Eduskunta
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Eduskunta (na Finskom), ili Riksdag (na Švedskom), je Parlament Finske - jednodomni je, ima 200 poslanika i zaseda u zgradi Parlamenta (Eduskuntatalo; Riksdagshuset) u Helsinkiju.
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[уреди] Ustav
Po Ustavu Finske, 200 poslanika imaju vrhovnu zakonodavnu vlast. Narod ostvaruje svoju suverenost preko poslanika. Parlament donosi zakone, budžet, ratifikuje međunarodne sporazume, i kontroliše rad Vlade. On može izmeniti Ustav, iznuditi ostavku Državnom savetu, poništiti veto Predsednika; a njegove odluke nisu podložen sudkoj kontroli. Inicijativu za donošenje zakona može dati i Državni Savet, ili pojedini poslanik. Za promenu Ustava potrebno su dva glasanja u Parlamentu tako da se Parlament raspušta i ponovo bira, sa jednim opštim izborima u međuvemenu (dakle 2 sukcesivna izborna perioda).
Poslanici imaju poslanički imunitet: bez odobrenja Parlamenta ne mogu biti gonjeni za bilo šta što izreknu na zasedanju Parlamenta, a ni uhapšeni ili pritvoreni osim za neka ozbiljna krivična dela.
[уреди] Parlamentarni izbori
200 Poslanika se bira neposrednim tajnim glasanjem, po proporcionalnom sistemu. Mandat im traje 4 godine, a izbori (redovni) se održavaju treće nedelje u martu.
Svaki državljanin stariji od 18 godina, koji se registruje za glasanje do dana izbora, ima pravo da glasa, a osim izuzetaka (vojno osoblje i sudije) ima pravo i da se kandiduje. Kandidate kandiduju stranke (na stranačkim referendumima) ili izborne organizacije.
Postoji 16 izbornih jedinica. Broj poslanika koji se bira, zavisi od broja stanovnika izborne jedinice. Alandska ostrva su izuzetak, jer imaju uvek jednog predstavnika. Uprava provincija imenuje biračke odbore, koji potrvrđuju kandidature, a nakon glasanja i razultat glasanja. U poslednjoj instanci o pitanjima izbora odlučuje Ministarstvo pravde.
Raspored mandata vrši se raspodelom putem najvećeg izbornog količnika tzv. d'Hondtov metod). Ne postoji izborni cenzus, koji lista kandidata traba da pređe kako bi ušla u raspodelu mandata.
Mogući su vanredni izbori, koje raspisuje Parlament, na predlog Premijera (koji se mora prethodno konsultovati sa parlamentarnim grupama) i to je moguće samo u toku zasedanja Parlamenta.
[уреди] Formiranje Vlade
Predsednik Republike konsultuje Predsednika Parlamenta i predstavnike parlamentarnih grupa o sastavu Državnog Saveta (Vlada). Po Ustavu, Eduskunta bira Predsednika Vlade, koga Predsednik Republike zatim postavlja. Ostale Ministre imenuje Predsednik Republike na predlog Predsednika Vlade.
Pre izbora Predsednika Vlade, grupe u Parlamentu pregovaraju o političkom programu i sastavu Vlade. Na osnovu tih pregovaora i nakon pomenutih konsultacija predsednik imenuje kandidata koji postaje Preedsednik Vlade ukoliko dobije većinu glasova u Eduskunti.
[уреди] Zasedanja
Godišnja zasedanja Parlamenta uobičajeno počinju u februaru, i imaju dva zasedanja od januara do juna i od septembra do decembra. Na početku godišnje sednice, lideri strananka i posebni gosti, prisustvju posebnom bogosluženju u Katedrali u Helsinkiju, pre nego se nastavi ceremonija u zgradi Parlamenta, gde predednik otvara zasedanje.
Prvog dana svake godišnje sednice, Eduskunta, među svojim članovima, bira Predsedavajućeg sednice i njegova dva zamenika. Do izbora predsedavajućeg, sednicom predseda najstariji poslanik. Predsedavajući i zamenici polažu sledeću zakletvu pred Parlamentom;
"Ja,..., potvrđujem da ću tokom svog mandata kao predsedavajući, svim svojim mogućnostima braniti prava naroda, Parlament i Vladu Finske, u skladu sa Ustavom."
Na svakoj godišnjoj sednici Parlament bira Poslanike koji će predstavljati Finsku u Nordijskom Savetu i u Savetu Evrope.
[уреди] Vladajuća većina
Proporcionalni sistem, inače, a pogotovu ukoliko se kao u Finskoj, primeni bez cenzusa, formira razuđenu političku scenu sa većim brojem stranaka, što oped dovodi do koalicionih Vlada.
Na izborima 16. marta 2003, dve su stranke dominirale: Keskusta (KESK) stranka centra osvojila je 55 mesta, a Socijalno Demokratska Partija (SDP) 53, od ukupno 200. Vladu čine obe velike stranke kao i Švedska Narodna Stranka.
[уреди] History
The Eduskunta was preceded by the Diet of Finland, which had succeeded the Riksdag of the Estates in 1809. When the unicameral Parliament of Finland was established by the Parliament Act in 1906, Finland was an autonomous Grand Duchy under the Russian Tsar, who ruled as constitutional Grand Duke of Finland, rather than as an absolute monarch. Universal suffrage and eligibility was implemented first in Finland. Women could both vote and run for office as equals, and this applied also to landless people with no excluded minorities. The first parliament had 17 women representatives, an unprecedented number at the time.
Finland declared its independence on December 6, 1917 and in the winter of 1918 endured the tragic Finnish Civil War, after which monarchists and republicans struggled over the country's form of government. Finland became a republic in July 1919, but extensive powers were reserved for the President of Finland.
[уреди] Parliament building
Main Article: Eduskuntatalo
In 1923 a competition was held to choose a site for a new Parliament House. Arkadianmäki, a hill beside what is now Mannerheimintie, was chosen as the best site.
The architectural competition which was held in 1924 was won by the firm of Borg–Sirén–Åberg with a proposal called Oratoribus. Johan Sigfrid Sirén (1889–1961), who was mainly responsible for preparing the proposal, was given the task of designing Parliament House. The building was constructed 1926–1931 and was officially inaugurated on March 7 1931. Ever since then, and especially during the Winter War and Continuation War, it has been the scene of many key moments in the nation's political life.
Parliament House was designed in the classic style of the 1920s. The exterior is reddish Kalvola granite. The façade is lined by fourteen columns with Corinthian capitals. The first floor contains the main lobby, the Speaker’s reception rooms, the newspaper room, the Information Service, the Documents Office, the messenger centre, the copying room, and the restaurant and separate function rooms. At both ends of the lobby are marble staircases leading up to the fifth floor.
The second or main floor is centred around the Session Hall. Its galleries have seats for the public, the media and diplomats. Also located on this floor are the Hall of State, the Speaker’s Corridor, the Government’s Corridor, the cafeteria and adjacent function rooms.
The third floor includes facilities for the Information Unit and the media and provides direct access to the press gallery overlooking the Session Hall. The Minutes Office and a number of committee rooms are also located here.
The fourth floor is reserved for committees. Its largest rooms are the Grand Committee Room and the Finance Committee Room. The fifth floor contains meeting rooms and offices for the parliamentary groups. Additional offices for the parliamentary groups are located on the sixth floor, along with facilities for the media.
Notable later additions to the building are the library annex completed in 1978 and a separate office block, the need for which was the subject of some controversy, completed in 2004.
[уреди] Major political parties
Main article: Political parties in Finland
The Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) is mostly supported by the urban working class but it also has some support among small farmers, white-collar workers, and professionals. In the 1995 parliamentary elections, SDP gained a plurality in Finland's parliament with 28% of the vote. But as it won far less than an overall majority, a five-party governing coalition was formed, baptized the "Rainbow-coalition". In the 1999 general election, the SDP maintained its plurality with 22.9%, but the Centre Party came in as a near second with 22.4%. The coalition continued with little changes.
The Leftist Alliance (LA), the SDP's rival on the left, gained 11% of the vote in 1995 and joined the SDP-led cabinet. In the 1999 elections it again got 11% of the vote, and remained in cabinet. The LA was formed in May 1990 and replaced the People's Democratic League, the group that represented the Finnish Communist Party in the Eduskunta. Political activity by Communists was legalized after the Continuation War in 1944.
Finland's two other major parties are the Centre Party (Keskusta), traditionally representing rural interests, and the Conservative National Coalition (Kokoomus), which draws its major support from the business community and urban professionals. The Centre Party won nearly 20% and the National Coalition Party 18% of the vote in 1995. In the 1995 elections, they won 22.9% and 21% of the vote, respectively. The National Coalition Party were the second-largest party in the SDP-led coalition, which also included the Swedish People's Party and the Green League (which left the Rainbow-coalition after the decision to build a fifth nuclear reactor).
[уреди] Election results 2003
Шаблон:Finnish parliamentary election, 2003
[уреди] Види још
- Speakers of the Parliament of Finland
- Politics of Finland
- Parliament of Åland
- Government of Finland
- President of Finland
- Prime Minister of Finland
[уреди] Спољашње везе
- Parliament of Finland - Official site
- History of the Finnish Parliament