Ortografia di papiamentu

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E artíkulo aki ta skibí na papiamentu. Lo ta apresiá si por mantené e artíkulo aki na estilo di papiamentu.


Ortografia di papiamentu (òf papiamento na Aruba, papiamentu na Boneiru i Korsou) ta enserá e reglanan di puntuashon i di skibi e idioma. E otrografia di papiamentu ta varia un tiki entre esun uzá den Antias Hulandes, ku tabata disidí pa e gobièrnu di Kòrsou desde aña 1976, i esun uzá na Aruba. Algun diferensia grandi entre esun di Antias i esun di Aruba ta e preferensia di pronunsiashon di algun lèter i kon ta skibi sierto palabra en general. Mihó bisá, e preferensia di tin reglanan fonétiko òf etimológiko. Un diferensia di e idioma mes ta e preferensia di uzo di algun palabra riba otro. (nota: papiamento na Aruba ta skibi otro. por ehempel: John ta bay hunto cu'mi na mi wela su cas y come pisca crioyo(John ta bai huntu ku mi na mi wela/mamai su kas i kome piská)

Kontenido

[editá] Alfabèt

             The Language of Aruba

Many on the ABC islands would have it that Papiamento originated from Portuguese, simply due to its having Portuguese loan words. Is this true? Did Papiamento originate from Portuguese or some African dialect, even though no African words can be found in the Papiamento spoken by Arubans? What do written declarations from the past teach us? Before answering those questions, let’s take as an example the American sport of baseball. Those who know this sport are familiar with the words “home-run” and “hit.” Hispanics from South America have adapted those two words, pronouncing them differently from the way Americans do. “Hit,” for example, is pronounced “heat.” But, does this mean that Spanish originated from English? Let’s take a look at some historical declarations to learn more about the origin of the Papiamento language. A document by Reverend Schnabel, written in 1704, reads as follows: At the time the Dutch arrived on Curaçao, the Indians spoke a broken Spanish, a bastard Spanish. The reverend’s declaration was not merely a theory, but a fact that proved the existence of the Indian Papiamento. His declaration is historically confirmed by a letter written by Abraham da Costa Andrade, a Sephardic Jew, to Sarah de Isaac Pardo and Vaz Farro in 1775 on Curaçao, and a written testimony by 26 Aruban Indians in 1803. The language that the Portuguese Jew used in his letter was the same as the Indian Papiamento used by the Arubans, with the exception that the Aruban document was penned by a Dutchman, with a Dutch orientation, while a Portuguese had written the Curaçaoan letter, with Portuguese orientation. This is evident proof that the Jews of Curaçao continued to use the Indian Papiamento that their ancestors had learned when they arrived on Curaçao. In fact, this may help explain a curious difference in the way certain words are pronounced on Curaçao as opposed to Aruba. On Curaçao, most words that in Spanish end in an “o” are pronounced with an “u” at the end instead, while on Aruba the “o” sound is preserved. This is usually interpreted as evidence of the African influences on the Curaçaoan brand of papiamento. But, when read in this context, may very well show the influence Portuguese Jews had on Curacao’s culture. This idea is plausible, to say the least, if one considers the usual tendency of the populace to emulate the ruling classes. It is of interest that, when one examines the different Curaçaoan Papiamento “dialects”, the one most favoring the “u” ending in words is that of the Sephardic population. Had Papiamento truly originated from Portuguese, we would expect this phonological influence to be more uniform across Papiamento speakers (that is, also under the Aruban population), and not only on Curaçao, where the Jewish influence has been the strongest. So we see that indications in favor of a Portuguese origin of Papiamento may well be misinterpreted traces of a later Sephardic influence, which would naturally be more evident on Curaçao than on Aruba, given that the presence of the Jewish community on Aruba was, and still is, hardly felt. In 1825 Noel made this declaration: “De indianen van Curaçao hebben zeker hun eigen taal gehad, die naderhand toen zij met de Spanjaarden gemeenzamer werden met Spaanse bastaardwoorden vermengd en waarbij in latere tijden ook enige verdraaide Hollandse woorden zijn gevoegd, zodat het samengelapte Papiamento is ontstaan. (*The Indians of Curaçao surely had their own language, to which, after they had become familiar with the Spanish people, Spanish bastard words where introduced, and in later times some twisted Dutch words as well, thus originating the hybrid Papiamento.) Noel, an expert on the Spanish language, did a study on the origin of Papiamento in which he came to this conclusion.* It's remarkable to read that there is no mention of African slaves, nor of Portuguese. It is also noteworthy that Noel mentions neither Aruba nor Bonaire. This is due to the dominance of the name Curaçao in the Colonial era, when Aruba and Bonaire were dependent on Curaçao. Noel's declaration, like that of Reverend Schnabel and other writers from those days, are based on historical reality. And these declarations are positive indication that the legitimate Papiamento is Indian-Spanish, a language that originated during the Spanish occupation. Furthermore, the "broken Spanish" or "bastard Spanish" that the writer mentioned is corroborated by the written testimony by the 26 Aruban Indians in 1803. It was the Spanish language that was dominant at the end of the 19th century, and the Dutch orientation was influential. This finds proof in an historical document from the time, that reads as follows: “Proclamacion. Johannes Adriaan de Veer koe ta firma aqui bau, ta participa na toer habitantes di isla di Aruba, koe Su Magestad noos respetada Reina Viuda Regente a haya boon nombrele pa resolucion di dia 19 di Mayo 1897 No 29 como Gezaghebber di Aruba. E ta participa tambe koe ele a encargue awor di e gobierno di Aruba y ta confia, koe toer empleados y habitantes sinsatos lo prestele ayuda y asistencia, a la fin koe su gobierno bau bendicion indispensable di Ser Supremo poor resulta ta interes di e isla aqui y sus habitantes.Aruba, September, 1897, E gezaghebber nombrado J.A.de Veer. (Proclamation. Johannes Adriaan de Veer that signs hereunder, notifies to all inhabitants of the island of Aruba, that her Majesty our respected Regent Widow-Queen has agreed to name him by the resolution of May 19, 1897, No 29, as the person in charge of Aruba. He communicates too that she has commissioned him with the government of Aruba and believes, that all employees and inhabitants will give help and assistance, so that his government under the indispensable blessing of the Holy Being will result in the interest of this island and his inhabitants. Aruba, September, 1897,Person in charge named J.A.de Veer.) It is important and very instructive to notice the absence of any Portuguese and African words. In the year 1928 it was Bishop A. van de Veen that published his book Practische behandeling der Papiamentse Spraakkunst. (Practical Treatise of the Papiamento language.) In it, he proposes an etymological orthography based on Latin principles, but maintaining a Dutch orientation. And this was the Papiamento language system of writing for the A.B.C. islands. But in Curaçao a tendency began to manifest itself that words should be written the way they are pronounced. In the year 1961 the "commission Daal" was installed in Curaçao, without ever consulting Aruba. At that time Aruba was still unwillingly forming part of the Netherlands Antilles (N.A.), and Curaçao being de facto the capital, it appropriated the Papiamento language. Curaçao had one motto in mind: "Three islands but one nation, one flag, one language." In other words, Curaçao wanted Aruba to change his traditionally etymological language and accept a phonological orthography from Curaçao and forget its Indian-Aruban heritage. The following testimony is a copy of the document in which 26 Aruban Indians gave their supporting declaration in a process between Commander Pieter Specht and Tax collector Bruyn Goverts Quant. This testimony was published in the January 20, 1990 edition of the Dutch language Aruban newspaper “Amigoe,” by Mr. Charles Gomez Casseres. Mr. Casseres gave an ample report about the Papiamento in olden times, and removed all possibilities that the Papiamento of Aruba could have originated from Afro-Portuguese. Again in this testimony it is noticed that the language of the Portuguese and African slaves living in Curaçao had no influence on the Papiamento of Aruba. This declaration is of the 22nd of June, 1803, and the original is saved in the Kingdom files in The Hague, the Netherlands.

Testificacion. Noos ta firma por la berdad, y para Serbir na tiempo qu lo llega di mooster, qui des die tiempoe koe Señor B.G Quant ta poner na Serbisje die tera, Seemper noos ta teende coonta qui eel ta maltrata noos comanndeur pieter Specht pa toer sorto die koos y seemper el dho Quant ta precura die entreponeel deen toer gobierno die comandeur,por ees motibo noos ta espriminta koe eel ta causa die toer disunion y asina koe a ofrece na tiempoe die comandant Engles A. Greagh koe eel a habla comandant Engles, cu noos indiaan ta baay lamanta contra Engles/ariba die ees falso testimonio qui eel a hasie contra noos,comandant Engles a baay na kaas die comandeur kibra cañon die canpania y bira toer cañon nan roerpert,claba cañon toema toer scopette y polbe die forti Cargaar,pa dien die tera y pide asistencie na toer barco,oen mientira,koe noenka tal koos no pasa no noos cabees,tambien noos ta confesa qui noos camandeur a precura seemper na toer llegada die barcasion enemigo,die tira alarma na sue kaas, y tene boon guardia y ronda toer anoche, y seemper noos comandeur tabata hoento koe noos, y koe oen boon gobierno, no solamente na ees caso allie, mas na toer sorto die gobierno kie ta depende die comandeur, nos tabata tenido abaau die oen boon order, y koe moechoe boon hablar, sin oesa die ningoen maltrato, ni die palabra, menos die castigo, pa poor doena motibo die koorda, kie ta oen omber tocado na Soe sientier mas contrario asta presente nos ta halla nos comandeur coemplido, na toer soe rason y conversacion y por ser berdad noos ta firma ees die noos mismo mano ofresiendo nos hoeramento delantie tribunal die nos mayor gobierno. Aruba 22e Junio 1803. It is noteworthy that from the 288 words in the declaration, only 5 are Dutch. Technical military words: Comandeur, roerpert, asistensie, order and Indiaan. The word fortie is also used, which is adapted from the Dutch word “fort.” And because a Dutchman wrote the letter, it has Dutch orientation. For example, the letter u in Papiamento is equal to oe in Dutch. So if you tell a Dutchman to write duna (give), he would write “doena”. Tuma (take) would be “toema”, tur (all) would be “toer” and cu/qu (with/that) would be koe. Uza (use) would be “oesa”. Because Dutch is the language taught in school, many Aruban children will write Papiamento with a strong Dutch orientation. For example, if an Aruban child must write this question in Papiamento: “Can you come to my house so we can play in the wood?” The child would write: “Boo poor bien mie kas panoos hoenga din moondie? Which corrected by an adult would be like this: “Bo por bin mi cas panos hunga den mondi?” Aruba was placed by the Netherlands in The Netherlands Antilles (N.A.) with other 5 islands and with Curaçao as the seat of its capital. For many years Aruba sought to sever ties with the other islands. Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles on January 1, 1986, and became a separate, self-governing member of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. For years the truth about the Papiamento language was hidden from some Arubans. Because of Curaçao’s African heritage, they wanted to find African roots to their language, and even tried to force feed this notion to Arubans during the days when Aruba was bound to Curaçao in the Netherlands Antilles. But Aruba never wanted to lose its identity and never accepted the theory. According to historian Hamelberg, up to and including the year 1758 there were no African slaves in Aruba. According to Hartog there were only a few African slaves in Aruba by 1791. Our Indian or Arawak heritage is stronger than that of most Caribbean islands. Even though no full blooded aboriginals remain, the features of the islanders clearly indicate our genetic heritage. And the majority of the population is descended from Indian Arawak, Dutch and Spanish ancestors. Just like other languages, in time the Papiamento language too adapted words from other languages, especially from Dutch, English and Portuguese. But these words were adapted after the Papiamento language already came “alive”. Some of these words were probably things that were not known by the “parents” of the Papiamento language. For example: • spiel (mirror) is adapted from the Dutch word “Spiegel” • “auto” (car) is adapted from the Dutch word “auto” • “Frigidaire” was adapted from the Trademark that is used for electric refrigerators and is how a refrigerator is called in Papiamento • “Airco” is adapted from the English word Air conditioner • Cachó (dog) from the Portuguese word “cachorro” ( Probably it were the Portuguese that made this animal known to the inhabitants.)

Because some words were adapted from other languages and introduced in Papiamento does not imply that Papiamento originated from those languages. Other people will reason that even though they have never learned Portuguese, they can almost understand it, and so implying that Papiamento originated from Portuguese. But lets not forget that both Spanish and Portuguese originated from Latin; that is why there are similarities, and nothing else. It is just like the Italian language, which has Latin roots. If it is spoken slowly, some words can be understood by Arubans. Today we can be thankful to Aruban historian and linguist Jossy M. Mansur, who, after studies, wrote many articles about the origin of the language. And we can be thankful to people in the past who wrote about the Indians, so that today we know for sure that the legitimate Papiamento language did not originate from African-Portuguese, but from Indian-Spanish. The late Aruban and political advisor José D. van der Linde even suggested that because Curaçao made itself “owner” of the language and gave the language “African-Portuguese” roots, the language spoken by the Arubans with “Indian-Spanish” roots should be given a different name, and till his death he always referred to the language, not as Papiamento, but as “E Idioma di Aruba” (The Language of Aruba). When the word Indian or Indians is written, it does not apply to the people of India, but to the Aboriginal/Indigenous Arawaks that left Venezuela and settled in Aruba.


A J (ye) S (ès)
B (be) K (ka) T (te)
C (se) L (èl) U
D (de) M (èm) V (ve)
E N (èn) W (we)
F (èf) O X (eks)
G (ge) P (pe) Y (igrèk)
H (ha) Q (kü) Z (zèt)
I R (èr)


Di e lèternan aki, por modifiká kuater vokal: è, ò, ù i ü.
ñ ta e úniko konsonante ku por modifiká i su nòmber ta eñe.

Ku e lèternan aki tin kuater dígrafo tambe. Esakinan ta ch, sh, dj i zj.

Tur e vokalnan menshoná tin un zonido so, ku eksepshon di e, ku por tin e zonido di shua (ə). Ehèmpel: "tres" vs. "mangel".

[editá] Sierto konsonante segun reglanan di Antias

Segun reglanan di Antias, tin sierto kaso ora ta huza e konsonantenan c, j, q i x. Esakinan ta:

  • Solamente den kombinashon ku otro konsonante, manera ch, dj, èts.
  • Den matemátika, kímika, èts.
  • Den nòmbernan propio: Carlos, Jacob, Quincy, Xavier
    • Esaki no ta inkluí nòmbernan di kariño adaptá di esaki
  • Den nòmbernan geográfiko
  • Palabranan fiá i adaptá di otro idioma

[editá] Vokal, diptongo i triptongo

Ora ta skibi palabranan, partikularmente palabranan fiá di hulandes, no ta skibi vokal dòbel, a menos ku ta tende dos vokal den pronunsiashon. Ta nifiká ku, por ehèmpel, no ta skibi "spaar", pero "spar". Algun ehèmpel di palabranan ku si por: oochi, reeduká, koopera, kreensia. Tambe no ta sigui e regla hulandes di pone trema (¨) pa distinguí entre e dos vokalnan.

Den papiamentu por haña varios kombinashon di vokal, òf diptongo. Esaki ta un lista di nan tur:

ai gai baiskel
ei meimei esei
ei1 rei preis
eu leu pareu
oi roi morkoi
òi bòikòt bòlpòint
ou2 outo Kòrsou
ui kuida ruina
ùi brùin flùit
ia papia biaha
ie fiel dies
io odio avion
iu friu hudiu
ua kuater suave
ue nuebe fuerte
uo kuota kontinuo


  1. Esaki ta un eksepshon di e regla di aksènt grave. Tin hopi palabra ku e diptongo èi i pa redusí signonan ortográfiko na un minimo, a disidi ku ta skibi e diptongo aki sin aksènt.
  2. Esaki tambe ta un eksepshon di aksènt grave. Tin hopi palabra ku tin e diptongo òu i aki tambe tin ku redusí signonan ortográfiko den tekstonan. Tambe e diptongo au no ta korekto. Por ehèmpel, e palabra mester ta outo, no auto.

[editá] Algun regla di vokal i diptongo

  • No ta kuminsá ningun palabra ni ningun sílaba ku diptongo ku ta kuminsá ku i òf u. Na luga di esaki ta huza y i w.
    • Ehèmpel: yabi, wowo.
  • No ta skibi e konsonante y entre e vokal i i un otro vokal.
    • Ehèmpel: antiano, no antiyano.
  • No ta skibi e konsonante w entre e vokal u i un otro vokal.
    • Ehèmpel: yuana, no yuwana.

[editá] Triptongo

Triptongo ta kombinashon di tres vokal. Aki ta lista nan tur:

iau miau
ieu bieu
iou bakiou
uai zuai
uei1 zuei


  1. Pa limitá aksènt, no ta pone aksènt grave riba e di e triptongo uei, ounke ta pronunsiá un è.

[editá] Konsonante

b c d f g h j k l m n
ñ p q r s t v w x y z


Segun e reglanan di papiamentu di Antias, e konsonantenan vet tin algun regla i eksepshon.

  • Mantené e sílabanan inisial ab-, ob-, sub- i ad- solamente kaminda e konsonantenan b i d ta zona asina.
    • abreviá, pero apstene
    • obligá, pero ophetivo
  • Pa haña e zonido sonoro di g dilanti e, è òf i, mester interkalá un u.
    • guera, no gera
    • sigui, no sigi
      E regla no ta aplikabel ora ta pronunsiá un shua.
      • sanger
      • mangel

Ademas no ta skibi ningun konsonante dòbel. E uniko eksepshon ta ora ta hasi palabra plural i ta pega nan na e palabra. Ehèmpel: pannan, sènnan.

[editá] Aksènt

Normalmente, na papiamentu e énfasis di un palabra ta kai semper riba e último sílaba di un palabra ku ta kaba ku konsonante, òf riba e penúltimo sílaba di un palabra ku ta kaba ku vokal. Naturalmente tin eksepshon i pa nota esakinan na papiamentu ta huza dos tipo di aksènt: aksènt grave i aksènt skèrpi. Pa palabranan ku aksènt grave no tin regla spesial. Pa huzo di aksènt skèrpi, tin algun regla.

Ta pone aksènt skèrpi riba tur palabra polisilábiko:

  • Unda e énfasis ta kai riba e último sílaba, i e palabra ta kaba ku un vokal:
    • piská
    • informá
    • kachó
  • Unda e énfasis ta kai riba e penúltimo sílaba, i e palabra ta kaba ku un konsonante:
    • fásil
    • hóben
    • miéntras
      Esaki no ta inkluí palabra ku ta kaba ku un shua siguí pa un konsonante:
      • mangel
      • amandel
      • koper
  • Unda e énfasis ta kai kualke otro kaminda ku no ta último òf penúltimo:
    • sílaba
    • sientífiko
    • áwaseru


Aksènt no ta kambia ku palabranan ku ta terminá ku e sufihonan mente òf nan. Si nan tabata tin un aksènt, e ta keda, si no tabata tin, no ta pone un aserka.

Algun ehèmpel:

  • íntimo ta bira íntimamente
  • fásil ta bira fásilmente
  • piská ta bira piskánan
  • regla ta bira reglanan

[editá] Eksepshon

  1. Si e sílaba ku énfasis mester risibí un aksènt grave i un aksènt skèrpi, no ta pone aksènt skèrpi riba e sílaba.
  2. No ta pone aksènt skèrpi riba palabranan unda e énfasis ta kai riba e último sílaba, i ta kaba ku un diptongo dekresiente òf un triptongo.
    • kabai
    • Kòrsou
  3. Tambe pa redusí huzo di signo ortográfiko, no ta pone aksènt skèrpi riba tabata ku tabatin.
  4. No ta nesesario pa pone aksènt riba lèter kapital.
    • Último i Ultimo ta korekto

[editá] Lèternan kapital

Ta skibi ku lèter kapital:

  • E promé lèter na prinsipio di un teksto
  • E promé lèter na prinsipio di un frase, esta semper despues di un punto ( . ), un signo di interogashon ( ? ), òf di ekslamashon ( ! )
  • E promé lèter di nòmbernan propio di un persona, animal òf opheto
    Nòmber di deidat i di personanan divino i nòmber geográfiko ku ta pertenesé na e grupo aki; "San" i "Santa" dilanti un nòmber tambe
  • Títulonan òf nòmbernan di dignidat manera
    • Sumo Pontífise
    • Su Mahestat
  • Palabranan prinsipal den títulonan i epígrafenan


No ta skibi ku lèter kapital:

  • Nòmber di dianan i lunanan
    • djaluna
    • aprel
  • Nòmber ku ta deriva di nòmbernan geográfiko (sustantivo i athetivo)
    • un arubano
    • un buki hulandes
  • Idiomanan
    • papiamentu
    • indones

[editá] Kontrakshon

E huzo di kontrakshon na papiamentu ta hopi komun, partikularmente ora ta papiá. Ta rekomendabel ku ta evitá mas tantu posibel e huzo di kontrakshon den teksto. Den kaso ku mester skibi palabranan ku kontrakshon, ta huza un apóstrofe kaminda tin elishon di un òf mas lèter.

  1. Algun ehèmpel di elishon di un lèter:
    • ta asina - t'asina
    • no ta asina - n' t'asina
    • yuda e - yud'é
  2. Algun ehèmpel di huzo di apóstrofe sin espasio entre e apóstrofe i e lèter su dilanti i esun despues:
    • kashi di glas - kash'i glas
    • kos di hari - ko'i hari
    • bleki di lechi - blek'i lechi
      Aki tin elishon di e último lèter di e promé palabra i e promé lèter di e di dos palabra.
  3. Algun ehèmpel di huzo di apóstrofe ku espasio entre e palabra dilanti e apóstrofe i e apóstrofe:
    • brel di solo - brel 'i solo
    • stèm di kanta - stèm 'i kanta
    • bòter di biña - bòter 'i biña
      Aki tin elishon di e e promé lèter di e di dos palabra so.
  4. Ta hopi komun pa huza kontrakshon ku e pronòmbernan personal ami, abo i e. Por huza kontrakshon aki, pero ta preferibel ku ta skibi nan lòs di e verbo su dilanti:
    • duna ami - duna mi, duna'mi
    • duna abo - duna bo, duna'bo
    • duna e - dun'é

[editá] Linknan eksterno