Pokok Tebu
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Melayu
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Pokok Tebu merupakan bahan utama yang digunakan dalam pembuatan gula. Terdapat beberapa spesies tebu, tetapi yang paling biasa dilihat adalah tebu kuning. Terdapat juga tebu hitam.
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[Sunting] Penanaman dan kegunaan
Kira-kira 107 buah negara menanam pokok tebu untuk menghasilkan 1,324 juta tan (melebihi enam kali jumlah bit gula yang dihasilkan). Pengeluar-pengeluar terbesar ialah Brazil, India, China, dan Pakistan, dan merupakan melebihi 50% daripada pengeluaran dunia.
About 107 countries grow the crop to produce 1,324 million tonnes (more than 6 times the amount of sugar beet produced). The largest producers are Brazil, India, China, and Pakistan, accounting for more than 50% of world production.
[Sunting] Sejarah
- Rencana utama: Gula
Sugar Cane is a grass originally from southeast Asia. The thick stalk stores energy as sucrose in the sap. From this juice sugar is extracted by evaporating the water. Crystalized sugar was reported 2500 years ago in India. Around the eighth century A.D. the Arabs introduced sugar to the Mediterranean and it was cultivated in Spain. It was among the early crops brought to the Americas by Spaniards.
Tebu adalah berkembang secara meluas dalam Caribbean dan masih lagi merupakan sumber ekonomi penting di beberapa pulau. Sewaktu penjajah, gula adalah satu keluaran utama bagi perdagangan segitiga Dunia Baru bahan-bahan mentah, mengilang orang Eropah dan Dari Afrika hambas. Perancis ditemui tebunya pulau-pulau begitu berharga ia dengan berkesan didagangkan Kanada ke Britain untuk kembalinya mereka Guadeloupe, Martinique dan St. Lucia pada akhirnya Perang Tujuh Tahun. [Belanda|Dutch]] begitu juga disimpan Suriname, seketul gula tanah jajahan dalam Amerika Selatan, dari mencari kembalinya Baru Belanda (Baru Amsterdam). Cuba tebu dihasilkan gula harga diterima yang menyokong daripada dan satu dijamin dipasarkan dalam USSR; pembubaran bahawa negara terpaksa penutupan kebanyakan daripada gula Cuba industri. Tebu adalah masih sebahagian yang penting daripada ekonomi dalam Barbados, [Dominican Republic]], Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Grenada, dan pulau-pulau lain. Tebu industri adalah eksport yang utama untuk Caribbean, tetapi ia adalah dijangka akan gagal dengan penghapusan kepentingan (preferences ) Eropah menjelang 2009. Sugar cane was grown extensively in the Caribbean and still is on some islands. In colonial times sugar was a major product of the triangular trade of New World raw materials, European manufactures and African slaves. France found its sugar cane islands so valuable it effectively traded Canada to Britain for their return of Guadeloupe, Martinique and St. Lucia at the end of the Seven Years' War. The Dutch similarly kept Suriname, a sugar colony in South America, instead of seeking the return of the New Netherlands (New Amsterdam). Cuban sugar cane produced sugar which received price supports from and a guaranteed market in the USSR; the dissolution of that country forced the closure of most of Cuba's sugar industry. Sugar cane is still an important part of the economy in Barbados, the Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Grenada, and other islands. The sugar cane industry is a major export for the Caribbean, but it is expected to collapse with the removal of European preferences by 2009.
Sugar cane production also greatly influenced the modern history of many tropical Pacific islands, most particularly Hawaii and Fiji. In these islands, sugar came to dominate the economic and political landscape after the indigenous societies were invaded by Europeans and Americans. The Europeans and Americans also promoted immigration from various Asian countries for workers to tend and harvest the crop. Sugar-industry policies eventually established the ethnic makeup of the island populations that now exist, profoundly affecting modern politics and society in the islands.
Brazil is a major grower of sugar cane, where it is used to produce sugar as well as to provide the alcohol used in making gasohol and biodiesel fuels.
[Sunting] Penanaman
[Sunting] Tebu sebagai barang makanan
Dalam kebanyakan negara di mana tebu ditanam, terdapat beberapa makanan dan hidangan popular yang dihasilkan darinya, seperti:
- Batang tebu yang dimakan terus, yang dimamah bagi mengeluarkan airnya dan hampas diludah keluar.
- Air tebu yang dihasilkan melalui tangan, atau mesin eletrik dangan sedikit campuran limau nipis dan air batu, menhasilkan minuman yang sedap dan amat popular.
- Molasses, used as a sweetener and also as a syrup accompanying other foods, such as cheese
- Rapadura, a candy made of flavoured solid brown sugar in Brazil, which can be consumed in small hard blocks, or in pulverized form (flour), as an add-on to other desserts.
[Sunting] Tebu untuk penghasilan etanol (sebagai penggantian untuk gasolin)
Minat dalam penggunaan tebu bagi menghasilkan ethanol semakin meningkat, disebabkan kenaikan harga minyak dan gasolin. Brazil telah berjaya menggunakan ekonomi bahan apinya bagi menggantikan kebanyakan penggunaan gasolin dengan penggunaan ethanol. Jagung digunakan secara meluas di Amerika Syarikat bagi penghasilan ethanol. Tebu bagaimanapun adalah lebih berkesan bagi menghasilkan ethanol. Penggantian ethanol berasaskan jagung kepada ethanol berasaskan tebu membolehkan negara bergantung minyak seperti Amerika Syarikat bagi mengurangkan pergantungan kepada minyaknya.