Mafia

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Mafia, cũng thường được gọi trong tiếng ÝCosa Nostra (có nghĩa là "của chúng ta"), là một tổ chức xã hội bí mật có nguồn gốc từ các tổ chức tội phạm Ý hoạt động giữa thế kỷ 19 ở đảo Sicilia.

Mục lục

[sửa] Sơ lược

Bắt đầu phát triển từ Bờ Đông Hoa Kỳ vào những năm cuối của thế kỉ 19 sau những làn di cư của người Ý đến đất nước này.

"Mafia" thường còn được dùng để chỉ bất kì một nhóm người nào có dính líu trong những hoạt động làm tiền gian lận, như là Mafia Nga, Mafia Mexico, Yakuza Nhật, Băng đảng Ai-len, Hội Tam Hoàng (Trung Quốc), Mafia An-ba-ni, Mafia Cu-ba, Mafia Đen, Mafia Ấn Độ, và một số băng đảng tội phạm có tổ chức quy mô nhỏ khác.

Mafia phát triển mạnh mẽ nhất tại Mỹ vào giữa thế ký 20, cho đến khi hàng loạt các cuộc điều tra của FBI vào những năm 1970 và 1990 phần nào suy giảm ảnh hưởng của các thế lực Mafia. Tuy có suy giảm sức mạnh phần nào, Mafia và những tiếng tăm về nó đã ăn sâu vào văn hóa cộng đồng Mỹ, được thể hiện trong các tác phẩm điện ảnh, chương trình truyền hình và kể cả trong quảng cáo.

Ngày nay Mafia là loại tội phạm có tổ chức mạnh nhất hoạt động tại Mỹ. Mafia dùng thanh thế của mình để duy trì sự kiểm soát phần lớn các công ty làm ăn phi pháp tại Chicago và New York. Mafia còn có mối quan hệ với Mafia Silician, một tổ chức lớn và lâu đời.

[sửa] Nguồn gốc thuật ngữ Mafia

Thuật ngữ 'Mafia" là cấu tạo danh từ của tính từ "mafiusu" có nguồn gốc từ Ả rập. Từ này có nghĩa chung chung là "xinh đẹp" nhưng cũng có thể được hiểu là "tuyệt vời". Từ "mafiusu" khi để chỉ tính cách người đàn ông không có nghĩa cụ thể. Từ này chỉ người đàn ông hiếu chiến, kiêu ngạo nhưng không biết sợ hãi, đầy chí khí và luôn tự hào (theo học giả Diego Gambetta).[1]

Nghĩa rộng của từ "mafiusu", dùng để chỉ giới tội phạm ngầm, bắt đầu được sử dụng từ 1863 trong một vở kịch có tên "I mafiusi di la Vicaria" nghĩa là "Những con người tốt đẹp vùng Vicaria" của tác giả Rizzotto và Gaetano Mosca. Vở kịch nói về một nhóm tội phạm tại nhà tù Palermo. "Mafia" hay "Mafiusu" không hề được nhắc đến trong vở kịch nhưng có lẽ đã được đưa vào tên vở kịch để giúp tăng thềm phần hấp dẫn.

Mối liên hệ giữa từ "mafiusu" với các băng nhóm tội phạm như trong tên của vở kịch vẫn hoàn toàn mới đối với dân chúng Sicilia và Italia vào thời điểm đó. Sau đó, từ "mafia" đã xuất hiện trong những cuốn tiểu thuyết lấy cảm hứng từ các sự việc có thật và được dân chúng dùng để chỉ các băng nhóm tội phạm. Việc sử dụng thuật ngữ "mafia" sau đó được các báo cáo quốc gia của Italia nhắc đến như một hiện tượng. Từ này chính thức xuất hiện lần đầu tiên vào 1865 trong một báo cáo của thanh tra trưởng Filippo Antonio Gualtiero tại Palermo.

Leopoldo Franchetti, một nghị sĩ Italia, người đã du lịch qua Sicilia, viết một trong những bản báo cáo đầu tiên về mafia vào 1876 . Ông miêu tả nghĩa của thuật ngữ này: "Một tầng lớp tội phạm đã được hình thành và chờ một thuật ngữ miêu tả bọn chúng và từ "mafia" chính là từ mà chúng cần. "Mafia" đem lại cho bon tội phạm này một tính cách đặc biệt và một vị trí quan trọng trong xã hội Sicilia. Tầng lớp tội phạm này xứng đáng có một từ riêng dành cho chúng, chứ không phải những từ thông thường như tại các quốc gia khác".


Một số nhà nghiên cứu coi "mafia" là một thuật ngữ mang nghĩa tích cực, có nguồn gốc từ văn hóa cộng đồng. Quan điểm này được thể hiện trong định nghĩa đưa ra bởi Giuseppe Pitrè, một nhà dân tộc học Sicilia: "Mafia là sự nhận thức của một người về giá trị của mình, là quyền lực cá nhân của người nắm toàn quyền xử trí các xung đột và các tranh chấp quyền lợi.

Rất nhiều người dân Sicilia không coi "mafia" là tội phạm mà coi đó là hình mẫu và người bảo hộ, vì nhà nước không hề bảo vệ kẻ nghèo và kẻ yếu. Năm 1950, dòng chữ khắc trên mộ của ông trùm huyền thoại vùng Villalba, Calogero Vizzini, viết rằng :"Những việc ông làm khi là "mafia" không fải là tội ác mà là sự tôn trọng luật danh dự, là sự bảo vệ mọi loại quyền và đỉnh cao của tinh thần cao cả. Đó là tình yêu". Ở đây, "mafia" mang nghĩa tự hào, danh dự, trách nhiệm với xã hội; Mafia là một quan điểm, chứ không phải một tổ chức. Cũng như vậy, vào 1925, nguyên thủ tướng Italia Vittorio Emanuele Orlando đã phát biểu rằng ông tự hào khi là một "mafioso" bởi từ đó gắn liền với danh dự, sự cao cả và hào hiệp.

According to some mafiosi, the real name of the Mafia is Cosa Nostra, meaning 'our world, tradition, values'. Many have claimed, as did the Mafia turncoat Tommaso Buscetta, that the word mafia was a literary creation. Other Mafia defectors, such as Antonio Calderone and Salvatore Contorno, said the same thing. According to them, the real thing was "cosa nostra". To men of honour belonging to the organisation, there is no need to name it. Mafiosi introduce known members to other known members as belonging to "cosa nostra" (our thing) or "la stessa cosa" (the same thing). Only the outside world needs a name to describe it, hence the capitalized version of the words: Cosa Nostra.

Cosa Nostra was first used, in the beginning of the 1960s, in the United States by Joseph Valachi, a mafioso turned state witness, during the hearings of the McClellan Commission. At the time, it was understood as a proper name, fostered by the FBI and disseminated by the media. The designation gained wide popularity and almost replaced the term Mafia. The FBI even added an article to the term, calling it 'La Cosa Nostra'. This is never used in Italy and is considered nonsensical. Although there may be some reasons to believe the FBI's interpretation is a mistake, it is still widely used Cosa Nostra lần đầu tiên được dùng vào đầu thập kỷ 1960 tại Mỹ bởi Joseph Valachi, một "mafioso" sau này trở thành nhân chứng tại phiên sơ thẩm của McClellan. Vòa lúc đó, Cosa Nostra được hiểu như một tên riêng

[sửa] Những nghi thức

Những nghi thức định hướng tại hầu hết các gia đình Mafia diễn ra khi người đàn ông trong gia đình có khả năng phụ giúp cho tổ chức, và sau đó, trở thành một chiến binh thực thụ. Một thành viên của tổ chức Mafia, Tomamaso Buscetta đã miêu tả với thẩm phán Giovanni Falcone quy trình này. Thành viên mới vào nghề sẽ tiến hành nghi thức cùng với ít nhất 3 thành viên danh dự khác của gia đình. Thành viên lớn tuổi nhất sẽ nói cho anh ta biết rằng gia nhập "gia đình Mafia" đồng nghĩa với việc bảo vệ kẻ yếu khỏi sự đàn áp của kẻ mạnh. Sau đó thành viên lớn tuổi nhất này sẽ rạch đầu ngón tay của thành viên mới, nhỏ máu anh ta lên một bức tranh thánh. Bức tranh được đặt trong tay anh ta và bị đốt cháy. Anh ta sẽ phải chịu đựng cái đau đớn khi bị bỏng, chuyền bức ảnh từ tay này sang tay kia cho đến khi bức ảnh cháy hết. Trong lúc đó, anh ta phải thề sẽ tuân theo mọi luật lệ của "Cosa Nostra" và nghiêm trang thề rằng "Nếu tôi vi phạm lời thề này, da thịt tôi sẽ bị thiêu cháy như vị thần trong bức tranh này". [3]

[sửa] Mafia ở Sicilia

Originating during the mid 19th century, the Mafia served as protection for the large orange and lemon estates surrounding the city of Palermo.[4] From this, the Mafia began to spread its roots among the landowners and politicians of Sicily. Forming strong links with the government (it is more than likely that many politicians were members or collaborators) the Mafia gained significant power.

During the Fascist period in Italy, Cesare Mori, prefect of Palermo, used special powers granted to him to prosecute the Mafia, forcing many Mafiosi to flee abroad or risk being jailed. Many of the Mafiosi who escaped fled to the United States, among them Joseph Bonanno, nicknamed Joe Bananas, who came to dominate the U.S. branch of the Mafia. However, when Mori started to persecute the Mafiosi involved in the Fascist hierarchy, he was removed, and the Fascist authorities proclaimed that the Mafia had been defeated.

The United States used the Italian connection of the American Mafiosi during the invasion of Italy and Sicily in 1943. Lucky Luciano and other members of Mafia, who had been imprisoned during this time in the U.S., provided information for US military intelligence, who used Luciano's influence to ease the way for advancing American troops.[5]

Some mafia analysts, such as the Catanese author Alfio Caruso, argue that the U.S. Office of Strategic Services deliberately allowed the mafia to recover its social and economic position as the "anti-State" in Sicily and that the U.S.-mafia alliance forged in 1943 was the true turning point of mafia history and the foundation of its subsequent 60-year career. Others, such as the Palermitan historian Francesco Renda, have argued that there was no such alliance. Rather, the mafia exploited the chaos of post-fascist Sicily to reconquer its social base. The OSS indeed, in its 1944 "Report on the Problem of Mafia" by the agent W. E. Scotten, pointed to the signs of mafia resurgence and warned of its perils for social order and economic progress.

An alleged additional benefit (from the American perspective) was that many of the Sicilian-Italian Mafiosi were hardline anti-communists. They were therefore seen as valuable allies by the anti-communist Americans, who allegedly used them to root out socialist and communist elements in the American shipping industry, the wartime resistance movements, and in many postwar local and regional governments in areas where the Mafia held sway.[citation needed]

According to drug trade expert Dr Alfred W. McCoy, Luciano was permitted to run his crime network from his jail cell in exchange for his assistance. After the war Luciano was rewarded by being deported to Italy, where he was able to continue his criminal career unhindered. He went to Sicily in 1946 to continue his activities and according to McCoy's landmark 1972 book The Politics of Heroin in South-East Asia, Luciano went on to forge a crucial alliance with the Corsican Mafia, leading to the development of a vast international heroin trafficking network, initially supplied from Turkey and based in Marseille — the so-called "French Connection".

Later, when Turkey began to eliminate its opium production, he used his connections with the Corsicans to open a dialogue with expatriate Corsican mafiosi in South Vietnam. In collaboration with leading American mob bosses including Santo Trafficante Jr., Luciano and his successors, took advantage of the chaotic conditions of the Vietnam War to establish an unassailable supply and distribution base in the "Golden Triangle", which was soon funnelling huge amounts of Asian heroin into the United States, Australia and other countries via the U.S. military.

After Fascism, the Mafia did not become powerful in Italy again until after the country's surrender in the Second World War, and the U.S. occupation. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, a series of internecine "gang wars" led to many prominent Mafia members being murdered, and a new generation of mafiosi has placed more emphasis on "white-collar" criminal activity as opposed to more traditional racketeering enterprises. In reaction to these developments, the Italian press has come up with the phrase Cosa Nuova ("the new thing", a play on Cosa Nostra) to refer to the revamped organization.

Salvatore RiinaThe main split in the Sicilian Mafia at present is between those bosses who have been convicted and are now in jail, chiefly Salvatore 'Totò' Riina and Leoluca Bagarella, and those such as the recently caught capo di tutti capi Bernardo Provenzano, who are on the run, or who have not been indicted. The incarcerated bosses are currently subjected to harsh controls on their contact with the outside world, limiting their ability to run their operations from behind bars under the Italian law 41 bis. Antonio Giuffré, a close confidant of Provenzano, turned Pentito shortly after his capture in 2002. He now alleges that in 1993, Cosa Nostra had direct contact with representatives of Silvio Berlusconi while he was planning the birth of Forza Italia. The deal that he says was alleged to have been made was a repeal of 41 bis, among other anti-Mafia laws in return for electoral deliverances in Sicily. However, Giuffré's declarations have not been confirmed by any proof and have been belied by facts. The Forza Italia government extended the enforcement of 41 bis, which was to expire on 2002 but has been prolonged for another four years and extended to other crimes such as terrorism.

[sửa] Những ông trùm và thành viên nổi tiếng của Mafia tại Sicilia

Calogero Vizzini, ông trùm vùng Villalba, được coi là một trong những ông trùm có thế lực nhất vùng Sicilia sau thế chiến thứ 2. Ông qua đời năm 1954.

Giuseppe Genco Russo, ông trùm vùng Mussomeli, được coi là người kế nhiệm của Calogero Vizzini. *Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco, ông trùm của Gia Đình Mafia tại Ciaculli, là thư ký đầu tiên của Hội Đồng Mafia vùng Sicilia, một tổ chức được thành lập vào 1958.

Tommaso Buscetta là thành viên Mafia đầu tiên trở thành kẻ bán tin tức trong những năm 1980. (Trước đó có Leonardo Vitale, người đã tự đầu thú trước cảnh sát vào 1973. Ông bị coi là thần kinh không ổn định và những bằng chứng ông đưa ra chỉ đủ để kết tội ông và người chú của ông). Các bằng chứng của Buscetta được biết đến như 'Supergrass' và là những bằng chứng chính được dùng trong các phiên tòa xử Mafia (Maxi-Trials).

Salvatore Riina, tên khác là Totò Riina là một trong những thành viên khét tiếng nhất của Mafia tại Sicilia. Tên thường gọi của ông là "Ác thú" (do bản chất hung bạo), hay là "Người lùn" (do chiều cao hạn chế). Ông đã nắm trong tay toàn bộ Mafia từ những năm 1980 cho đến khi bị bắt vào 1993.

Bernardo Provenzano, người nối nghiệp Riina, đứng đầu vùng Corleonesi và được coi là một trong những ông trùm thế lực nhất của Mafia Sicilia. Provenzano là một dân tị nạn trốn tránh pháp luật từ 1963. Ông bị bắt vào 11 tháng 4 năm 2006 tại Sicilia. Trước khi bị bắt, các nhà chức trách đã suýt bắt được ông trong suốt 10 năm ròng.[6]

Giovanni 'lo scannacristiani' Brusca là người dính líu đến vụ ám sát thẩm phán Giovanni Falcone. Matteo Messina Denaro là một trong những người kế nhiệm Provenzano. Salvatore Lo Piccolo cũng là một trong những người kế nhiệm Provenzano.

[sửa] Những tổ chức tội phạm khác ở Ý

The Sicilian Mafia is organized into cosche (clans) in Sicily; in other regions there exist other similar organisations: 'Ndrangheta in Calabria, Sacra corona unita in Apulia, Camorra in Naples, the Stidda in southern Sicily, and the Mala del Brenta in the Veneto (an organisation whose members come from Northern Italy, once led by infamous Venetian, Felice "Angel Face" Maniero). Although the different crime empires do business with each other, these are separate and distinct organisations from the Sicilian Mafia. A 2003 Eurispes report on Italian organised crime indicates the possibility that the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta may have superseded the Sicilian Mafia in power and profit.

[sửa] Mafia ở Hoa Kỳ

Mafia groups in the United States first became influential in the New York City area, gradually progressing from small neighborhood operations to citywide and eventually international organizations. The Mafia had eventually expanded to twenty-six crime families nationwide in the major cities of the United States, with the center of organized crime based in New York. After many turf wars, the Five Families ended up dominating New York, named after prominent early members: the Bonanno family, the Colombo family, the Gambino family, the Genovese family, and the Lucchese family. These families held underground conferences with other mafia notables like Al Capone of the Chicago Outfit and Joe Porrello of Cleveland.

Carmine Galante after his gangland executionEach family was ultimately controlled by a Don, who was insulated from actual operations by several layers of authority. According to popular belief, the Don's closest and most trusted advisor was referred to as the consigliere ("counselor" in Italian). In reality, the consigliere was meant to be something of a "hearing officer" who was charged with mediating intra-family disputes. He also takes care of the economic side of the "business". An underboss was possible as well. The "underboss guard" was a position between the consiglieri and underboss, providing tactical information as well as advice to the boss. There were then a number of regimes with a varying number of soldati (lit. "soldiers"), or "made" men, who conducted actual operations. Most recently there have been two new positions in the family leadership, the family messenger and Street Boss. These positions were created by former Genovese leader Vincent Gigante.

Each faction was headed by a caporegime, who reported to the boss. When the boss made a decision, he never issued orders directly to the soldiers who would carry it out, but instead passed instructions down through the chain of command. In this way, the higher levels of the organization were effectively insulated from incrimination if a lower level member should be captured by law enforcement. This structure is depicted in Mario Puzo's famous novel The Godfather.

The initiation ritual emerged from various sources in Sicily in the mid-nineteenth century[7] and has hardly changed to this day. The Chief of Police of Palermo in 1875 reported that the man of honor to be initiated would be led into the presence of a group of bosses and underbosses. One of these men would prick the initiate's arm or hand and tell him to smear the blood onto a sacred image, usually a saint. The oath of loyalty would be taken as the image was burned and scattered, thus symbolising the annihilation of traitors. This was confirmed by the first pentito, Tommaso Buscetta.

A hit, or assassination, of a "made" man had to be preapproved by the leadership of his family, or retaliatory hits would be made, possibly inciting a war. In a state of war, families would go to the mattresses — rent vacant apartments and have a number of soldiers sleeping on mattresses on the floor in shifts, with the others ready at the windows to fire at members of rival families.

The American Mafia eventually became more accommodating of non-Sicilian Italians among the sworn-in membership of "made" men and forged closer associations with gangsters of other nationalities, thus becoming distinct from the original organization in Sicily.

[sửa] Luật pháp và Mafia

[sửa] Hoa Kỳ

In the United States, murders of state officials have been rare. In several Mafia families, killing a state authority is strictly forbidden, and even conspiring to commit such a murder is punishable by death. The mobster Dutch Schultz was reportedly killed by his peers out of fear that he would carry out a plan to kill New York City prosecutor Thomas Dewey.

The Mafia began a steep decline in the late-1970s and early 1980s due in part to laws such as the RICO Act, which made it a crime to belong to an organization that performed illegal acts, and to programs such as the witness protection program, followed by a resurgence in the late 1980's, into the 1990's as the Mafia sought out new avenues of revenue. These factors combined with the modest dissolution of the distinct Italian-American community through death, intermarriage, the lack of continued Italian migration, and cultural assimilation, provide for the appearance of a reduced Mafia presence in the United States.

In the mid-20th century, the Mafia was reputed to have infiltrated many labor unions in the United States, notably the Teamsters, whose president Jimmy Hoffa disappeared and is widely rumored to have been killed by the Mafia. In the 1980s, the United States federal government made a determined effort to remove Mafia influence from labor unions.

Today, the Mafia is still the dominant organized crime group in the United States, but its power and influence continues to decline due to aggressive FBI investigations which has led to mob informants, violation of mob rules, family infighting, and death or imprisonment of its top leaders. Recent setbacks include relentless prosecution of the Five Families and arrests of the Chicago Outfit's hierarchy.

According to Selwyn Raab, author of "Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires", after 9/11 the FBI has redirected most of its attention to finding terrorists, which led to a resurgence of Mafia in the U.S.

[sửa] Italia

In Italy there has been a long history of police, prosecutors and judges being murdered by the Mafia in an attempt to discourage vigorous policing. The Italian government officials who were assassinated because of their attempts in bringing the Mafia to justice are called Excellent Cadavers.

There is some evidence that in Italy law enforcement seems to be finally gaining the upper hand over the Mafia organisations, through stronger laws and the breaking down of the "Luệt Im lặng" or "Omertà". A huge help in fighting the military side of Mafia has been provided by many so-called pentiti (Mafia members who dissociated for a milder judicial treatment), like Tommaso Buscetta.

In recent decades, one of the most famous figures in Italy in the context of Mafia has been Totò Riina, who ordered the murder of the magistrates/ prosecutors Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino, in 1992.

Recently, former Italian Prime Minister, Giulio Andreotti (Democrazia Cristiana) stood judicially accused of relationships with Mafia, but the case collapsed because of the expiry of the statute of limitations. Nevertheless the trial court, and the appeal one, stated that his connection with Mafia had been constant and well documented until the early 80s.

[sửa] Cấu trúc của tổ chức

[sửa] Các thuật ngữ truyền thống

Capo di Tutti i Capi (the "Boss of Bosses", Matteo Messina Denaro for the Sicilian Mafia; not applicable to the American Mafia) Capo di Capi Re (a title of respect given to a senior or retired member, equivalent to being a member emeritus) Capo Crimini (a "Super Boss" known as a Don or "Godfather" of a crime family) Capo Bastone (known as the "Underboss" is second in command to the Capo Crimini) Consigliere (an advisor) Caporegime (a captain who commands a "crew" of around ten Sgarriste or "soldiers") Sgarrista or Soldati ("made" members of the Mafia who serve primarily as foot soldiers) Picciotto (a low ranking member who serves as an "enforcer") Giovane D'Onore (an associate member, usually someone not of Italian or Sicilian ancestry) Modern terminology Boss or Don - The head of the family, usually reigning as a dictator. The Boss or Don receives a cut of every operation taken on by every member of his family. He makes decisions on initiation (who gets "made") and assassinations. The Boss or Don is chosen by a vote from the Captains of the family. If there is a tie, the Underboss must vote. The Boss appoints the Consigliere. (Typically, when referring to organized crime not dominated by Italians, the term Boss is used.) Underboss - The Underboss, usually appointed by the Boss, is the second in command of the family. The Underboss is considered the Captain that is in charge of all of the other Captains, who is controlled by the Boss. The Underboss is usually first in line to become Acting Boss if the Boss is imprisoned. Consigliere - Consigliere is an advisor to the family. They are often low profile gangsters that can be trusted. They often keep the family looking as legitimate as possible, and are, themselves, legitimate apart from some minor gambling or loan sharking. Capo (or Captain)- A Captain is in charge of a crew. There are usually four to six crews in each family, possibly even seven to nine crews. Each one consisting of up to ten Soldiers. Captains run their own small family, but must follow the limitations and guidelines created by the Boss, as well as pay him his cut of their profits. Captains are nominated by the Underboss, but typically chosen by the Boss himself. Soldier - Soldiers are made members of the family, and can only be of Italian or Sicilian background. Soldiers start as Associates that have proven themselves. When the books are open, meaning that there is an open spot in the family, a Captain (or several Captains) may recommend a up-and-coming Associate to be a new member. In the case that there is only one slot and multiple recommendations, the Boss will decide. The new member usually becomes part of the Captain's crew that recommended him. Associate - An Associate is not a member of the mob, but more of an errand boy. They're usually a go-between or sometimes deal in drugs to keep the heat off the actual members. Non-Italians will never go any further than this, with a few exceptions, (e.g il wringe).

[sửa] Hệ thống Mafia tại Sicilia

Sicilian Mafia structure Capofamiglia - (Don) Consigliere - (Counselor) Sotto Capo - (Underboss) Capodecina - (Group Boss) Uomini D'onore - ("Men of Honour") [edit]

[sửa] Ngày nay

Boss or Don - The head of the family, usually reigning as a dictator. The Boss or Don receives a cut of every operation taken on by every member of his family. He makes decisions on initiation (who gets "made") and assassinations. The Boss or Don is chosen by a vote from the Captains of the family. If there is a tie, the Underboss must vote. The Boss appoints the Consigliere. (Typically, when referring to organized crime not dominated by Italians, the term Boss is used.) Underboss - The Underboss, usually appointed by the Boss, is the second in command of the family. The Underboss is considered the Captain that is in charge of all of the other Captains, who is controlled by the Boss. The Underboss is usually first in line to become Acting Boss if the Boss is imprisoned. Consigliere - Consigliere is an advisor to the family. They are often low profile gangsters that can be trusted. They often keep the family looking as legitimate as possible, and are, themselves, legitimate apart from some minor gambling or loan sharking. Capo (or Captain)- A Captain is in charge of a crew. There are usually four to six crews in each family, possibly even seven to nine crews. Each one consisting of up to ten Soldiers. Captains run their own small family, but must follow the limitations and guidelines created by the Boss, as well as pay him his cut of their profits. Captains are nominated by the Underboss, but typically chosen by the Boss himself. Soldier - Soldiers are made members of the family, and can only be of Italian or Sicilian background. Soldiers start as Associates that have proven themselves. When the books are open, meaning that there is an open spot in the family, a Captain (or several Captains) may recommend a up-and-coming Associate to be a new member. In the case that there is only one slot and multiple recommendations, the Boss will decide. The new member usually becomes part of the Captain's crew that recommended him. Associate - An Associate is not a member of the mob, but more of an errand boy. They're usually a go-between or sometimes deal in drugs to keep the heat off the actual members. Non-Italians will never go any further than this, with a few exceptions, (e.g il wringe).

[sửa] Sự miêu tả của truyền thông đại chúng về Mafia

See also: List of Mafia movies

Marlon Brando as Don Corleone in The Godfather, from Paramount Pictures via the Canadian PressThe Godfather, a novel by Mario Puzo; later made into a film and two sequels by Francis Ford Coppola. The trilogy of films, starring Marlon Brando as Don Vito Corleone, is probably the most influential depiction of the Mafia in American popular culture. The Corleone family portrayed in the story is an amalgamation of several real life Mafia families. La Piovra, Italian TV series by Luigi Perelli after stories by Sandro Petraglia is the most vast and dramatic Italian series on the Mafia spawning over 10 series and 60 hours. Goodfellas, a film directed by Martin Scorsese based on the life of Henry Hill. Bugsy, a film about Bugsy Siegel starring Warren Beatty. Prizzi's Honor, a Mafia film starring Jack Nicholson, Kathleen Turner, and William Hickey Donnie Brasco, a film about the first FBI agent to infiltrate the Mafia. The Untouchables, film portrayal of Eliot Ness and the Untouchables, a group of law enforcers organized to fight Al Capone's organization. Carlito’s Way, 1993. Starring Al Pacino, Sean Penn and Penelope Ann Miller. A Brian De Palma film. A film about Carlito Brigante (Pacino), a gangster who is saved from a possible heavy sentence by his lawyer Dave (Penn) to try and repent and leave criminal life, but unfortunately he is too immersed in it to easily get out. (Note: Brigante is actually a Puerto Rican gangster with connections to the Mafia, rather than a true member). Casino, film portrayal of Frank "Lefty" Rosenthal, general manager of a Las Vegas casino starring Robert De Niro and directed by Scorsese. "Lefty" was renamed as Sam "Ace" Rothstein in the film. Gotti, an HBO feature on the recently deceased former Gambino family chieftain. The Sopranos, an HBO series featuring a Mafioso and his two families--his wife and kids and his crime family--starring James Gandolfini. A Bronx Tale, based on the memoirs of actor Chazz Palminteri, is the story about a mob boss (Palminteri) in the Bronx who befriends the son of a working class Italian father (Robert De Niro). Raging Bull, true story about boxing great Jake LaMotta amidst an atmosphere of Mob influence, also starring Robert De Niro and directed by Martin Scorsese. Once Upon a Time in America, a film about the Jewish Mafia in America, from Italian director Sergio Leone. Analyze This, comedy starring Robert De Niro, and its sequel Analyze That also with Robert De Niro. Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai, director Jim Jarmusch's late 90's film about a black hitman (played by Forest Whitaker) who is betrayed by his Italian Mafia employers. A History of Violence is about an owner of a diner in Indiana who encounters Mafia members who say he is an old "friend." The Grand Theft Auto III, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories video games all feature the Mafia to varying degrees in their storylines. The television series The Simpsons incorporates the fictional Springfield's extension of the Mafia into occasional episodes; its ringleader, Fat Tony, is voiced by Joe Mantegna. The Departed (2006) is a remake of the Chinese Mafia thriller Infernal Affairs (2002) and directed by Martin Scorsese. Townies (2006) about the Charlestown mob in Massachusetts. The Godfather: The Game was released to all home consoles (and the PC) in 2006. A hand-held version for the PSP is going to be released this year. Mobsters (1991) The story of a group of friends in turn of the century New York, from their early days as street hoods to their rise in the world of organized crime. As their crime empire expands, they have to deal with many problems, including their own differing opinions on how to run their business, the local Godfather, and the psychotic Mad Dog Coll. The New Orleans Mafia was linked to the Kennedy assassination in Oliver Stone's film JFK.[8] Mafia is a video game based on two Mafia families feuding with one-another. Noir, an anime series featured the Mafia in episodes 8-9. Two Batman graphic novels by Jeph Loeb and Tim Sale, The Long Halloween and Dark Victory, showcase the slow changeover of power in the criminal underworld of Gotham City, with the traditional Mafia families becoming overshadowed by Batman's Rogues Gallery. Another DC comics character, Helena Bertinelli, a.k.a The Huntress, is the daughter of Mafia family, who became a costumed crimefighter after her family was killed in a hit by a rival gang. She would later infiltrate the Gotham Mafia as a Capo, and provide Batman with an "Atlas of organised crime", prompting him to compliment her for the first time ever.

[sửa] Sách

  • Mafioso. Lịch sử Mafia từ nguồn gốc của nó đến ngày nay (1976) Gaia Servadio, Secker & Warburg ISBN 436447002
  • ' Mafia Sicili: Sự che chở bí mật (1993), Diego Gambetta, ĐH Harvard , ISBN 0674807421
  • Cosa Nostra. Một nhân vật ịch sử của Mafia (2004) John Dickie, Coronet, ISBN 0340824352
  • tổ chức tội phạm: An Inside Guide to the World's Most Successful Industry (2004) Paul Lunde, ISBN 0789496488
  • Cigar City Mafia : A Complete History of the Tampa Underworld (2004), Scott M. Deitche, Barricade Books ISBN 1569802661
  • Excellent Cadavers (1995) Alexander Stille, Vintage ISBN 0-679-76863-7

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