# Bogotá

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  Acest articol este despre capitala Columbiei; Pentru oraşul din New Jersey, vezi Bogota, New Jersey.

Bogota, District Capital
Steag | Stemă
Motto: 2.600 metrii mai aproape de stele
Bogota în Columbia
Arie - Total | 384 km²
Populaţie - Total (2006) - Densitate | 8,350,000 21,744 loc./km²
Fus orar | UTC–5
Localizare | 04°39′00″N, 74°03′00″W
Primar | Luis Eduardo Garzón

- Bogota sit oficial
- Primaria Bogota

Bogota este capitala Columbiei, şi totodată capitala departamentului Cundinamarca. Actualmente este o metropolă populată de peste 8.000.000 locuitori în perimetrul urban. În componenţa conglomeratului urban intră 20 localităţi, fiind a 4-a comunitate urbană din America de Sud, după Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires şi Rio de Janeiro. Oraşul este sediul principal al Guvernului Naţional. Primarul este ales pentru un mandat de 4 ani, şi împreună cu Consiliul Districtual, numesc primari în localităţile subordonate.

## [modifică] Istoria

Bogota, înainte de invazia spaniola era numit Bacata, şi era centrul civilizaţiei Muisca. Aşezământul european a fost fondat la 6 August, [1538]], de Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada şi a fost numit "Santa Fé de Bacatá" dupa locul sau de naştere şi numele localitaţii indigene. Numele modern "Bogota" la primit la înfiinţarea vice regatului Noua Granada, şi oraşul a devenit unul dintre cele mai înforitoare localităţi ale ocupaţiei spaniole.

În 1810-11 cetăţenii oraţului s-au revoltat împotriva dominaţiei spaniole, dar au trebuit sa suporte trupele spaniole care au controlat oraşul până în 1819, când Simon Bolivar a capturat oraşul după victoria de la Boyacá. Atunci Bogota a fost declarată capitala Columbiei Mari, federaţie ce cuprindea actualele teritorii ale statelor Panama, Columbia, Venezuela şi Ecuador. Când republica a fost dizolvată în părţile ei constituente, Bogota a rămas capitala Noii Granade, care a devenit ulterior Republica Columbia.

În 1956, municipalitatea Bogotei a reunit alte municipalităţi din împrejurimi formând "Districtul Special".

În constituţia din 1991, Bogota a fost confirmată ca fiind capitala Columbiei sub denumirea "Santa Fe de Bogota", de asemeni a fost schimbată şi categoria - "District Capital".

În August 2000 denumirea oficială a capitalei a fost schimbată din nou în "Bogota".

### [modifică] Steagul

Steagul Bogotei originates from the insurgency movement against the colonial authorities which began on July 20, 1810. During this insurgency, the rebels wore armbands with yellow and red bands, as these colours were the ones in the Spanish flag which was the one used as the flag for the New Kingdom of Granada.

In October 9, 1952, exactly 142 years after these events, decree 555 of 1952 (available at [1]) officially and definitively adopted the patriotic armband as the flag of Bogotá.

Steagul este impartit vertical in doua, prima jumatete fiind galbena iar a doua jumatate fiind rosie. The yellow colour denotes the virtues of justice, clemency, benevolence, the so-called "mundane qualities" (defined as nobility, excellence, richness, generosity, splendour, health, steadfastness, joy and prosperity), long life, eternity, power and constancy. The red colour denotes the virtue of charity, as well as the qualities of bravery, nobility, values, audacity, victory, honour and furor.

### [modifică] Coat of arms

The Coat of Arms of the city of Bogotá was ceded by emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain) to the New Kingdom of Granada, in the Royal Decree given in Valladolid, Spain on December 3, 1548. It contains a black eagle in the center, which symbolises steadfastness. The eagle is also a symbol of the Habsburgs which was the ruling family of the Austrian empire which included Spain at the time. The eagle is crowned with gold and holds a red pomegranate inside a golden background. The border contains olive branches with nine golden pomegranates in a blue background. The two red pomegranates symbolize audacity, and the nine golden ones represent the nine states which constituted the New Kingdom of Granada at the time. In 1932 the coat of arms was officially recognized and adopted as the Symbol of Bogotá.

### [modifică] Anthem

Main article: Anthem of Bogotá The lyrics to the anthem of Bogotá were written by Pedro Medina Avendaño, the melody was composed by Roberto Pineda Duque. The song was officially declared the anthem of Bogotá by decree 1000 of July 31, 1974, by then Mayor of Bogotá, Aníbal Fernandez de Soto.

## [modifică] Geography

Bogotá is located at an altitude of 2640 m (8660 ft) above sea level on the Cordillera Oriental of the Northern Andean Mountains. The city is situated at the base of two mountains, Guadalupe and Monserrate. On the summits of these mountains, which are over 3200 m (10,500 ft) high, stand two small churches which are widely visited by tourists and locals. The population of Bogotá is currently increasing at a rate close to 5% per year, mostly due to people coming from rural areas of Colombia. The city is constantly expanding in size to meet this influx of people. Currently the urban area covers 384.3 km² and the more mountainous outlying regions extend 1222.5 km².

Several rivers, one of which, the San Francisco, passes through the city, converge near the southwestern edge of the Cundinamarca-Boyacá plateau and form the Funza River (Río Funza), also known as the Bogotá River (Río Bogotá). This river flows all the way to Tequendama Falls (Salto del Tequendama), a vertical waterfall 145 metres (475 feet) high. Currently, most of the river's water is used to power a hydroelectric project.

Bogotá's climate is mild and temperate, the average annual temperature is about 14 °C (57 ° F), with about 1100 mm (44 inches) of rainfall.

The city is planned on a grid, with numbered carreras (avenues), from south to north, intersecting numbered calles (streets) going east-west. Among the city's squares is the Bolivar square, where many important government buildings and churches are located. Bogotá is connected by road to the Atlantic coast to the north and to the Pacific coast to the west, as well as to all other major cities in Colombia. The Pan-American Highway and the Simón Bolívar Highway both pass through the city. Because of Colombia's mountain rugged terrains, the city is served by El Dorado International Airport. The TransMilenio bus rapid transit system is the most modern form of public transit serving the city, recently opened to the public in November 2000 an became a solution to past transportation chaos.

## [modifică] Economy

2,000 Pesos bill and 500 Pesos coin

Bogotá is Colombia's largest economic center, followed by Medellín,Cali and Barranquilla. Residents refer to it as Colombia's "first city". Most companies in Colombia have their headquarters in Bogotá, as it is home to most foreign companies doing businesses in Colombia as well as Colombia's main stock market. Bogota is a major center for import and export of goods for Colombia.

### [modifică] Goods and Services

Bogotá is the hub of Colombian business. It has a busy banking and insurance sector and a Stock Exchange. Engineering firms provide services for many regions of Colombia and Central America. Bogota houses central governmental institutions and military headquarters. It carries the weight of telecommunications and has the biggest industrial facilities in the country.

Some services are public and others are private. The public services are, for example, energy, sewer and phones. Energy and sewer bills are stratified based on the location of owner's residence. Thus, the wealthier sections of society help subsidize the energy bills of the poorer sections of society. Telephone service is provided by both "Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Bogotá" (ETB), a city-owned company, "Capitel", owned by Colombia Telecomunicaciones and "EPMBogotá", owned by the Medellín public services' company (Empresas Públicas de Medellín - EPM) . Coin or card-operated payphones are also available, along with cell phone providers. There are (as of May 2005) three main operators of wireless phones: Movistar (owned by Spanish firm Telefónica), Comcel (owned by Telmex) and Ola (co-owned by ETB and EPM).

### [modifică] Bogota's colleges and universities

Bogota's colleges and universities have a major impact on the city and region's economy. Not only are they major employers, but they also attract national and international industries to the city and surrounding region, including highly needed technology industies. Bogota receives its funding from the exports of flowers and emeralds. In downtown Bogotá, millions of dollars in domestically produced rough and cut emeralds are bought and sold daily. Other important industries include financial services, especially banking. Bogota is headquarters of major banks such as Banco de la Republica. Bogota is also a printing and publishing center. The city is a major convention destination with many major convention centers: Centro Ferial De Convenciones Corferias, Centro De Convenciones Y Eventos Cafam, Centro De Convenciones Gonzalo Jimenez De Quezada, among others. Because of its status as the country's capital and district capital, is home to government agencies, law and government, which is another major component of the city's economy. The city is the Colombian educational "Mecca"; has more schools, colleges and universities than any other city in Colombia and contributes with high academic levels.

### [modifică] Industry

Major companies headquartered within the city include Alpina, Federacion nacional de cafeteros, and Sofasa. Bogota's airport is one of the largest and most expensive in Latin America. Becasuse of its centric location within Colombia and America, it's preferred by national land transportation providers, as well as national and international air transportation providers.

## [modifică] Transportation

Bogotá is a modern city with a modern transportation system. It includes airlines, buses, taxis, the Transmilenio, and even a train that serves as transportation for the outskirts of the city.

Buses are the main means of mass transportation. There are two bus systems: traditional system and "Transmilenio". The traditional system runs a variety of bus types, operated by several enterprises , and operating on normal streets and avenues:

- bus; large buses.
- buseta; smaller buses.
- microbus or colectivo; vans.

The buses are divided in two categories: "ejecutivo", which is supposed to be a deluxe service and is not supposed to carry passengers outside their seats, and "corriente" or normal service. Bus fares range from COP 900 to 1250 (as of March 2006).

In addition, Bogotá has different types of taxis. Yellow taxis (cars) are much more common. People often use them in order to go faster despite their higher fees. Bogotá also has white taxis, used mostly for hotels and El Dorado airport services.

### [modifică] El Dorado International Airport

Bogota's principal airport is El Dorado International Airport, it operates different national airlines (Avianca, Aerorepública, West Caribbean, Intercontinental and Satena), and international airlines (such as Iberia, American Airlines, Varig, Copa, Continental, Delta, Air Canada, Taca)

Many people take the tourist train with their family for fun, especially on Sundays. On weekends, the train runs from Bogotá to Zipaquirá and Nemocón, towns near to Bogotá.

### [modifică] Transmilenio

Transmilenio is a system of modern articulated buses that operate on exclusive roads and smaller buses (feeders) that operate in residential areas bus stops bringing passengers to the main system. Transmilenio's main routes are: Caracas Avenue, 80th Street, Avenue of the Americas, Northern Highway (Autopista Norte), Jimenez Avenue and the 30th Avenue (also refered to as Norte Quito Sur or N.Q.S. for short). The routes of Suba Avenue and the southern leg of 30th Avenue route are expected to be complete in 2006. The third phase of the system will cover the 7th Avenue, the 10th Avenue and the 26th Street (or Avenida El Dorado). The system is expected to cover the entire city by 2016.

### [modifică] Bike Paths Network

Bogotá's network of Bike Paths, also called ciclorrutas, is one of the most extensive dedicated Bike Path Networks of any city in the world with a total extension of 303 km. It extends from the north of the city, 170th Street, to the south, 27th Street, and from Monserrate on the east, to the Bogotá River on the west. The CicloRuta was started by the Antanas Mockus administration (1995-1998) and then extensively complemented during the administration of Mayor Enrique Peñalosa.

## [modifică] Recreation

- Sports

Bogotá's best known and most popular football ( soccer ) clubs are the Millonarios and Independiente Santa Fe. Excluding football ( soccer ), however, Bogota (like the rest of Colombia) lacks internationally renowned professional teams for other sports. However, sports like volleyball, basketball and skateboarding are common in Bogota's parks and streets.

- Parks

- - Bogotá has one of the largest urban parks of the world, the Simón Bolívar Metropolitan Park, center of a recreational area that includes the Botanical Gardens of Bogotá, the headquarters of Coldeportes (the national sports authority), and the recently finished Virgilio Barco Library.

- - There are many parks in Bogotá and most of them have facilities for concerts, plays, movies, storytellers and other activities. "El Tunal" park, for instance, is a big park which is regularly used to stage free concerts (such as the annual Rock al Parque, a free festival in which new and popular latin rock bands play for free). The park is also frequented in the month of August and used for kite flying, a national tradition.

- - Another public park is The National Park, which is one of the biggest in Bogotá. The park has many trees and green spaces, as well as ponds, games for children, many foot and bicycle paths, and venues for entertainment such as public screenings of movies and concerts and events organized by the Council of Bogotá. It is located between two main streets, the Circunvalar Avenue and the 7th Avenue.

- - The Botanical Garden (Jardín Botánico) is a private park. It has greenhouses where plants from all Colombian climates are exhibited. The park has a waterfall and labs for studying plants and flowers. It also has public services such as a library and a tourist information desk.

- - There are many other parks around the city of Bogotá. Each neighborhood has its own park. Some of these parks are private and others are public. Some private parks demand that people from the neighborhood have a card to be able to get into the park. Public parks are for everybody. Some of them have watchmen. These parks also have sporting venues, which provide sports programs for children and adults, such as volleyball, basketball, taekwondo, football, and other sports.

- - The most active park (in both leisure activity, promotion of high-end products and nightlife) is the "Parque de la 93" located between the 93rd and 93Ath street, between Carreras 12th and 13th. Several of the top restaurants and bars in the city are located in this park or in the "Zona T" (T-zone) in the 82nd street. Recently, restaurant activity has begun in the "Zona G" (69th and 70th Streets, in the Los Rosales zone) and La Macarena.

- - Bogotá has not only natural parks but also amusement parks like Mundo Aventura and Salitre Mágico Park. There is a special rate to get into these parks and people have to buy tickets to be able to play mechanical games. Mundo Aventura park has mechanical games such as sky-coaster, roller coaster, hammer, and other adult amusements. For children there are some mechanical games like little roller coaster, carousel, turtles, and so on. In this park, people can find both amusements and nature, with animals such as goats for children to feed. Besides, there is a "Cerdodromo", which is a place where pigs make races.

- - The other amusement park is "Salitre Mágico", which is one of the entertainment centers for children and adults. The are many mechanical games like pirate ship, apocalypse, 3 roller coasters and other games. The park is next to the Simón Bolívar park, which is a well known place in Bogotá (used also for concerts through the year).

- - For relaxing and finding peace from the stress of city life, the Parque del Chicó, with trees, gardens, artificial creeks and ponds, and a colonial style house converted into a museum, is worth a visit.

- - Not so far from the city, up north, the Jaime Duque park offers a cultural encounter for visiting families. It has rides, a giant Colombia map, exhibitions and a zoo. A big hand holding the world symbolizes God, and an actual-size reproduction of the Taj Mahal provides a picture collection with reproductions of famous paintings. However, its attendance has declined, and the park now is more famous for its raves and parties with renowned DJ's.

## [modifică] Trivia

- Formula 1

Montoya began racing at the age of 5, inspired by his father who was also a racing driver. Juan-Pablo claimed his first national karting championship aged just six, and went on to win numerous Colombian championships over the next decade. At 17, he moved to compete in the US as well as racing in the Formula Renault series in Europe, where he took pole for his first race and won half of the races in his debut season. 1996 saw Juan Pablo racing in British F3, where he began to really make a name for himself. He claimed one pole, five fastest laps and three wins during the season, and began to look towards F3000 for the following year. He managed to not only get a drive, but became runner-up at the end of his first year in the series. He went one better in 1998, winning the F3000 championship as well as getting his first taste of F1 as test driver for Williams. Montoya made the switch to CART with Frank Williams' blessing in 1999 after losing out on an F1 race seat with the team, who signed up Alex Zanardi instead. Driving for Chip Gannasi Racing, Montoya's debut season put him in the history books. After winning only his third race, the Colombian went on to claim six more, winning not only the Championship but also the Rookie of the Year award. He remained in the US-based series the following season before switching to Formula One in 2001 to race for Williams. Great fanfare and even greater expectations accompanied his entrance into the pinnacle of motorsport. And it didn't take long before the Colombian proved that the hype was justified. Only three races into his F1 career, he pulled off an overtaking manoeuvre on Michael Schumacher that put him in charge of the Brazilian GP - and he did it with two wheels on the grass.

- At Athens Olympic Games the winner of the Bronze Medal in the Women's 53kg was Mabel Mosquera from Colombia

The winner of the Women's cycling Bronze Medal was Maria Luisa Calle Williams from Colombia

- Number one in roller speed skating

Colombia proved the dominating nation in roller speed skating at the 2005 World Games in Duisburg with three gold, four silver and four bronze medals. The Colombians won the nations’ ranking followed by France (3-2-0) and New Zealand (2-3-0). In the final 10,000m events, Colombian Silvia Nino won the title in 17min50.84sec along with her partner from Cartagena Cecilia Margaria Baena Guzman (17min51.01sec) in second and Korean 5,000m champion Hye Mi Kim (17min51.11sec) in third place.

- Bogota houses the biggest theater festival in the world every two years
- The highest building in the city is the Colpatria Tower
- The motto of the city is "2600 metres closer to the stars" (in reference its altitude above sea level).
- A crater on the moon is named after famous bogotanian astronomer Julio Garavito.
- Although he was born and lived in Bogotá for most of his life, Antonio Rivadeneira M. was highly remembered for his contributions to Cúcuta.
- The city has institutionalized a day without cars on the streets, called "El Día sin Carro" (The Day without Car). It takes place every first Thursday of February.

## [modifică] See also

- Bogota's Carnival
- Bogota's Bike Paths Network
- Bolivar square

## [modifică] External links

Wikimedia Commons conţine materiale multimedia legate de Bogotá

La Wikitravel găsiţi un ghid turistic despre Bogotá.

- Alcaldia de Bogotá - Official web site for the City of Bogotá (Spanish)
- http://www.bogota-dc.com/
- Museo del Oro (The Gold Museum)
- Bogotá from the air - On-line book with aerial photographs of Bogotá (Spanish)
- Museos de Bogotá - On-line book with a description of every major museum in the capital of Colombia. (Spanish)
- El Tiempo - Online edition of one of the main newspapers in Bogotá (Spanish)
- El Espectador - Online edition of one of the main newspapers in Bogotá (Spanish)
- Universidad Militar Nueva Granada (Spanish) - Home Page of Universidad Militar Nueva Granada
- Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería (Spanish) - Home Page of Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería
- Los Andes University (Spanish) - Home Page of Universidad de los Andes
- Pontifical Xaverian University - Home Page of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Spanish)
- National University of Colombia (Spanish)
- Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas - Home Page of Universidad Disrtital (Spanish)
- Havard Gazette Archives Article about Antanas Mockus' many inspired strategies to change Bogotá (English)
- Bogotá's Urban Development Institute (Spanish) - Includes maps and satellite pictures in the "Servidor de Mapas"
- BogoWiki - A wiki project about Bogotá

Adus de la "http://ro.wikipedia.org../../../b/o/g/Bogot%C3%A1.html"

Categorii: Articole de tradus din limba engleză | Bogotá | Capitals in South America | Cities in Colombia | World Book Capital

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