Chủ nghĩa nhân đạo

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Chủ nghĩa nhân đạo, còn được gọi là chủ nghĩa nhân văn, là một nhánh triết học luân lí lớn cũng như một thế giới quan chuyên chú vào lợi tức, giá trị và phẩm cách của cá nhân. Theo chủ nghĩa nhân đạo, khoan dung, bất bạo động và tự do lương tâm là những nguyên tắc quan trọng cho sự cộng sinh của nhân loại.

Chủ nghĩa nhân đạo đề cử việc đảm trách đi tìm chân lí và đạo đức bằng những phương tiện của con người để phục vụ lợi tức của con người. Trong khi chú trọng đến khả năng tự quyết định của loài người, chủ nghĩa nhân đạo bác bỏ những biện hộ tiên nghiệm như sự hệ thuộc vào tín ngưỡng, vào cái siêu tự nhiên hoặc những văn bản được xem là thiên khải. Những người chủ trương nhân đạo tán đồng việc nhận thức được một đạo đức phổ cập lập cơ sở trên tính công cộng của bản chất loài người. Họ cho rằng, giải pháp lâu dài dành cho các vấn đề nhân loại không thể nằm ở giáo khu.

Hai học thuyết của chủ nghĩa nhân đạo được thừa nhận rộng rãi được công báo trong Biểu minh nhân đạo (tiếng Anh: Humanist Manifesto) [1] và bản Tuyên bố chủ nghĩa nhân đạo thế tục (A Secular Humanist Declaration) [2].

Mục lục

[sửa] Phương diện

[sửa] Tôn giáo

Trong khi chủ nghĩa nhân đạo, trên một vài khía cạnh nào đó, thực hiện hoặc bổ sung vai trò của tôn giáo trong cuộc sống con người, và vì vậy được xem như giữ một vị trí tôn giáo, chính nó lại không là một tôn giáo. Nó hoàn toàn tương hợp với Chủ nghĩa tự nhiên (và như thế, tương hợp với Chủ nghĩa vô thần), nhưng không phụ thuộc vào một loại nào nào trong những loại chủ nghĩa này; và nó thực sự tương hợp với một vài tôn giáo.

Mặc dù các dạng vượt trội của chủ nghĩa nhân đạo thuộc loại chủ nghĩa vô thần và chủ nghĩa bất khả tri (và thường phản bác sự tồn tại của cái siêu tự nhiên), không phải tất cả các dạng chủ nghĩa nhân đạo đều như thế. Tuy nhiên, chủ nghĩa nhân đạo phủ nhận sự quan trọng của cái siêu tự nhiên trong những vấn đề của con người, cho dù nó tồn tại hay không tồn tại. Về mặt này, chủ nghĩa nhân đạo không tất nhiên bài trừ một vài dạng của thuyết hữu thần (theism) hoặc thần giáo tự nhiên (deism) nói chung, và có một số người theo chủ nghĩa nhân đạo tự xem mình là mộ đạo, một số tự xem là thành viên của các hiệp hội tôn giáo (thường là) tự do. Chủ nghĩa nhân đạo bài bác sự đề cao một cách mù quáng niềm tin vào năng lực siêu tự nhiên, không hẳn là bài bác chính những niềm tin ấy.



For that matter, atheism on its own doesn't necessarily entail humanism. Indeed, many different and incompatible philosophies are atheistic in nature.

[sửa] Tri thức

According to humanism, it is up to us to find the truth, not wait for it to be handed to us through revelation, mysticism, tradition, or anything else that is incompatible with the application of logic to the evidence. In demanding that we avoid blindly accepting unsupported beliefs, it supports scientific skepticism and the scientific method, rejecting authoritarianism and extreme skepticism, and rendering faith an unacceptable basis for action. Likewise, humanism asserts that knowledge of right and wrong is based on our best understanding of our individual and joint interests, rather than stemming from a transcendental or arbitrarily local source.

[sửa] Chủ nghĩa chủng loại sai biệt

Some have interpreted humanism to be a form of speciesism, mostly because of the word itself, but this doesn't appear to be the case. Humanism does exalt human traits, but doesn't necessarily insist that no other species could or do have the same, or that other species have no rights just because they are not human. For these reasons, humanism appears to be neutral with regard to issues of animal rights.

[sửa] Chủ nghĩa lạc quan

Humanism features an optimistic attitude about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that each and every person is capable of living up to the humanist ideals of rationality and morality. If anything, there is the recognition that living up to our potential is hard work and requires the help of others. The ultimate goal is human flourishing; making life better for all of us. Even among humanists who do believe in some sort of an afterlife, the focus is on doing good and living well in the here and now, and leaving the world better for those who come after us, not on suffering through life to be rewarded afterwards.

[sửa] Lịch sử

Contemporary humanism can be traced back through the Renaissance to its ancient Greek roots.

The evolution of the meaning of the word 'humanism' is fully explored in Nicolas Walter Humanism - What's in the Word. 1

[sửa] Phục Hưng

Tiêu bản:Main article

Renaissance humanism was a broad movement that affected the social, cultural, literary and political landscapes of Europe. Beginning in Florence in the last decades of the 14th century, renaissance humanism revived the study of the Latin and Greek languages; and caused the resultant revival of the studies of science, philosophy, art and poetry of classical antiquity.

The "revival", or "re-birth" was based upon interpretations of Roman and Greek texts, whose emphasis upon art and the senses marked a great change from the contemplation upon the Biblical values of humility, introspection, and passivity, or "meekness". Beauty was held to represent a deep inner virtue and value, and "an essential element in the path towards God".

The crisis of Renaissance humanism came with the trial of Galileo; which forced the choice between basing the authority of one's beliefs on one's observations, or upon religious teaching. The trial made the contradictions between humanism and traditional religion visibly apparent to all, and humanism was branded a "dangerous doctrine".

Renaissance humanists believed that the liberal arts (music, art, grammar, rhetoric, oratory, history, poetry, using classical texts, and the studies of all of the above) should be practiced by all levels of wealth. They also approved of self, human worth and individual dignity.

[sửa] Thời đại mới

One of the earliest forerunners of contemporary chartered humanist organizations was the Humanistic Religious Association formed in 1853 in London. This early group was democratically organized, with male and female members participating in the election of the leadership and promoted knowledge of the sciences, philosophy, and the arts.

In 1929 Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann. Potter was a minister from the Unitarian tradition and in 1930 he and his wife, Clara Cook Potter, published Humanism: A New Religion. Throughout the 1930s Potter was well known advocate of women’s rights, access to birth control, “civil divorce laws,” and an end to capital punishment.

Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, consolidated the input of L. M. Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humanist Manifesto in 1933. The Manifesto and Potter’s book became the cornerstones of modern Humanism. Both of these sources envision Humanism as a religion.

[sửa] Triết học nhân đạo hiện đại

There are many people who consider themselves humanists, and much variety in the exact type of humanism they believe in. There is some disagreement over terminology and definitions, with some people using narrower or broader interpretations. Not all people who call themselves humanists hold beliefs that are genuinely humanistic, and not all people who do hold humanistic beliefs apply the label of humanism to themselves.

All of this aside, humanism can be divided into secular and religious types.

[sửa] Chủ nghĩa nhân đạo thế tục

Tiêu bản:Main article Secular humanism is the branch of humanism that rejects theistic religious belief and, therefore, the existence of the supernatural. Secular humanism also rejects superstition and pseudo science and explicitly embraces the scientific method as the best means of assessing knowledge.

There are many Humanist organizations worldwide, and the worlwide umbrella organisation for Humanists is the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU). In 2002 the IHEU General Assembly unanimously adopted the Amsterdam Declaration which represents the official defining statement of World Humanism. The IHEU endorses the view that secular humanism is referred to as Humanism (with a capital H, and no adjective), and that secular humanists are referred to as Humanists. Thus, Humanism is distinguished from the general term humanism, religious humanism, Christian humanism and Renaissance humanism.

The Happy Human is the official symbol of IHEU as well as being regarded a universally recognised symbol of Humanism. Humanists celebrate Darwin Day, HumanLight and Human Rights Day.

Humanism is often associated with scientists and academics, although it is not at all limited to these groups. Humanists generally believe that following Humanist principles naturally leads to secularism, on the basis that religious views cannot be supported rationally.

More often than not, Humanism is what people are referring to when they speak of humanism in general, making it something of a default. Some Humanists take this even further by denying that religious humanists qualify as genuine humanists. Others feel that the ethical side of Humanism transcends the issue of religion, because being a good person is more important than supernatural beliefs.

Some non-secular people, particularly Christian fundamentalists, use the term humanist to refer to all atheists, a usage whose accuracy is disputed.

[sửa] Chủ nghĩa nhân đạo siêu việt

Tiêu bản:Main article Biologist and secular humanist Julian Huxley defined transhumanism in 1957 as "man remaining man, but trans­cending himself, by realizing new possibilities of and for his human nature". Huxley's definition differs substantially from the one commonly in use since the 1980s.

Transhumanism today (sometimes abbreviated >H or H+) is an intellectual and cultural technophiliac movement supporting the use of new sciences and technologies to overcome human limitations and improve the human condition. Transhumanism is sometimes known as Posthumanism.

A related philosophy is extropianism.

[sửa] Chủ nghĩa nhân đạo tôn giáo

Tiêu bản:Main article Religious humanism is the branch of humanism that embraces some form of theism, deism, or supernaturalism, or considers itself religious (based on a functional definition of religion), without necessarily being allied with organized religion, as such. It is often associated with artists, liberal Christians, and scholars in the liberal arts. Other types of people that may be considered religious humanists are those who, despite believing in a religion, don't consider it necessary to derive all their moral values from it. Some feel that, because their religious beliefs are moral, and therefore humane, they are humanists. In particular, it is not uncommon for religious humanitarians to be referred to as humanists, although the accuracy of this usage is disputed.

A number of religious humanists feel that secular humanism is too coldly logical and rejects the full emotional experience that makes us human. From this comes the disputed notion that secular humanism is inadequate in fulfilling the general human need for a philosophy of life. Disagreements over things of this nature have resulted in some amount of friction between secular and religious humanists, despite their commonalities.

Christian humanism, Christian Existential Humanism and Humanistic Judaism area sub-categories of religious humanism.

[sửa] Other forms of humanism

Humanism is also sometimes used to describe "humanities" scholars, (particularly scholars of the Greco-Roman classics). As mentioned above, it is sometimes used to mean humanitarianism. There is also a school of humanistic psychology, and an educational method.

[sửa] Chủ nghĩa nhân đạo giáo dục

Humanism, as a current in education, began to dominate school systems in the 17th century. It held that the studies that develop our intellect are those that make us "most truly human". The practical basis for this was faculty psychology, or the belief in distinct intellectual faculties, such as the analytical, the mathematical, the linguistic, etc. Strengthening one faculty was believed to benefit other faculties as well (transfer of training). A key player in the late 19th-century educational humanism was U.S. Commissioner of Education W.T. Harris, whose "Five Windows of the Soul" (mathematics, geography, history, grammar, and literature/art) were believed especially appropriate for "development of the faculties". Educational humanists believe that "the best studies, for the best kids" are "the best studies" for all kids. While humanism as an educational current was largely discredited by the innovations of the early 20th century, it still holds out, in some elite preparatory schools and some high school disciplines (especially, of course, in literature).

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[sửa] Các dạng chủ nghĩa nhân đạo

  • Ethical Culture
  • Marxist humanism
  • New Humanism
  • Religious (Spiritual) Humanism
    • Christian humanism
    • Christian Existential Humanism
    • Humanistic Judaism
  • Renaissance humanism
  • Secular Humanism - correctly known as Humanism
  • Transhumanism - sometimes known as Posthumanism

[sửa] Nhưng nhánh triết học tương quan

[sửa] Tổ chức

  • IHEU International Humanist and Ethical Union (the world union of Humanist organisations)
  • American Humanist Association
  • British Humanist Association
  • Council of Australian Humanist Societies
  • Continuum of Humanist Education
  • Humanist International
  • Humanist Movement
  • Humanist Party
  • Institute for Humanist Studies
  • Rationalist International
  • Speciesism

[sửa] Other

  • Antihumanism
  • HumanLight
  • Humanistic psychology
  • Social psychology
  • Religious freedom - freedom of religion and belief

[sửa] Tham khảo

  • Chú giải 1: Walter, Nicolas, 1997 Humanism - What's in the Word Rationalist Press Association, London, ISBN 0-301-97001-7.
  • Petrosyan, M. 1972 Humanism: Its Philosophical, Ethical, and Sociological Aspects. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
  • Humanism With A Capital H by Harvey Lebrun of the American Humanist Association
  • Humanism is Eight Letters, No More Endorsed by Harold Blackham, Levi Fragell, Corliss Lamont, Harry Stopes-Roe and Rob Tielman of the IHEU
  • Margaret Knight (Editor), Jim Herrick (Editor) - Humanist Anthology: From Confucius to Attenborough. 1995. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0879759577

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and Thinking And Moral Problems, Religions And Their Source, Purpose, and Developing A Universal Religion, four Parts of a Wikibook.

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