Talk:नेपाल
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- यो पृष्ठको पुरानो संस्करण यहाँ हेर्नुहोला।
यो पृष्ठ अंग्रेजीको फिचर्ड लेख नेपालको हो। कृपया यो पृष्ठलाई नेपालीमा उल्था गरेर सहयोग गरी दिनु होला। यो पृष्ठ उल्था गरेर केही मिलाएपछि यो पृष्ठलाई फिचर्ड बनाउने योजना विकिपरियोजना नेपालले लिएको छ।--युकेश 16:17, 16 फेब्रुअरी 2007 (UTC)
सार्है लामो भएकाले, उल्था गरिसकिएका भागहरूमात्र वार्तालाप पृष्ठबाट हटाएँ। BTW Eukesh, the Javascript inkey gives a पूर्णविराम when you press the pipe "|" key. It is making some of your links to not work properly. --Indiver 13:41, 19 फेब्रुअरी 2007 (UTC)
- Thanks for the suggestion. I changed poorNawirama to z for the moment. Still need to work a lot on that. Please keep on suggesting. Thanks again. --युकेश 22:43, 19 फेब्रुअरी 2007 (UTC)
Just got an edit conflict on the same section. I have completed the Economics part. Just need to uplod the one rupee note's image to complete it. Indiver 18:25, 4 मार्च 2007 (UTC)
विषयसूची |
[परिवर्तन्] Recent developments
According to officials, on June 1, 2001, the Heir Apparent Dipendra went on a killing spree in the royal palace, in response to his parents' rejection of his choice of wife. His parents were killed and he died 3 days later. Following the carnage, the throne was inherited by Birendra's brother Gyanendra. But many Nepalese believed that the family was killed by Gyanendra, the present king, but this issue was forgotten gradually with time. In the face of unstable governments and a Maoist siege on the Kathmandu Valley in August 2004, popular support for the monarchy waned.[1]
On February 1, 2005 Gyanendra dismissed the entire government and assumed full executive powers in the name of combating the Maoist movement.[2] In September 2005, the Maoists declared a three-month unilateral ceasefire which was not reciprocated by the royal government; the latter vowed to defeat the rebels by force. A few weeks later, the government stated that parliamentary elections would be held by 2007 even after the failed municipal elections.[3]
The Maoists, through support from the seven parliamentary parties (SPA)[4] , arranged a mass uprising against the reign of King Gyanendra. The royal government used various means to quell the uprising. Frustrated by lack of security, jobs and good governance, thousands of people took to the streets to demand that the king renounce power outright, but the royal government turned even more ferocious and continued its suppression including daytime curfews amid a Maoist blockade. Food shortages took effect. Soon there was a plan to march over one million people into the city center and encircle the royal palace. The security forces turned brutal. Thousands were injured and 21 people died in the uprising.
Foreign pressure continued to increase on King Gyanendra to surrender power. On April 21 2006 Gyanendra announced that he was giving up absolute power and that "Power was being returned to the People". He called on the seven party coalitions to name a Prime Minister and that elections would be held as soon as possible. Both the U.S. and India immediately called on the SPA to accept this proposal. Many Nepalese protesters, however, still carried out rallies in numerous cities and vowed to continue the stir until they would achieve complete abolishment of the monarchy. The SPA felt the pressure of these protests as some took place directly outside the deliberations of Gyanendra's offer. Finally after 19 days of tumultuous protests, on April 24 midnight, the king called for the country's parliament to reassemble on April 28.
Parliament has since reassembled and stripped the king of his power over the military, abolished his title as the descendent of a Hindu God, and required royalty to pay taxes. Furthermore, several royal officials have been indicted, and the Nepalese government is no longer referred to as "His Majesty's Government", but rather as the "Government of Nepal". An election of the constituent assembly to rewrite the constitution has been declared unanimously to be held in the near future, with the possible abolition of the monarchy as part of constitutional change.Template:Fact
Following Gyanendra's relinquishing of absolute power, the Nepalese government and Maoist rebels agreed on a ceasefire. In August 2006, both parties came to an agreement on the issue of arms accountability, agreeing to ask the United Nations to oversee and keep track of the weapons cache of both sides. The government and the Maoists are trying to come to an agreement on the future of the monarchy.
As of 21 November 2006, Maoists and the Seven Party Alliance have signed a peace deal. This will reportedly end the Nepalese Civil War, which has claimed more than 13,000 lives to date.
As of 15 January 2007, SPA and Maoists serve together in an Interim legislature under the new Interim Constitution of Nepal awaiting elections to a Constituent Assembly, while all the powers of the Nepali King are in abeyance.
Recently, there started a movement in the Terai area of Nepal called the Madhesay movement which demands the end to the discrimination to these madhesay people. However, interesting is to note that it is more of a revolt than a movement. The different parties involved in the movement ranges from the student wings of the ruling parties to the armed Tarai Janatantrik Morcha. The demands thus are different. The peaceful parties involved demands for a federal political system, where as the armed rebels demand for a separate state. Because the madhesays are people of Indian origin and Nepal shares an open broder with India, infiltration from India is not out of the question. Recently, one of those shot by the police was a boy from the Indian city of Raxaul, which has alarmed Nepali public. Additionally, the killing of a police officer and the desecration of national literary figures like Bhanubhakta, the father of Nepali literature, and Laxmi Prashad Devkota, the father of modern Nepali literature have aroused serious questions like "Who is running this movement?" and "Is it for rights or for race?" On the fifth of January, the killing of three cadres of the Terai Janatantrik Morcha (Jwala Singh) by the rival faction--called Terai jantantrik Morcha (Goit)--has made the peace-loving people of the terai live in continuous fear.
[परिवर्तन्] भूगोल
[परिवर्तन्] Economy
Agriculture sustains 76% of the population and accounts for about 39% of the GDP; services comprise 42%, and industry 21%. Hilly and mountainous terrain in the northern two-thirds of the country has made the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. There were just over 8,500 km of paved roads, and one 59 km railway line in the south in 2003. Aviation is in a better state, with 48 airports, ten of them with paved runways. There is less than one telephone per 19 people; landline services are not adequate nationwide but concentrated in cities and district headquarters; mobile telephony is in a reasonable state in most parts of the country with increased accessibility and affordability. There were around 175,000 Internet connections in 2005, but after the imposition of the "state of emergency", intermittent losses of service were reported. Uninterrupted Internet connections have resumed after the brief period of confusion as Nepal's second major people's revolution took place to overthrow the King's absolute power.[5]
Its landlocked location (actually landlinked, since Nepal is not locked) and [6] technological backwardness and the long-running civil war have also prevented Nepal from fully developing its economy. The country receives foreign aid from India, Japan, United Kingdom, United States, European Union, China, Switzerland, and Scandinavian Countries. The government's budget is about US$1.153 billion, with expenditures of $1.789bn (FY05/06). The inflation rate has dropped to 2.9% after a period of higher inflation during the 1990s. The Nepalese Rupee has been tied to the Indian Rupee at an exchange rate of 1.6 for many years. Since the loosening of exchange rate controls in the early 1990s, the black market for foreign exchange has all but disappeared. A long-standing economic agreement underpins a close relationship with India.
The distribution of wealth among people is consistent with that in many developed and developing countries: the highest 10% of households control 39.1% of the national wealth and the lowest 10% control only 2.6%.
Nepal's workforce of about 10 million suffers from a severe shortage of skilled labour. Agriculture employs 81% of the workforce, services 16% and manufacturing/craft-based industry 3%. Agricultural produce——mostly grown in the Terrai region bordering India——includes rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, and water buffalo meat. Industry mainly involves the processing of agricultural produce, including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. The spectacular landscape and deep, exotic culture of Nepal represents considerable potential for tourism, but growth in this export industry has been stifled by recent political events. The rate of unemployment and underemployment approaches half of the working-age population. Thus many Nepalese move to India in search of work, the Gulf countries and Malaysia being new sources of work. Poverty is acute.[7] Nepal receives US$50 million a year through the Gurkha soldiers who serve in the Indian and British armies and are highly esteemed for their skill and bravery. The total remittance value is worth around 1 billion USD, including money sent from Persian Gulf and Malaysia, who combined employ around 700,000 Nepalese.
Nepal's GDP for the year 2005 is estimated at just over US$39 billion (adjusted to Purchasing Power Parity), making it the 83rd-largest economy in the world. Per-capita income is around US$1,402, ranked 163rd. Nepal's exports of mainly carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods and grain total $822 million. Import commodities of mainly gold, machinery and equipment, petroleum products and fertilizer total US$2 bn. India (53.7%), the US (17.4%), and Germany (7.1%) are its main export partners. Nepal's import partners include India (47.5%), the United Arab Emirates (11.2%), China (10.7%), Saudi Arabia (4.9%), and Singapore (4%).
[परिवर्तन्] Government and politics
Until 1990, Nepal was an absolute monarchy running under the executive control of the king. Faced with a people's movement against the absolute monarchy, King Birendra, in 1990, agreed to large-scale political reforms by creating a parliamentary monarchy with the king as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of the government.
Nepal's legislature was bicameral consisting of a House of Representatives and a National Council. The House of Representatives consists of 205 members directly elected by the people. The National Council had 60 members, 10 nominated by the king, 35 elected by the House of Representatives and the remaining 15 elected by an electoral college made up of chairs of villages and towns. The legislature had a five-year term, but was dissolvable by the king before its term could end. All Nepalese citizens 18 years and older became eligible to vote.
The executive comprised the King and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet). The leader of the coalition or party securing the maximum seats in an election was appointed as the Prime Minister. The Cabinet was appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Governments in Nepal have tended to be highly unstable; no government has survived for more than two years since 1991, either through internal collapse or parliamentary dissolution by the monarch.
The April movement of 2006 brought about a change in the nation. The autocratic King had to give up power. The dissolved House of Representatives was restored. The House of Representatives formed a government which had successful peace talks with the Maoist Rebels. An interim constitution was promulgated and an interim House of Representatives was formed with Maoist members. The number of seats were also increased to 330.
[परिवर्तन्] Military and foreign affairs
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Nepal's military consists of the Nepalese Army which includes the Nepalese Army Air Service, (the air force unit under it), and the Nepalese Police Force. On May 19, 2006 The House unanimously passed the proposal to rename Royal Nepal Army (RNA) as the “Nepali Army”. Service is voluntary and the minimum age for enlistment is 18 years. Nepal spends $99.2 million (2004) on its military—1.5% of its GDP. The Nepali Army has 90,000 soldiers, who were engaged in the civil war against the Maoist insurgents. [8]
Nepal has close ties with both of its neighbours, India and China. In accordance with a long-standing treaty, Indian and Nepalese citizens may travel to each others' countries without a passport or visa. Nepalese citizens may work in India without legal restriction. Although Nepal and India typically have close ties, from time to time Nepal becomes caught up in the problematic Sino-Indian relationship. India considers Nepal as part of its realm of influence, and views Chinese aid with concern. Some Indians consider Nepal to be part of a greater pan-Indian state, an attitude that has caused Nepalese antagonism towards India. Moreover, there is a growing anti-Indian sentiment among some Nepali youths.Template:Fact In 2005, after King Gyanendra took over, Nepalese relations with India, the U.S., and the UK have worsened. These three foreign countries have been vociferous opponents to the crackdown on civil liberties in Nepal. China mainly seeks cooperation with Nepal on the issue of Tibetan independence, including the degree of freedom that Nepal gives the thousands of Tibetan refugees living in its territory and the approximately 2,000-3,000 Tibetans that seek to escape Tibet through Nepal each year. Outside of Asia, Nepal has especially friendly relations with Germany, and has historical military links with the United Kingdom.
[परिवर्तन्] प्रशासनिक विभाजन
[परिवर्तन्] Demographics
Nepal has a total population of 27,676,547 as of July 2005, with a growth rate of 2.2%. 39% of the population is up to 14 years old, 57.3% are aged between 15 and 64, and 3.7% above 65. The median age is 20.07 (19.91 for males and 20.24 for females). There are 1,060 males for every 1,000 females. Life expectancy is 59.8 years (60.9 for males and 59.5 for females). Nepal is the only country in the world where males outlive females. Total literacy rate is 53.74% (68.51% for males and 42.49% for females).
According to the 2001 census, Hindus constitute 80.6% of the population. Buddhists make up 10.7%, Muslims 4.2%, Kirant 3.6%, other religions 0.9%. The largest ethnic group is the Chhettri (15.5%). Other groups are the Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%, Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other 32.7%, unspecified 2.8%. Nepali is the national language with 47.8% of the population speaking it as their first language. Other languages include Maithili 12.1%, Bhojpuri 7.4%, Tharu (Dagaura/Rana) 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Nepal Bhasa 3.6%, Magar 3.3%, Awadhi 2.4%, other 10%, unspecified 2.5%. Differences between Hindus and Buddhists have been in general very subtle and academic in nature due to the intermingling of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs. Both share common temples and worship common deities and many of Nepal's Hindus could also be regarded as Buddhists and vice versa. Buddhists are mostly concentrated in the eastern regions and the central Terrai. Buddhism was relatively more common among the Newar and Tibeto-Nepalese groups. Among the Tibeto-Nepalese, those most influenced by Hinduism were the Magar, Sunwar, Limbu and Rai. Hindu influence is less prominent among the Gurung, Bhutia, and Thakali groups, who employ Buddhist monks for their religious ceremonies.[5] [9]
The northern mountains are sparsely populated. A majority of the population live in the central highlands despite the migration of a significant section of the population to the fertile Terrai belt in recent years. Kathmandu, with a population of 800,000, is the largest city in the country.
[परिवर्तन्] Culture
Traditional Nepali folklore retains a strong influence in society and its stories are widely acted out in dance and music. Culture of different ethnic groups are rich in their own ways. However, Newari culture is the most common culture in the capital city. Most of the festivals observed in the country are the Newari festivals. The Newar people are well known for masked dance that tell stories of the gods and heroes. The associated music is percussion-based, sometimes with flutes or shawm accompanying the intense, nasal vocal lines. Musical styles are a variety of pop, religious and folk music, among other styles. Musical genres from Tibet and India have had a strong influence on traditional Nepali music. Women, even of the musician castes, are less likely than men to play music, except in specific situations such as traditional all-female wedding parties.
The sarangi, a four-stringed, hand-carved instrument is usually played by wandering minstrels. Since the sixties, Nepali rock or rock music, sung to Nepali lyrics, has become popular among youth. Also catching on fast is Nepali rap and Nepali reggae which has blossomed with the advent of the music video industry. There are also many heavy metal bands. Football is the most popular sport, followed by cricket and kabaddi. The Martyrs Memorial Football League is the national football championship.
Television was only introduced to Nepal in the 1980s. Currently there are six television broadcasting channels: Nepal Television - the national television channel; NTV 2 Metro - a city channel owned by the government; and four private channels - Kantipur Television, Image Channel, Channel Nepal & Nepal 1. Also many other networks, particularly those that originate in India, are available with the installation of increasingly popular satellite dishes, although lack of electrification makes this difficult. Radio is listened to throughout the kingdom; as of 2000, there were 12 radio stations.
The Nepali year begins in mid-April and is divided into 12 months. Saturday is the official weekly day of rest. Main holidays include the National Day (birthday of the late king Tribhuvan) December 28, Prithvi Jayanti, (January 11), and Martyr's Day (February 18) and a mix of Hindu and Buddhist festivals[10] such as Teej, Dashai in autumn, and Tihar late autumn. Most marriages are arranged, and divorce is rare. Polygamy is banned by law; relatively isolated tribes in the north, such as the Dolpo, practise polyandry. Nepal has a rich tradition of ceremonies, such as nwaran (the christening of a child), and the Pasni, the day a child is first fed rice, and bratabandha (the penance ceremony) and gupha for prepubescent boys and girls, respectively. In Newari culture,bel bibaha, preadolescent girls are "married" to the bel fruit tree, ensuring that the girl becomes and remains fertile.
Most houses in rural Nepal are made up of a tight bamboo framework with mud and cow-dung walls. These dwellings remain cool in summers and retain warmth in the winter. Dwellings at higher altitudes are mostly timber-based.
[परिवर्तन्] See also
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[परिवर्तन्] Notes
- ↑ The Maoist Insurgency. Retrieved on 2006-12-06.
- ↑
- ↑ Nepal to hold polls in two years. Times of India. Retrieved on September 29, 2005.
- ↑ A Public Appeal of the CPN (Maoist), People's Liberation Army and United Revolutionary People's Council. The Worker #10. Retrieved on December 24, 2006.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nepal. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- ↑ Nepal: Economy. MSN Encarta. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- ↑ Nepal. Factbook on Global Sexual Exploitation. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- ↑ Srivastava, Siddharth. "India hits Nepal where it hurts", Asia Times Online, 2005-02-24. Retrieved on 2005-09-23.
- ↑
- ↑ Nepal: Basic Fact Sheet. Nepal homepage. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
[परिवर्तन्] References
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- Nepal. MSN Encarta. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- India Nepal Open Border. Nepal Democracy. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- Football at the heart of the Himalaya. FIFA. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- [1] The Best Memoir You Never Heard Of: "Shadow Over Shangri-La" Offers Compelling and Timely Story of Nepal (San Francisco Chronicle)].
- Etymology of the word "Nepal". Infoclub.com.np. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- Nepal: A state under siege. The South Asian: Featured Articles. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- Nepal: Basic Fact Sheet. Nepal homepage. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- Jailed ex-PM in Nepal court plea. BBC News. Retrieved on September 29, 2005.
- Nepal's new emblem. Citizen Journalism Nepal. Retrieved on February 7, 2007.
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- Michael Hutt, ed., Himalayan 'people's war' : Nepal's Maoist rebellion, London : C. Hurst, 2004
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[परिवर्तन्] External links
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- Nepali Times weekly
- Nepal Tourism Board
- A people war: Images of the Nepal conflict 1996-2006
- Government of Nepal
- Encyclopaedia Britannica Nepal Country Page
- United States Department of State Profile of Nepal
- Library of Congress — Nepal
- Planet Nepal Wiki
- Open Directory Project — Nepal
- Template:Wikitravel
- IPS Inter Press Service Independent news reports and features about the "Crisis in the Himalayas"