Cánh đồng chum
Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia
Cánh đồng chum là một khu vực văn hóa lịch sử gần thành phố Khăm Muộn, thuộc tỉnh Xiêng Khoảng của Lào, nơi có hàng ngàn chum bằng đá nằm rải rác dọc theo cánh đồng thuộc Cao nguyên Xiêng Khoảng tại cuối phía bắc của dãy núi Trường Sơn. Trong Chiến tranh Việt Nam và Chiến tranh bí mật, Cánh đồng chum được đề cập đến một cách đặc thù để chỉ cả vùng đồng bằng Xiêng Khoảng chứ không phải chỉ địa điểm văn hóa này.
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[sửa] Huyền thoại và lịch sử địa phương
Archaeologists believe that the jars were used 1,500 to 2,000 years ago, by an ancient Mon-Khmer race whose culture is now totally unknown. Most of the excavated material has been dated to around 500 BC - 800 AD. Anthropologists and archeologists have theorized that the jars may have been used as funeral urns or perhaps storage for food.
Lao stories and legends claim that there was a race of giants who once inhabited the area. Local legend tells of an ancient king called Khun Cheung, who fought a long, victorious battle against his enemy. He supposedly created the jars to brew and store huge amounts of lao lao rice wine to celebrate his victory.
The first westerner to survey, study and catalogue the Plain of Jars was a French archaeologist, Madeleine Colani of the École Française d'Extrême Orient in the 1930s. She excavated the area of jars with her team and found a nearby cave with human remains, including burned bones and ash. Her work is still the most comprehensive although there have been other excavations.
An American bomb damaged the cave during the Vietnam War, when the Pathet Lao used it as a stronghold - the surrounding area still has trench systems and bomb craters. The land is littered with metal shrapnel. The town of Xieng Khouang was utterly destroyed during the fighting between the Pathet Lao and American backed anti-communist troops. A new town was built in the mid 1970s, known locally as Phonsavan.
[sửa] The Jar Sites
There are total of more than 60 sites across the whole Plain of Jars that centers on the area of Xieng Khouang. They range from Khorat Plateau in Thailand in the south, through Laos and to North Cachar Hills in northern India. Archaeologists have found more similar burials in India. The jars appear to be laid in a linear path that was probably a trade route.
The jars are made of sedimentary rock, usually sandstone, but also granite, conglomerate or calcified coral. They are angular or round and some have disks that could be lids. They can weigh up to 14 short tons (13 metric tons) and range from 3 to 10 feet (1-3 meters) in height,
The jars lay in clusters. The largest one near the town of Phonsavan, known as Site 1, contains over 250 jars of varying sizes. The jars now lie amidst thousands of unexploded bombs left behind by America's so-called Secret War in Laos in the 1960s. The large quantity of UXOs (unexploded ordnances) in the area means that only Sites 1, 2 and 3 are open to visitors—the others are considered too dangerous.
The bones, beads, bronze and iron tools and other artifacts that Colani discovered led her to believe that the jars were funerary urns. They have all since been dispersed, many to France. Her archaeological accounts have been published in the form of two large volumes, The Megaliths of Upper Laos. They still remain the primary source of the area.
Although the jars are the best-known and most visible aspect of the plains, researchers that have also discovered and photographed stone carvings. These include very tall, thin slabs of stone. The method used to create the thin slabs of stone without fracturing them is unknown.
[sửa] Nguồn gốc của những chiếc chum
Madeleine Colani speculated that the plains of jars connected a caravan route from northern India, for which there is much evidence.
Colani also found a natural double chimney-ed cave at the site of the largest jar field, with evidence of smoke accumulation by the chimneys, similar to a primitive kiln. She believed that it was a crematorium and speculated that the jars were used to deposit cremated human remains. Later excavations have found more human remains and also unburned bones.
Because the found bodies have been dated to various periods, it is possible that the place had been used as a burial ground also in later periods, using the contemporary customs.
This theory is the most popular, although there are various other theories.
Some refer to local traditions that states that the jars were molded, by using natural materials such as clay, sand, sugar, and animal products in a type of stone mix. This leads some to believe the cave Colani found was actually a kiln, and that the huge jars were molded there and are not of imported stone. Considering that many jars are made of substances like granite, archaeologists do not accept this idea.
Another explanation for the jar's use is for collecting monsoon rainwater for the caravan travellers along their journey in a time where rain may have been only seasonal and water not readily available on the easiest foot traveled path. Rainwater could then be boiled, even if stagnant, to become potable again, a practice long understood in Eastern Eurasia. The trade caravans that were camping around these jars and could have placed beads inside jars as an offering, to accompany prayers for rain or they might simply have been lost items.
[sửa] Tình trạng hiện nay
Cánh đồng chum vẫn là một trong những địa điểm khảo cổ nguy hiểm nhất thế giới. Những quả bom chưa nổ sót lại thời chiến tranh thuộc Chiến tranh bí mật vẫn gây thương thích mỗi tuần. Trong thời kỳ chiến tranh đó, không quân Mỹ đã rải bom dày đặc khu vực này. Du khách đến đây chỉ được tham quan an toàn ở 3 vị trí là Vị trí 1, 2 và Vị trí 3 và phải theo chỉ dẫn của các biển báo các quả bom chưa nổ nhưng nhiều người vẫn không để ý đến các biển báo này. Archaeologically speaking the area is mixed with original artifacts, artifacts of the intervening eras - Buddhist statues, colonial items - and large amounts of scrap metal from the bombs.
The Laotian caretakers of the Plain of Jars are currently applying for status as a UNESCO World Heritage site. UNESCO-Lao Plain of Jars Project surveys the area. Clearing of the UXO hazard will be necessary before many of the sites can be studied and turned into tourist attractions.
Mines Advisory Group, non-governmental organization, was hired to remove explosives in July 2004. As of July 2005, they have cleared most of the three aforementioned sites. They destroyed the week's cache of removed explosives every Friday. Their funding is at an end.
In more recent times, those from Ministry of Information and Culture and from Australian universities, among others, have taken part in studies of the jars. One of them is a Belgian archaeologist Julie Van Den Bergh, who (as of September 2005) has worked there regularly for four years.
[sửa] Nguồn
- Karen J. Coates - Plain of Jars (Archaeology magazine July/August 2005)
- Bounmy Thepsimuong. The Plain of Jars. A Guide Book. Vientiane 2004.