Wolfgang Ernst Pauli
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Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (25 tháng 4 năm 1900 – 15 tháng 12 năm 1958) là một nhà vật lý người Áo chuyên nghiên cứu về hạt cơ bản, spin, và đã đưa ra nguyên lý loại trừ Pauli nổi tiếng, nó là nguồn gốc của cả hóa học.
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[sửa] Tiểu sử
Pauli was born in Vienna to Wolfgang Joseph Pauli and Berta Camilla Schütz. His middle name was given in honor of his godfather, the physicist Ernst Mach. Three of Pauli's four grandparents (all but his maternal grandmother) were Jewish. Specifically, Pauli's father, Wolfgang Pauli, Sr. (originally Wolf Pascheles, whose parents came from the prominent Jewish Pascheles and Utitz families of Prague), converted from Judaism to Roman Catholicism shortly before his marriage in 1899 to Bertha Camilla Schütz. Bertha Schütz was raised in her mother's Roman Catholic religion, but her father was the Jewish writer Friedrich Schütz. Although Pauli was raised as a Roman Catholic, eventually he (and his parents) left the Church. [1]
Pauli attended the Döblinger-Gymnasium in Vienna, graduating with distinction in 1918. Only two months after graduation, the young prodigy had published his first paper, on Einstein's theory of general relativity. He attended the Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, working under Sommerfeld, where he received his doctorate in July 1921 for a thesis on the quantum theory of ionised molecular hydrogen.
Sommerfeld asked Pauli to review relativity for the Encyklopaedie der mathematischen Wissenschaften, a German encyclopedia. Two months after receiving his doctorate, Pauli completed the article, which came to 237 pages. It was praised by Einstein; published as a monograph, it remains a standard reference on the subject to this day.
He spent a year at the University of Göttingen as the assistant to Max Born, and the following year at what became the Niels Bohr Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen. He then spent 1923 to 1928 as a lecturer at the University of Hamburg. During this period, Pauli was instrumental in the development of the modern theory of quantum mechanics. In particular, he formulated the exclusion principle and the theory of nonrelativistic spin. (See below for a list of his scientific contributions.)
In May 1929, Pauli left the Roman Catholic Church; in December that year, he married Käthe Margarethe Deppner. The marriage was an unhappy one, ending in divorce in 1930 after less than a year.
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At the beginning of 1931, shortly after his divorce and immediately following his postulation of the neutrino, Pauli had a severe breakdown. He consulted the psychiatrist and psychotherapist Carl Jung who, like Pauli, lived near Zurich. Jung immediately began to interpret his deeply archetypal dreams and Pauli became one of the depth psychologist’s best students. Soon, he began to scientifically criticize the epistemology of Jung’s theory and contributed like this to a certain clarification of the latter’s thoughts, especially about the concept of synchronicity. A great deal of these discussions is documented in the Pauli/Jung letters, today published as “Atom and Archetype”. Jung's elaborate analysis of more than 400 of Pauli's dreams is documented in “Psychology and Alchemy” (see below).
In 1928, he was appointed Professor of Theoretical Physics at the ETH Zurich in Switzerland where he made significant scientific progress. He held visiting professorships at the University of Michigan in 1931, and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in 1935. He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1931.
In 1934, he married Franca Bertram. This marriage would last for the rest of his life. They had no children.
The German annexation of Austria in 1938 made him a German citizen, which became a difficulty with the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. Pauli moved to the United States in 1940, where he was Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton. After the end of the war, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1946 before returning to Zurich, where he mostly remained for the rest of his life.
Also in 1945, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "decisive contribution through his discovery in 1925 of a new law of Nature, the exclusion principle or Pauli principle." He had been nominated for the prize by Einstein.
In 1958, Pauli was awarded the Max Planck medal. In that same year, he fell ill with pancreatic cancer. When his last assistant, Charles Enz, visited him at the Rotkreuz hospital in Zurich, Pauli asked him: “Did you see the room number?” It was number 137. Throughout his life, Pauli had been preoccupied with the question of why the fine structure constant, a dimensionless fundamental constant, has a value nearly equal to 1/137. Pauli died in that room on December 15, 1958.
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Pauli made many important contributions in his career as a physicist, primarily in the subject of quantum mechanics. He seldom published papers, preferring lengthy correspondences with colleagues (such as Bohr and Heisenberg, with whom he had close friendships.) Many of his ideas and results were never published and appeared only in his letters, which were often copied and circulated by their recipients. Pauli was apparently unconcerned that much of his work thus went uncredited. The following are the most important results for which he has been credited:
In 1924, Pauli proposed a new quantum degree of freedom to resolve inconsistencies between observed molecular spectra and the developing theory of quantum mechanics. He formulated the Pauli exclusion principle, perhaps his most important work, which stated that no two electrons could exist in the same quantum state. The idea of spin had originated with Ralph Kronig. Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit one year later identified this degree of freedom as electron spin.
In 1926, shortly after Heisenberg published the matrix theory of modern quantum mechanics, Pauli used it to derive the observed spectrum of the hydrogen atom. This result was important in securing credibility for Heisenberg's theory.
In 1927, he introduced the Pauli matrices as a basis of spin operators, thus solving the nonrelativistic theory of spin. This work influenced Dirac in his discovery of the Dirac equation for the relativistic electron.
In 1930, Pauli observed a decaying radioactive atomic nucleus. In [letter of Dec 4 to the „Dear radioactive ladies and gentlemen" (Lise Meitner et al.)], he proposed the existence of a hitherto unobserved neutral particle with a small mass (no greater than 1% the mass of a proton), in order to explain the continuous spectrum of beta decay. In 1934, Fermi incorporated the particle, which he called a neutrino, into his theory of radioactive decay. The neutrino was first observed experimentally in 1959.
In 1940, he proved the spin-statistics theorem, a critical result of quantum field theory which states that particles with half-integer spin are fermions, while particles with integer spin are bosons.
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The Pauli effect was named after his bizarre ability to break experimental equipment simply by being in the vicinity. Pauli himself was aware of his reputation, and delighted whenever the Pauli effect manifested.
Regarding physics, Pauli was famously perfectionist. This extended not just to his own work, but also to the work of his colleagues. As a result, he became known within the physics community as the "conscience of physics", the critic to whom his colleagues were accountable. He could be scathing in his dismissal of any theory he found lacking, often labelling it ganz falsch, utterly false. Famously, he once said of one such paper: "It is not even wrong."
A well known joke about Pauli in the physics community goes as follows: After his death, Pauli was granted an audience with God. Pauli asked God why the fine structure constant has the value 1/(137.036...). God nodded, went to a blackboard, and began scribbling equations at a furious pace. Pauli watched Him with great satisfaction, but soon began shaking his head violently...
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Pauli was referenced in an episode of the animated television series Futurama, where several varieties of beer from the 30th century were featured, including "St. Pauli's Exclusion Principle Beer", a take-off on the "St. Pauli Girl Beer" brand.
[sửa] Tham khảo
[sửa] Sách
[sửa] Sách của Pauli
- Pauli, W.; C.G. Jung (1955). The Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche, Random House.
- Pauli, Wolfgang (1981). Theory of Relativity, New York: Dover. ISBN 048664152X.
- Pauli, W.; C.G. Jung (2001). ed. C.A. Meier Atom and Archetype, The Pauli/Jung Letters, 1932-1958, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univ. Press.
[sửa] Sách về Pauli
- Enz, Charles P. (2002). No Time to be Brief, A scientific biography of Wolfgang Pauli, Oxford Univ. Press.
- Enz, Charles P. (1995). “Rationales und Irrationales im Leben Wolfgang Paulis”, ed. H. Atmanspacher, et al Der Pauli-Jung-Dialog, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
- Gieser, Suzanne (2005). The Innermost Kernel. Depth Psychology and Quantum Physics. Wolfgang Pauli's Dialogue with C.G. Jung, Springer Verlag.
- Jung, C.G. (1980). Psychology and Alchemy, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univ. Press.
- Keve, Tom (2000). Triad: the physicists, the analysts, the kabbalists, London: Rosenberger & Krausz. (historical fiction)
- Lindorff, David (1994). Pauli and Jung: The Meeting of Two Great Minds, Quest Books.
- Pais, Abraham (2000). The Genius of Science, Oxford: Oxford Press.
[sửa] Xem thêm
- Giải thưởng Nobel vật lý
- List of Austrian scientists
- List of Swiss
- Ralph Kronig Correspondence with Pauli
- Pauli exclusion principle
- Pauli effect
[sửa] Liên kết ngoài
- Wolfgang Pauli - Gương mặt khoa học lớn của thế kỷ XX
- Wolfgang Pauli at the official Nobel Prize site
- Pauli bio at the University of St Andrews, Scotland
- Wolfgang Pauli bio at "Nobel Prize Winners"
- Wolfgang Pauli, Carl Jung and Marie-Louise von Franz
- Photos of Pauli at the American Institute of Physics
- Virtual walk-through exhibition of the life and times of Pauli
- Annotated bibliography for Wolfgang Pauli from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
- Pauli Archives at CERN Document Server
- Virtual exhibition at ETH-Bibliothek, Zürich