List of countries by system of government
From Wikipedia
Template:Unreliable
This is a list of countries categorized by system of government.
Contents
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[edit] Alphabetical list of countries
Name | Constitutional basis | Head of state | Basis of executive legitimacy |
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Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Albania | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
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Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Andorra | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Angola | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Antigua and Barbuda | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Argentina | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Armenia | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Austria | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Azerbaijan | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Bahamas | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Bahrain | Constitutional monarchy | Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament | |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Barbados | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Belarus | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Belgium | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Belize | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Benin | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Absolute monarchy | ||
Template:Country data Bolivia | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Bosnia and Herzegovina | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Botswana | Republic | Executive | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Brazil | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Absolute monarchy | ||
Template:Country data Bulgaria | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Burkina Faso | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Cameroon | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Cape Verde | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Central African Republic | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Chad | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Chile | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data China, People's Republic of | Republic | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
Template:Country data China, Republic of | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Colombia | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Congo, Republic of the | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Costa Rica | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Côte d'Ivoire | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Croatia | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Cuba | Republic | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
Template:Country data Cyprus | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Czech Republic | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Denmark | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
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Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Dominica | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Dominican Republic | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data East Timor | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Ecuador | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Egypt | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data El Salvador | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Equatorial Guinea | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Republic | No constitutional basis to current regime | |
Template:Country data Estonia | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Fiji | Republic | No constitutional basis to current regime | |
Template:Country data Finland | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data France | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Gabon | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Gambia | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Georgia | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Germany | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Ghana | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Greece | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Grenada | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Guatemala | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Guinea | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Guinea-Bissau | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Guyana | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Haiti | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Honduras | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Hungary | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Iceland | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
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Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Iraq | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Ireland | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Israel | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Jamaica | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Jordan | Constitutional monarchy | Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament | |
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Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Kiribati | Republic | Executive | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Korea, North | Republic | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
Template:Country data Korea, South | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Kuwait | Constitutional monarchy | Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament | |
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Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Republic | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
Template:Country data Latvia | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Lebanon | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Lesotho | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Liberia | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Libya | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Liechtenstein | Constitutional monarchy | Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament | |
Template:Country data Lithuania | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Luxembourg | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Macedonia | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Madagascar | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Malawi | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
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Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Mali | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Malta | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Marshall Islands | Republic | Executive | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Mauritania | Republic | No constitutional basis to current regime | |
Template:Country data Mauritius | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Mexico | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Micronesia | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Moldova | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Monaco | Constitutional monarchy | Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament | |
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Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Montenegro | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Morocco | Constitutional monarchy | Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament | |
Template:Country data Mozambique | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Republic | No constitutional basis to current regime | |
Template:Country data Namibia | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Nauru | Republic | Executive | Parliamentary |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Netherlands | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Nicaragua | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Niger | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Nigeria | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Norway | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Oman | Absolute monarchy | ||
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Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Palau | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Panama | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Papua New Guinea | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Paraguay | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Peru | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Poland | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Portugal | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Qatar | Absolute monarchy | ||
Template:Country data Romania | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
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Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Rwanda | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Saint Kitts and Nevis | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Saint Lucia | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Samoa | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data San Marino | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data São Tomé and Príncipe | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Saudi Arabia | Absolute monarchy | ||
Template:Country data Senegal | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Serbia | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Seychelles | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Sierra Leone | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Slovakia | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Slovenia | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Solomon Islands | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Somalia | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data South Africa | Republic | Executive | Parliamentary |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
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Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Sudan | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Suriname | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Swaziland | Absolute monarchy | ||
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Switzerland | Republic | Executive | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Syria | Republic | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
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Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Tanzania | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country flagcountry2 | Constitutional monarchy | No constitutional basis to current regime | |
Template:Country data Togo | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Tonga | Absolute monarchy | ||
Template:Country data Trinidad and Tobago | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Tunisia | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Turkey | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
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Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Tuvalu | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Uganda | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Ukraine | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data United Arab Emirates | Constitutional monarchy | Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament | |
Template:Country data United Kingdom | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data United States | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Uruguay | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Vanuatu | Republic | Ceremonial | Parliamentary |
Template:Country data Vatican City | Absolute monarchy | ||
Template:Country data Venezuela | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
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Republic | Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement | |
Template:Country data Yemen | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Western Sahara | Republic | Executive | Semi-Presidential |
Template:Country data Zambia | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
Template:Country data Zimbabwe | Republic | Executive | Presidential |
[edit] Systems of Governance
[edit] Presidential / Separated republics
These are systems in which a president is the active head of the executive branch of government and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature. The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states:
[edit] Full presidential systems
In full presidential systems, the president is both head of state and head of government. There is no prime minister.
Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break
- Afghanistan
- Argentina
- Benin
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Burundi
- Cameroon
- Central African Republic
- Chad
- Chile
- Colombia
- Comoros
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Republic of the Congo
- Costa Rica
Template:Col-break
- Côte d'Ivoire
- Cyprus
- Djibouti
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- Equatorial Guinea
- Gabon
- The Gambia
- Ghana
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Honduras
Template:Col-break
- Indonesia
- Iran [1] (to some degree)
- Kenya
- Kiribati
- Liberia
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Maldives
- Marshall Islands
- Mexico
- Federated States of Micronesia
- Nauru
- Nicaragua
- Nigeria
- Palau
- Panama
Template:Col-break
- Paraguay
- Philippines
- Rwanda
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone
- Sudan
- Suriname
- Tanzania
- Togo
- Tunisia
- Turkmenistan
- Uganda
- United States of America
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
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[edit] Semi-presidential systems
In semi-presidential systems, there is usually both a president and a prime minister. In such systems, the President has genuine executive authority, unlike in a parliamentary republic, but some of the role of a head of government is exercised by the prime minister, who is also head of the legislature.
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- Algeria
- Angola [2]
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Belarus[3]
- Bosnia and Herzegovina[4]
- Burkina Faso
- Cape Verde
- Egypt
- France
- Georgia
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Kazakhstan
Template:Col-break
- Republic of Korea
- Kyrgyzstan
- Lebanon
- Mali
- Moldova
- Mongolia
- Mozambique
- Namibia
- Niger
- Pakistan
- Peru[5]
- Romania
Template:Col-break
- Russia
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- Senegal
- Serbia
- Sri Lanka[6]
- Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Tajikistan
- Ukraine
- Uzbekistan
- Western Sahara [7]
- Yemen
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[edit] Parliamentary republics
A Parliamentary republic is a system in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The Presidents degree of executive power may range from being reasonably significant (eg. Poland) to little or none at all (eg. Ireland). Where the President holds little executive power, their function is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break
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[edit] Mixed Republican Systems
[edit] Constitutional monarchies
Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The head of state is a constitutional monarch who only exercises his or her powers with the consent of the government, the people or their representatives. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break
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[edit] Commonwealth realms
Constitutional monarchies, in which Queen Elizabeth II serves as head of state over an independent government. In each Realm, she acts as the monarch of that state, and is usually titled accordingly - for example, Queen of Australia. The Queen appoints a Governor-General to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break
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- New Zealand
- Papua New Guinea
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Solomon Islands
- Tuvalu
- United Kingdom
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[edit] Semi-constitutional monarchies
The prime minister (or equivalent) is the nation's active executive, but the monarch still has considerable political powers that can be used at his/her own independent discretion. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break
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[edit] Absolute monarchies
Monarchies in which the monarch is the active head of the executive branch and exercises all powers. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break
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- Swaziland
- Tonga
- United Arab Emirates [16]
- Vatican City State
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[edit] Theocracies
States based on a state religion where the head of state is selected by some form of religious hierarchy.
[edit] One-party states
States in which political power is concentrated within a single political party whose operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy. However, some do have elected governments. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break
- People's Republic of China (Communist Party) (list)
- Cuba (Communist Party) (list)
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Workers' Party) (list)
- Laos (Revolutionary Party) (list)
- Syria (Arab Socialist Ba'th Party) (list)
- Turkmenistan (Democratic Party) (list)
- Vietnam (Communist Party) (list)
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[edit] Military junta states
The nation's armed forces control the organs of government and all high-ranking political executives are also members of the military hierarchy.
[edit] Transitional
States which have a system of government which is in transition or turmoil and cannot be accurately classified. (with current direction of change)
- Somalia (toward semi-presidential republic)
- Sudan (bipartisan Government of National Unity)
- Palestinian Authority (toward semi-presidential republic)
- Thailand (toward constitutional monarchy)
- Nepal (toward constitutional monarchy or parliamentary republic)
- Iraq (toward parliamentary republic)
- Eritrea (Towards presidential republic)
[edit] Systems of Internal Governance
[edit] Federal
States in which the federal government shares power with semi-independent regional governments. In many cases, the central government is (in theory) a creation of the regional governments; a prime example is the United States. Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break
- Argentina (23 provinces and 1 autonomous city)
- Australia (6 states and 2 territories)
- Austria (9 states)
- Belgium (Flanders/Flemish Region and Wallonia/Walloon Region)
- Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska)
- Brazil (26 states and 1 federal district)
- Canada (10 provinces and 3 territories)
- Comoros (Anjouan, Grande Comore, Mohéli)
- Ethiopia (9 regions and 2 chartered cities)
- Federated States of Micronesia (Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei and Yap)
- Germany (16 states)
- India (28 states and 7 union territories)
- Malaysia (13 states and 3 federal territories)
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- Mexico (31 states and 1 federal district)
- Nigeria (36 states)
- Pakistan (4 provinces and 2 territories)
- Palau (16 states) Template:Fact
- Papua New Guinea (20 provinces) Template:Fact
- Russia (49 oblasts, 21 republics, 10 autonomous okrugs, 6 krays, 2 federal cities, 1 autonomous oblast)
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- South Africa (9 provinces) Template:Fact
- Switzerland (26 cantons)
- United Arab Emirates (7 emirates)
- United States (50 states, one District, two Commonwealths, and 12 Territories)
- Venezuela (23 states and 1 capital district)
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[edit] Devolved
States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to self-governing subsidiary governments, creating a de facto federation.
- Spain (17 autonomous communities and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla)
- United Kingdom (Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales; England remains under full control of the central government)
[edit] Regionalized unitary
States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to regional governments.
- Chile (13 regions, each one divided into smaller provinces, which are sub-divided into several municipalities).
- Italy (20 regions, five granted 'autonomous' status)
- New Zealand (12 regions, 4 unitary authorities)
- People's Republic of China (22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and 2 Special Administrative Regions: Hong Kong and Macau)
- Philippines (79 provinces grouped into 17 regions, one granted 'autonomous' status)
[edit] Federacy
A federacy is a country in which some substates function like states in a federation and others like states in a unitary state.
- Denmark with 2 autonomous regions and 5 regions;
- Finland with 1 autonomous province and 19 regions;
- The Netherlands with 2 states and 12 provinces.
- France with 1 sui generis collectivity and 26 régions, 4 collectivités d'outre-mer, 1 territoire d'outre-mer
- Serbia, significant autonomy granted to Vojvodina; Kosovo-Metohija under UN protectorate, future status being negotiated.
- Ukraine, 24 oblasts, 2 special-status cities, and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea
- Tanzania, 21 mainland regions, 5 regions under autonomous government of Zanzibar
[edit] Unitary
see Unitary state
[edit] Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic, with a president elected by universal suffrage; and a theocracy, with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state policy, chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts. Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council.
- ↑ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
- ↑ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
- ↑ Collective (3 member) presidency.
- ↑ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
- ↑ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
- ↑ The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) is a government in exile, located in Tindouf, Algeria. Most of the territory of Western Sahara is under military occupation by Morocco; the rest is administered by the SADR.
- ↑ In Bangladesh, a Caretaker government takes over for three months during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief advisor (the last Chief Justice to retire), and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisors chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the Ministry of defense and the Ministry of foreign affairs.
- ↑ Combines aspects of an executive presidency with a parliamentary system. President is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister. The President is both head of state and government.
- ↑ Combines aspects of an executive presidency with a parliamentary system. President is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister. The President is both head of state and government.
- ↑ There is neither a prime minister nor a president of Switzerland. The President of the Swiss Confederation is merely primus inter pares in the Swiss Federal Council, the seven-member executive council which constitutes the government as well as the head of state of Switzerland.
- ↑ Collective presidency (2 captains-regents). Captains-regents are both Head of State and Government simultaneously.
- ↑ Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex-officio co-princes
- ↑ The King of Nepal gave himself absolute authority for three years in 2005; he has given up absolute power on April 21, 2006, but constitutional government has not yet resumed
- ↑ Bhutan is in the process of democratization by request of the king.
- ↑ UAE is a federation of absolute monarchies, with the federal president drawn from hereditary emirs
- ↑ The President of Fiji is the actual leader who on 4 December 2006 dissolved the parliament without the prime minister's consent, thereby setting the stage for a coup by the military commander.
[edit] See also
- List of forms of government
- List of countries by date of transition to republican system of government
[edit] External links
- Global Scan- Election Tracker
- Countries categorized by system of government in 20th century at Historical Atlas of 20th Century
- [1] A Chronology of political history based on Government form
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