, Ntuli, Ndlela kaSompisi, Sothole. Gudukazi uyiNcwayo, Khuboni, Sompisi owaphemba ngamakhand'amadoda, Abanye bephemba ngomlilo. Nina base Lenge, Enabonakala ngefu lezintuli, Kwabe kunguSompisi kaGuqa, kaMasalela, Mazimuzimu enidla'abantu, Mgwabini wemikhonto, Umahlatshwa ebuhleni njengethole, Umagaju njengengwe Inhlangu eyeqa iphindaphinda, Umanxeba angamanxuluma, Kwasa bemhlaba uGwabini, waphika, Lang'elaphum'endlebeni yendlovu, Nyaka wumbe, Lophum' endlebeni yengwenya, Unonjiyelwa, Kulala uhlangothi lubomvu, Ugodo olumuka namankayiya, Langa </blockquote> ==Ukuzalana== MBHELE SILUSAPHO UBhele wazala uZondi kodwa aksiyena lona owesbongo UZondi wazala uLanga ULanga wazala uMafu kodwa aksiyena lowakwaZwane UMafu wazala uDubandlela ,uGudlindlu noKhuboni [okwavela ngaye isibongo sakwaKhuboni] -UKhoboni wazala uMamba -UMamba wazala uDibandlela -UDibandlela wazala uDlomo -UDlomo wazala uQunta -UQunta wazala uNdombo -UNdombo wazala uNoxhaka ====MBHELE SILUSAPHO EMZUMBE==== -UMabika uzale uNkondlwana -UNkondlwala uzale uSibewu -USibewu wazala uBangizwe owazala uMfimfitha -UMfimfitha wazala uMandlakhe -UMandlakhe odlule emhlabeni kwabamba undlunkulu wakhe ,namanje usabambile ====MBHELE SILUSAPHO EMZINTO==== -UZondi uzale uLanga -ULanga wazala uNsele -UNsele wazala uMbhele -UMbele uzale uGudlindlu II -UGudlindlu II uzale uShoba -UShoba uzale uMncindo -UMncindo wazala uNombayingana -UNombayingana wazala uDingiswayo -Dingiswayo wazala uVela -UVela wazala uLangalesizwe -ULangalesizwe wazala iNkosi uElvis Sikhulekile Mbhele ====MBHELE SILUSAPHO KWAMAPHUTHA ENKANDLA==== -UMbhele uzale uMafu II -UMafu II wazala uDubandlela II -UDubandlela wazala uNomane -UNomane wazala uDlambule -UDlambule wazala uNtshangase [hhayi owesibongo] -UNtshangase wazala uSonani owazala uKhawulela inkosi ebusayo namuhla. ====KHUBONI SILUSAPHO KWAMAPHUMULO==== -UKhuboni uzale uMamba -UMamba wazala uDubandlela -UDubandlela wazala uDlomo -UDlomo wazala uQunta -UQunta wazala uNdombo -UNdombo wazala uNoxhaka -UNoxhaka wazala uGilbert ozala iNkosi uProtas ====MBHELE SILUSAPHO KWANONTSHINGILA EMZIMKHULU==== -UNontshingila uzale uSogabasi -USogabasi wazala uToto -UToto wazala uShukumisa -UShukumisa wazala uMahleka -UMahleka wazala uMnyenyeza -UMnyenyeza wazala iNkosi uPhikubuxoki ====AMABHELE AKWANTULI SILUSAPHO==== -UNontshingila uzale uMsalela -UMsalela wazala uGuqa -UGuqa wazala uSompisi[owagcina esebizwa ngelikaNkobe ngoba ekwazi ukugazinga izinkobe] -USompisi wazala uGwatshaza ,uNdlela ,uMahawule ,uNdwane noBhibhi[indodakazi] uBhibhi wagana inkosi uSenzangakhona wazala uSigujana. ====GODIDE SILUSAPHO EMFONGOSI==== -UNdlela uzale uGodide[iqhawe laseSandlwana] elalala 1883 -UGodide wazala uMaqhubandaba -UMaqhubandaba wazala uNtulizwe -UNtulizwe wazala uMzochithwayo -UMzochithwayio wazala Sgidla obusayo ====NHLIZIYONHLE SILUSAPHO EMBONGOLWANE==== -UMavumengwane uzale uMfungelwa -UMfungelwa wazala uGqokinsimbi -UGqokinsimbi wazala uMzungezi -UMzungezi wazala iNkosi uSthembiso ebusayo ====BIZIMALI SILUSAPHO KWANGONI==== -UMahawukela uzale uMngeni -UMngeni wazala uKwebana noMbuzo . UKwebana usale empini engayicoshanga inzalo ubukhosi bathathwa nguMbuzo . -UMbuzo uzale uMaphoyisa -UMaphoyisa uzale uMqunduzi -UMqunduzi wazala uGlozela -UGolozela uzale uBizimali -UBizimali uzale iNkosi uPhokwakhe obesabanjelwe nguyise omncane uPhansikwezinyawo 4. KWAMKHONTO SILUSAPHO KWAMAPHUMULO -UMponjwana uzale uGazide -UGazide wazala uNtwananhle -UNtwananhle wazala uMkhonto -UMkhonto wazala uGobizembe -UGobizembe wazala uMaqhiwana -UMaqhiwana wazala uGazide II -UGazide wazala uMphezeni noMbekeni -UMphezeni akayitholanga inzalo -Osesihlalweni njengamanje yiNkosi uMbekeni : INDABUKO YAKWA MBHELE uBhele nguyena esiqala ukuzwa ngaye emlandweni futhi nguyena ozala sonke lesizukulwane esesinamakhosi amaningi. LoBhele wayezalwa indodana kaDlamini wesibili. UBhele lona wayelamana noZingili noNkosi II ogcine ezala abantu baseMaHlutshini . Ngingasho nje ukthi laba bantu bakwaMbhele . ==Udumo== Abantu bakwaMbhele babedume ngokudla abantu , bengamazimuzimu. Abantu bakwaMbhele kwaba ngeside isikhathi baziwa ngokuthi bangamazimuzimu behlala endaweni yabo okwakuthiwa kuseLenge. ILenge lena yintaba eseMnambithi ezansi nomfula iWashibhange, ibhekane nentaba yaseMhlumayo. Ngesilungu le ntaba yaseLenge kuthiwa yiJobstown. Kwakunemigede kuleya ndawo. Kuthiwa laba bantu kabaqalanga baba ngamazimuzimu, kodwa benziwa yisimo sendlala, kwathi ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla baqala badlana bodwa kwaze kwathi nabantu abedlula ngendlela bangena ogibeni lokuthi badliwa ngabantu baseMabheleni .Kwaqala lapho-ke ukuba kuthiwe ngamazimuzimu. Kuze kwathi ngesikhathi senkosi uSenzangakhona kaJama yaqala yabacela laba bantu ukuba baphume emigedeni yasentabeni yaseLenge, bahlale nabantu. Umholi wamazimuzimu ngaleso sikhathi kwakunguSompisi kaGuqa ===UKUFIKA KWAMAZIMU=== Usompisi kaGuqa Nguyena owabona ukuthi akulungi lokhu okwenziwa ngaMabhele, ukuthi adlane wodwa, wase ebaleka nabanye ababengakuthandi nabo lokhu, bawela uMzinyathi bayokhonza kwaZulu ngaphansi kukaSenzangakhona. Umuntu ogqame kakhulu kulababantu, nguSompisi kaGuqa kaMsalela kaNontshingila. USompisi ubengahambisani nokudla abantu. Usuke nabanye abebengahambisani nalowo mkhuba, behla nezwe bazokhonza KwaZulu kuSenzangakhona kaJama. Ngesikhathi beza KwaZulu, bebeqhuba izinkomo zabo babonakala ngezintuli ebezisuswa yizinkomo. Phakathi kwezingane zikaSompisi ayehamba nazo singabala inkosana yakhe, uGwatshaza, uNdlela, uMahawule noBhibhi indodakazi. UNdwane uzalelwe KwaZulu. Kuthe besanda ukufika KwaZulu inkosana uGwatshaza yashona. Ekufikeni kukaSompisi KwaZulu, uzakhele igama eNkosini uSenzangakhona. Ngesikhathi ezocela indawo ezokhonza enkosini, imbuze ukuthi ungubani, zayichazela izinduna zayo inkosi ukuthi ungumholi walaba bantu ababonakele ngezintuli ngesikhathi behla ezintabeni nezinkomo zabo. Inkosi uSenzangakhona ithe “O! NingabakwaNtuli zankomo.” Kusukela lapho ke kwabe sekuthiwa ngabakwaNtuli. Njengoba kushiwo ukuthi uSompisi uzakhele igama eNdlunkulu kwazise wayenobuciko bokupheka izinkobe nenyama. Ugcine esephekela iNkosi uSenzangakhona lapho wazithola esebizwa ngoNkobe. UBhibhi indodakazi kaSompisi, igcine igana inkosi uSenzangakhona, yazala uSigujana nendodakazi uNomqotho ogane iNkosi uMlandelwa wakwaMthethwa. USigujana uhlale esihlalweni sobukhosi ngemuva kokukhothama kweNkosi uSenzangakhona kodwa akahlalanga isikhathi eside ngoba ubulawe kwangena umnewabo uShaka. USigujana ubulawe nguNgwadi kaGendeyana waseMaMbedwini, engumfowabo weLembe ngonina uNandi. UNdlela kaSompisi ekufeni komnewabo uGwatshaza, nguyena obeyinkosana. Inkosi uSenzangakhona imbuthele ebuthweni leNtontela. ===ABAKWASHABANGU=== Abantu bakwaShabangu baphuma kubantu bakwaMbhele , bekunendoda yakwaMbhele ebibuya iphindelela izofuna uyise ayihlomulele emfuyweni yakhe. Kuthe isibuya okwesithathu, uyise wakhuza wababaza ethi: “Kanti uyashabanga manje wena ndodana?” Wayeqonde ukuthi iyabagebenga noma iyabaqola ngoba phela ukushabanga kusho ukuqola. Kusuka lapho ke, lendoda kwaba nguShabangu, nabantwana bonke bendlu yayo babe ngabakwaShabangu. ==UNDLELA KASOMPISI== Kukhona noNdlela kaSompisi wayebambe elikhulu iqhaza embusweni waKwaZulu ngoba nguyena osindise umntwana uMpande ekusocongweni yiSilo uDingane. UNdlela kaSompisi ube ngomunye wezinduna zeSilo iLembe. Ngesikhathi sekubusa iNdunduma yaseMgungundlovu inkosi uDingane, ube ngundunankulu wayo nezimpi ayezikhipha zinqoba, ngaphandle kweyaseNcome neyaseMaqongqo eMagudu. Kulezo zimpi yehlulwa eyeSilo saseMgungundlovu. KwaMbhele kuphuma oShabangu, oNtuli, oKhuboni, oMdletshe noMakwasa. Kanti futhi kukhona namanye aMaBhele aseSwazini naseZimbabwe. ====IQHAZA LIKANDLELA EMBUSWENI==== UNdlela noma ezokhumbuleka kakhulu esigemegemeni sikaDingane lapho abulala amaBhunu ayeholwa nguNkamunda wawo uPiet Retief ngoNhlolanja ziyisithupha. Nalapho amabutho kaDingane abulala khona insalela yaMabhunu kwaNobamba. Kodwa uNdlela walwa kakhulu ezimpini zikaShaka lapho wake wagwazwa amanxeba egcwala umzimba. Bamshiya bethi ufile kanti cha uzovuka umfokaNkobe. UGODIDE KANDLELA KASOMPISI UNdlela yena-ke wazala uGodide naye owafa elwela inkosi yakhe. Sizokhumbula ukthi uGodide ufele laphaya Ondini Olumahlikihlikana, ebulawa yimpi kaZibhebhu kaMaphitha eyayizobhubhisa inkosi uCetshwayo kaMpande. UGodide kaNdlela wafela lapho kanye nezinye izikhulu zikaZulu ezifana noSekethwayo wakwaMdlalose abaQulusini, phela bafa ngoMaquba noma ngithi uNtulikazi(July)zingamashumi amabili nanye kunyaka wenkulungwane namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili, namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nantathu(21 July 1883). UNdlela wafa ebulawa yiSilo saseMgungundovu inkosi u-Dingane ebulawelwa ukuthi usindise inkosi uMpande. Kuthiwa uMbomboshe wamklinya ngeSITSWEBHU SOQHOTHO kancane kancane waze wafa . ====IZIBONGO ZIKANDLELA==== Gwabini ngemikhonto ! Unojiyelwa kulalwa,uhlangothi lubomvu Umanxeba angamanxuluma Insingizi edonda ukusuka. Umagaju ongangengwe Uhlanga olweqa luphindelela Kwasa bemhlaba uGwabini, waphika Unababuyeli abangakanani Ababuyela umuntu enza ngamabomu na? Usonyakanyaka ! Umnyakanya owadukahela Usilinda maNdwandwe AmaNdwandwe akhawula amathe Umwelela kweliphesheya Umweli ,iwele yonke iNtontela Umzaca osikhombisa amaNgwane Usiquza abantu sakoGwabini Kuse kwasala uNdlela ! Unakanaka mina ngiyasala Umandlana angangawomntwana Ugodo olumuka namaNkayiya AmaNkayiya kaZwide Uzinsonge zingapheshya koThukela Umahlatshwa ebuhleni njengethole Usihlahla vimbela iNtontela Undaba zafika nqangi kuDlungwane noMbelebele Unolusingana olungangakanani [usungulo] Olungathunga uNdlela kaSompisi amanxeba ? UNdlela kaSompisi kaGuqa UGudukazi uyincwayo, Wena owaphemba ngamakhand'amadoda, Abanye bephemba ngomlilo, Wen'owaseLenge, ==Osaziwayo== * Lelo Mbele (owazalwa ngo-1987), umdlali webhola waseCongo * Diosdado Mbele (owazalwa ngo-1997), umdlali webhola wase-Equatoguinean * Lerato Mbele, intatheli yezokusakaza yaseNingizimu Afrika * Sonia Mbele, umlingisi waseNingizimu Afrika [[Category:Isibongo]] cezw192k6nugrd1dfwfii2ai0xsqob0 0 35647 131324 131269 2026-10-11T01:30:24Z InternetArchiveBot 15036 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 131324 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umgwinyo''' noma '''amaphilisi''' yimishanguzo esetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo noma ukunciphisa izimpawu zokugula. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamaphilisi, futhi ngayinye yenzelwe umsebenzi othile emzimbeni. Amanye asetsenziselwa ukudambisa ubuhlungu, kanti amanye asetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo ezithile emzimbeni.<ref>[https://clicks.co.za/betasleep_50mg-capsules-12-capsules/p/3505 Betasleep 50mg Capsules 12 Capsules - Clicks]</ref> [[File:VariousPills.jpg|thumb|307x307px|Imishanguzo]] Kubalulekile ukuthi umuntu asebenzise amaphilisi ngendlela ayalelwe ngayo [[UDokotela Benedict Wallet Vilakazi|udokodela,]]<nowiki/>inesi okanye usokhemesi. Akufanele umuntu aphuze amaphilisi amaningi kunalawo anqunyiwe ukuthi akawaphuze, ngoba lokho kungalimaza umzimba wakhe. Kumele futhi umuntu afunde imiyalelo esephepheni lomuthi ngaphambi kokuthi awasebenzise.Amanye amaphilisi angaba nemiphumela engemihle, njengokuzizwa unesiyezi, ukuphathwa ikhada okanye ubuhlungu besisu. Uma umuntu ezwa imiphumela engemihle ngemuva kokuphuza [[Umuthi|umuthi,]] kufanele afune usizo oluphuthumayo kudokotela noma usokhemesi. Izingane akufanele zinikwe amaphilisi ngaphandle kokuqondiswa umuntu omdala noma uchwepheshe wezempilo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pillsquad.co.za/ |title=Pillsquad – Contraception pill. Delivered to your door. |accessdate=2026-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261001055247/https://pillsquad.co.za/ |archive-date=2026-10-01 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ngakho-ke, amaphilisi abalulekile ekwelapheni izifo nasekusizeni abantu ukuba babe nempilo engcono. Nanokuthi kufanele asetshenziswe ngokucophelela nangendlela efanele. Ukugcina amaphilisi endaweni ephephile, eyomile, futhi lapho izingane ezingafinyeleli khona kubalulekile.<ref>[https://www.getmypill.co.za/pages/triphasil-pills-in-south-africa-a-womans-guide Triphasil Pills in South Africa: A Woman's Guide – Get My Pill]</ref> ==Amaphatho== == Imithombo Yolwazi == <references /> [[Category:Ezempilo]] [[Category:Ezokwelapha]] 2p2afcr7q04ywajmtx4x0qqhz69ghjq 0 35935 131347 131271 2026-10-11T11:37:47Z Dumbassman 11040 131347 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Bayer Heroin bottle.jpg|thumb|Inyawupe, uhlobo lokhovo olunamandla]] Igama elitho '''ukhovo''' imvelaphi yalo lisho umXube osamlaliso, uqedana amandla umuntu Abe ntekenteke engqondweni noma ngokomzimba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anstie |first1=Francis Edmund |title=Stimulants and Narcotics, Their Mutual Relations: With Special Researches on the Action of Alcohol, Aether and Chloroform on the Vital Organism |year=1865 |publisher=Lindsay and Blakiston |page=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBULAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA152 |language=en}}</ref> Leli gama, elibhalwa nangokuthi ukhovoyo, namuhla libhekisela emiXubeni ekhandwa nge-opium, efana nama-opiates, opioids nomanyawupe ngokwayo. Ngokuvamile igama elithi isidakamizwa lisetshenziselwa ukuhimusha elithi 'drug'. Bese elithi imilaliso lona lihumushe elithi 'sedative'. ==Amaphatho== {{reflist}} 3st8afuh2p64qqmglly7qmi3z9jc1kj 0 35941 131346 131296 2026-10-11T11:37:24Z Dumbassman 11040 131346 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ofuna ukukhoseliswa''' noma '''Ofuna ukubhaciswa''' ngumuntu oshiya izwe ahlala kulo, angene kwelinye izwe, futhi enze kulelo zwe isicelo esingokomthetho samalungelo okukhosliswa noma okubhaciswa ngokusho kweSimemezelo Sikawonke Samalungelo Esintu Isigaba 14. Umuntu ugcina isimo sokuba ofuna ukukhoseliswa kuze kube yilapho ilungelo lokufaka isicelo sokukhoseliswa seluphelile. Iziphathimandla zezifika namthwalo ezifanele zezwe lokukhosela zinquma ukuthi ngabe umuntu ofuna isikhoselo uzonikezwa yini ilungelo lokuvikelwa kwesikhoselo noma ukuthi ukukhoseliswa kuzokwenqatshwa yini futhi umuntu ofuna isikhoselo uba owokufika ongekho emthethweni ongacelwa ukuba aphume ezweni futhi angadingiswa ngokuhambisana nokungabuyiselwa emuva. Abacikici beSimemezelo Sikawonke Samalungelo Esintu bazenzela izinqubomgomo zabo zokuhlola isimo sokuvikelwa sabafuna isikhoselo, futhi isilinganiso sabafakizicelo zokukhosela abamukelekayo noma benqatshelwa siyahlukahluka unyaka nonyaka ezweni ngalinye. Umuntu ofuna isikhoselo angase aqashelwe ngasikhathi sinye njengombaleki <ref name="Horning, A. 2020 390–415">{{Cite journal |last=Horning, A. |date=2020 |title=Double-edged risk: unaccompanied minor refugees (UMRs) in Sweden and their search for safety. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342153928 |journal=Journal of Refugee Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=390–415 |doi=10.1093/jrs/feaa034 |access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref> futhi abhekwe njengombaleki uma izimo zakhe ziwela ngaphansi kwencasiselo yababaleki ngokusho kweSivumelwano esiphathelene nesimo sababaleki <ref name="Horning, A. 2020 390–415" /> noma Imithetho yababaleki esebenza esifundeni - njenge-European Convention on Human Rights, uma bengaphakathi kwe-[[UBumbano waseYurophu|I-European Union]]. Amagama athi ''ofuna ukukhoseliswa'', ''umbaleki'' kanye ''nowokufika ongekho emthethweni'' avame ukuphanjaniswa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Asylee Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/asylee}}</ref> ==Amaphatho== {{reflist}} pvzbeg1rs8owybukm6cbdgqgyigah1z 0 35942 131344 131297 2026-10-11T11:37:07Z Dumbassman 11040 131344 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukufika okungekho emthethweni''' kuwukufika nemithwalo kwabantu ezweni ngokwephula imithetho yokufika yalelo zwe, kufaka phakathi ukungena okungagunyaziwe noma ukuhlala okuqhubekayo ngemuva kokuphela kwe-visa esebenzayo. Ukufika okungekho emthethweni kuvame ukwenyuka ngokwezimali, abokufika besuka emazweni ampofu beya emazweni acebile.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Mark |date=December 2007 |title=The Drivers of Immigration in Contemporary Society: Unequal Distribution of Resources and Opportunities |journal=Human Ecology |volume=35 |pages=775–776 |bibcode=2007HumEc..35..775T |doi=10.1007/s10745-007-9111-z |issn=0300-7839 |s2cid=153735765}}</ref> Ukuhlala okungagunyaziwe kungaletha izingcuphe zokuboshwa, ukudingiswa, noma ezinye izijeziso zohlelokulawula, kuye ngemithetho yezwe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briggs |first=V. M. |year=2009 |title=The State of U.S. Immigration Policy: The Quandary of Economic Methodology and the Relevance of Economic Research to Know |url=https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/articles/256 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Law, Economics, and Policy |volume=5 |pages=177–193 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221074428/http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/articles/256/ |archive-date=21 December 2009 |access-date=10 December 2009}}</ref> ==Amaphatho== {{reflist}} 54lw8ih5riwqrdypd0c254whejse16q 0 35943 131343 131298 2026-10-11T11:36:53Z Dumbassman 11040 131343 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umbaleki''', ngokusho kukaKhomishana Ophakame Wababaleki weZizwe Ezihlangene (UNHCR), ungumuntu "ophoqelekile ukuba abaleke ezweni lakubo futhi afune ukuphepha kwelinye izwe. Akakwazi ukubuyela ezweni lakubo ngenxa yokwesaba ukushushiselwa lokho ayikho, akukholelwayo noma akushoyo , noma ngenxa yombango ohlomile, udlame noma iziyaluyalu zomphakathi"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who We Protect: Refugees|url=https://www.unhcr.org/us/about-unhcr/who-we-protect/refugees|accessdate=20 October 2024|website=UNHCR/USA}}</ref> Umuntu onjalo angabizwa ngokuthi [[ofuna ukukhoseliswa]] kuze kube yilapho enikezwa isimo sokuba umbaleki ngombuso wesivumelwano noma yi-UNHCR{{Sfn|Convention Protocol relating|1967}} uma enza isicelo sokukhoseliswa ngokusemthethweni.{{Sfn|Truth about asylum}} Abantu Abakhwebuke ngaphakathi (i-IDP) bavame ukubizwa ngokuthi ababaleki, kodwa bahlukaniswa nababaleki ngoba abakaze bawele umngcele wamazwe omhlaba, yize izizathu zabo zokushiya amakhaya abo zingafana nalezo zababaleki.<ref name="UNHCR IDP">{{Cite web|title=Internally Displaced Persons|url=http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/internally-displaced-people.html|accessdate=10 July 2017|publisher=United Nations High Commission for Refugees}}</ref> ==Amaphatho== {{reflist}} 4ujfud3hqpvffurj8wwrflxo7796ph3 0 35945 131330 131311 2026-10-11T05:41:20Z Dumbassman 11040 131330 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Heroin_in_powder_and_pill_forms.jpg|thumb|IWhoonga ewuqotho noma ewumgwinyo namabhamuza]] '''IWoonga''' eyaziwa nangokuthi '''inyaope''' (ngesiNgisi ''Herion'') phakathi kwamanye amagama, iyisidakamizwa esiwumlaliso we-opioid esenziwe ngentwentshe eyomisiwe yesihlahla esibizwa opium poppy; isetshenziswa kakhulu njengesidakamizwa sokuzilibazisa ngenxa yemiphumela yayo yokujabula. Iwhoonga isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha emazweni amaningana ukudambisa izinhlungu, njengasekubeletheni noma lapho umuntu ehlaselwa yinhliziyo.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Friedrichsdorf SJ, Postier A |date=2014 |title=Management of breakthrough pain in children with cancer |journal=Journal of Pain Research |volume=7 |pages=117–123 |doi=10.2147/JPR.S58862 |pmc=3953108 |pmid=24639603 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=National Collaborating Centre for Cancer (UK) |date=May 2012 |title=Opioids in Palliative Care: Safe and Effective Prescribing of Strong Opioids for Pain in Palliative Care of Adults |publisher=National Collaborating Centre for Cancer (UK) |location=Cardiff (UK) |pmid=23285502}}</ref> IWhoonga esezingeni lokwelapha isetshenziswa njengetswayi lesunyu elicwebile. Kunoqotho abahlukene abamhlophe nabangamunwe abadayiswa emhlabeni jikelele ngokunemthetho bebizwa ngamagama ahlukene. IWhoonga ewukolitayi iluhlobo olususelwa ngokuyixuba nemofini.<ref name="Drugs2014">{{cite web|title=Heroin|url=https://www.drugs.com/illicit/heroin.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=19 October 2016|date=18 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019154754/https://www.drugs.com/illicit/heroin.html|archive-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> IWhoonga ivame ukujovwa, ikakhulu emthanjeni wegazi, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi iyahogelwa ngamakhala, ibhenywe, noma ihogelwe. Kwezokwelapha, lapho untu elashwa ngayo uyajovwa, noma adle [[umgwinyo]] wayo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diamorphine |url=https://www.sps.nhs.uk/medicines/diamorphine/ |website=SPS – Specialist Pharmacy Service |date=15 February 2013 |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504165006/https://www.sps.nhs.uk/medicines/diamorphine/ }}</ref><ref name=Drugs2014/><ref name=NIH2014/><ref>{{cite book | year = 2014 | title = Research Report Series: Heroin | publisher = National Institutes on Drug Abuse | page = 1 | url = https://d14rmgtrwzf5a.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/heroinrrs_11_14.pdf | archive-date = 30 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161230054652/https://d14rmgtrwzf5a.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/heroinrrs_11_14.pdf | quote = Highly pure heroin can be snorted or smoked and may be more appealing to new users because it eliminates the stigma associated with injection drug use…. Impure heroin is usually dissolved, diluted, and injected into veins, muscles, or under the skin. | url-status = dead }}</ref> Umthelela wayo iyashesha futhi ungahlala cishe amahora ambalwa.<ref name=Drugs2014/> ==Amaphatho== 85rktk7k3ynn4nx3suxiww40odq9dul 0 35948 131319 2026-10-10T18:24:35Z Fongcwele 16873 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378622573|Equinox]]" 131319 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ulinganosuku''' lwelanga yisikhathi lapho [[Ilanga]] livela ngokuqondile ngenhla kwenkabazwe, kunokuba senyakatho noma eningizimu. Ngosuku okwenzeka ngalo ulinganosuku, ilanga liphuma cishe empumalanga futhi lishona entshonalanga. Lesi simongotho senzeka kabili ngonyaka, cishe ngo-20 March nango-23 September. db0s1rx2i6ujz4yyycp6jmrqnhjeig4 10 35949 131333 2026-10-11T10:33:44Z Fongcwele 16873 Created page with "<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" /><!-- --><blockquote class="templatequote {{{class|}}}" {{#if:{{{style|}}}|style="{{{style}}}"}}>{{{text|{{{content|{{{quotetext|{{{quote|{{{1|<includeonly>{{error|Error: No text given for quotation (or equals sign used in the actual argument to an unnamed parameter)}}{{main other|[[Category:Pages incorrectly using the quote template]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{lorem ipsum}}</noinclude>}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{multil..." 131333 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" /><!-- --><blockquote class="templatequote {{{class|}}}" {{#if:{{{style|}}}|style="{{{style}}}"}}>{{{text|{{{content|{{{quotetext|{{{quote|{{{1|<includeonly>{{error|Error: No text given for quotation (or equals sign used in the actual argument to an unnamed parameter)}}{{main other|[[Category:Pages incorrectly using the quote template]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{lorem ipsum}}</noinclude>}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{multiline|}}}|<nowiki /><!-- See talk page in 2025 for why this newline needs to be here --> </blockquote>|</blockquote>}}{{#if:{{{sign|}}}{{{cite|}}}{{{author|}}}{{{by|}}}{{{personquoted|}}}{{{source|}}}{{{ts|}}}{{{title|}}}{{{publication|}}}{{{quotesource|}}}{{{char|}}}{{{character|}}}{{{2|}}}{{{3|}}}{{{4|}}}{{{5|}}}| <div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">—&#8202;{{#if:{{{char|{{{character|{{{5|}}}}}}}}}|{{{char|{{{character|{{{5|}}}}}}}}}, in&#32;}}{{Comma separated entries | {{if empty|{{{sign|}}}|{{{cite|}}}|{{{author|}}}|{{{by|}}}|{{{personquoted|}}}|{{{2|}}}}} | {{if empty|{{{title|}}}|{{{publication|}}}|{{{ts|}}}|{{{quotesource|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} | {{if empty|{{{source|}}}|{{{4|}}}}} }}</p></div>}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using Blockquote template with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Blockquote]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}<noinclude> {{documentation}}<!--Add categories to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> g7n7pv15tnzl05fx3i60b1fldxyxojx 10 35950 131334 2026-10-11T10:35:30Z Fongcwele 16873 Created page with "/* {{pp-template}} */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 32px; } .templatequotecite { line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; margin-top: 0; } @media (min-width: 500px) { .templatequotecite { /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; } }" 131334 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .templatequote { overflow: hidden; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0 32px; } .templatequotecite { line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; margin-top: 0; } @media (min-width: 500px) { .templatequotecite { /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; } } 975tzgnvhd5jyqf0ucyxd4w8q6i98j0 10 35951 131335 2026-10-11T10:36:59Z Fongcwele 16873 Created page with "{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:lorem ipsum|main}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude>" 131335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:lorem ipsum|main}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 1u4bp7uwhc1wy1jszrzt9jlcqnr5zd7 828 35952 131336 2026-10-11T10:38:12Z Fongcwele 16873 Created page with "local yn = require("Module:Yesno") local p = {} function p._main(args) local paragraphs = {} local outTbl = setmetatable({}, {__call = function (t, v) t[#t+1] = v end}) local link = yn(args["link"]) or yn(args[4]) or false local join = yn(args["join"]) or false local joinprefixsuffix = yn(args["joinprefixsuffix"]) or false local cat = yn(args["cat"]) or true local count = tonumber(args[1]) or 1 local i = tonumber(args["start"]) or 1 local data = mw.loadData(arg..." 131336 Scribunto text/plain local yn = require("Module:Yesno") local p = {} function p._main(args) local paragraphs = {} local outTbl = setmetatable({}, {__call = function (t, v) t[#t+1] = v end}) local link = yn(args["link"]) or yn(args[4]) or false local join = yn(args["join"]) or false local joinprefixsuffix = yn(args["joinprefixsuffix"]) or false local cat = yn(args["cat"]) or true local count = tonumber(args[1]) or 1 local i = tonumber(args["start"]) or 1 local data = mw.loadData(args["data"] or "Module:Lorem_ipsum/data") local maxLen = tonumber(args["max len"]) for k,v in ipairs(data) do table.insert(paragraphs, v) end if join and (not joinprefixsuffix) then outTbl(args["prefix"] or args[2] or "") end while i > 0 and i <= count do if (not join) or joinprefixsuffix then outTbl(args["prefix"] or args[2] or "\n") end mw.log(count, i, data) outTbl(mw.ustring.format(paragraphs[math.mod(i - 1, #paragraphs) + 1], (link and "link" or ""))) if not join then outTbl((args["suffix"] or args[3] or "") .. "\n") else if joinprefixsuffix then outTbl(args["suffix"] or args[3] or "") end outTbl(i == count and "" or " ") end link = false i = i + 1 end if join and (not joinprefixsuffix) then outTbl(args["suffix"] or args[3] or "") end if cat and mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 0 and not mw.isSubsting() then outTbl("[[Category:Wikipedia articles containing placeholders]]") end local outStr = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(table.concat(outTbl)) return maxLen and mw.ustring.sub(outStr, 1, maxLen) or outStr end function p.main(frame) local args = require("Module:Arguments").getArgs(frame) return p._main(args, false) end function p.oneParagraph(frame) local args = require("Module:Arguments").getArgs(frame) args["join"] = true args["start"] = tonumber(args[1]) or 1 return p._main(args) end return p ticslja3ndit4cegu819uq3opezvms0 131339 131336 2026-10-11T11:02:26Z Fongcwele 16873 131339 Scribunto text/plain local yn = require("Module:Yesno") local p = {} function p._main(args) local paragraphs = {} local outTbl = setmetatable({}, {__call = function (t, v) t[#t+1] = v end}) local link = yn(args["link"]) or yn(args[4]) or false local join = yn(args["join"]) or false local joinprefixsuffix = yn(args["joinprefixsuffix"]) or false local cat = yn(args["cat"]) or true local count = tonumber(args[1]) or 1 local i = tonumber(args["start"]) or 1 local data = mw.loadData(args["data"] or "Module:Lorem ipsum/data") local maxLen = tonumber(args["max len"]) for k,v in ipairs(data) do table.insert(paragraphs, v) end if join and (not joinprefixsuffix) then outTbl(args["prefix"] or args[2] or "") end while i > 0 and i <= count do if (not join) or joinprefixsuffix then outTbl(args["prefix"] or args[2] or "\n") end mw.log(count, i, data) outTbl(mw.ustring.format(paragraphs[math.mod(i - 1, #paragraphs) + 1], (link and "link" or ""))) if not join then outTbl((args["suffix"] or args[3] or "") .. "\n") else if joinprefixsuffix then outTbl(args["suffix"] or args[3] or "") end outTbl(i == count and "" or " ") end link = false i = i + 1 end if join and (not joinprefixsuffix) then outTbl(args["suffix"] or args[3] or "") end if cat and mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 0 and not mw.isSubsting() then outTbl("[[Category:Wikipedia articles containing placeholders]]") end local outStr = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess(table.concat(outTbl)) return maxLen and mw.ustring.sub(outStr, 1, maxLen) or outStr end function p.main(frame) local args = require("Module:Arguments").getArgs(frame) return p._main(args, false) end function p.oneParagraph(frame) local args = require("Module:Arguments").getArgs(frame) args["join"] = true args["start"] = tonumber(args[1]) or 1 return p._main(args) end return p 78qciq9zo7zt95ddwlgp3bhh6q7qm0c 828 35953 131337 2026-10-11T10:39:26Z Fongcwele 16873 Created page with "--<nowiki> return { "{{safesubst:#if:%s|[[Lorem ipsum]]|Lorem ipsum}} dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserun..." 131337 Scribunto text/plain --<nowiki> return { "{{safesubst:#if:%s|[[Lorem ipsum]]|Lorem ipsum}} dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.", "Curabitur pretium tincidunt lacus. Nulla gravida orci a odio. Nullam varius, turpis et commodo pharetra, est eros bibendum elit, nec luctus magna felis sollicitudin mauris. Integer in mauris eu nibh euismod gravida. Duis ac tellus et risus vulputate vehicula. Donec lobortis risus a elit. Etiam tempor. Ut ullamcorper, ligula eu tempor congue, eros est euismod turpis, id tincidunt sapien risus a quam. Maecenas fermentum consequat mi. Donec fermentum. Pellentesque malesuada nulla a mi. Duis sapien sem, aliquet nec, commodo eget, consequat quis, neque. Aliquam faucibus, elit ut dictum aliquet, felis nisl adipiscing sapien, sed malesuada diam lacus eget erat. Cras mollis scelerisque nunc. Nullam arcu. Aliquam consequat. Curabitur augue lorem, dapibus quis, laoreet et, pretium ac, nisi. Aenean magna nisl, mollis quis, molestie eu, feugiat in, orci. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.", "Fusce convallis, mauris imperdiet gravida bibendum, nisl turpis suscipit mauris, sed placerat ipsum urna sed risus. In convallis tellus a mauris. Curabitur non elit ut libero tristique sodales. Mauris a lacus. Donec mattis semper leo. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Vivamus facilisis diam at odio. Mauris dictum, nisi eget consequat elementum, lacus ligula molestie metus, non feugiat orci magna ac sem. Donec turpis. Donec vitae metus. Morbi tristique neque eu mauris. Quisque gravida ipsum non sapien. Proin turpis lacus, scelerisque vitae, elementum at, lobortis ac, quam. Aliquam dictum eleifend risus. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Etiam sit amet diam. Suspendisse odio. Suspendisse nunc. In semper bibendum libero.", "Proin nonummy, lacus eget pulvinar lacinia, pede felis dignissim leo, vitae tristique magna lacus sit amet eros. Nullam ornare. Praesent odio ligula, dapibus sed, tincidunt eget, dictum ac, nibh. Nam quis lacus. Nunc eleifend molestie velit. Morbi lobortis quam eu velit. Donec euismod vestibulum massa. Donec non lectus. Aliquam commodo lacus sit amet nulla. Cras dignissim elit et augue. Nullam non diam. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Aenean vestibulum. Sed lobortis elit quis lectus. Nunc sed lacus at augue bibendum dapibus.", "Aliquam vehicula sem ut pede. Cras purus lectus, egestas eu, vehicula at, imperdiet sed, nibh. Morbi consectetuer luctus felis. Donec vitae nisi. Aliquam tincidunt feugiat elit. Duis sed elit ut turpis ullamcorper feugiat. Praesent pretium, mauris sed fermentum hendrerit, nulla lorem iaculis magna, pulvinar scelerisque urna tellus a justo. Suspendisse pulvinar massa in metus. Duis quis quam. Proin justo. Curabitur ac sapien. Nam erat. Praesent ut quam.", "Vivamus commodo, augue et laoreet euismod, sem sapien tempor dolor, ac egestas sem ligula quis lacus. Donec vestibulum tortor ac lacus. Sed posuere vestibulum nisl. Curabitur eleifend fermentum justo. Nullam imperdiet. Integer sit amet mauris imperdiet risus sollicitudin rutrum. Ut vitae turpis. Nulla facilisi. Quisque tortor velit, scelerisque et, facilisis vel, tempor sed, urna. Vivamus nulla elit, vestibulum eget, semper et, scelerisque eget, lacus. Pellentesque viverra purus. Quisque elit. Donec ut dolor.", "Duis volutpat elit et erat. In at nulla at nisl condimentum aliquet. Quisque elementum pharetra lacus. Nunc gravida arcu eget nunc. Nulla iaculis egestas magna. Aliquam erat volutpat. Sed pellentesque orci. Etiam lacus lorem, iaculis sit amet, pharetra quis, imperdiet sit amet, lectus. Integer quis elit ac mi aliquam pretium. Nullam mauris orci, porttitor eget, sollicitudin non, vulputate id, risus. Donec varius enim nec sem. Nam aliquam lacinia enim. Quisque eget lorem eu purus dignissim ultricies. Fusce porttitor hendrerit ante. Mauris urna diam, cursus id, mattis eget, tempus sit amet, risus. Curabitur eu felis. Sed eu mi. Nullam lectus mauris, luctus a, mattis ac, tempus non, leo. Cras mi nulla, rhoncus id, laoreet ut, ultricies id, odio.", "Donec imperdiet. Vestibulum auctor tortor at orci. Integer semper, nisi eget suscipit eleifend, erat nisl hendrerit justo, eget vestibulum lorem justo ac leo. Integer sem velit, pharetra in, fringilla eu, fermentum id, felis. Vestibulum sed felis. In elit. Praesent et pede vel ante dapibus condimentum. Donec magna. Quisque id risus. Mauris vulputate pellentesque leo. Duis vulputate, ligula at venenatis tincidunt, orci nunc interdum leo, ac egestas elit sem ut lacus. Etiam non diam quis arcu egestas commodo. Curabitur nec massa ac massa gravida condimentum. Aenean id libero. Pellentesque vitae tellus. Fusce lectus est, accumsan ac, bibendum sed, porta eget, augue. Etiam faucibus. Quisque tempus purus eu ante.", "Vestibulum sapien nisl, ornare auctor, consectetuer quis, posuere tristique, odio. Fusce ultrices ullamcorper odio. Ut augue nulla, interdum at, adipiscing non, tristique eget, neque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Ut pede est, condimentum id, scelerisque ac, malesuada non, quam. Proin eu ligula ac sapien suscipit blandit. Suspendisse euismod. Ut accumsan, neque id gravida luctus, arcu pede sodales felis, vel blandit massa arcu eget ligula. Aenean sed turpis. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Donec sem eros, ornare ut, commodo eu, tempor nec, risus. Donec laoreet dapibus ligula. Praesent orci leo, bibendum nec, ornare et, nonummy in, elit. Donec interdum feugiat leo. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Pellentesque feugiat ullamcorper ipsum. Donec convallis tincidunt urna.", "Suspendisse et orci et arcu porttitor pellentesque. Sed lacus nunc, fermentum vel, vehicula in, imperdiet eget, urna. Nam consectetuer euismod nunc. Nulla dignissim posuere nulla. Integer iaculis lacinia massa. Nullam sapien augue, condimentum vel, venenatis id, rhoncus pellentesque, sapien. Donec sed ipsum ultrices turpis consectetuer imperdiet. Duis et ipsum ac nisl laoreet commodo. Mauris eu est. Suspendisse id turpis quis orci euismod consequat. Donec tellus mi, luctus sit amet, ultrices a, convallis eu, lorem. Proin faucibus convallis elit. Maecenas rhoncus arcu at arcu. Proin libero. Proin adipiscing. In quis lorem vitae elit consectetuer pretium. Nullam ligula urna, adipiscing nec, iaculis ut, elementum non, turpis. Fusce pulvinar.", } --</nowiki> byjgx57wqk698ayn134dpkwawy4zpww 0 35954 131345 2026-10-11T11:37:15Z Fongcwele 16873 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298048487|Privilege (law)]]" 131345 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ferdinando_III_d'Asburgo_–_Privilegium_comitatus_palatinus_et_militiae_auratae_a_Ferdinando_Tertio,_1653_–_BEIC_15136770.jpg|thumb|Incwadi kaFerdinando Tertiuo, 1653, ekhuluma ngelungelomvume elakhishwa ngUFerdinand III waseHabsburg, umbusi woMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma, eliika ikolishi elibalulekile labelaphi baseMilan, e-Italy.]] '''Ilungelomvume''' liyilungelo elithile eliyisivikelo elikhishwa umbuso noma elinye igunya eqenjini elivinjelwe, kungaba ngokuzalwa noma ngesisekelo esibekiwe. Iziqu zezwe kanye Izindondo zamatekisi ziyizibonelo zamalungelo adluliselekayo - zingahoxiswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ezindaweni zanamuhla zentando yeningi, ''ilungelo'' linemibandela futhi linikezwa kuphela ngemuva kokuzalwa. Ngokuphambene, ilungelo liyilungelo eliyingqayizivele, elingenakuguqulwa eliphethwe yizo zonke izakhamuzi noma bonke abantu kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa. Izibonelo ezahlukahlukene zamalungelo umthetho ovamile omdala zisekhona - ngokwesibonelo, ezenzweni zezincwadi. Ngokwemithombo, ''ilungelomvume'' (privilegium) lisho "umthetho wangasese", noma umthetho ophathelene nomuntu othile noma inhlangano. [[Category:Ezomthetho]] ed3ldf4o8ys31ebqlond7eofexv79xm