Foghlan tro Meadhan an Beurla
As a'Wikipedia
Úsáideann an córas Foghlam tro Meadhan an Beurla, Béarla don chuid is mó sa rang teagaisc. Is é is brí le 'meán', ná an teanga a úsáideann an múinteoir le na daltaí, sa seomra ranga. Ní ghá don teanga sin bheith ina teanga oifigiúil sa tír ach oiread. Sa lá atá inniu ann, i gcuid is mó de na tíortha gur Stáit ina bhfuil Béarla i réim ann, msh. sa Ríocht Aontaithe, Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá, Éire, An Astráil agus an An Nua-Shéalainn is é an Bhéarla go hiondúil an meán teagaisc ann.
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[deasaich] Cúlra Stairiúil
Tá an nós 'scolaíocht trí mheán an Bhearla' seanbhunaithe i stair na hÉireann agus na Breataine. agus bhí baint aige le leathnú amach an Bhéarla ó a cheantair dúchasacha i Sasana agus in oirdheisceart na hAlban. Is féidir a rá gue chuidigh an feiniméan seo chuid mór le ghalldú na críocha eile in Imireacht na Breataine.
In Éírinn, scríobh an file Spenser sa bhliain 1996, an moladh seo a leanas; " the Irish ... be educated in English, in grammar and in science ... for learning hath that wonderful power of itself that it can soften and temper the most stern and savage nature. "
Le linn na meán-aoiseanna agus an lúth nua-aois, thriall Ríocht na hAlban tríd a córas rachtaíochta, ach go háirithe le achtanna oideachais agus scoileanna pharóiste, Béarla a chur in áit na Gaeilge, i measc na nuasalaicmí ar dtús, agus ina dhiaidh sin na nísealaicmí. Rith Parlaimint na hAlban ar a laghad deich acht oideachais idir 1494 and 1698.
Sa bhliain 1609, fudaíodh naoi gcinn de na taoisigh ghaelacha agus bhí orthu Reachtanna Í a shiniú. De réir dealraimh, bhí an beart seo déanta ag an Rialtas i nDún Éadainn, chun galldú taoisigh agus institiúdaí na Gaeltachta (nó na Garbhchríocha) a chur i gcríoch agus go mbeadh dlí agus ord Dhún Éidinn i bhfeidhm sna críocha sin.
Seo a leanas na modhanna agus na haidhmeanna... "planting of the gospell among these rude, barbarous, and uncivill people" ag an na heaglais phrotustúnacha; na baird, a bhíodh go hiondúil ag dul ar camchuairteanna chuig na dtaoiseach, a bheith eisreachtaithe; an riachtanas ar na haicmí uaisle go léir, oiliúint a noidhrí a bheith i scoileanna na nÍsealchríocha ( sa Ghalltacht), áit a bhéas siad in ann "speik, reid, and wryte Inglische" a fhoghlaim.
I 1616, lean an Séamus VI ar aghaidh sa phróiséis seo le Acht eile chun Gallscoileanna a bhunú i ngach paróiste fud fad na Garbhcríocha. Rinne an tAcht tagairt don mhéid seo a leanas.. "the youth be exercised and trayned up in civilitie, godlines, knawledge, and learning, that the vulgar Inglische toung be universallie plantit, and the Irische language, whilk is one of the chief and principall causes of the continewance of barbaritie and incivilitie amongis the inhabitantis of the Ilis and Heylandis, may be abolisheit and removeit..."
Is dócha mar sin go raibh polasaí toiliúl le haghaidh 'comhshamhlú cultúrtha' nó 'impiriúlachas cultúrtha' ar siúl i Ríocht Shasana agus na hAlban agus lean tionchar bhuanmharthanach ón diansmacht seo , ar lucht labhartha na Gaeilge agus na Breatanaise araon.
Tá tuairim ann, gurb í sprioc dheiridh na bpolasaithe sin ná 'comhaontas náisiúnta' a chothú taobh istigh i Stát, ( bunaithe ar an réamhthuairim go mbeadh teanga oifigiúl amháin riachtanach chun an aidhm sin a chur i gcríoch).
Tugann na heachtraí a spreag an 'Prayer Book Rebellion i 1549,léargas dúinn ar chur chuige 'comhshamhlú cultúrtha'. Nochtann stair an Éirí Amach thuas luaite, gur chinn na húdarais 'Leabhar na hUrnaí Coitinne' a fhoilsiú i mBéarla amháin. Go dtí sin b'í an Laidin teanga na hEaglaise agus an liotúirge. Chuireadh clár oibre folaigh chun cinn agus na húdaráis ag maoibh gur ar mhaithe leis an Eaglais Rómhanach a chosc. Ar ndóigh, bhí rialtas Shasana ag lorg Béarla a bheith ina theanga eaglasta agus ina dhiaidh sin ina theanga phobail. Le linn an ama seo, bhí an Choirnis ag tromlach na ndaoine sa Chorn (i gCoirnis, Kernow) agus morán daoibh siúd, aineolach ar an Bhéarla. Luaigh airteagail na reibiliúnaithe "and we the cornyshe men (whereof certen of vs vnderstande no Englysh) vtterly refuse thys new English". Dr. Robert Phillipson defines English linguistic imperialism as "the dominance asserted and maintained by the establishment and continuous reconstitution of structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages".
Solathraíonn teoiric Phillipson dúinn critíc chumhachtach ar forleathnú fairsingíocha stairiúl an Bhéarla mar theanga idirnaisiúnta, agus conas a mbíonn sé in ann a cheannas reatha a cothabháil, ach go háirithe i dtíorta iarchoilíneacha msh. An India, an Phacastáin, Uganda, An tSiombáib srl. ach freisin a ráta méadaithe i gcomhthéacsanna nuachoilíneacha, mar shampla san Eoraip Mhór-roinneach.
Baineann critic Phillipson tátal go príomha as 'teoiric impiriúlachais' Johan Galtung, 'teoiric shóisialta' Antonio Gramsci agus go mór mór as a choincheap faoi svae nó mórcheannas cultúrtha.
Tugtar an téarma 'Macaulay's Children' (Tag:Thomas Babington Macaulay) nuair a déantar tagairt do dhaoine rugtha san Ind, de bhunadh na hIndia a nglacann chuchu féin cultúr agus nósanna an Iarthar mar luach cineáil saoil. Is gnách a mbíonn an téarma in úsaid mar mhasla, agus an comhshonrú nó an fhochiall leis ná go bhfuil an duine éadairiseach nó ina sheoinín.
D'eascair an téarma as alt a scríobh Thomas Babington Macaulay in 1835, 'Miontuairisc ar Oideachas na hIndia' nó 'Minute on Indian Education'( Féach: 'Naisc Inmheanacha', atá thíos luaite). Seo sliocht as; It is impossible for us, with our limited means, to attempt to educate the body of the people. We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect. To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country, to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature, and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great mass of the population.
Bhunaigh Rialtas na Breatiane an 'National Education System'(sic) in Éirinn sa bhliain 1831, faoi stiúr an Phríomh Rúnaí E.G Stanley. Tógadh, le cuidiú na gCoimisinéirí Um Oideachais Naisiúnta agus na niontaobhaithe logánta, 2,500 bunscoileanna náisiúnta i gCúige Uladh sa tréimhse 1832-1870, built with the aid of the Commissioners of National Education and local trustees.
Deir an tOllamh S. Ó Buachalla;
"During the first four decades of their existence, there is no mention of the Irish language in the programme of regulations of the Commissioners of National Education; furthermore no provision whatsoever was made in 1831 when the original scheme was drawn up for education of those children who spoke Irish only. According to the official opinion of later Commissioners, expressed in a formal reply to the Chief Secretary in 1884, " the anxiety of the promoters of the National Scheme was to encourage the cultivation of the English language..."
D'fhoilsigh an t-oide, agus tírghráthóir Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais, sraith leachtanna ar thionchar agus chúlra an chórais oideachais in Éirinn, ach go háirithe oideachas trí mheán an Bhéarla.
Tháinig alt leis amach san Irish Review i mí Feabhra 1913,dar teidil The Murder Machine.
Seo a leanas sliocht as phaimphléid an Phiarsaigh;
'And English education in Ireland has seemed: to some like the bed of Procustes, the bed on which all men that passed that way must lie, be it never so big for them, be it never so small for them: the traveller for whom it was too large had his limbs stretched until he filled it; the traveller for whom it was too small had his limbs chopped off until he fitted into it---comfortably. It was a grim jest to play upon travellers. The English have done it to Irish children not by way of jest, but with a purpose. Our English-Irish systems took, and take, absolutely no cognisance of the differences between individuals, of the differences between localities, of the: differences between urban and rural communities, of the differences springing from a different ancestry, Gaelic or Anglo-Saxon.'
[deasaich] Léitheoireacht sa bhreis
- Séamas Ó Buachalla,Educational Policy and the Role of the Irish Language from 1831 to 1981, European Journal of Education, Vol. 19, No. 1, Multicultural Education (1984), pp. 75-92
- Bisong, Joseph (1995 [1994]) Language Choice and cultural Imperialism: a Nigerian Perspective. ELT Journal 49/2 122-132.
- Bobda, Augustin Simo (1997) Sociocultural Constraints in EFL Teaching in Cameroon. In: Pütz, Martin (ed.) The cultural Context in Foreign Language Teaching. Frankfurt a.M.: Lang. 221-240.
- Brutt-Griffler, Janina (2002) World English. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 1-85359-577-2
- Canagarajah, A. Suresh (1999), Resisting Linguistic Imperialism in English Teaching, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-442154-6
- Canagarajah, A. Suresh, Thomas Ricento & Terrence G. Wiley [eds.] (2002) Journal of Language, Identity, and Education. Special issue. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-9629-5
- Canagarajah, A. Suresh [ed.] (2004) Reclaiming the Local in Language Policy and Practice. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-4593-3
- Crystal, David (2003), English as a Global Language, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53032-6
- Davies, Alan (1996) Review Article: ironising the Myth of Linguicism. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 17/6: 485-596.
- Davies, Alan (1997) Response to a Reply. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 18/3 248.
- Edge, Julian [ed.] (2006) (Re-)Locating TESOL in an Age of Empire. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-8530-8
- Holborow, Marnie (1999) Politics of English. Sage Publications. ISBN 0-7619-6018-X
- Holborrow, Marnie (1993) Review Article: linguistic Imperialism. ELT Journal 47/4 358-360.
- Holliday, Adrian (2005), Struggle to Teach English as an International Language , Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-442184-8
- Kontra, Miklos, Robert Phillipson, Tove Skutnabb-Kangas & Tibor Varady [eds.] (1999), Language: A Right and a Resource, Central European University Press. ISBN 963-9116-64-5
- Kramsch, Klaire and Particia Sullivan (1996) Appropriate Pedagogy. ELT Journal 50/3 199-212.
- Malik, S.A. Primary Stage English (1993). Lahore: Tario Brothers.
- Pennycook, Alastair (1995), The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language, Longman. ISBN 0-582-23473-5
- Pennycook, Alastair (1998), English and the Discourses of Colonialism, Routledge. ISBN 0-415-17848-7
- Pennycook, Alastair (2001), Critical Applied Linguistics, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-3792-2
- Pennycook, Alastair (in press) Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-37497-9
- Phillipson, Robert (1992), Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-437146-8
- Phillipson, Robert [ed.] (2000), Rights to Language, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-3835-X
- Phillipson, Robert (2003) English-Only Europe? Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28807-X
- Punjab Text Book Board (1997) My English Book Step IV. Lahore: Metro Printers.
- Rajagopalan, Kanavilli (1999) Of EFL Teachers, Conscience and Cowardice. ELT Journal 53/3 200-206.
- Ramanathan, Vaidehi (2005) The English-Vernacular Divide. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 1-85359-769-4
- Rahman, Tariq (1996) Language and Politics in Pakistan Karachi: Oxford University Press
- Ricento, Thomas [ed.] (2000) Ideology, Politics, and Language Policies. John Benjamins. ISBN 1-55619-670-9
- Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove & Robert Phillipson [eds.]; Mart Rannut (1995), Linguistic Human Rights, Mouton De Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-014878-1
- Sonntag, Selma K. (2003) The Local Politics of Global English. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0598-1
- Spichtinger, Daniel (2000) The Spread of English and its Appropriation. University of Vienna, Vienna.
- Tsui, Amy B.M. & James W. Tollefson (in press) Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-5694-3
- Widdowson, H.G. (1998a) EIL: squaring the Circles. A Reply. World Englishes 17/3 397-401.
- Widdowson, H.G. (1998b) The Theory and Practice of Critical Discourse Analysis. Applied Linguistics 19/1 136-151.
[deasaich] Tagairtí
http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/csc/reports/common.htm
[deasaich] Naisc Inmheanacha
[deasaich] Naisc Sheachtracha
- European Journal of Education,Vol19,1,1984. 'Education Policy and the Role of the Irish Language from 1831 to 1981.' URL
- Gaelic in Scotland
- English-medium fine for Ministers’ kids in Karnataka, banned for others
- Empire? What Empire? Imperialism and British national identity c. 1815-1914 by Professor Bernard Porter
- The Murder Machine by P.H.Pearse.
- UNESCO Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in Education
- "Reconsidering cultural imperialism theory" by Livingston A. White, Transnational Broadcasting Studies, Spring/Summer 2001.
- Academic Web page discussing the idea of cultural imperialism
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