Cát Lâm

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吉林省
Cát Lâm tỉnh
Tên tắt: 吉 Cát (bính âm: Jí)
Cát Lâm được tô đậm trên bản đồ
Xuất xứ tên gọi từ girin ula, tiếng Mãn châu có nghĩa là "dọc theo bờ sông"
Kiểu hành chính tỉnh
Thủ phủ
thành phố lớn nhất
Trường Xuân
Bí thư tỉnh ủy Cát Lâm Vương Vân Khôn 王云坤
Tỉnh trưởng Vương Mân 王珉
Diện tích 187.400 km² (thứ 13)
Dân số (2004)
 - Mật độ
27.090.000 (thứ 21)
145/km² (thứ 23)
GDP (2004)
 - trên đầu người
295,8 tỷ NDT (thứ 20)
10.900 NDT (thứ 14)
HDI (2005) 0,776 (thứ 10) — trung bình
Các dân tộc chính (2000) Hán - 91%
Triều Tiên - 4%
Mãn Châu - 4%
Mông Cổ - 0.6%
Hồi - 0.5%
Cấp địa khu 9
Cấp huyện 60
Cấp hương
(31 tháng 12, 2004)
1006
ISO 3166-2 CN-22
Website chính thức:
http://www.jl.gov.cn
(chữ Hán giản thể)
Nguồn lấy dữ liệu dân số và GDP:
《中国统计年鉴—2005》/ Niên giám thống kê Trung Quốc 2005 ISBN 7503747382

Nguồn lấy dữ liệu dân tộc:
《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》/ Tư liệu nhân khẩu dân tộc dựa trên điều tra dân số năm 2000 của Trung Quốc ISBN 7105054255

(tiếng Trung Quốc: 吉林; Bính âm: Jílín; Wade-Giles: Chi-lin; bính âm bưu chính: Kirin; tiếng Mãn Châu: Girin ula), là một tỉnh phía đông bắc Trung Quốc. Cát Lâm giáp Bắc Triều TiênNga về phía đông, Hắc Long Giang về phía bắc, Liêu Ninh về phía nam và Nội Mông về phía tây. Tên gọi của tỉnh được phiên tự thành Kirin trước khi chuẩn hoá theo bính âm.


The name "Jilin" probably originates from Girin ula, a Manchu term meaning "along the river"; this was transcribed into Jilin wula (T: 吉林烏拉 / S: 吉林乌拉) in Chinese, then shorted to Jilin. The literal meaning of the Chinese characters for "Jilin" is "auspicious forest".

Mục lục

[sửa] Lịch sử

In ancient times Jilin was inhabited by various peoples, including the Mohe and the Wuji. The kingdom of Balhae (Bohai in Chinese) was established in the area from 698 to 926 AD. The region then fell successively under the domination of the Khitan Liao Dynasty, the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, and the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty much of the area was under the control of the General of Jilin, whose area of control extended to the Sea of Japan to encompass much of what is Russia's Primorsky Krai today. Immigration of Han Chinese was strictly controlled.

However, after the Primorsky Krai area was ceded to Russia in 1860, the Qing government began to open the area up to Han Chinese migrants, most of whom came from Shandong. By the beginning of the 20th century Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group of the region. In 1932 the area was incorporated into Manchukuo, a puppet state set up by Japan, and Changchun, capital of Jilin today, was made the capital of Manchukuo. After the defeat of Japan in 1945 the region, together with the rest of northeastern China was handed to the communists by the Soviets. Manchuria was then the staging ground from which the communists eventually conquered the rest of China.

In 1949, Jilin province was smaller, encompassing only the environs of Changchun and Jilin City, and the capital was at Jilin City, while Changchun was a municipality independent from the province. In the 1950s Jilin was expanded to its present borders today. During the Cultural Revolution Jilin was expanded again to include a part of Inner Mongolia, giving it a border with the independent state of Mongolia, though this was later reversed. In recent times Jilin has, together with the rest of heavy industry-based Northeast China, been facing economic difficulties with privatization. This has prompted the central government to undertake the Revitalize the Northeast Campaign.

[sửa] Địa lý

Jilin is highest in altitude in the southeast, and drops gently towards the northwest. The Changbai Mountains run through its southeastern regions, and contains the highest peak of the province, Baiyun Peak at 2691 m. Other mountain ranges include the Jilinhada Mountains, Zhang Guangcai Mountains, and Longgang Mountains.

Jilin is drained by the Yalu and Tumen Rivers in the extreme southwest (which together form the border between the People's Republic of China and North Korea), by tributaries of the Liao River along the southern border, and by the Songhua and Nen rivers, both eventually flowing into the Amur.

Jilin has a northerly continental monsoon climate, with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. Average January temperatures range from -20 to -14 °C. Rainfall averages at 350 - 1000 mm.

Major cities:

  • Changchun
  • Jilin City
  • Siping
  • Liaoyuan
  • Tonghua
  • Yanji

[sửa] Các đơn vị hành chính

Cát Lâm bao gồm 8 thành phố thuộc tỉnh (địa cấp thị) và 1 châu tự trị.

  • Trường Xuân (长春市 : Chángchūn shì)
  • Cát Lâm (吉林市 : Jílín shì)
  • Tứ Bình (四平市 : Sìpíng shì)
  • Liêu Nguyên (辽源市 : Liáoyuán shì)
  • Thông Hóa (通化市 : Tōnghuà shì)
  • Bạch Sơn (白山市 : Báishān shì)
  • Tùng Nguyên (松原市 : Sōngyuán shì)
  • Bạch Thành (白城市 : Báichéng shì)
  • Châu tự trị dân tộc Triều Tiên Diên Biên (延边朝鲜族自治州 : Yánbiān Cháoxiǎnzú Zìzhìzhōu)

Xem chi tiết tại Danh sách các đơn vị hành chính tỉnh Cát Lâm .

[sửa] Kinh tế

Jilin's agricultural production is centered upon rice, maize, and sorghum. Rice is mostly cultivated in the eastern parts, such as Yanbian prefecture. The Changbai Mountains are an important source of lumber. Herding of sheep is an important activity in the western parts, such as Baicheng prefecture-level city.

Compared to other provinces of China, Jilin has extensive deposits of Kieselguhr, wollastonite, floatstone, and molybdenum.

Industry in Jilin is concentrated on automobiles, train carriages, and iron alloy.

Jilin's nominal GDP for 2004 was 295.8 billion yuan (US$36.69 billion) and ranks 20th in the country. Its GDP per capita was 9,350 yuan (US$1,130).

[sửa] Cơ cấu dân số

Jilin is inhabited by Han Chinese, Koreans, Manchus, Hui, Mongols and Xibe. Most ethnic Koreans live in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture.

Ethnic groups in Jilin, 2000 census
Nationality Population Percentage
Han Chinese 24,348,815 90.85%
Koreans 1,145,688 4.27%
Manchu 993,112 3.71%
Mongol 172,026 0.642%
Hui 125,620 0.469%

Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.
Source: Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司) and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司), eds. Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China (《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》). 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House (民族出版社), 2003. (ISBN 7-105-05425-5)

[sửa] Văn hoá

Jilin's culture is part of a culture of Northeast China that is quite homogeneous across all of the northeastern China. In particular, Jiju, or Jilin Opera, is a form of traditional entertainment that Jilin has innovated over its short migrant history.

The ethnic Koreans of Jilin have their own distinct culture. See also: Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Culture of Korea.

[sửa] Du lịch

The Goguryeo sites and tombs found in Ji'an, Jilin, including Wandu, Guonei, and the pyramidal General's Tomb, have been listed as part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Changbai Mountains, especially Lake Tianchi on the border with North Korea, are popular tourist destinations due to their natural scenery.

Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain, including the Mausoleum of Princess Zhenxiao, are royal tombs of the Balhae kingdom (Bohai in Chinese) found in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture.

[sửa] Các chủ đề khác

[sửa] Các đội thể thao chuyên nghiệp

  • Chinese Football Association Jia League
    • Changchun Yatai
    • Yanbian FC
  • Chinese Basketball Association
    • Jilin Northeast Tigers

[sửa] Các trường đại học, cao đẳng

  • Jilin University (Changchun)
  • Northeast Normal University (Changchun)

[sửa] Liên kết ngoài

Các tỉnh do Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa quản lý Quốc kỳ Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa
Tỉnh: An Huy | Cam Túc | Cát Lâm | Chiết Giang | Hà Bắc | Hà Nam | Hải Nam | Hắc Long Giang | Hồ Bắc | Hồ Nam | Giang Tây | Giang Tô | Liêu Ninh | Phúc Kiến | Quảng Đông | Quý Châu | Sơn Đông | Sơn Tây | Thanh Hải | Thiểm Tây | Tứ Xuyên | Vân Nam | Đài Loan (đòi chủ quyền)
Khu tự trị: Ninh Hạ | Nội Mông Cổ | Quảng Tây | Tân Cương | Tây Tạng
Trực hạt thị: Bắc Kinh | Thiên Tân | Thượng Hải | Trùng Khánh
Đặc khu hành chính: Hồng Kông | Ma Cao
Xem thêm: Vị thế chính trị Đài Loan và Tỉnh Đài Loan (Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa)