Ipan

From Wikipedia

Ing ipan ning tau a mayayakit.
Ing ipan ning tau a mayayakit.

Deng Ipan, keng amanung English, teeth metung lang balangkas a mayayakit keng panga da reng dakal a vertebrates nung nu magagamit la para pamirasu, panginis at pamalangut keng pamangan. Deng aliwang animal lalu na reng mamangan carni a ausan dang carnivore keng amanung English, gagamitan diya naman ing ipan para paglaban. Deng yamut da ring ipan makapanpan lang gilagid.

Deng ipan ila reng metung a pangilala (at pangmaluatan), da ring mammal. Deng Paleontologists gagamitan do reng ipan para a kilala da la reng miyayaliwang species da reng fossils at ababalu da la reng karelang ugnayan. Ing aske na ning animal atin yang kasapni keng kayang pamamangan. Alimbawa, deng tanaman masakit la lasawan keng dungus at bituka inya deng herbivores dakal la molars para paglangut, kabang den naman carnivores, kailangan de ing pangil para makamate at lapakan de ing laman.

Deng tau diphyodont la, ing kabaldugan na, adua lang ilera deng ipan da. Deng mumunang ilera (ing "bingut," "gatas," "primara" o "deciduous" a ilera) ing ustu magumpisa lang lulual mga anam a bulan a idad, agiang deng aliwa mibabait lang atin metung o aduang mayayakit a ipan, kebaluan keng English bilang neonatal a ipan. Ing pangkaraniwan a pamanubu ning ipan king idad a anam a bulan ausan dang teething mapalyaring masakit para keng metung a bingut.

Deng aliwang animal atin lang metung a ilerang ipan (monophyodont) kabang deng aliwa naman dakal lang ilera(polyphyodont). Deng pating, alimbawa, tutubu lang byung ilera balang kaduang duminggu para alilan la retang mepudpud nang ipan. Deng dagis deng karelang pangil daragul la at mapupudpud la kapilatan ning karelang pamagngatngat, at a mamantini ra ing pane kaba ning ipan.[1][2]

Contents

[edit] Anatomy

A third molar.
A third molar.
Main article: Dental anatomy

Ing dental anatomy iya ing parang ning anatomy makapasuyu keng paminigaral keng balangkas da reng ipan. Ing pamanalkus, pangayalto, at uri na ning ipan keni la durugpa, dapot ing dental occlusion, o kaya ing pangatagkil eya kayabe. Ing dental anatomy iya mu rin keng taxonomical science nung nu pagaralan da la naman deng pamilagyu at balangkas na ning ipan. Dening kapabaluan mamie lang paralan para masaguli dalang abalu deng ipan at ding karelang balangkas potang panigaralan at uluan dala.


Deng tau keraklan atin lang 20 primerang ipan (a ausan da naman deciduous, bingut, o kaya ipan gatas) at 32 permanenting ipan. Kareng primerang ipan, deng 10 mayayakit la king maxilla at ding aliwang 10 king mandible. Deng ipan makauri la bilang pamirasu (incisors), pangil (canines), at pangiling (molars). Kareng primerang ipan, atin aduang uring pamirasu (o kaya pamirat) kalibudtan at patalindiking, at aduang pangiling, ing mumuna at ing kadua. Deng eganaganang primerang ipan miyayalialan lang kalupa rang permanenting ipan puera mu kareng pangiling, nung nu miyayyalilan lang permanenting premolars o bayu pamangiling. Kareng permanenting ipan, deng 16 mayayakit la keng babo panga(maxilla) at ding 16 naman keng lalam panga (mandible). [3]

Most teeth have identifiable features that distinguish them from others. There are several different notation systems to refer to a specific tooth. The three most commons systems are the FDI World Dental Federation notation, the universal numbering system, and Palmer notation method. The FDI system is used worldwide, and the universal is used widely in the United States.

[edit] Dake

Section of a human molar
Section of a human molar

[edit] Enamel

Main article: Tooth enamel

Enamel is the hardest and most highly mineralized substance of the body and is one of the four major tissues which make up the tooth, along with dentin, cementum, and dental pulp.[4] It is normally visible and must be supported by underlying dentin. Ninety-six percent of enamel consists of mineral, with water and organic material composing the rest.[5] The normal color of enamel varies from light yellow to grayish white. At the edges of teeth where there is no dentin underlying the enamel, the color sometimes has a slightly blue tone. Since enamel is semitranslucent, the color of dentin and any restorative dental material underneath the enamel strongly affects the appearance of a tooth. Enamel varies in thickness over the surface of the tooth and is often thickest at the cusp, up to 2.5 mm, and thinnest at its border, which is seen clinically as the cementoenamel junction (CEJ).[6]

Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxyapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate.[7] The large amount of minerals in enamel accounts not only for its strength but also for its brittleness.[8] Dentin, which is less mineralized and less brittle, compensates for enamel and is necessary as a support.[7] Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Instead, it has two unique classes of proteins called amelogenins and enamelins. While the role of these proteins is not fully understood, it is believed that they aid in the development of enamel by serving as framework support among other functions.[9]

[edit] Dentin

Main article: Dentin

Dentin is the substance between enamel or cementum and the pulp chamber. It is secreted by the odontoblasts of the dental pulp.[10] The formation of dentin is known as dentinogenesis. The porous, yellow-hued material is made up of 70% inorganic materials, 20% organic materials, and 10% water by weight.[11] Because it is softer than enamel, it decays more rapidly and is subject to severe cavities if not properly treated, but dentin still acts as a protective layer and supports the crown of the tooth.

Dentin is a mineralized connective tissue with an organic matrix of collagenous proteins. Dentin has microscopic channels, called dentinal tubules, which radiate outward through the dentin from the pulp cavity to the exterior cementum or enamel border.[12] The diameter of these tubules range from 2.5 μm near the pulp, to 1.2 μm in the midportion, and 900 nm near the dentino-enamel junction.[13] Although they may have tiny side-branches, the tubules do not intersect with each other. Their length is dictated by the radius of the tooth. The three dimensional configuration of the dentinal tubules is genetically determined.

[edit] Cementum

Main article: Cementum

Cementum is a specialized bony substance covering the root of a tooth.[10] It is approximately 45% inorganic material (mainly hydroxyapatite), 33% organic material (mainly collagen) and 22% water. Cementum is excreted by cementoblasts within the root of the tooth and is thickest at the root apex. Its coloration is yellowish and it is softer than either dentin or enamel. The principle role of cementum is to serve as a medium by which the periodontal ligaments can attach to the tooth for stability. At the cementoenamel junction, the cementum is acellular due to its lack of cellular components, and this acellular type covers at least ⅔ of the root.[14] The more permeable form of cementum, cellular cementum, covers about ⅓ of the root apex.[15]

[edit] Pulp

Main article: Pulp (tooth)

The dental pulp is the central part of the tooth filled with soft connective tissue.[11] This tissue contains blood vessels and nerves that enter the tooth from a hole at the apex of the root.[16] Along the border between the dentin and the pulp are odontoblasts, which initiate the formation of dentin.[11] Other cells in the pulp include fibroblasts, preodontoblasts, macrophages and T lymphocytes.[17] The pulp is commonly called "the nerve" of the tooth.



[edit] Dalerayan

  1. Tummers M and Thesleff I. Root or crown: a developmental choice orchestrated by the differential regulation of the epithelial stem cell niche in the tooth of two rodent species. Development (2003). 130(6):1049-57.
  2. AM Hunt. A description of the molar teeth and investing tissues of normal guinea pigs. J Dent Res. (1959) 38(2):216-31.
  3. Kokten G, Balcioglu H, Buyukertan M. Supernumerary Fourth and Fifth Molars: A Report of Two Cases. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 2003 November; (4)4:067-076. Page accessed February 10, 2007.
  4. Ross, Michael H., Gordon I. Kaye, and Wojciech Pawlina, "Histology: a Text and Atlas", 4th ed. (Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002), p. 441.
  5. Cate, A. R. Ten, "Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and Function", 5th ed. (Saint Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1998), p. 1.
  6. Cate, A. R. Ten, "Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and Function", 5th ed. (Saint Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1998), p. 219.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Johnson, Clarke. "Biology of the Human Dentition," 1998. Page accessed on January 24, 2007.
  8. Cate, A. R. Ten, "Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and Function", 5th ed. (Saint Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1998), p. 219.
  9. Cate, A. R. Ten, "Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and Function", 5th ed. (Saint Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1998), p. 198.
  10. 10.0 10.1 Ross, Michael H., Gordon I. Kaye, and Wojciech Pawlina, 2003. Histology: a text and atlas. 4th edition. Page 448. ISBN 0-683-30242-6.
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 Cate, A.R. Ten. Oral Histology: development, structure, and function. 5th ed. 1998. Page 150. ISBN 0-8151-2952-1.
  12. Ross, Michael H., Gordon I. Kaye, and Wojciech Pawlina, 2003. Histology: a text and atlas. 4th edition. Page 450. ISBN 0-683-30242-6.
  13. Cate, A.R. Ten. Oral Histology: development, structure, and function. 5th ed. 1998. Page 152. ISBN 0-8151-2952-1.
  14. Cate, A.R. Ten. Oral Histology: development, structure, and function. 5th ed. 1998. Page 236. ISBN 0-8151-2952-1.
  15. Cate, A.R. Ten. Oral Histology: development, structure, and function. 5th ed. 1998. Page 241. ISBN 0-8151-2952-1.
  16. Ross, Michael H., Gordon I. Kaye, and Wojciech Pawlina, 2003. Histology: a text and atlas. 4th edition. Page 451. ISBN 0-683-30242-6.
  17. Walton, Richard E. and Mahmoud Torabinejad. Principles and Practice of Endodontics. 3rd ed. 2002. Pages 11-13. ISBN 0-7216-9160-9.


[edit] Lawen ya rin

Template:Wiktionarypar

  • Dental tourism
  • Dental auxiliary
    • Dental assistant
    • Dental hygienist
    • Dental technician
  • Dragon's teeth (mythology)
  • Head and neck anatomy
  • Language
  • Tooth Fairy
  • Vocal tract


BUNTUK: Bungu - KanwanMataBalugbugArung – Asbuk – Dila – Ipan – Panga – Lupa – Pisni – Baba

BATAL: Akmulan - Larynx – Adam's apple

SALU: Pago – Galudgud – Susu – Salu – Tagiang – Atian – Navel

Sex organs (Clitoris/Puki/Ovary/Uterus/Butu/Scrotum/Bayag) – Awakan – Pitaklan – Buttocks

LIMBS: Takde – Siku – Forearm – Wrist – Gamat – Taliri (Thumb/Index/Middle/Ring/Little) – Leg – Lap – Thigh – Tud – Calf – Heel – Ankle – Bitis – Toe (Hallux)

BALAT: BuakTemplate:Head and neck general Template:Tooth abnormalities

[edit] Suglung Palwal

Template:Commons2