The Wall Street Journal
Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia
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Thể loại | nhật báo |
Kiểu | Narrow broadsheet |
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Chủ sở hữu | {{{chủ sở hữu}}} |
Tổng biên tập | Paul E. Steiger |
Ngày phát hành | 8 tháng 7, năm1889 |
Trụ sở | {{{trụ sở}}} |
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Website: WSJ.com |
The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) là một nhật báo có ảnh hưởng lớn trên thế giới, xuất bản tại Thành phố New York, bang New York với lượng phát hành trung bình trên 2 triệu bản mỗi ngày trên toàn thế giới (trong năm 2006). Nhiều năm liền, nó là tờ báo có số lượng phát hành lớn nhất của Hoa Kỳ; tuy nhiên, tháng 11 năm 2003, nó nhường vị trí đó cho tờ USA Today. Tờ báo này cũng phát hành ở Châu Á và Châu Âu. Đối thủ chính là một tờ báo tài chính ở London, tờ Financial Times, cũng đã xuất bản ở nhiều nước. The Wall Street Journal sở hữu bởi công ty Dow Jones & Company.
Tờ The Wall Street Journal phát hành lần đầu ở Mỹ và chuyên viết về kinh doanh và tài chính—tên của nó bắt nguồn từ phố Wall, con đường ở Thành phố New York là trái tim của trung tâm tài chính này. Nó đã được in liên tục từ khi ra đời từ ngày 8 tháng 7 năm 1889, do Charles Dow, Edward Jones và Charles Bergstresser sáng lập nên. Nó đã được nhận giải thưởng Pulitzer 29 lần, tham khảo 2003[2] và giải thưởng Pulitzer 2004[3] for explanatory journalism.
Mục lục |
[sửa] Thuở ban đầu đến nay
Dow Jones & Company được phát hành vào năm 1882 bởi các phóng viên Charles Dow, Edward Jones và Charles Bergstresser. Jones converted the small Customers' Afternoon Letter into The Wall Street Journal, xuất bản lần đầu năm 1889,[4] và bắt đầu dịch vụ phát tờ báo này qua đường điện thoại. Nó đã đề cao the Jones 'Average', phát hành cổ phiếu lần đầu trên Sàn giao dịch chứng khoán New York
Nhà báo Clarence Barron nắm quyền kiểm soát công ty vào năm 1902; tổng phát hành quanh quẩn ở con số khoảng 7000 nhưng sau đó lên đến 50000 bản vào cuối năm 1920
Phiên bản internet của tờ báo này là, The Wall Street Journal Online xuất hiện năm 1996. Năm 2003, Dow Jones bắt đầu hợp nhất tờ báo thành reporting of the Journal's print and online subscribers together in Audit Bureau of Circulations statements.[5] It is commonly held to be the largest paid subscription news site on the Web with 712,000 paid subscribers as of the fourth quarter of 2004.[6] As of November 2006, an annual subscription to the online edition of the Wall Street Journal cost $99 annually for those who do not have subscriptions to the print edition.[7]
The paper's paid content is available free, on a limited basis, to America Online subscribers[cần chú thích], and through the free Congoo Netpass. Many Wall Street Journal news stories are available free online through free online newspapers that subscribe to the Dow Jones syndicate. Pulitzer-prize winning stories from 1995 are available free on the Pulitzer web site.
In September 2005, the Journal launched a weekend edition, delivered to all subscribers, which marked a return to Saturday publication after a lapse of some 50 years. The move was designed in part to attract more consumer advertising.
In 2005 the Journal reported a readership profile of about 60% top management, an average income of $191,000, an average household net worth of $2.1 million, and an average age of 55.[8]
In 2006 the paper announced that it would be including advertising on its front page for the first time. This follows front page advertising on the European and Asian editions in late 2005.[9]
The paper still uses ink dot drawings called hedcuts, introduced in 1979,[10] rather than photographs of people, a practice unique among major newspapers. This method of illustration is a consistent visual signature of the paper and reflects editorial imperatives by allowing these illustrations to be somewhat flattering, and in their consistency, clannish. Nevertheless, the use of color photographs and graphics has become increasingly common in recent years with the addition of more "lifestyle" sections.
In January 2007, the Journal decreased its broadsheet width from 15 to 12 inches while keeping the length at 22 3/4 inches in order to save newsprint costs. The shrinking is the equivalent of a full column. The Journal says it will save $18 million a year in newsprint costs across all the papers.[11]
Recently the Journal launched a worldwide expansion of its website, to include major foreign language editions. The paper has also shown an interest in buying the rival Financial Times.[12]
[sửa] Sections
The Journal features several distinct sections:
- Section One – features corporate news, as well as political and economic reporting
- Marketplace – includes coverage of health, technology, media, and marketing industries (the second section was launched June 23, 1980)
- Money and Investing – covers and analyzes international financial markets (the third section was launched October 3, 1988)
- Personal Journal – published Tuesday-Thursday, this section covers personal investments, careers and cultural pursuits (the section was introduced April 9, 2002)
- Weekend Journal – published Fridays, explores personal interests of business readers, including real estate, travel, and sports (the section was introduced March 20, 1998)
- Pursuits – published Saturdays, focusing on business readers' leisure-time decisions, including food and cooking, entertainment and culture, books, fashion and shopping, travel, sports and recreation, and the home (the section was introduced Sept. 17, 2005, with the introduction of the paper's Weekend Edition)
On average, The Journal is about 96 pages long. For the year 2007, the inclusion of 44 additional Journal Reports is planned.
[sửa] Editorial line
The editorial page of the Journal summarizes its philosophy as being in favor of free markets and free people. It is typically viewed as adhering to American conservatism and economic liberalism. The page takes a free-market view of economic issues and an often neoconservative view of American foreign policy. The editorial board has long argued for a less-restrictive immigration policy. In a July 3, 1984 editorial, the board wrote: If Washington still wants to 'do something' about immigration, we propose a five-word constitutional amendment: There shall be open borders.' The editorial page commonly publishes pieces by U.S. and world leaders in government, politics and business.
The Journal won its first two Pulitzer Prizes for its editorial writing in 1947 and 1953. It describes the history of its editorials: Tiêu bản:Cquote
Its historical position was much the same, and spelled out the conservative foundation of its editorial page: Tiêu bản:Cquote
The Journal's editorial and news page staffs are completely independent from each other. Every Thanksgiving the editorial page has two famous articles that have appeared there since 1961. The first is entitled "The Desolate Wilderness" and describes what pilgrims saw when they arrived in America. The second is entitled "And the Fair Land" and describes in romantic terms the "bounty" of America. It was penned by a former editor Vermont Royster, whose Christmas article "In Hoc Anno Domini," has appeared every December 25 since 1949.
During the Reagan administration the newspaper's editorial page was particularly influential as the leading voice for supply-side economics. Under the editorship of Robert Bartley, it expounded at length on such economic concepts such as the Laffer curve and how a decrease in taxes can in many cases increase overall tax revenue by generating more economic activity, many of which have now entered the mainstream of economic academia.[cần chú thích]
Its views are somewhat similar to those of the British magazine The Economist with its emphasis on free markets. However, the Journal does have important differences with respect to European business newspapers, most particularly with regard to the relative significance of, and causes of, the American budget deficit. (The Journal generally blames the lack of foreign growth and other related things while most business journals in Europe and Asia blame the very low savings rate and concordant high borrowing rate in the United States).
Regarding personal freedoms, the Journal editorial page stops short of agreeing with such Economist-backed issues as the illegality of Guantanamo Bay's enemy combatants. Regarding the Guantanamo Bay prisoner abuse issue, in the Journal editorial pages, there is justification of the use of torture against wartime enemies, while the Economist has opposed this, in consideration of the violation of human rights.
In the economic argument of exchange rate regimes (one of the most divisive issues among economists), the Journal has a tendency to support fixed exchange rates over floating exchange rates in spite of its support for the free market in other respects. For example, the Journal was a major supporter of the Chinese yuan's peg to the dollar, and strongly opposed the American politicians who were criticising the Chinese government about the peg. It opposed the moves by China to let the yuan gradually float, arguing that the fixed rate benefited both the U.S. and China.
The Journal in recent years has strongly defended Lewis Libby, whom they portray as the victim of a political witchhunt.[13] They have also published editorials opposing the attacks by Lyndon LaRouche, Seymour Hersch, and the New York Times on Leo Strauss and his alleged influence in the George W. Bush administration.[14]
[sửa] Study of Media Bias
"A Measure of Media Bias," a December 2004 study conducted by Tim Groseclose of the University of California, Los Angeles and Jeff Milyo of the University of Missouri, stated that:
Tiêu bản:Cquote
The methods used to calculate this bias, however, have been shown to possess flaws as explained by professor of Computer Science and the Director of Linguistic Data Consortium at the University of Pennsylvania Mark Liberman.[16][17] Mark concludes his post saying he thinks "that many if not most of the complaints directed against G&M are motivated in part by ideological disagreement -- just as much of the praise for their work is motivated by ideological agreement. It would be nice if there were a less politically fraught body of data on which such modeling exercises could be explored."[16]
[sửa] Recurring Columns
- Daily - Best of the Web Today by James Taranto
- Monday - Americas by Mary O'Grady
- Tuesday - Global View by Bret Stephens
- Wednesday - Business World by Holman W. Jenkins Jr
- Thursday - Wonder Land by Daniel Henninger
- Friday - Potomoc Watch by Kimberley Strassel
- Weekend Edition - Rule of Law (variety of authors)
[sửa] Notable reporting
Tiêu bản:Expand-section The Journal has had several series of articles which have gone on to have significant impact. They have won many Pulitzer prizes. [1]Search Many of these have been transformed into books.
[sửa] 9/11
The Wall Street Journal claims to have sent the first news report, on the Dow Jones wire, of a plane colliding into the World Trade Center on Sept. 11, 2001. Their headquarters office was facing the World Trade Center across the street, and was demolished within minutes after the World Trade Center itself collapsed [2]. Top editors worried that they might miss publishing the first issue for the first time in 100 years. They relocated to a makeshift office at an editor's home, and the paper was on the stands the next day. They won a 2002 Pulitzer prize in Breaking News Reporting for that day's stories. [3] They subsequently conducted a world-wide investigation of the causes and significance of 9/11, using contacts they had developed during their business coverage of the Arab world. In Kabul, a Wall Street Journal reporter bought a pair of looted computers which had been used by leaders of Al Qaeda to plan assassinations, chemical and biological attacks, and mundane daily activities. The encrypted files were decrypted and translated. ("Forgotten Computer Reveals Thinking Behind Four Years of Al Qaeda Doings," Alan Cullison and Andrew Higgins, Dec. 31, 2001) It was during this coverage that Daniel Pearl was kidnapped and killed.
[sửa] AIDS
Many reporters were gay, and the Journal had been covering gay issues even before the AIDS epidemic. David Sanford, a Page One features editor, got infected with HIV in 1982 in a bathhouse from "a man whose name I didn't catch," and wrote a front-page personal account of how he went from planning his death to planning his retirement. He and other reporters wrote about the new treatments, political and economic issues, and won the 1997 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting about AIDS. [4]
[sửa] Insider trading
In the 1980s, Journal reporter James B. Stewart brought national attention to the illegal practice of insider trading, co-winning the Pulitzer Prize in explanatory journalism in 1988, with Daniel Hertzberg,[18] now the paper's senior deputy managing editor. Stewart expanded on this theme in his book, Den of Thieves.
[sửa] RJR Nabisco buyout
In 1987, a bidding war ensued between several financial firms for tobacco and food giant RJR Nabisco. This was documented in several Journal articles by Bryan Burrough and John Helyar. These articles were later used as the basis of a bestselling book, Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco, and then into a made-for-TV film.[19]
[sửa] Enron
In 2001, the Journal was ahead of most of the journalistic pack in appreciating the importance of the accounting abuses at Enron, and two of its reporters in particular, Rebecca Smith and John R. Emshwiller, played a crucial role in bringing these abuses to light.[20]
[sửa] Xem thêm
- The Wall Street Journal châu Âu
- The Wall Street Journal châu Á
- The Wall Street Journal bản đặc biệt
- OpinionJournal.com
- Thời báo Tài chính(Financial Times)
- Tạp chí Barron (Barron's Magazine)
- Tạp chí kinh tế Viễn Đông (Far Eastern Economic Review)
- The Index of Economic Freedom – an annual report published by the Journal together with the Heritage Foundation
- Karen Elliott House – the previous Publisher of The Wall Street Journal
- Daniel Pearl – a WSJ journalist killed while reporting in Pakistan
- "Lucky duckies"
- Media of New York City
- Wall Street Journal Editorial Board
[sửa] Chú thích
- ▲ 2006 Top 100 nhật báo Mỹ có theo số lượng phát hành (PDF) (2006-03-31). Được truy cập ngày 2007-03-07.
- ▲ giải Pulitzer năm 2003 nhận được ngày 19 tháng 8 năm 2006.
- ▲ giải thưởng Pulitzer 2004 nhận được ngày 19 tháng 8 năm 2006.
- ▲ DOW JONES HISTORY - THE LATE 1800s 2006 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Retrieved 19 August 2006.
- ▲ The Wall Street Journal Announces New Integrated Print and Online Sales and Marketing Initiatives3 November 2003. Retrieved 19 August 2006.
- ▲ Starting Today, the Largest Paid Subscription News Site Opens Its Doors to Nonsubscribers for One Week Press Release, Dow Jones, 7 November 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2006.
- ▲ Subscribing to the Wall Street Journal, WSJ.com
- ▲ The Wall Street Journal Weekend Edition: Expectations, Surprises, Disappointments Bill Mitchell, Poynter Online, 21 September 2005. Retrieved 19 August 2006.
- ▲ Wall Street Journal Introduces New Front Page Advertising Opportunity WSJ press release on biz.yahoo.com 18 July 2006. Retrieved 19 August 2006.
- ▲ Picturing Business in America Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 19 August 2006.
- ▲ Wall Street Journal To Narrow Its Pages Frank Ahrens, Washington Post, 12 October 2005. Retrieved 19 August 2006.
- ▲ Wray, Richard. “How the word on Wall Street will spread around the world”, The Guardian, 2007 February 1. Địa chỉ URL được truy cập 2007-02-03.
- ▲ "The Libby Injustice," unsigned editorial, WSJ January 20, 2007
- ▲ Bartley, Robert, "Joining LaRouche in the Fever Swamps," WSJ June 9, 2003
- ▲ A Measure of Media Bias Tim Groseclose & Jeff Milyo, December 2004 Retrieved 19 August 2006.
- ▲ 16,0 16,1 Lieberman, Mark (2005-12-23). Multiplying ideologies considered harmful. Language Log. Được truy cập ngày 2006-11-06.
- ▲ Lieberman, Mark (2005-12-22). Linguistics, politics, mathematics. Language Log. Được truy cập ngày 2006-11-06.
- ▲ 1988 Pulitzer Prize Retrieved 19 August 2006.
- ▲ The Wall Street Journal tại Internet Movie Database (tiếng Anh)
- ▲ Enron CFO's Partnership Had Milions in Profit The Wall Street Journal 19 October 2001. (Enron Trial Exhibits and Releases). Retrieved 19 August 2006. (PDF)
[sửa] Liên kết ngoài
- The Wall Street Journal - Official site
- The Career Journal - A free executive career site from The Wall Street Journal
- The Real Estate Journal - A free site from the The Wall Street Journal focusing on residential and commercial real estate
- The Startup Journal - A free site from the The Wall Street Journal focusing on all aspects of starting, buying and running a small business.
- The Opinion Journal - A free site from the The Wall Street Journal featuring opinion and commentary.
- Kevin Sprouls - website of Kevin Sprouls, Creator of The Wall Street Journal stipple portrait style.
- Noli Novak - website of Noli Novak, The Wall Street Journal lead artist of stipple drawings.
- Economic Principals David Warsh on the WSJ's history as the earliest "Online" news provider.
Tiêu bản:DowJonesNews