محمد داود خان

From Wikipedia

سردار محمد داود خان
محمد داود خان
د زېږېدو نېټه: ١٨ د جولای، ١٩٠٩
د مړينې نېټه: ٢٨ د اپرېل، ١٩٧٩
د افغانستان لومړی وزير
د ورپه غاړه دندو ترتيب: د شاهي کورنۍ پينځم لومړی وزير
د کار موده: اپرېل ١٩٧٨ – سېپتمبر ١٩٧٩
مخکينی لومړی وزير: سردار شاه محمود خان
وروستنی لومړی وزير: محمد يوسف خان
د افغانستان ولسمشر
د ورپه غاړه دندو ترتيب: د جمهوري نظام لومړنی ولسمشر
د کار موده: اپرېل ١٩٧٨ – سېپتمبر ١٩٧٩
مخکينی ولسمشر: None - Position Created
وروستنی ولسمشر: نور محمد ترکی

Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan[1] (July 18, 1909 – April 28, 1978), son of Sardar Mohammed Aziz Khan and grandson of Sardar Mohammed Yusuf Khan was an Afghan statesman and President of the Republic of Afghanistan from 1973 until his assassination in 1978 as a result of a revolution led by the quasi-Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). Khan was known for his progressive policies especially in relation to the rights of women and for initiating two five-year modernization plans

نيوليک

[سمادول] د شاهي کورنۍ لومړی وزير

He was appointed Prime Minister on September, 1953 in an intra-family transfer of power that involves no violence. His ten-year tenure was noted for the foreign policy turn to the Soviet Union, the completion of the Helmand Valley project which radically improved living conditions in southwestern Afghanistan, and tentative steps towards the emancipation of women.

By 1956, having been rebuffed by the US for both sales of arms and loans, and with the independence of the former parts of the British Empire in South East Asia, his government turns Afghanistan to the Soviet Union. His main reason was to train both the Afghan Army and Afghan Air Force as a defense against provocations by the Pakistanis.

His obsession with Pashtunistan and his hostility to Pakistan proved disastrous to the economy. Daoud supported the reunification of the Pashtun people under Afghanistan, but this would involve taking a considerable amount of territory from the new nation of Pakistan.

With the creation of an independent Pakistan the Durand line had become an international border dividing the Pashtun people.

In 1961, to discourage Pashtun reunification efforts Pakistan closed its borders with Afghanistan causing a crisis and greater dependence on the USSR and the USSR became Afghanistan's principal trading partner. Within a few months, the USSR had sent jet airplanes, tanks, heavy and light artillery for a heavily discounted price tag of $25 million.

The crisis was finally resolved with the forced resignation of Daoud in March 1963 and the opening of the border in May.

In 1963 Zahir introduced a new constitution, for the first time excluding all members of the royal family from the council of ministers. He quietly stepped down.

[سمادول] د جمهوري نظام ولسمشر

[سمادول] د داود کودتا او د جمهوري نظام اعلان

On July 17, 1973, Khan seized power from his cousin King Zahir. Departing from tradtion, and for the first time in Afghan history, Daoud did not proclaim himself Shah, establishing instead a Republic with himself as President.


[سمادول] کورنی سياست

Democracy was curtailed and there was little public representation except through the now largely nominated Loya Jirga. A new constitution backed by a Loya Jirgah was promulgated in February 1977 but failed to satisfy all the factions.

Daoud sought to increase relationships and trade with other Muslim countries and made a tentative agreement with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on a solution to the Pashtunistan problem.

His administration and the army squelched a growing Islamic fundamentalist movement whose leaders fled to Pakistan. There they were supported by Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and encouraged to continue the fight against Daoud. These men --- Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Burhanuddin Rabbani, and Ahmad Shah Massoud --- would later be major leaders of the mujaheddin.

Any resistance to the new regime was suppressed. A coup against Daoud, which may have been planned before he took power, was subdued shortly after his seizure of power. In October 1973, Maiwandwal, a former prime minister and a highly respected former diplomat, died in prison at a time when Parchamis controlled the Ministry of Interior under circumstances corroborating the widespread belief that he had been tortured to death.

Reneging on his promise to make progressive reforms, he ran a repressive regime with hundreds of arrests and political executions of leftists (including members of the Parcham who had helped him gain power) and Islamists (religious extremists.)

He lessened the country's dependence on the Soviet Union and went to India, Saudi Arabia and newly-oil-rich Iran for aid. Surprisingly, he did not renew the Pashtunistan issue; relations with Pakistan improved thanks to interventions from the US and Iran.

The next year, he established his own political party, the National Revolutionary Party, which became the focus of all political activity. In January 1977, a loyal jirgah approved the constitution establishing a presidential, one party system of government.

[سمادول] د روسيې سوسياليستي حکومت سره ډيپلوماټيکې اړيکې

President Daoud met Leonid Brezhnev on a state visit to Moscow from April 12 to 15, 1977. He had asked for a private meeting with the Soviet Premier, to discuss with him the increased pattern of Soviet actions in Afghanistan. In particular the intensified Soviet attempt to unite the two factions of the Afghan communist parties, Parcham and Khalq.

Brezhnev described Afghanistan's non-alignment as important to the USSR and essential to the promotion of peace in Asia, but warned him about the presence of experts from NATO countries stationed in the northern parts of Afghanistan.

Mohammed Daoud Khan as an officer in the military.
لويول
Mohammed Daoud Khan as an officer in the military.

[سمادول] د کمونستانو کودتا او د سردار محمد داود خان وژل کېدل

The April 19, 1978, the funeral for Mir Akbar Khyber, a prominent Parchami ideologue who had been murdered, served as a rallying point for the Afghan communists. An estimated 10,000 to 30,000 persons gathered to hear stirring speeches by PDPA leaders such as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal.

Shocked by this demonstration of communist unity, Daud ordered the arrest of the PDPA leaders, but he reacted too slowly. It took him a week to arrest Taraki, Karmal managed to escape to the USSR and Amin was merely placed under house arrest. According to later PDPA writings, Amin sent complete orders for the coup from his home while it was under armed guard using his family as messengers.

The army had been put on alert on April 26 because of a presumed "anti-Islamic" coup.

On April 27, 1978, a coup d'état beginning with troop movements at the military base at Kabul International Airport, gained ground slowly over the next twenty-four hours as rebels battled units loyal to Daud Khan in and around the capital.

Daud Khan and most of his family were shot in the presidential palace the following day.

[سمادول] Trivia

His death was not publicly announced after the coup. Instead, the new government declared that President Khan had "resigned for health reasons."

Preceded by:
شاه محمود
د افغانستان لومړی وزير
September 1953– March 1963
Succeeded by:
محمد يوسف
Preceded by:
None - Position created
د افغانستان ولسمشر
July 1973 – April 1978
Succeeded by:
نور محمد ترکی