Spin (fysik)
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Inden for kvantemekanik er spin en særlig form for indre impulsmoment af en partikel, for eksempel en elementarpartikel, en atomkerne eller endda et helt atom.
Spinnet måles normalt i (underforståede) enheder af den reducerede Planck-konstant . Alt efter om spin er heltalligt eller "halvtalligt", taler man om to forskellige typer af partikler:
- en fermion er en partikel hvis spin ligger midt mellem to hele tal (altså "halvtallige" spin som 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, 7/2, ...). Navnet er opkaldt efter E. Fermi.
- en boson (opkaldt efter S.N. Bose) er en partikel med heltalligt spin (nemlig ét af 0, 1, 2, 3, ...).
Forskellen på fermioner og bosoner er at fermioner overholder Paulis udelukkelsesprincip mens bosoner ikke gør det. Under særlige omstændighed (som for eksempel ekstremt lav temperatur) opfører en samling af fermioner sig derfor fundamentalt forskelligt fra en samling bosoner.
[redigér] Se også
- Elementarpartikel
- Subatomar partikel
- Rumtid
- Magnetisme
- Superleder
- Bevægelsesmængde
- Præcession
- Spin-elektronik, spintronics
[redigér] Eksterne henvisninger
- Scientific American: What exactly is the 'spin' of subatomic particles such as electrons and protons? Does it have any physical significance, analogous to the spin of a planet?
- Milo Wolff: The Physical Origin of Electron Spin - using quantum wave particle structure Citat: "...The electron's structure, as well as its spin, had been a mystery. Providing a physical origin of spin for the first time is the purpose of this paper....note that spin, and other properties, are attributes of the underlying quantum space rather than of the individual particle. This is why spin, like charge, has only one value for all particles...This structure settles a century old paradox of whether particles are waves or point-like bits of matter. They are wave structures in space. There is nothing but space. As Clifford speculated 100 years ago, matter is simply, "undulations in the fabric of space". ..."
- Robert Rutkiewicz: Explaining Particle Spin Citat: "...But an interaction can only occur in set quantum values so that spin is very consistent and seems to be a property of a particle. It really is a result of a combination of hyperspace dimensions perpendicular to normal space and quantum theory. This last is similar to the original theoretical work on spin. PAM Dirac combined special relativity and quantum theory. One result was antimatter another was spin. HyperSpace is an extension of curved space-time so that a model for spin should require quantum theory and relativity..."
- Spin
- mathpages.com: 9.4 Spin and Polarization Citat: "...Photons too have quantum spin (they are spin-1 particles), but since photons travel at the speed c, the "spin axis" of a photon is always parallel to its direction of motion, pointing either forward or backward. These two states correspond to left-handed and right-handed photons...."
- PhysicsWeb: Editorial: August 1999: The power of spin
- Glimpses of a new paradigm. K.V.K. Nehru: Some Thoughts on Spin Citat: "...We can immediately see that particles like photons (the bosons), which have integral spin, are based on one-dimensional rotation, whereas those like proton and electron (the fermions), which have half-odd integral spin, are based on two-dimensional rotation...Speaking of spin-½ particles Bhandari states: "...studies... bring out the additional fact that phase changes of 2nπ are real, physical and measurable, something that is often ignored..."
- Glimpses of a new paradigm. K.V.K. Nehru: The photon as a birotation Citat: "...The apparent mass of the photon is entirely spin mass..."
- 2004-05-05, Sciencedaily: Physics Researchers Find Striking Quantum Spin Behavior Citat: "...However, the main result of this basic research is the demonstration of yet another phenomenon that can only be explained by the elegant but hard-to-believe theory called quantum mechanics..."