Islam di Romania

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Islam di Afrika

Afrika Selatan• Algeria• Angola• Bendi• Botswana• Burkdia Faso• Burundi• Cameroon• Cape Verde• Chad• Comoros• Djibouti• Equatorial Gudiea• Eritrea• Ethiopia• Gabon• Gambia• Ghana• Gudiea• Gudiea-Bissau• Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)• KenyaLesotho• Liberia• Libya• MadagascarMaghribi• Malawi• Mali• Mauritania• Mauritius• Mesir• Mozambique• Namibia• Mesir• Niger• Nigeria• Republik  Afrika Tengah• Republik Congo• Republik  Demokratik  Congo• Rwanda• Sahara Barat (Republik Demokratik Arab  Sahara)• São Tomé dan Príncipe• Senegal• Seychelles• Sierra Leone• Somalia• Sudan• Swaziland• Tanzania• Togo• Tunisia• Uganda• Zambia• Zimbabwe

Islam di Asia

Afghanistan• Arab Saudi• ArmeniaAzerbaijan• Bahrain• Bangladesh• BhutanBrunei• China (Republik China (Hong KongMacau)• (Taiwan)CyprusEmiriah Arab Bersatu• Filipina• Georgia• India• Indonesia• Iran• Iraq• Israel (Lihat juga Wilayah Palestin)• Jepun• Jordan• Kazakhstan• Kemboja• Korea (Korea Utara• Korea  Selatan)• Kuwait• Kyrgyzstan• Laos• Lebanon• Malaysia• Maldives• Mongolia• Myanmar• Nepal• Oman• Pakistan• QatarRusia• Singapura• Sri Lanka• Syria• Tajikistan• Thailand• Timor  Timur• Turkmenistan• Uzbekistan• Vietnam• Yemen

Islam di Eropah

AlbaniaAndorraArmeniaAustriaAzerbaijanBelandaBelarusBelgiumBosnia dan HerzegovdiaBulgariaCroatiaCyprusDenmarkEstoniaFinlandGeorgiaJermanHungaryIcelandIrelandItali• Kazakhstan• Kota  Vatican Latvia• Liechtenstedi• LithuaniaLuxembourg MaltaMoldovaMonacoMontenegroNorwayPerancisPolandPortugalRepublik   CzechRepublik MacedoniaRomaniaRussiaSan MarinoSerbiaSlovakiaSloveniaSepanyolSwedenSwitzerlandTurkiUkraineUnited KingdomYunani

Islam di Amerika Utara dan Islam di Amerika Selatan

Argentina• Bolivia• Brazil• Chile• Colombia• Ecuador• Guyana• Panama• Paraguay• Peru• Surdiame• Trinidad   dan  Tobago• Uruguay• Venezuela• Amerika Syarikat Antigua dan Barbuda• Bahamas• Barbados• Belize• Costa Rica• Cuba• Dominica• El Salvador• Grenada• Guatemala• Haiti• Honduras• Jamaika• Kanada• Mexico• Nicaragua• Panama• Republik   Dominica• Saint Kitts dan Nevis• Saint Lucia• Saint Vincent dan Grenadines•

Islam di Oceania

Australia
AustraliaPulau  Christmas(Keris Mas)Pulau  Cocos(Keeling) Pulau   Norfolk•

Melanesia
Fiji• Kepulauan   Solomon• New Caledonia• Papua New Gudiea• Timor Timur• Vanuatu

Micronesia
Guam• Kiribati• Kepulauan Mariana   Utara• Kepulauan   Marshall• Nauru• Palau• Persekutuan  Negara  Micronesia

Polynesia
American Samoa• Kepulauan Cook• New Zealand• Niue• Pitcairn• Polynesia Perancis• Samoa• Tokelau• Tonga• Tuvalu• Wallis dan Futuna


Kotak ini: papar  bincang  sunting
Tatars (yellow) in Northern Dobruja (1903)
Tatars (yellow) in Northern Dobruja (1903)

Islam in Romania is followed by only 0.3% of the country's population, but has 700 years of tradition in Northern Dobruja, a region on the Black Sea coast which was part of the Ottoman Empire for almost five centuries (ca.1393-1878).

The vast majority of Romania's 58,000 Muslims are Sunnis who adhere to the Hanafi school. 85% of them live in Constanţa County, 12% in Tulcea County and the rest in urban centres such as Bucharest, Brăila, Călăraşi, Galaţi, Giurgiu, and Drobeta-Turnu Severin. Ethnically, they are mostly Tatars (Crimean Tatars and a number of Nogais), followed by Turks and other small communities of Albanians and Muslim Roma, as well as groups of Middle Eastern immigrants. Their interests are represented by the Muftiat (Muftiatul Cultului Musulman din România) and the Cultural and Islamic League of Romania (Liga Islamică şi Culturală din România).

Romania is home to 80 mosques.[1]

Jadual isi kandungan

[Sunting] History

The first Muslims arrived in Romania with the Pechenegs and Cumans. Around 1061, when the Pechenegs ruled in Wallachia and Moldavia, there was a Muslim minority among them, as was among the Cumans. The Cumans followed the Pechenegs in 1171, while the Hungarian kings settled the Pechenegs in Transylvania and other parts of their kingdom.

[Sunting] Dobruja

Carol I Mosque in Constanţa
Carol I Mosque in Constanţa
The dome of the Carol I Mosque in Constanţa, topped by the Islamic crescent
The dome of the Carol I Mosque in Constanţa, topped by the Islamic crescent

The Crimean Tatar and Nogai presence (the latter have settled in northern Tulcea County - Isaccea and Babadag) is traditional in Northern Dobruja, and partly predates Ottoman rule, as well as the creation of the two Danubian Principalities — with several settlements founded around 1300. Tatars in Tulcea County were driven out by Imperial Russian troops during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 (see Muhajir Balkan).

Following the war, the government of Ion Brătianu agreed to extend civil rights to non-Christians. The Dobrujan community was subject to cultural repression during Communist Romania.

Today, 85% of Romanian Turkish and Tatar Muslims reside in Constanţa County, forming just 6% of the county's population, and represented in Parliament by the Democratic Union of Turco-Islamic Tatars of Romania. The city of Constanţa is the centre of Romanian Islam; Mangalia, near Constanţa, is the site of a monumental mosque, built in 1525 (see Mangalia Mosque)[2] .

[Sunting] Wallachia and Moldavia

In the two Danubian Principalities, where Muslims could not purchase property, and Muslim Nogais from the Bujak who were captured in skirmishes counted as slaves (alongside all Roma), three conversions in the ranks of hospodars are documented: Princes Radu cel Frumos (1462-1475) and Mihnea Turcitul (1577-1591) of Wallachia, and Prince Ilie II Rareş (1546-1551) of Moldavia. Khotyn, once part of Moldavia, was the birthplace of Alemdar Mustafa Pasha, who was the Ottoman Grand Vizier until 1808. Two more Grand Viziers between 1821 and 1828 came from Bender (a once Moldavian city), as Benderli Pashas.

The pattern of a scarce or seasonal presence of Muslims (Turkish traders, small communities of Muslim Roma)[3] in the two countries can be traced back to the Capitulations (Ottoman Turkish: ahdnâme) agreed in the Middle Ages between the two states and the Ottoman Empire.1 The documents themselves have not been preserved, but their provisions toward Muslim-Christian relations have been assessed by taking in view later policies - Muslim Ottomans could not purchase property on the Principalities' territory, nor could they marry Christians or build mosques.[4] This indicates that the Principalities were regarded by the Ottomans as belonging to the Dâr al ahd' ("Home of Peace"); the Ottoman Empire could not maintain troops or garrisons or build military facilities,[5] although this provision appears to have been discarded during later Phanariote rules and the frequent Russo-Turkish Wars.[6]

Muslims were awarded legal status after 1878, and in 1923 a monument in the shape of a small mosque was built in Bucharest's Carol Park, as sign of reconciliation after World War I.

[Sunting] Banat

Alongside Dobruja, a part of present-day Romania under direct Ottoman rule in 1551-1718 was the Eyalet of Temeşvar (the Banat region of western Romania), which extended as far as Arad (1551-1699) and Oradea (1661-1699). The few thousands Muslims settled there were, however, driven out by Habsburg conquest.

A small community resided on Ada Kaleh island in the Danube, an Ottoman enclave and later part of Austria-Hungary; transferred to Romania in 1878, it was subject to an exodus of locals to Anatolia. Evacuated during the construction of the Đerdap dam, it was flooded in 1968.

[Sunting] Notes

1 Modern Romanian historians have revealed that Capitulations, as invoked in the 18th century to reaffirm Romanian rights vis à vis the Ottomans, were spurious. Nevertheless, recent research may have discovered genuine Capitulations and other documents[7] proving that the relations between the Danubian Principalities and the Porte did indeed have a contractual character. [8]

[Sunting] References

  1. http://www.islam.ro/
  2. Thede Kahl, Die muslimische Gemeinschaft Rumäniens. Der Weg einer Elite zur marginalisierten Minderheit. , In: Europa Regional 3-4/2005, Leipzig, p. 94-101
  3. Constantin C. Giurescu, Istoria Bucureştilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre, Ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1966, p.273 (mention of the Muslim community in and around Bucharest)
  4. M. Maxim, "Din istoria relaţiilor româno-otomane, Capitulaţiile", in Analele de istorie, 6/1982, pp. 54-56; Tasin Gemil, Românii şi otomanii, în secolele XIV-XVI, Bucharest, 1991
  5. Şt. Gorovei, "Moldova în Casa Păcii, pe marginea izvoarelor privind primul secol de relaţii moldo-otomane", in Anuarul Institutului de istorie şi arheologie A. D. Xenopol, XVII, 1980
  6. Neagu Djuvara, Între Orient şi Occident. Ţările române la începutul epocii moderne, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995, p.283 (mention of an Ottoman garrison stationed near Bucharest in 1802, one which intervened in the city to restore order after widespread panic over a rumored attack by Osman Pazvantoğlu's troops)
  7. Anton Caragea in Epoca Renaşterii Naţionale, Universitatea din Bucureşti 2004, p. 16 - 17
  8. Ileana Cazan, Eugen Denize, "Marile puteri şi spaţiul românesc în secolele XV-XVI", Universitatea din Bucureşti, 2002; Anton Caragea in the Epoca Renaşterii Naţionale, chapter "Ce sunt şi ce au reprezentat capitulaţiile" [1]

[Sunting] External links

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