ក្រុង ភ្នំពេញ

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ក្រុងភ្នំពេញ

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[កែប្រែ] ខេត្ត

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Phnom Penh (Template:Lang-km; official Romanization: Phnum Pénh; IPA: Template:IPA) is the largest, most populous and capital city of Cambodia. It is also the capital of the Phnom Penh municipality.

Once known as the "Pearl of Asia" [១] in the 1920s, Phnom Penh, along with Siem Reap, is a significant global and domestic tourist destination for Cambodia. Phnom Penh is known for its traditional Khmer and French influenced architecture.

Phnom Penh is the wealthiest and most populous city in Cambodia. It is also the commercial, political and cultural hub of Cambodia and is home to more than one million of Cambodia's population of over 13 million.[២]


[កែប្រែ] Etymology

Stupas in front of Wat Phnom.
Stupas in front of Wat Phnom.

The city takes its name from the Wat Phnom Daun Penh (known now as just the Wat Phnom or Hill Temple), built in 1373 to house five statues of Buddha on a man made hill 27 meters high. It was named after Daun Penh (Grandma Penh), a wealthy widow.

Phnom Penh was also previously known as Krong Chaktomuk meaning "City of Four Faces". This name refers to the junction where the Mekong, Bassac, and Tonle Sap rivers cross to form an "X" where the capital is situated. Krong Chaktomuk is an abbreviation of its ceremonial name given by King Ponhea Yat which was "Krong Chaktomuk Mongkol Sakal Kampuchea Thipadei Sereythor Inthabot Borei Roth Reach Seima Maha Nokor".

[កែប្រែ] ប្រវត្ត

ភ្នំពេញបានក្លាយទៅជារាជធានីនៃប្រទេសកម្ពុជា ជាលើកដំបូង ក្នុងរជ្ជកាលស្តេចពញ្ញាយ៉ាត ដែលជាស្តេចនៃអាណាចក្រខ្មែរ នាសម័យនោះ។ ស្តេចពញ្ញាយ៉ាត បានរើរាជធានី ពីរាជធានីអង្គរធំ មក ភ្នំពេញ បន្ទាប់ពីវាត្រូវបានក្តោបយក ដោយប្រទេសថៃឡង់ប៉ុន្មានឆ្នាំមុននោះបន្តិច។ There are stupa behind Wat Phnom that house the remains of Ponhea Yat and the royal family as well as the remaining Buddhist statues from the Angkorean era. There is a legend that tells how Phnom Penh was created.

It was not until 1866, under the reign of King Norodom I, that Phnom Penh became the permanent seat of government, and the Royal Palace (pictured) was built. This marked the beginning of the transformation of what was essentially a village into a great city with the French Colonialists expanding the canal system to control the wetlands, constructing roads and building a port.

By the 1920s, Phnom Penh was known as the Pearl of Asia, and over the next four decades continued to experience growth with the building of a railway to Sihanoukville and the Pochentong International Airport.

The exterior of the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, Phnom Penh
The exterior of the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, Phnom Penh


During the Vietnam War, Cambodia was used as a base by the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong, and thousands of refugees from across the country flooded the city to escape the fighting between their own government troops, the NVA/NLF, the South Vietnamese and its allies and the Khmer Rouge. By 1975, the population was 2,000,000, the bulk of them refugees from the fighting. The city fell to the Khmer Rouge on April 17. Many of its residents, those who were wealthy and educated, were forced to do labor on rural farms as "new people". Tuol Svay Prey High School was taken over by Pol Pot's forces and was turned into the S-21 prison camp, where Cambodians were detained and tortured. Pol Pot desired a return to an agrarian economy and therefore killed anyone who was educated, who wore glasses, or who did not have calloused hands to cleanse the population of the taint of westernization. Many others starved to death as a result of failure of the agrarian society and the sale of Cambodia's rice to China in exchange for bullets and weaponry. Tuol Svay Prey High School is now the Tuol Sleng Museum in which Khmer Rouge torture devices and photos of their victims are displayed. Choeung Ek (The Killing Fields), 15 kilometers away, where the Khmer Rouge marched prisoners from Tuol Sleng to be murdered and buried in shallow pits, is also now a memorial to those who were killed by the regime.

The Khmer Rouge were driven out of Phnom Penh by the Vietnamese in 1979 and people began to return to the city. Vietnam is historically a state with which Cambodia has had many conflicts, therefore this liberation was and is viewed with mixed emotions by the Cambodians. A period of reconstruction began, spurred by continuing stability of government, attracting new foreign investment and aid by countries including France, Australia, and Japan. Loans were made from the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank to reinstate a clean water supply, roads and other infrastructure. The 1998 Census put Phnom Penh's population at 862,000;[៣] by 2001 it was estimated at slightly over 1 million.

[កែប្រែ] ភូមិវិទ្យា

A Buddhist monk walking  in front of the Royal palace in Phnom Penh.
A Buddhist monk walking in front of the Royal palace in Phnom Penh.

Phnom Penh is located in the south-central region of Cambodia, at the confluence of the Tonlé Sap, Mekong, and Bassac rivers. These rivers provide potential freshwater and other resources. The city, located at Template:Coor d (11°33' North, 104°55' East, [1]). covers an area of 375 km² which some 11,401 hectares in the municipality and 26, 106 hectares of roads. The agricultural land in the municipality amounts to 34.685 km² with some 1.476 km² under irrigation.

[កែប្រែ] ធាតុអាកាស

The climate is hot year-round with only minor variations. City temperatures range from 10° to 38 °C (50° to 100 °F) and experiences tropical monsoons. Southwest monsoons blow inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the Gulf of Thailand and Indian Ocean from May to October. The northeast monsoon ushers in the dry season, which lasts from November to March. The city experiences the heaviest precipitation from September to October with the driest period occurring from January to February.

មានពីររដូវដាច់ដោយឡែកពីគ្នា។ រដូវភ្លៀង ចាប់ពីខែឧសភា ដល់ ខែ តុលា ដែលសីតុណ្ហភាពអាចឡើងដល់ ៤០ អង្សាស៊ី (40 °C) around April and is generally accompanied with high humidity. រដូវប្រាំង គឺចាប់ពី ខែវិច្ឆិកា ដល់ខែ មេសា ដែលសីតុណ្ហភាពធ្លាក់ចុះត្រឹម ២២ អង្សាស៊ី (22 °C)។ . The best months to visit the city are November to January when temperatures and humidity are lower.

Template:Phnom Penh weatherbox

[កែប្រែ] ភូមិបាល

ភ្នំពេញ ជារាជធានី នៃប្រទេសកម្ពុជា។ តាមភូមិបាល(Administratively), រាជធានី ភ្នំពេញ ជាទីក្រុង ដែលមានស្ថានភាពភូមិបាល ស្មើនឹងស្ថានភាពភូមិបាល របស់មួយខេត្ត។ រាជធានី ភ្នំពេញ ត្រូវបាន​ចែកជា​ ៧ខណ្ឌ ក្នុងនោះរួមមាន ៧៦សង្កាត់ ដែលមាន​ ៦៣៧ ក្រុម៖

[កែប្រែ] Demographics

Phnom Penh street scene
Phnom Penh street scene
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Children in Phnom Penh

As of 2006, Phnom Penh had a population of 2,009,264 people, with a total population density of 2.696 km² in a 375 km² city area. Population growth in the city is 3.92%.

[កែប្រែ] សេដ្ឋកិច្ច

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National Museum, Phnom Penh

Situated at the confluence of the Mekong, Bassac and Tonlé Sap Rivers, Cambodia's capital, Phnom Penh, has a population of approximately two million people. Despite some dilapidation resulting from decades of war, the city retains its traditional Khmer and colonial charm. French villas along tree-lined boulevards remind the visitor that the city was once considered the gem of Southeast Asia. Double-digit economic growth rates in recent years have triggered an economic boom, with new hotels, restaurants, bars, and residential buildings springing up around the city. Phnom Penh's wealth of historical and cultural sites makes it a very popular tourist destination.

[កែប្រែ] Cityscape and architecture

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The Silver Pagoda

The main tourist attractions in Phnom Penh include the Royal Palace, Phsar Thom Thmei, the Silver Pagoda, the National Museum, Independence Monument (Khmer: Vimean Akareach), the Cambodia-Vietnam Friendship Monument, the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, and Wat Phnom. On the outskirt of the city is the Choeung Ek Genocide Center.

The Royal Palace of Phnom Penh are a complex of buildings which are the royal abode of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Its full name in the Khmer language is Preah Barom Reachea Vaeng Chaktomuk. The Kings of Cambodia have occupied it since it was built in 1866, with a period of absence when the country came into turmoil during and after the reign of the Khmer Rouge.

The palace was started after King Norodom relocated the royal capital from Oudong to Phnom Penh after the mid-1800s. It was gradually built atop an old citadel called Banteay Kev. It faces towards the East and is situated at the Western bank of four divisions at the Mekong River called Chaktomuk (an allusion to Brahma).

Wat Phnom is a historical and one of the most important pagoda located in Phnom Penh. Built in 1373,it stands at 27 metres and is by far the tallest religious structure in the city. Built on an artificial hill by the wealthy widow Daun Chi Penh after a great flood washed statues of Buddha downstream, it has since been renovated. There have been many additions to the original shrines over the centuries. The largest stupa houses the ashes of King Ponhea Yat and it is the center of city celebrations for the Cambodian New Year, and Pchum Benh festivals.

Image:PICT2887.JPG
The Cambodia-Vietnam Friendship Monument, Phnom Penh

The National Museum, Phnom Penh is Cambodia's largest and was built in 1917–20 by the French colonial authorities then in control of Cambodia, in a traditional Khmer style, with French influence.

The Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, a former high school which was used as the notorious Security Prison 21 (S-21) concentration camp by the Khmer Rouge regime from its rise to power in 1975 to its fall in 1979 is one of the city's most moving landmarks.

From 1975 to 1979, an estimated 17,000 people were imprisoned at Tuol Sleng (some estimates suggest a number as high as 20,000). The prisoners were selected from all around the country, and usually were former Khmer Rouge members and soldiers, accused of treason. Classrooms were converted into tiny prison and torture chambers and all the windows were covered with iron bars and barbed wire to prevent prisoner escapes.

In 1979, the prison was uncovered by the invading Vietnamese army. In 1980, the prison was reopened as a historical museum memorializing the actions of the Khmer Rouge regime. The museum is open to the public, and receives an average of 500 visitors every day.

The Cambodia-Vietnam Friendship Monument is a large concrete monument to the former alliance between Vietnam and Cambodia located in the centre of Phnom Penh not far from the Royal Palace. It was built in the late 1970s by the communist regime which took power after the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Khmer Rouge regime.

The Choeung Ek Genocide Center
The Choeung Ek Genocide Center

It features heroic statues of Vietnamese and Cambodian soldiers in the "Socialist realist" style developed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, together with images of a woman and baby representing Cambodian civilians. With the end of the Vietnamese presence in Cambodia and fading memories of the conflicts of the 1970s, the memorial is neglected and little used by the Cambodians.

The Choeung Ek Genocide Center is located about 17 km south of the urbanized centre of Phnom Penh the site of a former orchard and Chinese graveyard which is the best-known of the sites known as the Killing Fields, where the Khmer Rouge regime executed about 17,000 people between 1975 and 1979. Mass graves containing 8,895 bodies were discovered at Choeung Ek after the fall of the Khmer Rouge regime. Many of the dead were former inmates in the Tuol Sleng prison. Today, Choeung Ek is a memorial, marked by a Buddhist stupa that is filled with skulls of the victims.}}

The Preah Suramarit National Theatre was built in 1968 and during late 1960s and early 1970s enjoyed many cultural performances ranging from opera and dance to musical concerts from talented musicians all across Cambodia. It was designed by the venerated architect Vann Molyvann, responsible for much of the city's modern architecture. A fire in 1994 gutted the entire building and due to a lack of funding it hasn't been restored.

[កែប្រែ] Shopping

The market was built in an intensely art deco style by the French when Cambodia was under colonial rule.
The market was built in an intensely art deco style by the French when Cambodia was under colonial rule.

Phsar Thom Thmei market was built in the shape of a dome in 1937 and is the capital's main shopping centre.

Nowadays, the market is a tourist hot spot, most tourists that came to Phnom Penh visited this market because they want to see the varieties of products that this market has to offer. The four wings of the yellow coloured Phsar Thom Thmei are teeming with numerous stalls selling gold and silver jewellery, antique coins, clothing, clocks, flowers, food, fabrics and shoes.


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The Chan Chhaya Pavilion of the Royal Palace, as seen from Sothearos Blvd

[កែប្រែ] បណ្តាញផ្សព្វផ្សាយពត៌មាន (Media)

[កែប្រែ] Newspapers

The Phnom Penh Post is a fortnightly English-language newspaper published in Phnom Penh. Founded in 1992 by publisher Michael Hayes, it is Cambodia's oldest English-language newspaper. It is printed in full-color Berliner format.

It has a staff of Cambodian and foreign journalists covering national news, and also prints a police blotter, which has items translated from local Khmer-language dailies.

Since its founding in Phnom Penh in July 1992, the printed edition has been published on a fortnightly basis, and read in Cambodia and worldwide by over 20,000 people in more than 40 countries.

Image:PICT2866.JPG
The Independence Monument, Phnom Penh

The Cambodia Daily is Cambodia's only English-language daily newspaper based in Phnom Penh. It was started in 1993 by Bernard Krisher, an American journalist. Krisher hired two young and relatively inexperienced journalists, Barton Biggs and Robin McDowell, as the paper's first editors. The first issue was published in 1993, and the paper has published ever since. It is printed in an A4-size format and is delivered six days a week, Monday to Saturday, with the Saturday edition a full-color Weekend magazine. The Monday to Friday editions are black and white. The Daily has access to many major wire services (Associated Press, The New York Times, The Washington Post) and has a staff of Cambodian and foreign journalists covering local and national news. A daily section in Khmer language carries articles translated from the main English-language section. An international edition is available by annual subscription for US$200; each weekly edition compiles the staff-produced content from the previous week.

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Phnom Penh International Airport

កាសែតខ្មែរ ប្រចាំថ្ងៃរួមមាន:

  • កាសែត ស្រឡាញ់ខ្មែរ​ - Sralagn' Khmer [2]
  • កាសែត ចក្រវាឡ - Chakraval Daily
  • កាសែត កម្ពុជាថ្មី - Kampuchea Thmei Daily
  • កាសែត កម្ពុជាថ្ងៃនេះ - Kampuchea Thngai Nes (Cambodia Today)
  • កាសែត កញ្ចក់សង្គម - Kanychok Sangkhum
  • កាសែត កោះសន្តិភាព - Koh Santepheap (Island of Peace) [3]
  • កាសែត មនសិកាខ្មែរ - Moneaksekar Khmer (Khmer Conscience) - Published by the Sam Rainsy Party.
  • កាសែត រស្មីកម្ពុជា - Rasmei Kampuchea (Light of Kampuchea) - Cambodia's largest daily, it circulates about 18,000 copies.
  • កាសែត សំលេងយុវជន - Samleng Yuvachun (Voice of Khmer Youth)
  • កាសែត ឧត្តមគតិខ្មែរ - Udomkate Khmer​​ (Khmer Ideal)
  • កាសែត វត្តភ្នំ - Wat Phnom Daily

[កែប្រែ] គមនាគមដឹកជញ្ជូន

Phnom Penh International Airport (Phnom Penh) is the largest and busiest airport in Cambodia. It is located 7 km (4.3 miles) west of central Phnom Penh. Taxis, pick-ups and minibuses leave Phnom Penh for destinations all over the country, but are fast losing ground to cheaper and more comfortable buses. Phnom Penh also has rail service.

A street scene in the city centre
A street scene in the city centre

There are two bus companies, Phnom Penh Public transport and GST Express, servicing to Sihanoukville, Kompong Chang, Udong & Takeo. Motocycles are a popular form of quick travel in the city streets.

Although the city is 290 km (180 miles) from the sea, it is a major port on the Mekong River valley, and it is linked to the South China Sea via a channel of the Mekong delta in Vietnam

[កែប្រែ] Highways in Phnom Penh

As the capital of Cambodia a number of National Highways connect the city with various parts of the country:


National Highway Code Length Origin Terminal
National Highway 1 10001 167.10 km Phnom Penh Vietnam Border
National Highway 2 10002 120.60 km Phnom Penh Vietnam Border
National Highway 3 10003 202.00 km Phnom Penh Veal Rinh
National Highway 4 10004 226.00 km Phnom Penh Sihanoukville
National Highway 5 10005 407.45 km Phnom Penh Thailand Border
National Highway 6 10006 416.00 km Phnom Penh Bantey Meanchey

[កែប្រែ] វិស័យអប់រំ

The Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP) is the oldest and largest institution of higher education in Cambodia. As of 2007, the university has over 5,000 students across three campuses, and offers a wide range of high-quality courses within the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, and the Institute of Foreign Languages (IFL).

The University has approximately 200 teaching staff, seven of whom have PhDs, 66 who have master degrees and the remainder with undergraduate qualifications. There are over 176 administrative and support staff. Various international and non-government organizations also provide adjunct faculty members.

The Royal University of Phnom Penh began as the Royal Khmer University in 1960. It opened during a period of intense growth in Cambodia and expanded rapidly to include a National Institute of Judicial and Economic Studies, a Royal School of Medicine, a National School of Commerce, a National Pedagogical Institute, a Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, and a Faculty of Science and Technology. The language of instruction during this period was French.

French colonial buildings in Phnom Penh
French colonial buildings in Phnom Penh

With the establishment of the Khmer Republic in 1970, the Royal Khmer University became the Phnom Penh University. Between 1965 and 1975 there were nine faculties, namely the Ecole Normale Supérieure (Higher Normal College), Letters and Humanities, Science, Pharmacy, Law and Economics, Medicine and Dentistry, Commerce, Pedagogy, and the Languages Institute.

However the Khmer Rouge period of saw the closure and destruction of schools, the decimation of the teaching service and the cessation of formal education and the college was closed.

In 1980, the Ecole Normale Supérieure (Higher Normal College) reopened, again teaching predominantly in French. In 1981, the Institute of Foreign Languages (IFL) began, initially training students to become Vietnamese and Russian teachers. The purpose of both colleges was to provide surviving graduates of primary school or above with crash courses in teaching.

In 1988, the college and the IFL merged to create Phnom Penh University, and in 1996 the name was changed to the Royal University of Phnom Penh.

During the past decade, the University has grown and now includes the Faculty of Science, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, and the Institute of Foreign Languages. In 2001, the University began its first postgraduate degrees with the Graduate Diploma and Master's Courses in Tourism Development.

[កែប្រែ] វិស័យកីឡា

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Boys in Phnom Penh playing football
Boys in Phnom Penh playing football

Cambodia has increasingly become involved in sports over the last 30 years.

Football and the martial arts as in the rest of the country are popular in particular. The martial arts of Bokator, Pradal Serey (Khmer kick boxing) and Khmer traditional wrestling have venues in Phnom Penh watched by dedicated spectators.

The most prominent of venues in the city is the Phnom Pehn National Olympic Stadium with a capacity of 50,000. Built in 1964 it is home to the Cambodian national football team. Noted clubs include Hello United, Khemara and Military Police

Image:CamboKShowdown.jpg
Cambodian kickboxers of the Pradal Serey

[កែប្រែ] Notable people

  • Vann Molyvann -architect
  • Vann Nath - painter
  • Narath Tan - painter

[កែប្រែ] References in Popular Culture

  • One of the pivotal missions in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City is a mission called Phnom Penh '86

[កែប្រែ] Sister cities

  • Template:Flagicon Long Beach, California, USA
  • Template:Flagicon Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
  • Template:Flagicon Providence, Rhode Island, USA

[កែប្រែ] មើលផងដែរ

  • Cambodia
  • History of Cambodia
  • Royal Palace, Phnom Penh
  • Phnom Penh International Airport

[កែប្រែ] តំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅ

[កែប្រែ] ឯកសារពិគ្រោះ