사용자:Peremen/번역 클럽/피우메 자유국
위키백과 ― 우리 모두의 백과사전.
피우메 자유국(크로아티아어: Slobodna Država Rijeka 슬로보드나 드르자바 리예카, 이탈리아어: Stato libero di Fiume 스타토 리베로 디 피우메)는 1920년-1924년사이에 피우메란 이름으로 존재했던 자유국이었다. 현재의 리예카에 위치했다.
목차 |
[편집] 역사
리예카가 최초로 자치를 가지게 된 때는 1719년에 카를 6세에 의해서 자유 항구로 선언된 이후였다. 1779년 마리아 테레지아에 의해서 이 도시는 완벽한 자치령이 되었다.
1848년 The city briefly lost its autonomy in 1848년 after being occupied by ban (viceroy) Josip Jelačić, but regained it in 1868년 when it joined the 헝가리 왕국, again as a corpus separatum.
19세기에 접어들면서 크로아티아인, 이탈리아인, 슬로베니아인, 헝가리인, 다른 민족들이 이곳으로 몰려들었다. National affiliation changed from census to census, as at that time, nationality was mostly defined by the language a person spoke. The special status the city had, being placed between different states, created a local Fiuman identity among the majority of the population. 공용어는 헝가리어와 독일어가 사용되었고, business correspondence에서는 이탈리아어가 사용되었다. 하지만 대부분의 가구들은 크로아티아어를 사용했다. 이곳 거리에서 인기있던 언어는 이탈리아어와 크로아티아어 방언을 혼합한 피우메어였다.
[편집] 정치
제1차 세계 대전이 끝난 뒤와 오스트리아-헝가리의 붕괴로 리예카의 지위 문제는, 중요한 국제 문제가 되었다. At the height of the dispute between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and the Kingdom of Italy, the Powers advocated the establishment of an independent buffer state. 미국의 대통령 우드로 윌슨은 became the arbiter in the Yugoslav-Italian dispute over the city. He suggested that Rijeka be set up as an independent state and as the potential home for the League of Nations organization.
The dispute over the city led to lawlessness and the city changed hands between a South-Slav National Committee and an Italian National Council, leading finally to the landing of British and French troops who took over the city. This confusing situation was exploited by the Italian poet Gabriele D'Annunzio who entered the city with his anarcho-fascist movement on 1919년 9월 12일 and began a 15-month period of rule. A year later after failure of negotiations with the Italian government D'Annunzio proclaimed the Italian Regency of Carnaro.
1920년 11월 12일 이탈리아 왕국과 the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes signed the Treaty of Rapallo by which both parties agreed to acknowledge "the complete freedom and independence of the State of Fiume and oblige to respect it for eternity". With this act the "Free State of Fiume" was created, which, it turned out, would exist as an independent state for about one year de facto, and four years de jure. The newly created state was immediately recognized by the United States, France and the United Kingdom. D'Annunzio refused to acknowledge the Agreement and was expelled from the city by the regular forces of the Italian army, in the" Bloody Christmas" from the 24th to the 30th of December 1920.
1921년 4월 the first parliamentary elections were held which were contested by the autonomists and the pro-Italian National Bloc. The Autonomy Party, which was supported by votes from the majority of the Croats, gained 6558 votes, while the National Bloc, composed of Fascist, Liberal and Democratic parties, got 3443 votes. The leader of the Autonomy Party, Riccardo Zanella, became the President of the Government.
1922년 3월 3일 the fascists carried out a coup d'état and the legal government escaped to Kraljevica.
1924년 1월 the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, through the Rome Agreement, agreed to the annexation of the city by Italy, which took effect on 16 March. The Government-in-exile of the Free State considered this act invalid and non-binding under international law and continued its activities.
[편집] Aftermath
With the surrender of Italy in the 제 2차 세계 대전, the Rijeka issue became topical again and in 1944년 a group of citizens issued the "Liburnia Memorandum" in which it was recommended that a confederate state be formed from the three cantons of Rijeka, Sušak and Bistrica. The islands of Krk, Cres and Lošinj would enter the common condominium as well. However President Zanella of the government-in-exile still sought the reestablishment of the Free State.
The communist Yugoslav authorities, who liberated the city from German occupation on 3 May 1945, objected to these plans. The first days of the new rule were marked by mass executions of Autonomy Party activists, even though since 1943 most of them had financially supported the anti-fascist movement. 1947년에 맺어진 파리 평화 조약으로 리예카와 이스트리아는, 공식적으로 크로아티아와 유고슬라비아 연방의 일부가 되었다.
[편집] 같이 보기
- 리예카 자유국, 2004년에 창설된 초소형국민체