Politik Malaysia

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Malaysia

Rencana ini sebahagian daripada siri:
Politik dan kerajaan Malaysia

Malaysia adalah perlembagaan beraja, biasanya diketuai oleh Yang di-Pertuan Agong ("pemimpin tertinggi"), dirujuk kepadanya sebagai Agong. Agong-agong akan dilantik untuk penggal 5 tahun daripada sembilan sultan daripada negeri-negeri di semenanjung Malaysia. Agong juga merupakan ketua agama Islam di Malaysia.

Kuasa eksekutif ini berada di dalam kabinet diketuai oleh perdana menteri; perlembagaan Malaysia menyatakan bahawa perdana menteri mesi seorang ahli parlimen yang mana dengan nasihat Yang di-Pertuan Agong, mendapat majorit di dalam parlimen. Kabinet ini dipilih daripada ahli-ahli parlimen dan bertanggungjawab pada badan berkenaan.



The bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (Dewan Negara) and the Hall of The People (Dewan Rakyat). All 70 Senate members sit for 3-year terms (with a maximum of 2 terms); 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies, and 44 are appointed by the king based on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Members of Parliament in the Hall are elected from single-member districts by universal adult suffrage. The 219 members of the Dewan Rakyat are appointed by popular election. Parliament has a maximum mandate of 5 years by law. The king may dissolve parliament at any time and usually does so upon the advice of the Prime Minister. General elections must be held within three months of the dissolution of parliament. In practice this means that elections are held every 3-5 years depending on the current political situation.

Bangunan parlimen di Kuala Lumpur
Besarkan
Bangunan parlimen di Kuala Lumpur

Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. Malaysia has two constituencies of law. One is for the entire nation and is sovereign. This is set by parliament. The highest of this is the constitution and requires a two thirds majority to amend. However, the ruling party has never had less than this number. The second constituency of law is syariah (Islamic law) which applies to Muslims in this country. The federal government has little input into the setting of syariah and it falls to the states to determine what is Islamic law. Not surprisingly, this means that Islamic law differs from state to state. However, all claim that it is God's law and all also claim to worship the same God.

The Malaysian legal system is based on English common law. However, most of the laws and the constitution are lifted from Indian law. The Federal Court reviews decisions referred from the Court of Appeals; it has original jurisdiction in constitutional matters and in disputes between states or between the federal government and a state. Peninsular Malaysia and the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak each has a high court.

The federal government has authority over external affairs, defense, internal security, justice (except civil law cases among Malays or other Muslims and other indigenous peoples, adjudicated under Islamic and traditional law), federal citizenship, finance, commerce, industry, communications, transportation, and other matters.

[Sunting] Keadaan politik

Parti politik utama Malaysia, Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu (UMNO), telah memegang kuasa bersama parti - parti yang lain sejak kemerdekaan Malaya pada 1957. Pada 1973, perikatan parti yang berasaskan kepada kaum telah digantikan dengan perikatan yang lebih besar -- Barisan Nasional-- yang mempunyai 14 parti. Hari ini perikatan Barisan Nasional mempunyai tiga komponen penting - UMNO, MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association) and MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress). Perdana Menteri Malaysia adalah ahli daripada parti Melayu (UMNO) di dalam perikatan Barisan National.

Pada awal september 1998, Perdana Menteri Mahathir bin Mohamad telah memecat Timbalan Perdan Menteri Anwar Ibrahim atas tuduhan melakukan perbuatan tidak bermoral dan juga korupsi. Anwar mengatakan bahawa penyingkirannya adalah kerana perbezaan politik antaranya dan Mahathir. Beliau telah melancarkan beberapa siri demonstrasi untuk mendesak diadakan reformasi pada sistem politik Malaysia. Kemudiannya, Anwar telah ditangkap, dipukul ketika ditahan di penjara (termasuk dipukul oleh Ketua Polis Negara), dan didakwa dengan kesalahan melakukan korupsi, in both legal and moral contexts, charges including obstruction of justice and sodomy. In April 1999, he was convicted of four counts of corruption and sentenced to 6 years in prison. In August 2000, Anwar was convicted of one count of sodomy and sentenced to 9 years to run consecutively after his earlier 6-year sentence. Both trials were viewed by domestic and international observers as unfair. Anwar's conviction on sodomy has since been overturned, and having completed his 6 year sentence for corruption, he has since been released from prison. In the November 1999 general election, the Barisan Nasional was returned to power with three-fourths of the parliamentary seats, but UMNO's seats dropped from 94 to 72. The opposition Barisan Alternatif coalition, led by the Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS), increased its seats to 42. PAS retained control of the state of Kelantan and won the additional state of Terengganu.

The current Prime Minister is Dato' Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (fondly known as 'Pak Lah'). He took office following the retirement of Dr. Mahathir (now Tun Dr. Mahathir) on the 31st of October 2003. He is seen as a more compromising and affable figure as opposed to Tun Dr. Mahathir's more confrontational and direct style. He has pledged to continue Tun Dr. Mahathir's growth oriented policies, while taking a less belligerent stance on foreign policy than Tun Dr. Mahathir, who has regularly offended Western countries, the United States of America and Australia in particular.

In the March 2004 general election, Dato' Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi led Barisan Nasional to a landslide victory, in which Barisan Nasional recaptured the state of Terengganu. The coalition now controls 92% of the seats in Parliament. In 2005, Mahathir stated that "I believe that the country should have a strong government but not too strong. A two-thirds majority like I enjoyed when I was prime minister is sufficient but a 90% majority is too strong. ... We need an opposition to remind us if we are making mistakes. When you are not opposed you think everything you do is right." [1]

[Sunting] Pilihanraya dan parti-parti politik

Keputusan pilihanraya termasuk nama-nama parti politik. Sila lihat maklumat lanjut mengenai parti-parti Senarai parti politik di Malaysia. Satu pandangan mengenai pilihanraya dan keputusan pilihanraya dimasukkan ke dalam Pilihanraya di Malaysia.
Rencana utama: Pilihanraya Umum Malaysia 2004

Ringkasan Keputusan Pilihanraya 21 Mac 2004 Dewan Rakyat


Parti Undi % undi Kerusi +/-
Barisan Nasional (BN): 4,420,452 63.9 198 +51
   Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu (UMNO) 2,483,249 35.9 109 +38
   Persatuan Cina Malaysia (MCA) 1,074,230 15.5  31 + 2
   Kongres India Se-Malaysia (MIC)   221,546  3.2   9 + 2
   Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia   257,763  3.7 10 + 4
   Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB)   383,664  5.5 11 + 5
   Parti Rakyat Bersatu Sarawak (SUPP)   6
   Parti Rakyat Bersatu Sarawak (SUPP)   6
   Parti Demokratik Progresif Sarawak, SAPP   4
   Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS)   4
   Pertubuhan Pasok Momogun Kadazandusun Bersatu (UPKO)   4
   Parti Maju Sabah (SAPP)   2
   Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS)   1
   Parti Progresif Penduduk (PPP)   1
   Parti Liberal Demokratik (LDP) -
Parti Tindakan Demokratik (DAP)   687,340  9.9  12 + 2
Barisan Alternatif: 1,668,998 24.1   8 -24
   Parti Islam SeMalaysia (PAS) 1,051,480 15.2  7 - 20
   Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR)   617,518  8.9   1 - 4
Parti tidak berpihak (dan lain-lain)   139,438   2.1   1 - 2
Jumlah besar 6,916,138 100.0 219 +26
Sumber: The Star, Kuala Lumpur

[Sunting] Rujukan

  1. - Krishnamoorthy, M. (Dec. 11, 2005). "Dr M: Stand up and speak out". The Star (Malaysia).


 
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